BACKGROUND "],["BACKGROUND 1.Field of the Invention The present application relates generally to flight control systems, and more specifically, to an aircraft flight control system for allowing an augmentation system to have higher authorities, for example up to full authority, on an aircraft that has a mechanical flight control system.","2.Description of Related Art Previous attempts to provide higher authority on Stability and Control Augmentation Systems (SCAS) have relied upon mechanical limits.","For example, some SCAS actuators are mechanically limited in authority to mitigate the effects of a failure resulting in actuator seizure or undesired motion.","Other SCAS actuators use spring mechanisms to center the SCAS actuators upon a failure.","Actuator authority is limited mechanically to mitigate the effects of undesired motion resulting from a failure including the sudden recentering which will result if a failure occurs while the actuator is working near its extreme position.","None of the previous attempts provide high authority.","DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The novel features believed characteristic of the embodiments of the present application are set forth in the appended claims.","However, the embodiments themselves, as well as a preferred mode of use, and further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG.","1 is a side view of a rotary aircraft; FIG.","2 is a schematic of the high authority stability and control augmentation system according to the preferred embodiment of the present application; FIG.","3a is a schematic of the flight control system according to the preferred embodiment of the present application; and FIG.","3b is a schematic of the processor according to the preferred embodiment of the present application.","While the system and method of the present application are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail.","It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiment disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the process of the present application as defined by the appended claims.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The system and method of the present application overcomes the abovementioned limitations commonly associated with conventional SCAS actuators.","The system improves optionally manned aircraft by fixing the input controls and using the SCAS with high authority to control the aircraft in flight.","Further description and illustration of the high authority stability and control system and method is provided in the figures and disclosure below.","It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions will be made to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another.","Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.","The system and method of the present application will be understood, both as to its structure and operation, from the accompanying drawings, taken in conjunction with the accompanying description.","Several embodiments of the system are presented herein.","It should be understood that various components, parts, and features of the different embodiments may be combined together and/or interchanged with one another, all of which are within the scope of the present application, even though not all variations and particular embodiments are shown in the drawings.","It should also be understood that the mixing and matching of features, elements, and/or functions between various embodiments is expressly contemplated herein so that one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate from this disclosure that the features, elements, and/or functions of one embodiment may be incorporated into another embodiment as appropriate, unless described otherwise.","Referring now to the drawings, FIG.","1 shows a rotary aircraft utilizing the flight control system of the present application.","FIG.","1 shows a side view of a helicopter 101.However, it will be appreciated that the control system is easily and readily adaptable for use with other types of rotary aircraft, i.e., helicopter 101, operating at various speeds and with or without a fixed lateral cyclic control.","Helicopter 101 comprises a rotary system 103 carried by a fuselage 105.One or more rotor blades 107 operably associated with rotary system 103 provide flight for helicopter 101 and are controlled with a plurality of controllers within fuselage 105.For example, during flight a pilot can manipulate the cyclic controller 109 for changing the pitch angle of rotor blades 107, thus providing lateral and longitudinal flight direction, and/or manipulate pedals 111 for controlling yaw direction.","Helicopter 101 includes a dual Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS).","For ease of description, some of the required systems and devices operably associated with the present control system are not shown, i.e., sensors, connectors, power sources, mounting supports, circuitry, software, and so forth, in order to clearly depict the novel features of the system.","However, it should be understood that the system of the present application is operably associated with these and other required systems and devices for operation, as conventionally known in the art, although not shown in the drawings.","Referring now also to FIG.","2 in the drawings, a schematic of a high authority stability and control augmentation system 203 is shown.","The high authority stability and control augmentation system 203 allows for significantly enhanced aircraft automation by allowing an augmentation system to have higher authorities (up to full authority) on an aircraft that has a mechanical flight control system.","The high authority stability and control augmentation system 203 is comprised of a first flight control computer (FCC) 205, a second FCC 207, a first actuator 209 typically a SCAS actuator, a second actuator 211 typically a SCAS actuator, and a flight control actuator 213.As typical between FCC's the first FCC 205 is in communication with the second FCC 207.First actuator 209 is summed with second actuator 211 which both are summed with input 215.The summation can be mechanical, for example, the actuators can move a control rod.","Alternatively, the summation can be electrical, for example, a digital or analog signal of the actuators can be summed together with other signals.","Preferably, input 215 is from the pilot input into the controls, such as lateral or longitudinal cyclic controls 109; however other upstream inputs to the aircraft control axis, such as trim actuators are contemplated by this application.","It should be apparent that each axis of control requires a dual system (System 1 and System 2) 203 and that for clarity sake only a single axis of controls is shown.","Furthermore, each system (1 and 2), at least in regard to flight critical functionality such as rate sensor inputs, processing, and output monitoring, may be dual and self-checking.","Any disagreement within either system can allow that system to shut down its associated SCAS actuator and therefore no single failure would result in erroneous movement of the SCAS actuator.","Rather, single failures within either system would result in the SCAS actuator associated with the failed system holding fixed in position.","First actuator 209 is dual commanded from the first FCC 205 by a first command 217a and a second command 217b each being sourced from one of two self checking processors within the first FCC 205.First actuator 209 is smart and also self checking and therefore can compare the first command 217a to the second command 217b and can use other means to otherwise monitor the health of the commanding FCCs outputs.","In one embodiment, first actuator 209 provides dual status and positional feedback 219 to the second FCC 207.While comparing first command 217a to the second command 217b, if the first actuator 209 senses a significant disagreement between the first command 217a and the second command 217b or any other indication of failures of the commanding FCC such as lack of command updates, the actuator 209 fails itself fixed in place.","If the first actuator 209 fails fixed in place the second FCC 207 may then compensate for the fixed position of the first actuator 209 by changing its commands to second actuator 211.For example, as long as the first actuator 209 is working properly the status signals 219 are held to a high voltage.","If the first actuator 209 fails the status signals 219 are driven low.","The second FCC 207 receiving the failed status 219 from the first actuator 209 and utilizing the last known position information 219, may command the second actuator 211 to a different position to mitigate the failed position of the first actuator 209 so that the control input 215 retains sufficient control authority of the aircraft.","Second actuator 211 is dual commanded 221 from the second FCC 207.Second actuator 211 provides dual status and positional feedback 223 to the first FCC 205.Inputs 225 to first FCC 205 and to second FCC 207 are comprised of typical inputs to FCCs such as: positional information from the controls via displacement transducers; attitudes and attitude rates; pitch rates; airframe accelerations; airspeed; engine parameters; rotor parameters; and transmission parameters.","Similarly to above, if the second actuator 211 fails, the first FCC 205 then compensates for the failed second actuator 211.Referring now also to FIG.","3a in the drawings, a schematic of an improved FCC 205 having a high authority stability and control augmentation system 203 is illustrated.","The first FCC 205 includes a first processor 235 and a second processor 239.First processor 235 provides the first command 217a to the first actuator 209, and the second processor 239 provides the second command 217b to the first actuator 209.The two processors compare their respective interpretations of inputs 225 and computed outputs 217a and 217b.","Any disagreement, will force SCAS actuator 1 to fail fixed.","In one embodiment, this can be accomplished by sending commands that are recognized by the first actuator 209 as commands to fail fixed.","In the preferred embodiment the SCAS actuators are SMART and compare the first command to the second command.","In an alternative embodiment the FCCs control the position of the SCAS actuators directly and status and position feedback to the other system is therefore sourced from the FCCs.","In such case, the internal redundant configuration of the SCAS actuators would be accomplished within the redundant configuration of the FCCs.","Referring now also to FIG.","3b in the drawings, a schematic of the algorithms implemented within each processor 235 and 239 is illustrated.","Located inside each processor 235 and 239 are a first set of computational algorithms 253, a second set of computational algorithms 257, limits 261, and a summation 265.Preferably computational algorithms 253 are software based however in an alternative embodiment computational algorithms 253 are comprised of analog hardware monitoring and responding to inputs 225.Limits 225 are grouped into trusted inputs and into un-trusted inputs.","The first computational algorithms 253 utilize input type 225a or trusted inputs.","Input type 225a consists of inputs that are monitored sufficiently and robustly enough to guarantee the validity of the data supplied to the first computational algorithm 253.Examples of monitored inputs 225a include attitude rates and pitch rates.","First computational algorithm 253 determines a part of the actuator command 217a dependent upon the specific input from the input type 225a.","For example the first computational algorithm 253 adjusts the actuator command 217a based upon a falling attitude rate.","Input types 225b or un-trusted inputs are inputs that are not necessarily reliable and are supplied to the second set of computational algorithms 257.An example of an unreliable input 225b may be airspeed.","Second computational algorithm 257 determines a part of the actuator command 217a dependent upon the specific input from the input type 225b.","Limits 261, limit the contribution of the output of the second set of computational algorithms 257 to the actuator commands 217a and 217b.","Limit 261 is configured to limit the unreliable input 225b to a magnitude that has been determined safe for the helicopter 101 were it to be incorrect data.","In another embodiment, limits to inputs 225b may exist prior to computational algorithms 257.In yet another embodiment, additional computational algorithms may exist at the output of the summing element 265.It is the appropriate combination of these two classes of inputs 225a and 225b that allow the system 203 the advantages resulting from higher authority while maintaining safety.","When the actuator in one system fails as a fixed position, the remaining system, based on the status and position feedback from the failed system, may configure new position command limits such that any subsequent failure in the remaining system would result in a net position in which the sum of both actuator positions is within a range sufficient for the pilot or other upstream input to retain sufficient control of the aircraft.","Upon detection of the first failure, the remaining system may act to command the unfailed actuator to within the newly established limits if necessary to accomplish the objective.","The system and method described herein solves the limitation of limited automatic control authority by incorporating feedback, mitigation algorithms, and computation limiting to a traditional mechanically limited dual system.","It is apparent that a system and method with significant advantages has been described and illustrated.","The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the embodiments may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein.","It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified, and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the application.","Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the description.","Although the present embodiments are shown above, they are not limited to just these embodiments, but are amenable to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit thereof."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"High Authority Stability and Control Augmentation System\",\n \"A system and method of increasing the control authority of redundant stability and control augmentation system (SCAS) actuators by utilizing feedback between systems such that one system may compensate for the position of a failed actuator of the other system.\",\n \"Each system uses an appropriate combination of reliable and unreliable inputs such that unreliable inputs cannot inappropriately utilize the increased authority.\",\n \"Each system may reconfigure itself when the other system actuator fails at certain positions so that the pilot or other upstream input maintains sufficient control authority of the aircraft.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A method for increasing the authority of a stability and control augmentation system, comprising: providing a first actuator; grouping robust inputs into a first group of inputs; grouping non-robust inputs into a second group of inputs; processing the first group of inputs into trusted commands for the actuator; processing the second group of inputs into un-trusted commands for the actuator; providing a set of limits for the un-trusted commands; limiting the contribution of the un-trusted commands based on the set of limits to form limited un-trusted commands; and summing the trusted commands with the limited un-trusted commands, wherein the robust inputs are monitored.\",\n \"2.A rotary aircraft having a rotary system carried by a fuselage, the rotary system comprising: a first flight control computer carried by the fuselage, the first flight control computer having; a first processor for commanding the first actuator along a first axis; and a second processor for commanding the first actuator along the first axis; a second flight control computer carried by the fuselage; a first actuator commanded by the first flight control computer for manipulating the rotary system along the first axis; a second actuator commanded by the second flight control computer for manipulating the rotary system along the first axis; and a third actuator for manipulating the rotary system along the first axis; wherein the first actuator compares commands from the first processor of the first flight control computer to commands from the second processor of the first flight control computer to find a failure in the first actuator; and wherein an output of the first actuator is summed with an output of the second actuator and summed with a control input for manipulating the rotary system with full authority in only the first axis by controlling the third actuator.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND \"\n ],\n [\n \"BACKGROUND 1.Field of the Invention The present application relates generally to flight control systems, and more specifically, to an aircraft flight control system for allowing an augmentation system to have higher authorities, for example up to full authority, on an aircraft that has a mechanical flight control system.\",\n \"2.Description of Related Art Previous attempts to provide higher authority on Stability and Control Augmentation Systems (SCAS) have relied upon mechanical limits.\",\n \"For example, some SCAS actuators are mechanically limited in authority to mitigate the effects of a failure resulting in actuator seizure or undesired motion.\",\n \"Other SCAS actuators use spring mechanisms to center the SCAS actuators upon a failure.\",\n \"Actuator authority is limited mechanically to mitigate the effects of undesired motion resulting from a failure including the sudden recentering which will result if a failure occurs while the actuator is working near its extreme position.\",\n \"None of the previous attempts provide high authority.\",\n \"DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The novel features believed characteristic of the embodiments of the present application are set forth in the appended claims.\",\n \"However, the embodiments themselves, as well as a preferred mode of use, and further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG.\",\n \"1 is a side view of a rotary aircraft; FIG.\",\n \"2 is a schematic of the high authority stability and control augmentation system according to the preferred embodiment of the present application; FIG.\",\n \"3a is a schematic of the flight control system according to the preferred embodiment of the present application; and FIG.\",\n \"3b is a schematic of the processor according to the preferred embodiment of the present application.\",\n \"While the system and method of the present application are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail.\",\n \"It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiment disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the process of the present application as defined by the appended claims.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The system and method of the present application overcomes the abovementioned limitations commonly associated with conventional SCAS actuators.\",\n \"The system improves optionally manned aircraft by fixing the input controls and using the SCAS with high authority to control the aircraft in flight.\",\n \"Further description and illustration of the high authority stability and control system and method is provided in the figures and disclosure below.\",\n \"It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions will be made to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another.\",\n \"Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.\",\n \"The system and method of the present application will be understood, both as to its structure and operation, from the accompanying drawings, taken in conjunction with the accompanying description.\",\n \"Several embodiments of the system are presented herein.\",\n \"It should be understood that various components, parts, and features of the different embodiments may be combined together and/or interchanged with one another, all of which are within the scope of the present application, even though not all variations and particular embodiments are shown in the drawings.\",\n \"It should also be understood that the mixing and matching of features, elements, and/or functions between various embodiments is expressly contemplated herein so that one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate from this disclosure that the features, elements, and/or functions of one embodiment may be incorporated into another embodiment as appropriate, unless described otherwise.\",\n \"Referring now to the drawings, FIG.\",\n \"1 shows a rotary aircraft utilizing the flight control system of the present application.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1 shows a side view of a helicopter 101.However, it will be appreciated that the control system is easily and readily adaptable for use with other types of rotary aircraft, i.e., helicopter 101, operating at various speeds and with or without a fixed lateral cyclic control.\",\n \"Helicopter 101 comprises a rotary system 103 carried by a fuselage 105.One or more rotor blades 107 operably associated with rotary system 103 provide flight for helicopter 101 and are controlled with a plurality of controllers within fuselage 105.For example, during flight a pilot can manipulate the cyclic controller 109 for changing the pitch angle of rotor blades 107, thus providing lateral and longitudinal flight direction, and/or manipulate pedals 111 for controlling yaw direction.\",\n \"Helicopter 101 includes a dual Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS).\",\n \"For ease of description, some of the required systems and devices operably associated with the present control system are not shown, i.e., sensors, connectors, power sources, mounting supports, circuitry, software, and so forth, in order to clearly depict the novel features of the system.\",\n \"However, it should be understood that the system of the present application is operably associated with these and other required systems and devices for operation, as conventionally known in the art, although not shown in the drawings.\",\n \"Referring now also to FIG.\",\n \"2 in the drawings, a schematic of a high authority stability and control augmentation system 203 is shown.\",\n \"The high authority stability and control augmentation system 203 allows for significantly enhanced aircraft automation by allowing an augmentation system to have higher authorities (up to full authority) on an aircraft that has a mechanical flight control system.\",\n \"The high authority stability and control augmentation system 203 is comprised of a first flight control computer (FCC) 205, a second FCC 207, a first actuator 209 typically a SCAS actuator, a second actuator 211 typically a SCAS actuator, and a flight control actuator 213.As typical between FCC's the first FCC 205 is in communication with the second FCC 207.First actuator 209 is summed with second actuator 211 which both are summed with input 215.The summation can be mechanical, for example, the actuators can move a control rod.\",\n \"Alternatively, the summation can be electrical, for example, a digital or analog signal of the actuators can be summed together with other signals.\",\n \"Preferably, input 215 is from the pilot input into the controls, such as lateral or longitudinal cyclic controls 109; however other upstream inputs to the aircraft control axis, such as trim actuators are contemplated by this application.\",\n \"It should be apparent that each axis of control requires a dual system (System 1 and System 2) 203 and that for clarity sake only a single axis of controls is shown.\",\n \"Furthermore, each system (1 and 2), at least in regard to flight critical functionality such as rate sensor inputs, processing, and output monitoring, may be dual and self-checking.\",\n \"Any disagreement within either system can allow that system to shut down its associated SCAS actuator and therefore no single failure would result in erroneous movement of the SCAS actuator.\",\n \"Rather, single failures within either system would result in the SCAS actuator associated with the failed system holding fixed in position.\",\n \"First actuator 209 is dual commanded from the first FCC 205 by a first command 217a and a second command 217b each being sourced from one of two self checking processors within the first FCC 205.First actuator 209 is smart and also self checking and therefore can compare the first command 217a to the second command 217b and can use other means to otherwise monitor the health of the commanding FCCs outputs.\",\n \"In one embodiment, first actuator 209 provides dual status and positional feedback 219 to the second FCC 207.While comparing first command 217a to the second command 217b, if the first actuator 209 senses a significant disagreement between the first command 217a and the second command 217b or any other indication of failures of the commanding FCC such as lack of command updates, the actuator 209 fails itself fixed in place.\",\n \"If the first actuator 209 fails fixed in place the second FCC 207 may then compensate for the fixed position of the first actuator 209 by changing its commands to second actuator 211.For example, as long as the first actuator 209 is working properly the status signals 219 are held to a high voltage.\",\n \"If the first actuator 209 fails the status signals 219 are driven low.\",\n \"The second FCC 207 receiving the failed status 219 from the first actuator 209 and utilizing the last known position information 219, may command the second actuator 211 to a different position to mitigate the failed position of the first actuator 209 so that the control input 215 retains sufficient control authority of the aircraft.\",\n \"Second actuator 211 is dual commanded 221 from the second FCC 207.Second actuator 211 provides dual status and positional feedback 223 to the first FCC 205.Inputs 225 to first FCC 205 and to second FCC 207 are comprised of typical inputs to FCCs such as: positional information from the controls via displacement transducers; attitudes and attitude rates; pitch rates; airframe accelerations; airspeed; engine parameters; rotor parameters; and transmission parameters.\",\n \"Similarly to above, if the second actuator 211 fails, the first FCC 205 then compensates for the failed second actuator 211.Referring now also to FIG.\",\n \"3a in the drawings, a schematic of an improved FCC 205 having a high authority stability and control augmentation system 203 is illustrated.\",\n \"The first FCC 205 includes a first processor 235 and a second processor 239.First processor 235 provides the first command 217a to the first actuator 209, and the second processor 239 provides the second command 217b to the first actuator 209.The two processors compare their respective interpretations of inputs 225 and computed outputs 217a and 217b.\",\n \"Any disagreement, will force SCAS actuator 1 to fail fixed.\",\n \"In one embodiment, this can be accomplished by sending commands that are recognized by the first actuator 209 as commands to fail fixed.\",\n \"In the preferred embodiment the SCAS actuators are SMART and compare the first command to the second command.\",\n \"In an alternative embodiment the FCCs control the position of the SCAS actuators directly and status and position feedback to the other system is therefore sourced from the FCCs.\",\n \"In such case, the internal redundant configuration of the SCAS actuators would be accomplished within the redundant configuration of the FCCs.\",\n \"Referring now also to FIG.\",\n \"3b in the drawings, a schematic of the algorithms implemented within each processor 235 and 239 is illustrated.\",\n \"Located inside each processor 235 and 239 are a first set of computational algorithms 253, a second set of computational algorithms 257, limits 261, and a summation 265.Preferably computational algorithms 253 are software based however in an alternative embodiment computational algorithms 253 are comprised of analog hardware monitoring and responding to inputs 225.Limits 225 are grouped into trusted inputs and into un-trusted inputs.\",\n \"The first computational algorithms 253 utilize input type 225a or trusted inputs.\",\n \"Input type 225a consists of inputs that are monitored sufficiently and robustly enough to guarantee the validity of the data supplied to the first computational algorithm 253.Examples of monitored inputs 225a include attitude rates and pitch rates.\",\n \"First computational algorithm 253 determines a part of the actuator command 217a dependent upon the specific input from the input type 225a.\",\n \"For example the first computational algorithm 253 adjusts the actuator command 217a based upon a falling attitude rate.\",\n \"Input types 225b or un-trusted inputs are inputs that are not necessarily reliable and are supplied to the second set of computational algorithms 257.An example of an unreliable input 225b may be airspeed.\",\n \"Second computational algorithm 257 determines a part of the actuator command 217a dependent upon the specific input from the input type 225b.\",\n \"Limits 261, limit the contribution of the output of the second set of computational algorithms 257 to the actuator commands 217a and 217b.\",\n \"Limit 261 is configured to limit the unreliable input 225b to a magnitude that has been determined safe for the helicopter 101 were it to be incorrect data.\",\n \"In another embodiment, limits to inputs 225b may exist prior to computational algorithms 257.In yet another embodiment, additional computational algorithms may exist at the output of the summing element 265.It is the appropriate combination of these two classes of inputs 225a and 225b that allow the system 203 the advantages resulting from higher authority while maintaining safety.\",\n \"When the actuator in one system fails as a fixed position, the remaining system, based on the status and position feedback from the failed system, may configure new position command limits such that any subsequent failure in the remaining system would result in a net position in which the sum of both actuator positions is within a range sufficient for the pilot or other upstream input to retain sufficient control of the aircraft.\",\n \"Upon detection of the first failure, the remaining system may act to command the unfailed actuator to within the newly established limits if necessary to accomplish the objective.\",\n \"The system and method described herein solves the limitation of limited automatic control authority by incorporating feedback, mitigation algorithms, and computation limiting to a traditional mechanically limited dual system.\",\n \"It is apparent that a system and method with significant advantages has been described and illustrated.\",\n \"The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the embodiments may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein.\",\n \"It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified, and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the application.\",\n \"Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the description.\",\n \"Although the present embodiments are shown above, they are not limited to just these embodiments, but are amenable to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit thereof.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872651"}}},{"rowIdx":4494139,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["METHODS OF TRANSPLANTING CHONDROCYTES","Provided are tri-component matrices having collagen, hyaluronan, and chondroitin sulfate.","Also provided are processes for producing a tri-component matrix.","Additionally, provided are processes for providing cells capable of producing cartilage to a bone or cartilage defects."],["1.A tri-component matrix comprising: a) isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen; b) hyaluronan; and c) chondroitin sulfate.","2.The tri-component matrix of claim 1, further comprising water.","3.The tri-component matrix of claim 1, further comprising a basal media.","4.The tri-component matrix of claim 3, wherein the basal media is Medium 199.5.The tri-component matrix of claim 1, wherein the type II collagen is bovine-derived type II collagen.","6.The tri-component matrix of claim 1, wherein the concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml.","7.The tri-component matrix of claim 6, wherein the concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.","8.The tri-component matrix of claim 1, wherein the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.","9.The tri-component matrix of claim 8, wherein the concentration of hyaluronan is about 1 mg/ml.","10.The tri-component matrix of claim 1, wherein the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.","11.The tri-component matrix of claim 10, wherein the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is about 1 mg/ml.","12.The tri-component matrix of claim 1, further comprising chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.","13.The tri-component matrix of claim 12, further comprising chondrocytes.","14.The tri-component matrix of claim 12, further comprising chondroprogenitor cells.","15.The tri-component matrix of claim 12, further comprising iPS cells.","16.A process for producing a transplantation composition for cartilage engineering comprising: a) dissolving isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen in a solution comprising an acid, wherein the final concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml; b) neutralizing the acid; c) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of hyaluronan; and d) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of chondroitin sulfate, wherein a tri-component matrix is produced.","17.The process of claim 16, wherein the acid is acetic acid.","18.The process of claim 16, wherein the acetic acid is at a concentration of about 0.01 M. 19.The process of claim 16, wherein the acetic acid is neutralized with NaHCO3/HEPES.","20.The process of claim 16, wherein the tri-component matrix comprises Medium 199.21.The process of claim 16, wherein hyaluronan is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.","22.The process of claim 16, wherein chondroitin sulfate is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.","23.The process of claim 16, wherein the final concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.","24.The process of claim 16, further comprising adding chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, or any combinations thereof, to the tri-component matrix.","25.The process of claim 24 further comprising adding chondrocytes to the tri-component matrix.","26.The process of claim 24, further comprising adding chondroprogenitor cells to the tri-component matrix.","27.The process of claim 24, further comprising adding iPS cells to the tri-component matrix.","28.A method for inducing endogenous cartilage growth in a subject in need thereof, including the step of implanting in the subject the tri-component matrix as recited in claim 1.29.A method of treating a bone or cartilage defect in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a transplantation composition comprising: i) a tri-component matrix, as claimed in claim 1, and ii) a population of cells, at the site of the bone or cartilage defect.","30.The method of claim 29, wherein the population of cells comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, iPS cells, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or combinations thereof.","31.The method of claim 29, wherein new tissue is produced.","32.The method of claim 31, wherein the new tissue restores the surface of the cartilage or bone.","33.The method of claim 31, wherein the new tissue comprises collagen type II.","34.The method of claim 31, wherein the new tissue comprises superficial, intermediate, and deep zones characteristic of normal articular cartilage.","35.The method of claim 34, wherein the superficial zone of the new tissue comprises lubricin.","36.The method of claim 31, wherein the new tissue does not comprise teratomas, neoplastic cells, evidence of deformation, abnormal architectural features, or other inappropriate cell types.","37.The method of claim 29, the population of cells comprises chondrocytes.","38.The method of claim 29, the population of cells comprises chondroprogenitor cells.","39.The method of claim 29, the population of cells comprises iPS cells.","40.The method of claim 39, wherein the iPS cells are derived from chondrocytes.","41.The method of claim 38, wherein the chondroprogenitor cells are H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells.","42.The method of claim 37, wherein the chondrocytes are Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes.","43.A method of treating a cartilage-related disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a mixture of a tri-component matrix, as claimed in claim 1, and chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof, to a site of cartilage injury or defect.","44.A method according to claim 43, wherein the the cartilage-related disorder is articular cartilage trauma, meniscus injury, a chonodrogenesis disorder, arthritis, chondropathy, chondrosarcoma, chondromalacia, polychondritis, relapsing polychondritis, slipped epiphysis, osteochondritis dissecans, chondrodysplasia, costochondritis, osteochondroma, spondylosis, osteochondroses, Tietze syndrome, dermochondrocorneal dystrophy of Francois, epiphyseal dysplasia, carpotarsal osteochondromatosis, achondropasia, chondrocalcinosis, genochondromatosis, chondroma, achondrogenesis, echondromata, hyprochondroplasia, or Keutel syndrome.","45.The method of claim 44, wherein the cartilage-related disorder is arthritis.","46.The method of claim 45, wherein the arthritis is osteoarthritis.","47.The method of claim 46, wherein the osteoarthritis occurs in the knee, finger, wrist, hip, spine, shoulder, elbow, toe, ankle, or neck of a subject.","48.A cartilage repair implant comprising: a) a tri-component matrix according to claim 1; and b) cells selected from chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.","49.The cartilage repair implant of claim 48, further comprising a biomaterial substrate, wherein the biomaterial substrate is selected from: polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid, alginates, polyethylene oxide, fibrin adhesive, polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer, human dermis, a membrane such as a sheet, a porous body such as sponges, a mesh such as a knit, a textile, a non-woven fabric, cotton, porous material, or combinations thereof."],[" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a tri-component matrix comprising: a) isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen; b) hyaluronan; and c) chondroitin sulfate.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises water.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises a basal media.","In some embodiments, the basal media is Medium 199.In some embodiments, the type II collagen is bovine-derived type II collagen.","In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is about 1 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is about 1 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondroprogenitor cells.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises iPS cells.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a process for producing a transplantation composition for cartilage engineering comprising: a) dissolving isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen in a solution comprising an acid, wherein the final concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml; b) neutralizing the acid; c) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of hyaluronan; and d) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of chondroitin sulfate, wherein a tri-component matrix is produced.","In some embodiments, the acid is acetic acid.","In some embodiments, the acetic acid is at a concentration of about 0.01 M. In some embodiments, the acetic acid is neutralized with NaHCO 3 /HEPES.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises Medium 199.In some embodiments, the hyaluronan is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the chondroitin sulfate is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the final concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, or any combinations thereof, to the tri-component matrix.","In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondrocytes to the tri-component matrix.","In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondroprogenitor cells to the tri-component matrix.","In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding iPS cells to the tri-component matrix.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method for inducing endogenous cartilage growth in a subject in need thereof, including the step of implanting in the subject a tri-component matrix as disclosed herein.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating a bone or cartilage defect in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a transplantation composition comprising: i) a tri-component matrix, as disclosed herein, and ii) a population of cells, at the site of the bone or cartilage defect.","In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, iPS cells, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, new tissue is produced.","In some embodiments, the new tissue restores the surface of the cartilage or bone.","In some embodiments, the new tissue comprises collagen type II.","In some embodiments, the new tissue comprises superficial, intermediate, and deep zones characteristic of normal articular cartilage.","In some embodiments, the superficial zone of the new tissue comprises lubricin.","In some embodiments, the new tissue does not comprise teratomas, neoplastic cells, evidence of deformation, abnormal architectural features, or other inappropriate cell types.","In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondrocytes.","In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondroprogenitor cells.","In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises iPS cells.","In some embodiments, the iPS cells are derived from chondrocytes.","In some embodiments, the chondroprogenitor cells are H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells.","In some embodiments, the chondrocytes are Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating a cartilage-related disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a mixture of a tri-component matrix, as claimed in claim 1 , and chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof, to a site of cartilage injury or defect.","In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is articular cartilage trauma, meniscus injury, a chonodrogenesis disorder, arthritis, chondropathy, chondrosarcoma, chondromalacia, polychondritis, relapsing polychondritis, slipped epiphysis, osteochondritis dissecans, chondrodysplasia, costochondritis, osteochondroma, spondylosis, osteochondroses, Tietze syndrome, dermochondrocorneal dystrophy of Francois, epiphyseal dysplasia, carpotarsal osteochondromatosis, achondropasia, chondrocalcinosis, genochondromatosis, chondroma, achondrogenesis, echondromata, hyprochondroplasia, or Keutel syndrome.","In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is arthritis.","In some embodiments, the arthritis is osteoarthritis.","In some embodiments, the osteoarthritis occurs in the knee, finger, wrist, hip, spine, shoulder, elbow, toe, ankle, or neck of a subject.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a cartilage repair implant comprising: a) a tri-component matrix, as disclosed herein; and b) cells selected from chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox- 9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the cartilage repair implant further comprises a biomaterial substrate, wherein the biomaterial substrate is selected from: polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid, alginates, polyethylene oxide, fibrin adhesive, polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer, human dermis, a membrane such as a sheet, a porous body such as sponges, a mesh such as a knit, a textile, a non-woven fabric, cotton, porous material, or combinations thereof."],["CROSS-REFERENCE This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.","No.","14/438,583, filed Apr.","24, 2015, which is a U.S. National Stage entry of International Application No.","PCT/US2013/067349, field Oct. 29, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S.","Application Ser.","No.","61/719,902, filed Oct. 29, 2012, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.","SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a tri-component matrix comprising: a) isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen; b) hyaluronan; and c) chondroitin sulfate.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises water.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises a basal media.","In some embodiments, the basal media is Medium 199.In some embodiments, the type II collagen is bovine-derived type II collagen.","In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is about 1 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is about 1 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondroprogenitor cells.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises iPS cells.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a process for producing a transplantation composition for cartilage engineering comprising: a) dissolving isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen in a solution comprising an acid, wherein the final concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml; b) neutralizing the acid; c) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of hyaluronan; and d) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of chondroitin sulfate, wherein a tri-component matrix is produced.","In some embodiments, the acid is acetic acid.","In some embodiments, the acetic acid is at a concentration of about 0.01 M. In some embodiments, the acetic acid is neutralized with NaHCO3/HEPES.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises Medium 199.In some embodiments, the hyaluronan is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the chondroitin sulfate is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the final concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, or any combinations thereof, to the tri-component matrix.","In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondrocytes to the tri-component matrix.","In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondroprogenitor cells to the tri-component matrix.","In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding iPS cells to the tri-component matrix.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method for inducing endogenous cartilage growth in a subject in need thereof, including the step of implanting in the subject a tri-component matrix as disclosed herein.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating a bone or cartilage defect in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a transplantation composition comprising: i) a tri-component matrix, as disclosed herein, and ii) a population of cells, at the site of the bone or cartilage defect.","In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, iPS cells, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, new tissue is produced.","In some embodiments, the new tissue restores the surface of the cartilage or bone.","In some embodiments, the new tissue comprises collagen type II.","In some embodiments, the new tissue comprises superficial, intermediate, and deep zones characteristic of normal articular cartilage.","In some embodiments, the superficial zone of the new tissue comprises lubricin.","In some embodiments, the new tissue does not comprise teratomas, neoplastic cells, evidence of deformation, abnormal architectural features, or other inappropriate cell types.","In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondrocytes.","In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondroprogenitor cells.","In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises iPS cells.","In some embodiments, the iPS cells are derived from chondrocytes.","In some embodiments, the chondroprogenitor cells are H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells.","In some embodiments, the chondrocytes are Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating a cartilage-related disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a mixture of a tri-component matrix, as claimed in claim 1, and chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof, to a site of cartilage injury or defect.","In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is articular cartilage trauma, meniscus injury, a chonodrogenesis disorder, arthritis, chondropathy, chondrosarcoma, chondromalacia, polychondritis, relapsing polychondritis, slipped epiphysis, osteochondritis dissecans, chondrodysplasia, costochondritis, osteochondroma, spondylosis, osteochondroses, Tietze syndrome, dermochondrocorneal dystrophy of Francois, epiphyseal dysplasia, carpotarsal osteochondromatosis, achondropasia, chondrocalcinosis, genochondromatosis, chondroma, achondrogenesis, echondromata, hyprochondroplasia, or Keutel syndrome.","In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is arthritis.","In some embodiments, the arthritis is osteoarthritis.","In some embodiments, the osteoarthritis occurs in the knee, finger, wrist, hip, spine, shoulder, elbow, toe, ankle, or neck of a subject.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a cartilage repair implant comprising: a) a tri-component matrix, as disclosed herein; and b) cells selected from chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the cartilage repair implant further comprises a biomaterial substrate, wherein the biomaterial substrate is selected from: polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid, alginates, polyethylene oxide, fibrin adhesive, polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer, human dermis, a membrane such as a sheet, a porous body such as sponges, a mesh such as a knit, a textile, a non-woven fabric, cotton, porous material, or combinations thereof.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims.","A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which: FIG.","1 exemplifies tissue repair by H9-derived chondroprogenitors and chondroprogenitors derived from adult human chondrocytes (CHON-1 and CHON-2).","Alcian Blue and Safranin O staining was comparable between the H9-derived chondroprogenitors and the chondroprogenitors derived from adult human chondrocytes.","Poor tissue repair was seen in empty osteochondral defects or osteochondral defects filled with only Matrigel.","FIG.","2 exemplifies tissue repair by H9-derived chondroprogenitors (H9-D MSC), adult human chondrocytes (chondrocyte), pluripotent cell-derived chondroprogenitors (IPSC), and adult human mesenchymal stem cells (Adult MSC).","Cells were embedded in a tri-component matrix of type II collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid prior to surgical implantation.","FIG.","3 exemplifies mechanical stiffness of tissue generated by H9-derived chondroprogenitors (H9 Derived MSC), adult human chondrocytes, pluripotent cell-derived chondroprogenitors (IPSC derived from chondrocyte), and adult human mesenchymal stem cells (Adult Human MSC) which had been embedded in a tri-component matrix of type II collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid prior to surgical implantation.","The exemplified units are Newtons/mm.","FIG.","4 exemplifies tissue repair by H9-derived chondroprogenitors and adult human chondrocyte derived chondroprogenitors.","Cells were embedded in alginate prior to surgical implantation.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a tri-component matrix comprising: a) isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen; b) hyaluronan; and c) chondroitin sulfate.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises water.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises a basal media.","In some embodiments, the basal media is Medium 199.In some embodiments, the type II collagen is bovine-derived type II collagen.","In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is about 1 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is about 1 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondroprogenitor cells.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises iPS cells.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a process for producing a transplantation composition for cartilage engineering comprising: a) dissolving isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen in a solution comprising an acid, wherein the final concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml; b) neutralizing the acid; c) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of hyaluronan; and d) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of chondroitin sulfate, wherein a tri-component matrix is produced.","In some embodiments, the acid is acetic acid.","In some embodiments, the acetic acid is at a concentration of about 0.01 M. In some embodiments, the acetic acid is neutralized with NaHCO3/HEPES.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises Medium 199.In some embodiments, the hyaluronan is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the chondroitin sulfate is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the final concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, or any combinations thereof, to the tri-component matrix.","In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondrocytes to the tri-component matrix.","In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondroprogenitor cells to the tri-component matrix.","In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding iPS cells to the tri-component matrix.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method for inducing endogenous cartilage growth in a subject in need thereof, including the step of implanting in the subject a tri-component matrix as disclosed herein.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating a bone or cartilage defect in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a transplantation composition comprising: i) a tri-component matrix, as disclosed herein, and ii) a population of cells, at the site of the bone or cartilage defect.","In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, iPS cells, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, new tissue is produced.","In some embodiments, the new tissue restores the surface of the cartilage or bone.","In some embodiments, the new tissue comprises collagen type II.","In some embodiments, the new tissue comprises superficial, intermediate, and deep zones characteristic of normal articular cartilage.","In some embodiments, the superficial zone of the new tissue comprises lubricin.","In some embodiments, the new tissue does not comprise teratomas, neoplastic cells, evidence of deformation, abnormal architectural features, or other inappropriate cell types.","In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondrocytes.","In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondroprogenitor cells.","In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises iPS cells.","In some embodiments, the iPS cells are derived from chondrocytes.","In some embodiments, the chondroprogenitor cells are H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells.","In some embodiments, the chondrocytes are Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating a cartilage-related disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a mixture of a tri-component matrix, as claimed in claim 1, and chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof, to a site of cartilage injury or defect.","In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is articular cartilage trauma, meniscus injury, a chonodrogenesis disorder, arthritis, chondropathy, chondrosarcoma, chondromalacia, polychondritis, relapsing polychondritis, slipped epiphysis, osteochondritis dissecans, chondrodysplasia, costochondritis, osteochondroma, spondylosis, osteochondroses, Tietze syndrome, dermochondrocorneal dystrophy of Francois, epiphyseal dysplasia, carpotarsal osteochondromatosis, achondropasia, chondrocalcinosis, genochondromatosis, chondroma, achondrogenesis, echondromata, hyprochondroplasia, or Keutel syndrome.","In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is arthritis.","In some embodiments, the arthritis is osteoarthritis.","In some embodiments, the osteoarthritis occurs in the knee, finger, wrist, hip, spine, shoulder, elbow, toe, ankle, or neck of a subject.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a cartilage repair implant comprising: a) a tri-component matrix, as disclosed herein; and b) cells selected from chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the cartilage repair implant further comprises a biomaterial substrate, wherein the biomaterial substrate is selected from: polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid, alginates, polyethylene oxide, fibrin adhesive, polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer, human dermis, a membrane such as a sheet, a porous body such as sponges, a mesh such as a knit, a textile, a non-woven fabric, cotton, porous material, or combinations thereof.","Cartilage Articular cartilage is a type of hyaline cartilage that lines the surfaces of the opposing bones in a diarthrodial joint (e.g.","knee, hip, shoulder, etc.).","Articular cartilage provides a near-frictionless articulation between the bones, while also functioning to absorb and transmit the compressive and shear forces encountered in the joint.","Further, since the tissue associated with articular cartilage is aneural, these load absorbing and transmitting functions occur in a painless fashion in a healthy joint.","Fibrocartilage is found in diarthrodial joints, symphyseal joints, intervertebral discs, articular discs, as inclusions in certain tendons that wrap around a pulley, and at insertion sites of ligaments and tendons into bone.","Made of a mixture of collagen type I and type II fibers, fibrocartilage may be damaged, causing pain in the affected joint.","It is understood for purposes of this application that the term “cartilage” includes articular cartilage and fibrocartilage.","Tri-Component Implant Matrix Disclosed herein are novel materials useful for medical grafting and cell culture, and methods for making and using them.","Additional embodiments as well as features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the descriptions herein.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a tri-component matrix.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises collagen; hyaluronan; and chondroitin sulfate.","In some embodiments, the collagen is type II collagen.","In some embodiments, the collagen is non-denatured.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises water.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes or chondroprogenitor cells.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises mesenchymal stem cells.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises iPS cells derived from chondrocytes.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix is a gel.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix is a molded solid.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix is a liquid.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises a basal media.","In some embodiments, the basal media is Medium 199, DMEM (for example, DMEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum), RPMI-1640, Ham's F-12, or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the basal media is a chondrocyte basal medium.","In some embodiments, the basal media comprises the following components: Glycine; L-Alanine; L-Arginine hydrochloride; L-Aspartic acid; L-Cysteine hydrochloride-H2O; L-Cystine 2HCl; L-Glutamic Acid; L-Glutamine; L-Histidine hydrochloride-H2O; L-Hydroxyproline; L-Isoleucine; L-Leucine; L-Lysine hydrochloride; L-Methionine; L-Phenylalanine; L-Proline; L-Serine; L-Threonine; L-Tryptophan; L-Tyrosine disodium salt dehydrate; L-Valine; Alpha-tocopherol Phosphate; Ascorbic Acid; Biotin; Choline chloride; D-Calcium pantothenate; Folic Acid; Menadione (Vitamin K3); Niacinamide; Nicotinic acid (Niacin); Para-Aminobenzoic Acid; Pyridoxal hydrochloride; Pyridoxine hydrochloride; Riboflavin; Thiamine hydrochloride; Vitamin A (acetate); Vitamin D2 (Calciferol); i-Inositol; Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) (anhyd.","); Ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)—9H2O); Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) (anhyd.","); Potassium Chloride (KCl); Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3); Sodium Chloride (NaCl); Sodium Phosphate monobasic (NaH2PO4—H2O); 2-deoxy-D-ribose; Adenine sulfate; Adenosine 5′-phosphate; Adenosine 5′-triphosphate; Cholesterol; D-Glucose (Dextrose); Glutathione (reduced); Guanine hydrochloride; Hypoxanthine Na; Phenol Red; Ribose; Sodium Acetate; Thymine; Tween 80®; Uracil; and Xanthine-Na.","In some embodiments, the basal media is Medium 199.In some embodiments, the basal media comprises platelet-derive growth factor (PDGF) (e.g., PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, and PDGF-AA), a lipid (e.g., stearic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, arachidonic acid, linolenic acid, cholesterol, alpha-tocopherol acetate), bone morphogenic protein (BMP) (e.g., BMP-4 or BMP-6), TGF-ß (e.g., TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, TGF-ß3), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), hydrocortisone, fibronectin, bFGF, albumin, insulin, FBS, or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises type II collagen (e.g., isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen).","In some embodiments, the type II collagen is non-denatured.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises type VI, type IX, type X, type XI and/or type XIII collagen.","In some embodiments, the type II collagen is derived from any suitable source.","In some embodiments, the type II collagen is derived from a non-mammalian vertebrate (e.g., a shark).","In some embodiments, the type II collagen is derived from a mammal.","In some embodiments, the type II collagen is derived from a human In some embodiments, the type II collagen is derived from a non-human mammal.","In some embodiments, the type II collagen is bovine-derive, equine-derive, or porcine-derived.","In some embodiments, the type II collagen is bovine-derived type II collagen.","In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 50 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 25 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is from about 1 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is from about 1 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.","Hyaluronan (also referred to as hyaluronic acid or HA) is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan.","It is composed on disaccharides, composed of D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine, linked via alternating ß-1,4 and ß-1,3 glycosidic bonds.","The size of hyaluronan varies.","Hyaluronans have been found with 25,000 disaccharide repeats.","They range in size from 5,000 to 20,000,000 Da in vivo.","The average molecular weight in human synovial fluid is 3-4 million Da, and hyaluronan purified from human umbilical cord is 3,140,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises high molecular weight hyaluronan (i.e., greater than about 1000 Da).","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises low molecular weight hyaluronan (i.e., less than about 1000 Da).","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size from about 500 Da to about 20,000,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size from about 500 to about 5000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size from about 80,000 to about 800,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 1000 to about 15,000,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 2000 to about 10,000,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 3000 to about 7,500,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 4000 to about 5,000,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 5000 to about 2,500,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 6000 to about 1,000,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 7000 to about 900,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 8000 to about 800,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 9000 to about 700,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 10,000 to about 600,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 15,000 to about 500,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 20,000 to about 400,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 25,000 to about 300,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 30,000 to about 200,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 35,000 to about 200,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 40,000 to about 100,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 50,000 to about 100,000 Da.","In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 25 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronic acid is about 1 mg/ml.","Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars: N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) and D-glucuronic acid (GlcA).","In certain instances, chondroitin chains have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities.","Chondroitin sulfate is a structural component of cartilage.","The tightly packed and highly charged sulfate groups of chondroitin sulfate generate electrostatic repulsion that provides much of the resistance of cartilage to compression.","The site of sulfation varies amongst chondroitin chains Chondroitin sulfate A is sulfated on carbon 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar.","Chondroitin sulfate C is sulfated on carbon 6 of the GalNAc sugar.","Chondroitin sulfate D is sulfated on carbon 2 of the glucuronic acid and 6 of the GalNAc sugar.","Chondroitin sulfate E is sulfated on carbons 4 and 6 of the GalNAc sugar.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises any suitable chondroitin sulfate.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises Chondroitin sulfate A, Chondroitin sulfate C, Chondroitin sulfate D, and/or Chondroitin sulfate E. In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 25 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix is a medium for the ingrowth of native chondrocytes.","In some embodiments, the matrix further comprises chondrocytes either prior to or following implantation in vivo.","In some embodiments, the matrix is impregnated with chondrocytes immediately prior to implantation in a subject, e.g.","by injection.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises additional additives.","In some embodiments, additional additives included in the tri-component matrix include, for example, chondronectin, laminin, fibronectin, calcium alginate, anchorin II, biglycan, decorin, versican, fibromodulin, lumican, bone, cartilage cell growth-promoting hormones, and growth factors such as cartilage inducing factor (CIP), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), IGF-1, transforming growth factor [beta] (TGFB), TGF-ß1, osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) and bone morphogenetic factors (BMPs) such as native or recombinant human BMP-2, BMP-3 (osteogenin), BMP-4, BMP-7, BMP-8, bFGF, CDMP or other skeletal matrix molecules, as well as signaling peptides such as vascular endothelial growth factor (EGF/VEGF), parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF).","In some embodiments, nucleic acid sequences (e.g., mammalian expression vectors) encoding any of the above listed additional additives, or which are capable of inducing or promoting in vivo production of the above listed additional additives, is incorporated into the tri-component matrix material.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises an active agent.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises an antibacterial agent, e.g., taurolidine, taurultam, or antibiotics such as tetracyclines and gentamycins.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises an anti-inflammatory agent.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises an NSAID.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises celecoxib, oxaprozin, salsalate, diflunisal, indomethacin, meloxicam, ketorolac, diclofenac, naproxen, sulindac, tenoxicam, etodolac, nabumetone, piroxicam, carprofen, flubiprofen, ibuprofen, aspirin, paracetamol, or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises a steroid, e.g., cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, solumedrol, triamcinolone, kenalog, celestone, and depomedrol.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD).","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises abatacept, adalimumab, azathioprine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, Cyclosporin A, D-penicillamine, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, leflunomide, methotrexate, minocycline, rituximab, sulfasalazine, or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises an agent that prevents or reduces vascularization.","Examples of agents that prevent or reduce vascularization include, but are not limited to, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase receptors Flt-1 (VEGFR1) and Flk-1/KDR (VEGFR2), inhibitors of epidermal-derived, fibroblast-derived, or platelet derived growth factors, MMP (matrix metalloprotease) inhibitors, integrin blockers, interferon-a, interleukin-12, pentosan polysulfate, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen as well as selective cyclooxy-genase-2 inhibitors like celecoxib and rofecoxib steroidal anti-inflammatories (such as corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, dexamethasone, prednisone, prednisolone, methylpred, betamethasone), carboxyamidotriazole, combretastatin A-4, squalamine, 6-O-chloroacetyl-carbonyl)-fumagillol, thalidomide, angiostatin, troponin-1, angiotensin II antagonists, and antibodies to VEGF.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix disclosed herein elicits less of an inflammatory response than an alginate matrix.","Methods of Culturing Cells The present invention also provides a method for culturing cells, comprising culturing cells in a tri-component matrix, as disclosed herein, comprising a) isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen; b) hyaluronan; and c) chondroitin sulfate.","In some embodiments, the cells within the tri-component matrix are cultured in a tissue culture vessel.","In some embodiments, the tissue culture vessel is tissue culture-grade plastic.","In some embodiments, the plastic is polystyrene.","In some embodiments, the tissue culture vessel is glass.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises a cell-culture media.","In some embodiments, the cell-culture media is a basal media.","In some embodiments, the basal media is Medium 199, DMEM (for example, DMEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum), RPMI-1640, Ham's F-12, or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the basal media is a chondrocyte basal medium.","In some embodiments, the basal media comprises the following components: Glycine; L-Alanine; L-Arginine hydrochloride; L-Aspartic acid; L-Cysteine hydrochloride-H2O; L-Cystine 2HCl; L-Glutamic Acid; L-Glutamine; L-Histidine hydrochloride-H2O; L-Hydroxyproline; L-Isoleucine; L-Leucine; L-Lysine hydrochloride; L-Methionine; L-Phenylalanine; L-Proline; L-Serine; L-Threonine; L-Tryptophan; L-Tyrosine disodium salt dehydrate; L-Valine; Alpha-tocopherol Phosphate; Ascorbic Acid; Biotin; Choline chloride; D-Calcium pantothenate; Folic Acid; Menadione (Vitamin K3); Niacinamide; Nicotinic acid (Niacin); Para-Aminobenzoic Acid; Pyridoxal hydrochloride; Pyridoxine hydrochloride; Riboflavin; Thiamine hydrochloride; Vitamin A (acetate); Vitamin D2 (Calciferol); i-Inositol; Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) (anhyd.","); Ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)—9H2O); Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) (anhyd.","); Potassium Chloride (KCl); Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3); Sodium Chloride (NaCl); Sodium Phosphate monobasic (NaH2PO4—H2O); 2-deoxy-D-ribose; Adenine sulfate; Adenosine 5′-phosphate; Adenosine 5′-triphosphate; Cholesterol; D-Glucose (Dextrose); Glutathione (reduced); Guanine hydrochloride; Hypoxanthine Na; Phenol Red; Ribose; Sodium Acetate; Thymine; Tween 80®; Uracil; and Xanthine-Na.","In some embodiments, the basal media is Medium 199.In some embodiments, the basal media comprises platelet-derive growth factor (PDGF) (e.g., PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, and PDGF-AA), a lipid (e.g., stearic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, arachidonic acid, linolenic acid, cholesterol, alpha-tocopherol acetate), bone morphogenic protein (BMP) (e.g., BMP-4 or BMP-6), TGF-ß (e.g., TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, TGF-ß3), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), hydrocortisone, fibronectin, bFGF, albumin, insulin, FBS, or any combinations thereof.","Methods of Use Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are methods for inducing endogenous cartilage growth in a subject in need thereof, comprising implanting in the subject a tri-component matrix as disclosed herein, comprising a) isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen; b) hyaluronan; and c) chondroitin sulfate.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes and/or chondroprogenitor cells.","In some embodiments, the method comprises injecting the tri-component into a cartilageonous area with a needle.","In some embodiments, the method comprises injecting the tri-component matrix into a joint, e.g., a synovial joint.","In some embodiments, the subject has a defect in cartilage (e.g., degeneration or absence of cartilage).","In some embodiments, the subject has a cartilage related disorder.","In some embodiments, the subject has osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, costochondritis, relapsing polychondritis, or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the subject has osteoarthritis.","In some embodiments, the subject has rheumatoid arthritis.","In some embodiments, the subject has damage to cartilage caused by a physical trauma.","In some embodiments, a tri-component matrix disclosed herein is used for methods of regenerating cartilaginous tissue.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, tri-component matrix is placed directly into an area of bone or cartilage defect.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix is placed into an area of bone or cartilage defect with additional supportive biomaterial.","In some embodiments, new cartilaginous tissue is formed.","In some embodiments, the new cartilaginous tissue integrates with the tissue of the bone or cartilage defect.","In some embodiments, the new cartilaginous tissue restores the surface of the cartilage or bone.","In some embodiments, the new cartilaginous tissue comprises collagen type II.","In some embodiments, the new cartilaginous tissue comprises superficial, intermediate, and deep zones characteristic of normal articular cartilage.","In some embodiments, the superficial zone of the new cartilaginous tissue comprises lubricin.","In some embodiments, the new cartilaginous tissue does not comprise teratomas, neoplastic cells, evidence of deformation, abnormal architectural features, or other inappropriate cell types.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating a cartilage-related disorder, comprising administration of a tri-component matrix, as described herein, to a site of cartilage injury or defect in a subject in need thereof.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is articular cartilage trauma, meniscus injury, a chonodrogenesis disorder, arthritis, chondropathy, chondrosarcoma, chondromalacia, polychondritis, relapsing polychondritis, slipped epiphysis, osteochondritis dissecans, chondrodysplasia, costochondritis, osteochondroma, spondylosis, osteochondroses, Tietze syndrome, dermochondrocorneal dystrophy of Francois, epiphyseal dysplasia, carpotarsal osteochondromatosis, achondropasia, chondrocalcinosis, genochondromatosis, chondroma, achondrogenesis, echondromata, hyprochondroplasia, or Keutel syndrome.","In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is arthritis.","In some embodiments, the arthritis is osteoarthritis.","In some embodiments, the osteoarthritis occurs in the knee, finger, wrist, hip, spine, shoulder, elbow, toe, ankle, or neck of a subject.","Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a cartilage repair implant comprising a tri-component matrix as disclosed herein, further comprising chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors or any combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the cartilage repair implant further comprises an additional biomaterial substrate.","Examples of additional biomaterials include: polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid, alginates (for example, the calcium salt), polyethylene oxide, fibrin adhesive, polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, human dermis, or a combination thereof.","In some embodiments, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans are sulfated.","In some embodiments, the additional biomaterial substrate is a membrane such as sheet, a porous body such as sponges, a mesh such as a knit, a textile, a non-woven fabric, cotton and the like.","In some embodiments, the additional biomaterial is a porous material.","In some embodiments, the cartilage repair implant forms cartilage tissue and induces cartilaginous ossification.","In some embodiments, ossification is also promoted by a growth factor which promotes bone formation, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP).","Prior to transplantation of the described cartilage therapy materials, it is preferable to prepare the area that is to be treated.","For this purpose, the defect must be prepared to ensure that the implant will take more effectively (particularly as regards its attachment), to reduce the risks of vascularization, etc.","Generally, the defect is treated in advance (in order to eliminate all defective cartilage from the area), then it is cleaned.","Next, various implantation techniques can be implemented, according to the material being implanted (suspension, matrix, cartilage reconstituted in vitro).","Generally, implantation of the described cartilage therapy materials is performed by applying various surgical techniques known to the skilled person, such as affixing the implant during surgery, through biodegradable sutures or by the application of bioadhesives.","Examples of bioadhesives include, notably, biological glues made of fibrin and/or thrombin, or other biocompatible materials.","More particularly, the resorbable biocompatible film is affixed onto the area to be treated, by means of a biological or biocompatible glue.","In a preferred variant, the film is positioned on the cartilaginous defect, then the pocket which is thus constituted is filled with cartilage therapy material.","In some embodiments, the method for inducing endogenous cartilage growth further comprises athroscopic lavage and/or debridement of the area where the implant will be administered.","In some embodiments, part or all of the damaged cartilage is removed and a tri-component matrix (for example, the tri-component matrix further comprising chondrocytes or chondroprogenitor cells) is implanted (e.g., injected) into the area.","In some embodiments, the method for inducing endogenous cartilage growth further comprises marrow stimulating techniques (e.g., microfracture surgery).","In some embodiments, (a) part or all of the damaged cartilage is removed from an area in need and underlying bone is partially or fully exposed, (b) microfractures are created in the subchondral bone (e.g., with the use of an awl), and (c) the tri-component matrix (for example, the tri-component matrix further comprising chondrocytes or chondroprogenitor cells) is implanted (e.g., injected) into the area.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix (for example, the tri-component matrix further comprising chondrocytes or chondroprogenitor cells) is injected with any suitable needle, e.g., a 16 gauge needle, 17 gauge needle, 18 gauge needle, 19 gauge needle, 20 gauge needle, 21 gauge needle, 22 gauge needle, 23 gauge needle, 24 gauge needle, 25 gauge needle, 26 gauge needle, 27 gauge needle, 28 gauge needle, 29 gauge needle, or a 30 gauge needle.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix is injected with a 22 gauge needle.","In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix is injected with a 25 gauge needle.","EXAMPLES Example 1 Production of Tri-Component Matrix Comprising Chondrocytes An exemplary method of manufacturing the tri-component matrix is as follows.","First, Bovine type II collagen was dissolved in 0.01 M acetic acid.","Bovine Type II collagen (10 mg) was dissolved in in 2.4 ml 10 mM acetic acid 0/N.","300 μl of 10 X Medium 199 and 300 μl NaHCO3/HEPES were added to the collagen/acetic acid mixture to neutralize.","330 μl of hyaluronic acid (HA at 10 mg/ml) (final concentration of 1 mg/ml) was added to the mixture.","60 μl of chondrotin sulfate (50 mg/ml, Bovine) was added to the mixture to a final concentration of 1 mg/ml to form the tri-component matrix.","Chondrocytes were then added to the tri-component matrix.","Example 2 Treatment of Osteochondral Defects with Chondroprogenitors Embedded in Alginate Using a surgical drill, 3-mm osteochondral defects were created in rabbit femoral trochlea grooves and condyles.","The defects were repaired using two different treatments.","As a control, nothing was implanted into one defect site.","In the first treatment adult human chondrocyte derived chondroprogenitor cell pellets were embedded in alginate and then surgically implanted into the defect site.","In the second treatment H9-derived chondroprogenitor cell pellets were embedded in alginate and then surgically implanted into the defect site.","Alginate was cross linked in the defect site using surgical gauze soaked with calcium chloride.","Histologic examination (FIG.","4) indicated that tissue repair generated by chondroprogenitors embedded in alginate was inferior to that generated by adult human chondrocyte derived chondroprogenitors embedded in alginate.","However, both were superior to defects implanted with nothing.","Example 3 Treatment of Osteochondral Defects with Chondroprogenitors Embedded in Matrigel Using a surgical drill, 3-mm osteochondral defects were created in rabbit femoral trochlea grooves and condyles.","The defects were repaired using four different treatments.","As a control, nothing was implanted into one defect site.","In the first treatment, as a control Matrigel alone was surgically implanted into the defect site.","In the second treatment adult human chondrocyte derived chondroprogenitor cell pellets from donor #1 were embedded in Matrigel and then surgically implanted into the defect site.","In the third treatment adult human chondrocyte derived chondroprogenitor cell pellets from donor #2 were embedded in Matrigel and then surgically implanted into the defect site.","In the fourth treatment H9-derived chondroprogenitor cell pellets were embedded in Matrigel and then surgically implanted into the defect site.","Matrigel (BD Biosciences) was maintained as a liquid at 4 degrees Celsius and after implantation became gelatinous at 37 degrees Celsius.","Histologic examination (FIG.","1) indicated that tissue repair generated by H9-derived chondroprogenitors embedded in Matrigel was comparable to that generated by adult human chondrocyte derived chondroprogenitors embedded in Matrigel.","However, both treatments were superior to defects implanted with nothing or with Matrigel alone.","Example 4 Treatment of Osteochondral Defects with Chondroprogenitors Embedded in Tri-Component Matrix Using a surgical drill, 3-mm osteochondral defects were created in rabbit femoral trochlea grooves and condyles.","The defects were repaired using four different treatments.","In all four treatments (adult human chondrocytes, H9 derives MSCs, iPSC derived from chondrocytes, and adult human MSCs) a tri-component matrix composed of collagen II, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid was used.","The following protocol was used to assemble the tri-component matrix: 1) Bovine type II collagen (Innovative Research) was dissolved in 0.01 M acetic acid (add 10 mg of bovine type II collagen to 2.4 ml of 10 mM acetic acid, 300 μl of 10× Medium 199, and 300 μl of NaHCO3/HEPES to neutralize the acetic acid); 2) 300 μg of hyaluronic acid was added at a concentration of 1 mg/ml; 3) 60 μg of chondrotin sulfate (bovine) was added at a concentration of 1 mg/ml; 4) The final concentration of the type II collagen is approximately 3 mg/ml.","Histologic examination (FIG.","2) indicated that tissue repair generated by H9-derived chondroprogenitors embedded in the tri-component matrix was better at tissue regeneration and had better mechanical properties (FIG.","3) than adult human chondrocyte derived chondroprogenitors, pluripotent cell-derived chondroprogenitors, and adult human mesenchymal stem cells.","Example 5 Clinical Study of Using Tri-Component Matrix in Treatment of Osteoarthritis Patients are given a single 5 mL injection of the tri-component matrix with chondrocytes (or a phosphate buffered saline control) into the synovial, with a possible repeat treatment after the week 16 visit.","Study Type: Interventional Allocation: Randomized Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment Masking: Double Blind (Subject, Outcomes Assessor) Primary Purpose: Treatment Outcome Measures: Participants' assessment of pain.","Mean scores were used for baseline (day 0) and for all visits up to week 16 (weeks 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16).","The WOMAC Pain Subscale has a score range of 0-4, where 0=no pain and 4=extreme pain.","Participants categorized the pain they felt while walking using the WOMAC LK 3.1 A1 (Walking Pain) Subscale.","The scale rates pain as none, mild, moderate, severe and extreme.","The change from baseline over the course of the 16-week initial treatment period using participants' assessment of physical function.","Mean scores were used for baseline (day 0) and for all visits up to week 26 (weeks 4, 8, 12, 18 and 26).","The WOMAC Function Subscale has a score range of 0-4 to assess the degree of difficulty completing tasks within the past 48 hours, where 0=no difficulty and 4=extreme difficulty.","Ages Eligible for Study: 40 Years and older Genders Eligible for Study: Both Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No Inclusion Criteria: Patient with documented diagnosis of primary osteoarthritis (OA) of the target knee made at least 3 months prior to trial.","Has radiographic evidence of OA in the tibio-femoral compartment of the target, knee with at least 1 definite osteophyte and a measureable joint space, as diagnosed by standard X-rays taken not longer than 3 months prior to Screening, and before any baseline assessment.","Has continued target knee pain despite conservative treatment (e.g.","weight reduction, physical therapy, analgesics).","Has pain in the target knee as demonstrated by a score of 2 or 3 on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index Likert Scale Version 3.1 (WOMAC LK 3.1) A1 (Walking Pain) Subscale.","Has a mean score of 1.5 to 3.5 on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index Likert Scale Version 3.1 (WOMAC LK 3.1) A (Pain) Subscale.","Inclusion Criteria for Repeat Phase: Must have no major safety concerns during the first course of treatment as assessed by the Investigator; Must have a WOMAC LK 3.1 A score of at least 1.Exclusion Criteria Has modified Kellgren-Lawrence Numerical Grading System of grade IV in the patello-femoral compartment of the target knee confirmed by standard X-rays taken not longer than 3 months prior to Screening, and before any baseline assessment.","Has clinically apparent tense effusion of the target knee.","Has had viscosupplementation in any joint including the target knee within 9 months prior to Screening.","Has concomitant inflammatory disease or other condition that affects the joints (e.g.","rheumatoid arthritis, metabolic bone disease, psoriasis, gout, symptomatic chondrocalcinosis and active infection, etc.).","Symptomatic OA of the contralateral knee or of either hip that is not responsive to paracetamol and requires other therapy.","Has related hypersensitivities to avian proteins and/or any components of hyaluronan-based injection devices.","Example 6 Treatment of Osteoarthritis with Tri-Component Matrix comprising Chondrocytes A patient presents with osteoarthritis in his knees.","The calcified cartilage is removed from both knees.","The surgeon creates fractures in the subchondral bone.","The tri-component matrix with chondrocytes is injected into the knee.","The patient returns to the doctor 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks later for an injection of the tri-component matrix with chondrocytes into both knees.","The cartilage in the knees regenerates.","While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only.","Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention.","It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention.","It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"METHODS OF TRANSPLANTING CHONDROCYTES\",\n \"Provided are tri-component matrices having collagen, hyaluronan, and chondroitin sulfate.\",\n \"Also provided are processes for producing a tri-component matrix.\",\n \"Additionally, provided are processes for providing cells capable of producing cartilage to a bone or cartilage defects.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A tri-component matrix comprising: a) isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen; b) hyaluronan; and c) chondroitin sulfate.\",\n \"2.The tri-component matrix of claim 1, further comprising water.\",\n \"3.The tri-component matrix of claim 1, further comprising a basal media.\",\n \"4.The tri-component matrix of claim 3, wherein the basal media is Medium 199.5.The tri-component matrix of claim 1, wherein the type II collagen is bovine-derived type II collagen.\",\n \"6.The tri-component matrix of claim 1, wherein the concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml.\",\n \"7.The tri-component matrix of claim 6, wherein the concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"8.The tri-component matrix of claim 1, wherein the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"9.The tri-component matrix of claim 8, wherein the concentration of hyaluronan is about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"10.The tri-component matrix of claim 1, wherein the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"11.The tri-component matrix of claim 10, wherein the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"12.The tri-component matrix of claim 1, further comprising chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"13.The tri-component matrix of claim 12, further comprising chondrocytes.\",\n \"14.The tri-component matrix of claim 12, further comprising chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"15.The tri-component matrix of claim 12, further comprising iPS cells.\",\n \"16.A process for producing a transplantation composition for cartilage engineering comprising: a) dissolving isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen in a solution comprising an acid, wherein the final concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml; b) neutralizing the acid; c) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of hyaluronan; and d) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of chondroitin sulfate, wherein a tri-component matrix is produced.\",\n \"17.The process of claim 16, wherein the acid is acetic acid.\",\n \"18.The process of claim 16, wherein the acetic acid is at a concentration of about 0.01 M. 19.The process of claim 16, wherein the acetic acid is neutralized with NaHCO3/HEPES.\",\n \"20.The process of claim 16, wherein the tri-component matrix comprises Medium 199.21.The process of claim 16, wherein hyaluronan is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"22.The process of claim 16, wherein chondroitin sulfate is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"23.The process of claim 16, wherein the final concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"24.The process of claim 16, further comprising adding chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, or any combinations thereof, to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"25.The process of claim 24 further comprising adding chondrocytes to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"26.The process of claim 24, further comprising adding chondroprogenitor cells to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"27.The process of claim 24, further comprising adding iPS cells to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"28.A method for inducing endogenous cartilage growth in a subject in need thereof, including the step of implanting in the subject the tri-component matrix as recited in claim 1.29.A method of treating a bone or cartilage defect in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a transplantation composition comprising: i) a tri-component matrix, as claimed in claim 1, and ii) a population of cells, at the site of the bone or cartilage defect.\",\n \"30.The method of claim 29, wherein the population of cells comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, iPS cells, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"31.The method of claim 29, wherein new tissue is produced.\",\n \"32.The method of claim 31, wherein the new tissue restores the surface of the cartilage or bone.\",\n \"33.The method of claim 31, wherein the new tissue comprises collagen type II.\",\n \"34.The method of claim 31, wherein the new tissue comprises superficial, intermediate, and deep zones characteristic of normal articular cartilage.\",\n \"35.The method of claim 34, wherein the superficial zone of the new tissue comprises lubricin.\",\n \"36.The method of claim 31, wherein the new tissue does not comprise teratomas, neoplastic cells, evidence of deformation, abnormal architectural features, or other inappropriate cell types.\",\n \"37.The method of claim 29, the population of cells comprises chondrocytes.\",\n \"38.The method of claim 29, the population of cells comprises chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"39.The method of claim 29, the population of cells comprises iPS cells.\",\n \"40.The method of claim 39, wherein the iPS cells are derived from chondrocytes.\",\n \"41.The method of claim 38, wherein the chondroprogenitor cells are H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"42.The method of claim 37, wherein the chondrocytes are Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes.\",\n \"43.A method of treating a cartilage-related disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a mixture of a tri-component matrix, as claimed in claim 1, and chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof, to a site of cartilage injury or defect.\",\n \"44.A method according to claim 43, wherein the the cartilage-related disorder is articular cartilage trauma, meniscus injury, a chonodrogenesis disorder, arthritis, chondropathy, chondrosarcoma, chondromalacia, polychondritis, relapsing polychondritis, slipped epiphysis, osteochondritis dissecans, chondrodysplasia, costochondritis, osteochondroma, spondylosis, osteochondroses, Tietze syndrome, dermochondrocorneal dystrophy of Francois, epiphyseal dysplasia, carpotarsal osteochondromatosis, achondropasia, chondrocalcinosis, genochondromatosis, chondroma, achondrogenesis, echondromata, hyprochondroplasia, or Keutel syndrome.\",\n \"45.The method of claim 44, wherein the cartilage-related disorder is arthritis.\",\n \"46.The method of claim 45, wherein the arthritis is osteoarthritis.\",\n \"47.The method of claim 46, wherein the osteoarthritis occurs in the knee, finger, wrist, hip, spine, shoulder, elbow, toe, ankle, or neck of a subject.\",\n \"48.A cartilage repair implant comprising: a) a tri-component matrix according to claim 1; and b) cells selected from chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"49.The cartilage repair implant of claim 48, further comprising a biomaterial substrate, wherein the biomaterial substrate is selected from: polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid, alginates, polyethylene oxide, fibrin adhesive, polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer, human dermis, a membrane such as a sheet, a porous body such as sponges, a mesh such as a knit, a textile, a non-woven fabric, cotton, porous material, or combinations thereof.\"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a tri-component matrix comprising: a) isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen; b) hyaluronan; and c) chondroitin sulfate.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises water.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises a basal media.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the basal media is Medium 199.In some embodiments, the type II collagen is bovine-derived type II collagen.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises iPS cells.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a process for producing a transplantation composition for cartilage engineering comprising: a) dissolving isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen in a solution comprising an acid, wherein the final concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml; b) neutralizing the acid; c) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of hyaluronan; and d) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of chondroitin sulfate, wherein a tri-component matrix is produced.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the acid is acetic acid.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the acetic acid is at a concentration of about 0.01 M. In some embodiments, the acetic acid is neutralized with NaHCO 3 /HEPES.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises Medium 199.In some embodiments, the hyaluronan is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the chondroitin sulfate is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the final concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, or any combinations thereof, to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondrocytes to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondroprogenitor cells to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding iPS cells to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method for inducing endogenous cartilage growth in a subject in need thereof, including the step of implanting in the subject a tri-component matrix as disclosed herein.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating a bone or cartilage defect in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a transplantation composition comprising: i) a tri-component matrix, as disclosed herein, and ii) a population of cells, at the site of the bone or cartilage defect.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, iPS cells, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, new tissue is produced.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new tissue restores the surface of the cartilage or bone.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new tissue comprises collagen type II.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new tissue comprises superficial, intermediate, and deep zones characteristic of normal articular cartilage.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the superficial zone of the new tissue comprises lubricin.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new tissue does not comprise teratomas, neoplastic cells, evidence of deformation, abnormal architectural features, or other inappropriate cell types.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondrocytes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises iPS cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the iPS cells are derived from chondrocytes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the chondroprogenitor cells are H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the chondrocytes are Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating a cartilage-related disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a mixture of a tri-component matrix, as claimed in claim 1 , and chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof, to a site of cartilage injury or defect.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is articular cartilage trauma, meniscus injury, a chonodrogenesis disorder, arthritis, chondropathy, chondrosarcoma, chondromalacia, polychondritis, relapsing polychondritis, slipped epiphysis, osteochondritis dissecans, chondrodysplasia, costochondritis, osteochondroma, spondylosis, osteochondroses, Tietze syndrome, dermochondrocorneal dystrophy of Francois, epiphyseal dysplasia, carpotarsal osteochondromatosis, achondropasia, chondrocalcinosis, genochondromatosis, chondroma, achondrogenesis, echondromata, hyprochondroplasia, or Keutel syndrome.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is arthritis.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the arthritis is osteoarthritis.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the osteoarthritis occurs in the knee, finger, wrist, hip, spine, shoulder, elbow, toe, ankle, or neck of a subject.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a cartilage repair implant comprising: a) a tri-component matrix, as disclosed herein; and b) cells selected from chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox- 9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cartilage repair implant further comprises a biomaterial substrate, wherein the biomaterial substrate is selected from: polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid, alginates, polyethylene oxide, fibrin adhesive, polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer, human dermis, a membrane such as a sheet, a porous body such as sponges, a mesh such as a knit, a textile, a non-woven fabric, cotton, porous material, or combinations thereof.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS-REFERENCE This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/438,583, filed Apr.\",\n \"24, 2015, which is a U.S. National Stage entry of International Application No.\",\n \"PCT/US2013/067349, field Oct. 29, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S.\",\n \"Application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"61/719,902, filed Oct. 29, 2012, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.\",\n \"SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a tri-component matrix comprising: a) isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen; b) hyaluronan; and c) chondroitin sulfate.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises water.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises a basal media.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the basal media is Medium 199.In some embodiments, the type II collagen is bovine-derived type II collagen.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises iPS cells.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a process for producing a transplantation composition for cartilage engineering comprising: a) dissolving isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen in a solution comprising an acid, wherein the final concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml; b) neutralizing the acid; c) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of hyaluronan; and d) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of chondroitin sulfate, wherein a tri-component matrix is produced.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the acid is acetic acid.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the acetic acid is at a concentration of about 0.01 M. In some embodiments, the acetic acid is neutralized with NaHCO3/HEPES.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises Medium 199.In some embodiments, the hyaluronan is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the chondroitin sulfate is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the final concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, or any combinations thereof, to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondrocytes to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondroprogenitor cells to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding iPS cells to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method for inducing endogenous cartilage growth in a subject in need thereof, including the step of implanting in the subject a tri-component matrix as disclosed herein.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating a bone or cartilage defect in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a transplantation composition comprising: i) a tri-component matrix, as disclosed herein, and ii) a population of cells, at the site of the bone or cartilage defect.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, iPS cells, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, new tissue is produced.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new tissue restores the surface of the cartilage or bone.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new tissue comprises collagen type II.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new tissue comprises superficial, intermediate, and deep zones characteristic of normal articular cartilage.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the superficial zone of the new tissue comprises lubricin.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new tissue does not comprise teratomas, neoplastic cells, evidence of deformation, abnormal architectural features, or other inappropriate cell types.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondrocytes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises iPS cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the iPS cells are derived from chondrocytes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the chondroprogenitor cells are H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the chondrocytes are Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating a cartilage-related disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a mixture of a tri-component matrix, as claimed in claim 1, and chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof, to a site of cartilage injury or defect.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is articular cartilage trauma, meniscus injury, a chonodrogenesis disorder, arthritis, chondropathy, chondrosarcoma, chondromalacia, polychondritis, relapsing polychondritis, slipped epiphysis, osteochondritis dissecans, chondrodysplasia, costochondritis, osteochondroma, spondylosis, osteochondroses, Tietze syndrome, dermochondrocorneal dystrophy of Francois, epiphyseal dysplasia, carpotarsal osteochondromatosis, achondropasia, chondrocalcinosis, genochondromatosis, chondroma, achondrogenesis, echondromata, hyprochondroplasia, or Keutel syndrome.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is arthritis.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the arthritis is osteoarthritis.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the osteoarthritis occurs in the knee, finger, wrist, hip, spine, shoulder, elbow, toe, ankle, or neck of a subject.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a cartilage repair implant comprising: a) a tri-component matrix, as disclosed herein; and b) cells selected from chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cartilage repair implant further comprises a biomaterial substrate, wherein the biomaterial substrate is selected from: polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid, alginates, polyethylene oxide, fibrin adhesive, polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer, human dermis, a membrane such as a sheet, a porous body such as sponges, a mesh such as a knit, a textile, a non-woven fabric, cotton, porous material, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims.\",\n \"A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which: FIG.\",\n \"1 exemplifies tissue repair by H9-derived chondroprogenitors and chondroprogenitors derived from adult human chondrocytes (CHON-1 and CHON-2).\",\n \"Alcian Blue and Safranin O staining was comparable between the H9-derived chondroprogenitors and the chondroprogenitors derived from adult human chondrocytes.\",\n \"Poor tissue repair was seen in empty osteochondral defects or osteochondral defects filled with only Matrigel.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 exemplifies tissue repair by H9-derived chondroprogenitors (H9-D MSC), adult human chondrocytes (chondrocyte), pluripotent cell-derived chondroprogenitors (IPSC), and adult human mesenchymal stem cells (Adult MSC).\",\n \"Cells were embedded in a tri-component matrix of type II collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid prior to surgical implantation.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 exemplifies mechanical stiffness of tissue generated by H9-derived chondroprogenitors (H9 Derived MSC), adult human chondrocytes, pluripotent cell-derived chondroprogenitors (IPSC derived from chondrocyte), and adult human mesenchymal stem cells (Adult Human MSC) which had been embedded in a tri-component matrix of type II collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid prior to surgical implantation.\",\n \"The exemplified units are Newtons/mm.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4 exemplifies tissue repair by H9-derived chondroprogenitors and adult human chondrocyte derived chondroprogenitors.\",\n \"Cells were embedded in alginate prior to surgical implantation.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a tri-component matrix comprising: a) isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen; b) hyaluronan; and c) chondroitin sulfate.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises water.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises a basal media.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the basal media is Medium 199.In some embodiments, the type II collagen is bovine-derived type II collagen.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises iPS cells.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a process for producing a transplantation composition for cartilage engineering comprising: a) dissolving isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen in a solution comprising an acid, wherein the final concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml; b) neutralizing the acid; c) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of hyaluronan; and d) adding from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml of chondroitin sulfate, wherein a tri-component matrix is produced.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the acid is acetic acid.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the acetic acid is at a concentration of about 0.01 M. In some embodiments, the acetic acid is neutralized with NaHCO3/HEPES.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises Medium 199.In some embodiments, the hyaluronan is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the chondroitin sulfate is added at a concentration of about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the final concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, or any combinations thereof, to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondrocytes to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding chondroprogenitor cells to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the process further comprises adding iPS cells to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method for inducing endogenous cartilage growth in a subject in need thereof, including the step of implanting in the subject a tri-component matrix as disclosed herein.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating a bone or cartilage defect in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a transplantation composition comprising: i) a tri-component matrix, as disclosed herein, and ii) a population of cells, at the site of the bone or cartilage defect.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, iPS cells, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, new tissue is produced.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new tissue restores the surface of the cartilage or bone.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new tissue comprises collagen type II.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new tissue comprises superficial, intermediate, and deep zones characteristic of normal articular cartilage.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the superficial zone of the new tissue comprises lubricin.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new tissue does not comprise teratomas, neoplastic cells, evidence of deformation, abnormal architectural features, or other inappropriate cell types.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondrocytes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the population of cells comprises iPS cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the iPS cells are derived from chondrocytes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the chondroprogenitor cells are H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the chondrocytes are Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating a cartilage-related disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a mixture of a tri-component matrix, as claimed in claim 1, and chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof, to a site of cartilage injury or defect.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is articular cartilage trauma, meniscus injury, a chonodrogenesis disorder, arthritis, chondropathy, chondrosarcoma, chondromalacia, polychondritis, relapsing polychondritis, slipped epiphysis, osteochondritis dissecans, chondrodysplasia, costochondritis, osteochondroma, spondylosis, osteochondroses, Tietze syndrome, dermochondrocorneal dystrophy of Francois, epiphyseal dysplasia, carpotarsal osteochondromatosis, achondropasia, chondrocalcinosis, genochondromatosis, chondroma, achondrogenesis, echondromata, hyprochondroplasia, or Keutel syndrome.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is arthritis.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the arthritis is osteoarthritis.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the osteoarthritis occurs in the knee, finger, wrist, hip, spine, shoulder, elbow, toe, ankle, or neck of a subject.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a cartilage repair implant comprising: a) a tri-component matrix, as disclosed herein; and b) cells selected from chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cartilage repair implant further comprises a biomaterial substrate, wherein the biomaterial substrate is selected from: polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid, alginates, polyethylene oxide, fibrin adhesive, polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer, human dermis, a membrane such as a sheet, a porous body such as sponges, a mesh such as a knit, a textile, a non-woven fabric, cotton, porous material, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"Cartilage Articular cartilage is a type of hyaline cartilage that lines the surfaces of the opposing bones in a diarthrodial joint (e.g.\",\n \"knee, hip, shoulder, etc.).\",\n \"Articular cartilage provides a near-frictionless articulation between the bones, while also functioning to absorb and transmit the compressive and shear forces encountered in the joint.\",\n \"Further, since the tissue associated with articular cartilage is aneural, these load absorbing and transmitting functions occur in a painless fashion in a healthy joint.\",\n \"Fibrocartilage is found in diarthrodial joints, symphyseal joints, intervertebral discs, articular discs, as inclusions in certain tendons that wrap around a pulley, and at insertion sites of ligaments and tendons into bone.\",\n \"Made of a mixture of collagen type I and type II fibers, fibrocartilage may be damaged, causing pain in the affected joint.\",\n \"It is understood for purposes of this application that the term “cartilage” includes articular cartilage and fibrocartilage.\",\n \"Tri-Component Implant Matrix Disclosed herein are novel materials useful for medical grafting and cell culture, and methods for making and using them.\",\n \"Additional embodiments as well as features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the descriptions herein.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a tri-component matrix.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises collagen; hyaluronan; and chondroitin sulfate.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the collagen is type II collagen.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the collagen is non-denatured.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises water.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes or chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises mesenchymal stem cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises iPS cells derived from chondrocytes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix is a gel.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix is a molded solid.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix is a liquid.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises a basal media.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the basal media is Medium 199, DMEM (for example, DMEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum), RPMI-1640, Ham's F-12, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the basal media is a chondrocyte basal medium.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the basal media comprises the following components: Glycine; L-Alanine; L-Arginine hydrochloride; L-Aspartic acid; L-Cysteine hydrochloride-H2O; L-Cystine 2HCl; L-Glutamic Acid; L-Glutamine; L-Histidine hydrochloride-H2O; L-Hydroxyproline; L-Isoleucine; L-Leucine; L-Lysine hydrochloride; L-Methionine; L-Phenylalanine; L-Proline; L-Serine; L-Threonine; L-Tryptophan; L-Tyrosine disodium salt dehydrate; L-Valine; Alpha-tocopherol Phosphate; Ascorbic Acid; Biotin; Choline chloride; D-Calcium pantothenate; Folic Acid; Menadione (Vitamin K3); Niacinamide; Nicotinic acid (Niacin); Para-Aminobenzoic Acid; Pyridoxal hydrochloride; Pyridoxine hydrochloride; Riboflavin; Thiamine hydrochloride; Vitamin A (acetate); Vitamin D2 (Calciferol); i-Inositol; Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) (anhyd.\",\n \"); Ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)—9H2O); Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) (anhyd.\",\n \"); Potassium Chloride (KCl); Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3); Sodium Chloride (NaCl); Sodium Phosphate monobasic (NaH2PO4—H2O); 2-deoxy-D-ribose; Adenine sulfate; Adenosine 5′-phosphate; Adenosine 5′-triphosphate; Cholesterol; D-Glucose (Dextrose); Glutathione (reduced); Guanine hydrochloride; Hypoxanthine Na; Phenol Red; Ribose; Sodium Acetate; Thymine; Tween 80®; Uracil; and Xanthine-Na.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the basal media is Medium 199.In some embodiments, the basal media comprises platelet-derive growth factor (PDGF) (e.g., PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, and PDGF-AA), a lipid (e.g., stearic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, arachidonic acid, linolenic acid, cholesterol, alpha-tocopherol acetate), bone morphogenic protein (BMP) (e.g., BMP-4 or BMP-6), TGF-ß (e.g., TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, TGF-ß3), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), hydrocortisone, fibronectin, bFGF, albumin, insulin, FBS, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises type II collagen (e.g., isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the type II collagen is non-denatured.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises type VI, type IX, type X, type XI and/or type XIII collagen.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the type II collagen is derived from any suitable source.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the type II collagen is derived from a non-mammalian vertebrate (e.g., a shark).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the type II collagen is derived from a mammal.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the type II collagen is derived from a human In some embodiments, the type II collagen is derived from a non-human mammal.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the type II collagen is bovine-derive, equine-derive, or porcine-derived.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the type II collagen is bovine-derived type II collagen.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 50 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 25 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is from about 1 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is from about 1 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of type II collagen is about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"Hyaluronan (also referred to as hyaluronic acid or HA) is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan.\",\n \"It is composed on disaccharides, composed of D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine, linked via alternating ß-1,4 and ß-1,3 glycosidic bonds.\",\n \"The size of hyaluronan varies.\",\n \"Hyaluronans have been found with 25,000 disaccharide repeats.\",\n \"They range in size from 5,000 to 20,000,000 Da in vivo.\",\n \"The average molecular weight in human synovial fluid is 3-4 million Da, and hyaluronan purified from human umbilical cord is 3,140,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises high molecular weight hyaluronan (i.e., greater than about 1000 Da).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises low molecular weight hyaluronan (i.e., less than about 1000 Da).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size from about 500 Da to about 20,000,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size from about 500 to about 5000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size from about 80,000 to about 800,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 1000 to about 15,000,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 2000 to about 10,000,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 3000 to about 7,500,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 4000 to about 5,000,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 5000 to about 2,500,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 6000 to about 1,000,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 7000 to about 900,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 8000 to about 800,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 9000 to about 700,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 10,000 to about 600,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 15,000 to about 500,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 20,000 to about 400,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 25,000 to about 300,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 30,000 to about 200,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 35,000 to about 200,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 40,000 to about 100,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises hyaluronan having a size of about 50,000 to about 100,000 Da.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 25 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronan is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of hyaluronic acid is about 1 mg/ml.\",\n \"Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars: N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) and D-glucuronic acid (GlcA).\",\n \"In certain instances, chondroitin chains have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities.\",\n \"Chondroitin sulfate is a structural component of cartilage.\",\n \"The tightly packed and highly charged sulfate groups of chondroitin sulfate generate electrostatic repulsion that provides much of the resistance of cartilage to compression.\",\n \"The site of sulfation varies amongst chondroitin chains Chondroitin sulfate A is sulfated on carbon 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar.\",\n \"Chondroitin sulfate C is sulfated on carbon 6 of the GalNAc sugar.\",\n \"Chondroitin sulfate D is sulfated on carbon 2 of the glucuronic acid and 6 of the GalNAc sugar.\",\n \"Chondroitin sulfate E is sulfated on carbons 4 and 6 of the GalNAc sugar.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises any suitable chondroitin sulfate.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix comprises Chondroitin sulfate A, Chondroitin sulfate C, Chondroitin sulfate D, and/or Chondroitin sulfate E. In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 25 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentration of chondroitin sulfate is from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix is a medium for the ingrowth of native chondrocytes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the matrix further comprises chondrocytes either prior to or following implantation in vivo.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the matrix is impregnated with chondrocytes immediately prior to implantation in a subject, e.g.\",\n \"by injection.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises additional additives.\",\n \"In some embodiments, additional additives included in the tri-component matrix include, for example, chondronectin, laminin, fibronectin, calcium alginate, anchorin II, biglycan, decorin, versican, fibromodulin, lumican, bone, cartilage cell growth-promoting hormones, and growth factors such as cartilage inducing factor (CIP), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), IGF-1, transforming growth factor [beta] (TGFB), TGF-ß1, osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) and bone morphogenetic factors (BMPs) such as native or recombinant human BMP-2, BMP-3 (osteogenin), BMP-4, BMP-7, BMP-8, bFGF, CDMP or other skeletal matrix molecules, as well as signaling peptides such as vascular endothelial growth factor (EGF/VEGF), parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF).\",\n \"In some embodiments, nucleic acid sequences (e.g., mammalian expression vectors) encoding any of the above listed additional additives, or which are capable of inducing or promoting in vivo production of the above listed additional additives, is incorporated into the tri-component matrix material.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises an active agent.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises an antibacterial agent, e.g., taurolidine, taurultam, or antibiotics such as tetracyclines and gentamycins.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises an anti-inflammatory agent.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises an NSAID.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises celecoxib, oxaprozin, salsalate, diflunisal, indomethacin, meloxicam, ketorolac, diclofenac, naproxen, sulindac, tenoxicam, etodolac, nabumetone, piroxicam, carprofen, flubiprofen, ibuprofen, aspirin, paracetamol, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises a steroid, e.g., cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, solumedrol, triamcinolone, kenalog, celestone, and depomedrol.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises abatacept, adalimumab, azathioprine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, Cyclosporin A, D-penicillamine, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, leflunomide, methotrexate, minocycline, rituximab, sulfasalazine, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises an agent that prevents or reduces vascularization.\",\n \"Examples of agents that prevent or reduce vascularization include, but are not limited to, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase receptors Flt-1 (VEGFR1) and Flk-1/KDR (VEGFR2), inhibitors of epidermal-derived, fibroblast-derived, or platelet derived growth factors, MMP (matrix metalloprotease) inhibitors, integrin blockers, interferon-a, interleukin-12, pentosan polysulfate, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen as well as selective cyclooxy-genase-2 inhibitors like celecoxib and rofecoxib steroidal anti-inflammatories (such as corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, dexamethasone, prednisone, prednisolone, methylpred, betamethasone), carboxyamidotriazole, combretastatin A-4, squalamine, 6-O-chloroacetyl-carbonyl)-fumagillol, thalidomide, angiostatin, troponin-1, angiotensin II antagonists, and antibodies to VEGF.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix disclosed herein elicits less of an inflammatory response than an alginate matrix.\",\n \"Methods of Culturing Cells The present invention also provides a method for culturing cells, comprising culturing cells in a tri-component matrix, as disclosed herein, comprising a) isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen; b) hyaluronan; and c) chondroitin sulfate.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cells within the tri-component matrix are cultured in a tissue culture vessel.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tissue culture vessel is tissue culture-grade plastic.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the plastic is polystyrene.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tissue culture vessel is glass.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises a cell-culture media.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cell-culture media is a basal media.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the basal media is Medium 199, DMEM (for example, DMEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum), RPMI-1640, Ham's F-12, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the basal media is a chondrocyte basal medium.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the basal media comprises the following components: Glycine; L-Alanine; L-Arginine hydrochloride; L-Aspartic acid; L-Cysteine hydrochloride-H2O; L-Cystine 2HCl; L-Glutamic Acid; L-Glutamine; L-Histidine hydrochloride-H2O; L-Hydroxyproline; L-Isoleucine; L-Leucine; L-Lysine hydrochloride; L-Methionine; L-Phenylalanine; L-Proline; L-Serine; L-Threonine; L-Tryptophan; L-Tyrosine disodium salt dehydrate; L-Valine; Alpha-tocopherol Phosphate; Ascorbic Acid; Biotin; Choline chloride; D-Calcium pantothenate; Folic Acid; Menadione (Vitamin K3); Niacinamide; Nicotinic acid (Niacin); Para-Aminobenzoic Acid; Pyridoxal hydrochloride; Pyridoxine hydrochloride; Riboflavin; Thiamine hydrochloride; Vitamin A (acetate); Vitamin D2 (Calciferol); i-Inositol; Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) (anhyd.\",\n \"); Ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)—9H2O); Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) (anhyd.\",\n \"); Potassium Chloride (KCl); Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3); Sodium Chloride (NaCl); Sodium Phosphate monobasic (NaH2PO4—H2O); 2-deoxy-D-ribose; Adenine sulfate; Adenosine 5′-phosphate; Adenosine 5′-triphosphate; Cholesterol; D-Glucose (Dextrose); Glutathione (reduced); Guanine hydrochloride; Hypoxanthine Na; Phenol Red; Ribose; Sodium Acetate; Thymine; Tween 80®; Uracil; and Xanthine-Na.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the basal media is Medium 199.In some embodiments, the basal media comprises platelet-derive growth factor (PDGF) (e.g., PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, and PDGF-AA), a lipid (e.g., stearic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, arachidonic acid, linolenic acid, cholesterol, alpha-tocopherol acetate), bone morphogenic protein (BMP) (e.g., BMP-4 or BMP-6), TGF-ß (e.g., TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, TGF-ß3), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), hydrocortisone, fibronectin, bFGF, albumin, insulin, FBS, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"Methods of Use Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are methods for inducing endogenous cartilage growth in a subject in need thereof, comprising implanting in the subject a tri-component matrix as disclosed herein, comprising a) isolated and purified non-denatured type II collagen; b) hyaluronan; and c) chondroitin sulfate.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes and/or chondroprogenitor cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the method comprises injecting the tri-component into a cartilageonous area with a needle.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the method comprises injecting the tri-component matrix into a joint, e.g., a synovial joint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the subject has a defect in cartilage (e.g., degeneration or absence of cartilage).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the subject has a cartilage related disorder.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the subject has osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, costochondritis, relapsing polychondritis, or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the subject has osteoarthritis.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the subject has rheumatoid arthritis.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the subject has damage to cartilage caused by a physical trauma.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a tri-component matrix disclosed herein is used for methods of regenerating cartilaginous tissue.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, tri-component matrix is placed directly into an area of bone or cartilage defect.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix is placed into an area of bone or cartilage defect with additional supportive biomaterial.\",\n \"In some embodiments, new cartilaginous tissue is formed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new cartilaginous tissue integrates with the tissue of the bone or cartilage defect.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new cartilaginous tissue restores the surface of the cartilage or bone.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new cartilaginous tissue comprises collagen type II.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new cartilaginous tissue comprises superficial, intermediate, and deep zones characteristic of normal articular cartilage.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the superficial zone of the new cartilaginous tissue comprises lubricin.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the new cartilaginous tissue does not comprise teratomas, neoplastic cells, evidence of deformation, abnormal architectural features, or other inappropriate cell types.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method of treating a cartilage-related disorder, comprising administration of a tri-component matrix, as described herein, to a site of cartilage injury or defect in a subject in need thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix further comprises chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is articular cartilage trauma, meniscus injury, a chonodrogenesis disorder, arthritis, chondropathy, chondrosarcoma, chondromalacia, polychondritis, relapsing polychondritis, slipped epiphysis, osteochondritis dissecans, chondrodysplasia, costochondritis, osteochondroma, spondylosis, osteochondroses, Tietze syndrome, dermochondrocorneal dystrophy of Francois, epiphyseal dysplasia, carpotarsal osteochondromatosis, achondropasia, chondrocalcinosis, genochondromatosis, chondroma, achondrogenesis, echondromata, hyprochondroplasia, or Keutel syndrome.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cartilage-related disorder is arthritis.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the arthritis is osteoarthritis.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the osteoarthritis occurs in the knee, finger, wrist, hip, spine, shoulder, elbow, toe, ankle, or neck of a subject.\",\n \"Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a cartilage repair implant comprising a tri-component matrix as disclosed herein, further comprising chondrocytes, chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, iPS cells, iPS cells derived from chondrocytes, H9-derived chondroprogenitor cells, Sox-9 transduced chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors or any combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cartilage repair implant further comprises an additional biomaterial substrate.\",\n \"Examples of additional biomaterials include: polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid, alginates (for example, the calcium salt), polyethylene oxide, fibrin adhesive, polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, human dermis, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans are sulfated.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the additional biomaterial substrate is a membrane such as sheet, a porous body such as sponges, a mesh such as a knit, a textile, a non-woven fabric, cotton and the like.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the additional biomaterial is a porous material.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the cartilage repair implant forms cartilage tissue and induces cartilaginous ossification.\",\n \"In some embodiments, ossification is also promoted by a growth factor which promotes bone formation, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP).\",\n \"Prior to transplantation of the described cartilage therapy materials, it is preferable to prepare the area that is to be treated.\",\n \"For this purpose, the defect must be prepared to ensure that the implant will take more effectively (particularly as regards its attachment), to reduce the risks of vascularization, etc.\",\n \"Generally, the defect is treated in advance (in order to eliminate all defective cartilage from the area), then it is cleaned.\",\n \"Next, various implantation techniques can be implemented, according to the material being implanted (suspension, matrix, cartilage reconstituted in vitro).\",\n \"Generally, implantation of the described cartilage therapy materials is performed by applying various surgical techniques known to the skilled person, such as affixing the implant during surgery, through biodegradable sutures or by the application of bioadhesives.\",\n \"Examples of bioadhesives include, notably, biological glues made of fibrin and/or thrombin, or other biocompatible materials.\",\n \"More particularly, the resorbable biocompatible film is affixed onto the area to be treated, by means of a biological or biocompatible glue.\",\n \"In a preferred variant, the film is positioned on the cartilaginous defect, then the pocket which is thus constituted is filled with cartilage therapy material.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the method for inducing endogenous cartilage growth further comprises athroscopic lavage and/or debridement of the area where the implant will be administered.\",\n \"In some embodiments, part or all of the damaged cartilage is removed and a tri-component matrix (for example, the tri-component matrix further comprising chondrocytes or chondroprogenitor cells) is implanted (e.g., injected) into the area.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the method for inducing endogenous cartilage growth further comprises marrow stimulating techniques (e.g., microfracture surgery).\",\n \"In some embodiments, (a) part or all of the damaged cartilage is removed from an area in need and underlying bone is partially or fully exposed, (b) microfractures are created in the subchondral bone (e.g., with the use of an awl), and (c) the tri-component matrix (for example, the tri-component matrix further comprising chondrocytes or chondroprogenitor cells) is implanted (e.g., injected) into the area.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix (for example, the tri-component matrix further comprising chondrocytes or chondroprogenitor cells) is injected with any suitable needle, e.g., a 16 gauge needle, 17 gauge needle, 18 gauge needle, 19 gauge needle, 20 gauge needle, 21 gauge needle, 22 gauge needle, 23 gauge needle, 24 gauge needle, 25 gauge needle, 26 gauge needle, 27 gauge needle, 28 gauge needle, 29 gauge needle, or a 30 gauge needle.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix is injected with a 22 gauge needle.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the tri-component matrix is injected with a 25 gauge needle.\",\n \"EXAMPLES Example 1 Production of Tri-Component Matrix Comprising Chondrocytes An exemplary method of manufacturing the tri-component matrix is as follows.\",\n \"First, Bovine type II collagen was dissolved in 0.01 M acetic acid.\",\n \"Bovine Type II collagen (10 mg) was dissolved in in 2.4 ml 10 mM acetic acid 0/N.\",\n \"300 μl of 10 X Medium 199 and 300 μl NaHCO3/HEPES were added to the collagen/acetic acid mixture to neutralize.\",\n \"330 μl of hyaluronic acid (HA at 10 mg/ml) (final concentration of 1 mg/ml) was added to the mixture.\",\n \"60 μl of chondrotin sulfate (50 mg/ml, Bovine) was added to the mixture to a final concentration of 1 mg/ml to form the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"Chondrocytes were then added to the tri-component matrix.\",\n \"Example 2 Treatment of Osteochondral Defects with Chondroprogenitors Embedded in Alginate Using a surgical drill, 3-mm osteochondral defects were created in rabbit femoral trochlea grooves and condyles.\",\n \"The defects were repaired using two different treatments.\",\n \"As a control, nothing was implanted into one defect site.\",\n \"In the first treatment adult human chondrocyte derived chondroprogenitor cell pellets were embedded in alginate and then surgically implanted into the defect site.\",\n \"In the second treatment H9-derived chondroprogenitor cell pellets were embedded in alginate and then surgically implanted into the defect site.\",\n \"Alginate was cross linked in the defect site using surgical gauze soaked with calcium chloride.\",\n \"Histologic examination (FIG.\",\n \"4) indicated that tissue repair generated by chondroprogenitors embedded in alginate was inferior to that generated by adult human chondrocyte derived chondroprogenitors embedded in alginate.\",\n \"However, both were superior to defects implanted with nothing.\",\n \"Example 3 Treatment of Osteochondral Defects with Chondroprogenitors Embedded in Matrigel Using a surgical drill, 3-mm osteochondral defects were created in rabbit femoral trochlea grooves and condyles.\",\n \"The defects were repaired using four different treatments.\",\n \"As a control, nothing was implanted into one defect site.\",\n \"In the first treatment, as a control Matrigel alone was surgically implanted into the defect site.\",\n \"In the second treatment adult human chondrocyte derived chondroprogenitor cell pellets from donor #1 were embedded in Matrigel and then surgically implanted into the defect site.\",\n \"In the third treatment adult human chondrocyte derived chondroprogenitor cell pellets from donor #2 were embedded in Matrigel and then surgically implanted into the defect site.\",\n \"In the fourth treatment H9-derived chondroprogenitor cell pellets were embedded in Matrigel and then surgically implanted into the defect site.\",\n \"Matrigel (BD Biosciences) was maintained as a liquid at 4 degrees Celsius and after implantation became gelatinous at 37 degrees Celsius.\",\n \"Histologic examination (FIG.\",\n \"1) indicated that tissue repair generated by H9-derived chondroprogenitors embedded in Matrigel was comparable to that generated by adult human chondrocyte derived chondroprogenitors embedded in Matrigel.\",\n \"However, both treatments were superior to defects implanted with nothing or with Matrigel alone.\",\n \"Example 4 Treatment of Osteochondral Defects with Chondroprogenitors Embedded in Tri-Component Matrix Using a surgical drill, 3-mm osteochondral defects were created in rabbit femoral trochlea grooves and condyles.\",\n \"The defects were repaired using four different treatments.\",\n \"In all four treatments (adult human chondrocytes, H9 derives MSCs, iPSC derived from chondrocytes, and adult human MSCs) a tri-component matrix composed of collagen II, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid was used.\",\n \"The following protocol was used to assemble the tri-component matrix: 1) Bovine type II collagen (Innovative Research) was dissolved in 0.01 M acetic acid (add 10 mg of bovine type II collagen to 2.4 ml of 10 mM acetic acid, 300 μl of 10× Medium 199, and 300 μl of NaHCO3/HEPES to neutralize the acetic acid); 2) 300 μg of hyaluronic acid was added at a concentration of 1 mg/ml; 3) 60 μg of chondrotin sulfate (bovine) was added at a concentration of 1 mg/ml; 4) The final concentration of the type II collagen is approximately 3 mg/ml.\",\n \"Histologic examination (FIG.\",\n \"2) indicated that tissue repair generated by H9-derived chondroprogenitors embedded in the tri-component matrix was better at tissue regeneration and had better mechanical properties (FIG.\",\n \"3) than adult human chondrocyte derived chondroprogenitors, pluripotent cell-derived chondroprogenitors, and adult human mesenchymal stem cells.\",\n \"Example 5 Clinical Study of Using Tri-Component Matrix in Treatment of Osteoarthritis Patients are given a single 5 mL injection of the tri-component matrix with chondrocytes (or a phosphate buffered saline control) into the synovial, with a possible repeat treatment after the week 16 visit.\",\n \"Study Type: Interventional Allocation: Randomized Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment Masking: Double Blind (Subject, Outcomes Assessor) Primary Purpose: Treatment Outcome Measures: Participants' assessment of pain.\",\n \"Mean scores were used for baseline (day 0) and for all visits up to week 16 (weeks 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16).\",\n \"The WOMAC Pain Subscale has a score range of 0-4, where 0=no pain and 4=extreme pain.\",\n \"Participants categorized the pain they felt while walking using the WOMAC LK 3.1 A1 (Walking Pain) Subscale.\",\n \"The scale rates pain as none, mild, moderate, severe and extreme.\",\n \"The change from baseline over the course of the 16-week initial treatment period using participants' assessment of physical function.\",\n \"Mean scores were used for baseline (day 0) and for all visits up to week 26 (weeks 4, 8, 12, 18 and 26).\",\n \"The WOMAC Function Subscale has a score range of 0-4 to assess the degree of difficulty completing tasks within the past 48 hours, where 0=no difficulty and 4=extreme difficulty.\",\n \"Ages Eligible for Study: 40 Years and older Genders Eligible for Study: Both Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No Inclusion Criteria: Patient with documented diagnosis of primary osteoarthritis (OA) of the target knee made at least 3 months prior to trial.\",\n \"Has radiographic evidence of OA in the tibio-femoral compartment of the target, knee with at least 1 definite osteophyte and a measureable joint space, as diagnosed by standard X-rays taken not longer than 3 months prior to Screening, and before any baseline assessment.\",\n \"Has continued target knee pain despite conservative treatment (e.g.\",\n \"weight reduction, physical therapy, analgesics).\",\n \"Has pain in the target knee as demonstrated by a score of 2 or 3 on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index Likert Scale Version 3.1 (WOMAC LK 3.1) A1 (Walking Pain) Subscale.\",\n \"Has a mean score of 1.5 to 3.5 on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index Likert Scale Version 3.1 (WOMAC LK 3.1) A (Pain) Subscale.\",\n \"Inclusion Criteria for Repeat Phase: Must have no major safety concerns during the first course of treatment as assessed by the Investigator; Must have a WOMAC LK 3.1 A score of at least 1.Exclusion Criteria Has modified Kellgren-Lawrence Numerical Grading System of grade IV in the patello-femoral compartment of the target knee confirmed by standard X-rays taken not longer than 3 months prior to Screening, and before any baseline assessment.\",\n \"Has clinically apparent tense effusion of the target knee.\",\n \"Has had viscosupplementation in any joint including the target knee within 9 months prior to Screening.\",\n \"Has concomitant inflammatory disease or other condition that affects the joints (e.g.\",\n \"rheumatoid arthritis, metabolic bone disease, psoriasis, gout, symptomatic chondrocalcinosis and active infection, etc.).\",\n \"Symptomatic OA of the contralateral knee or of either hip that is not responsive to paracetamol and requires other therapy.\",\n \"Has related hypersensitivities to avian proteins and/or any components of hyaluronan-based injection devices.\",\n \"Example 6 Treatment of Osteoarthritis with Tri-Component Matrix comprising Chondrocytes A patient presents with osteoarthritis in his knees.\",\n \"The calcified cartilage is removed from both knees.\",\n \"The surgeon creates fractures in the subchondral bone.\",\n \"The tri-component matrix with chondrocytes is injected into the knee.\",\n \"The patient returns to the doctor 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks later for an injection of the tri-component matrix with chondrocytes into both knees.\",\n \"The cartilage in the knees regenerates.\",\n \"While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only.\",\n \"Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention.\",\n \"It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention.\",\n \"It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872667"}}},{"rowIdx":4494140,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["VIDEO PROVIDING APPARATUS, VIDEO PROVIDING METHOD, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM","A method for providing a video to a viewer terminal through a communication network includes: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal including information of an original video; generating, by a controller, a delayed video signal including information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period; transmitting, by the communication unit, the original video signal to a subtitler terminal; receiving, by the communication unit from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal including information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a subtitle delay signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles; generating, by the controller, a display timing signal indicating a timing of displaying the subtitles on the delayed video, based on the subtitle delay signal; transmitting, by the communication unit, the delayed video signal to a viewer terminal; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the display timing signal and the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal."],["1.A video providing method for providing a video to a viewer terminal through a communication network, comprising: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal comprising information of an original video; generating, by a controller, a delayed video signal comprising information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period; transmitting, by the communication unit, the original video signal to a subtitler terminal; receiving, by the communication unit from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal comprising information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a subtitle delay signal comprising information for delaying a display of the subtitles; generating, by the controller, a display timing signal indicating a timing of displaying the subtitles on the delayed video, based on the subtitle delay signal; transmitting, by the communication unit, the delayed video signal to the viewer terminal; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the display timing signal and the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal.","2.The video providing method of claim 1, wherein the subtitle delay signal is a signal comprising information of a second time period for delaying the display of the subtitles, and the generating of the display timing signal further comprises calculating, by the controller, a first timing in which a time obtained by subtracting the second time period from the first time period is delayed from a timing when the subtitler terminal transmitted the subtitle signal, and generating the display timing signal such that the subtitles are displayed on the delayed video at the first timing.","3.The video providing method of claim 1, wherein the subtitle delay signal is a signal comprising information of a second time period for delaying the display of the subtitles, the receiving of the subtitle delay signal further comprises receiving, by the communication unit, an input start timing signal indicating an input start timing when the subtitles start to be input on the subtitler terminal, and the generating of the display timing signal further comprises calculating, by the controller, a second timing in which a time obtained by subtracting the second time period from the first time period is delayed from the input start timing, and generating the display timing signal such that the subtitles are displayed on the delayed video at the second timing.","4.The video providing method of claim 1, wherein the subtitle delay signal is a signal comprising information of a feature of the subtitles, and the generating of the display timing signal further comprises generating, by the controller, the display timing signal by determining a timing of displaying the subtitles based on the feature of the subtitles.","5.The video providing method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting of the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal further comprises transmitting, by the communication unit, a maintaining time signal comprising information of a display maintaining time for maintaining the display of the subtitles to the viewer terminal.","6.The video providing method of claim 5, wherein the receiving of the subtitle delay signal further comprises receiving, by the communication unit, the maintaining time signal from the subtitler terminal.","7.The video providing method of claim 5, further comprising, before the transmitting of the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal, determining, by the controller, the display maintaining time based on a feature of the subtitles, and generating the maintaining time signal comprising information of the display maintaining time.","8.The video providing method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting of the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal further comprises transmitting, by the communication unit, a display location signal comprising information about a location where the subtitles are to be displayed, to the viewer terminal.","9.The video providing method of claim 8, further comprising, before the transmitting of the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal, generating, by the controller, the display location signal by determining the location where the subtitles are to be displayed in response to the subtitler terminal that transmitted the subtitle signal.","10.The video providing method of claim 8, wherein the receiving of the subtitle delay signal further comprises receiving, by the communication unit, the display location signal from the subtitler terminal.","11.The video providing method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting of the original video signal further comprises transmitting, by the communication unit, the original video signal to a first subtitler terminal and a second subtitler terminal, the receiving of the subtitle delay signal further comprises receiving, by the communication unit, a first subtitle signal comprising information of first subtitles from the first subtitler terminal and a second subtitle signal comprising information of second subtitles from the second subtitler terminal, and the transmitting of the subtitle signal further comprises transmitting, by the communication unit, at least one of the first subtitle signal and the second subtitle signal to the viewer terminal.","12.The video providing method of claim 11, wherein the transmitting of at least one of the first subtitle signal and the second subtitle signal further comprises transmitting, by the communication unit, at least one of the first subtitle signal and the second subtitle signal to the viewer terminal based on at least one of an attribute of the viewer terminal, a request from the viewer terminal, and a request of a video provider terminal that transmitted the original video signal.","13.The video providing method of claim 11, wherein the transmitting of the subtitle signal further comprises: transmitting, by the communication unit, a first subtitle font signal indicating to display the first subtitles in a first text size, a first text color, or a first font, together with the first subtitle signal; and transmitting, by the communication unit, a second subtitle font signal indicating to display the second subtitles in a second text size, a second text color, or a second font, together with the second subtitle signal.","14.The video providing method of claim 1, further comprising, after the transmitting of the subtitle signal, receiving, by the communication unit, a feedback signal comprising information of feedback with respect to the subtitles from the viewer terminal.","15.The video providing method of claim 14, further comprising, after the receiving of the feedback signal, transmitting, by the communication unit, the feedback signal to the subtitler terminal.","16.A subtitle providing method for providing a subtitle to a server through a communication network, comprising: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal comprising information of an original video from the server; outputting, by an output unit, the original video to a user; receiving, by an input unit, subtitles with respect to the original video from the user; generating, by a controller, a subtitle signal comprising information of the subtitles with respect to the original video, and generating a subtitle delay signal comprising information for delaying a display of the subtitles; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal to the server.","17.The subtitle providing method of claim 16, wherein the receiving of the subtitles further comprises receiving, by the input unit, a request to delay the display of the subtitles by a second time period, and the generating of the subtitle delay signal further comprises inserting information about the second time period to the subtitle delay signal.","18.A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a computer program for providing video to a viewer terminal through a communication network, the computer program when executed by a computer performing the steps comprising: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal comprising information of an original video; generating, by a controller, a delayed video signal comprising information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period; transmitting, by the communication unit, the original video signal to a subtitler terminal; receiving, by the communication unit from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal comprising information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a subtitle delay signal comprising information for delaying a display of the subtitles; generating, by the controller, a display timing signal indicating a timing of displaying the subtitles on the delayed video, based on the subtitle delay signal; transmitting, by the communication unit, the delayed video signal to a viewer terminal; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the display timing signal and the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal.","19.A video providing apparatus for providing a video to a viewer terminal through a communication network, comprising: a communication unit configured to receive an original video signal comprising information of an original video, transmit the original video signal to a subtitler terminal, and receive, from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal comprising information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a subtitle delay signal comprising information for delaying a display of the subtitles; and a controller configured to generate a delayed video signal comprising information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period, and generate a display timing signal indicating a timing when the subtitles are to be displayed on the delayed video based on the subtitle delay signal, wherein the communication unit is further configured to transmit the delayed video signal, the display timing signal, and the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal.","20.The video providing apparatus of claim 19, wherein the subtitle delay signal is a signal comprising information of a second time period for delaying the display of the subtitles, and the controller is further configured to calculate a first timing in which a time obtained by subtracting the second time period from the first time period is delayed from a timing when the subtitler terminal transmitted the subtitle signal, and generate the display timing signal such that the subtitles are displayed on the delayed video at the first timing."],[" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION "],[" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Provided are a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program, wherein an original video is provided to a viewer terminal by delaying the original video by a certain time, and subtitles are provided to the viewer terminal by receiving the subtitles from a subtitler terminal during the delayed time.","Provided are a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program, wherein information about a timing of displaying subtitles is provided to the viewer terminal together with the subtitles such that the subtitles are displayed at the right timing on a video provided to the viewer terminal.","According to an aspect of an embodiment, a video providing method includes: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal including information of an original video; generating, by a controller, a delayed video signal including information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period; transmitting, by the communication unit, the original video signal to a subtitler terminal; receiving, by the communication unit from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal including information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a delay signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles; generating, by the controller, a display timing signal indicating a timing of displaying the subtitles on the delayed video, based on the subtitle delay signal; transmitting, by the communication unit, the delayed video signal to a viewer terminal; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the display timing signal and the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal.","According to an aspect of another embodiment, a video providing method includes: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal including information of an original video from a server; outputting, by an output unit, the original video; receiving, by an input unit, subtitles with respect to the original video; generating, by a controller, a subtitle signal comprising information of the subtitles with respect to the original video, and generating a delay signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal to the server.","These general and specific embodiments may be implemented by using a system, a method, a computer program, or a combination of the system, the method, and the computer program.","According to an aspect of another embodiment, a video providing apparatus includes: a communication unit configured to receive an original video signal including information of an original video, transmit the original video signal to a subtitler terminal, and receive, from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal including information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a delay signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles; and a controller configured to generate a delayed video signal including information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period, and generate a display timing signal indicating a timing when the subtitles are to be displayed on the delayed video based on the subtitle delay signal, wherein the communication unit is further configured to transmit the delayed video signal, the display timing signal, and the subtitle signal to a viewer terminal.","These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.","According to the present disclosure, a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program may provide an original video to a viewer terminal by delaying the original video by a certain time, and provide subtitles to the viewer terminal by receiving the subtitles from a subtitler terminal during the delayed time.","Also, a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program may provide information about the timing of displaying subtitles to the viewer terminal together with the subtitles such that the subtitles are displayed at the right timing on a video provided to the viewer terminal."],["CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of International Application No.","PCT/KR2016/006099, filed Jun.","9, 2016, which claims benefit of Korean Patent Application No.","10-2015-0101106, filed Jul.","16, 2015, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.","BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program.","Description of Related Art According to the development of image processing techniques and electronic communication techniques, people who wish to provide a video are now able to broadcast through a communication network, such as the Internet, by using an electronic apparatus, and people who wish to watch a video are also now able to watch the video through the communication network.","However, most videos include dialogue or text using a particular language, and only a person who understands the particular language can fully enjoy the videos.","In a video that is already produced, subtitles that are made later may be added to and reproduced together with the video, but it is difficult to provide subtitles for a video broadcasted live.","Information disclosed in this background section was already known to the inventors before achieving the inventive concept or is technical information acquired in the process of achieving the inventive concept.","Therefore, it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known to the public in this country.","SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Provided are a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program, wherein an original video is provided to a viewer terminal by delaying the original video by a certain time, and subtitles are provided to the viewer terminal by receiving the subtitles from a subtitler terminal during the delayed time.","Provided are a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program, wherein information about a timing of displaying subtitles is provided to the viewer terminal together with the subtitles such that the subtitles are displayed at the right timing on a video provided to the viewer terminal.","According to an aspect of an embodiment, a video providing method includes: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal including information of an original video; generating, by a controller, a delayed video signal including information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period; transmitting, by the communication unit, the original video signal to a subtitler terminal; receiving, by the communication unit from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal including information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a delay signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles; generating, by the controller, a display timing signal indicating a timing of displaying the subtitles on the delayed video, based on the subtitle delay signal; transmitting, by the communication unit, the delayed video signal to a viewer terminal; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the display timing signal and the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal.","According to an aspect of another embodiment, a video providing method includes: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal including information of an original video from a server; outputting, by an output unit, the original video; receiving, by an input unit, subtitles with respect to the original video; generating, by a controller, a subtitle signal comprising information of the subtitles with respect to the original video, and generating a delay signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal to the server.","These general and specific embodiments may be implemented by using a system, a method, a computer program, or a combination of the system, the method, and the computer program.","According to an aspect of another embodiment, a video providing apparatus includes: a communication unit configured to receive an original video signal including information of an original video, transmit the original video signal to a subtitler terminal, and receive, from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal including information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a delay signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles; and a controller configured to generate a delayed video signal including information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period, and generate a display timing signal indicating a timing when the subtitles are to be displayed on the delayed video based on the subtitle delay signal, wherein the communication unit is further configured to transmit the delayed video signal, the display timing signal, and the subtitle signal to a viewer terminal.","These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.","According to the present disclosure, a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program may provide an original video to a viewer terminal by delaying the original video by a certain time, and provide subtitles to the viewer terminal by receiving the subtitles from a subtitler terminal during the delayed time.","Also, a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program may provide information about the timing of displaying subtitles to the viewer terminal together with the subtitles such that the subtitles are displayed at the right timing on a video provided to the viewer terminal.","DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.","1 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration of a video providing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.","FIG.","2 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an example of an internal configuration of a video providing apparatus of FIG.","1.FIGS.","3 and 4 are block diagrams schematically illustrating examples of an internal configuration of a subtitler terminal, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.","FIGS.","5 through 21 are flowcharts schematically illustrating examples of a video providing method according to various embodiments of the present disclosure.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.","In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein.","Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description.","In drawings, like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout and overlapping descriptions shall not be repeated.","While such terms as “first”, “second”, etc., may be used to describe various components, such components must not be limited to the above terms.","The above terms are used only to distinguish one component from another.","An expression used in the singular encompasses the expression of the plural, unless it has a clearly different meaning in the context.","In the present specification, it is to be understood that terms such as “including” or “having,” etc., are intended to indicate the existence of features or components, and are not intended to preclude the possibility that one or more other features or components may exist or may be added.","In the drawings, for convenience of description, sizes of components may be exaggerated for clarity.","For example, since sizes and thicknesses of components in drawings are arbitrarily shown for convenience of description, the sizes and thicknesses are not limited thereto.","A video in the present specification may include audiovisual information.","In other words, the video may include information of sound (for example, voice) generated by a real person, a virtual character, a surrounding object, or a background appearing in the video.","Examples of the video may include a movie, news, a drama series, and an animation, and may also include various types of personal broadcasts provided through a communication network, such as the Internet.","In the present specification, the video may include a still image displayed throughout a certain period of time.","Also, subtitles in the present specification may be symbols indicating, in visual forms, various audiovisual types of information expressed in a video.","For example, various types of information expressed in a video may include sound generated by a real person, a virtual character, a surrounding object, or a background appearing in the video, and may also include information of movement, a shape, a color, a smell, or narration.","The subtitles may be visual symbols including characters, punctuation marks, figures, drawings, or photographs indicating such information.","In addition, despite the name, the subtitles in the present specification may be sound indicating, in an auditory form, various audiovisual types of information expressed in a video.","For example, when a character or narrator appearing in a video speaks lines in a first language, voice in which the lines are translated into a second language may be the subtitles.","Here, the voice in the second language may be voice of an ordinary citizen performing translation or voice generated by a voice generating program.","FIG.","1 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration of a video providing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.","Referring to FIG.","1, a video providing system 10 according to an embodiment includes a video providing apparatus 100.Also, the video providing system 10 further includes a video supplier terminal 200, a subtitler terminal 300, a viewer terminal 400, and a communication network 500.The video providing system 10 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a video supplied from the video supplier terminal 200 to the viewer terminal 400.Also, subtitles generated from the subtitler terminal 300 are provided to the viewer terminal 400.The video providing apparatus 100 is an apparatus for performing a video providing service of the video providing system 10.In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 may receive a video signal including information of a video supplied from the video supplier terminal 200.Also, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide the video signal to the subtitler terminal 300 so as to provide, to a user of the subtitler terminal 300, an opportunity to input subtitles with respect to the video.","Also, the video providing apparatus 100 may receive a subtitle signal including information of the subtitles from the subtitler terminal 300.The video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the viewer terminal 400, various signals enabling the viewer terminal 400 to reproduce the video and the subtitles with respect to the video.","The video providing apparatus 100 may be a server in which data (for example, the video and the subtitles) for performing the video providing service is stored.","Here, the video providing apparatus 100 may include a plurality of servers based on traffic or an amount of data.","The video providing apparatus 100 may be a server that provides not only the video providing service, but also a general search service and other various services enhancing user convenience.","In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, in addition to the video providing service, various services, such as a search service, an email service, a blog service, a social network service, a news service, and shopping information providing service.","Alternatively, the video providing apparatus 100 may be a server providing, to a terminal requesting the portal service to provide information, a web page provided by the portal service, by being connected to a server providing the portal service, such as a search service, an email service, a news service, or a shopping service.","Here, the video providing apparatus 100 and the server providing the portal service may be separate servers physically separated from each other or may be one server only conceptually separated.","The video providing apparatus 100 includes a communication unit 110 and a controller 120.The communication unit 110 may receive a signal related to a video desired to be supplied by the video supplier terminal 200.Also, the communication unit 110 may provide the signal related to the video to the subtitler terminal 300, or receive a subtitle signal with respect to the video from the subtitler terminal 300.Also, the communication unit 110 may provide the signal related to the video and the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal 400.Such a communication unit 110 may be a Bluetooth communication unit, a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) communication unit, a near field communication unit, a wireless local area network (WLAN) (Wi-Fi) communication unit, a Zigbee communication unit, an infrared data association (IrDA) communication unit, a Wi-Fi direct (WFD) communication unit, an ultra wideband (UWB) communication unit, or an Ant+ communication unit, but is not limited thereto.","The controller 120 generally controls the overall operations of the video providing apparatus 100.For example, the controller 120 may allow or prohibit signal transmission and reception of the communication unit 110 by controlling signal transmission and reception operations of the communication unit 110.The controller 120 may include any type of apparatus capable of processing data, such as a processor.","Here, the ‘processor’ may denote, for example, a data processing apparatus embedded in hardware and having a physically structured circuit to perform a function expressed in a code or command included in a program.","Examples of the data processing apparatus embedded in hardware may include a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), a processor core, a multiprocessor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and a field programmable gate array (FPGA), but are not limited thereto.","Referring to FIG.","2, the video providing apparatus 100 may further include, in addition to the communication unit 110 and the controller 120, a memory 130, a program storage unit 140, and a database (DB) 150.The memory 130 may temporarily or permanently store data processed by the controller 120.Here, the memory 130 may include a magnetic storage medium or a flash storage medium, but the range of the present disclosure is not limited thereto.","The program storage unit 140 may be a component including software for performing various essential or auxiliary operations so as to perform the video providing service.","The DB 150 may store data received from the video supplier terminal 200, the subtitler terminal 300, the viewer terminal 400, or another electronic apparatus.","The communication unit 110 may receive a signal including information of particular data from the video supplier terminal 200, the subtitler terminal 300, or the viewer terminal 400, and the DB 150 may store the data.","Also, the communication unit 110 may receive a request signal requesting particular data from the video supplier terminal 200, the subtitler terminal 300, or the viewer terminal 400, and the controller 120 may select data corresponding to the request signal from data stored in the DB 150.The communication unit 110 may provide the selected data to an electronic apparatus that transmitted the request signal.","Referring back to FIG.","1, the video supplier terminal 200 may be an apparatus supplying the video in the video providing system 10.Here, the video supplied by the video supplier terminal 200 may be a video directly manufactured by the video supplier terminal 200 or a video received by the video supplier terminal 200 from an external source.","The video signal including information of the video supplied by the video supplier terminal 200 may be transmitted to the video providing apparatus 100 through the communication network 500.The subtitler terminal 300 may generate the subtitles with respect to the video supplied by the video supplier terminal 200.Here, the subtitles generated by the subtitler terminal 300 may be subtitles input by a user of the subtitler terminal 300.Alternatively, the subtitles generated by the subtitler terminal 300 may be subtitles automatically generated by an automatic translation computer program or a voice recognition computer program inside or outside the subtitler terminal 300.A plurality of the subtitler terminal 300 may be included in one video providing system 10.In other words, one video providing system 10 may include a first subtitler terminal 300a and a second subtitler terminal 300b, and each of the subtitler terminals 300 may generate subtitles with respect to one video.","The viewer terminal 400 may be an apparatus displaying the video supplied by the video supplier terminal 200 and the subtitles generated by the subtitler terminal 300.In other words, the viewer terminal 400 may receive the video signal including the information of the video and the subtitle signal including the information of the subtitles, and may provide the video and the subtitles to a user of the viewer terminal 400 by using the signals.","A plurality of the viewer terminals 400 may be included in one video providing system 10.In other words, one video providing system 10 may include a first viewer terminal 400a and a second viewer terminal 400b, and the viewer terminals 400 may reproduce the same or different videos, and may reproduce the same or different subtitles with respect to the same video.","Here, the subtitles displayed in the viewer terminal 400 may be characters prepared in visual symbols, or as described above, may be sound expressed in an auditory form.","In other words, when the subtitle signal including voice information is generated by the subtitler terminal 300, the viewer terminal 400 may receive the signal from the video providing apparatus 100 and output corresponding voice through a sound unit of the viewer terminal 400.Here, the sound expressed in the auditory form may be voice dubbed by the user of the subtitler terminal 300.An electronic apparatus capable of transmitting and receiving data to and from another apparatus in a wired/wireless communication environment may be unlimitedly employed as the video supplier terminal 200, the subtitler terminal 300, or the viewer terminal 400.In detail, each of the video supplier terminal 200, the subtitler terminal 300, and the viewer terminal 40 may be a desktop computer, a notebook personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a smart phone, a smart television (TV), a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop computer, a media player, a micro-server, a global positioning system (GPS) apparatus, an electronic book terminal, a digital broadcasting terminal, a navigation device, a kiosk, an MP3 player, a digital camera, a wearable device, or another mobile or non-mobile computing apparatus, but is not limited thereto.","Also, each of the video supplier terminal 200, the subtitler terminal 300, and the viewer terminal 400 may include various apparatuses capable of receiving a touch input, such as an electronic blackboard and a touch table, and may be an accessory, such as a watch, glasses, a hair band, or a ring, having a communication function or a data processing function, but is not limited thereto.","The communication network 500 may electrically connect the video providing apparatus 100 to each of the video supplier terminal 200, the subtitler terminal 300, and the viewer terminal 400.In other words, the communication network 500 may denote a connection path between electronic apparatuses capable of transmitting and receiving data to and from another apparatus in a wired/wireless communication environment.","Examples of the communication network 500 may include wired networks, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), and an integrated service digital network (ISDN), and wireless networks, such as wireless LAN, a code division multiple access (CDMA), Bluetooth, and a satellite communication network, but are not limited thereto.","FIGS.","3 and 4 are block diagrams schematically illustrating examples of an internal configuration of a subtitler terminal, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.","Referring to FIG.","3, the subtitler terminal 300 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a communication unit 310, an input unit 320, an output unit 330, and a controller 340.The communication unit 310 may receive the signal related to a video from the video providing apparatus 100.Also, the communication unit 310 may provide a subtitle signal including the information of the subtitles to the video providing apparatus 100.The communication unit 310 may be a Bluetooth communication unit, a BLE communication unit, a near field communication unit, a WLAN communication unit, a Zigbee communication unit, an IrDA communication unit, a WFD communication unit, an UWB communication unit, or an Ant+ communication unit, but is not limited thereto.","The input unit 320 may receive various requests from the user of the subtitler terminal 300.For example, the input unit 320 may receive a request for receiving a video from the user of the subtitler terminal 300, a request for reproducing the received video, and a request for transmitting a subtitle signal.","Also, the input unit 320 may receive the subtitle information input by the user of the subtitler terminal 300.The input unit 320 may receive a voice input of the user, a character input of the user, an input of the user pressing a button, or a touch input of the user, but the range of the present disclosure is not limited thereto.","The output unit 330 may output a signal for transmitting information to the user of the subtitler terminal 300 in various forms.","For example, the output unit 330 may audiovisually output image information and information about sound of the received video.","Referring to FIG.","4, the output unit 330 may include a display unit 331 and a sound unit 332.Also, the subtitler terminal 300 may further include, in addition to the communication unit 310, the input unit 320, the output unit 330, and the controller 340, a memory 350 and a program storage unit 360.The display unit 331 may display information intended to be displayed visually from among information included in the video signal.","For example, the display unit 331 may output image information included in the video signal to at least a partial region of the display unit 331.The display unit 331 may include at least one of a liquid crystal display, a thin film transistor-liquid crystal display, an organic light-emitting diode, a 3-dimensional (3D) display, and an electrophoretic display, but is not limited thereto.","According to an embodiment of the subtitler terminal 300, the subtitler terminal 300 may include two or more display units 331.The sound unit 332 may output information intended to be transmitted in an auditory form from among information included in the video signal.","For example, the sound unit 332 may output information about sound included in the video signal.","The sound unit 332 may output sound having different lengths, frequencies, volumes, pitches, or tones based on a type of notification.","The sound unit 332 may include at least one of a tuner, an equalizer, a headphone, an earphone, and various types of speakers, but is not limited thereto.","In other words, the sound unit 332 may be any type of apparatus capable of generating sound via electrical or mechanical method.","The memory 350 may perform a function of temporarily or permanently storing data processed by the controller 340.Here, the memory 350 may include a magnetic storage medium or a flash storage medium, but the range of the present disclosure is not limited thereto.","The program storage unit 360 may be a component including software for performing various essential or auxiliary operations so as to perform the video providing service.","FIGS.","5 through 21 are flowcharts schematically illustrating examples of a video providing method according to embodiments of the present disclosure.","Hereinafter, the video providing method using the video providing apparatus 100 described above will be described with reference to FIGS.","5 through 19, and a method of providing subtitles of a video using the subtitler terminal 300 described above will be described with reference to FIGS.","20 and 21.First, referring to FIG.","5, the video providing apparatus 100 may receive an original video signal in operation S100.Here, the original video signal may include information about an original video and the content of the original video.","In other words, the original video signal may be a signal including various types of information required to reproduce the original video.","The various types of information may include, for example, image information about at least some frames from among all frames of the video, sound information about sound output while the video is reproduced, and information about a video codec.","The video providing apparatus 100 may receive the original video signal from the video supplier terminal 200.The reception of the original video signal is performed by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.Then, the video providing apparatus 100 generates a delayed video signal in operation S200.The delayed video signal may include information about a delayed video.","Here, the delayed video may be a video in which the transmission of the original video to the viewer terminal 400 is delayed by a first time period.","The delayed video signal may be a signal newly generated separately from the original video signal or may be a signal provided after the first time period after simply temporarily storing the original video signal.","In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 generating the delayed video signal may mean that a signal including information of a new video is generated by generating the new video in which a reproduction time of the new video is delayed by the first time period from the receipt of the original video signal, or may mean a delay operation in an operation of simply storing, for the first time period, and delaying the transmission of the original video signal to the viewer terminal 400.Here, the first time period may be a time arbitrarily set by a manager of the video providing apparatus 100 or the user of the video supplier terminal 200.The first time period may be a spare or additional time for the video providing apparatus 100 to provide, to the viewer terminal 400, a video together with subtitles.","In detail, the first time period may be a spare or additional time spent by the video providing apparatus 100 to transmit the original video signal to the subtitler terminal 300, the time spent by the subtitler terminal 300 to generate the subtitles, and the time spent by the video providing apparatus 100 to receive a subtitle signal from the subtitler terminal 300.The first time period may be set in terms of seconds, minutes, or hours, to allow the video providing apparatus 100 to take the necessary steps to provide the video with subtitles to the viewer terminal 400.The delayed video signal may be generated by the controller 120 of the video providing apparatus 100.Also, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit the original video signal to the subtitler terminal 300 in operation S300.Here, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit the original video signal received from the video supplier terminal 200 as it is or after a time shorter than the first time period.","Alternatively, the video providing apparatus 100 may extract the original video from the original video signal received from the video supplier terminal 200, and newly generate and transmit a signal including the extracted information.","In other words, resolution, frame per second, and codec of the video according to the original video signal received from the video supplier terminal 200 may be different from or same as resolution, frame per second, and codec of the video according to the original video signal transmitted to the subtitler terminal 300.The original video signal may be transmitted by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.Then, the video providing apparatus 100 may receive the subtitle signal and a subtitle delay signal from the subtitler terminal 300 in operation S400.The subtitle signal may be a signal including information of subtitles generated by the subtitler terminal 300, and the subtitles may be subtitles related content of the original video.","The subtitle delay signal may be a signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles.","In detail, the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may personally prepare subtitles with respect to partial content of the video while personally watching the original video.","Here, it may take some time for the user of the subtitler terminal 300 to watch the partial content of the video and prepare the subtitles with respect to the partial content.","For example, when the user hears Korean of ‘’ and prepares English subtitles of ‘hello’, a time for listening ‘’, a time for thinking how to translate ‘’ to English, and a time for typing ‘hello’ may be consumed.","As a result, when the video providing apparatus 100 displays the subtitles on the video based on a point of time when the subtitle signal is received, an image and the subtitles may not synchronize.","The subtitle delay signal may include information about delayed times generated by the user of the subtitler terminal 300.The subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal may be received by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.A detailed example of information included in the subtitle delay signal will be described with reference to FIGS.","6 and 7.Then, the video providing apparatus 100 may generate a display timing signal in operation S500.The video providing apparatus 100 may generate the display timing signal based on the subtitle delay signal, and such a display timing signal may be a signal indicating a timing when the subtitles are to be displayed on the delayed video.","In detail, as described above, the subtitle delay signal may be a signal including information about the delayed times generated by the user of the subtitler terminal 300, and the video providing apparatus 100 may determine a timing when the subtitles are to be actually displayed by using the information.","The display timing signal may be generated by the controller 120 of the video providing apparatus 100.A detailed example of generating the display timing signal will be described with reference to FIGS.","6 through 8.Meanwhile, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit the delayed video signal to the viewer terminal 400 in operation S600.The delayed video signal is transmitted by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.Also, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit the subtitle signal and the display timing signal to the viewer terminal 400 in operation S700.The subtitle signal and the display timing signal are transmitted by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.In operations S600 and S700, the video providing apparatus 100 may enable the viewer terminal 400 to reproduce the video while displaying the subtitles corresponding to the video.","Here, the video providing apparatus 100 may also provide the display timing signal indicating when the subtitles are to be displayed in the video such that the viewer terminal 400 may display the subtitles at a timing intended by the video providing apparatus 100.In FIG.","5, operation S300 is performed after operation S200, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and operation S300 may be performed before operation S200 or may be performed at the same time as operation S200.Also, an order of performing operations S600 and S700 may be changed or operations S600 and S700 may be performed simultaneously.","Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.","6, operation S500 of the video providing method may include calculating a first timing and generating the display timing signal (operation S510).","In detail, the subtitle delay signal received from the subtitler terminal 300 may be signal including information of a second time period.","The second time period is a time assigned by the user of the subtitler terminal 300, and may indicate a delayed time consumed while the user generates subtitles of content personally viewed.","In this case, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate the first timing in which a time obtained by subtracting the second time period from the first time period is delayed from a timing when the subtitler terminal 300 transmitted the subtitle signal or a timing when the video providing apparatus 100 received the subtitle signal transmitted by the subtitler terminal 300.Hereinafter, processes of calculating the first timing will be described in an order of logical operations.","First, the video providing apparatus 100 may delay the first time period from a timing when the subtitle signal is completed.","Such an operation may be performed to compensate for the time difference of the video between the subtitler terminal 300 and the viewer terminal 400 since the video provided by the video providing apparatus 100 to the viewer terminal 400 is delayed by the first time period.","Then, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate the time advanced by the second time period.","Such an operation may be performed to compensate for the time difference caused by the delayed time generated while the user of the subtitler terminal 300 generates the subtitles.","In operation S510, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate the first timing, i.e., a subtitle display timing for synchronizing the delayed video and the subtitles, and generate the display timing signal indicating the first timing.","Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.","7, operation S400 of the video providing method may include receiving an input start timing signal (operation S410), and operation S500 may include calculating a second timing and generating the display timing signal (operation S520).","In detail, the subtitle delay signal received from the subtitler terminal 300 may be a signal including information of the second time period.","Also, the subtitler terminal 300 may transmit, to the video providing apparatus 100, the input start timing signal including information that the subtitles are started to be input, when the user of the subtitler terminal 300 starts to input the subtitles in the subtitler terminal 300.At this time, the second time period is a time personally assigned by the user of the subtitler terminal 300, and may indicate a delayed time consumed by the user from when the user starts to watch a certain portion of the video to when the user starts to input the subtitles in the subtitler terminal 300.The second time period may be a delayed time consumed while the user generates subtitles of watched content.","In this case, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate the second timing in which the time obtained by subtracting the second time period from the first time period is delayed from a timing when the subtitler terminal 300 transmitted the subtitle signal or a timing when the video providing apparatus 100 received the subtitle signal transmitted by the subtitler terminal 300.Hereinafter, processes of calculating the second timing will be described in an order of logical operations.","First, the video providing apparatus 100 may delay the first time period from a timing when the subtitle signal is completed.","Such an operation may be performed to compensate for a time difference of the video between the subtitler terminal 300 and the viewer terminal 400 since the video provided by the video providing apparatus 100 to the viewer terminal 400 is delayed by the first time period.","Then, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate a time advanced by the second time period.","Such an operation may be performed to compensate for a time difference caused by the delayed time generated from when the user of the subtitler terminal 300 starts to watch the video to when the user of the subtitler terminal 300 starts to input the subtitles.","According to operations s410 and S520, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate the second timing, i.e., a subtitle display timing for synchronizing the delayed video and the subtitles, and may generate the display timing signal indicating the second timing.","Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.","8, operation S500 of the video providing method may include determining a subtitle display timing based on a feature of the subtitles and generating the display timing signal (operation S530).","Here, the feature of the subtitles may include the length of subtitles, the language of the subtitles, alphabet included in the subtitles, or a type of words.","In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 may estimate an estimated time that may be consumed for the user of the subtitler terminal 300 to input the subtitles, based on the feature of the subtitles, such as the length of the subtitles.","Then, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate a timing in which a time obtained by subtracting the estimated time from the first time period is delayed from a timing when the subtitler terminal 300 transmits the subtitle signal, a timing when the video providing apparatus 100 received the subtitle signal transmitted from the subtitler terminal 300, or a timing when the subtitles are started to be input on the subtitler terminal 300.According to operation S530, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate the subtitle display timing for synchronizing the delayed video and the subtitles, and generate the display timing signal indicating the subtitle display timing.","Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.","9, operation S700 of the video providing method may include transmitting a maintaining time signal to the viewer terminal 400 (operation S710).","In detail, the maintaining time signal may be a signal including information of a delay maintaining time for maintaining the display of the subtitles.","In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the viewer terminal 400, a signal indicating how long the subtitles provided to the viewer terminal 400 is to be displayed on the viewer terminal 400.Here, the maintaining time signal may be a signal received by the video providing apparatus 100 from the subtitler terminal 300.In other words, according to an embodiment of FIG.","10, operation S400 of the video providing method may include receiving the maintaining time signal (operation S420).","In other words, the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may self-determine how long the subtitles input by him/herself are to be displayed.","For example, when the subtitles are relatively short, such as ‘hello’, the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may determine a subtitle maintaining time to be relatively short, and when the subtitles are relatively long, the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may determine the subtitle maintaining time to be relatively long.","The video providing apparatus 100 may receive the maintaining time signal including information of the subtitle maintaining time, and transmit the signal to the viewer terminal 400, together with the subtitle signal.","Also, the maintaining time signal may be a signal directly generated by the video providing apparatus 100.In other words, according to an embodiment of FIG.","11, the video providing method may further include, before operation S700, generating the maintaining time signal based on the feature of the subtitles (operation S690).","Here, the feature of the subtitles may include the length of the subtitles, the language of the subtitles, the alphabet included in the subtitles, and the type of words.","In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 may predict a time to be consumed by the user of the viewer terminal 400 to read the subtitles while watching the video, based on the feature of the subtitles, such as the length of the subtitles.","The video providing apparatus 100 may determine the subtitle maintaining time based on the predicted time, generate the maintaining time signal including information of the subtitle maintaining time, and transmit the maintaining time signal to the viewer terminal 400 together with the subtitle signal.","The maintaining time signal may be generated by the controller 120 of the video providing apparatus 100.According to operation S710, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the viewer terminal 400, information about how long each subtitle is to be displayed on the video.","The viewer terminal 400 may display each subtitle on a display unit for the subtitle maintaining time according to the maintaining time signal.","At this time, when a second subtitle needs to be displayed before a subtitle maintaining time of a first subtitle is passed, the viewer terminal 400 may delete the first subtitle early and display the second subtitle, move a location of the first subtitle and display the second subtitle, or display the second subtitle at a location that does not overlap the first subtitle.","Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.","12, operation S700 of the video providing method may include transmitting a display location signal to the viewer terminal 400 (operation S720).","In detail, the display location signal may be a signal including information about a location where the subtitles are to be displayed on the display unit of the viewer terminal 400 or on the video.","For example, the display location signal may be a signal assigning a location such that the subtitles are displayed at a bottom portion of the display unit of the viewer terminal 400, or a signal assigning a location such that the subtitles are displayed in speech bubbles at particular locations of the video.","In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the viewer terminal 400, the display location signal indicating whether the subtitles provided to the viewer terminal 400 are to be displayed on the viewer terminal 400.Here, the display location signal may be a signal directly generated by the video providing apparatus 100.In other words, according to an embodiment of FIG.","13, the video providing method may further include, before operation S700, generating the display location signal in response to the subtitler terminal 300 (operation S695).","Here, the video providing apparatus 100 may determine display locations of the subtitles based on a type of the subtitler terminal 300.For example, when the first subtitler terminal 300a and the second subtitler terminal 300b each transmit subtitles to the video providing apparatus 100, the video providing apparatus 100 may determine a display location of the subtitles received from the first subtitler terminal 300a to be a left portion of the display unit of the viewer terminal 400 and a display location of the subtitles received from the second subtitler terminal 300b to be a right portion of the display unit of the viewer terminal 400.The video providing apparatus 100 may generate the display location signal including information of the subtitle display location, and transmit the display location signal to the viewer terminal 400 together with the subtitle signal.","The display location signal may be generated by the controller 120 of the video providing apparatus 100.Also, the display location signal may be a signal received by the video providing apparatus 100 from the subtitler terminal 300.In other words, according to an embodiment of FIG.","14, operation S400 of the video providing method may include receiving the display location signal (operation S430).","In other words, the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may determine by him/herself where the subtitles input by him/herself are to be displayed on the video.","For example, when the subtitles are lines of a person sitting on the right side of a scene in the video, the subtitler terminal 300 may determine a display location of the subtitles to be the right side of the scene to indicate who is speaking the lines corresponding to the subtitles.","The video providing apparatus 100 may receive the display location signal including the information of the subtitle display location, and transmit the display location signal to the viewer terminal 400 together with the subtitle signal.","According to operation S720, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the viewer terminal 400, information about where each subtitle is to be displayed.","Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.","15, operation S300 of the video providing method may include transmitting the original video signal to the first and second subtitler terminals 300a and 300b (operation S310), operation S400 may include receiving first and second subtitle signals respectively from the first and second subtitler terminals 300a and 300b (operation S440), and operation S700 may include transmitting at least one of the first and second subtitle signals to the viewer terminal 400.In other words, there may be a plurality of the subtitler terminals 300 that transmit and receive a video signal and a subtitle signal to and from one video providing apparatus 100.Also, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit at least one of the first and second subtitle signals to the viewer terminal 400.Here, selectively, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit at least one of the first and second subtitle signals to the viewer terminal 400 while considering various conditions.","In other words, according to an embodiment of FIG.","16, operation S730 of the vide providing method may include transmitting at least one of the first and second subtitle signals while considering various conditions (operation S731).","The various conditions considered by the video providing apparatus 100 may include a request from the viewer terminal 400, nationality information of a location where the viewer terminal 400 exists, language information used in a corresponding country, whether a particular subtitle signal is assigned from the viewer terminal 400, whether reception of a particular subtitle signal is denied by the viewer terminal 400, and a request of the subtitler terminal 300.In other words, for example, when the first viewer terminal 400a is an electronic apparatus in China, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit only a subtitle signal in Chinese to the first viewer terminal 400a.","As another example, when the second viewer terminal 400b has denied reception of the first subtitle signal, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit only the second subtitle signal to the second viewer terminal 400b.","Here, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the viewer terminal 400, information that may be considered while the viewer terminal 400 assigns or denies a particular subtitle signal.","Such information may include particular subtitle selection information of another viewer terminal 400, particular subtitle recommendation information of the other viewer terminal 400, particular subtitle recommendation information of the video supplier terminal 200, or information directly provided from the subtitler terminal 300.For example, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the second viewer terminal 400b, information indicating that the first viewer terminal 400a selected the first subtitle signal, information that the first subtitle signal is recommended, or information that the video supplier terminal 200 disapproved the second subtitle signal.","As another example, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the second viewer terminal 400b, information about the subtitles provided by the subtitler terminal 300 (for example, information indicating that the subtitles may include slangs or information that he/she has prepared the subtitles for the first time).","The video providing apparatus 100 may transmit a plurality of subtitle signals to the viewer terminal 400, and the viewer terminal 400 may select a particular subtitle signal and display only subtitles included in the signal.","In addition, the video providing apparatus 100 may block transmission of a particular subtitle signal regardless of a request from the viewer terminal 400, or provide a subtitle signal arbitrarily selected by the viewer terminals 400, based on conditions pre-set in the video providing apparatus 100.Also, selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.","17, operation S700 of the video providing method may include transmitting a first subtitle font signal to the viewer terminal 400 (operation S740) and transmitting a second subtitle font signal to the viewer terminal 400 (operation S750).","In detail, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit, to the viewer terminal 400, the first subtitle font signal including information for displaying first subtitles in a first text size, a first text color, or a first font, together with the first subtitle signal.","Similarly, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit, to the viewer terminal 400, the second subtitle font signal including information for displaying second subtitles in a second text size, a second text color, or a second font, together with the second subtitle signal.","Generally, the text size, the color, the font, etc.","of subtitles may be determined by a terminal of a person watching a video, i.e., by the viewer terminal 400.However, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit a subtitle font signal including information of the font of each of the first and second subtitles to the viewer terminal 400 such that the first subtitles received from the first subtitler terminal 300a and the second subtitles received from the second subtitler terminal 300b are distinguishably displayed on the viewer terminal 400.Here, the first and second subtitle font signals may be signals directly generated by the video providing apparatus 100, or may be signals received respectively from the first and second subtitler terminals 300a and 300b.","The video providing apparatus 100 may not transmit a separate subtitle font signal to the viewer terminal 400, but the viewer terminal 400 may directly determine and display a font of each subtitle.","Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.","18, the video providing method may further include, after operation S700, receiving a feedback signal (operation S800).","In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 may receive a feedback signal from the viewer terminal 400.The feedback signal may include evaluation regarding the provided subtitles.","In detail, the video providing apparatus 100 may receive, from the viewer terminal 400, a feedback signal including information about various types of feedback, such as feedback indicating that translation of the subtitles is not correct, feedback indicating that the subtitles and the video are not synchronized well, and feedback indicating that the subtitles are satisfactory.","The feedback signal may be received by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.Also, according to an embodiment of FIG.","19, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit the feedback signal to the subtitler terminal 300.In other words, the video providing method may further include, after operation S800, transmitting the feedback signal to the subtitler terminal 300 (operation S900).","The feedback signal may be transmitted by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.According to operation S800, the video providing apparatus 100 may obtain feedback of viewers with respect to the whole of the current video providing system 10.Also, according to operation S900, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide information about feedback of viewers regarding the subtitles of the subtitler terminal 300 to the user of the subtitler terminal 300.Referring to FIG.","20, the subtitler terminal 300 may receive the original video signal from the video providing apparatus 100 (operation S1100).","The original video signal may be received by the communication unit 310 of the subtitler terminal 300.Then, the subtitler terminal 300 may output the original video (operation S1200).","In other words, the subtitler terminal 300 may reproduce the original video such that the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may personally prepare the subtitles while watching the original video.","The original video may be output by the output unit 303 of the subtitler terminal 300.Then, the subtitler terminal 300 may receive the subtitles in operation S1300.Here, the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may input the subtitles through an input device, such as a keyword or a touchpad, input the subtitles in voice via a microphone, or select at least some characters from pre-set idioms or pre-prepared subtitles and input the characters as at least some of the subtitles to be input.","Also, the subtitler terminal 300 may receive the subtitles automatically generated by an automatic translation computer program inside or outside the subtitler terminal 300.In other words, the subtitler terminal 300 may receive subtitles automatically generated by a computer algorithm, instead of subtitles directly input by the user of the subtitler terminal 300, who is a natural person.","Also, despite the expression ‘the subtitles are received’, the subtitler terminal 300 may automatically generate the subtitles by using an automatic translation computer program or a voice recognition computer program installed in the subtitler terminal 300, in operation S1300.Such an operation of receiving the subtitles may be performed by the input unit 320 of the subtitler terminal 300.Then, the subtitler terminal 300 may generate the subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal, in operation S1400.The subtitler terminal 300 may generate the subtitle signal including information of the subtitles received from the user.","Here, the subtitle signal may be a signal prepared in a programming language interpretable by the video providing apparatus 100 or the viewer terminal 400.Also, the subtitle signal may be an electronic signal generated such as to be transmitted through the communication unit 310 of the subtitler terminal 300 and received by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.As described above, the subtitle delay signal may be a signal including information for delaying the display of the subtitles.","The subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal may be generated by the controller 340 of the subtitler terminal 300.Then, the subtitler terminal 300 may transmit the subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal to the video providing apparatus 100.The subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal may be transmitted by the communication unit 310 of the subtitler terminal 300.Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.","21, operation S1300 of the video providing method may include inputting a request to delay the display of the subtitles by the second time period (operation S1310), and operation S1400 may include generating the subtitle delay signal by including the information about the second time period.","In detail, the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may estimate the time consumed while inputting the subtitles, i.e., the second time period.","In this case, the subtitler terminal 300 may receive a request to display the subtitles by delaying the display by the second time period from the user.","Then, the subtitler terminal 300 may generate the subtitle delay signal including the information about the second time period.","According to a video providing method of the present disclosure, an original video is provided to a viewer terminal after being delayed by a certain time, and subtitles may be received from a subtitler terminal for the delayed time and then provided to the viewer terminal.","Also, according to a video providing method of the present disclosure, information about a timing when subtitles are to be displayed may be provided to a viewer terminal together with the subtitles such that the subtitles are displayed at a right timing on a video provided to the viewer terminal.","One or more of the above embodiments may be embodied in the form of a computer program that can be run in a computer through various elements.","The computer program may be recorded on a computer-readable recording medium.","Examples of the computer-readable recording medium include magnetic media (e.g., hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tapes), optical media (e.g., CD-ROMs and DVDs), magneto-optical media (e.g., floptical disks), and hardware devices specifically configured to store and execute program commands (e.g., ROMs, RAMs, and flash memories).","Furthermore, the non-transitory computer-readable recording medium may be a formless medium that can be transmitted and distributed in a network, e.g., software or an application.","The computer programs may be specially designed or well known to one of ordinary skill in the computer software field.","Examples of the computer programs include code prepared by a compiler, and high-level languages executable by a computer by using an interpreter.","The particular implementations shown and described herein are illustrative examples of the disclosure and are not intended to otherwise limit the scope of the disclosure in any way.","For the sake of brevity, conventional electronics, control systems, software development and other functional aspects of the systems may not be described in detail.","Furthermore, the connecting lines, or connectors shown in the various figures presented are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical or logical couplings between the various elements.","It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships, physical connections or logical connections may be present in a practical device.","Moreover, no item or component is essential to the practice of the disclosure unless the element is specifically described as “essential” or “critical”.","It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.","Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments.","Embodiments of the present disclosure are related to a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program, and are usable in a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program, which provide high convenience to a user watching a video by providing an original video to a viewer terminal by delaying the original video by a certain time, providing subtitles to the viewer terminal by receiving the subtitles from a subtitler terminal during the delayed time, and providing information about a timing of displaying the subtitles to the viewer terminal together with the subtitles such that the subtitles are displayed at a right timing on the video provided to the viewer terminal."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"VIDEO PROVIDING APPARATUS, VIDEO PROVIDING METHOD, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM\",\n \"A method for providing a video to a viewer terminal through a communication network includes: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal including information of an original video; generating, by a controller, a delayed video signal including information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period; transmitting, by the communication unit, the original video signal to a subtitler terminal; receiving, by the communication unit from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal including information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a subtitle delay signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles; generating, by the controller, a display timing signal indicating a timing of displaying the subtitles on the delayed video, based on the subtitle delay signal; transmitting, by the communication unit, the delayed video signal to a viewer terminal; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the display timing signal and the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A video providing method for providing a video to a viewer terminal through a communication network, comprising: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal comprising information of an original video; generating, by a controller, a delayed video signal comprising information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period; transmitting, by the communication unit, the original video signal to a subtitler terminal; receiving, by the communication unit from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal comprising information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a subtitle delay signal comprising information for delaying a display of the subtitles; generating, by the controller, a display timing signal indicating a timing of displaying the subtitles on the delayed video, based on the subtitle delay signal; transmitting, by the communication unit, the delayed video signal to the viewer terminal; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the display timing signal and the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal.\",\n \"2.The video providing method of claim 1, wherein the subtitle delay signal is a signal comprising information of a second time period for delaying the display of the subtitles, and the generating of the display timing signal further comprises calculating, by the controller, a first timing in which a time obtained by subtracting the second time period from the first time period is delayed from a timing when the subtitler terminal transmitted the subtitle signal, and generating the display timing signal such that the subtitles are displayed on the delayed video at the first timing.\",\n \"3.The video providing method of claim 1, wherein the subtitle delay signal is a signal comprising information of a second time period for delaying the display of the subtitles, the receiving of the subtitle delay signal further comprises receiving, by the communication unit, an input start timing signal indicating an input start timing when the subtitles start to be input on the subtitler terminal, and the generating of the display timing signal further comprises calculating, by the controller, a second timing in which a time obtained by subtracting the second time period from the first time period is delayed from the input start timing, and generating the display timing signal such that the subtitles are displayed on the delayed video at the second timing.\",\n \"4.The video providing method of claim 1, wherein the subtitle delay signal is a signal comprising information of a feature of the subtitles, and the generating of the display timing signal further comprises generating, by the controller, the display timing signal by determining a timing of displaying the subtitles based on the feature of the subtitles.\",\n \"5.The video providing method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting of the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal further comprises transmitting, by the communication unit, a maintaining time signal comprising information of a display maintaining time for maintaining the display of the subtitles to the viewer terminal.\",\n \"6.The video providing method of claim 5, wherein the receiving of the subtitle delay signal further comprises receiving, by the communication unit, the maintaining time signal from the subtitler terminal.\",\n \"7.The video providing method of claim 5, further comprising, before the transmitting of the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal, determining, by the controller, the display maintaining time based on a feature of the subtitles, and generating the maintaining time signal comprising information of the display maintaining time.\",\n \"8.The video providing method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting of the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal further comprises transmitting, by the communication unit, a display location signal comprising information about a location where the subtitles are to be displayed, to the viewer terminal.\",\n \"9.The video providing method of claim 8, further comprising, before the transmitting of the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal, generating, by the controller, the display location signal by determining the location where the subtitles are to be displayed in response to the subtitler terminal that transmitted the subtitle signal.\",\n \"10.The video providing method of claim 8, wherein the receiving of the subtitle delay signal further comprises receiving, by the communication unit, the display location signal from the subtitler terminal.\",\n \"11.The video providing method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting of the original video signal further comprises transmitting, by the communication unit, the original video signal to a first subtitler terminal and a second subtitler terminal, the receiving of the subtitle delay signal further comprises receiving, by the communication unit, a first subtitle signal comprising information of first subtitles from the first subtitler terminal and a second subtitle signal comprising information of second subtitles from the second subtitler terminal, and the transmitting of the subtitle signal further comprises transmitting, by the communication unit, at least one of the first subtitle signal and the second subtitle signal to the viewer terminal.\",\n \"12.The video providing method of claim 11, wherein the transmitting of at least one of the first subtitle signal and the second subtitle signal further comprises transmitting, by the communication unit, at least one of the first subtitle signal and the second subtitle signal to the viewer terminal based on at least one of an attribute of the viewer terminal, a request from the viewer terminal, and a request of a video provider terminal that transmitted the original video signal.\",\n \"13.The video providing method of claim 11, wherein the transmitting of the subtitle signal further comprises: transmitting, by the communication unit, a first subtitle font signal indicating to display the first subtitles in a first text size, a first text color, or a first font, together with the first subtitle signal; and transmitting, by the communication unit, a second subtitle font signal indicating to display the second subtitles in a second text size, a second text color, or a second font, together with the second subtitle signal.\",\n \"14.The video providing method of claim 1, further comprising, after the transmitting of the subtitle signal, receiving, by the communication unit, a feedback signal comprising information of feedback with respect to the subtitles from the viewer terminal.\",\n \"15.The video providing method of claim 14, further comprising, after the receiving of the feedback signal, transmitting, by the communication unit, the feedback signal to the subtitler terminal.\",\n \"16.A subtitle providing method for providing a subtitle to a server through a communication network, comprising: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal comprising information of an original video from the server; outputting, by an output unit, the original video to a user; receiving, by an input unit, subtitles with respect to the original video from the user; generating, by a controller, a subtitle signal comprising information of the subtitles with respect to the original video, and generating a subtitle delay signal comprising information for delaying a display of the subtitles; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal to the server.\",\n \"17.The subtitle providing method of claim 16, wherein the receiving of the subtitles further comprises receiving, by the input unit, a request to delay the display of the subtitles by a second time period, and the generating of the subtitle delay signal further comprises inserting information about the second time period to the subtitle delay signal.\",\n \"18.A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a computer program for providing video to a viewer terminal through a communication network, the computer program when executed by a computer performing the steps comprising: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal comprising information of an original video; generating, by a controller, a delayed video signal comprising information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period; transmitting, by the communication unit, the original video signal to a subtitler terminal; receiving, by the communication unit from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal comprising information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a subtitle delay signal comprising information for delaying a display of the subtitles; generating, by the controller, a display timing signal indicating a timing of displaying the subtitles on the delayed video, based on the subtitle delay signal; transmitting, by the communication unit, the delayed video signal to a viewer terminal; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the display timing signal and the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal.\",\n \"19.A video providing apparatus for providing a video to a viewer terminal through a communication network, comprising: a communication unit configured to receive an original video signal comprising information of an original video, transmit the original video signal to a subtitler terminal, and receive, from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal comprising information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a subtitle delay signal comprising information for delaying a display of the subtitles; and a controller configured to generate a delayed video signal comprising information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period, and generate a display timing signal indicating a timing when the subtitles are to be displayed on the delayed video based on the subtitle delay signal, wherein the communication unit is further configured to transmit the delayed video signal, the display timing signal, and the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal.\",\n \"20.The video providing apparatus of claim 19, wherein the subtitle delay signal is a signal comprising information of a second time period for delaying the display of the subtitles, and the controller is further configured to calculate a first timing in which a time obtained by subtracting the second time period from the first time period is delayed from a timing when the subtitler terminal transmitted the subtitle signal, and generate the display timing signal such that the subtitles are displayed on the delayed video at the first timing.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION \"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Provided are a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program, wherein an original video is provided to a viewer terminal by delaying the original video by a certain time, and subtitles are provided to the viewer terminal by receiving the subtitles from a subtitler terminal during the delayed time.\",\n \"Provided are a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program, wherein information about a timing of displaying subtitles is provided to the viewer terminal together with the subtitles such that the subtitles are displayed at the right timing on a video provided to the viewer terminal.\",\n \"According to an aspect of an embodiment, a video providing method includes: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal including information of an original video; generating, by a controller, a delayed video signal including information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period; transmitting, by the communication unit, the original video signal to a subtitler terminal; receiving, by the communication unit from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal including information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a delay signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles; generating, by the controller, a display timing signal indicating a timing of displaying the subtitles on the delayed video, based on the subtitle delay signal; transmitting, by the communication unit, the delayed video signal to a viewer terminal; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the display timing signal and the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal.\",\n \"According to an aspect of another embodiment, a video providing method includes: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal including information of an original video from a server; outputting, by an output unit, the original video; receiving, by an input unit, subtitles with respect to the original video; generating, by a controller, a subtitle signal comprising information of the subtitles with respect to the original video, and generating a delay signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal to the server.\",\n \"These general and specific embodiments may be implemented by using a system, a method, a computer program, or a combination of the system, the method, and the computer program.\",\n \"According to an aspect of another embodiment, a video providing apparatus includes: a communication unit configured to receive an original video signal including information of an original video, transmit the original video signal to a subtitler terminal, and receive, from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal including information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a delay signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles; and a controller configured to generate a delayed video signal including information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period, and generate a display timing signal indicating a timing when the subtitles are to be displayed on the delayed video based on the subtitle delay signal, wherein the communication unit is further configured to transmit the delayed video signal, the display timing signal, and the subtitle signal to a viewer terminal.\",\n \"These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.\",\n \"According to the present disclosure, a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program may provide an original video to a viewer terminal by delaying the original video by a certain time, and provide subtitles to the viewer terminal by receiving the subtitles from a subtitler terminal during the delayed time.\",\n \"Also, a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program may provide information about the timing of displaying subtitles to the viewer terminal together with the subtitles such that the subtitles are displayed at the right timing on a video provided to the viewer terminal.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of International Application No.\",\n \"PCT/KR2016/006099, filed Jun.\",\n \"9, 2016, which claims benefit of Korean Patent Application No.\",\n \"10-2015-0101106, filed Jul.\",\n \"16, 2015, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.\",\n \"BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program.\",\n \"Description of Related Art According to the development of image processing techniques and electronic communication techniques, people who wish to provide a video are now able to broadcast through a communication network, such as the Internet, by using an electronic apparatus, and people who wish to watch a video are also now able to watch the video through the communication network.\",\n \"However, most videos include dialogue or text using a particular language, and only a person who understands the particular language can fully enjoy the videos.\",\n \"In a video that is already produced, subtitles that are made later may be added to and reproduced together with the video, but it is difficult to provide subtitles for a video broadcasted live.\",\n \"Information disclosed in this background section was already known to the inventors before achieving the inventive concept or is technical information acquired in the process of achieving the inventive concept.\",\n \"Therefore, it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known to the public in this country.\",\n \"SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Provided are a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program, wherein an original video is provided to a viewer terminal by delaying the original video by a certain time, and subtitles are provided to the viewer terminal by receiving the subtitles from a subtitler terminal during the delayed time.\",\n \"Provided are a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program, wherein information about a timing of displaying subtitles is provided to the viewer terminal together with the subtitles such that the subtitles are displayed at the right timing on a video provided to the viewer terminal.\",\n \"According to an aspect of an embodiment, a video providing method includes: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal including information of an original video; generating, by a controller, a delayed video signal including information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period; transmitting, by the communication unit, the original video signal to a subtitler terminal; receiving, by the communication unit from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal including information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a delay signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles; generating, by the controller, a display timing signal indicating a timing of displaying the subtitles on the delayed video, based on the subtitle delay signal; transmitting, by the communication unit, the delayed video signal to a viewer terminal; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the display timing signal and the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal.\",\n \"According to an aspect of another embodiment, a video providing method includes: receiving, by a communication unit, an original video signal including information of an original video from a server; outputting, by an output unit, the original video; receiving, by an input unit, subtitles with respect to the original video; generating, by a controller, a subtitle signal comprising information of the subtitles with respect to the original video, and generating a delay signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles; and transmitting, by the communication unit, the subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal to the server.\",\n \"These general and specific embodiments may be implemented by using a system, a method, a computer program, or a combination of the system, the method, and the computer program.\",\n \"According to an aspect of another embodiment, a video providing apparatus includes: a communication unit configured to receive an original video signal including information of an original video, transmit the original video signal to a subtitler terminal, and receive, from the subtitler terminal, a subtitle signal including information of subtitles with respect to the original video and a delay signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles; and a controller configured to generate a delayed video signal including information of a delayed video in which the original video is delayed by a first time period, and generate a display timing signal indicating a timing when the subtitles are to be displayed on the delayed video based on the subtitle delay signal, wherein the communication unit is further configured to transmit the delayed video signal, the display timing signal, and the subtitle signal to a viewer terminal.\",\n \"These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.\",\n \"According to the present disclosure, a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program may provide an original video to a viewer terminal by delaying the original video by a certain time, and provide subtitles to the viewer terminal by receiving the subtitles from a subtitler terminal during the delayed time.\",\n \"Also, a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program may provide information about the timing of displaying subtitles to the viewer terminal together with the subtitles such that the subtitles are displayed at the right timing on a video provided to the viewer terminal.\",\n \"DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.\",\n \"1 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration of a video providing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is a block diagram schematically illustrating an example of an internal configuration of a video providing apparatus of FIG.\",\n \"1.FIGS.\",\n \"3 and 4 are block diagrams schematically illustrating examples of an internal configuration of a subtitler terminal, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"5 through 21 are flowcharts schematically illustrating examples of a video providing method according to various embodiments of the present disclosure.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.\",\n \"In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein.\",\n \"Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description.\",\n \"In drawings, like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout and overlapping descriptions shall not be repeated.\",\n \"While such terms as “first”, “second”, etc., may be used to describe various components, such components must not be limited to the above terms.\",\n \"The above terms are used only to distinguish one component from another.\",\n \"An expression used in the singular encompasses the expression of the plural, unless it has a clearly different meaning in the context.\",\n \"In the present specification, it is to be understood that terms such as “including” or “having,” etc., are intended to indicate the existence of features or components, and are not intended to preclude the possibility that one or more other features or components may exist or may be added.\",\n \"In the drawings, for convenience of description, sizes of components may be exaggerated for clarity.\",\n \"For example, since sizes and thicknesses of components in drawings are arbitrarily shown for convenience of description, the sizes and thicknesses are not limited thereto.\",\n \"A video in the present specification may include audiovisual information.\",\n \"In other words, the video may include information of sound (for example, voice) generated by a real person, a virtual character, a surrounding object, or a background appearing in the video.\",\n \"Examples of the video may include a movie, news, a drama series, and an animation, and may also include various types of personal broadcasts provided through a communication network, such as the Internet.\",\n \"In the present specification, the video may include a still image displayed throughout a certain period of time.\",\n \"Also, subtitles in the present specification may be symbols indicating, in visual forms, various audiovisual types of information expressed in a video.\",\n \"For example, various types of information expressed in a video may include sound generated by a real person, a virtual character, a surrounding object, or a background appearing in the video, and may also include information of movement, a shape, a color, a smell, or narration.\",\n \"The subtitles may be visual symbols including characters, punctuation marks, figures, drawings, or photographs indicating such information.\",\n \"In addition, despite the name, the subtitles in the present specification may be sound indicating, in an auditory form, various audiovisual types of information expressed in a video.\",\n \"For example, when a character or narrator appearing in a video speaks lines in a first language, voice in which the lines are translated into a second language may be the subtitles.\",\n \"Here, the voice in the second language may be voice of an ordinary citizen performing translation or voice generated by a voice generating program.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration of a video providing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"1, a video providing system 10 according to an embodiment includes a video providing apparatus 100.Also, the video providing system 10 further includes a video supplier terminal 200, a subtitler terminal 300, a viewer terminal 400, and a communication network 500.The video providing system 10 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a video supplied from the video supplier terminal 200 to the viewer terminal 400.Also, subtitles generated from the subtitler terminal 300 are provided to the viewer terminal 400.The video providing apparatus 100 is an apparatus for performing a video providing service of the video providing system 10.In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 may receive a video signal including information of a video supplied from the video supplier terminal 200.Also, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide the video signal to the subtitler terminal 300 so as to provide, to a user of the subtitler terminal 300, an opportunity to input subtitles with respect to the video.\",\n \"Also, the video providing apparatus 100 may receive a subtitle signal including information of the subtitles from the subtitler terminal 300.The video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the viewer terminal 400, various signals enabling the viewer terminal 400 to reproduce the video and the subtitles with respect to the video.\",\n \"The video providing apparatus 100 may be a server in which data (for example, the video and the subtitles) for performing the video providing service is stored.\",\n \"Here, the video providing apparatus 100 may include a plurality of servers based on traffic or an amount of data.\",\n \"The video providing apparatus 100 may be a server that provides not only the video providing service, but also a general search service and other various services enhancing user convenience.\",\n \"In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, in addition to the video providing service, various services, such as a search service, an email service, a blog service, a social network service, a news service, and shopping information providing service.\",\n \"Alternatively, the video providing apparatus 100 may be a server providing, to a terminal requesting the portal service to provide information, a web page provided by the portal service, by being connected to a server providing the portal service, such as a search service, an email service, a news service, or a shopping service.\",\n \"Here, the video providing apparatus 100 and the server providing the portal service may be separate servers physically separated from each other or may be one server only conceptually separated.\",\n \"The video providing apparatus 100 includes a communication unit 110 and a controller 120.The communication unit 110 may receive a signal related to a video desired to be supplied by the video supplier terminal 200.Also, the communication unit 110 may provide the signal related to the video to the subtitler terminal 300, or receive a subtitle signal with respect to the video from the subtitler terminal 300.Also, the communication unit 110 may provide the signal related to the video and the subtitle signal to the viewer terminal 400.Such a communication unit 110 may be a Bluetooth communication unit, a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) communication unit, a near field communication unit, a wireless local area network (WLAN) (Wi-Fi) communication unit, a Zigbee communication unit, an infrared data association (IrDA) communication unit, a Wi-Fi direct (WFD) communication unit, an ultra wideband (UWB) communication unit, or an Ant+ communication unit, but is not limited thereto.\",\n \"The controller 120 generally controls the overall operations of the video providing apparatus 100.For example, the controller 120 may allow or prohibit signal transmission and reception of the communication unit 110 by controlling signal transmission and reception operations of the communication unit 110.The controller 120 may include any type of apparatus capable of processing data, such as a processor.\",\n \"Here, the ‘processor’ may denote, for example, a data processing apparatus embedded in hardware and having a physically structured circuit to perform a function expressed in a code or command included in a program.\",\n \"Examples of the data processing apparatus embedded in hardware may include a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), a processor core, a multiprocessor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), and a field programmable gate array (FPGA), but are not limited thereto.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"2, the video providing apparatus 100 may further include, in addition to the communication unit 110 and the controller 120, a memory 130, a program storage unit 140, and a database (DB) 150.The memory 130 may temporarily or permanently store data processed by the controller 120.Here, the memory 130 may include a magnetic storage medium or a flash storage medium, but the range of the present disclosure is not limited thereto.\",\n \"The program storage unit 140 may be a component including software for performing various essential or auxiliary operations so as to perform the video providing service.\",\n \"The DB 150 may store data received from the video supplier terminal 200, the subtitler terminal 300, the viewer terminal 400, or another electronic apparatus.\",\n \"The communication unit 110 may receive a signal including information of particular data from the video supplier terminal 200, the subtitler terminal 300, or the viewer terminal 400, and the DB 150 may store the data.\",\n \"Also, the communication unit 110 may receive a request signal requesting particular data from the video supplier terminal 200, the subtitler terminal 300, or the viewer terminal 400, and the controller 120 may select data corresponding to the request signal from data stored in the DB 150.The communication unit 110 may provide the selected data to an electronic apparatus that transmitted the request signal.\",\n \"Referring back to FIG.\",\n \"1, the video supplier terminal 200 may be an apparatus supplying the video in the video providing system 10.Here, the video supplied by the video supplier terminal 200 may be a video directly manufactured by the video supplier terminal 200 or a video received by the video supplier terminal 200 from an external source.\",\n \"The video signal including information of the video supplied by the video supplier terminal 200 may be transmitted to the video providing apparatus 100 through the communication network 500.The subtitler terminal 300 may generate the subtitles with respect to the video supplied by the video supplier terminal 200.Here, the subtitles generated by the subtitler terminal 300 may be subtitles input by a user of the subtitler terminal 300.Alternatively, the subtitles generated by the subtitler terminal 300 may be subtitles automatically generated by an automatic translation computer program or a voice recognition computer program inside or outside the subtitler terminal 300.A plurality of the subtitler terminal 300 may be included in one video providing system 10.In other words, one video providing system 10 may include a first subtitler terminal 300a and a second subtitler terminal 300b, and each of the subtitler terminals 300 may generate subtitles with respect to one video.\",\n \"The viewer terminal 400 may be an apparatus displaying the video supplied by the video supplier terminal 200 and the subtitles generated by the subtitler terminal 300.In other words, the viewer terminal 400 may receive the video signal including the information of the video and the subtitle signal including the information of the subtitles, and may provide the video and the subtitles to a user of the viewer terminal 400 by using the signals.\",\n \"A plurality of the viewer terminals 400 may be included in one video providing system 10.In other words, one video providing system 10 may include a first viewer terminal 400a and a second viewer terminal 400b, and the viewer terminals 400 may reproduce the same or different videos, and may reproduce the same or different subtitles with respect to the same video.\",\n \"Here, the subtitles displayed in the viewer terminal 400 may be characters prepared in visual symbols, or as described above, may be sound expressed in an auditory form.\",\n \"In other words, when the subtitle signal including voice information is generated by the subtitler terminal 300, the viewer terminal 400 may receive the signal from the video providing apparatus 100 and output corresponding voice through a sound unit of the viewer terminal 400.Here, the sound expressed in the auditory form may be voice dubbed by the user of the subtitler terminal 300.An electronic apparatus capable of transmitting and receiving data to and from another apparatus in a wired/wireless communication environment may be unlimitedly employed as the video supplier terminal 200, the subtitler terminal 300, or the viewer terminal 400.In detail, each of the video supplier terminal 200, the subtitler terminal 300, and the viewer terminal 40 may be a desktop computer, a notebook personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a smart phone, a smart television (TV), a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop computer, a media player, a micro-server, a global positioning system (GPS) apparatus, an electronic book terminal, a digital broadcasting terminal, a navigation device, a kiosk, an MP3 player, a digital camera, a wearable device, or another mobile or non-mobile computing apparatus, but is not limited thereto.\",\n \"Also, each of the video supplier terminal 200, the subtitler terminal 300, and the viewer terminal 400 may include various apparatuses capable of receiving a touch input, such as an electronic blackboard and a touch table, and may be an accessory, such as a watch, glasses, a hair band, or a ring, having a communication function or a data processing function, but is not limited thereto.\",\n \"The communication network 500 may electrically connect the video providing apparatus 100 to each of the video supplier terminal 200, the subtitler terminal 300, and the viewer terminal 400.In other words, the communication network 500 may denote a connection path between electronic apparatuses capable of transmitting and receiving data to and from another apparatus in a wired/wireless communication environment.\",\n \"Examples of the communication network 500 may include wired networks, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), and an integrated service digital network (ISDN), and wireless networks, such as wireless LAN, a code division multiple access (CDMA), Bluetooth, and a satellite communication network, but are not limited thereto.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"3 and 4 are block diagrams schematically illustrating examples of an internal configuration of a subtitler terminal, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"3, the subtitler terminal 300 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a communication unit 310, an input unit 320, an output unit 330, and a controller 340.The communication unit 310 may receive the signal related to a video from the video providing apparatus 100.Also, the communication unit 310 may provide a subtitle signal including the information of the subtitles to the video providing apparatus 100.The communication unit 310 may be a Bluetooth communication unit, a BLE communication unit, a near field communication unit, a WLAN communication unit, a Zigbee communication unit, an IrDA communication unit, a WFD communication unit, an UWB communication unit, or an Ant+ communication unit, but is not limited thereto.\",\n \"The input unit 320 may receive various requests from the user of the subtitler terminal 300.For example, the input unit 320 may receive a request for receiving a video from the user of the subtitler terminal 300, a request for reproducing the received video, and a request for transmitting a subtitle signal.\",\n \"Also, the input unit 320 may receive the subtitle information input by the user of the subtitler terminal 300.The input unit 320 may receive a voice input of the user, a character input of the user, an input of the user pressing a button, or a touch input of the user, but the range of the present disclosure is not limited thereto.\",\n \"The output unit 330 may output a signal for transmitting information to the user of the subtitler terminal 300 in various forms.\",\n \"For example, the output unit 330 may audiovisually output image information and information about sound of the received video.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"4, the output unit 330 may include a display unit 331 and a sound unit 332.Also, the subtitler terminal 300 may further include, in addition to the communication unit 310, the input unit 320, the output unit 330, and the controller 340, a memory 350 and a program storage unit 360.The display unit 331 may display information intended to be displayed visually from among information included in the video signal.\",\n \"For example, the display unit 331 may output image information included in the video signal to at least a partial region of the display unit 331.The display unit 331 may include at least one of a liquid crystal display, a thin film transistor-liquid crystal display, an organic light-emitting diode, a 3-dimensional (3D) display, and an electrophoretic display, but is not limited thereto.\",\n \"According to an embodiment of the subtitler terminal 300, the subtitler terminal 300 may include two or more display units 331.The sound unit 332 may output information intended to be transmitted in an auditory form from among information included in the video signal.\",\n \"For example, the sound unit 332 may output information about sound included in the video signal.\",\n \"The sound unit 332 may output sound having different lengths, frequencies, volumes, pitches, or tones based on a type of notification.\",\n \"The sound unit 332 may include at least one of a tuner, an equalizer, a headphone, an earphone, and various types of speakers, but is not limited thereto.\",\n \"In other words, the sound unit 332 may be any type of apparatus capable of generating sound via electrical or mechanical method.\",\n \"The memory 350 may perform a function of temporarily or permanently storing data processed by the controller 340.Here, the memory 350 may include a magnetic storage medium or a flash storage medium, but the range of the present disclosure is not limited thereto.\",\n \"The program storage unit 360 may be a component including software for performing various essential or auxiliary operations so as to perform the video providing service.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"5 through 21 are flowcharts schematically illustrating examples of a video providing method according to embodiments of the present disclosure.\",\n \"Hereinafter, the video providing method using the video providing apparatus 100 described above will be described with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"5 through 19, and a method of providing subtitles of a video using the subtitler terminal 300 described above will be described with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"20 and 21.First, referring to FIG.\",\n \"5, the video providing apparatus 100 may receive an original video signal in operation S100.Here, the original video signal may include information about an original video and the content of the original video.\",\n \"In other words, the original video signal may be a signal including various types of information required to reproduce the original video.\",\n \"The various types of information may include, for example, image information about at least some frames from among all frames of the video, sound information about sound output while the video is reproduced, and information about a video codec.\",\n \"The video providing apparatus 100 may receive the original video signal from the video supplier terminal 200.The reception of the original video signal is performed by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.Then, the video providing apparatus 100 generates a delayed video signal in operation S200.The delayed video signal may include information about a delayed video.\",\n \"Here, the delayed video may be a video in which the transmission of the original video to the viewer terminal 400 is delayed by a first time period.\",\n \"The delayed video signal may be a signal newly generated separately from the original video signal or may be a signal provided after the first time period after simply temporarily storing the original video signal.\",\n \"In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 generating the delayed video signal may mean that a signal including information of a new video is generated by generating the new video in which a reproduction time of the new video is delayed by the first time period from the receipt of the original video signal, or may mean a delay operation in an operation of simply storing, for the first time period, and delaying the transmission of the original video signal to the viewer terminal 400.Here, the first time period may be a time arbitrarily set by a manager of the video providing apparatus 100 or the user of the video supplier terminal 200.The first time period may be a spare or additional time for the video providing apparatus 100 to provide, to the viewer terminal 400, a video together with subtitles.\",\n \"In detail, the first time period may be a spare or additional time spent by the video providing apparatus 100 to transmit the original video signal to the subtitler terminal 300, the time spent by the subtitler terminal 300 to generate the subtitles, and the time spent by the video providing apparatus 100 to receive a subtitle signal from the subtitler terminal 300.The first time period may be set in terms of seconds, minutes, or hours, to allow the video providing apparatus 100 to take the necessary steps to provide the video with subtitles to the viewer terminal 400.The delayed video signal may be generated by the controller 120 of the video providing apparatus 100.Also, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit the original video signal to the subtitler terminal 300 in operation S300.Here, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit the original video signal received from the video supplier terminal 200 as it is or after a time shorter than the first time period.\",\n \"Alternatively, the video providing apparatus 100 may extract the original video from the original video signal received from the video supplier terminal 200, and newly generate and transmit a signal including the extracted information.\",\n \"In other words, resolution, frame per second, and codec of the video according to the original video signal received from the video supplier terminal 200 may be different from or same as resolution, frame per second, and codec of the video according to the original video signal transmitted to the subtitler terminal 300.The original video signal may be transmitted by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.Then, the video providing apparatus 100 may receive the subtitle signal and a subtitle delay signal from the subtitler terminal 300 in operation S400.The subtitle signal may be a signal including information of subtitles generated by the subtitler terminal 300, and the subtitles may be subtitles related content of the original video.\",\n \"The subtitle delay signal may be a signal including information for delaying a display of the subtitles.\",\n \"In detail, the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may personally prepare subtitles with respect to partial content of the video while personally watching the original video.\",\n \"Here, it may take some time for the user of the subtitler terminal 300 to watch the partial content of the video and prepare the subtitles with respect to the partial content.\",\n \"For example, when the user hears Korean of ‘’ and prepares English subtitles of ‘hello’, a time for listening ‘’, a time for thinking how to translate ‘’ to English, and a time for typing ‘hello’ may be consumed.\",\n \"As a result, when the video providing apparatus 100 displays the subtitles on the video based on a point of time when the subtitle signal is received, an image and the subtitles may not synchronize.\",\n \"The subtitle delay signal may include information about delayed times generated by the user of the subtitler terminal 300.The subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal may be received by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.A detailed example of information included in the subtitle delay signal will be described with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"6 and 7.Then, the video providing apparatus 100 may generate a display timing signal in operation S500.The video providing apparatus 100 may generate the display timing signal based on the subtitle delay signal, and such a display timing signal may be a signal indicating a timing when the subtitles are to be displayed on the delayed video.\",\n \"In detail, as described above, the subtitle delay signal may be a signal including information about the delayed times generated by the user of the subtitler terminal 300, and the video providing apparatus 100 may determine a timing when the subtitles are to be actually displayed by using the information.\",\n \"The display timing signal may be generated by the controller 120 of the video providing apparatus 100.A detailed example of generating the display timing signal will be described with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"6 through 8.Meanwhile, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit the delayed video signal to the viewer terminal 400 in operation S600.The delayed video signal is transmitted by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.Also, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit the subtitle signal and the display timing signal to the viewer terminal 400 in operation S700.The subtitle signal and the display timing signal are transmitted by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.In operations S600 and S700, the video providing apparatus 100 may enable the viewer terminal 400 to reproduce the video while displaying the subtitles corresponding to the video.\",\n \"Here, the video providing apparatus 100 may also provide the display timing signal indicating when the subtitles are to be displayed in the video such that the viewer terminal 400 may display the subtitles at a timing intended by the video providing apparatus 100.In FIG.\",\n \"5, operation S300 is performed after operation S200, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and operation S300 may be performed before operation S200 or may be performed at the same time as operation S200.Also, an order of performing operations S600 and S700 may be changed or operations S600 and S700 may be performed simultaneously.\",\n \"Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"6, operation S500 of the video providing method may include calculating a first timing and generating the display timing signal (operation S510).\",\n \"In detail, the subtitle delay signal received from the subtitler terminal 300 may be signal including information of a second time period.\",\n \"The second time period is a time assigned by the user of the subtitler terminal 300, and may indicate a delayed time consumed while the user generates subtitles of content personally viewed.\",\n \"In this case, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate the first timing in which a time obtained by subtracting the second time period from the first time period is delayed from a timing when the subtitler terminal 300 transmitted the subtitle signal or a timing when the video providing apparatus 100 received the subtitle signal transmitted by the subtitler terminal 300.Hereinafter, processes of calculating the first timing will be described in an order of logical operations.\",\n \"First, the video providing apparatus 100 may delay the first time period from a timing when the subtitle signal is completed.\",\n \"Such an operation may be performed to compensate for the time difference of the video between the subtitler terminal 300 and the viewer terminal 400 since the video provided by the video providing apparatus 100 to the viewer terminal 400 is delayed by the first time period.\",\n \"Then, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate the time advanced by the second time period.\",\n \"Such an operation may be performed to compensate for the time difference caused by the delayed time generated while the user of the subtitler terminal 300 generates the subtitles.\",\n \"In operation S510, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate the first timing, i.e., a subtitle display timing for synchronizing the delayed video and the subtitles, and generate the display timing signal indicating the first timing.\",\n \"Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"7, operation S400 of the video providing method may include receiving an input start timing signal (operation S410), and operation S500 may include calculating a second timing and generating the display timing signal (operation S520).\",\n \"In detail, the subtitle delay signal received from the subtitler terminal 300 may be a signal including information of the second time period.\",\n \"Also, the subtitler terminal 300 may transmit, to the video providing apparatus 100, the input start timing signal including information that the subtitles are started to be input, when the user of the subtitler terminal 300 starts to input the subtitles in the subtitler terminal 300.At this time, the second time period is a time personally assigned by the user of the subtitler terminal 300, and may indicate a delayed time consumed by the user from when the user starts to watch a certain portion of the video to when the user starts to input the subtitles in the subtitler terminal 300.The second time period may be a delayed time consumed while the user generates subtitles of watched content.\",\n \"In this case, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate the second timing in which the time obtained by subtracting the second time period from the first time period is delayed from a timing when the subtitler terminal 300 transmitted the subtitle signal or a timing when the video providing apparatus 100 received the subtitle signal transmitted by the subtitler terminal 300.Hereinafter, processes of calculating the second timing will be described in an order of logical operations.\",\n \"First, the video providing apparatus 100 may delay the first time period from a timing when the subtitle signal is completed.\",\n \"Such an operation may be performed to compensate for a time difference of the video between the subtitler terminal 300 and the viewer terminal 400 since the video provided by the video providing apparatus 100 to the viewer terminal 400 is delayed by the first time period.\",\n \"Then, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate a time advanced by the second time period.\",\n \"Such an operation may be performed to compensate for a time difference caused by the delayed time generated from when the user of the subtitler terminal 300 starts to watch the video to when the user of the subtitler terminal 300 starts to input the subtitles.\",\n \"According to operations s410 and S520, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate the second timing, i.e., a subtitle display timing for synchronizing the delayed video and the subtitles, and may generate the display timing signal indicating the second timing.\",\n \"Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"8, operation S500 of the video providing method may include determining a subtitle display timing based on a feature of the subtitles and generating the display timing signal (operation S530).\",\n \"Here, the feature of the subtitles may include the length of subtitles, the language of the subtitles, alphabet included in the subtitles, or a type of words.\",\n \"In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 may estimate an estimated time that may be consumed for the user of the subtitler terminal 300 to input the subtitles, based on the feature of the subtitles, such as the length of the subtitles.\",\n \"Then, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate a timing in which a time obtained by subtracting the estimated time from the first time period is delayed from a timing when the subtitler terminal 300 transmits the subtitle signal, a timing when the video providing apparatus 100 received the subtitle signal transmitted from the subtitler terminal 300, or a timing when the subtitles are started to be input on the subtitler terminal 300.According to operation S530, the video providing apparatus 100 may calculate the subtitle display timing for synchronizing the delayed video and the subtitles, and generate the display timing signal indicating the subtitle display timing.\",\n \"Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"9, operation S700 of the video providing method may include transmitting a maintaining time signal to the viewer terminal 400 (operation S710).\",\n \"In detail, the maintaining time signal may be a signal including information of a delay maintaining time for maintaining the display of the subtitles.\",\n \"In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the viewer terminal 400, a signal indicating how long the subtitles provided to the viewer terminal 400 is to be displayed on the viewer terminal 400.Here, the maintaining time signal may be a signal received by the video providing apparatus 100 from the subtitler terminal 300.In other words, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"10, operation S400 of the video providing method may include receiving the maintaining time signal (operation S420).\",\n \"In other words, the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may self-determine how long the subtitles input by him/herself are to be displayed.\",\n \"For example, when the subtitles are relatively short, such as ‘hello’, the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may determine a subtitle maintaining time to be relatively short, and when the subtitles are relatively long, the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may determine the subtitle maintaining time to be relatively long.\",\n \"The video providing apparatus 100 may receive the maintaining time signal including information of the subtitle maintaining time, and transmit the signal to the viewer terminal 400, together with the subtitle signal.\",\n \"Also, the maintaining time signal may be a signal directly generated by the video providing apparatus 100.In other words, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"11, the video providing method may further include, before operation S700, generating the maintaining time signal based on the feature of the subtitles (operation S690).\",\n \"Here, the feature of the subtitles may include the length of the subtitles, the language of the subtitles, the alphabet included in the subtitles, and the type of words.\",\n \"In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 may predict a time to be consumed by the user of the viewer terminal 400 to read the subtitles while watching the video, based on the feature of the subtitles, such as the length of the subtitles.\",\n \"The video providing apparatus 100 may determine the subtitle maintaining time based on the predicted time, generate the maintaining time signal including information of the subtitle maintaining time, and transmit the maintaining time signal to the viewer terminal 400 together with the subtitle signal.\",\n \"The maintaining time signal may be generated by the controller 120 of the video providing apparatus 100.According to operation S710, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the viewer terminal 400, information about how long each subtitle is to be displayed on the video.\",\n \"The viewer terminal 400 may display each subtitle on a display unit for the subtitle maintaining time according to the maintaining time signal.\",\n \"At this time, when a second subtitle needs to be displayed before a subtitle maintaining time of a first subtitle is passed, the viewer terminal 400 may delete the first subtitle early and display the second subtitle, move a location of the first subtitle and display the second subtitle, or display the second subtitle at a location that does not overlap the first subtitle.\",\n \"Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"12, operation S700 of the video providing method may include transmitting a display location signal to the viewer terminal 400 (operation S720).\",\n \"In detail, the display location signal may be a signal including information about a location where the subtitles are to be displayed on the display unit of the viewer terminal 400 or on the video.\",\n \"For example, the display location signal may be a signal assigning a location such that the subtitles are displayed at a bottom portion of the display unit of the viewer terminal 400, or a signal assigning a location such that the subtitles are displayed in speech bubbles at particular locations of the video.\",\n \"In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the viewer terminal 400, the display location signal indicating whether the subtitles provided to the viewer terminal 400 are to be displayed on the viewer terminal 400.Here, the display location signal may be a signal directly generated by the video providing apparatus 100.In other words, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"13, the video providing method may further include, before operation S700, generating the display location signal in response to the subtitler terminal 300 (operation S695).\",\n \"Here, the video providing apparatus 100 may determine display locations of the subtitles based on a type of the subtitler terminal 300.For example, when the first subtitler terminal 300a and the second subtitler terminal 300b each transmit subtitles to the video providing apparatus 100, the video providing apparatus 100 may determine a display location of the subtitles received from the first subtitler terminal 300a to be a left portion of the display unit of the viewer terminal 400 and a display location of the subtitles received from the second subtitler terminal 300b to be a right portion of the display unit of the viewer terminal 400.The video providing apparatus 100 may generate the display location signal including information of the subtitle display location, and transmit the display location signal to the viewer terminal 400 together with the subtitle signal.\",\n \"The display location signal may be generated by the controller 120 of the video providing apparatus 100.Also, the display location signal may be a signal received by the video providing apparatus 100 from the subtitler terminal 300.In other words, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"14, operation S400 of the video providing method may include receiving the display location signal (operation S430).\",\n \"In other words, the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may determine by him/herself where the subtitles input by him/herself are to be displayed on the video.\",\n \"For example, when the subtitles are lines of a person sitting on the right side of a scene in the video, the subtitler terminal 300 may determine a display location of the subtitles to be the right side of the scene to indicate who is speaking the lines corresponding to the subtitles.\",\n \"The video providing apparatus 100 may receive the display location signal including the information of the subtitle display location, and transmit the display location signal to the viewer terminal 400 together with the subtitle signal.\",\n \"According to operation S720, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the viewer terminal 400, information about where each subtitle is to be displayed.\",\n \"Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"15, operation S300 of the video providing method may include transmitting the original video signal to the first and second subtitler terminals 300a and 300b (operation S310), operation S400 may include receiving first and second subtitle signals respectively from the first and second subtitler terminals 300a and 300b (operation S440), and operation S700 may include transmitting at least one of the first and second subtitle signals to the viewer terminal 400.In other words, there may be a plurality of the subtitler terminals 300 that transmit and receive a video signal and a subtitle signal to and from one video providing apparatus 100.Also, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit at least one of the first and second subtitle signals to the viewer terminal 400.Here, selectively, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit at least one of the first and second subtitle signals to the viewer terminal 400 while considering various conditions.\",\n \"In other words, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"16, operation S730 of the vide providing method may include transmitting at least one of the first and second subtitle signals while considering various conditions (operation S731).\",\n \"The various conditions considered by the video providing apparatus 100 may include a request from the viewer terminal 400, nationality information of a location where the viewer terminal 400 exists, language information used in a corresponding country, whether a particular subtitle signal is assigned from the viewer terminal 400, whether reception of a particular subtitle signal is denied by the viewer terminal 400, and a request of the subtitler terminal 300.In other words, for example, when the first viewer terminal 400a is an electronic apparatus in China, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit only a subtitle signal in Chinese to the first viewer terminal 400a.\",\n \"As another example, when the second viewer terminal 400b has denied reception of the first subtitle signal, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit only the second subtitle signal to the second viewer terminal 400b.\",\n \"Here, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the viewer terminal 400, information that may be considered while the viewer terminal 400 assigns or denies a particular subtitle signal.\",\n \"Such information may include particular subtitle selection information of another viewer terminal 400, particular subtitle recommendation information of the other viewer terminal 400, particular subtitle recommendation information of the video supplier terminal 200, or information directly provided from the subtitler terminal 300.For example, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the second viewer terminal 400b, information indicating that the first viewer terminal 400a selected the first subtitle signal, information that the first subtitle signal is recommended, or information that the video supplier terminal 200 disapproved the second subtitle signal.\",\n \"As another example, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide, to the second viewer terminal 400b, information about the subtitles provided by the subtitler terminal 300 (for example, information indicating that the subtitles may include slangs or information that he/she has prepared the subtitles for the first time).\",\n \"The video providing apparatus 100 may transmit a plurality of subtitle signals to the viewer terminal 400, and the viewer terminal 400 may select a particular subtitle signal and display only subtitles included in the signal.\",\n \"In addition, the video providing apparatus 100 may block transmission of a particular subtitle signal regardless of a request from the viewer terminal 400, or provide a subtitle signal arbitrarily selected by the viewer terminals 400, based on conditions pre-set in the video providing apparatus 100.Also, selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"17, operation S700 of the video providing method may include transmitting a first subtitle font signal to the viewer terminal 400 (operation S740) and transmitting a second subtitle font signal to the viewer terminal 400 (operation S750).\",\n \"In detail, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit, to the viewer terminal 400, the first subtitle font signal including information for displaying first subtitles in a first text size, a first text color, or a first font, together with the first subtitle signal.\",\n \"Similarly, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit, to the viewer terminal 400, the second subtitle font signal including information for displaying second subtitles in a second text size, a second text color, or a second font, together with the second subtitle signal.\",\n \"Generally, the text size, the color, the font, etc.\",\n \"of subtitles may be determined by a terminal of a person watching a video, i.e., by the viewer terminal 400.However, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit a subtitle font signal including information of the font of each of the first and second subtitles to the viewer terminal 400 such that the first subtitles received from the first subtitler terminal 300a and the second subtitles received from the second subtitler terminal 300b are distinguishably displayed on the viewer terminal 400.Here, the first and second subtitle font signals may be signals directly generated by the video providing apparatus 100, or may be signals received respectively from the first and second subtitler terminals 300a and 300b.\",\n \"The video providing apparatus 100 may not transmit a separate subtitle font signal to the viewer terminal 400, but the viewer terminal 400 may directly determine and display a font of each subtitle.\",\n \"Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"18, the video providing method may further include, after operation S700, receiving a feedback signal (operation S800).\",\n \"In other words, the video providing apparatus 100 may receive a feedback signal from the viewer terminal 400.The feedback signal may include evaluation regarding the provided subtitles.\",\n \"In detail, the video providing apparatus 100 may receive, from the viewer terminal 400, a feedback signal including information about various types of feedback, such as feedback indicating that translation of the subtitles is not correct, feedback indicating that the subtitles and the video are not synchronized well, and feedback indicating that the subtitles are satisfactory.\",\n \"The feedback signal may be received by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.Also, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"19, the video providing apparatus 100 may transmit the feedback signal to the subtitler terminal 300.In other words, the video providing method may further include, after operation S800, transmitting the feedback signal to the subtitler terminal 300 (operation S900).\",\n \"The feedback signal may be transmitted by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.According to operation S800, the video providing apparatus 100 may obtain feedback of viewers with respect to the whole of the current video providing system 10.Also, according to operation S900, the video providing apparatus 100 may provide information about feedback of viewers regarding the subtitles of the subtitler terminal 300 to the user of the subtitler terminal 300.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"20, the subtitler terminal 300 may receive the original video signal from the video providing apparatus 100 (operation S1100).\",\n \"The original video signal may be received by the communication unit 310 of the subtitler terminal 300.Then, the subtitler terminal 300 may output the original video (operation S1200).\",\n \"In other words, the subtitler terminal 300 may reproduce the original video such that the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may personally prepare the subtitles while watching the original video.\",\n \"The original video may be output by the output unit 303 of the subtitler terminal 300.Then, the subtitler terminal 300 may receive the subtitles in operation S1300.Here, the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may input the subtitles through an input device, such as a keyword or a touchpad, input the subtitles in voice via a microphone, or select at least some characters from pre-set idioms or pre-prepared subtitles and input the characters as at least some of the subtitles to be input.\",\n \"Also, the subtitler terminal 300 may receive the subtitles automatically generated by an automatic translation computer program inside or outside the subtitler terminal 300.In other words, the subtitler terminal 300 may receive subtitles automatically generated by a computer algorithm, instead of subtitles directly input by the user of the subtitler terminal 300, who is a natural person.\",\n \"Also, despite the expression ‘the subtitles are received’, the subtitler terminal 300 may automatically generate the subtitles by using an automatic translation computer program or a voice recognition computer program installed in the subtitler terminal 300, in operation S1300.Such an operation of receiving the subtitles may be performed by the input unit 320 of the subtitler terminal 300.Then, the subtitler terminal 300 may generate the subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal, in operation S1400.The subtitler terminal 300 may generate the subtitle signal including information of the subtitles received from the user.\",\n \"Here, the subtitle signal may be a signal prepared in a programming language interpretable by the video providing apparatus 100 or the viewer terminal 400.Also, the subtitle signal may be an electronic signal generated such as to be transmitted through the communication unit 310 of the subtitler terminal 300 and received by the communication unit 110 of the video providing apparatus 100.As described above, the subtitle delay signal may be a signal including information for delaying the display of the subtitles.\",\n \"The subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal may be generated by the controller 340 of the subtitler terminal 300.Then, the subtitler terminal 300 may transmit the subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal to the video providing apparatus 100.The subtitle signal and the subtitle delay signal may be transmitted by the communication unit 310 of the subtitler terminal 300.Selectively, according to an embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"21, operation S1300 of the video providing method may include inputting a request to delay the display of the subtitles by the second time period (operation S1310), and operation S1400 may include generating the subtitle delay signal by including the information about the second time period.\",\n \"In detail, the user of the subtitler terminal 300 may estimate the time consumed while inputting the subtitles, i.e., the second time period.\",\n \"In this case, the subtitler terminal 300 may receive a request to display the subtitles by delaying the display by the second time period from the user.\",\n \"Then, the subtitler terminal 300 may generate the subtitle delay signal including the information about the second time period.\",\n \"According to a video providing method of the present disclosure, an original video is provided to a viewer terminal after being delayed by a certain time, and subtitles may be received from a subtitler terminal for the delayed time and then provided to the viewer terminal.\",\n \"Also, according to a video providing method of the present disclosure, information about a timing when subtitles are to be displayed may be provided to a viewer terminal together with the subtitles such that the subtitles are displayed at a right timing on a video provided to the viewer terminal.\",\n \"One or more of the above embodiments may be embodied in the form of a computer program that can be run in a computer through various elements.\",\n \"The computer program may be recorded on a computer-readable recording medium.\",\n \"Examples of the computer-readable recording medium include magnetic media (e.g., hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tapes), optical media (e.g., CD-ROMs and DVDs), magneto-optical media (e.g., floptical disks), and hardware devices specifically configured to store and execute program commands (e.g., ROMs, RAMs, and flash memories).\",\n \"Furthermore, the non-transitory computer-readable recording medium may be a formless medium that can be transmitted and distributed in a network, e.g., software or an application.\",\n \"The computer programs may be specially designed or well known to one of ordinary skill in the computer software field.\",\n \"Examples of the computer programs include code prepared by a compiler, and high-level languages executable by a computer by using an interpreter.\",\n \"The particular implementations shown and described herein are illustrative examples of the disclosure and are not intended to otherwise limit the scope of the disclosure in any way.\",\n \"For the sake of brevity, conventional electronics, control systems, software development and other functional aspects of the systems may not be described in detail.\",\n \"Furthermore, the connecting lines, or connectors shown in the various figures presented are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical or logical couplings between the various elements.\",\n \"It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships, physical connections or logical connections may be present in a practical device.\",\n \"Moreover, no item or component is essential to the practice of the disclosure unless the element is specifically described as “essential” or “critical”.\",\n \"It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.\",\n \"Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments.\",\n \"Embodiments of the present disclosure are related to a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program, and are usable in a video providing apparatus, a video providing method, and a computer program, which provide high convenience to a user watching a video by providing an original video to a viewer terminal by delaying the original video by a certain time, providing subtitles to the viewer terminal by receiving the subtitles from a subtitler terminal during the delayed time, and providing information about a timing of displaying the subtitles to the viewer terminal together with the subtitles such that the subtitles are displayed at a right timing on the video provided to the viewer terminal.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872670"}}},{"rowIdx":4494141,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR NON-OBSTACLE AREA DETECTION","A method performed by an electronic device is described.","The method includes generating a depth map of a scene external to a vehicle.","The method also includes performing first processing in a first direction of a depth map to determine a first non-obstacle estimation of the scene.","The method also includes performing second processing in a second direction of the depth map to determine a second non-obstacle estimation of the scene.","The method further includes combining the first non-obstacle estimation and the second non-obstacle estimation to determine a non-obstacle map of the scene.","The combining includes combining comprises selectively using a first reliability map of the first processing and/or a second reliability map of the second processing The method additionally includes navigating the vehicle using the non-obstacle map."],["1.A method performed by an electronic device, comprising: performing a first processing of a depth map in a first direction; generating a first reliability map based on the first processing; performing a second processing of at least a portion of the depth map in a second direction that is different from the first direction; generating a second reliability map based on the second processing; and identifying at least one non-obstacle area based on the depth map, the first reliability map, and the second reliability map.","2.The method of claim 1, wherein performing the second processing of the at least a portion of the depth map comprises identifying unreliable regions of the depth map based on the first reliability map; and wherein the at least a portion of the depth map corresponds to the unreliable regions that were identified.","3.The method of claim 1, wherein the first direction is horizontal and the second direction is vertical.","4.The method of claim 1, wherein performing the first processing of the depth map comprises dividing the depth map into linear segments in the first direction.","5.The method of claim 4, wherein the linear segments in the first direction are rows of pixels of the depth map.","6.The method of claim 4, wherein the linear segments in the first direction are columns of pixels of the depth map.","7.The method of claim 1, wherein the depth map comprises a depth map of a scene external to a vehicle.","8.The method of claim 7, further comprising navigating the vehicle based on the at least one non-obstacle area.","9.The method of claim 8, wherein navigating the vehicle comprises providing at least the non-obstacle area as input to an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) to regulate at least one of speed or steering of the vehicle.","10.The method of claim 8, wherein navigating the vehicle comprises using the non-obstacle area to identify a region of interest that is used by at least one of an object detection algorithm or a lane detection algorithm.","11.An electronic device, comprising: at least one processor; a memory in communication with the at least one processor; and instructions stored in the memory, the instructions executable by the at least one processor to: perform a first processing of a depth map in a first direction; generate a first reliability map based on the first processing; perform a second processing of at least a portion of the depth map in a second direction that is different from the first direction; generate a second reliability map based on the second processing; and identify at least one non-obstacle area based on the depth map, the first reliability map, and the second reliability map.","12.The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the instructions executable by the at least one processor to perform the second processing of the at least a portion of the depth map comprise instructions executable by the at least one processor to identify unreliable regions of the depth map based on the first reliability map; and wherein the at least a portion of the depth map corresponds to the unreliable regions that were identified.","13.The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the first direction is horizontal and the second direction is vertical.","14.The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the instructions executable by the at least one processor to perform the first processing of the depth map comprise instructions executable by the at least one processor to divide the depth map into linear segments in the first direction.","15.The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the linear segments in the first direction are rows of pixels of the depth map.","16.The electronic device of claim 14, wherein the linear segments in the first direction are columns of pixels of the depth map.","17.The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the depth map comprises a depth map of a scene external to a vehicle.","18.The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the instructions executable by the at least one processor are further executable to navigate the vehicle based on the at least one non-obstacle area.","19.The electronic device of claim 18, wherein the instructions executable by the at least one processor to navigate the vehicle comprise instructions executable by the at least one processor to provide at least the non-obstacle area as input to an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) to regulate at least one of speed or steering of the vehicle.","20.The electronic device of claim 18, wherein the instructions executable by the at least one processor to navigate the vehicle comprise instructions executable by the at least one processor to use the non-obstacle area to identify a region of interest that is used by at least one of an object detection algorithm or a lane detection algorithm.","21.A computer-program product, comprising a non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium having instructions thereon, the instructions comprising: code for causing an electronic device to perform a first processing of a depth map in a first direction; code for causing an electronic device to generate a first reliability map based on the first processing; code for causing an electronic device to perform a second processing of at least a portion of the depth map in a second direction that is different from the first direction; code for causing an electronic device to generate a second reliability map based on the second processing; and code for causing an electronic device to identify at least one non-obstacle area based on the depth map, the first reliability map, and the second reliability map.","22.The computer-program product of claim 21, wherein the code for causing the electronic device to perform the second processing of the at least a portion of the depth map comprises code for causing the electronic device to identify unreliable regions of the depth map based on the first reliability map; and wherein the at least a portion of the depth map corresponds to the unreliable regions that were identified.","23.The computer-program product of claim 21, wherein the first direction is horizontal and the second direction is vertical.","24.The computer-program product of claim 21, wherein the code for causing the electronic device to perform the first processing of the depth map comprises code for causing the electronic device to divide the depth map into linear segments in the first direction.","25.The computer-program product of claim 24, wherein the linear segments in the first direction are rows of pixels of the depth map.","26.The computer-program product of claim 24, wherein the linear segments in the first direction are columns of pixels of the depth map.","27.The computer-program product of claim 21, wherein the depth map comprises a depth map of a scene external to a vehicle.","28.The computer-program product of claim 27, wherein the instructions further comprise further code for causing an electronic device to navigate the vehicle based on the at least one non-obstacle area.","29.The computer-program product of claim 28, wherein the code for causing an electronic device to navigate the vehicle comprises code for causing an electronic device to provide at least the non-obstacle area as input to an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) to regulate at least one of speed or steering of the vehicle.","30.The computer-program product of claim 28, wherein the code for causing an electronic device to navigate the vehicle comprises code for causing an electronic device to use the non-obstacle area to identify a region of interest that is used by at least one of an object detection algorithm or a lane detection algorithm."],[" BACKGROUND In the last several decades, the use of electronic devices has become common.","In particular, advances in electronic technology have reduced the cost of increasingly complex and useful electronic devices.","Cost reduction and consumer demand have proliferated the use of electronic devices such that they are practically ubiquitous in modern society.","As the use of electronic devices has expanded, so has the demand for new and improved features of electronic devices.","More specifically, electronic devices that perform new functions and/or that perform functions faster, more efficiently or with higher quality are often sought after.","Some electronic devices (e.g., cameras, video camcorders, digital cameras, cellular phones, smart phones, computers, televisions, etc.)","capture and/or utilize images.","For example, a smartphone may capture and/or process still and/or video images.","In automotive and autonomous vehicle applications, obstacle detection may be performed by processing an image.","Processing images may demand a relatively large amount of time, memory and energy resources.","The resources demanded may vary in accordance with the complexity of the processing.","It may be difficult to implement some complex processing tasks.","For example, some platforms may have limited processing, memory and/or energy resources.","Furthermore, some applications may be time sensitive.","As can be observed from this discussion, systems and methods that improve image processing may be beneficial."],[" SUMMARY A method performed by an electronic device is described.","The method includes performing vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.","The method also includes performing horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The method further includes combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The method additionally includes generating a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.","Performing vertical processing may include dividing the depth map into segments.","At least one segment may include a number of pixels in a column.","Linear model parameters may be estimated for at least one segment to determine the vertical non-obstacle estimation.","A vertical reliability map that includes a reliability value for the vertical non-obstacle estimation may be generated.","Determining the vertical reliability map may include determining a segment fitting error for a given segment based on a difference between the estimated linear model parameters and pre-determined linear model parameters.","A reliability value for the given segment may be determined by comparing the segment fitting error to a vertical estimation threshold.","The reliability value for the given segment may be applied to at least one pixel in the given segment.","The pre-determined linear model parameters may be selected from among a plurality of road condition models.","The plurality of road condition models may have a corresponding set of linear model parameters.","Performing horizontal processing may include obtaining a depth histogram for at least one row of pixels of the depth map.","A terrain line may be determined from the depth histogram.","A horizontal non-obstacle estimation may be determined based on a distance of a depth value of at least one pixel from the terrain line.","A horizontal reliability map may be generated that includes a reliability value for the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","Generating the horizontal reliability map may include determining whether the depth value of a given pixel is within a range of a mode of the depth histogram.","The given pixel may have a high reliability value when the depth value of the given pixel is within the range of the mode of the depth histogram.","Combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may include performing both the vertical processing and the horizontal processing in parallel.","The vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may be merged based on a vertical reliability map and a horizontal reliability map.","A given pixel may be identified as a non-obstacle area in the non-obstacle map where both the vertical reliability map and the horizontal reliability map are characterized by a high reliability value for the given pixel.","A given pixel may be identified as an obstacle area in the non-obstacle map where at least one of the vertical reliability map or the horizontal reliability map are characterized by a low reliability value for the given pixel.","A given pixel may be identified as a non-obstacle area or obstacle area in the non-obstacle map based on a coordinate of the given pixel where the vertical reliability map and the horizontal reliability map are characterized by different reliability values for the given pixel.","Combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may include performing vertical processing of the depth map.","A vertical reliability map may be obtained based on a model fitting confidence.","Reliable regions of the vertical reliability map may be identified as non-obstacle areas.","Horizontal processing may be performed on unreliable regions of the vertical reliability map to determine whether the unreliable regions are non-obstacle areas.","Combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may include performing horizontal processing of the depth map.","A horizontal reliability map may be obtained based on a depth histogram distance.","Reliable regions of the horizontal reliability map may be identified as non-obstacle areas.","Vertical processing on unreliable regions of the horizontal reliability map may be performed to determine whether the unreliable regions are non-obstacle areas.","The non-obstacle map may be used in identifying a region of interest used by at least one of an object detection algorithm or a lane detection algorithm.","An electronic device is also described.","The electronic device is configured to perform vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.","The electronic device is also configured to perform horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The electronic device is further configured to combine the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The electronic device is additionally configured to generate a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.","An apparatus is also described.","The apparatus includes means for performing vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.","The apparatus also includes means for performing horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The apparatus further includes means for combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The apparatus additionally includes means for generating a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.","A computer-program product is also described.","The computer-program product includes a non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium having instructions thereon.","The instructions include code for causing an electronic device to perform vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.","The instructions also include code for causing the electronic device to perform horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The instructions further include code for causing the electronic device to combine the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The instructions additionally include code for causing the electronic device to generate a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations."],["RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","15/685,390, filed Aug. 24, 2017, for “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR NON-OBSTACLE AREA DETECTION,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","14/858,471, filed Sep. 18, 2015, for “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR NON-OBSTACLE AREA DETECTION,” now U.S. Pat.","No.","9,761,000, both of which are assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.","FIELD OF DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates generally to electronic devices.","More specifically, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for non-obstacle area detection.","BACKGROUND In the last several decades, the use of electronic devices has become common.","In particular, advances in electronic technology have reduced the cost of increasingly complex and useful electronic devices.","Cost reduction and consumer demand have proliferated the use of electronic devices such that they are practically ubiquitous in modern society.","As the use of electronic devices has expanded, so has the demand for new and improved features of electronic devices.","More specifically, electronic devices that perform new functions and/or that perform functions faster, more efficiently or with higher quality are often sought after.","Some electronic devices (e.g., cameras, video camcorders, digital cameras, cellular phones, smart phones, computers, televisions, etc.)","capture and/or utilize images.","For example, a smartphone may capture and/or process still and/or video images.","In automotive and autonomous vehicle applications, obstacle detection may be performed by processing an image.","Processing images may demand a relatively large amount of time, memory and energy resources.","The resources demanded may vary in accordance with the complexity of the processing.","It may be difficult to implement some complex processing tasks.","For example, some platforms may have limited processing, memory and/or energy resources.","Furthermore, some applications may be time sensitive.","As can be observed from this discussion, systems and methods that improve image processing may be beneficial.","SUMMARY A method performed by an electronic device is described.","The method includes performing vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.","The method also includes performing horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The method further includes combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The method additionally includes generating a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.","Performing vertical processing may include dividing the depth map into segments.","At least one segment may include a number of pixels in a column.","Linear model parameters may be estimated for at least one segment to determine the vertical non-obstacle estimation.","A vertical reliability map that includes a reliability value for the vertical non-obstacle estimation may be generated.","Determining the vertical reliability map may include determining a segment fitting error for a given segment based on a difference between the estimated linear model parameters and pre-determined linear model parameters.","A reliability value for the given segment may be determined by comparing the segment fitting error to a vertical estimation threshold.","The reliability value for the given segment may be applied to at least one pixel in the given segment.","The pre-determined linear model parameters may be selected from among a plurality of road condition models.","The plurality of road condition models may have a corresponding set of linear model parameters.","Performing horizontal processing may include obtaining a depth histogram for at least one row of pixels of the depth map.","A terrain line may be determined from the depth histogram.","A horizontal non-obstacle estimation may be determined based on a distance of a depth value of at least one pixel from the terrain line.","A horizontal reliability map may be generated that includes a reliability value for the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","Generating the horizontal reliability map may include determining whether the depth value of a given pixel is within a range of a mode of the depth histogram.","The given pixel may have a high reliability value when the depth value of the given pixel is within the range of the mode of the depth histogram.","Combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may include performing both the vertical processing and the horizontal processing in parallel.","The vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may be merged based on a vertical reliability map and a horizontal reliability map.","A given pixel may be identified as a non-obstacle area in the non-obstacle map where both the vertical reliability map and the horizontal reliability map are characterized by a high reliability value for the given pixel.","A given pixel may be identified as an obstacle area in the non-obstacle map where at least one of the vertical reliability map or the horizontal reliability map are characterized by a low reliability value for the given pixel.","A given pixel may be identified as a non-obstacle area or obstacle area in the non-obstacle map based on a coordinate of the given pixel where the vertical reliability map and the horizontal reliability map are characterized by different reliability values for the given pixel.","Combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may include performing vertical processing of the depth map.","A vertical reliability map may be obtained based on a model fitting confidence.","Reliable regions of the vertical reliability map may be identified as non-obstacle areas.","Horizontal processing may be performed on unreliable regions of the vertical reliability map to determine whether the unreliable regions are non-obstacle areas.","Combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may include performing horizontal processing of the depth map.","A horizontal reliability map may be obtained based on a depth histogram distance.","Reliable regions of the horizontal reliability map may be identified as non-obstacle areas.","Vertical processing on unreliable regions of the horizontal reliability map may be performed to determine whether the unreliable regions are non-obstacle areas.","The non-obstacle map may be used in identifying a region of interest used by at least one of an object detection algorithm or a lane detection algorithm.","An electronic device is also described.","The electronic device is configured to perform vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.","The electronic device is also configured to perform horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The electronic device is further configured to combine the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The electronic device is additionally configured to generate a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.","An apparatus is also described.","The apparatus includes means for performing vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.","The apparatus also includes means for performing horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The apparatus further includes means for combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The apparatus additionally includes means for generating a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.","A computer-program product is also described.","The computer-program product includes a non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium having instructions thereon.","The instructions include code for causing an electronic device to perform vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.","The instructions also include code for causing the electronic device to perform horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The instructions further include code for causing the electronic device to combine the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","The instructions additionally include code for causing the electronic device to generate a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.","1 is a block diagram illustrating an electronic device configured to perform non-obstacle area detection; FIG.","2 is a block diagram illustrating a non-obstacle determination module; FIG.","3 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for performing non-obstacle area detection; FIGS.","4A-4D illustrate an example of a vertical processing of a depth map; FIG.","5 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for performing non-obstacle area detection using vertical processing; FIGS.","6A-6D illustrate an example of a horizontal processing of a depth map; FIG.","7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for performing non-obstacle area detection using horizontal processing; FIG.","8 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for combining a vertical non-obstacle estimation and a horizontal non-obstacle estimation to determine a non-obstacle map; FIG.","9 is a flow diagram illustrating another method for combining a vertical non-obstacle estimation and a horizontal non-obstacle estimation to determine a non-obstacle map; FIG.","10 is a flow diagram illustrating yet another method for combining a vertical non-obstacle estimation and a horizontal non-obstacle estimation to determine a non-obstacle map; FIGS.","11A-11B illustrate an example of determining non-obstacle areas in an image; FIGS.","12A-12B illustrate another example of determining non-obstacle areas in an image; FIGS.","13A-13B illustrate an example of determining distance from a non-obstacle area; FIG.","14 illustrates an example of using the non-obstacle map to identify a region of interest (ROI) used by an object detection algorithm; FIG.","15 illustrates an example of using the non-obstacle map to identify a ROI used by a lane detection algorithm; FIG.","16 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for classifying a road based on estimated linear model parameters; and FIG.","17 illustrates certain components that may be included within an electronic device.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION In many applications, it is advantageous to identify non-object areas within a region or environment for obstacle avoidance.","For example, with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), it is important to identify the drivable area in front of the car for obstacle avoidance.","Another scenario in which obstacle avoidance is important is vehicular automation in which an autonomous vehicle (e.g., an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or autonomous automobile) senses its environment and navigates without human input.","Typically the problem of obstacle avoidance is looked at from the other direction, where objects of interest (e.g., pedestrians, cars, bicycles) are detected and may be identified via object detection/recognition algorithms and alerts are provided to the driver for taking precaution.","For example, obstacle detection may be utilized to detect and identify traffic signs (e.g., speed limit signs, stop signs, street signs, etc.).","However, this approach may be slow and inaccurate.","Furthermore all the object classes have to be trained beforehand, which makes it difficult to ad din new object classes.","In the systems and methods described herein, instead of identifying objects, regions are identified that are free of obstacles or objects.","These regions may be referred to as moveable areas.","In other words, these three dimensional regions are non-obstacle areas in which movement is possible.","For example, a non-obstacle area may be identified on a road.","Upon identifying non-obstacle areas, various other applications such as road profiling, speed control, faster and more reliable object, and lane detection may be performed using the non-obstacle area.","The systems and methods described herein may be used to identify a non-obstacle area by analyzing a depth map.","In an implementation, the depth map may be generated from a stereo image pair.","In a road scenario, open space in the front may be mapped to a linear model that describes the road in the depth domain.","By using the depth of road segments, linear model parameters may be estimated.","The estimated linear model parameters may be compared with prior (e.g., pre-determined) model parameters.","If fitting is achieved, then the segments are declared to be part of the open area.","If a stereo image pair is not available, methods such as structure from motion can be used to obtain a depth map by using a mono camera input sequence.","The systems and methods described herein provide for the determination of a non-obstacle map based on an intelligent combination of vertical processing and horizontal processing of one or more images.","Systems and methods of performing identifying a non-obstacle area are explained in greater detail below.","FIG.","1 is a block diagram illustrating an electronic device 102 configured to perform non-obstacle area detection.","The electronic device 102 may also be referred to as a wireless communication device, a mobile device, mobile station, subscriber station, client, client station, user equipment (UE), remote station, access terminal, mobile terminal, terminal, user terminal, subscriber unit, etc.","Examples of electronic devices include laptop or desktop computers, cellular phones, smart phones, wireless modems, e-readers, tablet devices, gaming systems, robots, aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), automobiles, etc.","Some of these devices may operate in accordance with one or more industry standards.","In many scenarios, the electronic device 102 may use a non-obstacle map 126 of a scene.","In one example, a smartphone may generate a non-obstacle map 126 of a scene to identify unoccupied space.","In another example, an automobile may include an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) that may use a non-obstacle map 126 to regulate speed, steering, parking, etc., of the automobile based on detected traffic signs, signals and/or other objects.","In another example, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) may generate a non-obstacle map 126 from video recorded while in flight, may navigate based on detected objects (e.g., buildings, signs, people, packages, etc.","), may pick up and/or deliver a detected package, etc.","Many other examples may be implemented in accordance with the systems and methods disclosed herein.","For instance, the systems and method disclosed herein could be implemented in a robot that performs one or more actions (e.g., fetching something, assembling something, searching for an item, etc.)","based on one or more objects detected using the non-obstacle map 126.An electronic device 102 may include one or more cameras.","A camera may include an image sensor 104 and an optical system 108 (e.g., lenses) that focuses images of objects that are located within the field of view of the optical system 108 onto the image sensor 104.An electronic device 102 may also include a camera software application and a display screen.","When the camera application is running, images 114 of objects that are located within the field of view of the optical system 108 may be recorded by the image sensor 104.These images 114 may be stored in a memory buffer 112.In some implementations, the camera may be separate from the electronic device 102 and the electronic device 102 may receive image data from one or more cameras external to the electronic device 102.Although the present systems and methods are described in terms of captured images 114, the techniques discussed herein may be used on any digital image.","Therefore, the terms video frame and digital image may be used interchangeably herein.","In many applications, it is beneficial for an electronic device 102 to identify areas that are free of obstacles.","For example, in the case of ADAS, it is important to identify the drivable area in front of the car for obstacle avoidance.","In some approaches, this problem is looked at from the other direction.","In these approaches, objects of interest (e.g., pedestrians, cars, bicycles) are identified via object detection and recognition algorithms and alerts are provided to the driver for taking precaution.","Other approaches may determine non-obstacle areas by performing one of either vertical processing or horizontal processing of an image 114.Each of the vertical processing and horizontal processing may estimate non-obstacle areas in an image 114.However, each approach has limitations when performed independently.","Horizontal processing may give an incorrect non-obstacle estimation when a road is slanted.","Vertical processing may perform segmentation on the image 114.If the segments are large, then fitting is more reliable.","However parts of objects could be included as non-obstacle (i.e., non-obstacle) areas as well.","For example, using vertical processing, the bottom and top of cars or pedestrians may be incorrectly identified as a non-obstacle area.","Also, sidewalks could be incorrectly identified as a non-obstacle area with the vertical processing approach.","However, if segments are small, an inaccurate detection of non-obstacle area may occur.","The systems and methods described herein provide for the determination of a non-obstacle map 126 based on an intelligent combination of vertical processing and horizontal processing of one or more images 114.In the described systems and methods, instead of identifying objects, a non-obstacle map 126 may be determined by combining vertical processing and horizontal processing of a depth map.","In one implementation, the depth map may be obtained from one or more images.","In another implementation, the depth map may be obtained from a depth data acquisition process (e.g., LIDAR).","In an implementation, the electronic device 102 may include a non-obstacle determination module 116 for determining a non-obstacle map 126.The non-obstacle determination module 116 may include a depth map generator 118 for obtaining a depth map.","The non-obstacle determination module 116 may also include a vertical estimation module 120 for performing vertical processing of the depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.","The non-obstacle determination module 116 may further include a horizontal estimation module 122 for performing horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.","An estimation combiner 124 may combine the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation to determine a non-obstacle map 126.In an implementation, the estimation combiner 124 may intelligently combine the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation based on reliability values associated with the estimations.","The non-obstacle map 126 may indicate which areas of the one or more images 114 are non-obstacle areas and which areas are obstacle areas.","More detail on generating the non-obstacle map 126 is given in connection with FIG.","2.In an example, the non-obstacle map 126 may include non-obstacle areas that are free of obstacles (e.g., objects) on the roads.","By combining the vertical processing and horizontal processing of an image 114, false detections may be eliminated.","Furthermore, a combined approach may provide a more reliable non-obstacle estimation.","The described systems and methods may be used to speed up various other applications.","For example, the electronic device 102 may use the non-obstacle map 126 for other applications such as object detection, scene understanding, road profiling, and lane detection.","The described systems and methods may also solve the problem of road curb detection that current lane detection algorithms cannot handle.","The described systems and methods may further help in autonomous driving, where the speed is adjusted based on the terrain of the road.","FIG.","2 is a block diagram illustrating a non-obstacle determination module 216.The non-obstacle determination module 216 may be implemented within an electronic or wireless device.","The non-obstacle determination module 216 may include a depth map generator 218, a vertical estimation module 220, a horizontal estimation module 222 and an estimation combiner 224.The non-obstacle determination module 216, depth map generator 218, a vertical estimation module 220, a horizontal estimation module 222 and an estimation combiner 224 may be configurations of the non-obstacle determination module 116, depth map generator 118, a vertical estimation module 120, a horizontal estimation module 122 and an estimation combiner 124 described above in connection with FIG.","1.The depth map generator 218 may receive one or more images 214.In a configuration, the one or more images 214 may be obtained via a camera (e.g., an image sensor 104 and optical system 108), as described in connection with FIG.","1.In an implementation, the depth map generator 218 may receive a stereo image pair.","In another implementation, the one or more images 214 may come from a video mono image.","The image 214 may be a digital image made up of pixels.","The depth map generator 218 may obtain a depth map 230 from the one or more images 214.The depth map 230 may include pixels 232 corresponding to the pixels of the one or more images 214.Each pixel 232 in the depth map 230 has a depth value 234.The depth value 234 indicates a distance of the pixel 232 relative to the camera.","For example, a pixel 232 with a higher depth value 234 may indicate a closer proximity to the camera than a pixel 232 with a lower depth value 234.An example of a depth map 230 is discussed in connection with FIGS.","4A-4D.","It should be noted that the algorithm described herein does not require a depth value 234 for each pixel 232.For example, the depth map 230 may have holes.","The depth value 234 of these holes may be filled in before starting processing.","In the case of a stereo image pair, the depth map generator 218 may find the correspondence between pixels 232 to estimate a disparity.","From the disparity, the depth map generator 218 may determine the depth value 234 for each pixel 232.Alternatively, with a video mono image, the depth map generator 218 may determine the depth value 234 for each pixel 232 based on the motion of the video.","The depth map 230 may be provided to the vertical estimation module 220 and the horizontal estimation module 222.The vertical estimation module 220 may perform vertical processing of the depth map 230 to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation 242.The horizontal estimation module 222 may perform horizontal processing of the depth map 230 to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation 258.The vertical estimation module 220 may divide the depth map 230 into segments 236.Each segment 236 may include a number of pixels 232 in a column of the depth map 230.In other words, the vertical estimation module 220 may process vertical segments 236 of the depth map 230.A segment 236 may be a portion of a column of pixels 232 in the depth map 230.For example, the segment 236 may be a vector of 10-15 pixels 232.The segments 236 may or may not overlap.","The vertical estimation module 220 may estimate linear model parameters for each segment 236 to determine the vertical non-obstacle estimation 242.Each segment 236 in the vertical direction may be estimated via a linear model.","The linear model may be expressed as y=p1x+p2, (1) where y is the depth value 234 of a pixel 232, x is the coordinate of the pixel 232, and p1 and p2 are the estimated linear model parameters 238.If the estimation error is less than a vertical estimation threshold 246 and the linear fit has certain slope, it may be labelled as valid free space (a non-obstacle area 266).","In an implementation, a slope greater than 0 indicates non-obstacle, whereas a slope that is less than or equal to 0 indicates an object or obstacle.","An example of this approach is discussed in connection with FIGS.","4A-4D.","In matrix form, the linear model of Equation (1) is given by Equation (2).","[ y 1 y 2 y 3 ⋮ y n ] = [ x 1 1 x 2 1 x 3 1 ⋮ x n 1 ] × [ p 1 p 2 ] ( 2 ) In Equation (2), y is an n-by-1 vector of depth values 234, x is the n-by-2 design matrix (i.e., a matrix of n rows, 2 columns) for the model coordinates in the vertical dimension, and p1 and p2 are the estimated linear model parameters 238.The value of n corresponds to the number of pixels 232 in the depth map segment 236.In one approach, p1, and p2 may be solved using a least-squares solution.","In this approach, p is a vector of the unknown coefficients p1, and p2.The normal equations are given by (XTX)p=XTy (3) where XT is the transpose of the design matrix X.","Solving for p in Equation (4) results in the estimated linear model parameters 238 (i.e., p1 and p2).","p=(XTX)−1XTy (4) It should be noted that in an optimized implementation, the matrix inversion term (XTX)−1XT is fixed based on the location (i.e., the y-coordinate) and could be pre-calculated based on location and stored.","Also, a piecewise linear model could estimate dips and bumps in a surface, with variation in p1, p2 and segment length.","Furthermore, the primary complexity of this approach is due to matrix multiplication of two vectors of size n in the above Equation (2).","In an example, n may be 10 or the chosen piecewise length instead of 10.The vertical estimation module 220 may determine a vertical reliability map 248 a reliability value 250 for the vertical non-obstacle estimation 242.In an implementation, the vertical estimation module 220 may determine a segment fitting error 244 for each segment 236 based on the difference between the estimated linear model parameters 238 and pre-determined linear model parameters 240.The predetermined model parameters may be referred to as [pM1, pM2].","The vertical estimation module 220 may check how close the predetermined model parameters are to the estimated parameters [p1, p2] by comparing to a threshold (TH1).","For example, |p1−pM1| BACKGROUND In the last several decades, the use of electronic devices has become common.\",\n \"In particular, advances in electronic technology have reduced the cost of increasingly complex and useful electronic devices.\",\n \"Cost reduction and consumer demand have proliferated the use of electronic devices such that they are practically ubiquitous in modern society.\",\n \"As the use of electronic devices has expanded, so has the demand for new and improved features of electronic devices.\",\n \"More specifically, electronic devices that perform new functions and/or that perform functions faster, more efficiently or with higher quality are often sought after.\",\n \"Some electronic devices (e.g., cameras, video camcorders, digital cameras, cellular phones, smart phones, computers, televisions, etc.)\",\n \"capture and/or utilize images.\",\n \"For example, a smartphone may capture and/or process still and/or video images.\",\n \"In automotive and autonomous vehicle applications, obstacle detection may be performed by processing an image.\",\n \"Processing images may demand a relatively large amount of time, memory and energy resources.\",\n \"The resources demanded may vary in accordance with the complexity of the processing.\",\n \"It may be difficult to implement some complex processing tasks.\",\n \"For example, some platforms may have limited processing, memory and/or energy resources.\",\n \"Furthermore, some applications may be time sensitive.\",\n \"As can be observed from this discussion, systems and methods that improve image processing may be beneficial.\"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY A method performed by an electronic device is described.\",\n \"The method includes performing vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The method also includes performing horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The method further includes combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The method additionally includes generating a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.\",\n \"Performing vertical processing may include dividing the depth map into segments.\",\n \"At least one segment may include a number of pixels in a column.\",\n \"Linear model parameters may be estimated for at least one segment to determine the vertical non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"A vertical reliability map that includes a reliability value for the vertical non-obstacle estimation may be generated.\",\n \"Determining the vertical reliability map may include determining a segment fitting error for a given segment based on a difference between the estimated linear model parameters and pre-determined linear model parameters.\",\n \"A reliability value for the given segment may be determined by comparing the segment fitting error to a vertical estimation threshold.\",\n \"The reliability value for the given segment may be applied to at least one pixel in the given segment.\",\n \"The pre-determined linear model parameters may be selected from among a plurality of road condition models.\",\n \"The plurality of road condition models may have a corresponding set of linear model parameters.\",\n \"Performing horizontal processing may include obtaining a depth histogram for at least one row of pixels of the depth map.\",\n \"A terrain line may be determined from the depth histogram.\",\n \"A horizontal non-obstacle estimation may be determined based on a distance of a depth value of at least one pixel from the terrain line.\",\n \"A horizontal reliability map may be generated that includes a reliability value for the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"Generating the horizontal reliability map may include determining whether the depth value of a given pixel is within a range of a mode of the depth histogram.\",\n \"The given pixel may have a high reliability value when the depth value of the given pixel is within the range of the mode of the depth histogram.\",\n \"Combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may include performing both the vertical processing and the horizontal processing in parallel.\",\n \"The vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may be merged based on a vertical reliability map and a horizontal reliability map.\",\n \"A given pixel may be identified as a non-obstacle area in the non-obstacle map where both the vertical reliability map and the horizontal reliability map are characterized by a high reliability value for the given pixel.\",\n \"A given pixel may be identified as an obstacle area in the non-obstacle map where at least one of the vertical reliability map or the horizontal reliability map are characterized by a low reliability value for the given pixel.\",\n \"A given pixel may be identified as a non-obstacle area or obstacle area in the non-obstacle map based on a coordinate of the given pixel where the vertical reliability map and the horizontal reliability map are characterized by different reliability values for the given pixel.\",\n \"Combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may include performing vertical processing of the depth map.\",\n \"A vertical reliability map may be obtained based on a model fitting confidence.\",\n \"Reliable regions of the vertical reliability map may be identified as non-obstacle areas.\",\n \"Horizontal processing may be performed on unreliable regions of the vertical reliability map to determine whether the unreliable regions are non-obstacle areas.\",\n \"Combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may include performing horizontal processing of the depth map.\",\n \"A horizontal reliability map may be obtained based on a depth histogram distance.\",\n \"Reliable regions of the horizontal reliability map may be identified as non-obstacle areas.\",\n \"Vertical processing on unreliable regions of the horizontal reliability map may be performed to determine whether the unreliable regions are non-obstacle areas.\",\n \"The non-obstacle map may be used in identifying a region of interest used by at least one of an object detection algorithm or a lane detection algorithm.\",\n \"An electronic device is also described.\",\n \"The electronic device is configured to perform vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The electronic device is also configured to perform horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The electronic device is further configured to combine the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The electronic device is additionally configured to generate a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.\",\n \"An apparatus is also described.\",\n \"The apparatus includes means for performing vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The apparatus also includes means for performing horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The apparatus further includes means for combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The apparatus additionally includes means for generating a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.\",\n \"A computer-program product is also described.\",\n \"The computer-program product includes a non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium having instructions thereon.\",\n \"The instructions include code for causing an electronic device to perform vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The instructions also include code for causing the electronic device to perform horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The instructions further include code for causing the electronic device to combine the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The instructions additionally include code for causing the electronic device to generate a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.\"\n ],\n [\n \"RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"15/685,390, filed Aug. 24, 2017, for “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR NON-OBSTACLE AREA DETECTION,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/858,471, filed Sep. 18, 2015, for “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR NON-OBSTACLE AREA DETECTION,” now U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"9,761,000, both of which are assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.\",\n \"FIELD OF DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates generally to electronic devices.\",\n \"More specifically, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for non-obstacle area detection.\",\n \"BACKGROUND In the last several decades, the use of electronic devices has become common.\",\n \"In particular, advances in electronic technology have reduced the cost of increasingly complex and useful electronic devices.\",\n \"Cost reduction and consumer demand have proliferated the use of electronic devices such that they are practically ubiquitous in modern society.\",\n \"As the use of electronic devices has expanded, so has the demand for new and improved features of electronic devices.\",\n \"More specifically, electronic devices that perform new functions and/or that perform functions faster, more efficiently or with higher quality are often sought after.\",\n \"Some electronic devices (e.g., cameras, video camcorders, digital cameras, cellular phones, smart phones, computers, televisions, etc.)\",\n \"capture and/or utilize images.\",\n \"For example, a smartphone may capture and/or process still and/or video images.\",\n \"In automotive and autonomous vehicle applications, obstacle detection may be performed by processing an image.\",\n \"Processing images may demand a relatively large amount of time, memory and energy resources.\",\n \"The resources demanded may vary in accordance with the complexity of the processing.\",\n \"It may be difficult to implement some complex processing tasks.\",\n \"For example, some platforms may have limited processing, memory and/or energy resources.\",\n \"Furthermore, some applications may be time sensitive.\",\n \"As can be observed from this discussion, systems and methods that improve image processing may be beneficial.\",\n \"SUMMARY A method performed by an electronic device is described.\",\n \"The method includes performing vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The method also includes performing horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The method further includes combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The method additionally includes generating a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.\",\n \"Performing vertical processing may include dividing the depth map into segments.\",\n \"At least one segment may include a number of pixels in a column.\",\n \"Linear model parameters may be estimated for at least one segment to determine the vertical non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"A vertical reliability map that includes a reliability value for the vertical non-obstacle estimation may be generated.\",\n \"Determining the vertical reliability map may include determining a segment fitting error for a given segment based on a difference between the estimated linear model parameters and pre-determined linear model parameters.\",\n \"A reliability value for the given segment may be determined by comparing the segment fitting error to a vertical estimation threshold.\",\n \"The reliability value for the given segment may be applied to at least one pixel in the given segment.\",\n \"The pre-determined linear model parameters may be selected from among a plurality of road condition models.\",\n \"The plurality of road condition models may have a corresponding set of linear model parameters.\",\n \"Performing horizontal processing may include obtaining a depth histogram for at least one row of pixels of the depth map.\",\n \"A terrain line may be determined from the depth histogram.\",\n \"A horizontal non-obstacle estimation may be determined based on a distance of a depth value of at least one pixel from the terrain line.\",\n \"A horizontal reliability map may be generated that includes a reliability value for the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"Generating the horizontal reliability map may include determining whether the depth value of a given pixel is within a range of a mode of the depth histogram.\",\n \"The given pixel may have a high reliability value when the depth value of the given pixel is within the range of the mode of the depth histogram.\",\n \"Combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may include performing both the vertical processing and the horizontal processing in parallel.\",\n \"The vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may be merged based on a vertical reliability map and a horizontal reliability map.\",\n \"A given pixel may be identified as a non-obstacle area in the non-obstacle map where both the vertical reliability map and the horizontal reliability map are characterized by a high reliability value for the given pixel.\",\n \"A given pixel may be identified as an obstacle area in the non-obstacle map where at least one of the vertical reliability map or the horizontal reliability map are characterized by a low reliability value for the given pixel.\",\n \"A given pixel may be identified as a non-obstacle area or obstacle area in the non-obstacle map based on a coordinate of the given pixel where the vertical reliability map and the horizontal reliability map are characterized by different reliability values for the given pixel.\",\n \"Combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may include performing vertical processing of the depth map.\",\n \"A vertical reliability map may be obtained based on a model fitting confidence.\",\n \"Reliable regions of the vertical reliability map may be identified as non-obstacle areas.\",\n \"Horizontal processing may be performed on unreliable regions of the vertical reliability map to determine whether the unreliable regions are non-obstacle areas.\",\n \"Combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation may include performing horizontal processing of the depth map.\",\n \"A horizontal reliability map may be obtained based on a depth histogram distance.\",\n \"Reliable regions of the horizontal reliability map may be identified as non-obstacle areas.\",\n \"Vertical processing on unreliable regions of the horizontal reliability map may be performed to determine whether the unreliable regions are non-obstacle areas.\",\n \"The non-obstacle map may be used in identifying a region of interest used by at least one of an object detection algorithm or a lane detection algorithm.\",\n \"An electronic device is also described.\",\n \"The electronic device is configured to perform vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The electronic device is also configured to perform horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The electronic device is further configured to combine the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The electronic device is additionally configured to generate a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.\",\n \"An apparatus is also described.\",\n \"The apparatus includes means for performing vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The apparatus also includes means for performing horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The apparatus further includes means for combining the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The apparatus additionally includes means for generating a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.\",\n \"A computer-program product is also described.\",\n \"The computer-program product includes a non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium having instructions thereon.\",\n \"The instructions include code for causing an electronic device to perform vertical processing of a depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The instructions also include code for causing the electronic device to perform horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The instructions further include code for causing the electronic device to combine the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The instructions additionally include code for causing the electronic device to generate a non-obstacle map based on the combination of the vertical and horizontal non-obstacle estimations.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.\",\n \"1 is a block diagram illustrating an electronic device configured to perform non-obstacle area detection; FIG.\",\n \"2 is a block diagram illustrating a non-obstacle determination module; FIG.\",\n \"3 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for performing non-obstacle area detection; FIGS.\",\n \"4A-4D illustrate an example of a vertical processing of a depth map; FIG.\",\n \"5 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for performing non-obstacle area detection using vertical processing; FIGS.\",\n \"6A-6D illustrate an example of a horizontal processing of a depth map; FIG.\",\n \"7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for performing non-obstacle area detection using horizontal processing; FIG.\",\n \"8 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for combining a vertical non-obstacle estimation and a horizontal non-obstacle estimation to determine a non-obstacle map; FIG.\",\n \"9 is a flow diagram illustrating another method for combining a vertical non-obstacle estimation and a horizontal non-obstacle estimation to determine a non-obstacle map; FIG.\",\n \"10 is a flow diagram illustrating yet another method for combining a vertical non-obstacle estimation and a horizontal non-obstacle estimation to determine a non-obstacle map; FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11B illustrate an example of determining non-obstacle areas in an image; FIGS.\",\n \"12A-12B illustrate another example of determining non-obstacle areas in an image; FIGS.\",\n \"13A-13B illustrate an example of determining distance from a non-obstacle area; FIG.\",\n \"14 illustrates an example of using the non-obstacle map to identify a region of interest (ROI) used by an object detection algorithm; FIG.\",\n \"15 illustrates an example of using the non-obstacle map to identify a ROI used by a lane detection algorithm; FIG.\",\n \"16 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for classifying a road based on estimated linear model parameters; and FIG.\",\n \"17 illustrates certain components that may be included within an electronic device.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION In many applications, it is advantageous to identify non-object areas within a region or environment for obstacle avoidance.\",\n \"For example, with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), it is important to identify the drivable area in front of the car for obstacle avoidance.\",\n \"Another scenario in which obstacle avoidance is important is vehicular automation in which an autonomous vehicle (e.g., an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or autonomous automobile) senses its environment and navigates without human input.\",\n \"Typically the problem of obstacle avoidance is looked at from the other direction, where objects of interest (e.g., pedestrians, cars, bicycles) are detected and may be identified via object detection/recognition algorithms and alerts are provided to the driver for taking precaution.\",\n \"For example, obstacle detection may be utilized to detect and identify traffic signs (e.g., speed limit signs, stop signs, street signs, etc.).\",\n \"However, this approach may be slow and inaccurate.\",\n \"Furthermore all the object classes have to be trained beforehand, which makes it difficult to ad din new object classes.\",\n \"In the systems and methods described herein, instead of identifying objects, regions are identified that are free of obstacles or objects.\",\n \"These regions may be referred to as moveable areas.\",\n \"In other words, these three dimensional regions are non-obstacle areas in which movement is possible.\",\n \"For example, a non-obstacle area may be identified on a road.\",\n \"Upon identifying non-obstacle areas, various other applications such as road profiling, speed control, faster and more reliable object, and lane detection may be performed using the non-obstacle area.\",\n \"The systems and methods described herein may be used to identify a non-obstacle area by analyzing a depth map.\",\n \"In an implementation, the depth map may be generated from a stereo image pair.\",\n \"In a road scenario, open space in the front may be mapped to a linear model that describes the road in the depth domain.\",\n \"By using the depth of road segments, linear model parameters may be estimated.\",\n \"The estimated linear model parameters may be compared with prior (e.g., pre-determined) model parameters.\",\n \"If fitting is achieved, then the segments are declared to be part of the open area.\",\n \"If a stereo image pair is not available, methods such as structure from motion can be used to obtain a depth map by using a mono camera input sequence.\",\n \"The systems and methods described herein provide for the determination of a non-obstacle map based on an intelligent combination of vertical processing and horizontal processing of one or more images.\",\n \"Systems and methods of performing identifying a non-obstacle area are explained in greater detail below.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1 is a block diagram illustrating an electronic device 102 configured to perform non-obstacle area detection.\",\n \"The electronic device 102 may also be referred to as a wireless communication device, a mobile device, mobile station, subscriber station, client, client station, user equipment (UE), remote station, access terminal, mobile terminal, terminal, user terminal, subscriber unit, etc.\",\n \"Examples of electronic devices include laptop or desktop computers, cellular phones, smart phones, wireless modems, e-readers, tablet devices, gaming systems, robots, aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), automobiles, etc.\",\n \"Some of these devices may operate in accordance with one or more industry standards.\",\n \"In many scenarios, the electronic device 102 may use a non-obstacle map 126 of a scene.\",\n \"In one example, a smartphone may generate a non-obstacle map 126 of a scene to identify unoccupied space.\",\n \"In another example, an automobile may include an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) that may use a non-obstacle map 126 to regulate speed, steering, parking, etc., of the automobile based on detected traffic signs, signals and/or other objects.\",\n \"In another example, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) may generate a non-obstacle map 126 from video recorded while in flight, may navigate based on detected objects (e.g., buildings, signs, people, packages, etc.\",\n \"), may pick up and/or deliver a detected package, etc.\",\n \"Many other examples may be implemented in accordance with the systems and methods disclosed herein.\",\n \"For instance, the systems and method disclosed herein could be implemented in a robot that performs one or more actions (e.g., fetching something, assembling something, searching for an item, etc.)\",\n \"based on one or more objects detected using the non-obstacle map 126.An electronic device 102 may include one or more cameras.\",\n \"A camera may include an image sensor 104 and an optical system 108 (e.g., lenses) that focuses images of objects that are located within the field of view of the optical system 108 onto the image sensor 104.An electronic device 102 may also include a camera software application and a display screen.\",\n \"When the camera application is running, images 114 of objects that are located within the field of view of the optical system 108 may be recorded by the image sensor 104.These images 114 may be stored in a memory buffer 112.In some implementations, the camera may be separate from the electronic device 102 and the electronic device 102 may receive image data from one or more cameras external to the electronic device 102.Although the present systems and methods are described in terms of captured images 114, the techniques discussed herein may be used on any digital image.\",\n \"Therefore, the terms video frame and digital image may be used interchangeably herein.\",\n \"In many applications, it is beneficial for an electronic device 102 to identify areas that are free of obstacles.\",\n \"For example, in the case of ADAS, it is important to identify the drivable area in front of the car for obstacle avoidance.\",\n \"In some approaches, this problem is looked at from the other direction.\",\n \"In these approaches, objects of interest (e.g., pedestrians, cars, bicycles) are identified via object detection and recognition algorithms and alerts are provided to the driver for taking precaution.\",\n \"Other approaches may determine non-obstacle areas by performing one of either vertical processing or horizontal processing of an image 114.Each of the vertical processing and horizontal processing may estimate non-obstacle areas in an image 114.However, each approach has limitations when performed independently.\",\n \"Horizontal processing may give an incorrect non-obstacle estimation when a road is slanted.\",\n \"Vertical processing may perform segmentation on the image 114.If the segments are large, then fitting is more reliable.\",\n \"However parts of objects could be included as non-obstacle (i.e., non-obstacle) areas as well.\",\n \"For example, using vertical processing, the bottom and top of cars or pedestrians may be incorrectly identified as a non-obstacle area.\",\n \"Also, sidewalks could be incorrectly identified as a non-obstacle area with the vertical processing approach.\",\n \"However, if segments are small, an inaccurate detection of non-obstacle area may occur.\",\n \"The systems and methods described herein provide for the determination of a non-obstacle map 126 based on an intelligent combination of vertical processing and horizontal processing of one or more images 114.In the described systems and methods, instead of identifying objects, a non-obstacle map 126 may be determined by combining vertical processing and horizontal processing of a depth map.\",\n \"In one implementation, the depth map may be obtained from one or more images.\",\n \"In another implementation, the depth map may be obtained from a depth data acquisition process (e.g., LIDAR).\",\n \"In an implementation, the electronic device 102 may include a non-obstacle determination module 116 for determining a non-obstacle map 126.The non-obstacle determination module 116 may include a depth map generator 118 for obtaining a depth map.\",\n \"The non-obstacle determination module 116 may also include a vertical estimation module 120 for performing vertical processing of the depth map to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The non-obstacle determination module 116 may further include a horizontal estimation module 122 for performing horizontal processing of the depth map to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"An estimation combiner 124 may combine the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation to determine a non-obstacle map 126.In an implementation, the estimation combiner 124 may intelligently combine the vertical non-obstacle estimation and the horizontal non-obstacle estimation based on reliability values associated with the estimations.\",\n \"The non-obstacle map 126 may indicate which areas of the one or more images 114 are non-obstacle areas and which areas are obstacle areas.\",\n \"More detail on generating the non-obstacle map 126 is given in connection with FIG.\",\n \"2.In an example, the non-obstacle map 126 may include non-obstacle areas that are free of obstacles (e.g., objects) on the roads.\",\n \"By combining the vertical processing and horizontal processing of an image 114, false detections may be eliminated.\",\n \"Furthermore, a combined approach may provide a more reliable non-obstacle estimation.\",\n \"The described systems and methods may be used to speed up various other applications.\",\n \"For example, the electronic device 102 may use the non-obstacle map 126 for other applications such as object detection, scene understanding, road profiling, and lane detection.\",\n \"The described systems and methods may also solve the problem of road curb detection that current lane detection algorithms cannot handle.\",\n \"The described systems and methods may further help in autonomous driving, where the speed is adjusted based on the terrain of the road.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is a block diagram illustrating a non-obstacle determination module 216.The non-obstacle determination module 216 may be implemented within an electronic or wireless device.\",\n \"The non-obstacle determination module 216 may include a depth map generator 218, a vertical estimation module 220, a horizontal estimation module 222 and an estimation combiner 224.The non-obstacle determination module 216, depth map generator 218, a vertical estimation module 220, a horizontal estimation module 222 and an estimation combiner 224 may be configurations of the non-obstacle determination module 116, depth map generator 118, a vertical estimation module 120, a horizontal estimation module 122 and an estimation combiner 124 described above in connection with FIG.\",\n \"1.The depth map generator 218 may receive one or more images 214.In a configuration, the one or more images 214 may be obtained via a camera (e.g., an image sensor 104 and optical system 108), as described in connection with FIG.\",\n \"1.In an implementation, the depth map generator 218 may receive a stereo image pair.\",\n \"In another implementation, the one or more images 214 may come from a video mono image.\",\n \"The image 214 may be a digital image made up of pixels.\",\n \"The depth map generator 218 may obtain a depth map 230 from the one or more images 214.The depth map 230 may include pixels 232 corresponding to the pixels of the one or more images 214.Each pixel 232 in the depth map 230 has a depth value 234.The depth value 234 indicates a distance of the pixel 232 relative to the camera.\",\n \"For example, a pixel 232 with a higher depth value 234 may indicate a closer proximity to the camera than a pixel 232 with a lower depth value 234.An example of a depth map 230 is discussed in connection with FIGS.\",\n \"4A-4D.\",\n \"It should be noted that the algorithm described herein does not require a depth value 234 for each pixel 232.For example, the depth map 230 may have holes.\",\n \"The depth value 234 of these holes may be filled in before starting processing.\",\n \"In the case of a stereo image pair, the depth map generator 218 may find the correspondence between pixels 232 to estimate a disparity.\",\n \"From the disparity, the depth map generator 218 may determine the depth value 234 for each pixel 232.Alternatively, with a video mono image, the depth map generator 218 may determine the depth value 234 for each pixel 232 based on the motion of the video.\",\n \"The depth map 230 may be provided to the vertical estimation module 220 and the horizontal estimation module 222.The vertical estimation module 220 may perform vertical processing of the depth map 230 to determine a vertical non-obstacle estimation 242.The horizontal estimation module 222 may perform horizontal processing of the depth map 230 to determine a horizontal non-obstacle estimation 258.The vertical estimation module 220 may divide the depth map 230 into segments 236.Each segment 236 may include a number of pixels 232 in a column of the depth map 230.In other words, the vertical estimation module 220 may process vertical segments 236 of the depth map 230.A segment 236 may be a portion of a column of pixels 232 in the depth map 230.For example, the segment 236 may be a vector of 10-15 pixels 232.The segments 236 may or may not overlap.\",\n \"The vertical estimation module 220 may estimate linear model parameters for each segment 236 to determine the vertical non-obstacle estimation 242.Each segment 236 in the vertical direction may be estimated via a linear model.\",\n \"The linear model may be expressed as y=p1x+p2, (1) where y is the depth value 234 of a pixel 232, x is the coordinate of the pixel 232, and p1 and p2 are the estimated linear model parameters 238.If the estimation error is less than a vertical estimation threshold 246 and the linear fit has certain slope, it may be labelled as valid free space (a non-obstacle area 266).\",\n \"In an implementation, a slope greater than 0 indicates non-obstacle, whereas a slope that is less than or equal to 0 indicates an object or obstacle.\",\n \"An example of this approach is discussed in connection with FIGS.\",\n \"4A-4D.\",\n \"In matrix form, the linear model of Equation (1) is given by Equation (2).\",\n \"[ y 1 y 2 y 3 ⋮ y n ] = [ x 1 1 x 2 1 x 3 1 ⋮ x n 1 ] × [ p 1 p 2 ] ( 2 ) In Equation (2), y is an n-by-1 vector of depth values 234, x is the n-by-2 design matrix (i.e., a matrix of n rows, 2 columns) for the model coordinates in the vertical dimension, and p1 and p2 are the estimated linear model parameters 238.The value of n corresponds to the number of pixels 232 in the depth map segment 236.In one approach, p1, and p2 may be solved using a least-squares solution.\",\n \"In this approach, p is a vector of the unknown coefficients p1, and p2.The normal equations are given by (XTX)p=XTy (3) where XT is the transpose of the design matrix X.\",\n \"Solving for p in Equation (4) results in the estimated linear model parameters 238 (i.e., p1 and p2).\",\n \"p=(XTX)−1XTy (4) It should be noted that in an optimized implementation, the matrix inversion term (XTX)−1XT is fixed based on the location (i.e., the y-coordinate) and could be pre-calculated based on location and stored.\",\n \"Also, a piecewise linear model could estimate dips and bumps in a surface, with variation in p1, p2 and segment length.\",\n \"Furthermore, the primary complexity of this approach is due to matrix multiplication of two vectors of size n in the above Equation (2).\",\n \"In an example, n may be 10 or the chosen piecewise length instead of 10.The vertical estimation module 220 may determine a vertical reliability map 248 a reliability value 250 for the vertical non-obstacle estimation 242.In an implementation, the vertical estimation module 220 may determine a segment fitting error 244 for each segment 236 based on the difference between the estimated linear model parameters 238 and pre-determined linear model parameters 240.The predetermined model parameters may be referred to as [pM1, pM2].\",\n \"The vertical estimation module 220 may check how close the predetermined model parameters are to the estimated parameters [p1, p2] by comparing to a threshold (TH1).\",\n \"For example, |p1−pM1| BACKGROUND Most vehicles in operation today are powered by internal combustion (IC) engines.","Internal combustion engines typically have multiple cylinders or other working chambers where combustion occurs.","The power generated by the engine depends on the amount of fuel and air that is delivered to each working chamber.","Fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines can be substantially improved by varying the engine displacement.","This allows for the full torque to be available when required, yet can significantly reduce pumping losses and improve thermal efficiency by using a smaller displacement when full torque is not required.","The most common method today of implementing a variable displacement engine is to deactivate a group of cylinders substantially simultaneously.","In this approach the intake and exhaust valves associated with the deactivated cylinders are kept closed and no fuel is injected when it is desired to skip a combustion event.","For example, an 8 cylinder variable displacement engine may deactivate half of the cylinders (i.e.","4 cylinders) so that it is operating using only the remaining 4 cylinders.","Commercially available variable displacement engines available today typically support only two or at most three displacements.","Another engine control approach that varies the effective displacement of an engine is referred to as “skip fire” engine control.","In general, skip fire engine control contemplates selectively skipping the firing of certain cylinders during selected firing opportunities.","Thus, a particular cylinder may be fired during one engine cycle and then skipped during the next engine cycle and selectively skipped or fired during the next.","In this manner, even finer control of the effective engine displacement is possible.","For example, firing every third cylinder in a 4 cylinder engine would provide an effective reduction to ⅓ rd of the full engine displacement, which is a fractional displacement that is not obtainable by simply deactivating a set of cylinders to create an even firing pattern.","Similarly, firing every other cylinder in a 3 cylinder engine would provide an effective displacement of ½, which is not obtainable by simply deactivating a set of cylinders.","Conceptually, virtually any effective displacement can be obtained using skip fire control, although in practice most implementations restrict operation to a set of available firing fractions, sequences or patterns.","The Applicant, Tula Technology, Inc., has filed a number of patents describing various approaches to skip fire control.","By way of example, U.S. Pat.","Nos.","8,099,224; 8,464,690; 8,651,091; 8,839,766; 8,869,773; 9,020,735; 9,086,020; 9,120,478; 9,175,613; 9,200,575; 9,200,587; 9,291,106; 9,399,964, and others describe a variety of engine controllers that make it practical to operate a wide variety of internal combustion engines in a dynamic skip fire operational mode.","Each of these patents and patent applications is incorporated herein by reference.","U.S. Pat.","No.","8,131,445 (which is incorporated herein by reference) teaches a continuously variable displacement engine using a dynamic skip fire operational approach, which allows any fraction of the cylinders to be fired on average using individual cylinder deactivation.","In a continuously variable displacement mode operated in skip-fire, the amount of torque delivered generally depends heavily on the firing fraction, or fraction of combustion events that are not skipped.","In other skip fire approaches a particular firing pattern or firing fraction may be selected from a set of available firing patterns or fractions.","In some applications referred to as multi-level skip fire, individual working cycles that are fired may be purposely operated at different cylinder outputs levels—that is, using purposefully different air charge and corresponding fueling levels.","By way of example, U.S. Pat.","No.","9,399,964 (which is incorporated herein by reference) describes some such approaches.","The individual cylinder control concepts used in dynamic skip fire can also be applied to dynamic multi-charge level engine operation in which all cylinders are fired, but individual working cycles are purposely operated at different cylinder output levels.","Dynamic skip fire and dynamic multi-charge level engine operation may collectively be considered different types of cylinder output level modulation engine operation in which the output of each working cycle (e.g., skip/fire, high/low, skip/high/low, etc.)","is dynamically determined during operation of the engine, typically on an individual cylinder working cycle by working cycle (firing opportunity by firing opportunity) basis.","It should be appreciated that cylinder output level engine operation is different than conventional variable displacement in which when the engine enters a reduced displacement operational state, a defined set of cylinders are operated in generally the same manner until the engine transitions to a different operational state.","In order to operate with dynamic skip fire control or other types of cylinder output level modulation, it is necessary to control the intake and exhaust valves in a more complex manner than if the cylinders are always activated.","For example, in skip fire operation, the intake and/or exhaust valves remain closed during a skipped working cycle to minimize pumping losses.","This contrasts with an engine operating on all cylinders, where the intake and exhaust valves open and close on every working cycle.","Most vehicles in operation today use a camshaft to open and close the intake valves.","The valve train may incorporate a cam phaser to control the timing of the valve opening and closing relative to the crankshaft.","Some cam operated engines also have adjustable valve lift.","For example, some engines have mechanisms to shift valves between a “high lift” and “low lift” level; for example, a maximum lift of 11 mm for “high lift” and of 4 mm for “low lift”.","As an alternative to cam controlled valves, some engines use electronic valve actuation, which has more flexibility in the valve opening and closing because the valve motion is not constrained by camshaft rotation.","For cam operated valves a method to deactivate a valve is to incorporate a collapsible valve lifter into the valve train.","To activate the valve the lifter remains at its full extension and to deactivate the valve the lifter collapses failing to transfer the cam lobe profile to the valve.","Valve activation/deactivation is controlled by a solenoid which deactivates the valve by providing high pressure oil to the collapsible lifter.","Other mechanisms exist to deactivate valves in engines with cam operated valves.","U.S. Pat.","Nos.","9,175,613, 9,581,097, and 9,562,470, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, teach methods of sensing failures of an exhaust valve to open after a combustion event.","As pointed out in these applications, failure of the exhaust valve to open will result in high pressure combustion gases being trapped in the cylinder, which can lead to damage of the intake valve and its associated mechanism if it attempts to open against this high pressure.","Failures of an intake valve to activate or deactivate under skip fire control can also have a deleterious impact on engine operation.","Failure of the intake valve to open will result in missing a planned firing event.","This may lead to unburnt hydrocarbons being transmitted to the engine exhaust and may result in unacceptable emissions.","There will also be a loss of engine torque and increased engine roughness.","Failure of an intake valve to close may result in increased pumping losses and excess oxygen in the exhaust gases deleteriously impacting the catalytic converter.","Failures in the cam adjustment mechanism can also lead to emission and engine performance issues.","In all cases information regarding intake valve or cam failures may be required to be communicated to a vehicle on-board diagnostic (OBD) system to satisfy governmental regulations, such as those imposed by the California Air Resources Board (CARB).","It is thus desirable to make a determination of whether actual cylinder air induction accurately matches the commanded operation."],[" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A variety of methods, diagnostic modules and other arrangements for detecting air induction faults during operation of an internal combustion engine are described.","In some embodiments, the intake manifold pressure is monitored with the intake pressure being read for each induction opportunity.","Induction faults may be detected based at least in part on a comparison of the manifold pressure readings for sequential induction opportunities.","In some embodiments, an induction fault is identified when the difference between the manifold pressure associated with an induction opportunity and the immediately preceding induction opportunity exceeds an induction fault threshold.","In some embodiments, the induction fault threshold is based at least in part on at least one of: (i) how many air induction opportunities were skipped immediately before the current air induction opportunity; (ii) an intake manifold pressure ratio; (iii) a current operational firing fraction of the engine; and (iv) a current engine speed.","In some embodiments, a lookup table may be used to identify the induction fault threshold suitable for use under current operating conditions.","In some embodiments, each manifold pressure reading is based on a plurality of pressure measurement samples.","In some embodiments, each manifold pressure reading is made at substantially the same phase in a working cycle associated with its associated induction opportunity.","In some embodiments, the manifold pressure reading as made at a phase that is in the range of 120° to 180° after top dead center of the piston in the associated intake stroke—as for example, near 150° after top dead center.","The describe approaches are particularly well suited for use in engines operating in a skip fire mode with cylinder deactivation and/or other dynamic cylinder output level modulation modes.","A variety of different induction faults can be detected using the described techniques including intake valve activation failures, intake valve deactivation failures, and valve lift faults (e.g., valve lift too low and/or valve lift too high induction faults).","Once and induction fault is identified, it may be acted on in any appropriate manners.","In some embodiments, the fault is logged in a diagnostic fault log.","When appropriate, the control of the engine can be varied based on detected fault, as for example, by avoiding use of a cylinder that is consistently faulting or by disabling skip fire operation of the engine until the problem is fixed.","In another aspect, various specific induction fault lookup tables are described.","The induction fault tables may be embodied in a computer readable medium associated with an engine controller for use in identifying air induction faults.","In some embodiments, the induction fault lookup table include a multiplicity of entries that identify induction fault thresholds.","Indices for the lookup table may include one or more of: (i) a number of skipped induction opportunities that immediately preceded a current induction opportunity, (ii) an intake manifold pressure ratio, (iii) an operational firing fraction, and (iv) an engine speed.","In other embodiments, the an additional index for the lookup table may include one of: (v) a skip frequency indicative of a number of induction skips that are expected to occur in a designated period of time; (vi) a throttle position; (vii) the intake manifold pressure; (vii) cam phase; (viii) the intake valve lift profile; (ix) boost pressure; and the skip/fire decision for the next firing opportunity.","In some embodiments that induction fault lookup table may be a composite table formed from a plurality of lookup table segments.","A variety of diagnostic modules capable of performing the functions described above are also described."],["CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser.","No.","15/641,097, filed Jul.","3, 2017, which is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser.","No.","14/919,385 (now U.S. Pat.","No.","9,835,522), filed Oct. 21, 2015, which claims priority of Provisional Application No.","62/067,873 filed on Oct. 23, 2014.Each of the foregoing applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.","FIELD The present invention relates generally to methods and mechanisms for diagnosing induction faults in an internal combustion engine.","Various embodiments involve measurement and analysis of the intake manifold pressure and/or crankshaft angular acceleration to diagnose induction faults.","BACKGROUND Most vehicles in operation today are powered by internal combustion (IC) engines.","Internal combustion engines typically have multiple cylinders or other working chambers where combustion occurs.","The power generated by the engine depends on the amount of fuel and air that is delivered to each working chamber.","Fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines can be substantially improved by varying the engine displacement.","This allows for the full torque to be available when required, yet can significantly reduce pumping losses and improve thermal efficiency by using a smaller displacement when full torque is not required.","The most common method today of implementing a variable displacement engine is to deactivate a group of cylinders substantially simultaneously.","In this approach the intake and exhaust valves associated with the deactivated cylinders are kept closed and no fuel is injected when it is desired to skip a combustion event.","For example, an 8 cylinder variable displacement engine may deactivate half of the cylinders (i.e.","4 cylinders) so that it is operating using only the remaining 4 cylinders.","Commercially available variable displacement engines available today typically support only two or at most three displacements.","Another engine control approach that varies the effective displacement of an engine is referred to as “skip fire” engine control.","In general, skip fire engine control contemplates selectively skipping the firing of certain cylinders during selected firing opportunities.","Thus, a particular cylinder may be fired during one engine cycle and then skipped during the next engine cycle and selectively skipped or fired during the next.","In this manner, even finer control of the effective engine displacement is possible.","For example, firing every third cylinder in a 4 cylinder engine would provide an effective reduction to ⅓rd of the full engine displacement, which is a fractional displacement that is not obtainable by simply deactivating a set of cylinders to create an even firing pattern.","Similarly, firing every other cylinder in a 3 cylinder engine would provide an effective displacement of ½, which is not obtainable by simply deactivating a set of cylinders.","Conceptually, virtually any effective displacement can be obtained using skip fire control, although in practice most implementations restrict operation to a set of available firing fractions, sequences or patterns.","The Applicant, Tula Technology, Inc., has filed a number of patents describing various approaches to skip fire control.","By way of example, U.S. Pat.","Nos.","8,099,224; 8,464,690; 8,651,091; 8,839,766; 8,869,773; 9,020,735; 9,086,020; 9,120,478; 9,175,613; 9,200,575; 9,200,587; 9,291,106; 9,399,964, and others describe a variety of engine controllers that make it practical to operate a wide variety of internal combustion engines in a dynamic skip fire operational mode.","Each of these patents and patent applications is incorporated herein by reference.","U.S. Pat.","No.","8,131,445 (which is incorporated herein by reference) teaches a continuously variable displacement engine using a dynamic skip fire operational approach, which allows any fraction of the cylinders to be fired on average using individual cylinder deactivation.","In a continuously variable displacement mode operated in skip-fire, the amount of torque delivered generally depends heavily on the firing fraction, or fraction of combustion events that are not skipped.","In other skip fire approaches a particular firing pattern or firing fraction may be selected from a set of available firing patterns or fractions.","In some applications referred to as multi-level skip fire, individual working cycles that are fired may be purposely operated at different cylinder outputs levels—that is, using purposefully different air charge and corresponding fueling levels.","By way of example, U.S. Pat.","No.","9,399,964 (which is incorporated herein by reference) describes some such approaches.","The individual cylinder control concepts used in dynamic skip fire can also be applied to dynamic multi-charge level engine operation in which all cylinders are fired, but individual working cycles are purposely operated at different cylinder output levels.","Dynamic skip fire and dynamic multi-charge level engine operation may collectively be considered different types of cylinder output level modulation engine operation in which the output of each working cycle (e.g., skip/fire, high/low, skip/high/low, etc.)","is dynamically determined during operation of the engine, typically on an individual cylinder working cycle by working cycle (firing opportunity by firing opportunity) basis.","It should be appreciated that cylinder output level engine operation is different than conventional variable displacement in which when the engine enters a reduced displacement operational state, a defined set of cylinders are operated in generally the same manner until the engine transitions to a different operational state.","In order to operate with dynamic skip fire control or other types of cylinder output level modulation, it is necessary to control the intake and exhaust valves in a more complex manner than if the cylinders are always activated.","For example, in skip fire operation, the intake and/or exhaust valves remain closed during a skipped working cycle to minimize pumping losses.","This contrasts with an engine operating on all cylinders, where the intake and exhaust valves open and close on every working cycle.","Most vehicles in operation today use a camshaft to open and close the intake valves.","The valve train may incorporate a cam phaser to control the timing of the valve opening and closing relative to the crankshaft.","Some cam operated engines also have adjustable valve lift.","For example, some engines have mechanisms to shift valves between a “high lift” and “low lift” level; for example, a maximum lift of 11 mm for “high lift” and of 4 mm for “low lift”.","As an alternative to cam controlled valves, some engines use electronic valve actuation, which has more flexibility in the valve opening and closing because the valve motion is not constrained by camshaft rotation.","For cam operated valves a method to deactivate a valve is to incorporate a collapsible valve lifter into the valve train.","To activate the valve the lifter remains at its full extension and to deactivate the valve the lifter collapses failing to transfer the cam lobe profile to the valve.","Valve activation/deactivation is controlled by a solenoid which deactivates the valve by providing high pressure oil to the collapsible lifter.","Other mechanisms exist to deactivate valves in engines with cam operated valves.","U.S. Pat.","Nos.","9,175,613, 9,581,097, and 9,562,470, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, teach methods of sensing failures of an exhaust valve to open after a combustion event.","As pointed out in these applications, failure of the exhaust valve to open will result in high pressure combustion gases being trapped in the cylinder, which can lead to damage of the intake valve and its associated mechanism if it attempts to open against this high pressure.","Failures of an intake valve to activate or deactivate under skip fire control can also have a deleterious impact on engine operation.","Failure of the intake valve to open will result in missing a planned firing event.","This may lead to unburnt hydrocarbons being transmitted to the engine exhaust and may result in unacceptable emissions.","There will also be a loss of engine torque and increased engine roughness.","Failure of an intake valve to close may result in increased pumping losses and excess oxygen in the exhaust gases deleteriously impacting the catalytic converter.","Failures in the cam adjustment mechanism can also lead to emission and engine performance issues.","In all cases information regarding intake valve or cam failures may be required to be communicated to a vehicle on-board diagnostic (OBD) system to satisfy governmental regulations, such as those imposed by the California Air Resources Board (CARB).","It is thus desirable to make a determination of whether actual cylinder air induction accurately matches the commanded operation.","SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A variety of methods, diagnostic modules and other arrangements for detecting air induction faults during operation of an internal combustion engine are described.","In some embodiments, the intake manifold pressure is monitored with the intake pressure being read for each induction opportunity.","Induction faults may be detected based at least in part on a comparison of the manifold pressure readings for sequential induction opportunities.","In some embodiments, an induction fault is identified when the difference between the manifold pressure associated with an induction opportunity and the immediately preceding induction opportunity exceeds an induction fault threshold.","In some embodiments, the induction fault threshold is based at least in part on at least one of: (i) how many air induction opportunities were skipped immediately before the current air induction opportunity; (ii) an intake manifold pressure ratio; (iii) a current operational firing fraction of the engine; and (iv) a current engine speed.","In some embodiments, a lookup table may be used to identify the induction fault threshold suitable for use under current operating conditions.","In some embodiments, each manifold pressure reading is based on a plurality of pressure measurement samples.","In some embodiments, each manifold pressure reading is made at substantially the same phase in a working cycle associated with its associated induction opportunity.","In some embodiments, the manifold pressure reading as made at a phase that is in the range of 120° to 180° after top dead center of the piston in the associated intake stroke—as for example, near 150° after top dead center.","The describe approaches are particularly well suited for use in engines operating in a skip fire mode with cylinder deactivation and/or other dynamic cylinder output level modulation modes.","A variety of different induction faults can be detected using the described techniques including intake valve activation failures, intake valve deactivation failures, and valve lift faults (e.g., valve lift too low and/or valve lift too high induction faults).","Once and induction fault is identified, it may be acted on in any appropriate manners.","In some embodiments, the fault is logged in a diagnostic fault log.","When appropriate, the control of the engine can be varied based on detected fault, as for example, by avoiding use of a cylinder that is consistently faulting or by disabling skip fire operation of the engine until the problem is fixed.","In another aspect, various specific induction fault lookup tables are described.","The induction fault tables may be embodied in a computer readable medium associated with an engine controller for use in identifying air induction faults.","In some embodiments, the induction fault lookup table include a multiplicity of entries that identify induction fault thresholds.","Indices for the lookup table may include one or more of: (i) a number of skipped induction opportunities that immediately preceded a current induction opportunity, (ii) an intake manifold pressure ratio, (iii) an operational firing fraction, and (iv) an engine speed.","In other embodiments, the an additional index for the lookup table may include one of: (v) a skip frequency indicative of a number of induction skips that are expected to occur in a designated period of time; (vi) a throttle position; (vii) the intake manifold pressure; (vii) cam phase; (viii) the intake valve lift profile; (ix) boost pressure; and the skip/fire decision for the next firing opportunity.","In some embodiments that induction fault lookup table may be a composite table formed from a plurality of lookup table segments.","A variety of diagnostic modules capable of performing the functions described above are also described.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention and the advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: FIG.","1 is a schematic diagram showing a portion of one cylinder of an internal combustion engine.","FIG.","2 is a representative plot of valve lift versus crankshaft angle.","FIG.","3 is a representative plot of cylinder mass air charge (MAC) versus cam angle for a high lift and low lift valve schedule.","FIG.","4 is a block diagram of an engine controller and an induction fault detection unit according to a particular embodiment of the present invention.","FIG.","5A is a representative plot of intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP) and firing enable signal versus time during normal skip fire operation.","FIG.","5B is a representative plot of intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP) and firing enable signal versus time during an induction fault.","FIG.","6 is a block diagram of a diagnostic filter circuit according to a particular embodiment of the present invention.","FIG.","7A is a representative plot of an output of a diagnostic filter according to an embodiment of the present invention.","FIG.","7B is a representative plot of an output signal indicating an induction fault according to an embodiment of the present invention.","FIG.","8 is a block diagram of a system to produce an output signal indicative of induction faults according to an embodiment of the present invention.","FIG.","9 is a representative plot of the torque absorbed and produced by a cylinder under test over an engine cycle for different types of induction events.","FIG.","10 is a representative plot of the calculated crankshaft jerk induced by a cylinder under test over an engine cycle for different types of induction events.","FIGS.","11A-11E are a series of graphs illustrating variations in manifold pressure that may occur during skip fire operation at a firing fraction of ⅓ and the generation of a fault signal based thereon.","FIGS.","11F-11J are a series of graphs illustrating variations in manifold pressure that may occur during skip fire operation at a firing fraction of ⅘ and the generation of a fault signal based thereon.","FIG.","12 is a flow chart illustrating a method of detecting induction faults in accordance with another embodiment.","FIGS.","13A and 13B are induction fault threshold lookup tables suitable for use in determining an induction fault in accordance with an embodiment.","The table of FIG.","13A utilizes intake manifold pressure ratio and engine speed as indices.","The table of FIG.","13B utilizes firing fraction and the number of skipped induction events that immediately preceded the current induction as indices.","In the drawings, like reference numerals are sometimes used to designate like structural elements.","It should also be appreciated that the depictions in the figures are diagrammatic and not to scale.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention is a method and apparatus to determine failures of air induction in an internal combustion engine.","Induction failures may arise from intake valve activation or deactivation failures or improper response to valve lift commands.","The invention is particularly useful for skip fire controlled internal combustion engines because of the frequent cylinder activation/deactivation inherent in skip fire operation.","In some embodiments an algorithm uses intake manifold absolute pressure to determine if an intake valve has been actuated properly according to its commanded state.","In other embodiments an algorithm uses intake manifold absolute pressure to determine if the cam valve lift setting has been actuated properly according to its commanded state.","In other embodiments the same functions can be determined using measurement of the crankshaft angular acceleration or time derivatives thereof.","In still further embodiments these methods can be combined to provide a more robust diagnostic.","The diagnostic techniques described herein improve engine efficiency, reduce noxious emissions and lower the risks of degradation to engine components.","The techniques are able to detect a fault in the same engine cycle that it occurs and determine which cylinder has the fault.","In general, dynamic skip fire engine control contemplates selectively skipping the firing of certain cylinders during selected firing opportunities.","Thus, for example, a particular cylinder may be fired during one firing opportunity and then may be skipped during the next firing opportunity and then selectively skipped or fired during the next.","The fire/skip decision may be made on a firing opportunity by firing opportunity basis and the firing controller typically includes an accumulator functionality that tracks the portion of a firing that has been requested but not yet delivered, or delivered, but not yet requested.","This decision is typically made some number of firing opportunities prior to the firing event to allow the control system time to correctly schedule the engine for either a skip or fire event.","Skip fire control contrasts with conventional variable displacement engine operation in which a fixed set of the cylinders are deactivated during certain low-load operating conditions.","When a cylinder is deactivated in a variable displacement engine, its piston typically still reciprocates, however neither air nor fuel is delivered to the cylinder so the piston does not deliver any net power over an engine cycle.","Since the cylinders that are “deactivated” do not deliver power, the proportionate load on the remaining cylinders is increased, thereby allowing the remaining cylinders to operate at an improved thermodynamic efficiency.","With skip fire control, cylinders are also preferably deactivated during skipped working cycles in the sense that air is not pumped through the cylinder and no fuel is delivered during skipped working cycles.","This requires a valve deactivation mechanism where the intake and exhaust valves of a cylinder remain closed during a working cycle.","In this case, no air is inducted into the deactivated cylinders during the skipped working cycles thereby reducing pumping losses.","FIG.","1 illustrates a cylinder of an internal combustion engine 110 that includes a cylinder 161, a piston 163, an intake manifold 165, spark plug 190, and spark gap 191 and an exhaust manifold 169.A throttle valve 171 controls the inflow of air from an air filter or other air source into the intake manifold.","Air is inducted from the intake manifold 165 into cylinder 161 through an intake valve 185.Fuel is added to this air either by port injection or direct injection into the cylinder (not shown in FIG.","1).","Combustion of the air/fuel mixture is initiated by a spark present in the spark gap 191.Expanding gases from combustion increase the pressure in the cylinder and drive the piston 163 down.","Reciprocal linear motion of the piston is converted into rotational motion by a connecting rod 189, which is connected to a crankshaft 183.Combustion gases are vented from cylinder 161 through an exhaust valve 187.A camshaft (not shown in FIG.","1) may be used to move the intake and exhaust valves synchronously with the crankshaft rotation.","The rotating camshaft regulates opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves.","The camshaft includes cam lobes that each have a profile, which is associated with a valve lift schedule.","The valve lift schedule includes an amount of time a valve is open (i.e.","duration) and a magnitude or degree to which the valve opens (i.e.","lift).","Valve phasing relative to the crankshaft may be controlled by a cam phaser (not shown in FIG.","1).","Some engines employ valve trains that allow for variable valve lift.","The valve lift may be either continuously controlled or step-wise selectable, for example two or three steps.","Variable lift on the intake valve can reduce pumping losses and can facilitate improved combustion through better air/fuel gas dynamics.","FIG.","2 illustrates the valve lift profile associated with a two step valve schedule.","Curves 202 and 204 illustrate an exhaust valve lift profile associated with extremes of exhaust valve timing phase adjustment.","Curves 206 and 208 illustrate an intake valve lift profile associated with extremes of intake valve timing phase adjustment for the “high lift” schedule.","Curves 210 and 212 illustrate the intake valve lift profile associated with extremes of intake valve timing phase adjustment for the “low lift” schedule.","The solid curves, 202, 206, and 210 represent the valve lift profile associated with maximum cam phaser advance.","The dashed curves 204, 208, and 212 represent the valve lift profile associated with maximum cam phaser retardation.","FIG.","3 illustrates the resultant amounts of air induction for different cam phaser and valve lift schedules.","Generally, the “low lift” schedule 222 inducts less air into a cylinder than the “high lift” schedule 224.This difference in the amount of inducted air 226 can be detected using the diagnostics described herein.","The amount of inducted air will also vary with the MAP and engine speed.","Changes in the inducted air mass, i.e.","mass air charge (MAC), will impact the intake manifold pressure and the crankshaft angular acceleration.","These changes can be sensed by the diagnostic apparatus and methods described herein and used to determine whether the amount of inducted air substantially matches the commanded values.","If the measured values deviate by more than a prescribed threshold, a fault signal may be generated.","Referring to FIG.","4, an engine controller 100 according to a particular embodiment of the present invention will be described.","The engine controller 100 includes a firing fraction calculator 112, a firing timing determination module 120, an engine control unit 140, and an induction fault detection unit 102.Initially, the firing fraction calculator 112 receives an input signal that is treated as a request for a desired engine output.","The firing fraction calculator 112 is arranged to determine a firing fraction, firing sequence, firing pattern or firing density that would be appropriate to deliver the desired output under selected operating conditions.","The firing fraction is indicative of the fraction or percentage of firings under the current (or directed) operating conditions that are required to deliver the desired output.","The firing fraction calculator generates a commanded firing fraction 113, which is received by the firing timing determination module 120 and the induction failure detection unit 102.The firing timing determination module 120 is arranged to issue a sequence of firing commands (e.g., drive pulse signal 115) that cause the engine to deliver the percentage of firings dictated by the commanded firing fraction 113.The sequence of firing commands output by the firing timing determining module 120 is passed to an engine control unit (ECU) 140 which orchestrates the actual firings.","The firing timing determination module 120 is arranged to deliver a wide variety of firing information to the induction fault detection unit 102.This may include, but is not limited to, the drive pulse signal 115 or a firing sequence, a firing decision for a particular working chamber, a signal indicating the number or identity of that working chamber, and/or the firing history of a selected working chamber.","In various applications, this information can be directly sent between the induction fault detection unit 102 and the firing timing determination module 120 or the induction fault detection unit 102 may be able to infer this information.","For example, if the firing timing determination module 120 sends a fire/skip signal to the induction fault detection unit 102 additional information on the cam schedule and phase may be sent over signal lines 161 and 162.These two pieces of information, the fire/skip decision and the valve schedule would allow the induction fault detection unit 102 to determine which cylinder is being fired/skipped and the expected MAC associated with the firing opportunity (should it be a fire).","The induction failure detection unit 102 may include a delay block 143, which compensates for delays between the commanded valve actuation signal 115 and/or signal 113 and the actual valve movement.","In should be appreciated that the engine controller shown in FIG.","4 can be configured in multiple ways; for example the induction failure detection unit 102 may be integrated into engine controller 100.An advantage of many skip fire engine approaches is that information about future firing decisions is known before the firings actually take place.","Various implementations of the present invention take advantage of this feature.","More specifically, firing information is used in a wide variety of ways to estimate the anticipated fluctuations in the MAP and/or crank acceleration.","Comparison can then be made whether the observed fluctuations are consistent with the estimated fluctuations.","If the observed fluctuations exceed a defined range from the estimated fluctuation a fault indication may result.","The induction failure detection unit 102 can be used to detect faults in the intake valves and valve lift level.","Although the present invention contemplates the use of dynamic skip fire engine control, this should not be considered limiting.","The invention may be used in an engine operating on all cylinders or a variable displacement engine, i.e.","fixed displacement levels.","These control systems generally have more evenly spaced induction events than a skip fire controlled engine, although the amount of inducted air may vary more than in skip fire control.","The assignee of the present application has filed multiple patent applications on a wide variety of skip fire and other engine designs, such as U.S. Pat.","Nos.","7,954,474; 7,886,715; 7,849,835; 7,577,511; 8,099,224; 8,131,445; and U.S. Pat.","Nos.","8,131,447; 8,616,181; 8,701,628; 9,120,478, 9,200,587, 9,239,037, 9,273,643 and 9,650,971, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.","Many of the aforementioned applications describe firing controllers, firing fraction calculators, filters, power train parameter adjusting modules, firing timing determining modules, and other mechanisms that may be integrated into or connected with the engine controller 100 and the induction failure detection unit 102.Intake Manifold Pressure Based Diagnostics In some embodiments an algorithm using information on the intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP) can be used to determine induction faults.","The variations in the MAP may result from the superposition of multiple components: (1) a possibly steady slowly varying average manifold pressure used to regulate average cylinder charge, (2) a slowly varying component reflecting driver input or—in the case of a skip firing engine, the faster increase and decay of average manifold pressure in response to firing density changes, (3) higher frequency waves that are intake manifold natural resonances excited by separate inductions, much as a bell is excited by separate blows, and finally (4) waves excited by individual inductions or missing inductions.","FIG.","5A plots the measured MAP over a number of firing opportunities for an eight cylinder engine operating in skip fire mode at 1250 rpm and a firing fraction of ⅔.","A firing fraction of ⅔ results in a fire-fire-skip-fire .",".",".","pattern evident as the high to low variation in the fire enable signal 502.The measured MAP may be determined by one or more pressure sensors situated in an intake manifold.","The MAP sensor(s) have a natural bandwidth of greater than 1 kHz.","FIG.","5A shows a regular pattern in the measured MAP 504.Induction of air into a cylinder during a firing event results in a MAP drop.","Conversely, the absence of air induction, associated with a cylinder skip, results in a MAP increase during a skipped induction event.","If an engine is operating with a regular firing pattern like that shown in FIG.","5A, an induction failure will be evident as a deviation from that pattern.","FIG.","5B shows the same operating conditions as in FIG.","5A except that a cylinder failed to deactivate during a commanded skip event 510.Instead of rising, there is a continued drop in MAP 512.This break in the MAP signal pattern can be detected and used as an induction fault diagnostic.","FIG.","6 shows a diagnostic filter 600 that may be used to separate low frequency MAP signal components (1) and (2) from higher frequency components (3) and (4).","The filtered output 608 has substantially reduced the low frequency signal components compared to the MAP signal input 612.Removing the low frequency components makes subsequent diagnostic thresholding and logic simpler, as their time scale is far different than signals caused by (3) or (4).","The last component (4) due to commanded inductions or deactivations can be compared to their expected value and used to diagnose proper induction behavior, i.e.","was the cylinder skip/fire executed as commanded and/or was the valve lift schedule executed as commanded.","The diagnostic filter used may be built by filtering the input signal 612 using two identical cascaded first order low pass filters 602 and 604 and then subtracting this output 610 from the input signal 612 as shown in FIG.","6.This architecture results in an output filtered signal 608 without any DC offset and reduced low frequency content.","Diagnostic filter 600 may be referred to a complementary filter, since it separates out and isolates high frequency components from the overall signal.","This filter has minimal phase delay, which allows detection of an induction fault during the same engine cycle as the fault occurs.","While the filter structure shown in FIG.","6 works well it is not the only form possible, and other types of low pass filter structures may be used.","The ωfil input to first low pass filter 602 and second low pass filter 604 is based on the intake manifold cutoff frequency, the inverse of the manifold filling or emptying exponential time constant.","The manifold's 3 dB cutoff frequency ωman, may be determined from the manifold dimensions and dynamic response or some other means.","The frequency ωfil may be a multiple, K, of the manifold's 3 dB cutoff frequency ωman and K may be on the order of 10.The constant K depends on various engine parameters such as, but not limited to, manifold volume, total engine displacement, and number of cylinders.","It also may vary as a function of engine parameters such as, but not limited to, cam angle, valve lift schedule, and engine speed.","It also may vary with the control implementation architecture such as a discrete or continuous implementation.","As mentioned previously, subtraction of the output 610 from the initial signal 612 results in an output filtered signal 608 with no DC and lower frequency components, concentrating diagnosis on higher frequency components induced by valve operation faults.","The diagnostic filter 600 uses ωfil to lessen the effect of low frequency pressure variation from driver input and low frequency filling and emptying disturbances.","This aids in the application of a threshold because the filter output produces large positive deviations at a fault.","A positive deviation produced by a fault will exceed the applied threshold.","FIG.","7A shows the resultant diagnostic filter output 608 derived from MAP signal 504 shown in FIG.","5B.","Also included for reference in FIG.","7A is the MAP signal 504 and fire enable signal 502.Region 720 represents a fault free region where the engine is properly executing induction commands from the engine controller.","Once again the commanded skip event 510 fails to deactivate the intake valve and the cylinder experiences an induction event.","When this fault occurs the diagnostic filter output 608 exceeds a threshold 710 generating an induction fault signal (not shown in FIG.","7A).","Note that filter output 608 has an average value near zero (reference on right side vertical axis in FIG.","7A).","The fault diagnostic apparatus and method described above work well for engines operating with repetitive firing patterns; however, it may not be robust under dynamic skip fire operation.","Dynamic skip fire operation is quite different from the operation in a more conventional engine, in which each working chamber is steadily fired; for example, once every two engine revolutions for a 4 stroke engine.","Because dynamic skip fire engine control can involve different working chambers with different firing sequences, there is a greater likelihood of complex MAP behavior especially during transient operation when the firing fraction is changing.","Since the filtered output 608 drifts in transient engine operation and may result in false fault indications, improved fault detection can be achieved by applying additional processing to the filtered output 608.The results of this approach are shown in FIG.","7B.","This figure is similar to FIG.","7A with common designators, except with the filtered output 608 has been replaced by an output signal 730 and the thresholds 710 and 740 may be different.","In FIG.","7B an induction fault is detected once the output signal 730 exceeds the threshold 740.Again, note that filter output 730 has an average value near zero (reference on right side vertical axis in FIG.","7B).","Output signal 730 may be produced using a system shown in FIG.","8.FIG.","8 is a schematic diagram of a system 800 that takes as inputs filtered output 608 from the diagnostic filter 600 and firing information from the engine controller 100 (shown in FIG.","4).","The system 800 takes the difference between the filtered output 608 and a delayed version of that signal 810 to produce an output signal 730.The amount of delay is determined by variable delay block 802, which has as an input firing information 804 from the engine controller.","In one embodiment input firing information 804 includes the operating firing fraction.","The time delay interval applied by time delay block 802 may be the firing fraction denominator multiplied by the period between firing opportunities.","This effectively produces an output signal 730 that compares the filtered output 608 behavior for the current firing opportunity with its value at the last similar firing opportunity, i.e.","the same phase in the cyclic firing pattern.","As shown in FIG.","7B there is less variation in the output signal 730 than filtered output 608 in the region of fault free operation 720.During transients the firing fraction may not be uniform, so the firing fraction denominator is not uniquely defined.","In this case, the time delay chosen may be the most recent firing opportunity that has the same commanded induction conditions as the opportunity under test.","This algorithm also has lower noise on the output signal 730 as compared to the filter output 608.It should be appreciated that the rates of sampling and filtering may be adjusted to provide robust fault detection without excessive processing requirements.","For example, the MAP signal may be delivered at 1 msec rate, while the diagnostic filter output 608 may update at a less frequent interval, such as 90 degrees of crank angle as depicted in FIGS.","7A and 7B.","The sampling and processing rates may be based on time, crankshaft rotation (angle), or various combinations and permutations thereof.","Also the threshold level for fault detection may be a variable based on engine MAP, engine speed, and other variables.","The preceding description of an induction fault detection apparatus and method has used an example of detecting an induction failure resulting from a commanded skip event erroneously resulting in an unintended cylinder induction event.","The same methods and apparatus may be used with the appropriate adjustment of the thresholds to detect other types of induction failures, such as a fire command resulting in a skip, a high lift command resulting in a low lift or a low lift command resulting in a high lift.","It should also be appreciated that other filtering methods may be used to isolate the fluctuations associated with specific induction opportunities and determine whether they match the predicted fluctuations.","Intake Manifold Pressure Sample(s) Based Diagnostics In some alternative embodiments, the intake manifold pressure based diagnostics can be based on one or more specific samples without requiring any of the filtering described in conjunction with some of the preceding embodiments.","The basis for such sample based diagnostics will be described with reference to FIGS.","11A-11J.","FIGS.","11A-11E are a series of graphs illustrating variations in manifold pressure that may occur during skip fire operation at a firing fraction of ⅓ and the generation of a fault signal based thereon.","The graphs help to illustrate detection of a failure to deactivate an intake valve that should have been deactivated as part of a skipped firing opportunity, but instead activated due to a fault causing an induction event.","Since the detected fault is a failure to deactivate, it can only occur on skipped firing opportunities.","Skipped firing opportunities are highlighted in gray in FIGS.","11B-11D.","FIG.","11A shows a firing sequence that is generated when a firing fraction of ⅓ is used with most evenly spaced firings.","In this figure, “1's” represent fire commands 1102 and “0's” represent skip commands 1103.In FIGS.","11B-11E that follow, the regions corresponding to the skips are highlighted by graying.","FIG.","11B is a graph that diagrammatically represents variations of the manifold pressure 1105 that might be seen during steady state operation of a four cylinder engine at a firing fraction of ⅓ at a given engine speed.","FIG.","11C is a graph showing manifold pressure readings sampled at a rate of one sample per firing opportunity with the sample being taken late in the corresponding intake stroke.","FIG.","11D is a graph diagrammatically representing the difference between the current manifold pressure reading and the manifold pressure reading for the previous induction opportunity (firing opportunity).","FIG.","11D also illustrates a comparison of the difference to a fault threshold.","FIG.","11E is a graph diagrammatically representing a fault signal that may be generated when an induction fault is detected.","In each of the graphs, the X-axis is represented in firing opportunities.","For a four cylinder, 4 stroke engine successive firing opportunity are separated by 180° of crankshaft rotation.","In FIGS.","11B and 11C the manifold pressure is represented in the Y-axis.","In FIG.","11A, the Y-axis represents the decision whether to skip or fire a particular firing opportunity.","In FIG.","11D, the Y-axis represents the difference between the current sampled manifold pressure and the previous sampled manifold pressure.","In FIG.","11E, the Y-axis represents the detection of an induction fault.","As can best be seen in FIG.","11B, once a particular intake event is completed (marked at points 1111), the intake manifold pressure begins to rise and continues to rise until the intake event associated with the next fired working cycle begins (marked as points 1113).","Thus, when operating at the firing fraction of ⅓ which has a repeating pattern of Fire-Skip-Skip, the intake manifold pressure will rise during the two skipped intake events.","When an induction event occurs, the manifold pressure drops noticeably until the induction is completed (points 1111) at which point the cycle repeats.","If the intake valve fails to deactivate when it was supposed to (thereby causing an induction event occurs when it was not supposed to), the manifold pressure during the corresponding expected skipped “intake” interval will be lower than expected because air is withdrawn from the manifold when it was not expected.","The intake manifold pressure that might be seen after such an intake fault is diagrammatically represented by the dashed line in FIG.","11B marked 1120.As seen therein, the intake manifold pressure will often decrease when an intake valve fails to deactivate as intended—resulting in a noticeable decrease in the manifold pressure, relative to the expected pressure (which was expected to increase).","The greatest difference between the measured manifold pressure and the expected manifold pressure is typically around the time that the intake valve for the associated cylinder is expected to close which is in the vicinity of the point marked as 1124.In some embodiments, induction faults are identified by comparing a manifold pressure reading associated with an expected induction event with a manifold pressure reading associated with the previous induction opportunity.","Preferably, the pressure readings are taken at substantially the same phases in their respective working cycles.","FIG.","11C diagrammatically illustrates intake manifold pressure samples 1130 that might be taken in an engine operating at a ⅓ firing fraction as illustrated in FIG.","11B.","One sample is taken corresponding to each induction opportunity.","The intake manifold pressure that might be seen after an induction fault (failure to deactivate) is represented by the dashed line marked 1130(a).","It can be seen that significant differences can be seen between the sampled pressure and the expected pressure when an induction unexpectedly occurs.","FIG.","11D is a graph diagrammatically representing the difference 1135 between the current manifold pressure reading and the manifold pressure reading that was obtained for the immediately preceding induction opportunity.","As will be described in more detail below with respect to FIG.","12, this difference is compared to a fault threshold 1137 and a fault signal 1138, shown in FIG.","11E, is generated thereby identifying a fault when the threshold is “exceeded” (past).","It should be noted that when we are trying to identify a deactivation fault, in the illustrated context, the threshold is “exceeded” or “past” when the difference is less than, or more negative than, the threshold.","Obviously the positive or negative direction of what constitutes “exceeding” the threshold will depend on whether the previous manifold pressure is subtracted from the current manifold pressure to determine the differential, or the current sample is subtracted from the previous sample.","Another point worth noting in FIG.","11D is that the pressure differential detected in association with a skipped induction opportunity tends to fluctuate based on whether the previous induction opportunity was a skip or a fire (induction event).","In practice, with all other parameters being the same, a skipped induction event that follows a fire may be expected to have a bigger pressure differential than a skipped induction event that follows another skipped induction event.","When there are a series of skipped induction events, the pressure differential will tend to decrease with each passing skipped induction event.","FIG.","11E illustrates a fault signal 1138 that may be generated when a fault is detected.","FIGS.","11F-11J are a series of graphs illustrating variations in manifold pressure that may occur during skip fire operation at a firing fraction of ⅘ and the generation of a fault signal based thereon.","These graphs generally correspond to the graphs of FIGS.","11A-11E, except that they show similar events in the context of operating the engine at a firing fraction of ⅘.","FIG.","11G shows representative variations in the intake manifold pressure 1155 while operating at a firing fraction of ⅘.","The effect of a failure to deactivate an intake valve in a working cycle that follows a single skip is illustrated by the dashed line marked 1170.As can be seen, the greatest differences between the measured manifold pressure and the expected manifold pressure are again around the times that the intake valves for the associated cylinders are expected to close—which is marked by point 1174.FIG.","11H shows representative pressure samples 1180 for each firing opportunity with dashed lines 1180(a) illustrating the results that might be seen in association with the deactivation failure illustrated in FIG.","11G.","FIG.","11I shows the pressure differentials 1185 observed at each firing opportunity with the dashed line labeled 1185(a) illustrating differentials that might be observed in connection with the deactivation failure illustrated in FIG.","11G.","FIG.","11J shows a detected deactivation fault 1188.The type of fault described above with respect to FIGS.","11A-11J is a failure to deactivate an intake valve.","That is, the valve opens when it was expected to remain closed.","However, the same graphs can be used to illustrate the differences that might occur when a failure to activate (reactivate) an intake valve occurs.","Such faults can occur on firing opportunities where a fire is intended.","If the intent was to introduce an air charge into the corresponding working chamber at the points at which lines the dashed lines 1120 and 1170 separate from the corresponding solid lines, then the expected manifold pressure would follow the dashed line.","Conversely, if a fault occurred at that point and the intake valve failed to open in the intended manner, the manifold pressure would follow the solid line.","Thus, it should be apparent that the same approach can be used to identify failure to reactivate faults—although the appropriate firing opportunities and default threshold would be different.","FIGS.","11A-11J illustrate the pressure variations that would occur in the event that the deactivation of the intake valve completely fails (i.e., the valve fully opens when it was intended to be held closed).","There can be other types of induction faults as well.","For example, there may be timing fault errors in which a valve opens later or earlier than expected and/or valve lift errors in which the valve opens with a different valve lift than expected, etc.","Each of these different types of faults will have an impact on the manifold pressure and it will often be possible to identify such faults—or at least the occurrence of a fault—using the same approach.","Referring next to FIG.","12, a method of detecting induction faults in accordance with this embodiment will be described.","The described process may be performed by software or firmware executed by an induction fault detection unit or other diagnostic unit.","The induction fault detection unit may be part of a diagnostic module, the ECU or any other control module for the engine.","In the illustrated embodiment, the current manifold pressure is sampled at a designated phase of the current firing or induction opportunity as represented by block 1203.The specific timing at which the sample readings used in the induction fault analysis are made may vary widely based on a variety of factors including factors such as the timing of available manifold pressure samples, cam timing and/or valve lift, the number of operating cylinders, engine speed, etc.","In a 4-stroke piston engine, the designated phase will typically be somewhere in the range of 120° to 180° past the top dead center that corresponds to the beginning of the intake stroke (as for example 150° past top dead center) as will be described in more detail below, although that is not a strict requirement.","The current manifold pressure is compared to the manifold pressure that was detected in the preceding induction opportunity as represented by block 1206 to determine the pressure differential.","In parallel, the induction fault detection unit determines the induction fault threshold for current operating conditions as represented by block 1209.Typically this is accomplished using one or more look-up table(s) although in other embodiments, the appropriate fault thresholds may be identified using other suitable approaches including algorithmically, using other data structures, using fixed threshold values, etc.","One of the reasons that look-up tables work well is that the intake manifold dynamics, and therefore the appropriate pressure differential threshold for identifying induction faults, can vary significantly based on the engine's current operating conditions.","There are a number of factors that influence intake manifold dynamics including the manifold's size and shape, atmospheric pressure, cam timing, recent induction history (e.g., skip/introduce in a skip fire controlled engine, or the charge level of recent air charges in multi-charge level engine operation), engine speed, variations in throttle position, the impact of turbo or super chargers in engines so equipped, etc.","For example, with all other factors being the same, when the manifold pressure is higher, the pressure differential will be higher.","When the engine speed is higher, the pressure differential will be lower since the cylinder has less time to draw air from the manifold when the valve is open.","The number of skipped induction opportunities that immediately precede a particular induction opportunity will also affect dynamics because the amount of air introduced into the intake manifold during a skipped working cycle will typically drop after each skipped induction opportunity as the pressure differential across the throttle drops due to filing of the intake manifold.","When an induction opportunity is intended to be skipped, the measured manifold pressure should typically be higher than the pressure measured in the previous induction opportunity.","In contrast, the measured manifold should typically be no higher (often significantly lower) than the previous measurement if the intake valve opened and an induction event occurred.","However, since the throttle position, valve timing and/or other engine dynamics may be changing and the pressure samples may not be taken at the very end of an intake valve opening period, the pressure can foreseeable decrease some amount between sequential readings even when a skip occurs.","In contrast, if the valve opened unexpectedly after a skip, the manifold pressure reading should have decreased noticeably.","Due to the variations in manifold dynamics, it is often appropriate to utilize different induction fault thresholds for different operating conditions.","To facilitate this, lookup tables may be used to select an appropriate pressure differential threshold for the current operating conditions, and different tables may be used based on whether the current induction opportunity is expected to intake air or skip induction.","Generally different tables would be used to identify failure to deactivate inductions faults (failure to skip an induction event as intended) than are used to identify failure to activate induction faults (failure to induct air as intended during an induction opportunity).","The lookup tables used to identify the fault thresholds may be one-dimensional or multi-dimensional and a variety of different indices may be used for the lookup table.","In some circumstances, multiple lookup tables may be used in conjunction with one another to determine the appropriate fault threshold.","By way of example, in some embodiments, a first lookup index may be the intake manifold pressure ratio—which is the ratio of the intake manifold pressure to barometric pressure.","A second index may be the number of skipped induction events that immediately preceded the current induction.","In some embodiments, an additional or alternative index may be engine speed.","In various other embodiments the indices to the look-up table may additionally or alternatively include one or more of: (i) a skip frequency indicative of a number of induction skips that are expected to occur in a designated period of time; (ii) the current intake manifold pressure; (iii) a firing fraction or effective firing fraction indicative of the fraction or effective fraction of the firing opportunities that are actually fired; (iv) throttle position; (v) the boost pressure (in boosted engines); (vi) cam phase; (vii) the intake valve lift profile; (viii) the skip/fire decision for the next firing opportunity; or (ix) other suitable parameters.","One specific approach to determining a failure to deactivate fault threshold will be illustrated with reference to FIGS.","13A and 13B.","This approach utilizes two look-up table structures cooperatively to determine an appropriate fault threshold.","The look-up table 1301 of FIG.","13A utilizes intake manifold pressure ratio and engine speed as its indices and each entry 1307 in the lookup table 1301 includes a base fault threshold value (indicator) 1309.The look-up table 1321 of FIG.","13B utilizes firing fraction and the number of immediately preceding skipped working cycles as its indices and each entry 1327 in the lookup table 1321 includes a fault threshold adjustment value (indicator) 1329.To determine the fault threshold for a particular induction opportunity, both the base fault threshold value 1309 and the fault threshold adjustment value 1329 are identified (looked up) based on the current engine operating conditions.","The two values are then added together and their sum is used as the fault threshold (composite fault threshold).","In these particular tables, the thresholds 1309 and 1329 are provided in kilopascals (kPa)—although it should be appreciated that the values may be provided in any appropriate units.","To illustrate the use of tables 1301 and 1321, consider an example in which the engine is operating at a firing fraction of ⅓, an engine speed of 2000 RPM, a manifold pressure ratio of 0.90 and the current firing opportunity is an intended skip (which corresponds to an intention to skip the current induction opportunity.)","that follows a fire.","Using the table of FIG.","13A, in this example, the base fault threshold valve would be −0.8 kPa (based on the MAP pressure ratio of 0.90 and the engine speed of 2000 RPM) as represented by table entry 1313.Using the table of FIG.","13B, the fault threshold adjustment value would be −0.2 kPa (based on the firing fraction of ⅓ and the preceding skip count of 1) as represented by table entry 1323.The induction fault threshold would then be −1.0 kPa (−0.8+−0.2).","Although some particular lookup tables structures have been described, it should be appreciated that the specific structure(s) of the lookup table(s) (or other data structures) used to identify the appropriate induction fault threshold may vary widely in accordance with the preferences of any particular system.","In some embodiments, altitude adjustments tables may be used to compensate for differences in barometric pressure.","Altitude adjustment tables are particularly useful in implementations that don't utilize the MAP Pressure ratio, or otherwise account for variations in ambient barometric pressure.","Returning to FIG.","12, after both the pressure differential and the appropriate induction fault threshold have been obtained (1206, 1209), the pressure differential is compared to the induction fault threshold as represented by block 1212.If the pressure differential is beyond the threshold, a fault is identified for the current induction opportunity as represented by block 1215.Using the example from above, the pressure differential is the current pressure reading minus the pressure reading for the previous induction opportunity.","If the current induction event was intended to be a skip and the pressure differential is a drop of more than 1.1 kPa, then it can be surmised that an induction event occurred when it was not intended, resulting in a failure to deactivate induction fault.","It should be appreciated that the positive or negative sense of the pressure differential will vary based on whether the current pressure reading is subtracted from the previous pressure reading or vice versa.","Similarly, what direction constitutes “exceeding” a threshold to identify a fault will vary based on how the tables are set up.","Thus it should be appreciated that in the context of this disclosure “exceeding” or “going beyond” a threshold can refer to a difference that is mathematically more than, or less than the threshold based upon how the tables are constructed and how the pressure differential between readings is determined.","The system may be configured to react to a detected induction fault in any way deemed appropriate by the controller designers.","By way of example, in some embodiments, the fault is logged in a diagnostics induction fault log.","If repeated faults are observed for a particular cylinder, a check engine light or similar warning can be activated to notify the driver to initiate maintenance.","If repeated faults are associated with the same cylinder, that cylinder can be avoided until required maintenance is performed, etc.","If the nature of the fault makes skip fire or other dynamic cylinder output level modulation operation of the engine untenable, such operating mode(s) can be temporarily disabled until the underlying problem that caused the fault(s) is resolved.","If no fault is detected in block 1212 or after the fault has been indicated in step 1215, the logic indexes to the next induction opportunity (block 1218) and the entire process is repeated for the next induction opportunity.","This process may be repeated for each induction opportunity for as long as the fault monitoring remains active.","In some embodiments, the system may be configured to only detect failures to deactivate an intake valve to thereby skip an induction event (deactivation failures) such that only failed skips are detected.","In other embodiments, the system may be configured to detect only failures to activate an intake valve to thereby cause an induction event (reactivation failures).","In other embodiments, both deactivation and reactivation failures may be detected.","In still other embodiments, the described approach may be utilized to identify situations in which the valves were activated at the wrong level or at the wrong timing.","This latter approach is particularly relevant during multi-charge level or multi-level skip fire operation of an engine where different valve actuation levels are expected.","It is noted that when a “low” firing is expected in a stoichiometry based engine cycle, the cylinder is typically expected to induct a noticeably lower amount of air than when a “high” firing is expected.","The lower air intake leads to a correspondingly higher manifold pressure and such differences can readily be detected using the described approach by using appropriate fault thresholds.","In some embodiments, separate tables can be used to identify deactivation (or reactivation) failures and improper activation level failures to allow the nature of a detected failure to be more specifically determined.","As suggested above, when intake manifold pressure sampling is done, it is generally desirable to sample the manifold pressure at a point that is relatively late in the induction event.","Therefore some care is preferably taken in choosing the timing of the sampling.","Many engine controllers are configured to sample sensors at designated intervals that are based on crankshaft rotation.","For example, some mid-level resolution controllers may be arranged to sample selected sensors (such as an intake manifold pressure sensor) every 30° of crankshaft revolution.","Often one of the samples corresponds to the top dead center position of the piston as the intake stroke is about to begin.","In such an embodiment, the sample that occurs at 150° into the working cycle works often works well for use in determining induction faults—although it should be appreciated that a wide variety of other sampling approaches can be used in other embodiments.","In some implementations it can be helpful to use the average of more than one sample in the determination of the “current” manifold pressure to be used by the induction fault detection algorithm.","For example, the average or weighted average of 2 or 3 relevant samples may be used as the current manifold pressure reading.","For example, in the context of the aforementioned mid-resolution sensor sampling approach, pressure samples may be available for time corresponding to 120°, 150°, and 180° of crankshaft rotation past top dead center.","In various embodiments two or three of these samples could be averaged together to provide the current manifold pressure reading using either straight averaging or weighted averaging.","For example, in a particular implementation two samples (e.g., 150° and 180°) could be averaged or a weighted average could be attained that applies a first (e.g.","70%) weighting to the first (e.g.","150°) sample and a second (e.g.","30%) weighting to the second (e.g.","180°) sample.","In implementations where the manifold pressure samples are available at different rates—as for example at different crankshaft rotation locations or at time based periodic intervals that are independent of crankshaft rotation, the selection of the appropriate sample or samples to use as the measured manifold pressure can be selected appropriately.","In engines that utilize late intake valve closure (LIVC) to facilitate multi-level operation (such as Miller cycle operation), it may be desirable to utilize samples later in the working cycle (e.g.","180° or more after top dead center) to better account for the impacts of pushing air out of the cylinder during the first part of the “compression” stroke.","The graphs of FIGS.","11A-11J show applications of the invention in the context of a conventional 4-stroke engine having four cylinders.","A characteristic of most 4 cylinder 4-stroke engines is that the intake stroke associated with the next firing opportunity typically will not have started when the intake manifold pressure sample is taken for any particular firing opportunity.","This is because the intake strokes for sequential firing opportunities typically begin 180° apart and the intake stroke is 180° long.","When the pressure sample for a particular firing opportunity is taken before the intake valve for the next firing opportunity is potentially opened, then the next firing decision does not interfere in any way with the pressure reading regardless of whether the subsequent firing decision is a skip or fire.","In contrast, in engines having six, eight, or more cylinders, intake valve opening overlaps between sequentially fired cylinders are often expected.","For example, in eight cylinder engines, sequential firing opportunities typically begin 90° apart.","Therefore, in circumstances in which the “next” cylinder is intended to be fired and the pressure reading is made 150° into the intake stroke, it might be expected that the intake valve for the “next” cylinder will have opened before the intake manifold reading is made—which will affect the detected manifold pressure.","These effects can be accounted for in a variety of different ways including via selection of the appropriate fault threshold and/or selecting the timing/phase of the pressure readings (or the effective phase in circumstances in which the pressure reading averages or weighted averages more than one pressure sample).","In some embodiments, the effects of the next firing decision might be integrated into a lookup table.","For example, the next firing decision can be an additional index for the fault threshold lookup table such that the fault threshold varies based on whether the next firing opportunity is a skip or a fire.","In engines with multiple firing levels the firing level may be used as an additional index.","It is noted that this information is readily available to the diagnostics module because the next firing decision has to be made before the intake stroke for that cylinder begins so that the intake valve can be controlled appropriately.","In 6-cylinder engines, the overlap between potential valve openings tends to be less, so it is less of a problem, but the impacts of the overlap can be accounted for in the same ways.","It should be appreciated that there can also be valve opening overlap during operation of a four cylinder engine.","For example, in many implementations, the intake valve for a particular working cycle may open near the end of the exhaust stroke in that cylinder's preceding working cycle.","In another example, a valve may be operated using late intake valve closing (LIVC) control in some operational circumstances.","The impacts of these types of overlaps can typically be accounted for by selecting the appropriate manifold pressure sampling timing and/or setting the fault threshold at a value that is unaffected by such types of overlapping.","In other embodiments, the magnitude of the fault threshold can be based in part on the firing decisions for the next cylinder as discussed above.","Crankshaft Angular Acceleration Based Diagnostics In some embodiments an algorithm using information on the crankshaft angular acceleration can be used to determine induction faults.","FIG.","9 shows the torque profile of a cylinder over an engine cycle associated with different types of commanded intake valve action.","A fire command with a high lift valve schedule generates a large torque pulse after top dead center (TDC), curve 1010.A fire command with a low lift valve schedule generates a smaller torque pulse after top dead center (TDC), curve 1012.Both curves 1010 and 1012 also show a negative torque pulse prior to TDC.","In contrast a commanded skip, having no induction since the intake valve remains closed, results in little torque either generated or absorbed, curve 1014.These torque signature differences may be used to diagnose induction faults.","The torque signature of all engine cylinders and other engine loads can be estimated to determine a total net torque acting on the crankshaft.","In skip fire operation the torque signature of each cylinder can vary on a cycle by cycle basis and this must be considered in the calculation of total net torque.","Since the crank angular acceleration is proportional to torque, the net crankshaft angular acceleration can be calculated.","The calculated angular acceleration may be defined as a reference angular acceleration.","The reference angular acceleration represents the anticipated crank angular acceleration in the absence of any faults.","Actual crankshaft angular acceleration can be determined using input from a crank rotation sensor that measures the time period between passages of successive crank mounted indices past a fixed point.","The measured crankshaft acceleration signal can be compared with the reference acceleration.","If the measured acceleration signal deviates from the reference acceleration by more than a prescribed threshold a fault signal is generated.","It is advantageous to compare the measured and reference crank acceleration in a time window 1013 slightly before and somewhat after TDC between the compression and power stroke of the cylinder under test.","As shown in FIG.","9 the difference in torque between the different induction states (high lift, low lift, no lift) is greatest in this area, so detecting the differences is easiest during this time window.","The comparison may be made over the entire time window 1013 or any portion or multiple portions thereof.","In determining the reference acceleration it is essential to consider operation of other engine cylinders in addition to the cylinder under test.","Generally the engine cylinders adjacent to the cylinder under test in the engine firing order have the most influence on the torque during the induction fault test window 1013 and are most important to consider when determining the reference acceleration.","Of particular importance is whether these cylinders were skips or fires because, as shown in FIG.","9, the largest torques are generated during the compression and power stroke and these strokes of the adjacent cylinders can partially overlap with the fault detection window of the cylinder under test.","The adjacent cylinder firing pattern can take four possible forms, i.e.","skip-skip, skip-fire, fire-skip, fire-fire.","Depending on the adjacent cylinder pattern the reference threshold may vary.","The influence of adjacent cylinders on the expected torque from a cylinder under test is described in U.S. patent application Ser.","Nos.","14/207,109 and 14/880,652, which are incorporated herein by reference.","In other embodiments, more complex cylinder pressure models that consider the effects of still other (e.g.","non-adjacent) cylinders may be used to determine the reference crank acceleration.","This may be a model that considers the impact of all of the cylinders or a larger subset of the cylinders beyond simply the adjacent cylinders in the firing order.","Some such models are described in the incorporated '652 application.","Aside from and/or in addition to crankshaft angular acceleration, the time derivative of the angular acceleration, jerk, may be used to detect induction faults.","FIG.","10 shows the jerk as a function of crankshaft angle.","Curves 1020, 1022, and 1024 show the jerk associated with the high lift, low lift, and no lift induction states, respectively.","These three jerk curves are effectively the slope of the angular acceleration curves 1010, 1012, and 1014 shown in FIG.","9.The time window for induction fault detection 1023 using crank jerk may be smaller than the detection window using crank acceleration 1013, since the jerk peaks are narrower in time than those associated with the angular acceleration.","In should be appreciated that while the methods described here compare a reference angular acceleration or jerk with the corresponding measured values, substantially equivalent comparison may be made using other parameters.","For example, instead of determining a reference angular acceleration a reference torque may be determined.","A comparison may then be made whether the measured torque (based on the crankshaft angular acceleration) is consistent with the reference value.","Additionally, in some skip fire control schemes when a cylinder under test is scheduled to be a skip, but the intake valve fails to deactivate, air is inducted into the cylinder during the intake stroke and compressed; however, it is not fired during the combustion stroke.","In such operation the cylinder is operating as an air spring.","This operational mode produces a distinctive torque and jerk signature like those shown in FIGS.","9 and 10 for other operational modes.","An induction fault in this operational mode may be detected using the same techniques as described above.","Other Features While detection of an induction fault has been described by measuring the MAP and crankshaft accelerations it should be appreciated that the approaches may be combined with each other.","That is both a MAP based fault signal and crank acceleration based fault signal could be input into an AND gate.","A fault would only be registered if both inputs indicated the presence of a fault.","In an alternative architecture the MAP and crankshaft based diagnostics could produce a three state (yes, no, and maybe) or continuous output.","These outputs could be combined in various ways to generate the fault signal.","For example, one system producing a “maybe” and the other producing a “yes” may be interpreted as a fault.","Alternatively, both systems may generate a continuous value between 0 and 1, where 0 represents definitely no fault and 1 represents definitely a fault.","Intermediate values can be combined in various ways to determine whether a fault is present For example if the MAP based system gave a reading of 0.8 and the crank based system gave a reading of 0.6 these readings could be summed to give a value of 1.4, which might be above a detection threshold indicating a fault.","These types of architecture combining multiple inputs may result in fewer false positive fault detections than a system based on a single measured parameter.","It is also possible to combine the MAP and/or crank fault signal with other diagnostic signals; for example, an intake valve proximity sensor, an in-cylinder pressure sensor, an exhaust pressure sensor and/or oxygen sensor, to provide for a further reduced error level.","The generated fault signals may be inputted into an OBD system.","The OBD system may perform statistical analysis on the fault signals to determine whether any corrective action is required.","For example, reoccurring faults on a particular cylinder may indicate a failure in some aspect of that cylinder's induction system requiring corrective action.","An indicator may alert a vehicle driver that such action is required.","The figures refer to subcomponents and functional blocks that perform various functions.","It should be appreciated that some of these subcomponents may be combined into a larger single component, or that a feature of one subcomponent may be transferred to another subcomponent.","The present invention contemplates a wide variety of control methods and mechanisms for performing the operations described herein, and is not limited to what is expressly shown in the figures.","For example, in the various illustrated embodiments, the firing information provided to the induction failure detection unit 102 is typically described as coming from the firing fraction calculator 112 and/or the firing timing determination module 120.Although this architecture works well, it should be appreciated that such information can come from any suitable source.","For example, in many implementations, the functionality of the firing fraction calculator and firing timing determination module will be accomplished by an engine control unit (ECU) or a power train controller that may not incorporate readily identifiable modules that perform the corresponding functions.","The invention has been described primarily in the context of controlling the firing of 4-stroke piston engines suitable for use in motor vehicles.","However, it should be appreciated that the described skip fire approaches are very well suited for use in a wide variety of internal combustion engines.","These include engines for virtually any type of vehicle—including cars, trucks, boats, construction equipment, aircraft, motorcycles, scooters, etc.","; and virtually any other application that involves the firing of working chambers and utilizes an internal combustion engine.","The various described approaches work with engines that operate under a wide variety of different thermodynamic cycles—including virtually any type of two stroke piston engines, diesel engines, Otto cycle engines, Dual cycle engines, Miller cycle engines, Atkinson cycle engines, Wankel engines, axial engines and other types of rotary engines, mixed cycle engines (such as dual Otto and diesel engines), radial engines, etc.","It is also believed that the described approaches will work well with newly developed internal combustion engines regardless of whether they operate utilizing currently known, or later developed thermodynamic cycles.","The described embodiments can be adjusted to work with engines having equally or unequally sized working chambers.","While the described embodiments work well with dynamic skip fire engine operation, it should be appreciated that it may be applied to other types of engine control which may be concerned about the possibility of induction faults.","This includes virtually any skip fire application (operational modes in which individual cylinders are sometimes fired and sometime skipped during operation in a particular operational mode) including skip fire operation using fixed firing patterns or firing sequences as may occur when using rolling cylinder deactivation and/or various other skip fire techniques.","Similar techniques may also be used in various skip fire like techniques such as multi-charge level engine operation or other cylinder output level modulation techniques.","Similar techniques may also be used in connection with variable stroke control engine operation.","In variable stroke engine control, the number of strokes in each working cycle are altered to effectively vary the displacement of an engine.","In multi-charge level engine operation, the output of fired cylinders are varied dynamically in a skip/fire type pattern.","For example, a particular cylinder may sometimes be fired at a “high” or “higher” torque output level and may sometimes be fired at a “low” or “lower” torque output level, with the “low” output levels corresponding to the “skips” and the “high” output levels corresponding to the fires in a skip fire pattern.","In another example, a multi-level skip fire pattern may include some “skips”, some “low” firings and some “high” firings.","A variety of multi-charge level modulation and multi-level skip fire techniques are described in Applicant's U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","14/919,018, which is incorporated herein by reference.","One way to differentiate between “high” and “low” firings is to modulate the valve lift which can lead to valve lift fault based induction faults which can be detected using the described techniques.","The invention has generally been described in terms of a skip fire control system that fires a fuel/air charge during the same cycle as the induction event that filled the cylinder with the charge.","Also, the invention has generally been described in terms of a skip fire control system that vents the combustion gases from a cylinder firing during an exhaust stroke immediately following the power stroke where the fuel/air charge was firing.","Neither of these valve control schemes is a requirement.","A cylinder may induct an air charge and wait one or more cycles before firing the charge.","Similarly, a cylinder may hold combustion gases within the cylinder for one or more engine cycles after a combustion event.","Engines operating in this manner will have different MAP and crankshaft variation signatures, but the methods described here can be readily adapted to accommodate these different valve control schemes.","Although only a few embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it should be appreciated that the invention may be implemented in many other forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.","Therefore, the present embodiments should be considered illustrative and not restrictive and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"INDUCTION DIAGNOSTICS FOR SKIP FIRE ENGINES\",\n \"A variety of methods, diagnostic modules and other arrangements for detecting air induction faults during operation of an internal combustion engine are described.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the intake manifold pressure is monitored with the intake pressure being read for each induction opportunity.\",\n \"Induction faults may be detected based at least in part on a comparison of the manifold pressure readings for sequential induction opportunities.\",\n \"In some embodiments, an induction fault is identified when the difference between the manifold pressure associated with an induction opportunity and the immediately preceding induction opportunity exceeds an induction fault threshold.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A method of detecting an induction fault in an internal combustion engine having an intake manifold that supplies air to at least one working chamber of the internal combustion engine, and an intake manifold pressure sensor configured to sense an air pressure within the intake manifold, the method comprising: obtaining a first pressure reading indicative of the intake manifold pressure at a time associated with a first working chamber air induction opportunity; obtaining a second pressure reading indicative of the intake manifold pressure at a time associated with a second working chamber air induction opportunity that follows the first working chamber induction opportunity, the second air induction opportunity being the next air induction opportunity following the first air induction opportunity; and determining whether an induction fault has occurred in association with the second air induction opportunity based at least in part on the first and second pressure readings.\",\n \"2.A method as recited in claim 1 further comprising: determining a difference between the first and second pressure readings; comparing the difference to a threshold; and identifying an induction fault for the second air induction opportunity when the difference is beyond the threshold.\",\n \"3.A method as recited in claim 1 wherein each pressure reading is based on a plurality of pressure measurement samples.\",\n \"4.A method as recited in claim 1 wherein each pressure reading is made at substantially the same phase in a working cycle associated with its associated induction opportunity.\",\n \"5.A method as recited in claim 4 wherein each pressure reading is made: during an associated intake stroke of a piston in an associated working chamber in which the associated working cycle occurs; and within a range of 150 degrees±30 degrees of crankshaft rotation after top dead center of the piston in the associated intake stroke.\",\n \"6.A method as recited in claim 1 wherein the threshold is based at least in part on how many air induction opportunities were skipped immediately before the second air induction opportunity.\",\n \"7.A method as recited in claim 1 wherein the threshold is based at least in part on an intake manifold pressure ratio, wherein the intake manifold pressure ratio is a ratio of intake manifold pressure to barometric pressure.\",\n \"8.A method as recited in claim 1 wherein the threshold is based at least in part on a current operational firing fraction of the engine.\",\n \"9.A method as recited in claim 1 wherein the threshold is based at least in part on a current engine speed.\",\n \"10.A method as recited in claim 1 performed while the engine is operating in a multi-charge level operational mode.\",\n \"11.A method as recited in claim 1 performed while the engine is operating in a skip fire operational mode.\",\n \"12.An induction fault lookup table embodied in a computer readable medium associated with an engine controller for use in identifying air induction faults, the induction fault lookup table comprising: a multiplicity of entries that identify induction fault thresholds, and wherein the induction fault lookup table includes at least one index selected from the group consisting of (i) a number of skipped induction opportunities that immediately preceded a current induction opportunity, (ii) an intake manifold pressure ratio, (iii) an operational firing fraction, and (iv) an engine speed.\",\n \"13.An induction fault lookup table as recited in claim 12 wherein the induction fault lookup table includes at least two indices selected from the group consisting of (i) the number of skipped induction opportunities that immediately preceded a current induction opportunity, (ii) the intake manifold pressure ratio, (iii) the operational firing fraction, and (iv) the engine speed.\",\n \"14.An induction fault lookup table as recited in claim 12 wherein the induction fault lookup table is a multi-dimensional lookup table having both (i) the number of skipped induction opportunities that immediately preceded a current induction opportunity, and (ii) the intake manifold pressure ratio as indices.\",\n \"15.An induction fault lookup table as recited in claim 12 wherein an additional index for the lookup table is selected from the group consisting of: a skip frequency indicative of a number of induction skips that are expected to occur in a designated period of time; a throttle position; intake manifold pressure; cam phase; boost pressure; intake valve lift profile; and skip/induct decision for a next firing opportunity.\",\n \"16.An induction fault lookup table as recited in claim 12 composed of first and second lookup table segments, wherein: a first index for the first lookup table segment is intake manifold pressure ratio; a second index for the first lookup table segment is engine speed; a first index for the second lookup table segment is firing fraction; and a second index for the second lookup table segment is the number of skipped induction opportunities that immediately precede the current induction opportunity; and wherein values retrieved from the first and second lookup tables segments are summed to determine to provide a composite induction fault threshold.\",\n \"17.A diagnostics module configured to detect induction faults that occur during operation of an internal combustion engine that includes an intake manifold that supplies air to at least one working chamber of the internal combustion engine, and an intake manifold pressure sensor configured to sense an air pressure within the intake manifold, the diagnostic module comprising a controller configured to: obtain a first pressure reading indicative of the intake manifold pressure at a time associated with a first working chamber induction opportunity that has the potential to draw air from the intake manifold; obtain a second pressure reading indicative of the intake manifold pressure at a time associated with a second working chamber induction opportunity that has the potential to draw air from the intake manifold, the second working chamber induction opportunity being the next working chamber induction opportunity following the first working chamber induction opportunity; and determine whether an induction fault has occurred in association with the second working chamber induction opportunity based at least in part on the first and second pressure readings.\",\n \"18.A diagnostics module as recited in claim 17 further comprising an induction fault lookup table embodied in a computer readable medium associated with the controller for use in identifying induction faults, the induction fault lookup table comprising a multiplicity of entries that identify induction fault thresholds used in the determination of whether an induction fault has occurred, wherein different entries in the induction fault lookup table correspond to thresholds suitable for use under different operating conditions.\",\n \"19.A diagnostics module as recited in claim 18 wherein the induction fault lookup table includes at least one index selected from the group consisting of (i) a number of skipped induction opportunities that immediately preceded the second working chamber induction opportunity, (ii) an intake manifold pressure ratio, or (iii) an operational firing fraction.\",\n \"20.A diagnostics module as recited in claim 18 wherein the controller is further configured to: determine a difference between the first and second pressure readings; compare the difference to a threshold; and identifying an induction fault for the second induction opportunity when the difference exceeds the threshold.\",\n \"21.A diagnostics module as recited in claim 18 wherein the controller is further configured to make a pressure reading at substantially the same phase in each working cycle.\",\n \"22.An engine controller comprising the diagnostics module as recited in claim 17 and a skip fire controller configured to direct operation of an engine in a skip fire operational mode and wherein: the diagnostic module is configured to detect induction faults during skip fire operation of the engine.\",\n \"23.An engine controller comprising the diagnostics module as recited in claim 17 and a cylinder output level modulation controller configured to direct operation of an engine in a cylinder output level modulation operational mode and wherein: the diagnostic module is configured to detect induction faults during cylinder output level modulation operation of the engine.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND Most vehicles in operation today are powered by internal combustion (IC) engines.\",\n \"Internal combustion engines typically have multiple cylinders or other working chambers where combustion occurs.\",\n \"The power generated by the engine depends on the amount of fuel and air that is delivered to each working chamber.\",\n \"Fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines can be substantially improved by varying the engine displacement.\",\n \"This allows for the full torque to be available when required, yet can significantly reduce pumping losses and improve thermal efficiency by using a smaller displacement when full torque is not required.\",\n \"The most common method today of implementing a variable displacement engine is to deactivate a group of cylinders substantially simultaneously.\",\n \"In this approach the intake and exhaust valves associated with the deactivated cylinders are kept closed and no fuel is injected when it is desired to skip a combustion event.\",\n \"For example, an 8 cylinder variable displacement engine may deactivate half of the cylinders (i.e.\",\n \"4 cylinders) so that it is operating using only the remaining 4 cylinders.\",\n \"Commercially available variable displacement engines available today typically support only two or at most three displacements.\",\n \"Another engine control approach that varies the effective displacement of an engine is referred to as “skip fire” engine control.\",\n \"In general, skip fire engine control contemplates selectively skipping the firing of certain cylinders during selected firing opportunities.\",\n \"Thus, a particular cylinder may be fired during one engine cycle and then skipped during the next engine cycle and selectively skipped or fired during the next.\",\n \"In this manner, even finer control of the effective engine displacement is possible.\",\n \"For example, firing every third cylinder in a 4 cylinder engine would provide an effective reduction to ⅓ rd of the full engine displacement, which is a fractional displacement that is not obtainable by simply deactivating a set of cylinders to create an even firing pattern.\",\n \"Similarly, firing every other cylinder in a 3 cylinder engine would provide an effective displacement of ½, which is not obtainable by simply deactivating a set of cylinders.\",\n \"Conceptually, virtually any effective displacement can be obtained using skip fire control, although in practice most implementations restrict operation to a set of available firing fractions, sequences or patterns.\",\n \"The Applicant, Tula Technology, Inc., has filed a number of patents describing various approaches to skip fire control.\",\n \"By way of example, U.S. Pat.\",\n \"Nos.\",\n \"8,099,224; 8,464,690; 8,651,091; 8,839,766; 8,869,773; 9,020,735; 9,086,020; 9,120,478; 9,175,613; 9,200,575; 9,200,587; 9,291,106; 9,399,964, and others describe a variety of engine controllers that make it practical to operate a wide variety of internal combustion engines in a dynamic skip fire operational mode.\",\n \"Each of these patents and patent applications is incorporated herein by reference.\",\n \"U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"8,131,445 (which is incorporated herein by reference) teaches a continuously variable displacement engine using a dynamic skip fire operational approach, which allows any fraction of the cylinders to be fired on average using individual cylinder deactivation.\",\n \"In a continuously variable displacement mode operated in skip-fire, the amount of torque delivered generally depends heavily on the firing fraction, or fraction of combustion events that are not skipped.\",\n \"In other skip fire approaches a particular firing pattern or firing fraction may be selected from a set of available firing patterns or fractions.\",\n \"In some applications referred to as multi-level skip fire, individual working cycles that are fired may be purposely operated at different cylinder outputs levels—that is, using purposefully different air charge and corresponding fueling levels.\",\n \"By way of example, U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"9,399,964 (which is incorporated herein by reference) describes some such approaches.\",\n \"The individual cylinder control concepts used in dynamic skip fire can also be applied to dynamic multi-charge level engine operation in which all cylinders are fired, but individual working cycles are purposely operated at different cylinder output levels.\",\n \"Dynamic skip fire and dynamic multi-charge level engine operation may collectively be considered different types of cylinder output level modulation engine operation in which the output of each working cycle (e.g., skip/fire, high/low, skip/high/low, etc.)\",\n \"is dynamically determined during operation of the engine, typically on an individual cylinder working cycle by working cycle (firing opportunity by firing opportunity) basis.\",\n \"It should be appreciated that cylinder output level engine operation is different than conventional variable displacement in which when the engine enters a reduced displacement operational state, a defined set of cylinders are operated in generally the same manner until the engine transitions to a different operational state.\",\n \"In order to operate with dynamic skip fire control or other types of cylinder output level modulation, it is necessary to control the intake and exhaust valves in a more complex manner than if the cylinders are always activated.\",\n \"For example, in skip fire operation, the intake and/or exhaust valves remain closed during a skipped working cycle to minimize pumping losses.\",\n \"This contrasts with an engine operating on all cylinders, where the intake and exhaust valves open and close on every working cycle.\",\n \"Most vehicles in operation today use a camshaft to open and close the intake valves.\",\n \"The valve train may incorporate a cam phaser to control the timing of the valve opening and closing relative to the crankshaft.\",\n \"Some cam operated engines also have adjustable valve lift.\",\n \"For example, some engines have mechanisms to shift valves between a “high lift” and “low lift” level; for example, a maximum lift of 11 mm for “high lift” and of 4 mm for “low lift”.\",\n \"As an alternative to cam controlled valves, some engines use electronic valve actuation, which has more flexibility in the valve opening and closing because the valve motion is not constrained by camshaft rotation.\",\n \"For cam operated valves a method to deactivate a valve is to incorporate a collapsible valve lifter into the valve train.\",\n \"To activate the valve the lifter remains at its full extension and to deactivate the valve the lifter collapses failing to transfer the cam lobe profile to the valve.\",\n \"Valve activation/deactivation is controlled by a solenoid which deactivates the valve by providing high pressure oil to the collapsible lifter.\",\n \"Other mechanisms exist to deactivate valves in engines with cam operated valves.\",\n \"U.S. Pat.\",\n \"Nos.\",\n \"9,175,613, 9,581,097, and 9,562,470, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, teach methods of sensing failures of an exhaust valve to open after a combustion event.\",\n \"As pointed out in these applications, failure of the exhaust valve to open will result in high pressure combustion gases being trapped in the cylinder, which can lead to damage of the intake valve and its associated mechanism if it attempts to open against this high pressure.\",\n \"Failures of an intake valve to activate or deactivate under skip fire control can also have a deleterious impact on engine operation.\",\n \"Failure of the intake valve to open will result in missing a planned firing event.\",\n \"This may lead to unburnt hydrocarbons being transmitted to the engine exhaust and may result in unacceptable emissions.\",\n \"There will also be a loss of engine torque and increased engine roughness.\",\n \"Failure of an intake valve to close may result in increased pumping losses and excess oxygen in the exhaust gases deleteriously impacting the catalytic converter.\",\n \"Failures in the cam adjustment mechanism can also lead to emission and engine performance issues.\",\n \"In all cases information regarding intake valve or cam failures may be required to be communicated to a vehicle on-board diagnostic (OBD) system to satisfy governmental regulations, such as those imposed by the California Air Resources Board (CARB).\",\n \"It is thus desirable to make a determination of whether actual cylinder air induction accurately matches the commanded operation.\"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A variety of methods, diagnostic modules and other arrangements for detecting air induction faults during operation of an internal combustion engine are described.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the intake manifold pressure is monitored with the intake pressure being read for each induction opportunity.\",\n \"Induction faults may be detected based at least in part on a comparison of the manifold pressure readings for sequential induction opportunities.\",\n \"In some embodiments, an induction fault is identified when the difference between the manifold pressure associated with an induction opportunity and the immediately preceding induction opportunity exceeds an induction fault threshold.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the induction fault threshold is based at least in part on at least one of: (i) how many air induction opportunities were skipped immediately before the current air induction opportunity; (ii) an intake manifold pressure ratio; (iii) a current operational firing fraction of the engine; and (iv) a current engine speed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a lookup table may be used to identify the induction fault threshold suitable for use under current operating conditions.\",\n \"In some embodiments, each manifold pressure reading is based on a plurality of pressure measurement samples.\",\n \"In some embodiments, each manifold pressure reading is made at substantially the same phase in a working cycle associated with its associated induction opportunity.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the manifold pressure reading as made at a phase that is in the range of 120° to 180° after top dead center of the piston in the associated intake stroke—as for example, near 150° after top dead center.\",\n \"The describe approaches are particularly well suited for use in engines operating in a skip fire mode with cylinder deactivation and/or other dynamic cylinder output level modulation modes.\",\n \"A variety of different induction faults can be detected using the described techniques including intake valve activation failures, intake valve deactivation failures, and valve lift faults (e.g., valve lift too low and/or valve lift too high induction faults).\",\n \"Once and induction fault is identified, it may be acted on in any appropriate manners.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fault is logged in a diagnostic fault log.\",\n \"When appropriate, the control of the engine can be varied based on detected fault, as for example, by avoiding use of a cylinder that is consistently faulting or by disabling skip fire operation of the engine until the problem is fixed.\",\n \"In another aspect, various specific induction fault lookup tables are described.\",\n \"The induction fault tables may be embodied in a computer readable medium associated with an engine controller for use in identifying air induction faults.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the induction fault lookup table include a multiplicity of entries that identify induction fault thresholds.\",\n \"Indices for the lookup table may include one or more of: (i) a number of skipped induction opportunities that immediately preceded a current induction opportunity, (ii) an intake manifold pressure ratio, (iii) an operational firing fraction, and (iv) an engine speed.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the an additional index for the lookup table may include one of: (v) a skip frequency indicative of a number of induction skips that are expected to occur in a designated period of time; (vi) a throttle position; (vii) the intake manifold pressure; (vii) cam phase; (viii) the intake valve lift profile; (ix) boost pressure; and the skip/fire decision for the next firing opportunity.\",\n \"In some embodiments that induction fault lookup table may be a composite table formed from a plurality of lookup table segments.\",\n \"A variety of diagnostic modules capable of performing the functions described above are also described.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"15/641,097, filed Jul.\",\n \"3, 2017, which is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/919,385 (now U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"9,835,522), filed Oct. 21, 2015, which claims priority of Provisional Application No.\",\n \"62/067,873 filed on Oct. 23, 2014.Each of the foregoing applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.\",\n \"FIELD The present invention relates generally to methods and mechanisms for diagnosing induction faults in an internal combustion engine.\",\n \"Various embodiments involve measurement and analysis of the intake manifold pressure and/or crankshaft angular acceleration to diagnose induction faults.\",\n \"BACKGROUND Most vehicles in operation today are powered by internal combustion (IC) engines.\",\n \"Internal combustion engines typically have multiple cylinders or other working chambers where combustion occurs.\",\n \"The power generated by the engine depends on the amount of fuel and air that is delivered to each working chamber.\",\n \"Fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines can be substantially improved by varying the engine displacement.\",\n \"This allows for the full torque to be available when required, yet can significantly reduce pumping losses and improve thermal efficiency by using a smaller displacement when full torque is not required.\",\n \"The most common method today of implementing a variable displacement engine is to deactivate a group of cylinders substantially simultaneously.\",\n \"In this approach the intake and exhaust valves associated with the deactivated cylinders are kept closed and no fuel is injected when it is desired to skip a combustion event.\",\n \"For example, an 8 cylinder variable displacement engine may deactivate half of the cylinders (i.e.\",\n \"4 cylinders) so that it is operating using only the remaining 4 cylinders.\",\n \"Commercially available variable displacement engines available today typically support only two or at most three displacements.\",\n \"Another engine control approach that varies the effective displacement of an engine is referred to as “skip fire” engine control.\",\n \"In general, skip fire engine control contemplates selectively skipping the firing of certain cylinders during selected firing opportunities.\",\n \"Thus, a particular cylinder may be fired during one engine cycle and then skipped during the next engine cycle and selectively skipped or fired during the next.\",\n \"In this manner, even finer control of the effective engine displacement is possible.\",\n \"For example, firing every third cylinder in a 4 cylinder engine would provide an effective reduction to ⅓rd of the full engine displacement, which is a fractional displacement that is not obtainable by simply deactivating a set of cylinders to create an even firing pattern.\",\n \"Similarly, firing every other cylinder in a 3 cylinder engine would provide an effective displacement of ½, which is not obtainable by simply deactivating a set of cylinders.\",\n \"Conceptually, virtually any effective displacement can be obtained using skip fire control, although in practice most implementations restrict operation to a set of available firing fractions, sequences or patterns.\",\n \"The Applicant, Tula Technology, Inc., has filed a number of patents describing various approaches to skip fire control.\",\n \"By way of example, U.S. Pat.\",\n \"Nos.\",\n \"8,099,224; 8,464,690; 8,651,091; 8,839,766; 8,869,773; 9,020,735; 9,086,020; 9,120,478; 9,175,613; 9,200,575; 9,200,587; 9,291,106; 9,399,964, and others describe a variety of engine controllers that make it practical to operate a wide variety of internal combustion engines in a dynamic skip fire operational mode.\",\n \"Each of these patents and patent applications is incorporated herein by reference.\",\n \"U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"8,131,445 (which is incorporated herein by reference) teaches a continuously variable displacement engine using a dynamic skip fire operational approach, which allows any fraction of the cylinders to be fired on average using individual cylinder deactivation.\",\n \"In a continuously variable displacement mode operated in skip-fire, the amount of torque delivered generally depends heavily on the firing fraction, or fraction of combustion events that are not skipped.\",\n \"In other skip fire approaches a particular firing pattern or firing fraction may be selected from a set of available firing patterns or fractions.\",\n \"In some applications referred to as multi-level skip fire, individual working cycles that are fired may be purposely operated at different cylinder outputs levels—that is, using purposefully different air charge and corresponding fueling levels.\",\n \"By way of example, U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"9,399,964 (which is incorporated herein by reference) describes some such approaches.\",\n \"The individual cylinder control concepts used in dynamic skip fire can also be applied to dynamic multi-charge level engine operation in which all cylinders are fired, but individual working cycles are purposely operated at different cylinder output levels.\",\n \"Dynamic skip fire and dynamic multi-charge level engine operation may collectively be considered different types of cylinder output level modulation engine operation in which the output of each working cycle (e.g., skip/fire, high/low, skip/high/low, etc.)\",\n \"is dynamically determined during operation of the engine, typically on an individual cylinder working cycle by working cycle (firing opportunity by firing opportunity) basis.\",\n \"It should be appreciated that cylinder output level engine operation is different than conventional variable displacement in which when the engine enters a reduced displacement operational state, a defined set of cylinders are operated in generally the same manner until the engine transitions to a different operational state.\",\n \"In order to operate with dynamic skip fire control or other types of cylinder output level modulation, it is necessary to control the intake and exhaust valves in a more complex manner than if the cylinders are always activated.\",\n \"For example, in skip fire operation, the intake and/or exhaust valves remain closed during a skipped working cycle to minimize pumping losses.\",\n \"This contrasts with an engine operating on all cylinders, where the intake and exhaust valves open and close on every working cycle.\",\n \"Most vehicles in operation today use a camshaft to open and close the intake valves.\",\n \"The valve train may incorporate a cam phaser to control the timing of the valve opening and closing relative to the crankshaft.\",\n \"Some cam operated engines also have adjustable valve lift.\",\n \"For example, some engines have mechanisms to shift valves between a “high lift” and “low lift” level; for example, a maximum lift of 11 mm for “high lift” and of 4 mm for “low lift”.\",\n \"As an alternative to cam controlled valves, some engines use electronic valve actuation, which has more flexibility in the valve opening and closing because the valve motion is not constrained by camshaft rotation.\",\n \"For cam operated valves a method to deactivate a valve is to incorporate a collapsible valve lifter into the valve train.\",\n \"To activate the valve the lifter remains at its full extension and to deactivate the valve the lifter collapses failing to transfer the cam lobe profile to the valve.\",\n \"Valve activation/deactivation is controlled by a solenoid which deactivates the valve by providing high pressure oil to the collapsible lifter.\",\n \"Other mechanisms exist to deactivate valves in engines with cam operated valves.\",\n \"U.S. Pat.\",\n \"Nos.\",\n \"9,175,613, 9,581,097, and 9,562,470, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, teach methods of sensing failures of an exhaust valve to open after a combustion event.\",\n \"As pointed out in these applications, failure of the exhaust valve to open will result in high pressure combustion gases being trapped in the cylinder, which can lead to damage of the intake valve and its associated mechanism if it attempts to open against this high pressure.\",\n \"Failures of an intake valve to activate or deactivate under skip fire control can also have a deleterious impact on engine operation.\",\n \"Failure of the intake valve to open will result in missing a planned firing event.\",\n \"This may lead to unburnt hydrocarbons being transmitted to the engine exhaust and may result in unacceptable emissions.\",\n \"There will also be a loss of engine torque and increased engine roughness.\",\n \"Failure of an intake valve to close may result in increased pumping losses and excess oxygen in the exhaust gases deleteriously impacting the catalytic converter.\",\n \"Failures in the cam adjustment mechanism can also lead to emission and engine performance issues.\",\n \"In all cases information regarding intake valve or cam failures may be required to be communicated to a vehicle on-board diagnostic (OBD) system to satisfy governmental regulations, such as those imposed by the California Air Resources Board (CARB).\",\n \"It is thus desirable to make a determination of whether actual cylinder air induction accurately matches the commanded operation.\",\n \"SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A variety of methods, diagnostic modules and other arrangements for detecting air induction faults during operation of an internal combustion engine are described.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the intake manifold pressure is monitored with the intake pressure being read for each induction opportunity.\",\n \"Induction faults may be detected based at least in part on a comparison of the manifold pressure readings for sequential induction opportunities.\",\n \"In some embodiments, an induction fault is identified when the difference between the manifold pressure associated with an induction opportunity and the immediately preceding induction opportunity exceeds an induction fault threshold.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the induction fault threshold is based at least in part on at least one of: (i) how many air induction opportunities were skipped immediately before the current air induction opportunity; (ii) an intake manifold pressure ratio; (iii) a current operational firing fraction of the engine; and (iv) a current engine speed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a lookup table may be used to identify the induction fault threshold suitable for use under current operating conditions.\",\n \"In some embodiments, each manifold pressure reading is based on a plurality of pressure measurement samples.\",\n \"In some embodiments, each manifold pressure reading is made at substantially the same phase in a working cycle associated with its associated induction opportunity.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the manifold pressure reading as made at a phase that is in the range of 120° to 180° after top dead center of the piston in the associated intake stroke—as for example, near 150° after top dead center.\",\n \"The describe approaches are particularly well suited for use in engines operating in a skip fire mode with cylinder deactivation and/or other dynamic cylinder output level modulation modes.\",\n \"A variety of different induction faults can be detected using the described techniques including intake valve activation failures, intake valve deactivation failures, and valve lift faults (e.g., valve lift too low and/or valve lift too high induction faults).\",\n \"Once and induction fault is identified, it may be acted on in any appropriate manners.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fault is logged in a diagnostic fault log.\",\n \"When appropriate, the control of the engine can be varied based on detected fault, as for example, by avoiding use of a cylinder that is consistently faulting or by disabling skip fire operation of the engine until the problem is fixed.\",\n \"In another aspect, various specific induction fault lookup tables are described.\",\n \"The induction fault tables may be embodied in a computer readable medium associated with an engine controller for use in identifying air induction faults.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the induction fault lookup table include a multiplicity of entries that identify induction fault thresholds.\",\n \"Indices for the lookup table may include one or more of: (i) a number of skipped induction opportunities that immediately preceded a current induction opportunity, (ii) an intake manifold pressure ratio, (iii) an operational firing fraction, and (iv) an engine speed.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the an additional index for the lookup table may include one of: (v) a skip frequency indicative of a number of induction skips that are expected to occur in a designated period of time; (vi) a throttle position; (vii) the intake manifold pressure; (vii) cam phase; (viii) the intake valve lift profile; (ix) boost pressure; and the skip/fire decision for the next firing opportunity.\",\n \"In some embodiments that induction fault lookup table may be a composite table formed from a plurality of lookup table segments.\",\n \"A variety of diagnostic modules capable of performing the functions described above are also described.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention and the advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: FIG.\",\n \"1 is a schematic diagram showing a portion of one cylinder of an internal combustion engine.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is a representative plot of valve lift versus crankshaft angle.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 is a representative plot of cylinder mass air charge (MAC) versus cam angle for a high lift and low lift valve schedule.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4 is a block diagram of an engine controller and an induction fault detection unit according to a particular embodiment of the present invention.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5A is a representative plot of intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP) and firing enable signal versus time during normal skip fire operation.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5B is a representative plot of intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP) and firing enable signal versus time during an induction fault.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 is a block diagram of a diagnostic filter circuit according to a particular embodiment of the present invention.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7A is a representative plot of an output of a diagnostic filter according to an embodiment of the present invention.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7B is a representative plot of an output signal indicating an induction fault according to an embodiment of the present invention.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8 is a block diagram of a system to produce an output signal indicative of induction faults according to an embodiment of the present invention.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 is a representative plot of the torque absorbed and produced by a cylinder under test over an engine cycle for different types of induction events.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10 is a representative plot of the calculated crankshaft jerk induced by a cylinder under test over an engine cycle for different types of induction events.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11E are a series of graphs illustrating variations in manifold pressure that may occur during skip fire operation at a firing fraction of ⅓ and the generation of a fault signal based thereon.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"11F-11J are a series of graphs illustrating variations in manifold pressure that may occur during skip fire operation at a firing fraction of ⅘ and the generation of a fault signal based thereon.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"12 is a flow chart illustrating a method of detecting induction faults in accordance with another embodiment.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"13A and 13B are induction fault threshold lookup tables suitable for use in determining an induction fault in accordance with an embodiment.\",\n \"The table of FIG.\",\n \"13A utilizes intake manifold pressure ratio and engine speed as indices.\",\n \"The table of FIG.\",\n \"13B utilizes firing fraction and the number of skipped induction events that immediately preceded the current induction as indices.\",\n \"In the drawings, like reference numerals are sometimes used to designate like structural elements.\",\n \"It should also be appreciated that the depictions in the figures are diagrammatic and not to scale.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention is a method and apparatus to determine failures of air induction in an internal combustion engine.\",\n \"Induction failures may arise from intake valve activation or deactivation failures or improper response to valve lift commands.\",\n \"The invention is particularly useful for skip fire controlled internal combustion engines because of the frequent cylinder activation/deactivation inherent in skip fire operation.\",\n \"In some embodiments an algorithm uses intake manifold absolute pressure to determine if an intake valve has been actuated properly according to its commanded state.\",\n \"In other embodiments an algorithm uses intake manifold absolute pressure to determine if the cam valve lift setting has been actuated properly according to its commanded state.\",\n \"In other embodiments the same functions can be determined using measurement of the crankshaft angular acceleration or time derivatives thereof.\",\n \"In still further embodiments these methods can be combined to provide a more robust diagnostic.\",\n \"The diagnostic techniques described herein improve engine efficiency, reduce noxious emissions and lower the risks of degradation to engine components.\",\n \"The techniques are able to detect a fault in the same engine cycle that it occurs and determine which cylinder has the fault.\",\n \"In general, dynamic skip fire engine control contemplates selectively skipping the firing of certain cylinders during selected firing opportunities.\",\n \"Thus, for example, a particular cylinder may be fired during one firing opportunity and then may be skipped during the next firing opportunity and then selectively skipped or fired during the next.\",\n \"The fire/skip decision may be made on a firing opportunity by firing opportunity basis and the firing controller typically includes an accumulator functionality that tracks the portion of a firing that has been requested but not yet delivered, or delivered, but not yet requested.\",\n \"This decision is typically made some number of firing opportunities prior to the firing event to allow the control system time to correctly schedule the engine for either a skip or fire event.\",\n \"Skip fire control contrasts with conventional variable displacement engine operation in which a fixed set of the cylinders are deactivated during certain low-load operating conditions.\",\n \"When a cylinder is deactivated in a variable displacement engine, its piston typically still reciprocates, however neither air nor fuel is delivered to the cylinder so the piston does not deliver any net power over an engine cycle.\",\n \"Since the cylinders that are “deactivated” do not deliver power, the proportionate load on the remaining cylinders is increased, thereby allowing the remaining cylinders to operate at an improved thermodynamic efficiency.\",\n \"With skip fire control, cylinders are also preferably deactivated during skipped working cycles in the sense that air is not pumped through the cylinder and no fuel is delivered during skipped working cycles.\",\n \"This requires a valve deactivation mechanism where the intake and exhaust valves of a cylinder remain closed during a working cycle.\",\n \"In this case, no air is inducted into the deactivated cylinders during the skipped working cycles thereby reducing pumping losses.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1 illustrates a cylinder of an internal combustion engine 110 that includes a cylinder 161, a piston 163, an intake manifold 165, spark plug 190, and spark gap 191 and an exhaust manifold 169.A throttle valve 171 controls the inflow of air from an air filter or other air source into the intake manifold.\",\n \"Air is inducted from the intake manifold 165 into cylinder 161 through an intake valve 185.Fuel is added to this air either by port injection or direct injection into the cylinder (not shown in FIG.\",\n \"1).\",\n \"Combustion of the air/fuel mixture is initiated by a spark present in the spark gap 191.Expanding gases from combustion increase the pressure in the cylinder and drive the piston 163 down.\",\n \"Reciprocal linear motion of the piston is converted into rotational motion by a connecting rod 189, which is connected to a crankshaft 183.Combustion gases are vented from cylinder 161 through an exhaust valve 187.A camshaft (not shown in FIG.\",\n \"1) may be used to move the intake and exhaust valves synchronously with the crankshaft rotation.\",\n \"The rotating camshaft regulates opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves.\",\n \"The camshaft includes cam lobes that each have a profile, which is associated with a valve lift schedule.\",\n \"The valve lift schedule includes an amount of time a valve is open (i.e.\",\n \"duration) and a magnitude or degree to which the valve opens (i.e.\",\n \"lift).\",\n \"Valve phasing relative to the crankshaft may be controlled by a cam phaser (not shown in FIG.\",\n \"1).\",\n \"Some engines employ valve trains that allow for variable valve lift.\",\n \"The valve lift may be either continuously controlled or step-wise selectable, for example two or three steps.\",\n \"Variable lift on the intake valve can reduce pumping losses and can facilitate improved combustion through better air/fuel gas dynamics.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 illustrates the valve lift profile associated with a two step valve schedule.\",\n \"Curves 202 and 204 illustrate an exhaust valve lift profile associated with extremes of exhaust valve timing phase adjustment.\",\n \"Curves 206 and 208 illustrate an intake valve lift profile associated with extremes of intake valve timing phase adjustment for the “high lift” schedule.\",\n \"Curves 210 and 212 illustrate the intake valve lift profile associated with extremes of intake valve timing phase adjustment for the “low lift” schedule.\",\n \"The solid curves, 202, 206, and 210 represent the valve lift profile associated with maximum cam phaser advance.\",\n \"The dashed curves 204, 208, and 212 represent the valve lift profile associated with maximum cam phaser retardation.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 illustrates the resultant amounts of air induction for different cam phaser and valve lift schedules.\",\n \"Generally, the “low lift” schedule 222 inducts less air into a cylinder than the “high lift” schedule 224.This difference in the amount of inducted air 226 can be detected using the diagnostics described herein.\",\n \"The amount of inducted air will also vary with the MAP and engine speed.\",\n \"Changes in the inducted air mass, i.e.\",\n \"mass air charge (MAC), will impact the intake manifold pressure and the crankshaft angular acceleration.\",\n \"These changes can be sensed by the diagnostic apparatus and methods described herein and used to determine whether the amount of inducted air substantially matches the commanded values.\",\n \"If the measured values deviate by more than a prescribed threshold, a fault signal may be generated.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"4, an engine controller 100 according to a particular embodiment of the present invention will be described.\",\n \"The engine controller 100 includes a firing fraction calculator 112, a firing timing determination module 120, an engine control unit 140, and an induction fault detection unit 102.Initially, the firing fraction calculator 112 receives an input signal that is treated as a request for a desired engine output.\",\n \"The firing fraction calculator 112 is arranged to determine a firing fraction, firing sequence, firing pattern or firing density that would be appropriate to deliver the desired output under selected operating conditions.\",\n \"The firing fraction is indicative of the fraction or percentage of firings under the current (or directed) operating conditions that are required to deliver the desired output.\",\n \"The firing fraction calculator generates a commanded firing fraction 113, which is received by the firing timing determination module 120 and the induction failure detection unit 102.The firing timing determination module 120 is arranged to issue a sequence of firing commands (e.g., drive pulse signal 115) that cause the engine to deliver the percentage of firings dictated by the commanded firing fraction 113.The sequence of firing commands output by the firing timing determining module 120 is passed to an engine control unit (ECU) 140 which orchestrates the actual firings.\",\n \"The firing timing determination module 120 is arranged to deliver a wide variety of firing information to the induction fault detection unit 102.This may include, but is not limited to, the drive pulse signal 115 or a firing sequence, a firing decision for a particular working chamber, a signal indicating the number or identity of that working chamber, and/or the firing history of a selected working chamber.\",\n \"In various applications, this information can be directly sent between the induction fault detection unit 102 and the firing timing determination module 120 or the induction fault detection unit 102 may be able to infer this information.\",\n \"For example, if the firing timing determination module 120 sends a fire/skip signal to the induction fault detection unit 102 additional information on the cam schedule and phase may be sent over signal lines 161 and 162.These two pieces of information, the fire/skip decision and the valve schedule would allow the induction fault detection unit 102 to determine which cylinder is being fired/skipped and the expected MAC associated with the firing opportunity (should it be a fire).\",\n \"The induction failure detection unit 102 may include a delay block 143, which compensates for delays between the commanded valve actuation signal 115 and/or signal 113 and the actual valve movement.\",\n \"In should be appreciated that the engine controller shown in FIG.\",\n \"4 can be configured in multiple ways; for example the induction failure detection unit 102 may be integrated into engine controller 100.An advantage of many skip fire engine approaches is that information about future firing decisions is known before the firings actually take place.\",\n \"Various implementations of the present invention take advantage of this feature.\",\n \"More specifically, firing information is used in a wide variety of ways to estimate the anticipated fluctuations in the MAP and/or crank acceleration.\",\n \"Comparison can then be made whether the observed fluctuations are consistent with the estimated fluctuations.\",\n \"If the observed fluctuations exceed a defined range from the estimated fluctuation a fault indication may result.\",\n \"The induction failure detection unit 102 can be used to detect faults in the intake valves and valve lift level.\",\n \"Although the present invention contemplates the use of dynamic skip fire engine control, this should not be considered limiting.\",\n \"The invention may be used in an engine operating on all cylinders or a variable displacement engine, i.e.\",\n \"fixed displacement levels.\",\n \"These control systems generally have more evenly spaced induction events than a skip fire controlled engine, although the amount of inducted air may vary more than in skip fire control.\",\n \"The assignee of the present application has filed multiple patent applications on a wide variety of skip fire and other engine designs, such as U.S. Pat.\",\n \"Nos.\",\n \"7,954,474; 7,886,715; 7,849,835; 7,577,511; 8,099,224; 8,131,445; and U.S. Pat.\",\n \"Nos.\",\n \"8,131,447; 8,616,181; 8,701,628; 9,120,478, 9,200,587, 9,239,037, 9,273,643 and 9,650,971, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.\",\n \"Many of the aforementioned applications describe firing controllers, firing fraction calculators, filters, power train parameter adjusting modules, firing timing determining modules, and other mechanisms that may be integrated into or connected with the engine controller 100 and the induction failure detection unit 102.Intake Manifold Pressure Based Diagnostics In some embodiments an algorithm using information on the intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP) can be used to determine induction faults.\",\n \"The variations in the MAP may result from the superposition of multiple components: (1) a possibly steady slowly varying average manifold pressure used to regulate average cylinder charge, (2) a slowly varying component reflecting driver input or—in the case of a skip firing engine, the faster increase and decay of average manifold pressure in response to firing density changes, (3) higher frequency waves that are intake manifold natural resonances excited by separate inductions, much as a bell is excited by separate blows, and finally (4) waves excited by individual inductions or missing inductions.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5A plots the measured MAP over a number of firing opportunities for an eight cylinder engine operating in skip fire mode at 1250 rpm and a firing fraction of ⅔.\",\n \"A firing fraction of ⅔ results in a fire-fire-skip-fire .\",\n \".\",\n \".\",\n \"pattern evident as the high to low variation in the fire enable signal 502.The measured MAP may be determined by one or more pressure sensors situated in an intake manifold.\",\n \"The MAP sensor(s) have a natural bandwidth of greater than 1 kHz.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5A shows a regular pattern in the measured MAP 504.Induction of air into a cylinder during a firing event results in a MAP drop.\",\n \"Conversely, the absence of air induction, associated with a cylinder skip, results in a MAP increase during a skipped induction event.\",\n \"If an engine is operating with a regular firing pattern like that shown in FIG.\",\n \"5A, an induction failure will be evident as a deviation from that pattern.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5B shows the same operating conditions as in FIG.\",\n \"5A except that a cylinder failed to deactivate during a commanded skip event 510.Instead of rising, there is a continued drop in MAP 512.This break in the MAP signal pattern can be detected and used as an induction fault diagnostic.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 shows a diagnostic filter 600 that may be used to separate low frequency MAP signal components (1) and (2) from higher frequency components (3) and (4).\",\n \"The filtered output 608 has substantially reduced the low frequency signal components compared to the MAP signal input 612.Removing the low frequency components makes subsequent diagnostic thresholding and logic simpler, as their time scale is far different than signals caused by (3) or (4).\",\n \"The last component (4) due to commanded inductions or deactivations can be compared to their expected value and used to diagnose proper induction behavior, i.e.\",\n \"was the cylinder skip/fire executed as commanded and/or was the valve lift schedule executed as commanded.\",\n \"The diagnostic filter used may be built by filtering the input signal 612 using two identical cascaded first order low pass filters 602 and 604 and then subtracting this output 610 from the input signal 612 as shown in FIG.\",\n \"6.This architecture results in an output filtered signal 608 without any DC offset and reduced low frequency content.\",\n \"Diagnostic filter 600 may be referred to a complementary filter, since it separates out and isolates high frequency components from the overall signal.\",\n \"This filter has minimal phase delay, which allows detection of an induction fault during the same engine cycle as the fault occurs.\",\n \"While the filter structure shown in FIG.\",\n \"6 works well it is not the only form possible, and other types of low pass filter structures may be used.\",\n \"The ωfil input to first low pass filter 602 and second low pass filter 604 is based on the intake manifold cutoff frequency, the inverse of the manifold filling or emptying exponential time constant.\",\n \"The manifold's 3 dB cutoff frequency ωman, may be determined from the manifold dimensions and dynamic response or some other means.\",\n \"The frequency ωfil may be a multiple, K, of the manifold's 3 dB cutoff frequency ωman and K may be on the order of 10.The constant K depends on various engine parameters such as, but not limited to, manifold volume, total engine displacement, and number of cylinders.\",\n \"It also may vary as a function of engine parameters such as, but not limited to, cam angle, valve lift schedule, and engine speed.\",\n \"It also may vary with the control implementation architecture such as a discrete or continuous implementation.\",\n \"As mentioned previously, subtraction of the output 610 from the initial signal 612 results in an output filtered signal 608 with no DC and lower frequency components, concentrating diagnosis on higher frequency components induced by valve operation faults.\",\n \"The diagnostic filter 600 uses ωfil to lessen the effect of low frequency pressure variation from driver input and low frequency filling and emptying disturbances.\",\n \"This aids in the application of a threshold because the filter output produces large positive deviations at a fault.\",\n \"A positive deviation produced by a fault will exceed the applied threshold.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7A shows the resultant diagnostic filter output 608 derived from MAP signal 504 shown in FIG.\",\n \"5B.\",\n \"Also included for reference in FIG.\",\n \"7A is the MAP signal 504 and fire enable signal 502.Region 720 represents a fault free region where the engine is properly executing induction commands from the engine controller.\",\n \"Once again the commanded skip event 510 fails to deactivate the intake valve and the cylinder experiences an induction event.\",\n \"When this fault occurs the diagnostic filter output 608 exceeds a threshold 710 generating an induction fault signal (not shown in FIG.\",\n \"7A).\",\n \"Note that filter output 608 has an average value near zero (reference on right side vertical axis in FIG.\",\n \"7A).\",\n \"The fault diagnostic apparatus and method described above work well for engines operating with repetitive firing patterns; however, it may not be robust under dynamic skip fire operation.\",\n \"Dynamic skip fire operation is quite different from the operation in a more conventional engine, in which each working chamber is steadily fired; for example, once every two engine revolutions for a 4 stroke engine.\",\n \"Because dynamic skip fire engine control can involve different working chambers with different firing sequences, there is a greater likelihood of complex MAP behavior especially during transient operation when the firing fraction is changing.\",\n \"Since the filtered output 608 drifts in transient engine operation and may result in false fault indications, improved fault detection can be achieved by applying additional processing to the filtered output 608.The results of this approach are shown in FIG.\",\n \"7B.\",\n \"This figure is similar to FIG.\",\n \"7A with common designators, except with the filtered output 608 has been replaced by an output signal 730 and the thresholds 710 and 740 may be different.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"7B an induction fault is detected once the output signal 730 exceeds the threshold 740.Again, note that filter output 730 has an average value near zero (reference on right side vertical axis in FIG.\",\n \"7B).\",\n \"Output signal 730 may be produced using a system shown in FIG.\",\n \"8.FIG.\",\n \"8 is a schematic diagram of a system 800 that takes as inputs filtered output 608 from the diagnostic filter 600 and firing information from the engine controller 100 (shown in FIG.\",\n \"4).\",\n \"The system 800 takes the difference between the filtered output 608 and a delayed version of that signal 810 to produce an output signal 730.The amount of delay is determined by variable delay block 802, which has as an input firing information 804 from the engine controller.\",\n \"In one embodiment input firing information 804 includes the operating firing fraction.\",\n \"The time delay interval applied by time delay block 802 may be the firing fraction denominator multiplied by the period between firing opportunities.\",\n \"This effectively produces an output signal 730 that compares the filtered output 608 behavior for the current firing opportunity with its value at the last similar firing opportunity, i.e.\",\n \"the same phase in the cyclic firing pattern.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"7B there is less variation in the output signal 730 than filtered output 608 in the region of fault free operation 720.During transients the firing fraction may not be uniform, so the firing fraction denominator is not uniquely defined.\",\n \"In this case, the time delay chosen may be the most recent firing opportunity that has the same commanded induction conditions as the opportunity under test.\",\n \"This algorithm also has lower noise on the output signal 730 as compared to the filter output 608.It should be appreciated that the rates of sampling and filtering may be adjusted to provide robust fault detection without excessive processing requirements.\",\n \"For example, the MAP signal may be delivered at 1 msec rate, while the diagnostic filter output 608 may update at a less frequent interval, such as 90 degrees of crank angle as depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"7A and 7B.\",\n \"The sampling and processing rates may be based on time, crankshaft rotation (angle), or various combinations and permutations thereof.\",\n \"Also the threshold level for fault detection may be a variable based on engine MAP, engine speed, and other variables.\",\n \"The preceding description of an induction fault detection apparatus and method has used an example of detecting an induction failure resulting from a commanded skip event erroneously resulting in an unintended cylinder induction event.\",\n \"The same methods and apparatus may be used with the appropriate adjustment of the thresholds to detect other types of induction failures, such as a fire command resulting in a skip, a high lift command resulting in a low lift or a low lift command resulting in a high lift.\",\n \"It should also be appreciated that other filtering methods may be used to isolate the fluctuations associated with specific induction opportunities and determine whether they match the predicted fluctuations.\",\n \"Intake Manifold Pressure Sample(s) Based Diagnostics In some alternative embodiments, the intake manifold pressure based diagnostics can be based on one or more specific samples without requiring any of the filtering described in conjunction with some of the preceding embodiments.\",\n \"The basis for such sample based diagnostics will be described with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11J.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11E are a series of graphs illustrating variations in manifold pressure that may occur during skip fire operation at a firing fraction of ⅓ and the generation of a fault signal based thereon.\",\n \"The graphs help to illustrate detection of a failure to deactivate an intake valve that should have been deactivated as part of a skipped firing opportunity, but instead activated due to a fault causing an induction event.\",\n \"Since the detected fault is a failure to deactivate, it can only occur on skipped firing opportunities.\",\n \"Skipped firing opportunities are highlighted in gray in FIGS.\",\n \"11B-11D.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11A shows a firing sequence that is generated when a firing fraction of ⅓ is used with most evenly spaced firings.\",\n \"In this figure, “1's” represent fire commands 1102 and “0's” represent skip commands 1103.In FIGS.\",\n \"11B-11E that follow, the regions corresponding to the skips are highlighted by graying.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11B is a graph that diagrammatically represents variations of the manifold pressure 1105 that might be seen during steady state operation of a four cylinder engine at a firing fraction of ⅓ at a given engine speed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11C is a graph showing manifold pressure readings sampled at a rate of one sample per firing opportunity with the sample being taken late in the corresponding intake stroke.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11D is a graph diagrammatically representing the difference between the current manifold pressure reading and the manifold pressure reading for the previous induction opportunity (firing opportunity).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11D also illustrates a comparison of the difference to a fault threshold.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11E is a graph diagrammatically representing a fault signal that may be generated when an induction fault is detected.\",\n \"In each of the graphs, the X-axis is represented in firing opportunities.\",\n \"For a four cylinder, 4 stroke engine successive firing opportunity are separated by 180° of crankshaft rotation.\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"11B and 11C the manifold pressure is represented in the Y-axis.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"11A, the Y-axis represents the decision whether to skip or fire a particular firing opportunity.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"11D, the Y-axis represents the difference between the current sampled manifold pressure and the previous sampled manifold pressure.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"11E, the Y-axis represents the detection of an induction fault.\",\n \"As can best be seen in FIG.\",\n \"11B, once a particular intake event is completed (marked at points 1111), the intake manifold pressure begins to rise and continues to rise until the intake event associated with the next fired working cycle begins (marked as points 1113).\",\n \"Thus, when operating at the firing fraction of ⅓ which has a repeating pattern of Fire-Skip-Skip, the intake manifold pressure will rise during the two skipped intake events.\",\n \"When an induction event occurs, the manifold pressure drops noticeably until the induction is completed (points 1111) at which point the cycle repeats.\",\n \"If the intake valve fails to deactivate when it was supposed to (thereby causing an induction event occurs when it was not supposed to), the manifold pressure during the corresponding expected skipped “intake” interval will be lower than expected because air is withdrawn from the manifold when it was not expected.\",\n \"The intake manifold pressure that might be seen after such an intake fault is diagrammatically represented by the dashed line in FIG.\",\n \"11B marked 1120.As seen therein, the intake manifold pressure will often decrease when an intake valve fails to deactivate as intended—resulting in a noticeable decrease in the manifold pressure, relative to the expected pressure (which was expected to increase).\",\n \"The greatest difference between the measured manifold pressure and the expected manifold pressure is typically around the time that the intake valve for the associated cylinder is expected to close which is in the vicinity of the point marked as 1124.In some embodiments, induction faults are identified by comparing a manifold pressure reading associated with an expected induction event with a manifold pressure reading associated with the previous induction opportunity.\",\n \"Preferably, the pressure readings are taken at substantially the same phases in their respective working cycles.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11C diagrammatically illustrates intake manifold pressure samples 1130 that might be taken in an engine operating at a ⅓ firing fraction as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"11B.\",\n \"One sample is taken corresponding to each induction opportunity.\",\n \"The intake manifold pressure that might be seen after an induction fault (failure to deactivate) is represented by the dashed line marked 1130(a).\",\n \"It can be seen that significant differences can be seen between the sampled pressure and the expected pressure when an induction unexpectedly occurs.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11D is a graph diagrammatically representing the difference 1135 between the current manifold pressure reading and the manifold pressure reading that was obtained for the immediately preceding induction opportunity.\",\n \"As will be described in more detail below with respect to FIG.\",\n \"12, this difference is compared to a fault threshold 1137 and a fault signal 1138, shown in FIG.\",\n \"11E, is generated thereby identifying a fault when the threshold is “exceeded” (past).\",\n \"It should be noted that when we are trying to identify a deactivation fault, in the illustrated context, the threshold is “exceeded” or “past” when the difference is less than, or more negative than, the threshold.\",\n \"Obviously the positive or negative direction of what constitutes “exceeding” the threshold will depend on whether the previous manifold pressure is subtracted from the current manifold pressure to determine the differential, or the current sample is subtracted from the previous sample.\",\n \"Another point worth noting in FIG.\",\n \"11D is that the pressure differential detected in association with a skipped induction opportunity tends to fluctuate based on whether the previous induction opportunity was a skip or a fire (induction event).\",\n \"In practice, with all other parameters being the same, a skipped induction event that follows a fire may be expected to have a bigger pressure differential than a skipped induction event that follows another skipped induction event.\",\n \"When there are a series of skipped induction events, the pressure differential will tend to decrease with each passing skipped induction event.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11E illustrates a fault signal 1138 that may be generated when a fault is detected.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"11F-11J are a series of graphs illustrating variations in manifold pressure that may occur during skip fire operation at a firing fraction of ⅘ and the generation of a fault signal based thereon.\",\n \"These graphs generally correspond to the graphs of FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11E, except that they show similar events in the context of operating the engine at a firing fraction of ⅘.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11G shows representative variations in the intake manifold pressure 1155 while operating at a firing fraction of ⅘.\",\n \"The effect of a failure to deactivate an intake valve in a working cycle that follows a single skip is illustrated by the dashed line marked 1170.As can be seen, the greatest differences between the measured manifold pressure and the expected manifold pressure are again around the times that the intake valves for the associated cylinders are expected to close—which is marked by point 1174.FIG.\",\n \"11H shows representative pressure samples 1180 for each firing opportunity with dashed lines 1180(a) illustrating the results that might be seen in association with the deactivation failure illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"11G.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11I shows the pressure differentials 1185 observed at each firing opportunity with the dashed line labeled 1185(a) illustrating differentials that might be observed in connection with the deactivation failure illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"11G.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11J shows a detected deactivation fault 1188.The type of fault described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11J is a failure to deactivate an intake valve.\",\n \"That is, the valve opens when it was expected to remain closed.\",\n \"However, the same graphs can be used to illustrate the differences that might occur when a failure to activate (reactivate) an intake valve occurs.\",\n \"Such faults can occur on firing opportunities where a fire is intended.\",\n \"If the intent was to introduce an air charge into the corresponding working chamber at the points at which lines the dashed lines 1120 and 1170 separate from the corresponding solid lines, then the expected manifold pressure would follow the dashed line.\",\n \"Conversely, if a fault occurred at that point and the intake valve failed to open in the intended manner, the manifold pressure would follow the solid line.\",\n \"Thus, it should be apparent that the same approach can be used to identify failure to reactivate faults—although the appropriate firing opportunities and default threshold would be different.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11J illustrate the pressure variations that would occur in the event that the deactivation of the intake valve completely fails (i.e., the valve fully opens when it was intended to be held closed).\",\n \"There can be other types of induction faults as well.\",\n \"For example, there may be timing fault errors in which a valve opens later or earlier than expected and/or valve lift errors in which the valve opens with a different valve lift than expected, etc.\",\n \"Each of these different types of faults will have an impact on the manifold pressure and it will often be possible to identify such faults—or at least the occurrence of a fault—using the same approach.\",\n \"Referring next to FIG.\",\n \"12, a method of detecting induction faults in accordance with this embodiment will be described.\",\n \"The described process may be performed by software or firmware executed by an induction fault detection unit or other diagnostic unit.\",\n \"The induction fault detection unit may be part of a diagnostic module, the ECU or any other control module for the engine.\",\n \"In the illustrated embodiment, the current manifold pressure is sampled at a designated phase of the current firing or induction opportunity as represented by block 1203.The specific timing at which the sample readings used in the induction fault analysis are made may vary widely based on a variety of factors including factors such as the timing of available manifold pressure samples, cam timing and/or valve lift, the number of operating cylinders, engine speed, etc.\",\n \"In a 4-stroke piston engine, the designated phase will typically be somewhere in the range of 120° to 180° past the top dead center that corresponds to the beginning of the intake stroke (as for example 150° past top dead center) as will be described in more detail below, although that is not a strict requirement.\",\n \"The current manifold pressure is compared to the manifold pressure that was detected in the preceding induction opportunity as represented by block 1206 to determine the pressure differential.\",\n \"In parallel, the induction fault detection unit determines the induction fault threshold for current operating conditions as represented by block 1209.Typically this is accomplished using one or more look-up table(s) although in other embodiments, the appropriate fault thresholds may be identified using other suitable approaches including algorithmically, using other data structures, using fixed threshold values, etc.\",\n \"One of the reasons that look-up tables work well is that the intake manifold dynamics, and therefore the appropriate pressure differential threshold for identifying induction faults, can vary significantly based on the engine's current operating conditions.\",\n \"There are a number of factors that influence intake manifold dynamics including the manifold's size and shape, atmospheric pressure, cam timing, recent induction history (e.g., skip/introduce in a skip fire controlled engine, or the charge level of recent air charges in multi-charge level engine operation), engine speed, variations in throttle position, the impact of turbo or super chargers in engines so equipped, etc.\",\n \"For example, with all other factors being the same, when the manifold pressure is higher, the pressure differential will be higher.\",\n \"When the engine speed is higher, the pressure differential will be lower since the cylinder has less time to draw air from the manifold when the valve is open.\",\n \"The number of skipped induction opportunities that immediately precede a particular induction opportunity will also affect dynamics because the amount of air introduced into the intake manifold during a skipped working cycle will typically drop after each skipped induction opportunity as the pressure differential across the throttle drops due to filing of the intake manifold.\",\n \"When an induction opportunity is intended to be skipped, the measured manifold pressure should typically be higher than the pressure measured in the previous induction opportunity.\",\n \"In contrast, the measured manifold should typically be no higher (often significantly lower) than the previous measurement if the intake valve opened and an induction event occurred.\",\n \"However, since the throttle position, valve timing and/or other engine dynamics may be changing and the pressure samples may not be taken at the very end of an intake valve opening period, the pressure can foreseeable decrease some amount between sequential readings even when a skip occurs.\",\n \"In contrast, if the valve opened unexpectedly after a skip, the manifold pressure reading should have decreased noticeably.\",\n \"Due to the variations in manifold dynamics, it is often appropriate to utilize different induction fault thresholds for different operating conditions.\",\n \"To facilitate this, lookup tables may be used to select an appropriate pressure differential threshold for the current operating conditions, and different tables may be used based on whether the current induction opportunity is expected to intake air or skip induction.\",\n \"Generally different tables would be used to identify failure to deactivate inductions faults (failure to skip an induction event as intended) than are used to identify failure to activate induction faults (failure to induct air as intended during an induction opportunity).\",\n \"The lookup tables used to identify the fault thresholds may be one-dimensional or multi-dimensional and a variety of different indices may be used for the lookup table.\",\n \"In some circumstances, multiple lookup tables may be used in conjunction with one another to determine the appropriate fault threshold.\",\n \"By way of example, in some embodiments, a first lookup index may be the intake manifold pressure ratio—which is the ratio of the intake manifold pressure to barometric pressure.\",\n \"A second index may be the number of skipped induction events that immediately preceded the current induction.\",\n \"In some embodiments, an additional or alternative index may be engine speed.\",\n \"In various other embodiments the indices to the look-up table may additionally or alternatively include one or more of: (i) a skip frequency indicative of a number of induction skips that are expected to occur in a designated period of time; (ii) the current intake manifold pressure; (iii) a firing fraction or effective firing fraction indicative of the fraction or effective fraction of the firing opportunities that are actually fired; (iv) throttle position; (v) the boost pressure (in boosted engines); (vi) cam phase; (vii) the intake valve lift profile; (viii) the skip/fire decision for the next firing opportunity; or (ix) other suitable parameters.\",\n \"One specific approach to determining a failure to deactivate fault threshold will be illustrated with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"13A and 13B.\",\n \"This approach utilizes two look-up table structures cooperatively to determine an appropriate fault threshold.\",\n \"The look-up table 1301 of FIG.\",\n \"13A utilizes intake manifold pressure ratio and engine speed as its indices and each entry 1307 in the lookup table 1301 includes a base fault threshold value (indicator) 1309.The look-up table 1321 of FIG.\",\n \"13B utilizes firing fraction and the number of immediately preceding skipped working cycles as its indices and each entry 1327 in the lookup table 1321 includes a fault threshold adjustment value (indicator) 1329.To determine the fault threshold for a particular induction opportunity, both the base fault threshold value 1309 and the fault threshold adjustment value 1329 are identified (looked up) based on the current engine operating conditions.\",\n \"The two values are then added together and their sum is used as the fault threshold (composite fault threshold).\",\n \"In these particular tables, the thresholds 1309 and 1329 are provided in kilopascals (kPa)—although it should be appreciated that the values may be provided in any appropriate units.\",\n \"To illustrate the use of tables 1301 and 1321, consider an example in which the engine is operating at a firing fraction of ⅓, an engine speed of 2000 RPM, a manifold pressure ratio of 0.90 and the current firing opportunity is an intended skip (which corresponds to an intention to skip the current induction opportunity.)\",\n \"that follows a fire.\",\n \"Using the table of FIG.\",\n \"13A, in this example, the base fault threshold valve would be −0.8 kPa (based on the MAP pressure ratio of 0.90 and the engine speed of 2000 RPM) as represented by table entry 1313.Using the table of FIG.\",\n \"13B, the fault threshold adjustment value would be −0.2 kPa (based on the firing fraction of ⅓ and the preceding skip count of 1) as represented by table entry 1323.The induction fault threshold would then be −1.0 kPa (−0.8+−0.2).\",\n \"Although some particular lookup tables structures have been described, it should be appreciated that the specific structure(s) of the lookup table(s) (or other data structures) used to identify the appropriate induction fault threshold may vary widely in accordance with the preferences of any particular system.\",\n \"In some embodiments, altitude adjustments tables may be used to compensate for differences in barometric pressure.\",\n \"Altitude adjustment tables are particularly useful in implementations that don't utilize the MAP Pressure ratio, or otherwise account for variations in ambient barometric pressure.\",\n \"Returning to FIG.\",\n \"12, after both the pressure differential and the appropriate induction fault threshold have been obtained (1206, 1209), the pressure differential is compared to the induction fault threshold as represented by block 1212.If the pressure differential is beyond the threshold, a fault is identified for the current induction opportunity as represented by block 1215.Using the example from above, the pressure differential is the current pressure reading minus the pressure reading for the previous induction opportunity.\",\n \"If the current induction event was intended to be a skip and the pressure differential is a drop of more than 1.1 kPa, then it can be surmised that an induction event occurred when it was not intended, resulting in a failure to deactivate induction fault.\",\n \"It should be appreciated that the positive or negative sense of the pressure differential will vary based on whether the current pressure reading is subtracted from the previous pressure reading or vice versa.\",\n \"Similarly, what direction constitutes “exceeding” a threshold to identify a fault will vary based on how the tables are set up.\",\n \"Thus it should be appreciated that in the context of this disclosure “exceeding” or “going beyond” a threshold can refer to a difference that is mathematically more than, or less than the threshold based upon how the tables are constructed and how the pressure differential between readings is determined.\",\n \"The system may be configured to react to a detected induction fault in any way deemed appropriate by the controller designers.\",\n \"By way of example, in some embodiments, the fault is logged in a diagnostics induction fault log.\",\n \"If repeated faults are observed for a particular cylinder, a check engine light or similar warning can be activated to notify the driver to initiate maintenance.\",\n \"If repeated faults are associated with the same cylinder, that cylinder can be avoided until required maintenance is performed, etc.\",\n \"If the nature of the fault makes skip fire or other dynamic cylinder output level modulation operation of the engine untenable, such operating mode(s) can be temporarily disabled until the underlying problem that caused the fault(s) is resolved.\",\n \"If no fault is detected in block 1212 or after the fault has been indicated in step 1215, the logic indexes to the next induction opportunity (block 1218) and the entire process is repeated for the next induction opportunity.\",\n \"This process may be repeated for each induction opportunity for as long as the fault monitoring remains active.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the system may be configured to only detect failures to deactivate an intake valve to thereby skip an induction event (deactivation failures) such that only failed skips are detected.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the system may be configured to detect only failures to activate an intake valve to thereby cause an induction event (reactivation failures).\",\n \"In other embodiments, both deactivation and reactivation failures may be detected.\",\n \"In still other embodiments, the described approach may be utilized to identify situations in which the valves were activated at the wrong level or at the wrong timing.\",\n \"This latter approach is particularly relevant during multi-charge level or multi-level skip fire operation of an engine where different valve actuation levels are expected.\",\n \"It is noted that when a “low” firing is expected in a stoichiometry based engine cycle, the cylinder is typically expected to induct a noticeably lower amount of air than when a “high” firing is expected.\",\n \"The lower air intake leads to a correspondingly higher manifold pressure and such differences can readily be detected using the described approach by using appropriate fault thresholds.\",\n \"In some embodiments, separate tables can be used to identify deactivation (or reactivation) failures and improper activation level failures to allow the nature of a detected failure to be more specifically determined.\",\n \"As suggested above, when intake manifold pressure sampling is done, it is generally desirable to sample the manifold pressure at a point that is relatively late in the induction event.\",\n \"Therefore some care is preferably taken in choosing the timing of the sampling.\",\n \"Many engine controllers are configured to sample sensors at designated intervals that are based on crankshaft rotation.\",\n \"For example, some mid-level resolution controllers may be arranged to sample selected sensors (such as an intake manifold pressure sensor) every 30° of crankshaft revolution.\",\n \"Often one of the samples corresponds to the top dead center position of the piston as the intake stroke is about to begin.\",\n \"In such an embodiment, the sample that occurs at 150° into the working cycle works often works well for use in determining induction faults—although it should be appreciated that a wide variety of other sampling approaches can be used in other embodiments.\",\n \"In some implementations it can be helpful to use the average of more than one sample in the determination of the “current” manifold pressure to be used by the induction fault detection algorithm.\",\n \"For example, the average or weighted average of 2 or 3 relevant samples may be used as the current manifold pressure reading.\",\n \"For example, in the context of the aforementioned mid-resolution sensor sampling approach, pressure samples may be available for time corresponding to 120°, 150°, and 180° of crankshaft rotation past top dead center.\",\n \"In various embodiments two or three of these samples could be averaged together to provide the current manifold pressure reading using either straight averaging or weighted averaging.\",\n \"For example, in a particular implementation two samples (e.g., 150° and 180°) could be averaged or a weighted average could be attained that applies a first (e.g.\",\n \"70%) weighting to the first (e.g.\",\n \"150°) sample and a second (e.g.\",\n \"30%) weighting to the second (e.g.\",\n \"180°) sample.\",\n \"In implementations where the manifold pressure samples are available at different rates—as for example at different crankshaft rotation locations or at time based periodic intervals that are independent of crankshaft rotation, the selection of the appropriate sample or samples to use as the measured manifold pressure can be selected appropriately.\",\n \"In engines that utilize late intake valve closure (LIVC) to facilitate multi-level operation (such as Miller cycle operation), it may be desirable to utilize samples later in the working cycle (e.g.\",\n \"180° or more after top dead center) to better account for the impacts of pushing air out of the cylinder during the first part of the “compression” stroke.\",\n \"The graphs of FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11J show applications of the invention in the context of a conventional 4-stroke engine having four cylinders.\",\n \"A characteristic of most 4 cylinder 4-stroke engines is that the intake stroke associated with the next firing opportunity typically will not have started when the intake manifold pressure sample is taken for any particular firing opportunity.\",\n \"This is because the intake strokes for sequential firing opportunities typically begin 180° apart and the intake stroke is 180° long.\",\n \"When the pressure sample for a particular firing opportunity is taken before the intake valve for the next firing opportunity is potentially opened, then the next firing decision does not interfere in any way with the pressure reading regardless of whether the subsequent firing decision is a skip or fire.\",\n \"In contrast, in engines having six, eight, or more cylinders, intake valve opening overlaps between sequentially fired cylinders are often expected.\",\n \"For example, in eight cylinder engines, sequential firing opportunities typically begin 90° apart.\",\n \"Therefore, in circumstances in which the “next” cylinder is intended to be fired and the pressure reading is made 150° into the intake stroke, it might be expected that the intake valve for the “next” cylinder will have opened before the intake manifold reading is made—which will affect the detected manifold pressure.\",\n \"These effects can be accounted for in a variety of different ways including via selection of the appropriate fault threshold and/or selecting the timing/phase of the pressure readings (or the effective phase in circumstances in which the pressure reading averages or weighted averages more than one pressure sample).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the effects of the next firing decision might be integrated into a lookup table.\",\n \"For example, the next firing decision can be an additional index for the fault threshold lookup table such that the fault threshold varies based on whether the next firing opportunity is a skip or a fire.\",\n \"In engines with multiple firing levels the firing level may be used as an additional index.\",\n \"It is noted that this information is readily available to the diagnostics module because the next firing decision has to be made before the intake stroke for that cylinder begins so that the intake valve can be controlled appropriately.\",\n \"In 6-cylinder engines, the overlap between potential valve openings tends to be less, so it is less of a problem, but the impacts of the overlap can be accounted for in the same ways.\",\n \"It should be appreciated that there can also be valve opening overlap during operation of a four cylinder engine.\",\n \"For example, in many implementations, the intake valve for a particular working cycle may open near the end of the exhaust stroke in that cylinder's preceding working cycle.\",\n \"In another example, a valve may be operated using late intake valve closing (LIVC) control in some operational circumstances.\",\n \"The impacts of these types of overlaps can typically be accounted for by selecting the appropriate manifold pressure sampling timing and/or setting the fault threshold at a value that is unaffected by such types of overlapping.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the magnitude of the fault threshold can be based in part on the firing decisions for the next cylinder as discussed above.\",\n \"Crankshaft Angular Acceleration Based Diagnostics In some embodiments an algorithm using information on the crankshaft angular acceleration can be used to determine induction faults.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 shows the torque profile of a cylinder over an engine cycle associated with different types of commanded intake valve action.\",\n \"A fire command with a high lift valve schedule generates a large torque pulse after top dead center (TDC), curve 1010.A fire command with a low lift valve schedule generates a smaller torque pulse after top dead center (TDC), curve 1012.Both curves 1010 and 1012 also show a negative torque pulse prior to TDC.\",\n \"In contrast a commanded skip, having no induction since the intake valve remains closed, results in little torque either generated or absorbed, curve 1014.These torque signature differences may be used to diagnose induction faults.\",\n \"The torque signature of all engine cylinders and other engine loads can be estimated to determine a total net torque acting on the crankshaft.\",\n \"In skip fire operation the torque signature of each cylinder can vary on a cycle by cycle basis and this must be considered in the calculation of total net torque.\",\n \"Since the crank angular acceleration is proportional to torque, the net crankshaft angular acceleration can be calculated.\",\n \"The calculated angular acceleration may be defined as a reference angular acceleration.\",\n \"The reference angular acceleration represents the anticipated crank angular acceleration in the absence of any faults.\",\n \"Actual crankshaft angular acceleration can be determined using input from a crank rotation sensor that measures the time period between passages of successive crank mounted indices past a fixed point.\",\n \"The measured crankshaft acceleration signal can be compared with the reference acceleration.\",\n \"If the measured acceleration signal deviates from the reference acceleration by more than a prescribed threshold a fault signal is generated.\",\n \"It is advantageous to compare the measured and reference crank acceleration in a time window 1013 slightly before and somewhat after TDC between the compression and power stroke of the cylinder under test.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"9 the difference in torque between the different induction states (high lift, low lift, no lift) is greatest in this area, so detecting the differences is easiest during this time window.\",\n \"The comparison may be made over the entire time window 1013 or any portion or multiple portions thereof.\",\n \"In determining the reference acceleration it is essential to consider operation of other engine cylinders in addition to the cylinder under test.\",\n \"Generally the engine cylinders adjacent to the cylinder under test in the engine firing order have the most influence on the torque during the induction fault test window 1013 and are most important to consider when determining the reference acceleration.\",\n \"Of particular importance is whether these cylinders were skips or fires because, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"9, the largest torques are generated during the compression and power stroke and these strokes of the adjacent cylinders can partially overlap with the fault detection window of the cylinder under test.\",\n \"The adjacent cylinder firing pattern can take four possible forms, i.e.\",\n \"skip-skip, skip-fire, fire-skip, fire-fire.\",\n \"Depending on the adjacent cylinder pattern the reference threshold may vary.\",\n \"The influence of adjacent cylinders on the expected torque from a cylinder under test is described in U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"Nos.\",\n \"14/207,109 and 14/880,652, which are incorporated herein by reference.\",\n \"In other embodiments, more complex cylinder pressure models that consider the effects of still other (e.g.\",\n \"non-adjacent) cylinders may be used to determine the reference crank acceleration.\",\n \"This may be a model that considers the impact of all of the cylinders or a larger subset of the cylinders beyond simply the adjacent cylinders in the firing order.\",\n \"Some such models are described in the incorporated '652 application.\",\n \"Aside from and/or in addition to crankshaft angular acceleration, the time derivative of the angular acceleration, jerk, may be used to detect induction faults.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10 shows the jerk as a function of crankshaft angle.\",\n \"Curves 1020, 1022, and 1024 show the jerk associated with the high lift, low lift, and no lift induction states, respectively.\",\n \"These three jerk curves are effectively the slope of the angular acceleration curves 1010, 1012, and 1014 shown in FIG.\",\n \"9.The time window for induction fault detection 1023 using crank jerk may be smaller than the detection window using crank acceleration 1013, since the jerk peaks are narrower in time than those associated with the angular acceleration.\",\n \"In should be appreciated that while the methods described here compare a reference angular acceleration or jerk with the corresponding measured values, substantially equivalent comparison may be made using other parameters.\",\n \"For example, instead of determining a reference angular acceleration a reference torque may be determined.\",\n \"A comparison may then be made whether the measured torque (based on the crankshaft angular acceleration) is consistent with the reference value.\",\n \"Additionally, in some skip fire control schemes when a cylinder under test is scheduled to be a skip, but the intake valve fails to deactivate, air is inducted into the cylinder during the intake stroke and compressed; however, it is not fired during the combustion stroke.\",\n \"In such operation the cylinder is operating as an air spring.\",\n \"This operational mode produces a distinctive torque and jerk signature like those shown in FIGS.\",\n \"9 and 10 for other operational modes.\",\n \"An induction fault in this operational mode may be detected using the same techniques as described above.\",\n \"Other Features While detection of an induction fault has been described by measuring the MAP and crankshaft accelerations it should be appreciated that the approaches may be combined with each other.\",\n \"That is both a MAP based fault signal and crank acceleration based fault signal could be input into an AND gate.\",\n \"A fault would only be registered if both inputs indicated the presence of a fault.\",\n \"In an alternative architecture the MAP and crankshaft based diagnostics could produce a three state (yes, no, and maybe) or continuous output.\",\n \"These outputs could be combined in various ways to generate the fault signal.\",\n \"For example, one system producing a “maybe” and the other producing a “yes” may be interpreted as a fault.\",\n \"Alternatively, both systems may generate a continuous value between 0 and 1, where 0 represents definitely no fault and 1 represents definitely a fault.\",\n \"Intermediate values can be combined in various ways to determine whether a fault is present For example if the MAP based system gave a reading of 0.8 and the crank based system gave a reading of 0.6 these readings could be summed to give a value of 1.4, which might be above a detection threshold indicating a fault.\",\n \"These types of architecture combining multiple inputs may result in fewer false positive fault detections than a system based on a single measured parameter.\",\n \"It is also possible to combine the MAP and/or crank fault signal with other diagnostic signals; for example, an intake valve proximity sensor, an in-cylinder pressure sensor, an exhaust pressure sensor and/or oxygen sensor, to provide for a further reduced error level.\",\n \"The generated fault signals may be inputted into an OBD system.\",\n \"The OBD system may perform statistical analysis on the fault signals to determine whether any corrective action is required.\",\n \"For example, reoccurring faults on a particular cylinder may indicate a failure in some aspect of that cylinder's induction system requiring corrective action.\",\n \"An indicator may alert a vehicle driver that such action is required.\",\n \"The figures refer to subcomponents and functional blocks that perform various functions.\",\n \"It should be appreciated that some of these subcomponents may be combined into a larger single component, or that a feature of one subcomponent may be transferred to another subcomponent.\",\n \"The present invention contemplates a wide variety of control methods and mechanisms for performing the operations described herein, and is not limited to what is expressly shown in the figures.\",\n \"For example, in the various illustrated embodiments, the firing information provided to the induction failure detection unit 102 is typically described as coming from the firing fraction calculator 112 and/or the firing timing determination module 120.Although this architecture works well, it should be appreciated that such information can come from any suitable source.\",\n \"For example, in many implementations, the functionality of the firing fraction calculator and firing timing determination module will be accomplished by an engine control unit (ECU) or a power train controller that may not incorporate readily identifiable modules that perform the corresponding functions.\",\n \"The invention has been described primarily in the context of controlling the firing of 4-stroke piston engines suitable for use in motor vehicles.\",\n \"However, it should be appreciated that the described skip fire approaches are very well suited for use in a wide variety of internal combustion engines.\",\n \"These include engines for virtually any type of vehicle—including cars, trucks, boats, construction equipment, aircraft, motorcycles, scooters, etc.\",\n \"; and virtually any other application that involves the firing of working chambers and utilizes an internal combustion engine.\",\n \"The various described approaches work with engines that operate under a wide variety of different thermodynamic cycles—including virtually any type of two stroke piston engines, diesel engines, Otto cycle engines, Dual cycle engines, Miller cycle engines, Atkinson cycle engines, Wankel engines, axial engines and other types of rotary engines, mixed cycle engines (such as dual Otto and diesel engines), radial engines, etc.\",\n \"It is also believed that the described approaches will work well with newly developed internal combustion engines regardless of whether they operate utilizing currently known, or later developed thermodynamic cycles.\",\n \"The described embodiments can be adjusted to work with engines having equally or unequally sized working chambers.\",\n \"While the described embodiments work well with dynamic skip fire engine operation, it should be appreciated that it may be applied to other types of engine control which may be concerned about the possibility of induction faults.\",\n \"This includes virtually any skip fire application (operational modes in which individual cylinders are sometimes fired and sometime skipped during operation in a particular operational mode) including skip fire operation using fixed firing patterns or firing sequences as may occur when using rolling cylinder deactivation and/or various other skip fire techniques.\",\n \"Similar techniques may also be used in various skip fire like techniques such as multi-charge level engine operation or other cylinder output level modulation techniques.\",\n \"Similar techniques may also be used in connection with variable stroke control engine operation.\",\n \"In variable stroke engine control, the number of strokes in each working cycle are altered to effectively vary the displacement of an engine.\",\n \"In multi-charge level engine operation, the output of fired cylinders are varied dynamically in a skip/fire type pattern.\",\n \"For example, a particular cylinder may sometimes be fired at a “high” or “higher” torque output level and may sometimes be fired at a “low” or “lower” torque output level, with the “low” output levels corresponding to the “skips” and the “high” output levels corresponding to the fires in a skip fire pattern.\",\n \"In another example, a multi-level skip fire pattern may include some “skips”, some “low” firings and some “high” firings.\",\n \"A variety of multi-charge level modulation and multi-level skip fire techniques are described in Applicant's U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/919,018, which is incorporated herein by reference.\",\n \"One way to differentiate between “high” and “low” firings is to modulate the valve lift which can lead to valve lift fault based induction faults which can be detected using the described techniques.\",\n \"The invention has generally been described in terms of a skip fire control system that fires a fuel/air charge during the same cycle as the induction event that filled the cylinder with the charge.\",\n \"Also, the invention has generally been described in terms of a skip fire control system that vents the combustion gases from a cylinder firing during an exhaust stroke immediately following the power stroke where the fuel/air charge was firing.\",\n \"Neither of these valve control schemes is a requirement.\",\n \"A cylinder may induct an air charge and wait one or more cycles before firing the charge.\",\n \"Similarly, a cylinder may hold combustion gases within the cylinder for one or more engine cycles after a combustion event.\",\n \"Engines operating in this manner will have different MAP and crankshaft variation signatures, but the methods described here can be readily adapted to accommodate these different valve control schemes.\",\n \"Although only a few embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it should be appreciated that the invention may be implemented in many other forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.\",\n \"Therefore, the present embodiments should be considered illustrative and not restrictive and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872675"}}},{"rowIdx":4494143,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["Fundus Imaging System","A fundus imaging system includes: an image sensor array, where the image sensor array includes monochrome photodiodes and global shutter control, an illumination unit with one or more light-emitting diodes that have one or more dies, a computing system including a processor and memory, one or more lenses, one or more reflective mirrors, and a display.","In an example method of use, a clinician positions a patient, initiates a focal adjustment, initiates a retinal imaging process, and the same or a different clinician views the image.","In some embodiments, the imaging system is configured to analyze the image and identify detected physical attributes in the image relating to the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy."],["1.A non-mydriatic fundus imaging system, comprising: an image sensor array capable of global reset operations, the global reset operations including exposing each pixel of a plurality of rows of pixels substantially simultaneously; an illumination unit operatively coupled to the image sensor array, wherein the illumination unit includes a multi-die light emitting diode; a timing unit operatively coupled to the image sensor array and the illumination unit and configured to simultaneously expose each pixel of the plurality of rows of pixels of the image sensor array during an exposure period.","2.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 1, the image sensor array including a two-dimensional monochrome complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor.","3.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 1, further comprising: a processor; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the non-mydriatic fundus imaging system to: capture a plurality of images in a first image capture mode; process at least a portion of the plurality of images to determine a position of a pupil of a subject; and capture an image in a second image capture mode when the position of the pupil is substantially aligned with an optical axis of the non-mydriatic fundus imaging system.","4.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 3, wherein: the first image capture mode comprises a first resolution and a first illumination condition; and the second image capture mode comprises a second resolution and a second illumination condition.","5.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 4, wherein: the second resolution is greater than or equal to the first resolution; and the second illumination condition is brighter than the first illumination condition.","6.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 5, the second image capture mode including overdrive of the multi-die light emitting diode during the global reset operations.","7.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 6, the illumination unit being configured to emit monochrome light for less than 2 milliseconds during the second image capture mode.","8.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 7, the illumination unit being configured to cause the multi-die light emitting diode to, consecutively, illuminate red light only, illuminate green light only, and illuminate blue light only.","9.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 7, the illumination unit being configured to cause the multi-die light emitting diode to illuminate red, green and blue simultaneously.","10.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 1, the image sensor array further being capable of global transfer operations, the global transfer operations including simultaneously ceasing exposure of each pixel in the image sensor array.","11.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 10, the global transfer operations further including transferring charge from each pixel in the image sensor array into opaque shielded storage.","12.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 11, the image sensor array further being capable of sequential readout operations.","13.A method for producing an image of a fundus, the method comprising: illuminating a light emitting diode, the light emitting diode being a multi-color die LED; activating a shutter of an image sensor array capable of exposing each pixel of a plurality of rows of pixels substantially simultaneously; and storing an image readout from the plurality of rows of pixels.","14.The method according to claim 13, further comprising initiating global transfer operations, including simultaneously ceasing exposure of each pixel in the image sensor array.","15.The method according to claim 14, the initiating global transfer operations further including transferring charge from each pixel in the image sensor array into opaque shielded storage.","16.The method according to claim 14, further comprising initiating sequential readout operations.","17.The method according to claim 13, wherein illuminating the light emitting diode includes emitting monochrome light for less than 2 milliseconds.","18.The method according to claim 17, wherein illuminating the light emitting diode includes illuminating red light only, illuminating green light only, and illuminating blue light only; and further comprising capturing an image during each of illuminating red light only, illuminating green light only, and illuminating blue light only.","19.A non-mydriatic fundus imaging system, comprising: an image sensor array, configured for: global reset operations, the global reset operations including exposing each pixel of a plurality of rows of pixels substantially simultaneously, global transfer operations, the global transfer operations including simultaneously ceasing exposure of each pixel in the image sensor array and transferring charge from each pixel in the image sensor array into opaque shielded storage; and sequential readout operations; an illumination unit operatively coupled to the image sensor array, the illumination unit including a multi-die light emitting diode; and a timing unit operatively coupled to the image sensor array and the illumination unit and configured to simultaneously expose a full frame of pixels of the image sensor array during an exposure period.","20.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 19, further comprising: a processor; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the non-mydriatic fundus imaging system to: capture a plurality of images in a first image capture mode; process at least a portion of the plurality of images to determine a position of a pupil of a subject; capture an image in a second image capture mode when the position of the pupil is substantially aligned with an optical axis of the non-mydriatic fundus imaging system, the first image capture mode comprises a first resolution and a first illumination condition; the second image capture mode comprises a second resolution and a second illumination condition; the second resolution is greater than or equal to the first resolution; and the second illumination condition is brighter than the first illumination condition the image sensor array including a two-dimensional monochrome complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor; the illumination unit being configured to emit monochrome light for less than 2 milliseconds during the second image capture mode."],[" BACKGROUND People with type 1 or type 2 diabetes can develop eye disease as a result of having diabetes.","One of the most common diabetic eye diseases is diabetic retinopathy, which is damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, known as the retina.","Eye exams can produce images of the back of the eye and trained medical professionals use those images to diagnose and treat diabetic retinopathy.","Many of the current methods used to produce the images of the back of the eye, known as a fundus, suffer from various deficiencies, often producing imperfect images that can complicate the diagnostic procedure.","Traditional imaging techniques use a Bayer-patterned color filter array imaging sensor.","Such techniques have low sensitivity and the resulting image often suffers demosaic artifacts caused by low color resolution.","Additionally, many of the current methods require the dilation of the patient's eyes, which is uncomfortable and inconvenient."],[" SUMMARY In one aspect, a non-mydriatic fundus imaging system includes: a monochrome complementary metal-oxide semiconductor image sensor array, where the sensor array comprises a plurality of pixels and is capable of global electronic shutter operations, the global shutter being capable of substantially simultaneously initiating exposure of the plurality of pixels and of a sequential readout of the photodiodes.","The system also includes, in one aspect, an illumination unit operatively coupled to the image sensor array, where the illumination unit includes a light-emitting diode that can be overdriven.","In another aspect, a method for producing an image of a fundus includes: illuminating a light-emitting diode, activating a global shutter of a two-dimensional monochrome complementary metal-oxide semiconductor sensor array, where the sensor array includes a plurality of pixels that can be exposed substantially simultaneously during the global shutter activation to obtain an image of the fundus, and storing the image readout from the plurality of pixels.","Both the system and method can be used to screen for, monitor, and diagnose eye-related diseases such as diabetic retinopathy."],["BACKGROUND People with type 1 or type 2 diabetes can develop eye disease as a result of having diabetes.","One of the most common diabetic eye diseases is diabetic retinopathy, which is damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, known as the retina.","Eye exams can produce images of the back of the eye and trained medical professionals use those images to diagnose and treat diabetic retinopathy.","Many of the current methods used to produce the images of the back of the eye, known as a fundus, suffer from various deficiencies, often producing imperfect images that can complicate the diagnostic procedure.","Traditional imaging techniques use a Bayer-patterned color filter array imaging sensor.","Such techniques have low sensitivity and the resulting image often suffers demosaic artifacts caused by low color resolution.","Additionally, many of the current methods require the dilation of the patient's eyes, which is uncomfortable and inconvenient.","SUMMARY In one aspect, a non-mydriatic fundus imaging system includes: a monochrome complementary metal-oxide semiconductor image sensor array, where the sensor array comprises a plurality of pixels and is capable of global electronic shutter operations, the global shutter being capable of substantially simultaneously initiating exposure of the plurality of pixels and of a sequential readout of the photodiodes.","The system also includes, in one aspect, an illumination unit operatively coupled to the image sensor array, where the illumination unit includes a light-emitting diode that can be overdriven.","In another aspect, a method for producing an image of a fundus includes: illuminating a light-emitting diode, activating a global shutter of a two-dimensional monochrome complementary metal-oxide semiconductor sensor array, where the sensor array includes a plurality of pixels that can be exposed substantially simultaneously during the global shutter activation to obtain an image of the fundus, and storing the image readout from the plurality of pixels.","Both the system and method can be used to screen for, monitor, and diagnose eye-related diseases such as diabetic retinopathy.","DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG.","1 illustrates one embodiment of an imaging system including a patient, a fundus imaging system, a network, a display, and a clinician.","FIG.","2 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example fundus imaging system.","FIG.","3 illustrates a flowchart of an example use by a clinician of the example fundus imaging system.","FIG.","4 illustrates a flowchart of an example method of operation of the example fundus imaging system.","FIG.","5 illustrates an example method of initiating a fundus imaging using passive eye tracking.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.","1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating an example system 100 for recording and viewing an image of a patient's fundus.","In this example, the system 100 includes a patient P, a fundus imaging system 102, a camera 104 in communication 105 with an image processor 106, a display 108 used by clinician C with the image processor 106, and a network 110.In the example system, the fundus imaging system 102 and the display 108 are in communication either directly via communication path 107 or via the network 110 using wired and/or wireless communication schemes.","The fundus imaging system 102 functions to create a digital image of a patient's P eye fundus.","As used herein, “fundus” refers to the eye fundus and includes the retina, optic nerve, macula, vitreous, choroid and posterior pole.","The patient P, in some embodiments, is being screened for an eye disease, such as diabetic retinopathy.","In some embodiments, the system 102 can also be used to diagnose or monitor the progression of a disease such as diabetic retinopathy.","In some embodiments, the imaging system 102 includes a handheld housing that supports the system's components.","The housing supports one or two apertures for imaging one or two eyes at a time.","In some embodiments, the housing supports positional guides for the patient P, such as an adjustable chin rest.","The positional guide or guides help to align the patient's P eye or eyes with the one or two apertures.","In some embodiments, the housing supports means for raising and lowering the one or more apertures to align them with the patient's P eye or eyes.","Once the patient's P eyes are aligned, the clinician C then initiates one or more image captures by the fundus imaging system 102.Most known techniques for fundus imaging require mydriasis, or the dilation of the patient's pupil, which can be painful and/or inconvenient to the patient P. Example system 100 does not require a mydriatic drug to be administered to the patient P before imaging, although the system 100 can image the fundus if a mydriatic drug has been administered.","In some embodiments, the system 100 is used to assist the clinician C in screening for, monitoring, or diagnosing various eye diseases.","In some embodiments, the clinician C that operates the fundus imaging system 102 is different from the clinician C evaluating the resulting image.","In the example embodiment 100, the fundus imaging system 102 includes a camera 104 in communication 105 with an image processor 106.In this embodiment, the camera 104 is a digital camera including a lens, an aperture, processor and a sensor array.","The camera 104 has a sensor array equipped with a global shutter.","In some embodiments, the camera 104 is configured to record an image the fundus of one eye at a time.","In other embodiments, the camera 104 is configured to record an image of both eyes substantially simultaneously.","In those embodiments, the fundus imaging system 102 can include two separate cameras, one for each eye.","In example system 100, the image processor 106 is operatively coupled to the camera 104 and configured to communicate with the network 110 and/or display 108.In some embodiments, the image processor 106 regulates the operation of the camera 104.An example image processor is shown in more detail in FIG.","2, which is described further below.","In some embodiments, the fundus imaging system 102 is also connected to a printer, not shown in FIG.","1.The printer can be used to produce a physical copy of the one or more fundus images produced by the fundus imaging system 102.In example system 100, the display 108 is in communication with the fundus imaging system 102 directly 107 or via the network 110.The display 108 functions to reproduce the image produced by the fundus imaging system 102 in a size and format readable by the clinician C. In some embodiments, the housing supports the display 108, which is embedded in the housing.","In other embodiments, the display 108 is a separate component of example system 100, and may have its own housing, such as, for example, a monitor or a display on a mobile phone or tablet computer.","In another embodiment, the display 108 is optional and the fundus imaging system 102 is connected to a cloud storage through network 110.In that embodiment, the fundus imaging system 102 transmits the one or more fundus images to the cloud storage and the images can be viewed by accessing the cloud storage.","A more detailed discussion of an example fundus imaging system is provided with respect to FIG.","2, below.","In one embodiment, the fundus imaging system is connected to the network 110 (connection 101).","The network 110 is, in turn, connected to the display 108 (connection 103).","The connections 101 and 103 may include any type of wireless network, a wired network, or any communication network known in the art.","For example, wireless connections can include cellular network connections and connections made using protocols such as 802.11a, b, and/or g. In other examples, a wireless connection can be accomplished directly between the fundus imaging system 102 and the display 108 using one or more wired or wireless protocols, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi Direct, radio-frequency identification (RFID), or Zigbee.","Other configurations are possible.","FIG.","2 is a block diagram of the components in an example fundus imaging system 202.The example fundus imaging system 202 includes an image sensor array 204 that comprises monochrome photodiodes 206, shutter control 208, and opaque shielded storage 210; illumination unit 216 including light-emitting diode 218 and timing unit 220; computing system 222 including processor 224 and memory 226; lens 228, an optional aperture 232, networking unit 234, and display 236.The image sensor array 204 in the example system 202 is a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor sensor array.","The example sensor array 204 includes monochrome photodiodes 206, shutter control 208, and opaque shielded storage 210.The example sensor array 204 functions to receive and process light reflected by the patient's fundus.","The image sensor array 204 has a plurality of rows of pixels and a plurality of columns of pixels.","In some embodiments, the image sensor array has about 1280 by 1024 pixels, about 640 by 480 pixels, or about 1500 by 1152 pixels.","In some embodiments, the pixel size in the image sensor array 204 is from about four micrometers by about four micrometers; from about two micrometers by about two micrometers; from about six micrometers by about six micrometers; or from about one micrometer by about one micrometer.","The example monochrome photodiodes 206 have a light-receiving surface and have substantially uniform length and width.","During exposure, the monochrome photodiodes 206 convert the incident light to a charge.","Shutter control 208 in example system 202 initiates the exposure of the photodiodes 206 and the end of the exposure of the photodiodes 206.In some embodiments, after the exposure period of the photodiodes 206 ends, the charge is transferred to opaque shielded storage 210.Shutter control 208 also controls the reset of the photodiodes 206 and the read-out of the stored charges to be processed by computing system 222.Shutter control 208 is configured to operate the image sensor array 204 as a global shutter.","That is, substantially all of the photodiodes are exposed simultaneously and for substantially identical lengths of time.","The global exposure effectively integrates charge substantially evenly across the image sensor array 204 during the exposure time.","In another embodiment, a monochrome CMOS sensor with global reset mode can also be used without opaque shielded storage.","As discussed above with reference to FIG.","1, in some embodiments the clinician initiates the exposure of the photodiodes 206 by global reset of all the pixels.","However, the shutter control 208 is configured to end the exposure period by global transferring all the pixels to their correspondent opaque shielded storages.","For example, in some embodiments, shutter control 208 ends the exposure period using a predetermined time period that starts when the clinician initiates an image capture sequence.","In some embodiments, an auto exposure control algorithm will determine the exposure period dynamically according to the illumination conditions and/or image contrast.","A Bayer filter, not used in example system 202, essentially blocks out two-thirds of the light incident on the image sensor array.","In contrast, the monochrome photodiodes 206 used in the example system 202 do not filter out light, which in turn improves the image quality.","Also, because monochrome arrays do not filter light, the example fundus imaging system 202 advantageously requires roughly one-third of the light required by a fundus imaging system that employs a Bayer filter array.","Additionally, in contrast to a system using a Bayer color filter array, the example fundus imaging system 202 can improve diabetic retinopathy screening sensitivity by reducing the number of false negatives.","That is, the example fundus imaging system 202 can detect much lower contrast, and thereby detect more abnormal features, that the Bayer array cannot because the Bayer array limits the amount of imaged contrast.","Additionally, the example fundus imaging system 202 can also reduce diabetic retinopathy false positives because the system 202 can produce higher uniform image quality without the Bayer array demosaic artifacts.","The illumination unit 216 in example fundus imaging system 202 provides light to illuminate the fundus and coordinate the timing with the exposure of the image sensor array.","The example illumination unit includes light-emitting diode 218 and timing unit 220.Example light-emitting diode 218 is in operative communication with the computing system 222 and the timing unit 220.Example light-emitting diode 218, in some embodiments, is a three-color light-emitting diode (LED), where the three colors are red, green, and blue.","For example, the light-emitting diode 218 can be a three-channel RGB LED, where each die is capable of independent and tandem operation.","In some embodiments, more than one LED 218 is used in the illumination unit 216.The LEDs have a maximum standard current draw rating of, for example, 20 mA, but the LED can be overdriven to draw more current, for example 30 mA (at 150% of maximum standard current), 200% of maximum current, 300% of maximum current, and 500% of maximum current in a low duty cycle usage.","Other maximum standard current draws are possible.","In some embodiments, the one or more LEDs 218 are overdriven during the illumination period, which is controlled by timing unit 220 in example system 202.In some embodiments, the combination of overdriving the LEDs with the global shutter operation results in a shorter exposure period.","The shorter exposure period, in some embodiments, results in a sharper image.","Additionally, in some embodiments the shorter illumination period results in less contraction of the pupil, thereby reducing the need for pupil dilation.","In order to maintain the patient's P pupil size as large as possible without dilation, dim light must be used.","In the imaging systems known in the art, this dim light requirement results in poorer image quality.","For example, the image quality when a 16 ms LED illumination period is used is much better than when a 2 ms LED illumination period is used in the prior art systems.","In some embodiments, the LED illumination period used in example system 202 are 2 ms, 3 ms, or 5 ms.","The example fundus imaging system 202 advantageously uses a dimmer LED light and produces a higher quality image than those systems known in the art.","Each die in the LED 218 is capable of independent and tandem operation.","For example, in one embodiment, three consecutive frames are captured by the image sensor array 204.The first exposure occurs when the red die is illuminated, then the second exposure occurs when the green die is illuminated, and then third exposure occurs when the blue die is illuminated.","The order of die illumination is different in other embodiments.","An alternative embodiment captures three consecutive frames for the following color illuminations: red (red die on only), yellow (red and green dies on substantially simultaneously), and white (reed, green, and blue dies on substantially simultaneously).","Again, the order of illumination color is different in other embodiments.","In one diabetic retinopathy embodiment, the white illumination (all dies on) produces an all features detection, a red image (only red die on) assists the clinician in retinal microaneurysms and hemorrhages confirmation, and a yellow image (red and green dies on) assists the clinician in exudates confirmation.","In some embodiments, timing unit 220 activates the illumination timing of, and light emitted from, light-emitting diode 218.Timing unit 220 is, in some embodiments, a separate component including a processor and memory that is operatively coupled to the computing system 222 and image sensor array 204.In other embodiments, timing unit 220 is a computer program stored on the memory 226 and configured to be run by the processor 224.Timing unit 220 can be configured to illuminate the light-emitting diode 218 at a time just before the image sensor array 204 initiates a global shutter exposure and to cease illumination shortly after the global shutter exposure ends.","In other embodiments, the timing unit 220 can be configured to illuminate the light-emitting diode 218 after the global shutter exposure begins and to cease illumination before the global shutter exposure ends.","In another embodiment, the timing unit 220 can be configured to illuminate the light-emitting diode 218 with an overlap period of time with the global shutter exposure period of time.","In some embodiments the timing unit is configured to cause the light-emitting diode 218 to pulse or produce a strobe-like light during the illumination period.","In the example fundus imaging system 202, the computing system 222 includes a processor 224 communicatively connected to a memory 226 via a data bus.","The processor 224 can be any of a variety of types of programmable circuits capable of executing computer-readable instructions to perform various tasks, such as mathematical and communication tasks.","The memory 226 can include any of a variety of memory devices, such as using various types of computer-readable or computer storage media.","A computer storage medium or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain or store the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.","In the context of the present disclosure, a computer storage medium includes at least some tangible component, i.e., is not entirely consisting of transient or transitory signals The example system 202 also includes a lens 228 supported by the housing.","Some embodiments have more than one lens supported by the housing.","For example, one lens is used to focus the light incident on the image sensor array 204 and another lens to focuses the light from the illumination unit 216.Some embodiments use more than one lens to focus the incident light.","In some embodiments, the lens has mechanical power and control connections coupled to the computing system 222.The computing system 222 may be configured to control the position of the lens or lenses to optimize lens positioning for auto focusing for the image sensor array 204 and illumination unit 216.In some embodiments, lens focusing is required in spite of a standard positioning guide for the patient because of unique facial geometries.","The example fundus imaging system 202 has, optionally, one or more apertures 232 supported by the housing.","In some embodiments, the aperture 232 is an annular piece that supports a lens 228.The patient's eye is aligned substantially with the aperture 232 before the fundus is imaged.","In some embodiments, the aperture is a mechanically operated cover that can be opened and closed based upon signals from the computing system 222.In some embodiments, the example fundus imaging system 202 has a display 236 for the clinician to focus and examine the patient's eye fundus.","In some embodiments, the imaging system 202 has a networking unit 234.Networking unit operates to enable communication between the fundus imaging system 202 and the example display 108 or other networked devices.","The networking unit 234 may be in wireless or wired communication with the display 108 or other networked devices.","Additionally, the networking unit 234 is in communication with the network 110.In some embodiments, the networking unit 234 communicates with the display 108 over a wired or wireless connection.","In some embodiments, the fundus imaging system 202 also includes an anti-aliasing filter, not pictured in FIG.","2.The optional anti-aliasing filter is in some embodiments an optical low-pass filter.","This filter is a thin layer located between the monochrome photodiodes 206 and the direction from which the incident light emanates.","The filter, in some embodiments, prevents the occurrence of a pattern (moir é or other artifacts) different from the original image.","In some embodiments, the fundus imaging system 202 also includes reflective mirrors, not shown in FIG.","2.The optional one or more reflective mirrors are used to direct light to the image sensor array 204 and from the illumination unit 216.In some embodiments, the one or more mirrors are supported by, and fixed to, the housing.","In other embodiments, the reflective mirror or mirrors are supported by the housing but have adjustable positions, where the clinician or computing system 222 can adjust the positioning of the mirrors.","The example system is operable without reflective mirrors.","FIG.","3 is a block flow diagram of an example use 300 by a clinician of the example fundus imaging system.","Example use 300 is performed in some embodiments by more than one clinician.","Example use 300 includes positioning a patient 302, adjusting the focus 304, initiating a retinal imaging 306, and viewing the image 308 created by the scan.","Other embodiments may omit steps or include additional steps.","Example use 300 begins when the clinician positions a patient 302.The patient may be seated or standing.","Positioning 302 includes aligning the patient such that one or more of the patient's eyes are aligned with the aperture or apertures of the fundus imaging system.","In some embodiments, the display coupled to the imaging system shows a preview image to help guide the clinician in positioning the patient.","In some embodiments, the system emits an audible sound to notify the clinician that the patient's eye is in a proper position.","In some embodiments, there is a positioning structure, such as a chin rest or head support structure, to assist in positioning the patient.","In some embodiments, the positioning structure has means for adjustment that can be used by the clinician in positioning the patient's eye relative to the housing.","In other embodiments, the positioning structure is fixed and the housing has adjustment means such that the clinician can reposition the housing to be in alignment with the patient's eye or eyes.","After the patient is positioned, the next step in example use 300 is for the clinician to adjust the focus 304 on the fundus imaging system.","In some embodiments, the fundus imaging system has one or more adjustable foci.","These foci may be manually adjusted by the clinician, electronically adjusted by the clinician, or automatically adjusted by the fundus imaging system.","In some embodiments, the focus adjusts the position of the lens through which the incident light passes.","In some embodiments, the focus adjusts the lens through which the light from the illumination unit passes.","In some embodiments, the clinician initiates the automatic focusing by the fundus imaging system by pressing a button or selecting an icon on a graphical user interface.","In some embodiments, the adjust focus step 304 can be replaced by auto focusing algorithms without human intervention.","Next, the clinician initiates the retinal imaging 306 in example use 300.In some embodiments, the clinician initiates the retinal imaging 306 by pressing a button or selecting an icon on a graphical user interface.","An example of the fundus imaging system's steps during retinal imaging 306 is shown in FIG.","4 and described in detail below.","In some embodiments, the clinician may return to step 302 to reposition the patient's other eye for imaging and repeat steps 304 and 306.In other embodiments, the clinician may view the image 308, and may ensure that the image is of acceptable quality, before returning to step 302 to image the patient's other eye.","Additionally, in some embodiments, initiate retinal imaging 306 is replaced by passive eye tracking algorithms to automatically trigger the image capture without human intervention.","Passive eye tracking is described with reference to FIG.","5 below.","After the fundus imaging system images the retina 306, the clinician views the fundus image 308 in example use 300.If any image is not satisfactory to the clinician, the clinician may repeat example use 300.Examples of the types of displays that may be used in step 308 are described in more detail with reference to block 108 in FIG.","1.FIG.","4 illustrates a block flow diagram of an example method of operation 400 of the fundus imaging system.","Example operation 400 includes the fundus imaging system performing the steps of open aperture 402, adjust focus on retina 404, illuminate light-emitting diode 406, which includes illuminate red light-emitting die 408, illuminate green light-emitting die 410, and illuminate blue light-emitting die 412, control global shutter 414, which includes global reset 416, global transfer 418, sequential readout of photodiodes 420, store image read from photodiodes 422, optionally returning to the illuminate light-emitting diode step 406, process image read from photodiodes 426, send processed image to display 428, and send initial diagnosis to display 430.Alternate embodiments may have fewer or additional steps, or perform the steps in a different order.","In example operation 400, the first step is to, optionally, open aperture 402.As described above with reference to aperture 232, in some embodiments the aperture can be a cover opened and closed through electrical or mechanical means.","In some embodiments, the aperture is a frame that, in some embodiments, supports a lens but does not have an operable cover.","One purpose of the open aperture step 402 is to enable incident light to pass through one or more lenses towards the image sensor array.","Adjust focus on the retina 404 is the next step in example operation 400.In some embodiments, the clinician operating the fundus imaging system manually changes one or more focal lengths.","Adjusting the focus can be accomplished by, for example, mechanical means such as a knob or knobs or through electrical means such as a graphical user interface displaying focus adjustment parameters, where the interface is operatively coupled to adjustment means that is coupled to the one or more lenses.","Adjusting the focus can also be accomplished automatically by auto focusing algorithms controlling a mechanical means without human intervention.","The next step in example operation 400 is to illuminate the light-emitting diode 406.The illuminate light-emitting diode step 406 comprises illuminating one or more of the colored dies in the red-green-blue light-emitting diode: illuminate the red die in the diode 408, illuminate the green die in the diode 410, and illuminate the blue die in the light-emitting diode 412.Other combinations of colors are possible, including, for example, cyan-magenta-yellow, red-green only or white-red only.","As discussed above, some embodiments of the imaging system have more than one light-emitting diode.","Additionally, in some embodiments of operation 400, the illuminate step 406 occurs either after or concurrently with the global reset step 416.The illuminate step 406 is performed multiple times, consecutively, in some embodiments.","As discussed above, in some embodiments, one image is taken with all three dies illuminated 408, 410, and 412, producing white light.","In some embodiments, the system initiates four consecutive image captures.","In those embodiments, the illumination unit is configured to produce white light for the first image capture, then red, green, and blue for the subsequent image captures.","Other sequences in other embodiments are described in more detail with reference to illumination unit 216 in FIG.","2.The light-emitting diodes are illuminated 406 for a short period of time.","In some embodiments, the diode, or diodes, are illuminated for less than 5 milliseconds, for less than 2 milliseconds, for less than 1 millisecond, or for less than 0.5 milliseconds.","As discussed above, the light-emitting diode may be overdriven for some or all illuminations.","One of many advantages of the example embodiments is that the intensity, or the period, of the light-emitting diodes can be reduced by from about 5 to about 200 times those imaging systems in the art using a rolling shutter/reset CMOS sensor.","Control global shutter step 414 includes the global reset step 416, the global transfer step 418, and sequential readout step 420.The computing system, operatively coupled to the image sensor array, controls the image sensor array's global shutter in example operation 400.Global reset step 416 involves, in some embodiments, resetting and exposing every pixel in the image sensor array substantially simultaneously.","The exposure of the pixels is as short as possible to avoid motion blur and to limit the amount of time the patient's pupils must be illuminated.","In some embodiments the exposure time is about 2 milliseconds.","Global transfer step 418 involves, in some embodiments, simultaneously ceasing the exposure of every pixel in the image sensor array and transferring the charge from each pixel into the opaque shielded storage.","An example global shutter is described in more detail with reference to image sensor array 204 in FIG.","2, above.","Sequential readout step 420 in example operation 400 involves each pixel in the image sensor array being readout sequentially (one pixel after the other).","The readout step 420 is accomplished, in some embodiments, by the computing system sending a readout clocking signal to the image sensor array to read out pixel value one by one.","After the global transfer step 418, the pixel exposure is ended in example operation 400 and the image readout from the photodiodes' opaque shielded storage unit is stored 422 in memory.","In some embodiments, multiple images are captured consecutively and the example operation repeats 424.Return step 424 is shown in FIG.","4 as returning to step 406, but in other embodiments the return step 424 begins by opening the aperture 402 or by adjusting the focus on the retina 404 step.","Next, the processor processes the image readout from the photodiodes' opaque shielded storage 426 in example operation 400.In some embodiments, processing of the image is performed in accordance with a software program stored on the memory and run in the processor.","In some embodiments, processing 426 includes amplifying the data generated from the incident light and converting the generated data into a digital signal.","Processing 426 may also include storing a set of digital signal values corresponding to incident light on the plurality of pixels of image sensor array as a frame of image data.","In some embodiments, the process image step 426 does not use color demosaic algorithms.","Process image step 426 includes a processor running image processing algorithms to, for example, perform image enhancement, perform features detection, and identify a classification to correct the diabetic retinopathy.","For example, the algorithm can access an evaluation database for diabetic retinopathy such as DIARETDB0 and DIARETDB1, established by Lappeenrata University of Technology and University of Kuopio Medical Faculty in Finland.","Those databases consist of about 219 fundus images that have been evaluated and annotated by experts and doctors to establish diagnosis results for those images.","An example output of an evaluation algorithm, when using a fundus image as an input, is that small red dots exist, there are hemorrhages and hard exudates are detected in the fundus.","The output can identify both a list of the diagnoses and the number of observed issues.","In some embodiments, the output can also identify the detected issues on the fundus image, using, for example, graphics such as circles or arrows.","In some embodiments, the clinician can select the one or more issues the algorithm running on the processor should identify during processing step 426.For example, in one embodiment the clinician selects through a graphical user interface “hemorrhages” in a menu containing possible diabetic retinopathy symptoms.","The processed image then will contain identifying indicia such as on-screen arrows, circles or other identifying icons.","Thus, where applicable, the image in this embodiment contains indicia flagging detected hemorrhages.","But because, in this example, the clinician did not select any other symptoms, such as “exudates”, even if present, the image will not contain indicia flagging other symptoms.","In an alternate embodiment, the processor is configured to detect all possible symptoms and the image contains indicia flagging all detected symptoms.","Then, in some embodiments, the clinician uses a menu-type filter to select one or more symptoms to be flagged on the display.","In another embodiment, the image stored from the photodiode readout is sent to a remote cloud storage and further processed, using algorithms described above, in a remote server.","In example operation 400, the computing system sends the processed image to the display 428 and/or sends an initial diagnosis to display 430.As discussed above, in some embodiments, the system produces a raw image that does not contain any diagnostic identification information 428.In other embodiments, the system produces an image accompanied by diagnostic information 430.FIG.","5 illustrates an alternate embodiment of initiate retinal imaging step 306 using passive eye tracking.","The initiate retinal imaging step 306 operates to image the fundus of the patient P using passive eye tracking.","In the initiate retinal imaging step 306, the fundus imaging system 202 monitors the pupil/fovea orientation of the patient P. Although the initiate retinal imaging step 306 is described with respect to fundus imaging system 202, the initiate retinal imaging step 306 may be performed using a wearable or nonwearable fundus imaging system, such as a handheld digital fundus imaging system.","Initially, at step 303, the pupil or fovea or both of the patient P are monitored.","The fundus imaging system 202 captures images in a first image capture mode.","In the first image capture mode, the fundus imaging system 202 captures images at a higher frame rate.","In some embodiments, in the first image capture mode, the fundus imaging system 202 captures images with lower illumination and at lower resolutions.","In some embodiments, the lower illumination is created by the illumination unit 216 operating to generate and direct light of a lower intensity towards the subject.","In other embodiments, the lower illumination is created by an external light source or ambient light.","The first image capture mode may minimize discomfort to the patient P, allow the patient P to relax, and allow for a larger pupil size without dilation (non-mydriatic).","Next, at step 305, the computing system 222 processes at least a portion of the images captured by the fundus imaging system 202.The computing system 222 processes the images to identify the location of the pupil or fovea or both of the patient P. Using the location of the pupil or fovea or both in one of the images, a vector corresponding to the pupil/fovea orientation is calculated.","In some embodiments, the pupil/fovea orientation is approximated based on the distance between the pupil and fovea in the image.","In other embodiments, the pupil/fovea orientation is calculated by approximating the position of the fovea relative to the pupil in three dimensions using estimates of the distance to the pupil and the distance between the pupil and the fovea.","In other embodiments, the pupil/fovea orientation is approximated from the position of the pupil alone.","In yet other embodiments, other methods of approximating the pupil/fovea orientation are used.","Next, at step 307, the pupil/fovea orientation is compared to the optical axis of the fundus imaging system 202.If the pupil/fovea orientation is substantially aligned with the optical axis of the fundus imaging system 202, the process proceeds to step 309 to capture a fundus image.","If not, the process returns to step 303 to continue to monitor the pupil or fovea.","In some embodiments, the pupil/fovea orientation is substantially aligned with the optical axis when the angle between them is less than two to fifteen degrees.","Next, at step 309, a fundus image is captured.","In some embodiments, the fundus image is captured in a second image capture mode.","In some embodiments, in the second image capture mode, the fundus imaging system 202 captures images with higher illumination and at higher resolutions.","In some embodiments, the higher illumination is created by the illumination unit 216 operating to generate and direct light of a higher intensity towards the subject.","In other embodiments, the higher illumination is created by an external light source or ambient light.","The second image capture mode may facilitate capturing a clear, well-illuminated, and detailed fundus image.","In some embodiments, after step 309, the initiate retinal imaging step 306 returns to step 303 to continue to monitor the pupil/fovea orientation.","The initiate retinal imaging step 306 may continue to collect fundus images indefinitely or until a specified number of images have been collected.","Further information regarding passive eye tracking can be found in U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","______, attorney docket number 10156.0082US01, titled Ophthalmoscope Device, filed on even date herewith, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.","The flow diagrams depicted herein are just examples.","There may be many variations to these diagrams or the steps (or operations) described therein without departing from the spirit of the disclosure.","For instance, the steps may be performed in a differing order, or steps may be added, deleted or modified.","While embodiments have been described, it will be understood that those skilled in the art, both now and in the future, may make various improvements and enhancements can be made."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"Fundus Imaging System\",\n \"A fundus imaging system includes: an image sensor array, where the image sensor array includes monochrome photodiodes and global shutter control, an illumination unit with one or more light-emitting diodes that have one or more dies, a computing system including a processor and memory, one or more lenses, one or more reflective mirrors, and a display.\",\n \"In an example method of use, a clinician positions a patient, initiates a focal adjustment, initiates a retinal imaging process, and the same or a different clinician views the image.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the imaging system is configured to analyze the image and identify detected physical attributes in the image relating to the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A non-mydriatic fundus imaging system, comprising: an image sensor array capable of global reset operations, the global reset operations including exposing each pixel of a plurality of rows of pixels substantially simultaneously; an illumination unit operatively coupled to the image sensor array, wherein the illumination unit includes a multi-die light emitting diode; a timing unit operatively coupled to the image sensor array and the illumination unit and configured to simultaneously expose each pixel of the plurality of rows of pixels of the image sensor array during an exposure period.\",\n \"2.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 1, the image sensor array including a two-dimensional monochrome complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor.\",\n \"3.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 1, further comprising: a processor; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the non-mydriatic fundus imaging system to: capture a plurality of images in a first image capture mode; process at least a portion of the plurality of images to determine a position of a pupil of a subject; and capture an image in a second image capture mode when the position of the pupil is substantially aligned with an optical axis of the non-mydriatic fundus imaging system.\",\n \"4.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 3, wherein: the first image capture mode comprises a first resolution and a first illumination condition; and the second image capture mode comprises a second resolution and a second illumination condition.\",\n \"5.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 4, wherein: the second resolution is greater than or equal to the first resolution; and the second illumination condition is brighter than the first illumination condition.\",\n \"6.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 5, the second image capture mode including overdrive of the multi-die light emitting diode during the global reset operations.\",\n \"7.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 6, the illumination unit being configured to emit monochrome light for less than 2 milliseconds during the second image capture mode.\",\n \"8.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 7, the illumination unit being configured to cause the multi-die light emitting diode to, consecutively, illuminate red light only, illuminate green light only, and illuminate blue light only.\",\n \"9.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 7, the illumination unit being configured to cause the multi-die light emitting diode to illuminate red, green and blue simultaneously.\",\n \"10.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 1, the image sensor array further being capable of global transfer operations, the global transfer operations including simultaneously ceasing exposure of each pixel in the image sensor array.\",\n \"11.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 10, the global transfer operations further including transferring charge from each pixel in the image sensor array into opaque shielded storage.\",\n \"12.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 11, the image sensor array further being capable of sequential readout operations.\",\n \"13.A method for producing an image of a fundus, the method comprising: illuminating a light emitting diode, the light emitting diode being a multi-color die LED; activating a shutter of an image sensor array capable of exposing each pixel of a plurality of rows of pixels substantially simultaneously; and storing an image readout from the plurality of rows of pixels.\",\n \"14.The method according to claim 13, further comprising initiating global transfer operations, including simultaneously ceasing exposure of each pixel in the image sensor array.\",\n \"15.The method according to claim 14, the initiating global transfer operations further including transferring charge from each pixel in the image sensor array into opaque shielded storage.\",\n \"16.The method according to claim 14, further comprising initiating sequential readout operations.\",\n \"17.The method according to claim 13, wherein illuminating the light emitting diode includes emitting monochrome light for less than 2 milliseconds.\",\n \"18.The method according to claim 17, wherein illuminating the light emitting diode includes illuminating red light only, illuminating green light only, and illuminating blue light only; and further comprising capturing an image during each of illuminating red light only, illuminating green light only, and illuminating blue light only.\",\n \"19.A non-mydriatic fundus imaging system, comprising: an image sensor array, configured for: global reset operations, the global reset operations including exposing each pixel of a plurality of rows of pixels substantially simultaneously, global transfer operations, the global transfer operations including simultaneously ceasing exposure of each pixel in the image sensor array and transferring charge from each pixel in the image sensor array into opaque shielded storage; and sequential readout operations; an illumination unit operatively coupled to the image sensor array, the illumination unit including a multi-die light emitting diode; and a timing unit operatively coupled to the image sensor array and the illumination unit and configured to simultaneously expose a full frame of pixels of the image sensor array during an exposure period.\",\n \"20.The non-mydriatic fundus imaging system according to claim 19, further comprising: a processor; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the non-mydriatic fundus imaging system to: capture a plurality of images in a first image capture mode; process at least a portion of the plurality of images to determine a position of a pupil of a subject; capture an image in a second image capture mode when the position of the pupil is substantially aligned with an optical axis of the non-mydriatic fundus imaging system, the first image capture mode comprises a first resolution and a first illumination condition; the second image capture mode comprises a second resolution and a second illumination condition; the second resolution is greater than or equal to the first resolution; and the second illumination condition is brighter than the first illumination condition the image sensor array including a two-dimensional monochrome complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor; the illumination unit being configured to emit monochrome light for less than 2 milliseconds during the second image capture mode.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND People with type 1 or type 2 diabetes can develop eye disease as a result of having diabetes.\",\n \"One of the most common diabetic eye diseases is diabetic retinopathy, which is damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, known as the retina.\",\n \"Eye exams can produce images of the back of the eye and trained medical professionals use those images to diagnose and treat diabetic retinopathy.\",\n \"Many of the current methods used to produce the images of the back of the eye, known as a fundus, suffer from various deficiencies, often producing imperfect images that can complicate the diagnostic procedure.\",\n \"Traditional imaging techniques use a Bayer-patterned color filter array imaging sensor.\",\n \"Such techniques have low sensitivity and the resulting image often suffers demosaic artifacts caused by low color resolution.\",\n \"Additionally, many of the current methods require the dilation of the patient's eyes, which is uncomfortable and inconvenient.\"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY In one aspect, a non-mydriatic fundus imaging system includes: a monochrome complementary metal-oxide semiconductor image sensor array, where the sensor array comprises a plurality of pixels and is capable of global electronic shutter operations, the global shutter being capable of substantially simultaneously initiating exposure of the plurality of pixels and of a sequential readout of the photodiodes.\",\n \"The system also includes, in one aspect, an illumination unit operatively coupled to the image sensor array, where the illumination unit includes a light-emitting diode that can be overdriven.\",\n \"In another aspect, a method for producing an image of a fundus includes: illuminating a light-emitting diode, activating a global shutter of a two-dimensional monochrome complementary metal-oxide semiconductor sensor array, where the sensor array includes a plurality of pixels that can be exposed substantially simultaneously during the global shutter activation to obtain an image of the fundus, and storing the image readout from the plurality of pixels.\",\n \"Both the system and method can be used to screen for, monitor, and diagnose eye-related diseases such as diabetic retinopathy.\"\n ],\n [\n \"BACKGROUND People with type 1 or type 2 diabetes can develop eye disease as a result of having diabetes.\",\n \"One of the most common diabetic eye diseases is diabetic retinopathy, which is damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, known as the retina.\",\n \"Eye exams can produce images of the back of the eye and trained medical professionals use those images to diagnose and treat diabetic retinopathy.\",\n \"Many of the current methods used to produce the images of the back of the eye, known as a fundus, suffer from various deficiencies, often producing imperfect images that can complicate the diagnostic procedure.\",\n \"Traditional imaging techniques use a Bayer-patterned color filter array imaging sensor.\",\n \"Such techniques have low sensitivity and the resulting image often suffers demosaic artifacts caused by low color resolution.\",\n \"Additionally, many of the current methods require the dilation of the patient's eyes, which is uncomfortable and inconvenient.\",\n \"SUMMARY In one aspect, a non-mydriatic fundus imaging system includes: a monochrome complementary metal-oxide semiconductor image sensor array, where the sensor array comprises a plurality of pixels and is capable of global electronic shutter operations, the global shutter being capable of substantially simultaneously initiating exposure of the plurality of pixels and of a sequential readout of the photodiodes.\",\n \"The system also includes, in one aspect, an illumination unit operatively coupled to the image sensor array, where the illumination unit includes a light-emitting diode that can be overdriven.\",\n \"In another aspect, a method for producing an image of a fundus includes: illuminating a light-emitting diode, activating a global shutter of a two-dimensional monochrome complementary metal-oxide semiconductor sensor array, where the sensor array includes a plurality of pixels that can be exposed substantially simultaneously during the global shutter activation to obtain an image of the fundus, and storing the image readout from the plurality of pixels.\",\n \"Both the system and method can be used to screen for, monitor, and diagnose eye-related diseases such as diabetic retinopathy.\",\n \"DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG.\",\n \"1 illustrates one embodiment of an imaging system including a patient, a fundus imaging system, a network, a display, and a clinician.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example fundus imaging system.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 illustrates a flowchart of an example use by a clinician of the example fundus imaging system.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4 illustrates a flowchart of an example method of operation of the example fundus imaging system.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5 illustrates an example method of initiating a fundus imaging using passive eye tracking.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.\",\n \"1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating an example system 100 for recording and viewing an image of a patient's fundus.\",\n \"In this example, the system 100 includes a patient P, a fundus imaging system 102, a camera 104 in communication 105 with an image processor 106, a display 108 used by clinician C with the image processor 106, and a network 110.In the example system, the fundus imaging system 102 and the display 108 are in communication either directly via communication path 107 or via the network 110 using wired and/or wireless communication schemes.\",\n \"The fundus imaging system 102 functions to create a digital image of a patient's P eye fundus.\",\n \"As used herein, “fundus” refers to the eye fundus and includes the retina, optic nerve, macula, vitreous, choroid and posterior pole.\",\n \"The patient P, in some embodiments, is being screened for an eye disease, such as diabetic retinopathy.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the system 102 can also be used to diagnose or monitor the progression of a disease such as diabetic retinopathy.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the imaging system 102 includes a handheld housing that supports the system's components.\",\n \"The housing supports one or two apertures for imaging one or two eyes at a time.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the housing supports positional guides for the patient P, such as an adjustable chin rest.\",\n \"The positional guide or guides help to align the patient's P eye or eyes with the one or two apertures.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the housing supports means for raising and lowering the one or more apertures to align them with the patient's P eye or eyes.\",\n \"Once the patient's P eyes are aligned, the clinician C then initiates one or more image captures by the fundus imaging system 102.Most known techniques for fundus imaging require mydriasis, or the dilation of the patient's pupil, which can be painful and/or inconvenient to the patient P. Example system 100 does not require a mydriatic drug to be administered to the patient P before imaging, although the system 100 can image the fundus if a mydriatic drug has been administered.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the system 100 is used to assist the clinician C in screening for, monitoring, or diagnosing various eye diseases.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the clinician C that operates the fundus imaging system 102 is different from the clinician C evaluating the resulting image.\",\n \"In the example embodiment 100, the fundus imaging system 102 includes a camera 104 in communication 105 with an image processor 106.In this embodiment, the camera 104 is a digital camera including a lens, an aperture, processor and a sensor array.\",\n \"The camera 104 has a sensor array equipped with a global shutter.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the camera 104 is configured to record an image the fundus of one eye at a time.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the camera 104 is configured to record an image of both eyes substantially simultaneously.\",\n \"In those embodiments, the fundus imaging system 102 can include two separate cameras, one for each eye.\",\n \"In example system 100, the image processor 106 is operatively coupled to the camera 104 and configured to communicate with the network 110 and/or display 108.In some embodiments, the image processor 106 regulates the operation of the camera 104.An example image processor is shown in more detail in FIG.\",\n \"2, which is described further below.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fundus imaging system 102 is also connected to a printer, not shown in FIG.\",\n \"1.The printer can be used to produce a physical copy of the one or more fundus images produced by the fundus imaging system 102.In example system 100, the display 108 is in communication with the fundus imaging system 102 directly 107 or via the network 110.The display 108 functions to reproduce the image produced by the fundus imaging system 102 in a size and format readable by the clinician C. In some embodiments, the housing supports the display 108, which is embedded in the housing.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the display 108 is a separate component of example system 100, and may have its own housing, such as, for example, a monitor or a display on a mobile phone or tablet computer.\",\n \"In another embodiment, the display 108 is optional and the fundus imaging system 102 is connected to a cloud storage through network 110.In that embodiment, the fundus imaging system 102 transmits the one or more fundus images to the cloud storage and the images can be viewed by accessing the cloud storage.\",\n \"A more detailed discussion of an example fundus imaging system is provided with respect to FIG.\",\n \"2, below.\",\n \"In one embodiment, the fundus imaging system is connected to the network 110 (connection 101).\",\n \"The network 110 is, in turn, connected to the display 108 (connection 103).\",\n \"The connections 101 and 103 may include any type of wireless network, a wired network, or any communication network known in the art.\",\n \"For example, wireless connections can include cellular network connections and connections made using protocols such as 802.11a, b, and/or g. In other examples, a wireless connection can be accomplished directly between the fundus imaging system 102 and the display 108 using one or more wired or wireless protocols, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi Direct, radio-frequency identification (RFID), or Zigbee.\",\n \"Other configurations are possible.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is a block diagram of the components in an example fundus imaging system 202.The example fundus imaging system 202 includes an image sensor array 204 that comprises monochrome photodiodes 206, shutter control 208, and opaque shielded storage 210; illumination unit 216 including light-emitting diode 218 and timing unit 220; computing system 222 including processor 224 and memory 226; lens 228, an optional aperture 232, networking unit 234, and display 236.The image sensor array 204 in the example system 202 is a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor sensor array.\",\n \"The example sensor array 204 includes monochrome photodiodes 206, shutter control 208, and opaque shielded storage 210.The example sensor array 204 functions to receive and process light reflected by the patient's fundus.\",\n \"The image sensor array 204 has a plurality of rows of pixels and a plurality of columns of pixels.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the image sensor array has about 1280 by 1024 pixels, about 640 by 480 pixels, or about 1500 by 1152 pixels.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the pixel size in the image sensor array 204 is from about four micrometers by about four micrometers; from about two micrometers by about two micrometers; from about six micrometers by about six micrometers; or from about one micrometer by about one micrometer.\",\n \"The example monochrome photodiodes 206 have a light-receiving surface and have substantially uniform length and width.\",\n \"During exposure, the monochrome photodiodes 206 convert the incident light to a charge.\",\n \"Shutter control 208 in example system 202 initiates the exposure of the photodiodes 206 and the end of the exposure of the photodiodes 206.In some embodiments, after the exposure period of the photodiodes 206 ends, the charge is transferred to opaque shielded storage 210.Shutter control 208 also controls the reset of the photodiodes 206 and the read-out of the stored charges to be processed by computing system 222.Shutter control 208 is configured to operate the image sensor array 204 as a global shutter.\",\n \"That is, substantially all of the photodiodes are exposed simultaneously and for substantially identical lengths of time.\",\n \"The global exposure effectively integrates charge substantially evenly across the image sensor array 204 during the exposure time.\",\n \"In another embodiment, a monochrome CMOS sensor with global reset mode can also be used without opaque shielded storage.\",\n \"As discussed above with reference to FIG.\",\n \"1, in some embodiments the clinician initiates the exposure of the photodiodes 206 by global reset of all the pixels.\",\n \"However, the shutter control 208 is configured to end the exposure period by global transferring all the pixels to their correspondent opaque shielded storages.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, shutter control 208 ends the exposure period using a predetermined time period that starts when the clinician initiates an image capture sequence.\",\n \"In some embodiments, an auto exposure control algorithm will determine the exposure period dynamically according to the illumination conditions and/or image contrast.\",\n \"A Bayer filter, not used in example system 202, essentially blocks out two-thirds of the light incident on the image sensor array.\",\n \"In contrast, the monochrome photodiodes 206 used in the example system 202 do not filter out light, which in turn improves the image quality.\",\n \"Also, because monochrome arrays do not filter light, the example fundus imaging system 202 advantageously requires roughly one-third of the light required by a fundus imaging system that employs a Bayer filter array.\",\n \"Additionally, in contrast to a system using a Bayer color filter array, the example fundus imaging system 202 can improve diabetic retinopathy screening sensitivity by reducing the number of false negatives.\",\n \"That is, the example fundus imaging system 202 can detect much lower contrast, and thereby detect more abnormal features, that the Bayer array cannot because the Bayer array limits the amount of imaged contrast.\",\n \"Additionally, the example fundus imaging system 202 can also reduce diabetic retinopathy false positives because the system 202 can produce higher uniform image quality without the Bayer array demosaic artifacts.\",\n \"The illumination unit 216 in example fundus imaging system 202 provides light to illuminate the fundus and coordinate the timing with the exposure of the image sensor array.\",\n \"The example illumination unit includes light-emitting diode 218 and timing unit 220.Example light-emitting diode 218 is in operative communication with the computing system 222 and the timing unit 220.Example light-emitting diode 218, in some embodiments, is a three-color light-emitting diode (LED), where the three colors are red, green, and blue.\",\n \"For example, the light-emitting diode 218 can be a three-channel RGB LED, where each die is capable of independent and tandem operation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, more than one LED 218 is used in the illumination unit 216.The LEDs have a maximum standard current draw rating of, for example, 20 mA, but the LED can be overdriven to draw more current, for example 30 mA (at 150% of maximum standard current), 200% of maximum current, 300% of maximum current, and 500% of maximum current in a low duty cycle usage.\",\n \"Other maximum standard current draws are possible.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the one or more LEDs 218 are overdriven during the illumination period, which is controlled by timing unit 220 in example system 202.In some embodiments, the combination of overdriving the LEDs with the global shutter operation results in a shorter exposure period.\",\n \"The shorter exposure period, in some embodiments, results in a sharper image.\",\n \"Additionally, in some embodiments the shorter illumination period results in less contraction of the pupil, thereby reducing the need for pupil dilation.\",\n \"In order to maintain the patient's P pupil size as large as possible without dilation, dim light must be used.\",\n \"In the imaging systems known in the art, this dim light requirement results in poorer image quality.\",\n \"For example, the image quality when a 16 ms LED illumination period is used is much better than when a 2 ms LED illumination period is used in the prior art systems.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the LED illumination period used in example system 202 are 2 ms, 3 ms, or 5 ms.\",\n \"The example fundus imaging system 202 advantageously uses a dimmer LED light and produces a higher quality image than those systems known in the art.\",\n \"Each die in the LED 218 is capable of independent and tandem operation.\",\n \"For example, in one embodiment, three consecutive frames are captured by the image sensor array 204.The first exposure occurs when the red die is illuminated, then the second exposure occurs when the green die is illuminated, and then third exposure occurs when the blue die is illuminated.\",\n \"The order of die illumination is different in other embodiments.\",\n \"An alternative embodiment captures three consecutive frames for the following color illuminations: red (red die on only), yellow (red and green dies on substantially simultaneously), and white (reed, green, and blue dies on substantially simultaneously).\",\n \"Again, the order of illumination color is different in other embodiments.\",\n \"In one diabetic retinopathy embodiment, the white illumination (all dies on) produces an all features detection, a red image (only red die on) assists the clinician in retinal microaneurysms and hemorrhages confirmation, and a yellow image (red and green dies on) assists the clinician in exudates confirmation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, timing unit 220 activates the illumination timing of, and light emitted from, light-emitting diode 218.Timing unit 220 is, in some embodiments, a separate component including a processor and memory that is operatively coupled to the computing system 222 and image sensor array 204.In other embodiments, timing unit 220 is a computer program stored on the memory 226 and configured to be run by the processor 224.Timing unit 220 can be configured to illuminate the light-emitting diode 218 at a time just before the image sensor array 204 initiates a global shutter exposure and to cease illumination shortly after the global shutter exposure ends.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the timing unit 220 can be configured to illuminate the light-emitting diode 218 after the global shutter exposure begins and to cease illumination before the global shutter exposure ends.\",\n \"In another embodiment, the timing unit 220 can be configured to illuminate the light-emitting diode 218 with an overlap period of time with the global shutter exposure period of time.\",\n \"In some embodiments the timing unit is configured to cause the light-emitting diode 218 to pulse or produce a strobe-like light during the illumination period.\",\n \"In the example fundus imaging system 202, the computing system 222 includes a processor 224 communicatively connected to a memory 226 via a data bus.\",\n \"The processor 224 can be any of a variety of types of programmable circuits capable of executing computer-readable instructions to perform various tasks, such as mathematical and communication tasks.\",\n \"The memory 226 can include any of a variety of memory devices, such as using various types of computer-readable or computer storage media.\",\n \"A computer storage medium or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain or store the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.\",\n \"In the context of the present disclosure, a computer storage medium includes at least some tangible component, i.e., is not entirely consisting of transient or transitory signals The example system 202 also includes a lens 228 supported by the housing.\",\n \"Some embodiments have more than one lens supported by the housing.\",\n \"For example, one lens is used to focus the light incident on the image sensor array 204 and another lens to focuses the light from the illumination unit 216.Some embodiments use more than one lens to focus the incident light.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the lens has mechanical power and control connections coupled to the computing system 222.The computing system 222 may be configured to control the position of the lens or lenses to optimize lens positioning for auto focusing for the image sensor array 204 and illumination unit 216.In some embodiments, lens focusing is required in spite of a standard positioning guide for the patient because of unique facial geometries.\",\n \"The example fundus imaging system 202 has, optionally, one or more apertures 232 supported by the housing.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the aperture 232 is an annular piece that supports a lens 228.The patient's eye is aligned substantially with the aperture 232 before the fundus is imaged.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the aperture is a mechanically operated cover that can be opened and closed based upon signals from the computing system 222.In some embodiments, the example fundus imaging system 202 has a display 236 for the clinician to focus and examine the patient's eye fundus.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the imaging system 202 has a networking unit 234.Networking unit operates to enable communication between the fundus imaging system 202 and the example display 108 or other networked devices.\",\n \"The networking unit 234 may be in wireless or wired communication with the display 108 or other networked devices.\",\n \"Additionally, the networking unit 234 is in communication with the network 110.In some embodiments, the networking unit 234 communicates with the display 108 over a wired or wireless connection.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fundus imaging system 202 also includes an anti-aliasing filter, not pictured in FIG.\",\n \"2.The optional anti-aliasing filter is in some embodiments an optical low-pass filter.\",\n \"This filter is a thin layer located between the monochrome photodiodes 206 and the direction from which the incident light emanates.\",\n \"The filter, in some embodiments, prevents the occurrence of a pattern (moir é or other artifacts) different from the original image.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fundus imaging system 202 also includes reflective mirrors, not shown in FIG.\",\n \"2.The optional one or more reflective mirrors are used to direct light to the image sensor array 204 and from the illumination unit 216.In some embodiments, the one or more mirrors are supported by, and fixed to, the housing.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the reflective mirror or mirrors are supported by the housing but have adjustable positions, where the clinician or computing system 222 can adjust the positioning of the mirrors.\",\n \"The example system is operable without reflective mirrors.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 is a block flow diagram of an example use 300 by a clinician of the example fundus imaging system.\",\n \"Example use 300 is performed in some embodiments by more than one clinician.\",\n \"Example use 300 includes positioning a patient 302, adjusting the focus 304, initiating a retinal imaging 306, and viewing the image 308 created by the scan.\",\n \"Other embodiments may omit steps or include additional steps.\",\n \"Example use 300 begins when the clinician positions a patient 302.The patient may be seated or standing.\",\n \"Positioning 302 includes aligning the patient such that one or more of the patient's eyes are aligned with the aperture or apertures of the fundus imaging system.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display coupled to the imaging system shows a preview image to help guide the clinician in positioning the patient.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the system emits an audible sound to notify the clinician that the patient's eye is in a proper position.\",\n \"In some embodiments, there is a positioning structure, such as a chin rest or head support structure, to assist in positioning the patient.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the positioning structure has means for adjustment that can be used by the clinician in positioning the patient's eye relative to the housing.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the positioning structure is fixed and the housing has adjustment means such that the clinician can reposition the housing to be in alignment with the patient's eye or eyes.\",\n \"After the patient is positioned, the next step in example use 300 is for the clinician to adjust the focus 304 on the fundus imaging system.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fundus imaging system has one or more adjustable foci.\",\n \"These foci may be manually adjusted by the clinician, electronically adjusted by the clinician, or automatically adjusted by the fundus imaging system.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the focus adjusts the position of the lens through which the incident light passes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the focus adjusts the lens through which the light from the illumination unit passes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the clinician initiates the automatic focusing by the fundus imaging system by pressing a button or selecting an icon on a graphical user interface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the adjust focus step 304 can be replaced by auto focusing algorithms without human intervention.\",\n \"Next, the clinician initiates the retinal imaging 306 in example use 300.In some embodiments, the clinician initiates the retinal imaging 306 by pressing a button or selecting an icon on a graphical user interface.\",\n \"An example of the fundus imaging system's steps during retinal imaging 306 is shown in FIG.\",\n \"4 and described in detail below.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the clinician may return to step 302 to reposition the patient's other eye for imaging and repeat steps 304 and 306.In other embodiments, the clinician may view the image 308, and may ensure that the image is of acceptable quality, before returning to step 302 to image the patient's other eye.\",\n \"Additionally, in some embodiments, initiate retinal imaging 306 is replaced by passive eye tracking algorithms to automatically trigger the image capture without human intervention.\",\n \"Passive eye tracking is described with reference to FIG.\",\n \"5 below.\",\n \"After the fundus imaging system images the retina 306, the clinician views the fundus image 308 in example use 300.If any image is not satisfactory to the clinician, the clinician may repeat example use 300.Examples of the types of displays that may be used in step 308 are described in more detail with reference to block 108 in FIG.\",\n \"1.FIG.\",\n \"4 illustrates a block flow diagram of an example method of operation 400 of the fundus imaging system.\",\n \"Example operation 400 includes the fundus imaging system performing the steps of open aperture 402, adjust focus on retina 404, illuminate light-emitting diode 406, which includes illuminate red light-emitting die 408, illuminate green light-emitting die 410, and illuminate blue light-emitting die 412, control global shutter 414, which includes global reset 416, global transfer 418, sequential readout of photodiodes 420, store image read from photodiodes 422, optionally returning to the illuminate light-emitting diode step 406, process image read from photodiodes 426, send processed image to display 428, and send initial diagnosis to display 430.Alternate embodiments may have fewer or additional steps, or perform the steps in a different order.\",\n \"In example operation 400, the first step is to, optionally, open aperture 402.As described above with reference to aperture 232, in some embodiments the aperture can be a cover opened and closed through electrical or mechanical means.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the aperture is a frame that, in some embodiments, supports a lens but does not have an operable cover.\",\n \"One purpose of the open aperture step 402 is to enable incident light to pass through one or more lenses towards the image sensor array.\",\n \"Adjust focus on the retina 404 is the next step in example operation 400.In some embodiments, the clinician operating the fundus imaging system manually changes one or more focal lengths.\",\n \"Adjusting the focus can be accomplished by, for example, mechanical means such as a knob or knobs or through electrical means such as a graphical user interface displaying focus adjustment parameters, where the interface is operatively coupled to adjustment means that is coupled to the one or more lenses.\",\n \"Adjusting the focus can also be accomplished automatically by auto focusing algorithms controlling a mechanical means without human intervention.\",\n \"The next step in example operation 400 is to illuminate the light-emitting diode 406.The illuminate light-emitting diode step 406 comprises illuminating one or more of the colored dies in the red-green-blue light-emitting diode: illuminate the red die in the diode 408, illuminate the green die in the diode 410, and illuminate the blue die in the light-emitting diode 412.Other combinations of colors are possible, including, for example, cyan-magenta-yellow, red-green only or white-red only.\",\n \"As discussed above, some embodiments of the imaging system have more than one light-emitting diode.\",\n \"Additionally, in some embodiments of operation 400, the illuminate step 406 occurs either after or concurrently with the global reset step 416.The illuminate step 406 is performed multiple times, consecutively, in some embodiments.\",\n \"As discussed above, in some embodiments, one image is taken with all three dies illuminated 408, 410, and 412, producing white light.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the system initiates four consecutive image captures.\",\n \"In those embodiments, the illumination unit is configured to produce white light for the first image capture, then red, green, and blue for the subsequent image captures.\",\n \"Other sequences in other embodiments are described in more detail with reference to illumination unit 216 in FIG.\",\n \"2.The light-emitting diodes are illuminated 406 for a short period of time.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the diode, or diodes, are illuminated for less than 5 milliseconds, for less than 2 milliseconds, for less than 1 millisecond, or for less than 0.5 milliseconds.\",\n \"As discussed above, the light-emitting diode may be overdriven for some or all illuminations.\",\n \"One of many advantages of the example embodiments is that the intensity, or the period, of the light-emitting diodes can be reduced by from about 5 to about 200 times those imaging systems in the art using a rolling shutter/reset CMOS sensor.\",\n \"Control global shutter step 414 includes the global reset step 416, the global transfer step 418, and sequential readout step 420.The computing system, operatively coupled to the image sensor array, controls the image sensor array's global shutter in example operation 400.Global reset step 416 involves, in some embodiments, resetting and exposing every pixel in the image sensor array substantially simultaneously.\",\n \"The exposure of the pixels is as short as possible to avoid motion blur and to limit the amount of time the patient's pupils must be illuminated.\",\n \"In some embodiments the exposure time is about 2 milliseconds.\",\n \"Global transfer step 418 involves, in some embodiments, simultaneously ceasing the exposure of every pixel in the image sensor array and transferring the charge from each pixel into the opaque shielded storage.\",\n \"An example global shutter is described in more detail with reference to image sensor array 204 in FIG.\",\n \"2, above.\",\n \"Sequential readout step 420 in example operation 400 involves each pixel in the image sensor array being readout sequentially (one pixel after the other).\",\n \"The readout step 420 is accomplished, in some embodiments, by the computing system sending a readout clocking signal to the image sensor array to read out pixel value one by one.\",\n \"After the global transfer step 418, the pixel exposure is ended in example operation 400 and the image readout from the photodiodes' opaque shielded storage unit is stored 422 in memory.\",\n \"In some embodiments, multiple images are captured consecutively and the example operation repeats 424.Return step 424 is shown in FIG.\",\n \"4 as returning to step 406, but in other embodiments the return step 424 begins by opening the aperture 402 or by adjusting the focus on the retina 404 step.\",\n \"Next, the processor processes the image readout from the photodiodes' opaque shielded storage 426 in example operation 400.In some embodiments, processing of the image is performed in accordance with a software program stored on the memory and run in the processor.\",\n \"In some embodiments, processing 426 includes amplifying the data generated from the incident light and converting the generated data into a digital signal.\",\n \"Processing 426 may also include storing a set of digital signal values corresponding to incident light on the plurality of pixels of image sensor array as a frame of image data.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the process image step 426 does not use color demosaic algorithms.\",\n \"Process image step 426 includes a processor running image processing algorithms to, for example, perform image enhancement, perform features detection, and identify a classification to correct the diabetic retinopathy.\",\n \"For example, the algorithm can access an evaluation database for diabetic retinopathy such as DIARETDB0 and DIARETDB1, established by Lappeenrata University of Technology and University of Kuopio Medical Faculty in Finland.\",\n \"Those databases consist of about 219 fundus images that have been evaluated and annotated by experts and doctors to establish diagnosis results for those images.\",\n \"An example output of an evaluation algorithm, when using a fundus image as an input, is that small red dots exist, there are hemorrhages and hard exudates are detected in the fundus.\",\n \"The output can identify both a list of the diagnoses and the number of observed issues.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the output can also identify the detected issues on the fundus image, using, for example, graphics such as circles or arrows.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the clinician can select the one or more issues the algorithm running on the processor should identify during processing step 426.For example, in one embodiment the clinician selects through a graphical user interface “hemorrhages” in a menu containing possible diabetic retinopathy symptoms.\",\n \"The processed image then will contain identifying indicia such as on-screen arrows, circles or other identifying icons.\",\n \"Thus, where applicable, the image in this embodiment contains indicia flagging detected hemorrhages.\",\n \"But because, in this example, the clinician did not select any other symptoms, such as “exudates”, even if present, the image will not contain indicia flagging other symptoms.\",\n \"In an alternate embodiment, the processor is configured to detect all possible symptoms and the image contains indicia flagging all detected symptoms.\",\n \"Then, in some embodiments, the clinician uses a menu-type filter to select one or more symptoms to be flagged on the display.\",\n \"In another embodiment, the image stored from the photodiode readout is sent to a remote cloud storage and further processed, using algorithms described above, in a remote server.\",\n \"In example operation 400, the computing system sends the processed image to the display 428 and/or sends an initial diagnosis to display 430.As discussed above, in some embodiments, the system produces a raw image that does not contain any diagnostic identification information 428.In other embodiments, the system produces an image accompanied by diagnostic information 430.FIG.\",\n \"5 illustrates an alternate embodiment of initiate retinal imaging step 306 using passive eye tracking.\",\n \"The initiate retinal imaging step 306 operates to image the fundus of the patient P using passive eye tracking.\",\n \"In the initiate retinal imaging step 306, the fundus imaging system 202 monitors the pupil/fovea orientation of the patient P. Although the initiate retinal imaging step 306 is described with respect to fundus imaging system 202, the initiate retinal imaging step 306 may be performed using a wearable or nonwearable fundus imaging system, such as a handheld digital fundus imaging system.\",\n \"Initially, at step 303, the pupil or fovea or both of the patient P are monitored.\",\n \"The fundus imaging system 202 captures images in a first image capture mode.\",\n \"In the first image capture mode, the fundus imaging system 202 captures images at a higher frame rate.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in the first image capture mode, the fundus imaging system 202 captures images with lower illumination and at lower resolutions.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the lower illumination is created by the illumination unit 216 operating to generate and direct light of a lower intensity towards the subject.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the lower illumination is created by an external light source or ambient light.\",\n \"The first image capture mode may minimize discomfort to the patient P, allow the patient P to relax, and allow for a larger pupil size without dilation (non-mydriatic).\",\n \"Next, at step 305, the computing system 222 processes at least a portion of the images captured by the fundus imaging system 202.The computing system 222 processes the images to identify the location of the pupil or fovea or both of the patient P. Using the location of the pupil or fovea or both in one of the images, a vector corresponding to the pupil/fovea orientation is calculated.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the pupil/fovea orientation is approximated based on the distance between the pupil and fovea in the image.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the pupil/fovea orientation is calculated by approximating the position of the fovea relative to the pupil in three dimensions using estimates of the distance to the pupil and the distance between the pupil and the fovea.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the pupil/fovea orientation is approximated from the position of the pupil alone.\",\n \"In yet other embodiments, other methods of approximating the pupil/fovea orientation are used.\",\n \"Next, at step 307, the pupil/fovea orientation is compared to the optical axis of the fundus imaging system 202.If the pupil/fovea orientation is substantially aligned with the optical axis of the fundus imaging system 202, the process proceeds to step 309 to capture a fundus image.\",\n \"If not, the process returns to step 303 to continue to monitor the pupil or fovea.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the pupil/fovea orientation is substantially aligned with the optical axis when the angle between them is less than two to fifteen degrees.\",\n \"Next, at step 309, a fundus image is captured.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fundus image is captured in a second image capture mode.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in the second image capture mode, the fundus imaging system 202 captures images with higher illumination and at higher resolutions.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the higher illumination is created by the illumination unit 216 operating to generate and direct light of a higher intensity towards the subject.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the higher illumination is created by an external light source or ambient light.\",\n \"The second image capture mode may facilitate capturing a clear, well-illuminated, and detailed fundus image.\",\n \"In some embodiments, after step 309, the initiate retinal imaging step 306 returns to step 303 to continue to monitor the pupil/fovea orientation.\",\n \"The initiate retinal imaging step 306 may continue to collect fundus images indefinitely or until a specified number of images have been collected.\",\n \"Further information regarding passive eye tracking can be found in U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"______, attorney docket number 10156.0082US01, titled Ophthalmoscope Device, filed on even date herewith, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.\",\n \"The flow diagrams depicted herein are just examples.\",\n \"There may be many variations to these diagrams or the steps (or operations) described therein without departing from the spirit of the disclosure.\",\n \"For instance, the steps may be performed in a differing order, or steps may be added, deleted or modified.\",\n \"While embodiments have been described, it will be understood that those skilled in the art, both now and in the future, may make various improvements and enhancements can be made.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872680"}}},{"rowIdx":4494144,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["DEVICE, METHOD, AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE FOR MANIPULATING USER INTERFACES BASED ON FINGERPRINT SENSOR INPUTS","An electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor displays a fingerprint enrollment interface and detects, on the fingerprint sensor, a plurality of finger gestures performed with a finger.","The device collects fingerprint information from the plurality of finger gestures performed with the finger.","After collecting the fingerprint information, the device determines whether the collected fingerprint information is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the finger.","When the collected fingerprint information for the finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the finger, the device enrolls the fingerprint of the finger with the device.","When the collected fingerprint information for the finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the finger, the device displays a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional finger gestures on the fingerprint sensor with the finger."],["1.An electronic device, comprising: a display; a biometric sensor; one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: storing a set of one or more credentials; displaying a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials; receiving a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a biometric input using the biometric sensor; in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the biometric input includes a set of biometric information that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, filling in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the biometric input includes a set of biometric information that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, forgoing filling in the form with the one or more credentials.","2.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the set of one or more credentials includes one or more of: a user ID, a password, a credit card number, a bank account number, an address, a telephone number, and a shopping credential.","3.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein filling in the form with the one or more credentials includes displaying redacted versions of the one or more credentials in one or more fields of the form.","4.The electronic device of claim 3, the one or more programs further including instructions for: while displaying the redacted versions of the one or more credentials in one or more fields of the form, detecting a respective set of biometric information on the biometric sensor; and in response to detecting the respective set of biometric information and in accordance with a determination that the respective set of biometric information is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the one or more credentials, displaying a non-redacted version of the one or more credentials in the fields of the form.","5.The electronic device of claim 4, wherein: the redacted version of a respective credential includes an indication of a length of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the respective credential.","6.The electronic device of claim 4, wherein: the redacted version of a respective credential includes a non-redacted portion of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the entire respective credential.","7.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the determination that the set of biometric information is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials includes a determination that the set of biometric information matches at least one or more enrolled sets of biometric information.","8.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the biometric sensor is a fingerprint sensor.","9.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the set of biometric information corresponds to a fingerprint.","10.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the biometric input is a finger input.","11.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of an electronic device with a display and a biometric sensor, the one or more programs comprising instructions for: storing a set of one or more credentials; displaying a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials; receiving a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a biometric input on the biometric sensor; in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the biometric input includes a set of biometric information that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, filling in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the biometric input includes a set of biometric information that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, not filling in the form with the one or more credentials.","12.A method, comprising: at an electronic device with one or more processors, memory, and a biometric sensor: storing a set of one or more credentials; displaying a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials; receiving a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a biometric input using the biometric sensor; in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the biometric input includes a set of biometric information that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, filling in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the biometric input includes a set of biometric information that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, forgoing filling in the form with the one or more credentials."],[" BACKGROUND The use of touch-sensitive surfaces as input devices for computers and other electronic computing devices has increased significantly in recent years.","Exemplary touch-sensitive surfaces include touch pads and touch screen displays.","Such surfaces are widely used to manipulate user interface objects on a display.","Additionally, some electronic devices include fingerprint sensors for authenticating users.","Exemplary manipulations include adjusting the position and/or size of one or more user interface objects or activating buttons or opening files/applications represented by user interface objects, as well as associating metadata with one or more user interface objects or otherwise manipulating user interfaces.","Exemplary user interface objects include digital images, video, text, icons, control elements such as buttons and other graphics.","A user will, in some circumstances, need to perform in such manipulations on user interface objects in a file management program (e.g., Finder from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), an image management application (e.g., Aperture or iPhoto from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a digital content (e.g., videos and music) management application (e.g., iTunes from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a drawing application, a presentation application (e.g., Keynote from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a word processing application (e.g., Pages from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a website creation application (e.g., iWeb from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a disk authoring application (e.g., iDVD from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), or a spreadsheet application (e.g., Numbers from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.).","But methods for performing these manipulations are cumbersome and inefficient.","In addition, these methods take longer than necessary, thereby wasting energy.","This latter consideration is particularly important in battery-operated devices."],[" SUMMARY Accordingly, there is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for manipulating user interfaces.","Such methods and interfaces optionally complement or replace conventional methods for manipulating user interfaces.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","The above deficiencies and other problems associated with user interfaces for electronic devices with touch-sensitive surfaces are reduced or eliminated by the disclosed devices.","In some embodiments, the device is a desktop computer.","In some embodiments, the device is portable (e.g., a notebook computer, tablet computer, or handheld device).","In some embodiments, the device has a touchpad.","In some embodiments, the device has a touch-sensitive display (also known as a “touch screen” or “touch screen display”).","In some embodiments, the device has a fingerprint sensor.","In some embodiments, the device has a graphical user interface (GUI), one or more processors, memory and one or more modules, programs or sets of instructions stored in the memory for performing multiple functions.","In some embodiments, the user interacts with the GUI primarily through finger contacts and gestures on the touch-sensitive surface and/or the fingerprint sensor.","In some embodiments, the functions optionally include image editing, drawing, presenting, word processing, website creating, disk authoring, spreadsheet making, game playing, telephoning, video conferencing, e-mailing, instant messaging, workout support, digital photographing, digital videoing, web browsing, digital music playing, and/or digital video playing.","Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors.","There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for enrolling fingerprints with a device.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for enrolling fingerprints with a device.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes: displaying a fingerprint enrollment interface; detecting on the fingerprint sensor a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with a respective finger; and collecting fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with the respective finger.","After collecting the fingerprint information, the method includes determining, based on fingerprint information collected for the respective finger, whether the fingerprint information that has been collected is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.","In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the method includes enrolling the fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.","In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the method includes displaying a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional stationary finger gestures on the fingerprint sensor with the respective finger.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes: a display unit configured to display a fingerprint enrollment interface; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.","The processing unit is configured to: detect on the fingerprint sensor unit a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with a respective finger; and collect fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with the respective finger.","After collecting the fingerprint information, the processing unit is also configured to determine, based on the fingerprint information collected for the respective finger, whether the fingerprint information that has been collected is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.","In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the processing unit is configured to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.","In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the processing unit is configured to enable display of a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional stationary finger gestures on the fingerprint sensor unit with the respective finger.","Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for enrolling fingerprints with a device, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods of enrolling fingerprints with a device.","There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for performing operations based on fingerprints.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for performing operations.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input.","The method also includes, in response to detecting the first input, determining whether the first input includes a fingerprint.","The method further includes, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint: performing a first operation based on the presence of the fingerprint without regard to an identity of the fingerprint; and, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the first input matches an enrolled fingerprint, conditionally performing a second operation based on the enrolled fingerprint.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a fingerprint sensor unit configured to detect a first input and a processing unit coupled to the fingerprint sensor unit.","The processing unit is configured to, in response to detecting the first input: determine whether the first input includes a fingerprint.","The processing unit is also configured to, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint: perform a first operation based on the presence of the fingerprint without regard to an identity of the fingerprint.","The processing unit is further configured to, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the first input matches an enrolled fingerprint, conditionally perform a second operation based on the enrolled fingerprint.","Thus, electronic devices with fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for performing operations based on fingerprints, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for performing operations based on fingerprints.","There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials, such as passwords, credit card numbers, and the like.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes: storing a set of one or more credentials; displaying a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials; receiving a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a finger input on the fingerprint sensor; in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, filling in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, forgoing filling in the form with the one or more credentials.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials; a credential storage unit configured to store a set of one or more credentials; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit, the credential storage unit, and the fingerprint sensor unit.","The processing unit is configured to: receive a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a finger input on the fingerprint sensor; and in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, fill in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, forgo filling in the form with the one or more credentials.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes: storing a set of one or more credentials; receiving a request to display the set of one or more credentials; in response to receiving the request to display the set of one or more credentials, displaying redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials; while displaying the redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials, detecting a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; and in response to detecting the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials, displaying a non-redacted version of the set of one or more credentials.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit, the credential storage unit, and the fingerprint sensor unit.","The processing unit is configured to: receive a request to display the set of one or more credentials; in response to receiving the request to display the set of one or more credentials, enable display of redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials; and in response to detection of a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor while the redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials are displayed, and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials, enable display of a non-redacted version of the set of one or more credentials.","Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for automatically populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials.","There is a need for electronic devices with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for managing the automatic usage of saved credentials.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for managing the automatic usage of saved credentials.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes: storing on the device a respective credential of a user of the device; while executing a software application: (1) receiving a fingerprint at a fingerprint sensor of the device; and (2) in response to receiving the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied, including a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints, automatically using the respective credential of the user in the software application.","The method also includes: after automatically using the respective credential of the user in response to receiving the fingerprint, receiving a request to enroll an additional fingerprint with the device; in response to the request to enroll the additional fingerprint with the device, adding the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints; and in response to adding the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints, preventing enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a storage unit configured to store on the device a respective credential of a user of the device; and a processing unit coupled to the storage unit.","The processing unit is configured to: while executing a software application: (1) receive a fingerprint at a fingerprint sensor of the device; and (2) in response to receiving the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied, including a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints, automatically use the respective credential of the user in the software application.","The processing unit is further configured to: after automatically using the respective credential of the user in response to receiving the fingerprint, receive a request to enroll an additional fingerprint with the device; in response to the request to enroll the additional fingerprint with the device, add the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints; and in response to adding the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints, prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.","Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for managing the automatic usage of credentials, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for managing the automatic usage of credentials.","There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for revealing redacted information.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for displaying information on a device.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes: displaying a redacted version of first information on the display, and while displaying the redacted version of the first information on the display, detecting a finger input on the fingerprint sensor.","The method further includes, in response to detecting the finger input on the fingerprint sensor: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, replacing display of the redacted version of the first information with an unredacted version of the first information; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input does not include a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, maintaining display of the redacted version of the first information on the display.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a redacted version of first information on the display; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.","The processing unit is configured to, while enabling display of the redacted version of the first information on the display unit, detect a finger input on the fingerprint sensor.","The processing unit is further configured to, in response to detecting the finger input on the fingerprint sensor: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, replace display of the redacted version of the first information with an unredacted version of the first information; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input does not include a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, maintain display of the redacted version of the first information on the display.","Thus, electronic devices with displays, and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for revealing redacted information, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for displaying information on a device.","There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for providing different unlock modes of such electronic devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for providing different unlock modes.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor and a display.","While the device is in a locked mode of operation in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, the method includes detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking the device.","In response to detecting the first input with the fingerprint sensor, the method further includes determining whether the first input meets one of unlock criteria, first unlock-failure criteria, or second unlock-failure criteria.","In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the unlock criteria, the method includes transitioning the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked.","In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, the method includes maintaining the device in the locked mode and adjusting unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a first set of one or more unlock operations, and in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, maintaining the device in the locked mode and adjusting unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a second set of one or more unlock operations that is different from the first set of unlock operations.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a graphical user interface, a fingerprint sensor unit and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and fingerprint sensor unit.","While the device is in a locked mode of operation in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, the fingerprint sensor unit detects a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking the device.","In response to detecting the first input with the fingerprint sensor unit, the processing unit is configured to: determine whether the first input meets one of unlock criteria, first unlock-failure criteria, or second unlock-failure criteria.","The processing unit is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the unlock criteria, transition the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked.","The processing unit is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, maintain the device in the locked mode and adjust unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a first set of one or more unlock operations.","The processing unit is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, maintain the device in the locked mode and adjust unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a second set of one or more unlock operations that is different from the first set of unlock operations.","Thus, electronic devices with displays, and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for providing different unlock modes, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for providing different unlock modes.","There is a need for electronic devices with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes: while the device is in a locked mode in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, displaying a first user interface on the display and detecting a first input; in response to detecting the first input, displaying a second user interface on the display, where the second user interface is in a limited-access mode in which access to the second user interface is restricted in accordance with restriction criteria; and, while displaying the second user interface in the limited-access mode: detecting a first fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is one of a plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device, displaying the second user interface in a full-access mode in which access to the second user interface is not restricted in accordance with the restriction criteria and transitioning the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked; and in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is not one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints, maintaining display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode and maintaining the device in the locked mode.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit, a fingerprint sensor unit, and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.","The processing unit is configured to: while the device is in a locked mode in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, enable display of the first user interface on the display unit, and detect a first input; in response to detecting the first input, enable display of a second user interface on the display unit, where the second user interface is in a limited-access mode in which access to the second user interface is restricted in accordance with restriction criteria; and while enabling display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode: detect a first fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor unit; in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is one of a plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device, enable display of the second user interface in a full-access mode in which access to the second user interface is not restricted in accordance with the restriction criteria, and transition the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked; and in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is not one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints, maintain display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode and maintain the device in the locked mode.","Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device.","There is a need for electronic devices with efficient methods and interfaces for unlocking an application or a device depending on context.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for unlocking.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes: while the electronic device is in a locked mode in which access to features of a plurality of different applications on the electronic device is prevented, displaying a first user interface on the display, the first user interface being one of a locked-device user interface for the electronic device, and a limited-access user interface for a respective application in the plurality of different applications, and detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device.","The method further includes, in response to detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, the first input that corresponds to the request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device: in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the locked-device user interface for the electronic device, transitioning the device from the locked mode to a multi-application unlocked mode in which the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked.","The method also includes, in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the limited-access user interface for the respective application: transitioning the device from the locked mode to a single-application unlocked mode in which one or more previously-locked features of the respective application are unlocked; and continuing to prevent access to one or more previously-locked features of other applications in the plurality of different applications.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a first user interface; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.","The processing unit is configured to: while the electronic device is in a locked mode in which access to features of a plurality of different applications on the electronic device is prevented: enable display of the first user interface on the display unit, the first user interface being one of: a locked-device user interface for the electronic device, and a limited-access user interface for a respective application in the plurality of different applications; and detect, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device.","The processing unit is further configured to, in response to detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, the first input that corresponds to the request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device: in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the locked-device user interface for the electronic device, transition the device from the locked mode to a multi-application unlocked mode in which the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked.","The processing unit is also configured to, in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the limited-access user interface for the respective application: transition the device from the locked mode to a single-application unlocked mode in which one or more previously-locked features of the respective application are unlocked; and continue to prevent access to one or more previously-locked features of other applications in the plurality of different applications.","Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with efficient methods and interfaces for unlocking an application or a device depending on context, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for unlocking.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a fingerprint sensor, a display, and/or a touch-sensitive surface, one or more processors, memory, and one or more programs; the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors and the one or more programs include instructions for performing the operations of any of the methods described above.","In accordance with some embodiments, a graphical user interface on an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor, a display, optionally a touch-sensitive surface, a memory, and one or more processors to execute one or more programs stored in the memory includes one or more of the elements displayed in any of the methods described above, which are updated in response to inputs, as described in any of the methods described above.","In accordance with some embodiments, a computer readable storage medium has stored therein instructions which when executed by an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor and optionally a display and/or, a touch-sensitive surface, cause the device to perform the operations of any of the methods described above.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes: a fingerprint sensor and optionally, a display and/one or a touch-sensitive surface; and means for performing the operations of any of the methods described above.","In accordance with some embodiments, an information processing apparatus, for use in an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor and optionally a display and/or a touch-sensitive surface, includes means for performing the operations of any of the methods described above.","Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for changing beamforming parameters based on fingerprint orientation, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for changing beamforming parameters."],["RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","14/612,214, entitled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Manipulating User Interfaces Based on Fingerprint Sensor Inputs,” and filed Feb. 2, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","14/480,183, entitled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Manipulating User Interfaces Based on Fingerprint Sensor Inputs,” and filed Sep. 8, 2014, which claims priority to U.S.","Provisional Patent Application No.","61/875,669, entitled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Manipulating User Interfaces Based on Fingerprint Sensor Input,” and filed Sep. 9, 2013, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.","TECHNICAL FIELD This relates generally to electronic devices with fingerprint sensors, including but not limited to electronic devices with fingerprint sensors that detect inputs for manipulating user interfaces.","BACKGROUND The use of touch-sensitive surfaces as input devices for computers and other electronic computing devices has increased significantly in recent years.","Exemplary touch-sensitive surfaces include touch pads and touch screen displays.","Such surfaces are widely used to manipulate user interface objects on a display.","Additionally, some electronic devices include fingerprint sensors for authenticating users.","Exemplary manipulations include adjusting the position and/or size of one or more user interface objects or activating buttons or opening files/applications represented by user interface objects, as well as associating metadata with one or more user interface objects or otherwise manipulating user interfaces.","Exemplary user interface objects include digital images, video, text, icons, control elements such as buttons and other graphics.","A user will, in some circumstances, need to perform in such manipulations on user interface objects in a file management program (e.g., Finder from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), an image management application (e.g., Aperture or iPhoto from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a digital content (e.g., videos and music) management application (e.g., iTunes from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a drawing application, a presentation application (e.g., Keynote from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a word processing application (e.g., Pages from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a website creation application (e.g., iWeb from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a disk authoring application (e.g., iDVD from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), or a spreadsheet application (e.g., Numbers from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.).","But methods for performing these manipulations are cumbersome and inefficient.","In addition, these methods take longer than necessary, thereby wasting energy.","This latter consideration is particularly important in battery-operated devices.","SUMMARY Accordingly, there is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for manipulating user interfaces.","Such methods and interfaces optionally complement or replace conventional methods for manipulating user interfaces.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","The above deficiencies and other problems associated with user interfaces for electronic devices with touch-sensitive surfaces are reduced or eliminated by the disclosed devices.","In some embodiments, the device is a desktop computer.","In some embodiments, the device is portable (e.g., a notebook computer, tablet computer, or handheld device).","In some embodiments, the device has a touchpad.","In some embodiments, the device has a touch-sensitive display (also known as a “touch screen” or “touch screen display”).","In some embodiments, the device has a fingerprint sensor.","In some embodiments, the device has a graphical user interface (GUI), one or more processors, memory and one or more modules, programs or sets of instructions stored in the memory for performing multiple functions.","In some embodiments, the user interacts with the GUI primarily through finger contacts and gestures on the touch-sensitive surface and/or the fingerprint sensor.","In some embodiments, the functions optionally include image editing, drawing, presenting, word processing, website creating, disk authoring, spreadsheet making, game playing, telephoning, video conferencing, e-mailing, instant messaging, workout support, digital photographing, digital videoing, web browsing, digital music playing, and/or digital video playing.","Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors.","There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for enrolling fingerprints with a device.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for enrolling fingerprints with a device.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes: displaying a fingerprint enrollment interface; detecting on the fingerprint sensor a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with a respective finger; and collecting fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with the respective finger.","After collecting the fingerprint information, the method includes determining, based on fingerprint information collected for the respective finger, whether the fingerprint information that has been collected is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.","In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the method includes enrolling the fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.","In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the method includes displaying a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional stationary finger gestures on the fingerprint sensor with the respective finger.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes: a display unit configured to display a fingerprint enrollment interface; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.","The processing unit is configured to: detect on the fingerprint sensor unit a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with a respective finger; and collect fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with the respective finger.","After collecting the fingerprint information, the processing unit is also configured to determine, based on the fingerprint information collected for the respective finger, whether the fingerprint information that has been collected is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.","In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the processing unit is configured to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.","In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the processing unit is configured to enable display of a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional stationary finger gestures on the fingerprint sensor unit with the respective finger.","Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for enrolling fingerprints with a device, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods of enrolling fingerprints with a device.","There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for performing operations based on fingerprints.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for performing operations.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input.","The method also includes, in response to detecting the first input, determining whether the first input includes a fingerprint.","The method further includes, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint: performing a first operation based on the presence of the fingerprint without regard to an identity of the fingerprint; and, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the first input matches an enrolled fingerprint, conditionally performing a second operation based on the enrolled fingerprint.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a fingerprint sensor unit configured to detect a first input and a processing unit coupled to the fingerprint sensor unit.","The processing unit is configured to, in response to detecting the first input: determine whether the first input includes a fingerprint.","The processing unit is also configured to, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint: perform a first operation based on the presence of the fingerprint without regard to an identity of the fingerprint.","The processing unit is further configured to, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the first input matches an enrolled fingerprint, conditionally perform a second operation based on the enrolled fingerprint.","Thus, electronic devices with fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for performing operations based on fingerprints, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for performing operations based on fingerprints.","There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials, such as passwords, credit card numbers, and the like.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes: storing a set of one or more credentials; displaying a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials; receiving a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a finger input on the fingerprint sensor; in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, filling in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, forgoing filling in the form with the one or more credentials.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials; a credential storage unit configured to store a set of one or more credentials; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit, the credential storage unit, and the fingerprint sensor unit.","The processing unit is configured to: receive a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a finger input on the fingerprint sensor; and in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, fill in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, forgo filling in the form with the one or more credentials.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes: storing a set of one or more credentials; receiving a request to display the set of one or more credentials; in response to receiving the request to display the set of one or more credentials, displaying redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials; while displaying the redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials, detecting a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; and in response to detecting the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials, displaying a non-redacted version of the set of one or more credentials.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit, the credential storage unit, and the fingerprint sensor unit.","The processing unit is configured to: receive a request to display the set of one or more credentials; in response to receiving the request to display the set of one or more credentials, enable display of redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials; and in response to detection of a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor while the redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials are displayed, and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials, enable display of a non-redacted version of the set of one or more credentials.","Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for automatically populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials.","There is a need for electronic devices with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for managing the automatic usage of saved credentials.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for managing the automatic usage of saved credentials.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes: storing on the device a respective credential of a user of the device; while executing a software application: (1) receiving a fingerprint at a fingerprint sensor of the device; and (2) in response to receiving the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied, including a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints, automatically using the respective credential of the user in the software application.","The method also includes: after automatically using the respective credential of the user in response to receiving the fingerprint, receiving a request to enroll an additional fingerprint with the device; in response to the request to enroll the additional fingerprint with the device, adding the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints; and in response to adding the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints, preventing enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a storage unit configured to store on the device a respective credential of a user of the device; and a processing unit coupled to the storage unit.","The processing unit is configured to: while executing a software application: (1) receive a fingerprint at a fingerprint sensor of the device; and (2) in response to receiving the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied, including a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints, automatically use the respective credential of the user in the software application.","The processing unit is further configured to: after automatically using the respective credential of the user in response to receiving the fingerprint, receive a request to enroll an additional fingerprint with the device; in response to the request to enroll the additional fingerprint with the device, add the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints; and in response to adding the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints, prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.","Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for managing the automatic usage of credentials, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for managing the automatic usage of credentials.","There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for revealing redacted information.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for displaying information on a device.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes: displaying a redacted version of first information on the display, and while displaying the redacted version of the first information on the display, detecting a finger input on the fingerprint sensor.","The method further includes, in response to detecting the finger input on the fingerprint sensor: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, replacing display of the redacted version of the first information with an unredacted version of the first information; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input does not include a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, maintaining display of the redacted version of the first information on the display.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a redacted version of first information on the display; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.","The processing unit is configured to, while enabling display of the redacted version of the first information on the display unit, detect a finger input on the fingerprint sensor.","The processing unit is further configured to, in response to detecting the finger input on the fingerprint sensor: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, replace display of the redacted version of the first information with an unredacted version of the first information; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input does not include a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, maintain display of the redacted version of the first information on the display.","Thus, electronic devices with displays, and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for revealing redacted information, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for displaying information on a device.","There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for providing different unlock modes of such electronic devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for providing different unlock modes.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor and a display.","While the device is in a locked mode of operation in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, the method includes detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking the device.","In response to detecting the first input with the fingerprint sensor, the method further includes determining whether the first input meets one of unlock criteria, first unlock-failure criteria, or second unlock-failure criteria.","In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the unlock criteria, the method includes transitioning the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked.","In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, the method includes maintaining the device in the locked mode and adjusting unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a first set of one or more unlock operations, and in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, maintaining the device in the locked mode and adjusting unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a second set of one or more unlock operations that is different from the first set of unlock operations.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a graphical user interface, a fingerprint sensor unit and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and fingerprint sensor unit.","While the device is in a locked mode of operation in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, the fingerprint sensor unit detects a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking the device.","In response to detecting the first input with the fingerprint sensor unit, the processing unit is configured to: determine whether the first input meets one of unlock criteria, first unlock-failure criteria, or second unlock-failure criteria.","The processing unit is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the unlock criteria, transition the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked.","The processing unit is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, maintain the device in the locked mode and adjust unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a first set of one or more unlock operations.","The processing unit is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, maintain the device in the locked mode and adjust unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a second set of one or more unlock operations that is different from the first set of unlock operations.","Thus, electronic devices with displays, and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for providing different unlock modes, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for providing different unlock modes.","There is a need for electronic devices with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes: while the device is in a locked mode in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, displaying a first user interface on the display and detecting a first input; in response to detecting the first input, displaying a second user interface on the display, where the second user interface is in a limited-access mode in which access to the second user interface is restricted in accordance with restriction criteria; and, while displaying the second user interface in the limited-access mode: detecting a first fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is one of a plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device, displaying the second user interface in a full-access mode in which access to the second user interface is not restricted in accordance with the restriction criteria and transitioning the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked; and in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is not one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints, maintaining display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode and maintaining the device in the locked mode.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit, a fingerprint sensor unit, and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.","The processing unit is configured to: while the device is in a locked mode in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, enable display of the first user interface on the display unit, and detect a first input; in response to detecting the first input, enable display of a second user interface on the display unit, where the second user interface is in a limited-access mode in which access to the second user interface is restricted in accordance with restriction criteria; and while enabling display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode: detect a first fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor unit; in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is one of a plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device, enable display of the second user interface in a full-access mode in which access to the second user interface is not restricted in accordance with the restriction criteria, and transition the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked; and in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is not one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints, maintain display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode and maintain the device in the locked mode.","Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device.","There is a need for electronic devices with efficient methods and interfaces for unlocking an application or a device depending on context.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for unlocking.","Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","The method includes: while the electronic device is in a locked mode in which access to features of a plurality of different applications on the electronic device is prevented, displaying a first user interface on the display, the first user interface being one of a locked-device user interface for the electronic device, and a limited-access user interface for a respective application in the plurality of different applications, and detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device.","The method further includes, in response to detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, the first input that corresponds to the request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device: in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the locked-device user interface for the electronic device, transitioning the device from the locked mode to a multi-application unlocked mode in which the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked.","The method also includes, in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the limited-access user interface for the respective application: transitioning the device from the locked mode to a single-application unlocked mode in which one or more previously-locked features of the respective application are unlocked; and continuing to prevent access to one or more previously-locked features of other applications in the plurality of different applications.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a first user interface; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.","The processing unit is configured to: while the electronic device is in a locked mode in which access to features of a plurality of different applications on the electronic device is prevented: enable display of the first user interface on the display unit, the first user interface being one of: a locked-device user interface for the electronic device, and a limited-access user interface for a respective application in the plurality of different applications; and detect, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device.","The processing unit is further configured to, in response to detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, the first input that corresponds to the request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device: in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the locked-device user interface for the electronic device, transition the device from the locked mode to a multi-application unlocked mode in which the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked.","The processing unit is also configured to, in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the limited-access user interface for the respective application: transition the device from the locked mode to a single-application unlocked mode in which one or more previously-locked features of the respective application are unlocked; and continue to prevent access to one or more previously-locked features of other applications in the plurality of different applications.","Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with efficient methods and interfaces for unlocking an application or a device depending on context, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for unlocking.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a fingerprint sensor, a display, and/or a touch-sensitive surface, one or more processors, memory, and one or more programs; the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors and the one or more programs include instructions for performing the operations of any of the methods described above.","In accordance with some embodiments, a graphical user interface on an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor, a display, optionally a touch-sensitive surface, a memory, and one or more processors to execute one or more programs stored in the memory includes one or more of the elements displayed in any of the methods described above, which are updated in response to inputs, as described in any of the methods described above.","In accordance with some embodiments, a computer readable storage medium has stored therein instructions which when executed by an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor and optionally a display and/or, a touch-sensitive surface, cause the device to perform the operations of any of the methods described above.","In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes: a fingerprint sensor and optionally, a display and/one or a touch-sensitive surface; and means for performing the operations of any of the methods described above.","In accordance with some embodiments, an information processing apparatus, for use in an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor and optionally a display and/or a touch-sensitive surface, includes means for performing the operations of any of the methods described above.","Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for changing beamforming parameters based on fingerprint orientation, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.","Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for changing beamforming parameters.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a better understanding of the various described embodiments, reference should be made to the Description of Embodiments below, in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the figures.","FIG.","1A is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display and a fingerprint sensor in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","1B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","2 illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch screen and a fingerprint sensor in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","3 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a plurality of sensors including a fingerprint sensor and, optionally a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","4A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","4B illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunction device with a fingerprint sensor and a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","4C illustrates a schematic representation of a two hands with associated fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","4D illustrates different types of rotation of a fingerprint on a fingerprint sensor in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","5A-5EE illustrate exemplary user interfaces for enrolling fingerprints with a device in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","6A-6D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of enrolling fingerprints with a device in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","7 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","8A-8W illustrate exemplary user interfaces for performing operations based on fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","9A-9B are flow diagrams illustrating a method of performing operations based on fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","10 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","11A-11D illustrate exemplary user interfaces for populating credential fields with credentials, and for displaying non-redacted versions of credentials, in response to fingerprint-based authentication of a user, in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","12A-12B are flow diagrams illustrating methods for using fingerprint-based authentication of a user to authorize automatic population of credential fields and to authorize display of non-redacted versions of credentials, in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","13 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device, in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","14A-14C illustrate exemplary user interfaces for displaying non-redacted versions of credentials in response to fingerprint-based authentication of a user, in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","15A-15B are flow diagrams illustrating methods for using fingerprint-based authentication of a user to authorize display of non-redacted versions of credentials, in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","16 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device, in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","17A-17J illustrate exemplary user interfaces for managing the automatic usage of a saved credential through enrolled fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","18A-18C are flow diagrams illustrating a method of managing the automatic usage of a saved credential through enrolled fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","19 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","20A-20T illustrate exemplary user interfaces for revealing redacted information in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","21A-21C are flow diagrams illustrating a method of revealing redacted information in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","22 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","23A-23FF illustrate exemplary user interfaces for providing different unlock modes in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","24A-24D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of providing different unlock modes in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","25 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","26A-26X illustrate exemplary user interfaces for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","27A-27D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","28 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","29A-29Y illustrate exemplary user interfaces for unlocking an application or a device depending on context in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","30A-30D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of unlocking an application or a device depending on context in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","31 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.","DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS The methods, devices and GUIs described herein respond to inputs on a fingerprint sensor instead of, or in addition to, inputs on a touch-sensitive surface or other input device.","In some implementations, a touch-sensitive surface with a spatial resolution that is high enough to detect fingerprint features formed by individual fingerprint ridges is used as a fingerprint sensor.","When a fingerprint sensor is used without a separate touch-sensitive surface, the fingerprint sensor can serve as a substitute for many of the functions of the touch-sensitive surface with a much smaller form factor, as the fingerprint sensor can detect movement of a contact over the fingerprint sensor even when the fingerprint has an area that is as large as or larger than the area of the fingerprint sensor.","When a fingerprint sensor is used in addition to a separate touch-sensitive surface, the fingerprint sensor can augment the touch-sensitive surface by providing accurate detection of twisting motions of a contact, identifying different fingerprints of fingers that are used to perform gestures on the fingerprint sensor, and identifying a current user of the device.","Additionally, when a fingerprint sensor is used in addition to a separate touchscreen display, the fingerprint sensor can detect touch inputs in situations where it is advantageous to avoid having fingers obscuring portions of the display (e.g., while viewing a map, a video or a game).","When the touch-sensitive surface is used as a fingerprint sensor, the touch-sensitive surface optionally has spatial resolution settings that can be defined so as to switch the touch-sensitive surface (or regions of the touch-sensitive surface) between a low-resolution mode and a high-resolution mode automatically, without user intervention.","In many situations the low-resolution mode consumes less power than the high-resolution mode.","An advantage of operating the touch-sensitive surface in a low-resolution mode when fingerprint detection is not needed and switching the touch-sensitive surface, or a region of the touch-sensitive surface, to high-resolution mode on an as-needed basis is that such an approach conserves power while still providing high-resolution fingerprint feature sensing as-needed to improve the user experience of using the device.","In implementations where the touch-sensitive surface is used as a fingerprint sensor, the term “fingerprint sensor” is used to refer to the touch-sensitive surface, or a region of the touch-sensitive surface, that is currently in high-resolution mode.","A number of different approaches to providing an intuitive user interface where inputs from one or more fingerprint sensors are used to manipulate a user interface of an electronic device are described below.","Using one or more of these approaches (optionally in conjunction with each other) helps to provide a user interface that intuitively provides users with additional information and functionality, thereby reducing the user's cognitive burden and improving the human-machine interface.","Such improvements in the human-machine interface enable users to use the device faster and more efficiently.","For battery-operated devices, these improvements conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.","For ease of explanation, systems, methods and user interfaces for including illustrative examples of some of these approaches are described below, as follows: Below, FIGS.","5A-5EE illustrate exemplary user interfaces for enrolling fingerprints with a device.","FIGS.","6A-6D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of enrolling fingerprints with a device.","The user interfaces in FIGS.","5A-5EE are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.","6A-6D.","Below, FIGS.","8A-8W illustrate exemplary user interfaces for performing operations based on fingerprints.","FIGS.","9A-9B are flow diagrams illustrating a method of performing operations based on fingerprints.","The user interfaces in FIGS.","8A-8W are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.","9A-9B.","Below, FIGS.","11A-11D and 14A-14C illustrate exemplary user interfaces for populating credential fields with credentials, and for displaying non-redacted versions of credentials, in response to fingerprint-based authentication of a user.","FIGS.","12A-12B and 15A-15B are flow diagrams illustrating methods for using fingerprint-based authentication of a user to authorize automatic population of credential fields and/or to authorize display of non-redacted credentials.","The user interfaces in FIGS.","11A-11D and 14A-14C are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.","12A-12B and 15A-15B.","Below, FIGS.","17A-17J illustrate exemplary user interfaces for managing automatic usage of saved credentials on an electronic device (e.g., device 100 or 300).","FIGS.","18A-18C are flow diagrams illustrating a method of managing automatic usage of saved credentials on an electronic device (e.g., device 100 or 300).","The user interfaces in FIGS.","17A-17J are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.","18A-18C.","Below, FIGS.","20A-20T illustrate exemplary user interfaces for revealing redacted information.","FIGS.","21A-21C are flow diagrams illustrating a method of revealing redacted information.","The user interfaces in FIGS.","20A-20T are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.","21A-21C.","Below, FIGS.","23A-23FF illustrate exemplary user interfaces for providing different unlock modes on an electronic device.","FIGS.","24A-24D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of providing different unlock modes on an electronic device.","The user interfaces in FIGS.","23A-23FF are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.","24A-24D.","Below, FIGS.","26A-26X illustrate exemplary user interfaces for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device.","FIGS.","27A-27D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of unlocking a device and access to device features.","The user interfaces in FIGS.","26A-26X are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.","27A-27D.","Below, FIGS.","29A-29Y illustrate exemplary user interfaces for unlocking an application or a device depending on context.","FIGS.","30A-30D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of unlocking an application or a device depending on context.","The user interfaces in FIGS.","29A-29Y are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.","30A-30D.","Exemplary Devices Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.","In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various described embodiments.","However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the various described embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.","In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments.","It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc.","are, in some instances, used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms.","These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another.","For example, a first contact could be termed a second contact, and, similarly, a second contact could be termed a first contact, without departing from the scope of the various described embodiments.","The first contact and the second contact are both contacts, but they are not the same contact.","The terminology used in the description of the various described embodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.","As used in the description of the various described embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.","It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.","It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.","As used herein, the term “if” is, optionally, construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context.","Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” is, optionally, construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context.","Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described.","In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions.","Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touch pads), are, optionally, used.","It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touch pad).","In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described.","It should be understood, however, that the electronic device optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse and/or a joystick.","The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application.","The various applications that are executed on the device optionally use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface.","One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device are, optionally, adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application.","In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device optionally supports the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user.","Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices with touch-sensitive displays.","FIG.","1A is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device 100 with touch-sensitive displays 112 in accordance with some embodiments.","Touch-sensitive display 112 is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and is sometimes known as or called a touch-sensitive display system.","Device 100 includes memory 102 (which optionally includes one or more computer readable storage mediums), memory controller 122, one or more processing units (CPU's) 120, peripherals interface 118, RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, input/output (I/O) subsystem 106, other input or control devices 116, and external port 124.Device 100 optionally includes one or more optical sensors 164.Device 100 optionally includes one or more intensity sensors 165 for detecting intensity of contacts on device 100 (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 112 of device 100).","Device 100 optionally includes one or more tactile output generators 167 for generating tactile outputs on device 100 (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 112 of device 100 or touchpad 355 of device 300).","These components optionally communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines 103.As used in the specification and claims, the term “intensity” of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure (force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact) on the touch sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) for the force or pressure of a contact on the touch sensitive surface.","The intensity of a contact has a range of values that includes at least four distinct values and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values (e.g., at least 256).","Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined (or measured) using various approaches and various sensors or combinations of sensors.","For example, one or more force sensors underneath or adjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally, used to measure force at various points on the touch-sensitive surface.","In some implementations, force measurements from multiple force sensors are combined (e.g., a weighted average) to determine an estimated force of a contact.","Similarly, a pressure-sensitive tip of a stylus is, optionally, used to determine a pressure of the stylus on the touch-sensitive surface.","Alternatively, the size of the contact area detected on the touch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, the capacitance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto, and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto are, optionally, used as a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface.","In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are used directly to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is described in units corresponding to the substitute measurements).","In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are converted to an estimated force or pressure and the estimated force or pressure is used to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in units of pressure).","As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output” refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previous position of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component (e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relative to a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user with the user's sense of touch.","For example, in situations where the device or the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a user that is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of a user's hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacement will be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding to a perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or the component of the device.","For example, movement of a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally, interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physical actuator button.","In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensation such as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement of a physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surface that is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user's movements.","As another example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitive surface, even when there is no change in smoothness of the touch-sensitive surface.","While such interpretations of touch by a user will be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user, there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a large majority of users.","Thus, when a tactile output is described as corresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “up click,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, the generated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of the device or a component thereof that will generate the described sensory perception for a typical (or average) user.","It should be appreciated that device 100 is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device 100 optionally has more or fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or more components, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangement of the components.","The various components shown in FIG.","1A are implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits.","Memory 102 optionally includes high-speed random access memory and optionally also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices.","Access to memory 102 by other components of device 100, such as CPU 120 and the peripherals interface 118, is, optionally, controlled by memory controller 122.Peripherals interface 118 can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU 120 and memory 102.The one or more processors 120 run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory 102 to perform various functions for device 100 and to process data.","In some embodiments, peripherals interface 118, CPU 120, and memory controller 122 are, optionally, implemented on a single chip, such as chip 104.In some other embodiments, they are, optionally, implemented on separate chips.","RF (radio frequency) circuitry 108 receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals.","RF circuitry 108 converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals.","RF circuitry 108 optionally includes well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth.","RF circuitry 108 optionally communicates with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication.","The wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSDPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NEC), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE 802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document.","Audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, and microphone 113 provide an audio interface between a user and device 100.Audio circuitry 110 receives audio data from peripherals interface 118, converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker 111.Speaker 111 converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves.","Audio circuitry 110 also receives electrical signals converted by microphone 113 from sound waves.","Audio circuitry 110 converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface 118 for processing.","Audio data is, optionally, retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory 102 and/or RF circuitry 108 by peripherals interface 118.In some embodiments, audio circuitry 110 also includes a headset jack (e.g., 212, FIG.","2).","The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry 110 and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone).","I/O subsystem 106 couples input/output peripherals on device 100, such as touch screen 112 and other input control devices 116, to peripherals interface 118.I/O subsystem 106 optionally includes display controller 156, optical sensor controller 158, intensity sensor controller 159, haptic feedback controller 161 and one or more input controllers 160 for other input or control devices.","The one or more input controllers 160 receive/send electrical signals from/to other input or control devices 116.The other input control devices 116 optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.","), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth.","In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s) 160 are, optionally, coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, infrared port, USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse.","The one or more buttons (e.g., 208, FIG.","2) optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker 111 and/or microphone 113.The one or more buttons optionally include a push button (e.g., 206, FIG.","2).","Touch-sensitive display 112 provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user.","Display controller 156 receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen 112.Touch screen 112 displays visual output to the user.","The visual output optionally includes graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”).","In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output corresponds to user-interface objects.","Touch screen 112 has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact.","Touch screen 112 and display controller 156 (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory 102) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen 112 and converts the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages or images) that are displayed on touch screen 112.In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen 112 and the user corresponds to a finger of the user.","Touch screen 112 optionally uses LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies are used in other embodiments.","Touch screen 112 and display controller 156 optionally detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen 112.In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Touch screen 112 optionally has a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi.","In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 160 dpi.","The user optionally makes contact with touch screen 112 using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth.","In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen.","In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user.","In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device 100 optionally includes a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions.","In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output.","The touchpad is, optionally, a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen 112 or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen.","Device 100 also includes power system 162 for powering the various components.","Power system 162 optionally includes a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices.","Device 100 optionally also includes one or more optical sensors 164.Figure IA shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller 158 in I/O subsystem 106.Optical sensor 164 optionally includes charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors.","Optical sensor 164 receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the light to data representing an image.","In conjunction with imaging module 143 (also called a camera module), optical sensor 164 optionally captures still images or video.","In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch screen display 112 on the front of the device, so that the touch screen display is enabled for use as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition.","In some embodiments, another optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user's image is, optionally, obtained for videoconferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display.","Device 100 optionally also includes one or more contact intensity sensors 165.FIG.","1A shows a contact intensity sensor coupled to intensity sensor controller 159 in I/O subsystem 106.Contact intensity sensor 165 optionally includes one or more piezoresistive strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric force sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface).","Contact intensity sensor 165 receives contact intensity information (e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment.","In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112).","In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch screen display 112 which is located on the front of device 100.Device 100 optionally also includes one or more proximity sensors 166.FIG.","1A shows proximity sensor 166 coupled to peripherals interface 118.Alternately, proximity sensor 166 is coupled to input controller 160 in I/O subsystem 106.In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen 112 when the multifunction device is placed near the user's ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call).","Device 100 optionally also includes one or more tactile output generators 167.FIG.","1A shows a tactile output generator coupled to haptic feedback controller 161 in I/O subsystem 106.Tactile output generator 167 optionally includes one or more electroacoustic devices such as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device).","Contact intensity sensor 165 receives tactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module 133 and generates tactile outputs on device 100 that are capable of being sensed by a user of device 100.In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112) and, optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device 100) or laterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device 100).","In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch screen display 112 which is located on the front of device 100.Device 100 optionally also includes one or more accelerometers 168.FIG.","1A shows accelerometer 168 coupled to peripherals interface 118.Alternately, accelerometer 168 is, optionally, coupled to an input controller 160 in I/O subsystem 106.In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers.","Device 100 optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s) 168, a magnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device 100.In some embodiments, device 100 also includes (or is in communication with) one or more fingerprint sensors 169.FIG.","1A shows fingerprint sensor 169 coupled to peripherals interface 118.Alternately, fingerprint sensors 169 are, optionally, coupled to an input controller 160 in I/O subsystem 106.However, in one common embodiment, fingerprint identification operations are performed using secured dedicated computing hardware (e.g., one or more processors, memory and/or communications busses) that has additional security features so as to enhance security of the fingerprint information determined by the fingerprint sensors.","As used herein, a fingerprint sensor is a sensor that is capable of distinguishing fingerprint features (sometimes called “minutia features”) of the ridges and valleys of skin such as those found on the fingers and toes of humans.","A fingerprint sensor can use any of a variety of techniques to distinguish the fingerprint features, including but not limited to: optical fingerprint imaging, ultrasonic fingerprint imaging, active capacitance fingerprint imaging and passive capacitance fingerprint imaging.","In addition to distinguishing fingerprint features in fingerprints, in some embodiments, fingerprint sensor 169 is capable of tracking movement of fingerprint features over time and thereby determining/characterizing movement of the fingerprint over time on the fingerprint sensor.","While the fingerprint sensor (e.g., Fingerprint Sensor 169) in FIG.","1A is shown as being separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., Touch-Sensitive Display System 112), it should be understood that in some implementations, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., Touch-Sensitive Display System 112) has a spatial resolution that is high enough to detect fingerprint features formed by individual fingerprint ridges and is used as a fingerprint sensor instead of, or in addition to, a separate fingerprint sensor (e.g., Fingerprint Sensor 169).","In some embodiments, device 100 includes a set of one or more orientation sensors that are used to determine an orientation of a finger or hand on or proximate to the device (e.g., an orientation of a finger that is over fingerprint sensor 169).","Additionally, in some embodiments, the set of one or more orientation sensors are used in addition to or instead of a fingerprint sensor to detect rotation of a contact that is interacting with the device (e.g., in one or more of the methods described below, instead of using a fingerprint sensor to detect rotation of a fingerprint/contact, the set of one or more orientation sensors is used to detect rotation of the contact that includes the fingerprint, with or without detecting features of the fingerprint).","In some embodiments, features of fingerprints and comparisons between features of detected fingerprints and features of stored fingerprints are performed by secured dedicated computing hardware (e.g., one or more processors, memory and/or communications busses) that are separate from processors 120, so as to improve security of the fingerprint data generated, stored and processed by fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, features of fingerprints and comparisons between features of detected fingerprints and features of enrolled fingerprints are performed by processors 120 using fingerprint analysis module 131.In some embodiments, during an enrollment process, the device (e.g., fingerprint analysis module 131 or a separate secure module 146 in communication with fingerprint sensor(s) 169) collects biometric information about one or more fingerprints of the user (e.g., identifying relative location of a plurality of minutia points in a fingerprint of the user).","After the enrollment process has been completed the biometric information is stored at the device (e.g., in secure fingerprint module 146) for later use in authenticating detected fingerprints.","In some embodiments, the biometric information that is stored at the device excludes images of the fingerprints and also excludes information from which images of the fingerprints could be reconstructed so that images of the fingerprints are not inadvertently made available if the security of the device is compromised.","In some embodiments, during an authentication process, the device (e.g., fingerprint analysis module 131 or a separate secure module 146 in communication with fingerprint sensor(s) 169) determines whether a finger input detected by the fingerprint sensor includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint by collecting biometric information about a fingerprint detected on the fingerprint sensor (e.g., identifying relative locations of a plurality of minutia points in the fingerprint detected on the fingerprint sensor) and comparing the biometric information that corresponds to the detected fingerprint to biometric information that corresponds to the enrolled fingerprints(s).","In some embodiments, comparing the biometric information that corresponds to the detected fingerprint to biometric information that corresponds to the enrolled fingerprints(s) includes comparing a type and location of minutia points in the biometric information that corresponds to the detected fingerprint to a type and location of minutia points in the biometric information that corresponds to the enrolled fingerprints.","However the determination as to whether or not a finger input includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is enrolled with the device is, optionally, performed using any of a number of well known fingerprint authentication techniques for determining whether a detected fingerprint matches an enrolled fingerprint.","In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory 102 include operating system 126, communication module (or set of instructions), contact/motion module (or set of instructions) 130, fingerprint analysis module 131, graphics module (or set of instructions) 132, text input module (or set of instructions) 134, Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions) 135, and applications (or sets of instructions) 136.Furthermore, in some embodiments memory 102 stores device/global internal state 157, as shown in FIGS.","1A and 3.Device/global internal state 157 includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display 112; sensor state, including information obtained from the device's various sensors and input control devices 116; and location information concerning the device's location and/or attitude.","In some embodiments credential information is stored as secure credential information 145.Secure credential information, optionally, includes credentials for user accounts (e.g., user names and passwords, billing information, address information).","In some embodiments, the credential information for one or more different applications is stored in a secure central location on the device, so that the credential information is accessible to different applications.","In some embodiments, credential information that is associated with a particular application (e.g., a user name and password or billing information that has been entered into the particular application) is stored with the particular application (e.g., a user name and password for authorizing purchases in a store application are stored with the store application for ease of access by the store application).","In some embodiments other security information (e.g., decryption keys for decrypting encrypted content stored at the device) is stored with secure credential information 145 or at another secure location on the device.","Operating system 126 (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.)","and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components.","Communication module 128 facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports 124 and also includes various software components for handling data received by RE circuitry 108 and/or external port 124.External port 124 (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.)","is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.).","In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the 30-pin connector used on iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices.","Contact/motion module 130 optionally detects contact with touch screen 112 (in conjunction with display controller 156) and other touch sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel).","Contact/motion module 130 includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force or pressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact).","Contact/motion module 130 receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface.","Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact.","These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts).","In some embodiments, contact/motion module 130 and display controller 156 detect contact on a touchpad.","In some embodiments, contact/motion module 130 uses a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” on an icon).","In some embodiments at least a subset of the intensity thresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g., the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholds of particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changing the physical hardware of device 100).","For example, a mouse “click” threshold of a trackpad or touch screen display can be set to any of a large range of predefined thresholds values without changing the trackpad or touch screen display hardware.","Additionally, in some implementations a user of the device is provided with software settings for adjusting one or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., by adjusting individual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting a plurality of intensity thresholds at once with a system-level click “intensity” parameter).","Contact/motion module 130 optionally detects a gesture input by a user.","Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities of detected contacts).","Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected by detecting a particular contact pattern.","For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon).","As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event.","Fingerprint analysis module 131 optionally detects a finger input by a user on a fingerprint sensor and determines whether the finger input includes a fingerprint that corresponds to a previously enrolled fingerprint that is enrolled with the device and/or detects movement of the fingerprint that corresponds to a finger gesture.","In some embodiments, the enrollment of fingerprints and the comparison between detected fingerprints and enrolled fingerprints is performed at a secure fingerprint analysis module 146 that is in communication with fingerprint sensor(s) 169 and secure fingerprint analysis module 146 provides fingerprint analysis module 131 with information indicating whether or not the detected fingerprint matches a previously enrolled fingerprint without providing biometric information about the detected fingerprint or the enrolled fingerprint to fingerprint analysis module 131 (e.g., so as to maintain the security of biometric information about detected and enrolled fingerprints).","In some embodiments, information about movement of the fingerprint during the finger input and times of finger-up or finger-down events are also provided to fingerprint analysis module 131 by secure fingerprint analysis module 146.In some embodiments, the information about the finger input is used by fingerprint analysis module 131 to respond to the finger inputs (e.g., by unlocking the device, unlocking a function of the device, displaying previously redacted information, or performing an operation based on the movement of a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor).","Graphics module 132 includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen 112 or other display, including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast or other visual property) of graphics that are displayed.","As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including without limitation text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations and the like.","In some embodiments, graphics module 132 stores data representing graphics to be used.","Each graphic is, optionally, assigned a corresponding code.","Graphics module 132 receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller 156.Haptic feedback module 133 includes various software components for generating instructions used by tactile output generator(s) 167 to produce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device 100 in response to user interactions with device 100.Text input module 134, which is, optionally, a component of graphics module 132, provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts 137, e-mail 140, IM 141, browser 147, and any other application that needs text input).","GPS module 135 determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone 138 for use in location-based dialing, to camera 143 as picture/video metadata, and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).","Applications 136 optionally include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof: contacts module 137 (sometimes called an address book or contact list); telephone module 138; video conferencing module 139; e-mail client module 140; instant messaging (IM) module 141; workout support module 142; camera module 143 for still and/or video images; image management module 144; browser module 147; calendar module 148; widget modules 149, which optionally include one or more of: weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget 149-3, alarm clock widget 149-4, dictionary widget 149-5, and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets 149-6; widget creator module 150 for making user-created widgets 149-6; search module 151; video and music player module 152, which is, optionally, made up of a video player module and a music player module; notes module 153; map module 154; and/or online video module 155.Examples of other applications 136 that are, optionally, stored in memory 102 include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication.","In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, contacts module 137 are, optionally, used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state 192 of contacts module 137 in memory 102 or memory 370), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone 138, video conference 139, e-mail 140, or IM 141; and so forth.","In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, telephone module 138 are, optionally, used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in address book 137, modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed.","As noted above, the wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies.","In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, touch screen 112, display controller 156, optical sensor 164, optical sensor controller 158, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, contact list 137, and telephone module 138, videoconferencing module 139 includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions.","In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, e-mail client module 140 includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions.","In conjunction with image management module 144, e-mail client module 140 makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module 143.In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, the instant messaging module 141 includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages and to view received instant messages.","In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages optionally include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in a MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS).","As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS).","In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, GPS module 135, map module 154, and music player module 146, workout support module 142 includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store and transmit workout data.","In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, optical sensor(s) 164, optical sensor controller 158, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and image management module 144, camera module 143 includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory 102, modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory 102.In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and camera module 143, image management module 144 includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images.","In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, browser module 147 includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages.","In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, e-mail client module 140, and browser module 147, calendar module 148 includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to do lists, etc.)","in accordance with user instructions.","In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and browser module 147, widget modules 149 are mini-applications that are, optionally, downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget 149-3, alarm clock widget 149-4, and dictionary widget 149-5) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget 149-6).","In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file.","In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo!","Widgets).","In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and browser module 147, the widget creator module 150 are, optionally, used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget).","In conjunction with touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, search module 151 includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory 102 that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions.","In conjunction with touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, RF circuitry 108, and browser module 147, video and music player module 152 includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen 112 or on an external, connected display via external port 124).","In some embodiments, device 100 optionally includes the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.).","In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, notes module 153 includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions.","In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, GPS module 135, and browser module 147, map module 154 are, optionally, used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions; data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location; and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions.","In conjunction with touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, RF circuitry 108, text input module 134, e-mail client module 140, and browser module 147, online video module 155 includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port 124), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264.In some embodiments, instant messaging module 141, rather than e-mail client module 140, is used to send a link to a particular online video.","Each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein).","These modules (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments.","In some embodiments, memory 102 optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above.","Furthermore, memory 102 optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above.","In some embodiments, device 100 is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad.","By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device 100, the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device 100 is, optionally, reduced.","The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation between user interfaces.","In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device 100 to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that is displayed on device 100.In such embodiments, a “menu button” is implemented using a touchpad.","In some other embodiments, the menu button is a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad.","FIG.","1B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments.","In some embodiments, memory 102 (in FIG.","1A) or 370 (FIG.","3) includes event sorter 170 (e.g., in operating system 126) and a respective application 136-1 (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications 137-13, 155, 380-390).","Event sorter 170 receives event information and determines the application 136-1 and application view 191 of application 136-1 to which to deliver the event information.","Event sorter 170 includes event monitor 171 and event dispatcher module 174.In some embodiments, application 136-1 includes application internal state 192, which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch sensitive display 112 when the application is active or executing.","In some embodiments, device/global internal state 157 is used by event sorter 170 to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state 192 is used by event sorter 170 to determine application views 191 to which to deliver event information.","In some embodiments, application internal state 192 includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application 136-1 resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application 136-1, a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application 136-1, and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user.","Event monitor 171 receives event information from peripherals interface 118 or, optionally, fingerprint analysis module 131.Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display 112, as part of a multi-touch gesture or a finger input on a fingerprint sensor 169).","Peripherals interface 118 transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem 106 or a sensor, such as proximity sensor 166, accelerometer(s) 168, fingerprint sensor 169, and/or microphone 113 (through audio circuitry 110).","Information that peripherals interface 118 receives from I/O subsystem 106 includes information from touch-sensitive display 112 or a touch-sensitive surface.","In some embodiments, event monitor 171 sends requests to the peripherals interface 118 at predetermined intervals.","In response, peripherals interface 118 transmits event information.","In other embodiments, peripheral interface 118 transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration).","In some embodiments, event sorter 170 also includes a hit view determination module 172 and/or an active event recognizer determination module 173.Hit view determination module 172 provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views, when touch sensitive display 112 displays more than one view.","Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display.","Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur.","The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected optionally correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application.","For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected is, optionally, called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs are, optionally, determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture.","Hit view determination module 172 receives information related to sub-events of a touch-based gesture.","When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module 172 identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event.","In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (i.e., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event).","Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view.","Active event recognizer determination module 173 determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events.","In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 173 determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events.","In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 173 determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events.","In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views.","Event dispatcher module 174 dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer 180).","In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module 173, event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module 173.In some embodiments, event dispatcher module 174 stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver module 182.In some embodiments, operating system 126 includes event sorter 170.Alternatively, application 136-1 includes event sorter 170.In yet other embodiments, event sorter 170 is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory 102, such as contact/motion module 130.In some embodiments, application 136-1 includes a plurality of event handlers 190 and one or more application views 191, each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application's user interface.","Each application view 191 of the application 136-1 includes one or more event recognizers 180.Typically, a respective application view 191 includes a plurality of event recognizers 180.In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers 180 are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application 136-1 inherits methods and other properties.","In some embodiments, a respective event handler 190 includes one or more of: data updater 176, object updater 177, GUI updater 178, and/or event data 179 received from event sorter 170.Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176, object updater 177 or GUI updater 178 to update the application internal state 192.Alternatively, one or more of the application views 191 includes one or more respective event handlers 190.Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178 are included in a respective application view 191.A respective event recognizer 180 receives event information (e.g., event data 179) from event sorter 170, and identifies an event from the event information.","Event recognizer 180 includes event receiver 182 and event comparator 184.In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 also includes at least a subset of: metadata 183, and event delivery instructions 188 (which optionally include sub-event delivery instructions).","Event receiver 182 receives event information from event sorter 170.The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement, or a finger input or fingerprint movement.","Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event.","When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the event information optionally also includes speed and direction of the sub-event.","In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device.","Event comparator 184 compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event.","In some embodiments, event comparator 184 includes event definitions 186.Event definitions 186 contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event 1 (187-1), event 2 (187-2), and others.","In some embodiments, sub-events in an event 187 include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, multiple touching, fingerprint begin, fingerprint end, fingerprint movement, fingerprint authenticate, and fingerprint authentication fail.","In one example, the definition for event 1 (187-1) is a double tap on a displayed object.","The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first lift-off (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second lift-off (touch end) for a predetermined phase.","In another example, the definition for event 2 (187-2) is a dragging on a displayed object.","The dragging, for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display 112, and lift-off of the touch (touch end).","In some embodiments, the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers 190.In some embodiments, event definition 187 includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object.","In some embodiments, event comparator 184 performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event.","For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display 112, when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display 112, event comparator 184 performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event).","If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler 190, the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler 190 should be activated.","For example, event comparator 184 selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test.","In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event 187 also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer's event type.","When a respective event recognizer 180 determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions 186, the respective event recognizer 180 enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture.","In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture.","In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 includes metadata 183 with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers.","In some embodiments, metadata 183 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another.","In some embodiments, metadata 183 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy.","In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 activates event handler 190 associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized.","In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 delivers event information associated with the event to event handler 190.Activating an event handler 190 is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view.","In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler 190 associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process.","In some embodiments, event delivery instructions 188 include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler.","Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views.","Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process.","In some embodiments, data updater 176 creates and updates data used in application 136-1.For example, data updater 176 updates the telephone number used in contacts module 137, or stores a video file used in video player module 145.In some embodiments, object updater 177 creates and updates objects used in application 136-1.For example, object updater 176 creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object.","GUI updater 178 updates the GUI.","For example, GUI updater 178 prepares display information and sends it to graphics module 132 for display on a touch-sensitive display.","In some embodiments, event handler(s) 190 includes or has access to data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178.In some embodiments, data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178 are included in a single module of a respective application 136-1 or application view 191.In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules.","It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices 100 with input-devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens.","For example, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinated with single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movements such as taps, drags, scrolls, etc., on touch-pads; pen stylus inputs; movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements; biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized.","FIG.","2 illustrates a portable multifunction device 100 having a touch screen 112 in accordance with some embodiments.","The touch screen optionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI) 200.In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user is enabled to select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers 202 (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses 203 (not drawn to scale in the figure).","In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics.","In some embodiments, the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward) and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device 100.In some implementations or circumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select the graphic.","For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon optionally does not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap.","Device 100 optionally also includes one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button 204.As described previously, menu button 204 is, optionally, used to navigate to any application 136 in a set of applications that are, optionally executed on device 100.Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen 112.In some embodiments button 204 includes an integrated fingerprint sensor 169-1 for identifying a fingerprint that is interacting with button 204 and/or detecting movement of the fingerprint on button 204.Device also, optionally, includes one or more other fingerprint sensors 169-2 that are separate from button 204 and are used instead of or in conjunction with a fingerprint sensor 169-1 integrated into button 204 to identify a user interacting with the device and/or detect motion of the fingerprint.","Additionally, one or more of the other fingerprint sensors 169-2 are optionally associated with a button (e.g., a pressure sensitive region that is activated by detecting an input with an intensity above an activation intensity threshold or a physical actuator that moves in response force applied by a user).","In implementations where the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., Touch Screen 112) has a spatial resolution that is high enough to detect fingerprint features formed by individual fingerprint ridges, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., Touch Screen 112) is optionally used as a fingerprint sensor instead of, or in addition to, a separate fingerprint sensor (e.g., Fingerprint Sensors 169-1 or 169-2).","In some embodiments, device 100 includes a set of one or more orientation sensors that are used to determine an orientation of a hand on device 100.In one embodiment, device 100 includes touch screen 112, menu button 204, push button 206 for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s) 208, Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card slot 210, head set jack 212, and docking/charging external port 124.Push button 206 is, optionally, used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process.","In an alternative embodiment, device 100 also accepts verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone 113.Device 100 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors 165 for detecting intensity of contacts on touch screen 112 and/or one or more tactile output generators 167 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 100.FIG.","3 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments.","Device 300 need not be portable.","In some embodiments, device 300 is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child's learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller).","Device 300 typically includes one or more processing units (CPU's) 310, one or more network or other communications interfaces 360, memory 370, and one or more communication buses 320 for interconnecting these components.","Communication buses 320 optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components.","Device 300 includes input/output (I/O) interface 330 comprising display 340, which is typically a touch screen display.","I/O interface 330 also optionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device) 350 and touchpad 355, tactile output generator 357 for generating tactile outputs on device 300 (e.g., similar to tactile output generator(s) 167 described above with reference to FIG.","1A), sensors 359 (e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contact intensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s) 165 described above with reference to FIG.","1A, and/or fingerprint sensors similar to fingerprint sensor(s) 169 described above with reference to FIG.","1A).","Additionally, in implementations where the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., Touchpad 355) has a spatial resolution that is high enough to detect fingerprint features formed by individual fingerprint ridges, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., Touchpad 355) is optionally used as a fingerprint sensor instead of, or in addition to, a separate fingerprint sensor (e.g., one of sensors 359).","In some embodiments, device 300 includes a set of one or more orientation sensors that are used to determine an orientation of a finger or hand on or proximate to the device (e.g., an orientation of a finger that is over fingerprint sensor 169).","Additionally, in some embodiments, the set of one or more orientation sensors are used in addition to or instead of a fingerprint sensor to detect rotation of a contact that is interacting with the device.","For example, in one or more of the methods described below, instead of using a fingerprint sensor to detect rotation of a fingerprint/contact, the set of one or more orientation sensors is used to detect rotation of the contact that includes the fingerprint, with or without detecting features of the fingerprint.","Memory 370 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solid state memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices.","Memory 370 optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s) 310.In some embodiments, memory 370 stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100 (FIG.","1A), or a subset thereof.","Furthermore, memory 370 optionally stores additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100.For example, memory 370 of device 300 optionally stores drawing module 380, presentation module 382, word processing module 384, website creation module 386, disk authoring module 388, and/or spreadsheet module 390, while memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100 (FIG.","1A) optionally does not store these modules.","Each of the above identified elements in FIG.","3 are, optionally, stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices.","Each of the above identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above.","The above identified modules or programs (i.e.","sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments.","In some embodiments, memory 370 optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above.","Furthermore, memory 370 optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above.","Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”) that is, optionally, implemented on portable multifunction device 100.FIG.","4A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on portable multifunction device 100 in accordance with some embodiments.","Similar user interfaces are, optionally, implemented on device 300.In some embodiments, user interface 400 includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof: Signal strength indicator(s) 402 for wireless communication(s), such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals; Time 404; Bluetooth indicator 405; Battery status indicator 406; Tray 408 with icons for frequently used applications, such as: Icon 416 for telephone module 138, labeled “Phone,” which optionally includes an indicator 414 of the number of missed calls or voicemail messages; Icon 418 for e-mail client module 140, labeled “Mail,” which optionally includes an indicator 410 of the number of unread e-mails; Icon 420 for browser module 147, labeled “Browser;” and Icon 422 for video and music player module 152, also referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module 152, labeled “iPod;” and Icons for other applications, such as: Icon 424 for IM module 141, labeled “Text;” Icon 426 for calendar module 148, labeled “Calendar;” Icon 428 for image management module 144, labeled “Photos;” Icon 430 for camera module 143, labeled “Camera;” Icon 432 for online video module 155, labeled “Online Video” Icon 434 for stocks widget 149-2, labeled “Stocks;” Icon 436 for map module 154, labeled “Map;” Icon 438 for weather widget 149-1, labeled “Weather;” Icon 440 for alarm clock widget 149-4, labeled “Clock;” Icon 442 for workout support module 142, labeled “Workout Support;” Icon 444 for notes module 153, labeled “Notes;” and Icon 446 for a settings application or module, which provides access to settings for device 100 and its various applications 136.It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in FIG.","4A are merely exemplary.","For example, icon 422 for video and music player module 152 are labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Other labels are, optionally, used for various application icons.","In some embodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a name of an application corresponding to the respective application icon.","In some embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinct from a name of an application corresponding to the particular application icon.","FIG.","4B illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g., device 300, FIG.","3) with a touch-sensitive surface 451 (e.g., a tablet or touchpad 355, FIG.","3) that is separate from the display 450 (e.g., touch screen display 112) with an integrated 359-1 (or separate 359-2) fingerprint sensor (e.g., one or more of sensors 359 that operates in an analogous manner to fingerprint sensor 169 in FIG.","1A).","Additionally, in implementations where the touch-sensitive surface 451 has a spatial resolution that is high enough to detect fingerprint features formed by individual fingerprint ridges, the touch-sensitive surface 451 is optionally used as a fingerprint sensor instead of, or in addition to, a distinct fingerprint sensor (e.g., integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or separate fingerprint sensor 359-2).","Device 300 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors (e.g., one or more of sensors 359-3) for detecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface 451 and/or one or more tactile output generators 357 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 300.Although some of the examples which follow will be given with reference to inputs on touch screen display 112 (where the touch sensitive surface and the display are combined), in some embodiments, the device detects inputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, as shown in FIG.","4B.","In some embodiments the touch sensitive surface (e.g., 451 in FIG.","4B) has a primary axis (e.g., 452 in FIG.","4B) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g., 453 in FIG.","4B) on the display (e.g., 450).","In accordance with these embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g., 460 and 462 in FIG.","4B) with the touch-sensitive surface 451 at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display (e.g., in FIG.","4B, 460 corresponds to 468 and 462 corresponds to 470).","In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts 460 and 462, and movements thereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., 451 in FIG.","4B) are used by the device to manipulate the user interface on the display (e.g., 450 in FIG.","4B) of the multifunction device when the touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display.","It should be understood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other user interfaces described herein.","Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily with reference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures, finger swipe gestures), it should be understood that, in some embodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with input from another input device (e.g., a mouse based input or stylus input).","For example, a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click (e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor along the path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact).","As another example, a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact).","Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneously detected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are, optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are, optionally, used simultaneously.","As used herein, the term “focus selector” refers to an input element that indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user is interacting.","In some implementations that include a cursor or other location marker, the cursor acts as a “focus selector,” so that when an input (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchpad 355 in FIG.","3 or touch-sensitive surface 451 in FIG.","4B) while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input.","In some implementations that include a touch-screen display (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112 in FIG.","1A or touch screen 112 in FIG.","4A) that enables direct interaction with user interface elements on the touch-screen display, a detected contact on the touch-screen acts as a “focus selector,” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by the contact) is detected on the touch-screen display at a location of a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input.","In some implementations focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region of the user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor or movement of a contact on a touch-screen display (e.g., by using a tab key or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); in these implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance with movement of focus between different regions of the user interface.","Without regard to the specific form taken by the focus selector, the focus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on a touch-screen display) that is controlled by the user so as to communicate the user's intended interaction with the user interface (e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interface with which the user is intending to interact).","For example, the location of a focus selector (e.g., a cursor, a contact or a selection box) over a respective button while a press input is detected on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicate that the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposed to other user interface elements shown on a display of the device).","FIG.","4C shows a schematic representation of a two hands with associated fingerprints LP (“left pinky” fingerprint), LR (“left ring” fingerprint), LM (“left middle” fingerprint), LI (“left index” fingerprint), LT (“left thumb” fingerprint), RT (“right thumb” fingerprint), RI (“right index” fingerprint), RM (“right middle” fingerprint), RR (“right ring” fingerprint), RP (“right pinky” fingerprint).","These abbreviations will be used with reference to other figures showing examples of interactions with a fingerprint sensor.","For some of the methods described herein, one or more fingerprints of a user are registered by collecting information about the fingerprint that would enable the fingerprint to be identified.","These registered fingerprints or pre-registered fingerprints are also sometimes referred to as enrolled fingerprints.","In many situations described below, fingerprints detected on a fingerprint sensor are compared against previously registered fingerprints (e.g., enrolled fingerprints).","FIG.","4D shows two different types of rotation of a fingerprint on a fingerprint sensor (e.g., fingerprint sensor 169 that is integrated into button 204).","On the left side of FIG.","4D, is an example of a fingerprint “revolving” around a fingerprint sensor, where a centroid of the fingerprint moves in a looping motion (e.g., a circular-type motion) around a center of the fingerprint sensor.","On the right side of FIG.","4D, is an example of a fingerprint “twisting” on a fingerprint sensor, where a primary axis of the fingerprint changes orientation relative to the fingerprint sensor.","These terms (e.g., “revolving” and “twisting”) will be used to described different types of rotation of a fingerprint on a fingerprint sensor with reference to other figures showing examples of interactions with a fingerprint sensor.","As shown in FIG.","4D, in some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor is smaller than, or approximately the same size as, an average fingerprint.","Thus, in some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor detects movement of the fingerprint (e.g., fingerprint gestures) by detecting movement of fingerprint features of the fingerprint instead of or in addition to detecting movement of edges of the fingerprint.","In other words, in some implementations, the fingerprint sensor detects movement of the fingerprint not by determining movement of an outline of the fingerprint (e.g., a “contact”) but by detecting movement of ridges (or specific minutia points in the ridges) of the fingerprint over the fingerprint sensor.","Without regard to whether the fingerprint sensor is larger or smaller than the fingerprint, detecting movement of a fingerprint (e.g., fingerprint gestures) based on movement of fingerprint features instead of, or in addition to, detecting movement of the fingerprint based on movement of an edge or outline of the fingerprint enables movement of the fingerprint to be tracked in much greater detail and provides the ability to track fingerprint movement even when a fingerprint is covering all or a large portion of the fingerprint sensor.","User Interfaces and Associated Processes Enrolling Fingerprints with a Device Many electronic devices provide a method to unlock the device.","For example, a user is required enter a passcode or personal identification number (PIN), perform a swipe gesture in a predefined pattern, or slide an affordance to unlock the device to access private user information and applications.","However, with the increased penetration of e-commerce and mobile purchasing, greater security is required to unlock a device.","The device described below improves on existing methods by enrolling a fingerprint of a respective finger with a device after collecting fingerprint information from a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures.","In turn, the device performs restricted operations (e.g., unlocking the device or mobile purchasing) when a detected fingerprint matches an enrolled fingerprint.","The device displays a fingerprint enrollment interface and detects on a fingerprint sensor a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with a respective finger.","The device collects fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with the respective finger.","After collecting the fingerprint information, the device determines, based on fingerprint information collected for the respective finger, whether the fingerprint information that has been collected is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.","In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the device enrolls the fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.","In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the device displays a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional stationary finger gestures on the fingerprint sensor with the respective finger.","In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).","In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.","1A).","The device described below with reference to 5A-5EE and 6A-6D includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.","4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.","separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.","4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.","5A-5EE and 6A-6D will be discussed with reference to a device with a touch screen 112 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.","5A-5EE on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","5A-5EE on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a display 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 instead of a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.","5A-5EE on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) and/or the separate touch-sensitive surface 451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","5A-5EE on the display 450; in such embodiments, the contacts shown in FIGS.","5A-5EE optionally represent both a focus selector that corresponds to a location on the display 450, and a contact that corresponds to a location of a contact or gesture performed on the separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451), where the focus selector is, optionally: a respective contact, a representative point corresponding to a contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a point associated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or more contacts detected on the touch screen 112 and is, optionally, replaced with a displayed cursor.","FIGS.","5A-5M illustrate a portion of a device setup process in which a first fingerprint is enrolled with portable multifunction device 100.FIG.","5A illustrates portable multifunction device 100 (sometimes herein called device 100) displaying user interface 400 on touch screen 112.In FIG.","5A, user interface 400 includes a “Set Up Touch ID” interface prompting a user to enroll a fingerprint to serve as the user's touch ID.","The enrolled fingerprint (e.g., touch ID) can be used to unlock the device in place of a passcode or personal identification number (PIN) and, optionally, to purchase goods or services.","In FIG.","5A, the “Set Up Touch ID” interface is displayed during a device set up process.","For example, the device set up process occurs when a user powers on the device for a first time.","For example, the device set up process at least includes an, optional, fingerprint enrollment process (e.g., shown in FIGS.","5B-5K and FIGS.","5N-5T) and a passcode set up process (e.g., shown in FIG.","5M).","The “Set Up Touch ID” interface includes “Set up now” box 502, which, when activated, causes device 100 to start a fingerprint enrollment process and a “Set up later” box 504, which, when activated, causes device 100 to skip the fingerprint enrollment process and display a passcode set up interface (e.g., shown in FIG.","5M).","For example, “Set up now” box 502 is activated when a contact (e.g., touch input or tap gesture) is detected at a location inside of or on “Set up now” box 502 or a fingerprint is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.For example, “Set up later” box 504 is activated when a touch input is detected at a location inside of or on “Set up later” box 504.FIG.","5A also illustrates device 100 detecting contact 506 (e.g., a tap gesture) at a location on touch screen 112 that corresponds to “Set up now” box 502.Alternatively, FIG.","5A illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 508 (e.g., corresponding to a user's right index finger) as part of a first finger gesture (e.g., a first touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the first finger gesture.","FIG.","5B illustrates device 100 displaying a first fingerprint enrollment interface for the fingerprint enrollment process on touch screen 112 in response to detecting contact 506 in FIG.","5A.","In some embodiments, the fingerprint enrollment process includes at least a first fingerprint enrollment interface (e.g., shown in FIGS.","5B-5G and 5O-5Q) and a second fingerprint enrollment interface (e.g., shown in FIGS.","5H-5J and 5R-5S).","In FIG.","5B, the first fingerprint enrollment interface includes instructions prompting the user to perform a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures with a respective finger on fingerprint sensor 169 so as to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger.","In FIG.","5B, the first fingerprint enrollment interface also includes a progress indicator 510 in a first state 510-a.","For example, in first state 510-a, progress indicator 510 resembles a faux fingerprint with narrow ridges.","First state 510-a indicates that no fingerprint information has been collected.","FIG.","5B also illustrates “Back” affordance 509, which, when activated, causes device 100 to redisplay the “Set Up Touch ID” interface in FIG.","5A.","FIG.","5B further illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 512 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) as part of a first finger gesture (e.g., a first touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the first finger gesture.","FIG.","5C illustrates device 100 changing an appearance of progress indicator 510 in response to detecting the first finger gesture.","For example, the first finger gesture corresponds to fingerprint 508 in FIG.","5A or, alternatively, fingerprint 512 in FIG.","5B.","In FIG.","5C, device 100 displays progress indicator 510 in second state 510-b.","In FIG.","5C, at least a portion of the ridges of progress indicator 510 are thickened (or darkened) in second state 510-b as compared to first state 510-a in FIG.","5B.","Second state 510-b of progress indicator 510 indicates that some fingerprint information has been collected but one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger).","FIG.","5C also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 514 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) as part of a second finger gesture (e.g., a second touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the second finger gesture.","FIG.","5D illustrates device 100 displaying a message on touch screen 112 prompting a user to perform subsequent finger gestures differently from the second finger gesture detected in FIG.","5C.","In FIG.","5D, device 100 displays message 516 the first enrollment interface (including progress indicator 510 in second state 510-b) on touch screen 112 in response to detecting the second finger gesture in FIG.","5C.","In FIG.","5D, message 516 includes instructions directing the user to move the respective finger more between each finger gesture so as to collect fingerprint information corresponding to different regions of the fingerprint of the respective finger.","In some embodiments, message 516 is dismissed and the fingerprint enrollment process is resumed when either a contact is detected at a location corresponding to the “Okay” affordance in message 516 or a subsequent finger gesture is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.FIG.","5D also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 518 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) as part of a third finger gesture (e.g., a third touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the third finger gesture.","FIG.","5E illustrates device 100 changing an appearance of progress indicator 510 in response to detecting the third finger gesture in FIG.","5D.","In FIG.","5E, device 100 displays progress indicator 510 in third state 510-c.","In FIG.","5E, a greater amount of the ridges of progress indicator 510 are thickened in third state 510-c as compared to second state 510-b in FIG.","5B.","Third state 510-c of progress indicator 510 indicates that more fingerprint information has been collected but one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger).","FIG.","5E also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 520 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) as part of a fourth finger gesture (e.g., a fourth touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the fourth finger gesture.","FIG.","5F illustrates device 100 displaying a message on touch screen 112 prompting a user to perform subsequent finger gestures differently from the fourth finger gesture detected in FIG.","5E.","In FIG.","5F, device 100 displays message 522 over the first enrollment interface (including progress indicator 510 in third state 510-c) on touch screen 112 in response to detecting the fourth finger gesture in FIG.","5E.","In FIG.","5F, message 522 includes instructions directing the user keep their finger on fingerprint sensor 169 for a longer period of time so as to collect fingerprint information.","In some embodiments, message 522 includes instructions indicating that the user will feel a vibration that signals when the user can lift their finger from fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, message 522 is dismissed and the fingerprint enrollment process is resumed when either a contact is detected at a location corresponding to the “Okay” affordance in message 522 or a subsequent finger gesture is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.FIG.","5F also illustrates device 100 detecting contact 524 at a location on touch screen 112 that corresponds to the -Okay” affordance in message 522.FIG.","5G illustrates device 100 displaying the first fingerprint enrollment interface with progress indicator 510 in third state 510-c in response to detecting contact 524 in FIG.","5F.","FIG.","5G also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 526 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) as part of a fifth finger gesture (e.g., a fifth touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the fifth finger gesture.","FIG.","5H illustrates device 100 displaying a second fingerprint enrollment interface for the fingerprint enrollment process on touch screen 112 and changing an appearance of progress indicator 510 in response to detecting the fifth finger gesture in FIG.","5G.","In FIG.","5H, the second fingerprint enrollment interface includes instructions prompting the user to perform one or more additional separate and distinct stationary finger gestures with the respective finger (e.g., the user's right index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169 so as gather fingerprint information for regions of the fingerprint of the respective finger (e.g., the edges) that are missing from the previously collected fingerprint information in order to complete enrollment of the first fingerprint (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger).","In FIG.","5H, device 100 displays progress indicator 510 in fourth state 510-d.","In FIG.","5H, progress indicator 510 is expanded in fourth state 510-d to reveal a larger perimeter oval of narrow ridges surrounding an inner region of thickened ridges.","In FIG.","5H, the inner region of progress indicator 510 corresponds to un-expanded progress indicator 510 included in the first enrollment interface displayed in FIGS.","5B-5G.","In this example, a greater amount of the ridges of the inner region of progress indicator 510 are thickened in fourth state 510-d as compared to third state 510-c in FIG.","5G.","Fourth state 510-d of progress indicator 510 indicates that more fingerprint information has been collected but one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger).","FIG.","5H also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 528 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) as part of a sixth finger gesture (e.g., a sixth touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the sixth finger gesture.","FIG.","5I illustrates device 100 changing an appearance of progress indicator 510 in response to detecting the sixth finger gesture in FIG.","5H.","In FIG.","5H, device 100 displays progress indicator 510 in fifth state 510-e.","In FIG.","5I, a portion of the ridges in the outside perimeter of progress indicator 510 are thickened in fifth state 510-e as compared to fourth state 510-d in FIG.","5H.","Fifth state 510-e of progress indicator 510 indicates that more fingerprint information has been collected but one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger).","FIG.","5I also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 530 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) as part of a seventh finger gesture (e.g., a fourth touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the seventh finger gesture.","FIG.","5J illustrates device 100 changing an appearance of progress indicator 510 in response to detecting the seventh finger gesture in FIG.","5I.","In FIG.","5J, device 100 displays progress indicator 510 in sixth state 510-f In FIG.","5J, all of the ridges in the outside perimeter of progress indicator 510 are thickened in sixth state 510-f.","In this example, sixth state 510-f of progress indicator 510 indicates that no additional finger gestures are required to enroll the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger).","FIG.","5K illustrates device 100 displaying a third fingerprint enrollment interface on touch screen 112 after changing the appearance of progress indicator 510 in FIG.","5J.","In FIG.","5K, the third fingerprint enrollment interface indicates that the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger) has been successfully enrolled with device 100.In FIG.","5K, the third fingerprint enrollment interface includes “Continue” box 534, which, when activated, causes device 100 to display an interface for the next step in the device set up process.","FIG.","5K also illustrates device 100 detecting contact 536 (e.g., a tap gesture) at a location on touch screen 112 that corresponds to “Continue” box 534.FIG.","5L illustrates device 100 displaying a “Set Up Touch ID for Purchases” interface on touch screen 112 in response to detecting contact 536 in FIG.","5K.","The “Set Up Touch ID for Purchases” interface prompts the user to associate the fingerprint enrolled in FIGS.","5B-5K with purchasing credentials (e.g., store login ID and password, credit card information, billing address, etc.).","The “Set Up Touch ID for Purchases” interface includes “Set up now” box 538, which, when activated, causes device 100 to start a purchase set up process for associating purchasing credentials with the previously enrolled fingerprint and “Set up later” box 540, which, when activated, causes device 100 to skip the purchase set up process and display a passcode set up interface.","For example, “Set up now” box 538 is activated when a touch input is detected at a location inside of or on “Set up later” box 538, and “Set up later” box 540 is activated when a touch input is detected at a location inside of or on “Set up later” box 540.FIG.","5L also illustrates device 100 detecting contact 542 (e.g., a tap gesture) at a location on touch screen 112 that corresponds to “Set up later” box 540.FIG.","5M illustrates device 100 displaying a passcode set up interface on touch screen 112 in response to detecting contact 542 in FIG.","5L.","In FIG.","5M, the passcode set up interface includes a plurality of soft keys that enable the user to set up a master passcode or PIN for the device.","FIGS.","5N-5T illustrate enrolling a second fingerprint with portable multifunction device 100 from a settings interface.","FIG.","5N illustrates device 100 displaying a fingerprint settings interface on touch screen 112.In FIG.","5N, the fingerprint settings interface includes a “Back” affordance 544, which, when activated, causes device 100 to redisplay a previous settings interface different from the fingerprint settings interface and an “Edit” affordance 546, which, when activated, causes device 100 to change an appearance of the fingerprint settings interface and enables the user to delete or edit the names of enrolled fingerprints.","In FIG.","5N, the fingerprint settings interface also includes toggle switch 548 configured to turn on/off a passcode unlock function which allows the user to unlock the device with an enrolled fingerprint in place of the passcode, and toggle switch 550 configured to turn on/off the ability to purchase goods and services with an enrolled fingerprint.","In FIG.","5N, the passcode unlock function is turned on and the ability to purchase goods and services with an enrolled fingerprint is turned off.","In FIG.","5N, the fingerprint settings interface also includes a list of enrolled fingerprints.","In FIG.","5N, the list of enrolled fingerprints includes “Fingerprint 1” box 552, which when activated, causes device 100 to change an appearance of “Fingerprint 1” box 552 and to enable the user to edit the name of the enrolled fingerprint, and “Add Fingerprint” box 554, which when activated, causes device 100 to start the fingerprint enrollment process.","For example, enrolled “Fingerprint 1” corresponds to the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger) enrolled during the enrollment process illustrated in FIGS.","5B-5K.","FIG.","5N further illustrates device 100 detecting contact 556 (e.g., a tap gesture) at a location on touch screen 112 that corresponds to “Add Fingerprint” box 554.FIG.","5O illustrates device 100 displaying a first fingerprint enrollment interface for the fingerprint enrollment process on touch screen 112 in response to detecting contact 556 in FIG.","5N.","In FIG.","5O, the first fingerprint enrollment interface includes instructions prompting the user to perform a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures with a respective finger on fingerprint sensor 169 so as to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger.","In FIG.","5O, the first fingerprint enrollment interface also includes a progress indicator 558 in first state 558-a.","For example, in first state 558-a, progress indicator 558 resembles a faux fingerprint with narrow ridges.","First state 558-a indicates that no fingerprint information has been collected.","FIG.","5O also illustrates “Back” affordance 557, which, when activated, causes device 100 to redisplay the fingerprint settings interface in FIG.","5N.","FIG.","5O further illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 560 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) as part of a first finger gesture (e.g., a first touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the first finger gesture.","FIG.","5P illustrates device 100 changing an appearance of progress indicator 558 in response to detecting the first finger gesture in FIG.","5O.","In FIG.","5P, device 100 displays progress indicator 558 in second state 558-b.","In FIG.","5P, at least a portion of the ridges of progress indicator 558 are thickened (or darkened) in second state 558-b as compared to first state 558-a in FIG.","5O.","Second state 558-b of progress indicator 558 indicates that some fingerprint information has been collected but one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the second fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's left index finger).","FIG.","5P also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 562 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) as part of a second finger gesture (e.g., a second touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the second finger gesture.","FIG.","5Q illustrates device 100 displaying a message on touch screen 112 prompting a user to perform subsequent finger gestures differently from the second finger gesture detected in FIG.","5P.","In FIG.","5Q, device 100 displays message 564 over the first enrollment interface (including progress indicator 558 in second state 558-b) on touch screen 112 in response to detecting the second finger gesture in FIG.","5P.","In FIG.","5Q, message 564 includes instructions which direct the user to rest their finger on fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., integrated in home button 204) until a vibration is felt without clicking/depressing home button 204 so as to collect fingerprint information.","In some embodiments, message 564 is dismissed and the fingerprint enrollment process is resumed when either a contact is detected at a location corresponding to the “Okay” affordance in message 564 or a subsequent finger gesture is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.FIG.","5Q also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 566 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) as part of a third finger gesture (e.g., a third touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the third finger gesture.","FIG.","5R illustrates device 100 displaying a second fingerprint enrollment interface for the fingerprint enrollment process on touch screen 112 and changing an appearance of progress indicator 558 in response to detecting the third finger gesture in FIG.","5Q.","In FIG.","5R, the second fingerprint enrollment interface includes instructions prompting the user to perform one or more additional separate and distinct stationary finger gestures with the respective finger (e.g., the user's left index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169 so as gather fingerprint information on regions of the fingerprint of the respective finger (e.g., the edges) that are missing from the previously collected fingerprint information in order to complete enrollment of the second fingerprint (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger).","In FIG.","5R, device 100 displays progress indicator 558 in third state 558-c. For example, progress indicator 510 is expanded in third state 558-c to reveal a larger perimeter oval of narrow ridges surrounding an inner region of thickened ridges.","In FIG.","5R, the inner region of progress indicator 558 corresponds to un-expanded progress indicator 558 included in the first enrollment interface displayed in FIGS.","5O-5Q.","In this example, a greater amount of the ridges of the inside region of progress indicator 558 are thickened in third state 558-c as compared to second state 510-b in FIG.","5P.","Third state 558-c of progress indicator 558 indicates that more fingerprint information has been collected but one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the second fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's left index finger).","FIG.","5R also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 568 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) as part of a fourth finger gesture (e.g., a fourth touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the fourth finger gesture.","FIG.","5S illustrates device 100 changing an appearance of progress indicator 558 in response to detecting the fourth finger gesture in FIG.","5R.","In FIG.","5S, device 100 displays progress indicator 558 in fourth state 510-d.","In FIG.","5S, a portion of the ridges in the outside perimeter of progress indicator 558 are thickened in fourth state 510-d as compared to third state 510-c in FIG.","5R.","Fourth state 510-d of progress indicator 558 indicates that more fingerprint information has been collected but one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the second fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's left index finger).","Stated another way, fourth state 510-d of progress indicator 558 is not full, and does not indicate completion, and thereby indicates that one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the second fingerprint.","FIG.","5S also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 569 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) as part of a fifth finger gesture (e.g., a fifth touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the fifth finger gesture.","FIG.","5T illustrates device 100 displaying a third fingerprint enrollment interface on touch screen 112 in response to detecting the fifth finger gesture in FIG.","5S.","In FIG.","5T, the third fingerprint enrollment interface indicates that the second fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's left index finger) has been successfully enrolled with device 100.In FIG.","5T, the third fingerprint enrollment interface includes “Continue” box 570, which, when activated, causes device 100 to redisplay the fingerprint settings interface.","FIG.","5T also illustrates device 100 detecting contact 572 (e.g., a tap gesture) at a location on touch screen 112 that corresponds to “Continue” box 570.FIGS.","5U-5W illustrate highlighting an enrolled fingerprint in a fingerprint settings interface when the enrolled fingerprint is detected.","FIG.","5U illustrates device 100 displaying the fingerprint settings interface on touch screen 112 in response to detecting contact 570 in FIG.","5T.","In FIG.","5U, the list of enrolled fingerprints includes “Fingerprint 1” box 552, which when activated, causes device 100 to change an appearance of “Fingerprint 1” box 552 and to enable the user to edit the name of the enrolled fingerprint, “Fingerprint 2” box 574, which when activated, causes device 100 to change an appearance of “Fingerprint 2” box 574 and to enable the user to edit the name of the enrolled fingerprint, and “Add Fingerprint” box 554, which when activated, causes device 100 to start the fingerprint enrollment process for enrolling an additional fingerprint.","For example, enrolled “Fingerprint 1” corresponds to the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger) enrolled during the enrollment process illustrated in FIGS.","5B-5K, and enrolled “Fingerprint 2” corresponds to the second fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's left index finger) enrolled during the enrollment process illustrated in FIGS.","5N-5T.","FIG.","5U also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 576 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169.In response to detecting fingerprint 576, device 100 highlights, in the list of enrolled fingerprints, the enrolled fingerprint corresponding to the detected fingerprint (if any).","In FIG.","5U, for example, device 100 increases the thickness of the border of “Fingerprint 2” box 574 to signify to the user that detected fingerprint 576 corresponds to enrolled “Fingerprint 2.” FIG.","5V illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 578 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169.In response to detecting fingerprint 578, device 100 highlights, in the list of enrolled fingerprints, the enrolled fingerprint corresponding to the detected fingerprint (if any).","In FIG.","5V, for example, device 100 increases the thickness of the border of “Fingerprint 1” box 552 to signify to the user that detected fingerprint 578 corresponds to enrolled “Fingerprint 1.” FIG.","5W illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 580 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left thumb).","In response to detecting fingerprint 580, device 100 does not highlight any enrolled fingerprint in the list of enrolled fingerprints if it determines that the detected fingerprint 580 does not correspond to any of the enrolled fingerprints.","In FIG.","5W, for example, device 100 maintains display of the fingerprint settings interface to signify to the user that detected fingerprint 580 does correspond to any of the enrolled fingerprints.","FIGS.","5X-5AA illustrate performing a restricted operation when an enrolled fingerprint is detected.","FIG.","5X illustrates device 100 displaying a lock screen on touch screen 112.In FIG.","5X, for example, device 100 is in a locked or restricted access mode.","FIG.","5X also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 582 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169.FIG.","5Y illustrates device 100 displaying a home screen on touch screen 112 in response to detecting fingerprint 582 in FIG.","5X and in accordance with a determination that fingerprint 582 corresponds to an enrolled fingerprint.","For example, fingerprint 582 corresponds to the user's right index finger which was enrolled as the first fingerprint in FIGS.","5B-5K.","In FIG.","5Y, for example, device 100 is in an unlocked or unrestricted access mode.","FIG.","5Z illustrates device 100 displaying a lock screen on touch screen 112.In FIG.","5Z, for example, device 100 is in a locked or restricted access mode.","FIG.","5Z also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 584 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right thumb) on fingerprint sensor 169.FIG.","5AA illustrates device 100 maintaining display of the lock screen on touch screen 112 in response to detecting fingerprint 584 in FIG.","5Z and in accordance with a determination that fingerprint 584 does not correspond to an enrolled fingerprint.","In FIG.","5AA, for example, device 100 is in the locked or restricted access mode.","FIGS.","5BB-5EE illustrate changing an appearance of a progress indicator in response to a series of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures.","FIG.","5BB illustrates the appearance of a progress indicator following a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures).","In FIG.","5BB, the progress indicator resembles a faux fingerprint with a plurality of ridges.","In FIG.","5BB, the ridges of the progress indicator are thickened (or darkened) as fingerprint information is collected from the finger gestures.","In some embodiments, the ridges of the progress indicator are thickened in accordance with a predefined pattern.","In FIG.","5BB, for example, the appearance of the progress indicator is the same after finger gesture 5 as it was after finger gesture 4 because fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 5.In this example, fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 5 due to the user not resting their finger on the fingerprint sensor for long enough (e.g., message 522 in FIG.","5F), the user clicking the home button (e.g., message 564 in FIG.","5Q), or the user failing to move their finger between finger gestures (e.g., message 516 in FIG.","5D).","In FIG.","5BB, the progress indicator expands after finger gesture 7 to indicate that additional fingerprint information needs to be collected for the edges of the fingerprint to enroll the fingerprint.","FIG.","5CC illustrates the appearance of a progress indicator following a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures).","In FIG.","5CC, the progress indicator includes a plurality of concentric circles (e.g., resembling a bull's-eye).","In FIG.","5CC, circles (or rings) of the progress indicator are filled in starting from the inner most circle as fingerprint information is collected from the finger gestures.","In FIG.","5CC, for example, the appearance of the progress indicator is the same after finger gesture 5 as it was after finger gesture 4 because fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 5.In this example, fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 5 due to the user not resting their finger on the fingerprint sensor for long enough (e.g., message 522 in FIG.","5F), the user clicking the home button (e.g., message 564 in FIG.","5Q), or the user failing to move their finger between finger gestures (e.g., message 516 in FIG.","5D).","In FIG.","5CC, the progress indicator expands after finger gesture 7 to indicate that additional fingerprint information needs to be collected to enroll the fingerprint.","FIG.","5DD illustrates the appearance of a progress indicator following a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures).","In FIG.","5DD, the progress indicator includes a plurality of progress-indicator portions (e.g., hexagonal geometric shapes in a honeycomb layout).","In FIG.","5DD, progress-indicator portions (e.g., hexagons) of the progress indicator are filled in relative to the location of the fingerprint information collected from the previous finger gesture.","In FIG.","5DD, for example, after finger gesture 1 is performed, progress-indicator portions in the lower left region of the progress indicator are filled in to indicate that fingerprint information for the lower left region of the fingerprint was collected from finger gesture 1.In FIG.","5DD, the progress indicator expands after finger gesture 6 to indicate that additional fingerprint information needs to be collected for the edges of the fingerprint to enroll the fingerprint.","In FIG.","5DD, for example, the appearance of the progress indicator is the same after finger gesture 10 as it was after finger gesture 9 because fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 10.In this example, fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 10 due to the user not resting their finger on the fingerprint sensor for long enough (e.g., message 522 in FIG.","5F), the user clicking the home button (e.g., message 564 in FIG.","5Q), or the user failing to move their finger between finger gestures (e.g., message 516 in FIG.","5D).","FIG.","5EE illustrates the appearance of a progress indicator following a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures).","In FIG.","5EE, the progress indicator (e.g., a partially displayed sphere) includes a plurality of progress-indicator portions (e.g., boxed regions on the partially displayed sphere).","In FIG.","5EE, progress-indicator portions (e.g., boxed regions) of the progress indicator are filled in relative to the location of the fingerprint information collected from the previous finger gesture.","In FIG.","5EE, for example, after finger gesture 1 is performed, progress-indicator portions near the origin of the equator of the progress indicator are filled in to indicate that fingerprint information for the middle of the fingerprint was collected from finger gesture 1.In FIG.","5EE, for example, the appearance of the progress indicator is the same after finger gesture 9 as it was after finger gesture 8 because fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 9.In this example, fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 9 due to the user not resting their finger on the fingerprint sensor for long enough (e.g., message 522 in FIG.","5F), the user clicking the home button (e.g., message 564 in FIG.","5Q), or the user failing to move their finger between finger gestures (e.g., message 516 in FIG.","5D).","FIGS.","6A-6D are flow diagrams illustrating a method 600 of enrolling fingerprints with a device in accordance with some embodiments.","Method 600 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.","3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.","1A) with a display and a fingerprint sensor.","In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the fingerprint sensor is on the display.","In some embodiments, the display is separate from the fingerprint sensor.","Some operations in method 600 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.","As described below, method 600 provides an intuitive way to enroll fingerprints with a device.","The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when enrolling fingerprints with a device, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to enroll fingerprints with a device faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges.","The devices displays (602) a fingerprint enrollment interface.","In some embodiments, the fingerprint enrollment interface is displayed as part of a device set up process.","For example, FIGS.","5A-5M illustrate a device set up process including a fingerprint enrollment process in FIGS.","5B-5K, a purchase set up process in FIG.","5L, and a passcode set up process in FIG.","5M.","In FIGS.","5B-5K, the fingerprint enrollment process includes a first enrollment interface in FIGS.","5B-5G with an un-expanded progress indicator, a second enrollment in FIGS.","5H-5J with an expanded progress indicator, and a third enrollment interface in FIG.","5K with text indicating that the fingerprint enrollment process was successful.","In some embodiments, during the device setup process, the fingerprint enrollment interface is displayed before displaying a passcode set up interface.","For example, the fingerprint enrollment process shown in FIGS.","5B-5K occurs prior to the display of the passcode set up interface in FIG.","5M in response to detecting contact 506 at a location corresponding to “Set up now” box 502 in FIG.","5A.","In some embodiments, if the fingerprint enrollment interface is dismissed without enrolling a fingerprint, a passcode set up interface is displayed.","For example, in response to detecting a contact at a location corresponding to “Set up later” box 504 in FIG.","5A, the device displays the passcode set up interface in FIG.","5M.","In some embodiments, the fingerprint enrollment interface is displayed as part of a device settings user interface.","For example, FIGS.","5O-5T illustrate a fingerprint enrollment process initiated in response to detecting contact 556 at a location corresponding to “Add Fingerprint” box 554 in the fingerprint settings interface in FIG.","5N.","In FIGS.","5O-5T, the fingerprint enrollment process includes a first enrollment interface in FIGS.","5O-5Q with an un-expanded progress indicator, a second enrollment in FIGS.","5R-5S with an expanded progress indicator, and a third enrollment interface in FIG.","5T with text indicating that the fingerprint enrollment process was successful.","The device detects (604) on the fingerprint sensor a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with a respective finger.","For example, the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures are gestures in which the respective finger does not move laterally across the fingerprint sensor, such as tap and hold gestures on the fingerprint sensor.","Thus, in some embodiments, the plurality of finger gestures are not swipe gestures over the fingerprint sensor.","For example, device 100 detects seven separate and distinct finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures) on fingerprint sensor 169 during the fingerprint enrollment process illustrated in FIGS.","5B-5K.","As another example, device 100 detects five separate and distinct finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures) on fingerprint sensor 169 during the fingerprint enrollment process illustrated in FIGS.","5N-5T.","The device collects (606) fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with the respective finger.","For example, device 100 collects (or attempts to collect) fingerprint information from the fingerprint detected on fingerprint sensor 169 as part of each of the seven separate and distinct finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures) during the fingerprint enrollment process illustrated in FIGS.","5B-5K.","As another example, device 100 collects (or attempts to collect) fingerprint information from the fingerprint detected on fingerprint sensor 169 as part of each of the seven separate and distinct finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures) during the fingerprint enrollment process illustrated in FIGS.","5N-5T.","In some embodiments, fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures is collected (608) for an area of the fingerprint of the respective finger that is at least twice as large as the area that can be captured by the fingerprint sensor during a single stationary finger gesture.","For example, the whole fingerprint cannot be captured based on a single stationary finger gesture because the fingerprint sensor is substantially smaller than the relevant area of the fingerprint.","In some embodiments, the fingerprint information collected from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures corresponds to more than a 100 mm2 area of the fingerprint of the respective finger while the fingerprint sensor has smaller sensor area such as 50 mm2 or 25 mm2 or less.","In some embodiments, while the respective finger is on the fingerprint sensor during a respective stationary gesture, the device: collects (610) fingerprint information; and after the fingerprint information has been collected, provides haptic feedback at the device to indicate that the fingerprint information has been collected.","For example, the device vibrates slightly to indicate to the user that fingerprint information for the current stationary finger gesture has been collected and that a next finger gesture can be performed.","In some embodiments, it takes the device a respective amount of time to collect fingerprint information and the haptic feedback is provided after the finger has been on the fingerprint sensor for at least the respective amount of time.","For example, message 522 in FIG.","5F indicates that device 100 was unable to collect fingerprint information from the fourth finger gesture detected in FIG.","5E because the user did not rest their finger on fingerprint sensor 169 for a time period long enough to collect fingerprint information.","In some embodiments, message 522 includes instructions directing the user to rest their finger on fingerprint sensor 169 integrated in home button 204 until the user feels a slight vibration indicating that fingerprint was collected and that the user can lift their finger from fingerprint sensor 169.In some implementations, the respective amount of time to collect fingerprint information from each fingerprint gesture is less than one second.","In some implementations, the respective amount of time to collect fingerprint information from each fingerprint gesture is less than one second and greater than 0.1 seconds.","In some implementations, the respective amount of time to collect fingerprint information from each fingerprint gesture is at least 0.25 seconds and no greater the 0.75 seconds.","In some embodiments, the fingerprint enrollment interface includes (612) a progress indicator, and in response to detecting on the fingerprint sensor a respective stationary finger gesture performed with the respective finger, the device changes an appearance of the progress indicator to indicate the collection of additional fingerprint information from the respective stationary finger gesture.","In FIGS.","5B-5K, the fingerprint enrollment process includes a first enrollment interface in FIGS.","5B-5G with an un-expanded progress indicator and a second enrollment in FIGS.","5H-5J with an expanded progress indicator.","In this example, an appearance of the progress indicator is changed (e.g., ridges are thickened) as fingerprint information is collected from the plurality of separate and distinct finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest finger gestures).","In some embodiments, the fingerprint enrollment interface also includes a message prompting a user to rest their finger on the fingerprint sensor in a representative manner, and the progress indicator is a faux/stock fingerprint.","For example, the first enrollment interface in FIGS.","5B-5G includes instructions directing the user to perform multiple finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures) on fingerprint sensor 169 integrated in home button 204.In FIGS.","5B-5J, for example, progress indicator 510 resembles a faux fingerprint.","In some embodiments, the changes in the appearance of the progress indicator illustrate the amount of collected fingerprint information relative to an amount of fingerprint information necessary to enroll the fingerprint.","FIGS.","5BB-5EE illustrate changes in the appearance of different progress indicators following a plurality of separate and distinct finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures).","Each of the progress indicators in FIGS.","5BB-5EE illustrate the amount of fingerprint information collected compared to the amount of fingerprint information necessary to enroll the fingerprint.","In FIG.","5BB, for example, thick ridges indicate an amount of fingerprint information that has been collected and narrow ridges indicate an amount of fingerprint information that has not been collected.","In FIG.","5CC, for example, filled (or shaded) circles/rings indicate fingerprint information that has been collected and the total number of circles/rings indicate the total amount of fingerprint information that is necessary to enroll the fingerprint.","In FIG.","5DD, for example, filled (or shaded) hexagons indicate fingerprint information that has been collected and the total number of hexagons indicate the total amount of fingerprint information that is necessary to enroll the fingerprint.","In FIG.","5EE, for example, filled (or shaded) boxed regions of the partially displayed sphere indicate fingerprint information that has been collected and the total number of boxed regions of the partially displayed sphere indicate the total amount of fingerprint information that is necessary to enroll the fingerprint.","In some embodiments, as additional fingerprint information is collected, portions of the progress indicator are filled in, in a predefined sequence, without regard to which fingerprint portion was detected.","In FIGS.","5B-5J, for example, the ridges of progress indicator 510 are thickened in accordance with a predefined pattern without regard to which fingerprint portion was detected.","In some embodiments, the portions of the progress indicator are filled in based on the portions of the fingerprint for which fingerprint information has been collected.","In FIG.","5DD, for example, the progress indicator includes a plurality of progress-indicator portions (e.g., hexagonal geometric shapes in a honeycomb layout).","In FIG.","5DD, progress-indicator portions (e.g., hexagons) of the progress indicator are filled in relative to the location of the fingerprint information collected from the previous finger gesture.","In FIG.","5EE, the progress indicator (e.g., a partially displayed sphere) includes a plurality of progress-indicator portions (e.g., boxed regions on the partially displayed sphere).","In FIG.","5EE, progress-indicator portions (e.g., boxed regions) of the progress indicator are filled in relative to the location of the fingerprint information collected from the previous finger gesture.","In some embodiments, the progress indicator includes (614) a portion of a surface of a three-dimensional object (e.g., a sphere or other ellipsoid).","In FIG.","5EE, the progress indicator resembles a sphere where a portion of the sphere's surface is displayed.","In some embodiments, the progress indicator is (616) in the shape of a fingerprint (e.g., a stock or faux fingerprint) and includes lines that are representative of fingerprint ridges and changing the appearance of the progress indicator includes coloring in a portion of the plurality of ridges.","In FIG.","5BB, for example, the progress indicator resembles a faux fingerprint with a plurality of ridges.","In this example, ridges of the progress indicator are thickened or colored as fingerprint information is collected from the plurality of finger gestures.","In some embodiments, the progress indicator includes (618) a plurality of concentric circles and changing the appearance of the progress indicator includes filling in one of a plurality of concentric circles with a predefined fill (e.g., a predefined color and/or pattern).","In FIG.","5CC, the progress indicator includes a plurality of concentric circles (e.g., resembling a bull's-eye).","In some embodiments, the concentric circles are filled with the predefined fill starting from the innermost circle to the outermost circle.","In FIG.","5CC, circles (or rings) of the progress indicator are filled in starting from the inner most circle as fingerprint information is collected from the finger gestures.","In some embodiments, the concentric circles are filled with the predefined fill starting from the outermost circle to the innermost circle.","In some embodiments, the progress indicator includes (620) a plurality of progress-indicator portions that correspond to fingerprint portions of the respective fingerprint, and when fingerprint information from a respective fingerprint portion is collected, the device changes an appearance of the corresponding progress-indicator portion to indicate that fingerprint information from the respective fingerprint portion has been collected.","In some embodiments, the progress-indicator portions are representations of fingerprint ridges.","For example, after each finger gesture, a region of the user's fingerprint corresponding to the fingerprint information collected from the previous finger gesture is presented in the progress indicator.","In this example, the progress indicator resembles a representative image of the user's fingerprint that is built-up from the plurality finger gestures (e.g., a patchwork of images or scans of the user's fingerprint).","In this example, once a complete representative image of the user's fingerprint is presented, the user's fingerprint is enrolled with the device.","In some embodiments, the representative image of the user's fingerprint is deleted from the device upon enrollment of the fingerprint.","In some embodiments, the progress-indicator portions are geometric shapes (e.g., hexagons in a honeycomb layout).","In FIG.","5DD, the progress indicator resembles a honeycomb layout with a plurality of progress-indicator portions where each progress-indicator portion is a hexagonal geometric shape.","In FIG.","5DD, the hexagons of the progress indicator are filled in relative to the location of the fingerprint information collected from the previous finger gesture.","In FIG.","5EE, the progress indicator resembles a partially displayed sphere with a plurality of progress-indicator portions where each progress-indicator portion is a boxed regions on the partially displayed sphere.","In FIG.","5EE, the boxed regions of the progress indicator are filled in relative to the location of the fingerprint information collected from the previous finger gesture.","After collecting the fingerprint information, the device determines (622), based on fingerprint information collected for the respective finger, whether the fingerprint information that has been collected is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.","In some embodiments, a maximum number of images captured from each finger gesture are able to be combined to produce the necessary fingerprint information.","For example, in some implementations, a maximum of 15 images from each of 15 finger gestures may be combined to produce the necessary fingerprint information.","In some embodiments, the collected fingerprint information is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger when the collected fingerprint information satisfies predefined criteria.","In some embodiments, the predefined criteria include a threshold amount of fingerprint information (e.g., a threshold amount of surface area).","In some embodiments, the threshold amount of fingerprint information is a predefined minimum amount of non-overlapping fingerprint area.","For example, 15 images collected from each of 15 finger gestures are combined to produce at least 200 mm2 of non-overlapping area of a fingerprint, where 200 mm2 is the predefined minimum amount of area necessary to enroll a fingerprint.","In some embodiments, the threshold amount of fingerprint information is a multiple of the surface area of the fingerprint sensor.","For example, when the fingerprint sensor is 25 mm2, a sufficient amount of fingerprint information is an amount of non-overlapping fingerprint area that is 8 times the surface area of the fingerprint sensor (e.g., 200 mm2).","In some embodiments, the predefined criteria include a predetermined quality of images collected from the plurality of finger gestures.","For example, if the user's fingerprint from a respective finger gesture is too dirty, too faint, or otherwise fails to meet some other predetermined standard, the quality of the image collected from that finger gesture will not satisfy the quality criterion.","In some embodiments, the predefined criteria require a predefined degree of contiguousness between images collected from the plurality of finger gestures.","In some embodiments, the predefined criteria require that the fingerprint information collected be from a same finger.","In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the device enrolls (624) the fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.","In FIG.","5K, for example, device 100 determines that the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger) has been successfully enrolled with device 100 after detecting the seventh finger gesture in FIG.","5I.","In FIG.","5T, for example, device 100 determines that the second fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's left index finger) has been successfully enrolled with device 100 after detecting the fifth finger gesture in FIG.","5S.","In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the device displays (626) a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional stationary finger gestures on the fingerprint sensor with the respective finger.","In FIGS.","5C-5I, for example, device 100 determines that the fingerprint information collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger.","In FIGS.","5C-5G, for example, device 100 displays instructions in a first fingerprint enrollment interface directing the user to perform one or more additional finger gestures on fingerprint sensor 169, which is integrated in home button 204, and, in FIGS.","5H-5I, for example, device 100 displays instructions in a second fingerprint enrollment interface directing the user to adjust their grip when performing one or more additional finger gestures on fingerprint sensor 169 integrated in home button 204 so as to capture the edges of the fingerprint.","In some embodiments, the message prompting the user to perform one or more additional finger gestures includes (628) displayed instructions to perform subsequent finger gestures differently from the respective finger gesture.","In some embodiments, device 100 displays one of a plurality of predefined messages or warning notifications so as to encourage the user to perform subsequent finger gestures in a manner in which fingerprint information can be properly collected.","In some embodiments, the displayed message (628) includes displayed instructions to move the finger more between each finger gesture on the fingerprint sensor to collect information from the fingerprint with fewer finger gestures (e.g., “Move finger.","Move your finger slightly between scans.”).","For example, message 516 in FIG.","5D indicates that device 100 was unable to collect fingerprint information from the second finger gesture detected in FIG.","5C because the user did not move their finger slightly as compared to the location of the first finger gesture.","In some embodiments, while displaying the instructions to move the user's finger more between each finger gesture on the fingerprint sensor, device 100 provides negative haptic feedback (e.g., two consecutive vibrations) to get the user's attention and inform the user that device 100 was unable to collect fingerprint information from the previous finger gesture.","In some embodiments, the message includes displayed instructions to leave the finger on the fingerprint sensor for a longer period of time (e.g., “Please keep your finger on sensor.”).","For example, message 522 in FIG.","5F indicates that device 100 was unable to collect fingerprint information from the fourth finger gesture detected in FIG.","5E because the user did not rest their finger on fingerprint sensor 169 for a time period long enough to collect fingerprint information.","In some embodiments, while displaying the message that includes displayed instructions to leave the user's finger on fingerprint sensor 169 for a longer period of time, device 100 provides negative haptic feedback (e.g., two consecutive vibrations) to get the user's attention and inform the user that device 100 was unable to collect fingerprint information from the previous finger gesture.","In some embodiments, the message includes displayed instructions to apply less pressure on the fingerprint sensor (e.g., “Oops.","You clicked.","Rest your finger on the home button until you feel a vibration without clicking it.”).","For example, message 564 in FIG.","5Q indicates that device 100 was unable to collect fingerprint information from the second finger gesture detected in FIG.","5P because the user clicked home button 204 instead of resting their finger on fingerprint sensor 169, integrated in home button 204.In some embodiments, while displaying the instructions to apply less pressure on fingerprint sensor 169, device 100 provides negative haptic feedback (e.g., two consecutive vibrations) to get the user's attention and to inform the user that the user needs to rest their finger on fingerprint sensor 169 without clicking or depressing home button 204.In some embodiments, in which the fingerprint enrollment process is alignment dependent, the message includes displayed instructions to properly align the finger on fingerprint sensor 169 with a representation of proper finger alignment.","In some such embodiments, while displaying the instructions to properly align the finger on fingerprint sensor 169, device 100 provides negative haptic feedback (e.g., two consecutive vibrations).","However, in some other embodiments, the enrollment process is alignment independent.","In some embodiments, the message prompting the user to perform one or more additional finger gestures includes (630) an indication of one or more portions or locations of the respective fingerprint for which fingerprint information is inadequate or has not been collected (e.g., the message indicates that edges of the fingerprint are missing from the collected fingerprint information).","In some embodiments, the message includes displayed instructions to change the part of the fingerprint that is in contact with the fingerprint sensor so that the device is able to capture a particular part of a fingerprint (e.g., instructions to place an edge of the finger on the fingerprint sensor), so that the device is able to capture a larger variety of fingerprint information (e.g., instructions to move the finger around more in between finger gestures).","In FIGS.","5H-5I and 5R-5S, for example, device 100 displays instructions in a second fingerprint enrollment interface directing the user to adjust their grip when performing one or more additional finger gestures on fingerprint sensor 169 integrated in home button 204 so as to capture the edges of the fingerprint.","In some embodiments, the message includes displayed instructions to change the part of the fingerprint that is in contact with the fingerprint sensor so that the device is better able to combine the information from the plurality of stationary finger gestures (e.g., instructions to move the finger around less in between finger gestures).","In some embodiments, after changing the appearance of a plurality of progress-indicator portions (e.g., by coloring in the plurality of progress-indicator portions with a respective color) and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the device changes (632) the appearance of one or more unchanged progress-indicator portions to match the appearance of the plurality of progress-indicator portions (e.g., by coloring in the entirety of the fingerprint shape in the progress indicator with the respective color).","In FIG.","5J, for example, device 100 darkens or thickens all of the ridges of progress indicator 510 (in comparison to FIG.","5I) in accordance with the determination that the fingerprint information collected after detecting the seventh finger gesture in FIG.","5I is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint.","In FIG.","5CC, for example, device 100 flood fills the progress indicator after detecting finger gesture 12 in accordance with the determination that the fingerprint information collected after detecting finger gesture 12 is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint.","In some embodiments, after enrolling fingerprint of the respective finger with the device, the device receives (634) a request to perform a restricted operation (e.g., unlocking the device, purchasing content or applications for the device, or displaying private information on the device), and the device detects a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor.","In FIG.","5X, for example, after enrolling the first fingerprint (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) in FIGS.","5B-5K and the second fingerprint (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) in FIGS.","5N-5T, device 100 receives a request to perform a restricted operation (e.g., unlock device 100) while the lock screen is displayed on touch screen 112.In this example, the request to perform the restricted operation includes a fingerprint 582 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169.In FIG.","5Z, for example, after enrolling the first fingerprint (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) in FIGS.","5B-5K and the second fingerprint (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) in FIGS.","5N-5T, device 100 receives a request to perform a restricted operation (e.g., unlock device 100) while the lock screen is displayed on touch screen 112.In this example, the request includes fingerprint 584 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right thumb) on fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in response to receiving (636) the request to perform the restricted operation and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is enrolled with the device, the device performs (638) the restricted operation.","In FIG.","5Y, for example, in response to receiving the request to unlock device 100 in FIG.","5X and in accordance with a determination that fingerprint 582 is an enrolled fingerprint, device 100 unlocks (e.g., the restricted operation) and displays the home screen with a plurality of application icons on touch screen 112.In some embodiments, in response to receiving (636) the request to perform the restricted operation and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is not enrolled with the device, the device forgoes (640) performance of the restricted operation.","In FIG.","5AA, for example, in response to receiving the request to unlock device 100 in FIG.","5Z and in accordance with a determination that fingerprint 584 is not an enrolled fingerprint, device 100 maintains display of the lock screen on touch screen 112 and forgoes unlocking (e.g., the restricted operation).","In some embodiments, after enrolling the fingerprint of the respective finger with the device, the device: displays (642) a fingerprint settings interface with a plurality of entries (e.g., a plurality of entries in a list) that correspond to respective enrolled fingerprints, where the plurality of entries includes a respective entry that corresponds to the fingerprint of the respective finger and one or more other entries that correspond to other enrolled fingerprints of other fingers besides the respective finger; detecting a second finger gesture on the fingerprint sensor that corresponds to the fingerprint of the respective finger; and in response to detecting the second finger gesture, highlighting the respective entry that corresponds to the fingerprint of the respective finger (e.g., displaying a frame around the entry, increasing the line thickness of the entry, changing a text or fill color of the entry, etc.).","In FIGS.","5U-5W, for example, device 100 displays a fingerprint settings interface on touch screen 112 with a list of enrolled fingerprints.","In this example, the list of enrolled fingerprints include “Fingerprint 1” box 552 associated with the first fingerprint enrolled in FIGS.","5N-5T (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) and “Fingerprint 2” box 574 associated with the second fingerprint enrolled in FIGS.","5B-5K (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger).","In FIG.","5U, for example, in response to detecting fingerprint 576 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169, device 100 increases the line thickness of (or otherwise highlights) “Fingerprint 2” box 574 to indicate that detected fingerprint 576 corresponds to the enrolled “Fingerprint 2.” In FIG.","5V, for example, in response to detecting fingerprint 578 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169, device 100 increases the line thickness of (or otherwise highlights) “Fingerprint 1” box 552 to indicate that detected fingerprint 578 corresponds to the enrolled “Fingerprint 1.” In FIG.","5W, for example, in response to detecting fingerprint 580 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left thumb) on fingerprint sensor 169, device 100 maintains display of the fingerprint settings interface to indicate that detected fingerprint 580 does not correspond to any of the enrolled fingerprints.","In some embodiments, a given entry can be renamed (e.g., by typing in a new name for the entry while the fingerprint settings interface is in an edit mode) and/or deleted (e.g., by swiping across the entry and selecting a delete affordance that is displayed in response to detecting the swiping across the entry).","In FIG.","5N, for example, device 100 displays a fingerprint settings interface on touch screen 112 with “Edit” affordance 546.“Edit” affordance 546, which, when activated, causes device 100 to change an appearance of the fingerprint settings interface (e.g., displaying a delete affordance next to each of the enrolled fingerprints) and causes device 100 to enter an edit mode whereby a user is enabled to delete or edit the names of enrolled fingerprints.","In some embodiments, a limited number of fingerprints (e.g., 3, 5, 10 or other reasonable number) are allowed to be enrolled at a time so as to limit the amount of time that it takes to determine whether a fingerprint detected on the fingerprint sensor matches an enrolled fingerprint.","For example, in some implementations, the number of enrolled fingerprints is limited such that a determination of whether a fingerprint detected on the fingerprint sensor matches an enrolled fingerprint can be completed within 0.5 seconds.","It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.","6A-6D have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.","One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.","Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 600 described above with respect to FIGS.","6A-6D.","For example, the fingerprints and gestures described above with reference to method 600 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the fingerprints and gestures described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).","For brevity, these details are not repeated here.","In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.","7 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 700 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.","The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.","It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.","7 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.","Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.","As shown in FIG.","7, electronic device 700 includes a display unit 702 configured to display a fingerprint enrollment interface and a fingerprint sensor unit 704.In some embodiments, electronic device 700, optionally, includes a touch-sensitive surface unit 706 configured to receive one or more touch inputs and a haptic feedback unit configured to provide haptic feedback.","Electronic device 700 also includes a processing unit 710 coupled to display unit 702 and fingerprint sensor unit 704, and, optionally, coupled to touch-sensitive surface unit 706 and haptic feedback unit 708.In some embodiments, processing unit 710 includes a detecting unit 712, a collecting unit 714, a determining unit 716, an enrolling unit 718, a display enabling unit 720, a receiving unit 722, a performing unit 724, a highlighting unit 726, and an appearance changing unit 728.Processing unit 710 is configured to: detect (e.g., with detecting unit 712) on fingerprint sensor unit 704 a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with a respective finger; and collect (e.g., with collecting unit 714) fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with the respective finger.","After collecting the fingerprint information, processing unit 710 is configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 716), based on the fingerprint information collected for the respective finger, whether the fingerprint information that has been collected is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.","In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, processing unit 710 is configured to enroll (e.g., with enrolling unit 718) the fingerprint of the respective finger with electronic device 700.In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, processing unit 710 is configured to enable display of (e.g., with the display enabling unit 720) a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional stationary finger gestures on fingerprint sensor unit 704 with the respective finger.","In some embodiments, fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures is collected for an area of the fingerprint of the respective finger that is at least twice as large as the area that can be captured by fingerprint sensor unit 704.In some embodiments, processing unit 710 is configured to receive (e.g., with receiving unit 722) a request to perform a restricted operation and detect (e.g., with detecting unit 712) a fingerprint on fingerprint sensor 704.In response to receiving the request to perform the restricted operation, processing unit 710 is configured to: in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is enrolled with the device, perform (e.g., with the performing unit 724) the restricted operation; and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is not enrolled with the device, forgo performance of the restricted operation.","In some embodiments, the message prompting the user to perform one or more additional finger gestures includes displayed instructions to perform subsequent finger gestures differently from the respective finger gesture.","In some embodiments, the message prompting the user to perform one or more additional finger gestures includes an indication of one or more portions or locations of the respective fingerprint for which fingerprint information is inadequate or has not been collected.","In some embodiments, processing unit 710 is configured to collect (e.g., with collecting unit 714) fingerprint information while the respective finger is on fingerprint sensor unit 704 during a respective stationary gesture.","Electronic device 700 includes a haptic feedback unit 708 configured to, after the fingerprint information has been collected, provide haptic feedback at electronic device 700 to indicate that the fingerprint information has been collected.","In some embodiments, after enrolling the fingerprint of the respective finger with electronic device 700, processing unit 710 is configured to: enable display of (e.g., with display enabling unit 720) a fingerprint settings interface with a plurality of entries that correspond to respective enrolled fingerprints, where the plurality of entries includes a respective entry that corresponds to the fingerprint of the respective finger and one or more other entries that correspond to other enrolled fingerprints of other fingers besides the respective finger; detect (e.g., with detecting unit 712) a second finger gesture on fingerprint sensor unit 704 that corresponds to the fingerprint of the respective finger; and in response to detecting the second finger gesture, highlight (e.g., with highlighting unit 726) the respective entry that corresponds to the fingerprint of the respective finger.","In some embodiments, the fingerprint enrollment interface includes a progress indicator, and, in response to detecting on fingerprint sensor unit 704, processing unit 710 is configured to change (e.g., with appearance changing unit 728) an appearance of the progress indicator to indicate the collection of additional fingerprint information from the respective stationary finger gesture.","In some embodiments, the progress indicator includes a portion of a surface of a three-dimensional object.","In some embodiments, the progress indicator is in the shape of a fingerprint and includes lines that are representative of fingerprint ridges, and changing the appearance of the progress indicator includes coloring (e.g., with appearance changing unit 728) in a portion of the plurality of ridges.","In some embodiments, the progress indicator includes a plurality of concentric circles, and changing the appearance of the progress indicator includes filling (e.g., with appearance changing unit 728) in one of a plurality of concentric circles with a predefined fill.","In some embodiments, the progress indicator includes a plurality of progress-indicator portions that correspond to fingerprint portions of the respective fingerprint, and when fingerprint information from a respective fingerprint portion is collected, processing unit 710 is configured to change (e.g., with appearance changing unit 728) an appearance of the corresponding progress-indicator portion to indicate that fingerprint information from the respective fingerprint portion has been collected.","In some embodiments, processing unit 710 is configured, after changing the appearance of a plurality of progress-indicator portions and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, to change (e.g., with appearance changing unit 728) the appearance of one or more unchanged progress-indicator portions to match the (already changed) appearance of the plurality of progress-indicator portions.","The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.","1A and 3) or application specific chips.","The operations described above with reference to FIGS.","6A-6D are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B or FIG.","7.For example, detecting operation 602, collecting operation 606, determining operation 622, and enrolling operation 624 are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.","When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.","Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.","Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B.","Performing Operations Based on Fingerprints Many electronic devices are configured to perform various operations.","Existing methods for performing operations typically require performing a respective operation in response to a respective input.","For example, with existing methods, a user typically provides an input to perform a single operation.","When the user wants to perform a different operation, the user needs to navigate through menus, or to provide a different input, to perform a different operation.","In addition, certain secure operations involve private information (e.g., credit card information, passwords, etc.)","or restricted features.","Such secure operations typically require authentication of the user (e.g., using a passcode).","Thus, it is cumbersome and inefficient to perform multiple operations, including secure operations.","In the embodiments described below, an improved method for performing operations is achieved by performing multiple operations in response to a single input.","Non-secure operations (e.g., resetting a display dim timer) are performed in response to a fingerprint input regardless of an identity of the fingerprint (e.g., regardless of whether the fingerprint belongs to an authorized user), whereas secure operations (e.g., revealing private information) are performed in response to the fingerprint input when the fingerprint input includes a fingerprint that matches a pre-registered (e.g., enrolled) fingerprint.","This method streamlines performing multiple operations in response to a fingerprint input, thereby eliminating the need for extra, separate steps to perform the multiple operations.","In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).","In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.","1A).","The device described below with reference to 8A-8W and 9A-9B includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.","4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.","4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.","8A-8W and 9A-9B will be discussed with reference to display 450, a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.","8A-8W on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","8A-8B on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.","8A-8W on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","8A-8W on the touch screen 112.FIGS.","8A-8W illustrate exemplary user interfaces for performing operations based on fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","8A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a shopping web page.","The exemplary user interface includes a plurality of input fields (e.g., 802-1 through 802-8) and representations of information in respective input fields (e.g., 804).","The representations of information in the respective input fields are distinct from the information in the respective input fields.","These representations are sometimes called redacted representations, and the information in these input fields is sometimes called redacted information.","For example, as illustrated, the redacted representations of information in the respective input fields indicate that the respective input fields contain information, but do not reveal the information in the respective input fields.","Although redacted information in the respective input fields are represented with solid dots (e.g., a single solid dot representing a respective character in the respective input fields) in FIG.","8A, redacted information in the respective input fields may be represented using any other characters, shapes, or visual representations that do not directly convey the information in the respective input fields.","In some implementations, one or more of the input fields in a respective user interface contain non-redacted information, and those input fields show the information in those input fields, while others of the input fields contain redacted information, as represented by redacted representations.","FIG.","8A also illustrates a display dim timer 896-1 and a credential-authorization timer 898-1.The display dim timer 896-1 and the credential-authorization timer 898-1 in FIG.","8A indicate that the display dim timer 896-1 and the credential-authorization timer 898-1 are in respective reset positions.","In some embodiments, the display dim timer 896-1 is a timer that is used to determine when to dim the display of the device 100.In some embodiments, the credential-authorization timer 898-1 is a timer that is used to determine when enrolled fingerprints are no longer authorized to authenticate a user of the device 100.Although the display dim timer 896-1 and the credential-authorization timer 898-1 are illustrated in FIG.","8A to describe certain operations of the device 100, the display dim timer 896-1 and the credential-authorization timer 898-1 are not necessarily shown on the touch screen 112.In some embodiments, the display dim timer 896-1 is shown on the touch screen 112.In other embodiments, the display dim timer 896-1 is not shown on the touch screen 112.In some embodiments, the credential-authorization timer 898-1 is shown on the touch screen 112.In other embodiments, the credential-authorization timer 898-1 is not shown on the touch screen 112.FIG.","8B illustrates the display dim timer 896-2 and the credential-authorization timer 898-2 that indicate that time has elapsed.","As illustrated in FIG.","8B, in some embodiments, the display dim timer 896-1 expires faster than the credential-authorization timer 898-1.For example, in some embodiments, the display dim timer 896-1 expires within a minute, and the credential-authorization timer 898-1 expires in 24 or 48 hours.","In some implementations, the dim timer has an expiration period that is user selectable, for example, to any of a set of predefined dim timer expiration periods, such as 1 minute, 2 minutes, 5 minutes and 10 minutes.","In some implementations, the credential-authorization timer has a default expiration period (e.g., 48 hours) that can be overridden by the user or by a corporate policy that includes one or more default setting value overrides.","If overridden, the authorization timer expiration period is set to a shorter period (e.g., 24 hours, 12 hours, 6 hours, 4 hours, or 2 hours) than the default expiration period.","FIG.","8C illustrates that further time has elapsed, and the display dim timer 896-3 has expired.","In accordance with a determination that the display dim timer has expired, the touch screen 112 is automatically dimmed (e.g., a brightness of the touch screen 112 is reduced).","FIG.","8C also illustrates that, while the touch screen 112 is dimmed, an input 812 (e.g., a finger contact or a contact with an object) is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 812 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 812 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 812).","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 812 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.","FIGS.","8D-8F illustrate three respective sets of operations that may be performed in response to the input 812 in accordance with a determination that the input 812 includes a fingerprint, in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","8D illustrates an exemplary set of operations that are performed in response to the input 812 (FIG.","8C) that includes a fingerprint, in accordance with some embodiments.","In FIG.","8D, the display dim timer 896-4 is reset and the touch screen 112 ceases to be dimmed (e.g., the brightness of the touch screen 112 increases to the brightness of the touch screen 112 before dimming).","In FIG.","8D, the credential-authorization timer 898-4 is not reset.","Also in FIG.","8D, the representations of information (e.g., 804) in respective input fields (e.g., 802-1 through 802-8) remain on the touch screen 112.FIG.","8E illustrates an alternative set of operations that are performed in response to the input 812 (FIG.","8C) that includes a fingerprint, in accordance with some embodiments.","In FIG.","8E, the display dim timer 896-5 is reset and the touch screen 112 ceases to be dimmer.","In addition, the representations (sometimes called redacted representations) of information (e.g., 804 in FIG.","8C) in respective input fields (e.g., 802-1 through 802-8) are replaced with the information (sometimes called non-redacted information) in the respective input fields.","For example, in FIG.","8E, the representations of information in respective input fields are replaced with the payment information (e.g., credit card number, expiration date, security code, name on the card, billing address, etc.).","In FIG.","8F, the credential-authorization timer 898-5 is not reset.","FIG.","8F illustrates yet another alternative set of operations that are performed in response to the input 812 (FIG.","8C) that includes a fingerprint, in accordance with some embodiments.","In FIG.","8F, the display dim timer 896-6 is reset and the touch screen 112 ceases to be dimmer.","In addition, the representations (sometimes called redacted representations) of information (e.g., 804 in FIG.","8C) in respective input fields (e.g., 802-1 through 802-8) are replaced with the information (sometimes called non-redacted information) in the respective input fields.","Furthermore, the credential-authorization timer 898-6 is reset.","In some embodiments, the respective sets of operations illustrated in FIGS.","8E-8F are performed in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 812 matches an enrolled fingerprint.","However, in some embodiments, the operations illustrated in FIG.","8D is performed regardless of whether the fingerprint in the input 812 matches an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., in some embodiments, the operations illustrated in FIG.","8D is performed even when the fingerprint in the input 812 does not match an enrolled fingerprint).","FIGS.","8G-8H illustrate operations that are performed while the touch screen 112 is not dimmed, in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","8G illustrates a user interface that is similar to the user interface shown in FIG.","8B.","In FIG.","8G, the display dim timer 896-7 and the credential-authorization timer 898-7 have not expired.","FIG.","8G also illustrates that an input 814 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 814 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 814 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 814).","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 814 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.","FIG.","8H illustrates that in response to the input 814 that includes a fingerprint, the display dim timer 896-8 is reset.","In FIG.","8H, the credential-authorization timer 898-4 is not reset.","Also in FIG.","8H, the representations of information (e.g., 804) in respective input fields (e.g., 802-1 through 802-8) remain on the touch screen 112.FIGS.","8I-8K illustrate operations that are performed before the credential-adjustment timer 898 expires, in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","8I illustrates a lock screen displayed on the touch screen 112.In FIG.","8I, the credential-adjustment timer 898-9 has not expired.","A display dim timer (e.g., 896-8 in FIG.","8G) is not illustrated in FIG.","8I for brevity.","However, a person having ordinary skill in the art would understand that, in some implementations, display dim-timer 896 related operations can be performed from the lock screen.","For example, in some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the display dim timer 896 has expired while the touch screen 112 displays a lock screen, the device 100 automatically dims the touch screen 112 while displaying the lock screen on the touch screen 112.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that an input that includes a fingerprint is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169, the display dim timer 896 is reset.","In FIG.","8I, an input 816 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 816 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 816 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 816).","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 816 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.","FIG.","8J illustrates an exemplary user interface that is displayed in response to determining that the fingerprint in the input 816 does not match an enrolled fingerprint.","FIG.","8J also illustrates that an input 818, distinct from the input 816, is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 818 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 818 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 818).","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 818 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.","FIG.","8K illustrates that, in some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 818 matches an enrolled fingerprint, the device 100 is unlocked.","In some embodiments, unlocking the device 100 includes displaying a home screen.","FIGS.","8L-8M illustrate operations that are performed while the credential-authorization timer 898 is expired.","FIG.","8L illustrates a lock screen displayed on the touch screen 112.In FIG.","8L, the credential-adjustment timer 898-9 is expired.","FIG.","8L also illustrates that an input 820 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 820 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 820 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 820).","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 820 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.","FIG.","8M illustrates that a passcode screen (shown in FIG.","8M) is displayed on the touch screen 112 in response to the input 820 (FIG.","8L), in accordance with some embodiments.","In some embodiments, even if the fingerprint in the input 820 (FIG.","8L) matches an enrolled fingerprint, the passcode screen is displayed in accordance with a determination that the input 820 (FIG.","8L) has been received while the credential-authorization timer 898 is expired.","In some embodiments, the passcode screen is displayed in accordance with a determination that an input that includes a fingerprint has been received while the credential-authorization timer 898 is expired, regardless of whether the fingerprint in the input matches an enrolled fingerprint.","FIGS.","8N-8O illustrate exemplary operations for providing access to restricted features, in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","8N illustrates a user interface that includes one or more selectable user interface objects (e.g., buttons labeled “Network Settings,” “Bluetooth,” and “Sounds”).","Compared to FIG.","8O, one or more selectable user interface objects (e.g., a button labeled “Credential Manager” 806, FIG.","8O) are not displayed on the touch screen 112.FIG.","8N also illustrates that an input 822 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 822 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 822 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 822).","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 822 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.","FIG.","8O illustrates that in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 822 matches an enrolled fingerprint, a selectable user interface object 806 is displayed on the touch screen 112.FIG.","8O also illustrates that a touch input 824 is detected on the touch screen 112 at a location that corresponds to the selectable user interface object 806.FIG.","8P illustrates an exemplary user interface (e.g., a credential manager user interface) that is displayed in response to detecting the touch input 824 (FIG.","8O) at a location that corresponds to the selectable user interface object 806.The exemplary user interface in FIG.","8P includes a plurality of fields and representations of information in the respective fields.","FIG.","8P also illustrates a unauthorized-attempt counter 894-1 that counts a number of unauthorized attempts to perform one or more predefined secure operations (e.g., revealing private information or providing access to restricted features).","Although the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-1 is illustrated in FIGS.","8P-8V to describe certain operations of the device 100, the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-1 is not necessarily shown on the touch screen 112.In some embodiments, the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-1 is shown on the touch screen 112.In other embodiments, the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-1 is not shown on the touch screen 112.FIG.","8P illustrates that an input 826 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 826 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 826 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 826).","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 826 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 826 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, no operation is performed.","FIG.","8Q illustrates that, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 826 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the number of unauthorized attempts to perform one or more predefined secure operations in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-1 increases (e.g., from zero to one), in some embodiments.","In some embodiments, as shown in FIG.","8Q, the representations (sometimes called redacted representations) of information in the respective fields remain on the touch screen 112.FIG.","8Q illustrates that the input 826 (FIG.","8P) is no longer detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, the number of unauthorized attempts to perform one or more predefined secure operations in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-1 increases in response to detecting liftoff of the input 826 (FIG.","8P) from the fingerprint sensor 169 and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 826 (FIG.","8P) does not match an enrolled fingerprint.","FIG.","8R illustrates that an input 828 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 828 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 828 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 828).","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 828 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 828 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, no operation is performed.","FIG.","8S illustrates that, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 828 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the number of unauthorized attempts to perform one or more predefined secure operations in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 increases (e.g., from one to two), in some embodiments.","In some embodiments, as shown in FIG.","8S, the representations of information in the respective fields remain on the touch screen 112.In FIGS.","8S-8U, we will assume that the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 satisfies (e.g., matches or exceeds) a predefined number of unauthorized attempts (e.g., two, three, four or five).","FIG.","8S also illustrates that the input 828 (FIG.","8R) is no longer detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, the number of unauthorized attempts to perform one or more predefined secure operations in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 increases in response to detecting liftoff of the input 828 (FIG.","8R) from the fingerprint sensor 169 and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 828 (FIG.","8R) does not match an enrolled fingerprint.","FIG.","8T illustrates that an input 830 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 830 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 830 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 830).","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 830 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 830 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, no operation is performed.","FIG.","8U illustrates that even if the fingerprint in the input 830 matches an enrolled fingerprint, the representations (sometimes called redacted representations) of information in the respective fields remain on the touch screen 112 (e.g., the information in the respective fields is not revealed).","In some embodiments, the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 does not increase once the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 satisfies the predefined number of unauthorized attempts (e.g., two) as illustrated in FIG.","8U.","In some embodiments, the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 increases for a fingerprint in a respective input that does not match an enrolled fingerprint regardless of whether the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 satisfies the predefined number of unauthorized attempts.","In some embodiments, once the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 satisfies the predefined number of unauthorized attempts, the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 is reset by providing a correct passcode on a passcode screen (e.g., FIG.","8M).","FIGS.","8V-8W illustrate operations performed while the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 does not satisfy the predefined number of unauthorized attempts.","FIG.","8V illustrates that an input 832 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 832 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 832 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 832).","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 832 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 832 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, no operation is performed.","FIG.","8W illustrates that in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 832 matches an enrolled fingerprint, the representations (sometimes called redacted representations) of information in the respective fields are replaced with the information (sometimes called non-redacted or unredacted information) in the respective fields.","For example, as shown in FIG.","8W, the representations of information in the respective fields are replaced with one or more sets of usernames and passwords (sometimes called non-redacted or unredacted usernames and passwords).","In some embodiments, while the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-4 (FIG.","8V) does not satisfy the predefined number of unauthorized attempts, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 832 matches an enrolled fingerprint, the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-4 (FIG.","8V) is reset.","FIGS.","9A-9B are flow diagrams illustrating a method 900 of performing operations based on fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.","The method 900 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.","3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.","1A) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface.","In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.","In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.","Some operations in method 900 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.","As described below, the method 900 provides an intuitive way to perform operations based on fingerprints.","The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when performing operations based on fingerprints, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to perform operations based on fingerprints faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges.","The device detects (902), with the fingerprint sensor, a first input.","For example, as illustrated in FIG.","8C, an input 812 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In response to detecting the first input, the device determines (904) whether the first input includes a fingerprint.","In accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint, the device performs (906) a first operation based on the presence of the fingerprint without regard to an identity of the fingerprint.","In some embodiments, the first operation includes resetting a display dim timer.","For example, as illustrated in FIG.","8E, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint, the display dim timer 896-5 is reset.","Typically, resetting the display dim timer has an effect that the brightness of the display is not automatically dimmed, because the dim timer has not expired (is not in an expired state).","Typically, as long as the fingerprint continues to be detected on the fingerprint sensor, the brightness of the display is not automatically dimmed.","In some embodiments, the device includes (908) a display.","The device also includes a display dim timer (e.g., 896-1 in FIG.","8A) that starts from a dim timer starting value (e.g., zero seconds).","The device automatically dims the display in accordance with a determination that the display dim timer has expired (e.g., the display dim timer reaches a predefined expiration value, such as 60 seconds, 120 seconds, etc.)","In some embodiments, the display dim timer stores time elapsed since the display dim timer was reset.","For example, when one second has elapsed since the display dim timer was reset, the display dim timer stores one second.","When two seconds have elapsed since the display dim timer was reset, the display dim timer stores two seconds.","In some embodiments, the first operation includes resetting the display dim timer to the dim timer starting value.","In another example, the dim timer is a count down timer, the dim timer expiration value is zero seconds, and the dim starting value is value such as 60 seconds, 120 second, 300 seconds, etc.","In this example, the display is not dimmed so long as the dim timer has a non-zero value.","In some embodiments, the device collects information about a fingerprint in contact with the fingerprint sensor at predetermined intervals that are shorter than the amount of time that it takes for the dim timer to expire, so that while the fingerprint is maintained on the fingerprint sensor, the device will repeatedly detect the fingerprint and reset the dim timer and as a result, in such a situation, the brightness of the display is not automatically dimmed as long as the fingerprint continues to be detected on the fingerprint sensor.","In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the first input matches an enrolled fingerprint, the device conditionally performs (910) a second operation based on the enrolled fingerprint.","For example.","as illustrated in FIG.","8E, the device reveals private information (e.g., credit card information) in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 812 (FIG.","8C) matches an enrolled fingerprint.","In some embodiments, conditionally performing the second operation includes performing the second operation in accordance with a determination that the second operation is not prevented.","In some embodiments, conditionally performing the second operation includes forgoing the second operation in accordance with a determination that the second operation is prevented.","In some implementations, the second operation is prevented in accordance with a determination that a credential-authorization timer 898 has expired.","In some embodiments, the second operation includes (912) one or more of: revealing private information (e.g., revealing the credit card information as illustrated in FIG.","8E) and providing access to restricted features (e.g., as illustrated in FIG.","8O, displaying a selectable user interface object 806, which, when selected, initiates a display of a user interface with restricted features, such as a credential manager features).","In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first input, in accordance with the determination that the first input includes the fingerprint and a determination that the fingerprint in the first input does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the device forgoes (914) performance of the second operation.","For example, as illustrated in FIGS.","8G-8H, in response to detecting the input 814 (FIG.","8G) and in accordance with a determination that the input 814 includes a fingerprint and a determination that the fingerprint in the input 814 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the device forgoes performance of the second operation (e.g., private information, such as credit card information, is not revealed in FIG.","8H).","In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first input, in accordance with the determination that the first input includes the fingerprint and a determination that the fingerprint in the first input does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the device performs (916) the first operation without performing the second operation.","For example, as illustrated in FIGS.","8G-8H, in response to detecting the input 814 (FIG.","8G) and in accordance with a determination that the input 814 includes a fingerprint and a determination that the fingerprint in the input 814 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the device performs the first operation (e.g., resetting the display dim timer 896-8 in FIG.","8H) without performing the second operation (e.g., private information, such as credit card information, is not revealed in FIG.","8H).","In some embodiments, the first operation and the second operation are both performed (918) in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint.","For example, as illustrated in FIGS.","8C and 8E, in accordance with a determination that the input 812 (FIG.","8C) includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint, the first operation (e.g., resetting the display dim timer 896-5) and the second operation (e.g., revealing private information, such as credit card information, as shown in FIG.","8E) are both performed.","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint, the device also performs (920) a third operation, distinct from the second operation, based on the enrolled fingerprint.","For example, as illustrated in FIGS.","8C and 8F, in accordance with a determination that the input 812 (FIG.","8C) includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint, the device performs a third operation (e.g., resetting the credential-authorization timer 898-6 in FIG.","8F).","In some embodiments, the device includes (922) a credential-authorization timer (e.g., a timer that measures an amount of time that enrolled fingerprints authorized to use: a device unlock credential such as a passcode, or a purchasing credential such as a credit card number or a password for a store account that is linked to a credit card number or other payment source) that starts from an authorization timer starting value (e.g., zero).","In some embodiments, the credential-authorization timer stores time elapsed since the credential-authorization timer was reset.","For example, when one hour has elapsed since the credential-authorization timer was reset, the credential-authorization timer stores one hour.","When two hours have elapsed since the credential-authorization timer was reset, the credential-authorization timer stores two hours.","In some embodiments, the device prevents unlocking the device with a fingerprint (with a fingerprint matching an enrolled fingerprint) after the credential-authorization timer expires (e.g., reaches a predefined expiration value, such as 12 hours, 24 hours, or 48 hours).","In another example, the credential-authorization timer is a count down timer, the credential-authorization timer expiration value is zero seconds, and the credential-authorization timer starting value is (or corresponds to) the authorization timer expiration period, such as any of the authorization timer expiration periods listed elsewhere in this document.","In this example, the device does not prevent unlocking the device (with a fingerprint matching an enrolled fingerprint) so long as the credential-authorization timer has a non-zero value.","In some embodiments, preventing the unlocking of the device with a fingerprint includes disabling the unlocking of the device with a fingerprint.","For example, as illustrated in FIGS.","8L-8M, in accordance with a determination that the credential-authorized timer 898-12 (FIG.","8L) has expired, the device prevents unlocking the device even though a fingerprint in the input 820 matches an enrolled fingerprint.","In some embodiments, in response to the input 820, the device displays a passcode screen (FIG.","8M) instead of unlocking the device.","In comparison, in some embodiments, as illustrated in FIGS.","8J-8K, in accordance with a determination that the credential-authorization timer 898-10 (FIG.","8J) has not expired, the device unlocks in response to a fingerprint in the input 818 that matches an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., ceases to display an unlock screen illustrated in FIG.","8J and displays a home screen illustrated in FIG.","8K).","In some embodiments, the third operation includes resetting the credential-authorization timer to the authorization timer starting value.","For example, as illustrated in FIGS.","8C and 8F, in accordance with a determination that the input 812 (FIG.","8C) includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint, the device performs a third operation (e.g., resetting the credential-authorization timer 898-5 in FIG.","8F).","In some embodiments, the first input includes (924) a respective fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor.","The device detects liftoff of the respective fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor.","In response to detecting liftoff of the fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor and in accordance with a determination that the respective fingerprint does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the device increments a count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation (e.g., unauthorized attempts to unlock the device).","For example, as illustrated in FIGS.","8P and 8Q, in response to detecting liftoff of the input 826 (FIG.","8P) from the fingerprint sensor 169 (FIG.","8Q) and in accordance with a determination that a fingerprint in the input 826 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the device increases a count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation (e.g., the count in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-2) from zero to one.","In some embodiments, the count of unauthorized attempts is only incremented upon detecting a distinct fingerprint gesture that includes touchdown and liftoff of a fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor.","As a result, a long continuous fingerprint gesture is only counted as a single attempt to perform the second operation.","In some embodiments, subsequent to incrementing the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation, the device determines (926) whether fingerprint-disable criteria have been met.","The fingerprint-disable criteria include a criterion that is met when the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation satisfies a predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation.","In some embodiments, the count of unauthorized attempts to perform in the second operation is deemed to satisfy a predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation when the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation matches the predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation.","For example, when the predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation is set to two, and the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 (FIG.","8T) is two, the count of unauthorized attempts satisfies the predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation.","In some embodiments, the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation is deemed to satisfy a predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation when the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation exceeds the predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation.","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint-disable criteria have been met, the device prevents the second operation from being performed based on a fingerprint (e.g., by disabling the fingerprint sensor or by ignoring a fingerprint detected by the fingerprint sensor that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint).","For example, as illustrated in FIGS.","8T-8U, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint-disable criteria have been met (e.g., the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation satisfies a predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation), the device prevents the second operation (e.g., revealing private information such as usernames and passwords) from being performed in response to a fingerprint in an input 830 that matches an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., the representations of private information are maintained on the touch screen 112 in FIG.","8U and private information is not displayed on the touch screen 112 in FIG.","8U).","In some embodiments, the first operation is performed (928) while detecting the presence of a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, and the second operation is performed in response to detecting liftoff of a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor.","For example, in some embodiments, the first operation (e.g., resetting the display dim timer 896-3 in FIG.","8C) is performed while detecting the input 812 (FIG.","8C) that includes a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor 169 (FIG.","8C).","In comparison, in some embodiments, the second operation (e.g., revealing private information such as credit card information) is performed only after detecting liftoff of the input 812 (FIG.","8C) from the fingerprint sensor 169 (FIG.","8E).","It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.","9A-9B have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.","One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.","For example, in some embodiments, the device detects, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input.","In response to detecting the first input, the device determines whether the first input includes a fingerprint; and, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint, performs a first operation based on the presence of the fingerprint without regard to an identity of the fingerprint; and, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the first input matches an enrolled fingerprint, performs a second operation based on the enrolled fingerprint.","Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 900 described above with respect to FIGS.","9A-9B.","For example, the inputs, operations, and credentials described above with reference to method 900 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the inputs, operations, and credentials described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).","For brevity, these details are not repeated here.","In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.","10 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 1000 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.","The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.","It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.","10 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.","Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.","As shown in FIG.","10, an electronic device 1000 includes a fingerprint sensor unit 1006 configured to detect a first input; and a processing unit 1008 coupled to the fingerprint sensor unit 1006.In some embodiments, the electronic device 1000 includes a display unit 1002 coupled to the processing unit 1008 and configured to display a graphical user interface.","In some embodiments, the display unit 1002 is coupled to the fingerprint sensor unit 1006.In some embodiments, the electronic device 1000 includes a touch-sensitive surface unit 1004 coupled to the processing unit 1008 and configured to receive touch inputs.","In some embodiments, the processing unit 1008 includes a determining unit 1010, a first operation performing unit 1012, a second operation performing unit 1014, a third operation performing unit 1016, a credential-authorization timer unit 1018, a preventing unit 1020, a resetting unit 1022, a display dim timer unit 1024, a dimming unit 1026, a private information revealing unit 1028, an access providing unit 1030, and an incrementing unit 1032.The processing unit 1008 is configured to, in response to detecting the first input, determine whether the first input includes a fingerprint (e.g., with the determining unit 1010).","The processing unit 1008 is also configured to, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint, perform a first operation based on the presence of the fingerprint without regard to an identity of the fingerprint (e.g., with the first operation performing unit 1012).","The processing unit 1008 is further configured to, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the first input matches an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., with the determining unit 1010), conditionally perform a second operation based on the enrolled fingerprint (e.g., with the second operation performing unit 1014).","In some embodiments, the processing unit 1008 is configured to, in response to detecting the first input, in accordance with the determination that the first input includes the fingerprint and a determination that the fingerprint in the first input does not match an enrolled fingerprint, forgo performance of the second operation (e.g., with the preventing unit 1020).","In some embodiments, the processing unit 1008 is configured to, in response to detecting the first input, in accordance with the determination that the first input includes the fingerprint and a determination that the fingerprint in the first input does not match an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., with the determining unit 1010), perform the first operation (e.g., with the first operation performing unit 1012) without performing the second operation.","In some embodiments, the first operation and the second operation are both performed (e.g., with the first operation performing unit 1012 and the second operation performing unit 1014) in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., with the determining unit 1010).","In some embodiments, the processing unit 1008 is configured to, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint, perform a third operation, distinct from the second operation, based on the enrolled fingerprint (e.g., with the third operation performing unit 1016).","In some embodiments, the device includes a credential-authorization timer unit 1018 that starts from an authorization timer starting value.","The processing unit 1008 is configured to prevent unlocking the device with a fingerprint (e.g., with the preventing unit 1020) after the credential-authorization timer unit 1018 expires.","The third operation includes resetting the credential-authorization timer unit 1018 to the authorization timer starting value (e.g., with the resetting unit 1022).","In some embodiments, the device includes the display unit 1002 coupled to the processing unit 1008.The device includes a display dim timer unit 1024 that starts from a dim timer starting value.","The processing unit 1008 is configured to automatically enable dimming of the display unit 1002 (e.g., with the dimming unit 1026) in accordance with a determination that the display dim timer unit 1024 has expired (e.g., with the determining unit 1010).","The first operation includes resetting the display dim timer unit 1024 to the dim timer starting value (e.g., with the resetting unit 1022).","In some embodiments, the second operation includes one or more of: revealing private information (e.g., with the private information revealing unit 1028) and providing access to restricted features (e.g., with the access providing unit 1030).","In some embodiments, the first input includes a respective fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor unit 1006.The fingerprint sensor unit 1006 is configured to detect liftoff of the respective fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor unit 1006 and the processing unit 1008 is configured to, in response to detecting liftoff of the fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor unit 1006 and in accordance with a determination that the respective fingerprint does not match an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., with the determining unit 1010), increment a count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation (e.g., with the incrementing unit 1032).","In some embodiments, the processing unit 1008 is configured to, subsequent to incrementing the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation, determine whether fingerprint-disable criteria have been met (e.g., with the determining unit 1010).","The fingerprint-disable criteria includes a criterion that is met when the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation satisfies a predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation.","In accordance with a determination that fingerprint-disable criteria have been met (e.g., with the determining unit 1010), the processing unit 1008 is configured to prevent the second operation from being performed based on a fingerprint (e.g., with the preventing unit 1020 and/or the second operation performing unit 1014).","In some embodiments, the first operation is performed (e.g., with the first operation performing unit 1012) while detecting the presence of a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor unit 1006; and the second operation is performed (e.g., with the second operation performing unit 1014) in response to detecting liftoff of a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor unit 1006.The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.","1A and 3) or application specific chips.","The operations described above with reference to FIGS.","9A-9B are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B or FIG.","10.For example, detection operation 902, first operation performing operation 906, and second operation performing operation 910 are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.","When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.","Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.","Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B.","Automatically Populating Credential Fields and Revealing Redacted Credentials Many uses of modern electronic devices require users to provide credentials in order to access certain information and/or services.","For example, e-commerce websites or applications often require a user to enter a credit card number, billing address, and shipping address in order to make a purchase.","As another example, users are often required to enter a user ID and/or password before access to a secure service or other secure information is granted (e.g., an email website or application, a social network, etc.).","Because users are required to provide credentials so frequently when using electronic devices, it is possible to store credentials in memory of such devices so that they can be inserted into credential fields without requiring manual entry by the user.","However, this presents several security and privacy risks.","For example, an unauthorized user may be able pick up a device that does not belong to them and make purchases using stored credit card information, or gain access to personal and/or sensitive data, applications, websites, or the like.","Moreover, in order to protect the privacy and/or security of credentials, they may be displayed in redacted form so that they cannot be read or copied.","However, this makes it difficult for users to review the credentials to confirm that they were entered correctly, or to review and/or edit stored credentials that are typically only displayed in redacted form (e.g., as may be the case in a credential manager interface with which a user can enter, edit, and otherwise manage credentials stored on a device).","In embodiments described below, fingerprint recognition is used to provide authorization to access credentials, and, more particularly, to provide authorization to populate credential fields and/or display non-redacted versions of credentials to a user.","For example, if a user navigates to a form with credential fields (e.g., for a credit card number, a billing address, etc.","), the user can provide a fingerprint input by placing a finger on a fingerprint sensor.","If the fingerprint detected on the fingerprint sensor matches a previously registered fingerprint of the user (and, optionally, if other conditions are satisfied) the credential fields will be automatically populated with stored credentials associated with the user.","This way, manual entry of credentials, which is time consuming and can be prone to text input errors, is avoided.","As another example, if redacted credentials are displayed (e.g., in a webpage or a credential manager interface), the user can provide a fingerprint input in order to cause the credentials to be displayed in a non-redacted (i.e., human readable) form.","Accordingly, credentials can be accessed for viewing and/or input into credential fields quickly and intuitively, while also preventing unauthorized access to such credentials.","In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).","In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.","1A).","The device described below with reference to 11A-11D, 14A-14C, 12A-12B, and 15A-15B includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.","4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.","4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.","11A-11D, 14A-14C, 12A-12B, and 15A-15B will be discussed with reference to a device with a touch screen 112 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.","11A-11D and 14A-14C on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","11A-11D and 14A-14C on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a display 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 instead of a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.","11A-11D and 14A-14C on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) and/or the separate touch-sensitive surface 451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","11A-11D and 14A-14C on the display 450; in such embodiments, the contacts shown in FIGS.","11A-11D and 14A-14C optionally represent both a focus selector that corresponds to a location on the display 450, and a contact that corresponds to a location of a contact or gesture performed on the separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451), where the focus selector is, optionally: a respective contact, a representative point corresponding to a contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a point associated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or more contacts detected on the touch screen 112 and is, optionally, replaced with a displayed cursor.","FIG.","11A illustrates an exemplary user interface that is displayed on a display of a portable multi-function device 100, where the user interface displays a form 1101 with fields 1102 (1102-1, .",".",".",", 1102-8) corresponding to a plurality of credentials.","The fields 1102 illustrated in FIG.","11A correspond to the types of fields that are sometimes present in a “checkout” form of an e-commerce website or application, including credit card information fields (e.g., credit card number field 1102-1, expiration date field 1102-2, etc.)","and billing address information fields (e.g., street field 1102-5, city field 1102-6, etc.).","The fields 1102 displayed in form 1101 are merely exemplary, and more or fewer fields may be displayed in various embodiments.","Moreover, other fields, including other types of fields that are not shown in FIG.","11A, may be included instead of or in addition to those shown.","As shown in FIG.","11A, device 100 detects a finger input 1110 on fingerprint sensor 169 while displaying form 1101.In some embodiments, finger input 1110 corresponds to a request to automatically fill in the fields in form 1101.For example, in some embodiments, when a form with credential fields is displayed by device 100, detection of an authorized fingerprint on fingerprint sensor 169 will cause the device 100 to populate the fields with stored credentials.","On the other hand, as described below, if an unauthorized fingerprint is detected on fingerprint sensor 169, the fields will not be populated with stored credentials.","FIG.","11B illustrates form 1101 after fields 1102 have been populated with credentials (e.g., after it has been determined that the fingerprint 1110 is associated with a user who is authorized to use the credentials).","As shown in FIG.","11B, the credentials are displayed in redacted form so that they are unreadable to a user of the device.","In this example, the redacted credentials are represented as sequences of dots.","However, one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that other redaction techniques may also be implemented in various embodiments (e.g., any removal, replacement or obscuration of the characters so that the credentials are unreadable by a user of the device).","In some embodiments, credentials that are automatically populated into credential fields are redacted by default.","In some embodiments, one or more of the automatically inserted credentials are displayed in non-redacted or partially redacted form (i.e., including redacted and non-redacted portions), instead of the redacted form illustrated in FIG.","11B.","For example, in some embodiments, the last four digits of the credit card credential 1104 are displayed in human readable form (not shown).","In some embodiments, other credentials are displayed in partially redacted or non-redacted form, such as a billing address, a name on a credit card, etc.","In some embodiments where multiple credential fields are displayed, any combination of redacted, partially redacted, and non-redacted credentials may be displayed.","For example, in some embodiments, a credit card number credential is displayed in partially redacted form, an expiration date and credit card security code are displayed in redacted form, and a billing address is displayed in non-redacted form.","In some embodiments, whether a credential is displayed in redacted, partially redacted, or non-redacted form is based on a sensitivity and/or security level associated with that credential.","For example, credit card numbers, bank account numbers, and the like may be associated with a higher sensitivity and/or security level than usernames and mailing addresses.","As described above, FIG.","11B illustrates form 1101 after it has been determined that the fingerprint 1110 is associated with a user who is authorized to use the credentials, and after device 100 has filled in form 1101 with the credentials (e.g., the fields 1102 have been populated with the credentials).","If, on the other hand, it is determined that fingerprint 1110 is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the credentials, the device forgoes filling in the form 1101 with the credentials (not shown).","In some embodiments, if a finger input (e.g., finger input 1110) is detected, but the fingerprint does not match those of an authorized user, device 100 issues a prompt indicating that the request to automatically populate the credential fields is denied.","In some embodiments, once the form 1101 has been filled in, an additional finger input can be used to cause the credentials to be displayed in non-redacted form, as described with respect to FIGS.","11C-11D.","This way, a user can review the credentials to make sure that they are correct and/or correspond to the particular credentials that the user wished to use.","In some implementations, the additional finger input is accomplished by the user lifting their finger off fingerprint sensor 169 to end the initial fingerprint 1110, and putting their finger back down on fingerprint sensor 169.Upon authentication of the second fingerprint, e.g., as matching an enrolled fingerprint of a user who is authorized to reveal the one or more credentials, the one or more credentials of the user previously displayed in redacted form are displayed in non-redacted form.","Finger input 1112 shown in FIG.","11C is an example of the aforementioned second fingerprint.","As shown in FIG.","11C, device 100 detects a finger input 1112 on fingerprint sensor 169 while displaying form 1101 with redacted credentials displayed in credential fields 1102.In response to finger input 1112, and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint corresponding to finger input 1112 is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the one or more credentials, non-redacted versions of the one or more credentials are displayed in the fields 1102 of form 1101, as shown in FIG.","11D.","For example, FIG.","11D illustrates all of the credentials in form 1101 in plaintext.","In the process shown and described with respect to FIGS.","11A-11D, a first finger input (e.g., finger input 1110) causes a form to be filled in with redacted credentials, and a second finger input (e.g., finger input 1112) causes non-redacted versions of the credentials to be displayed in place of the redacted versions.","In some embodiments, sequential finger inputs cause increasing amounts of one or more credentials to be displayed in non-redacted form.","For example, after a first finger input is received (and after it is determined that the fingerprint of the input is associated with an authorized user), credential fields in a form are populated with redacted credentials.","After a second finger input from an authorized user is received, a subset of the redacted credentials are replaced with non-redacted versions of the credentials, while others of the redacted credentials remain unchanged (e.g., remain in redacted form).","Alternatively, after the second finger input, all or some of the redacted credentials are replaced with partially redacted versions of the credentials.","Finally, after a third finger input, all of the credentials are displayed in non-redacted form.","Accordingly, each sequential finger input of an authorized user causes redacted credentials to be replaced with less redacted (i.e., more readable) versions.","This way, users can easily scale the degree to which their sensitive information is revealed in plaintext, while also allowing them to review the credentials that are automatically filled in to ensure that they are the correct and/or intended credentials.","In some embodiments, the sequential inputs described above must be received and/or detected without intervening inputs (e.g., finger inputs, touch events, etc.).","In some embodiments, the sequential inputs need not be received and/or detected without intervening inputs.","In some embodiments, the order in which credentials are displayed in non-redacted form in response to a sequence of finger inputs depends on the relative security level of the credential.","For example, in some embodiments, a non-redacted version of a shipping address is displayed in response to an earlier finger input in a sequence of finger inputs (e.g., because it is associated with a lower security and/or privacy level), and a non-redacted version of a credit card number is displayed in response to a later finger input in the sequence of finger inputs (e.g., because it is associated with a higher security and/or privacy level).","FIGS.","12A-12B are flow diagrams illustrating a method 1200 of populating credential fields with credentials, in accordance with some embodiments.","The method 1200 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.","3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.","1A) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface.","In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.","In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.","Some operations in method 1200 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.","As described below, the method 1200 provides an intuitive way to enter credentials into credential fields that are displayed in a form, and display non-redacted versions of the credentials after redacted versions are initially displayed.","The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when presented with credential fields that need to be populated, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to populate credential fields and enable display of non-redacted versions of credentials faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges.","The device stores a set of one or more credentials (1202).","In some embodiments, credentials are secured credentials that are associated with a user of the device.","In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials is stored in memory of the device (e.g., memory 102, FIG.","1A).","In some embodiments, the credentials are stored in a secure area of memory 102, and/or are encrypted to prevent unauthorized access thereto.","In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes one or more of: a user ID, a password, a credit card number, a bank account number, an address, a telephone number, and/or a shopping credential (1204).","In some implementations, the set of credentials includes a plurality of subsets of credentials, each subset corresponding to or associated with a distinct application, payment method, user, shipping address, online resource, set of online resources, or the like.","In one example, the set of credentials include: for a first particular online resource (e.g., an email website), a user ID and a password; for a second particular online resource, a user ID, a password, a shipping address, a billing address, and a telephone number; and for shopping, a user ID, a credit card number, a shipping address, a billing address, and a telephone number.","The device displays a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials (1206).","In some embodiments, the form is a webpage, such as a checkout page of an e-commerce website, a login page to a secure webpage (e.g., a social network, email provider, etc.","), or the like.","In some embodiments, the form is associated with a user interface of an application, such as a login screen of an application (or operating system).","One exemplary form 1101, shown in FIGS.","11A-11D, illustrates an example of a “checkout” page of an e-commerce website, and includes fields for credentials that are typical of a “checkout” or purchase authorization page (e.g., credit card information fields, billing address information fields, etc.).","The device receives a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a finger input on the fingerprint sensor (1208).","For example, when a form with credential fields is displayed, a user requests that the form be automatically filled with the appropriate credentials by placing a finger on the fingerprint sensor 169, as shown in FIG.","11A.","In some embodiments, the request to auto-fill the form corresponds to a request to populate all displayed fields of a form with credentials (or all fields for which credentials have been stored).","In some embodiments, the request to auto-fill the form corresponds to a request to populate all fields of the form with credentials, regardless of whether they are displayed when the request is received (e.g., undisplayed fields of the form, such as those that are “off screen,” are also populated in response to the request).","In some embodiments, when the device detects that a form having appropriate credential fields is displayed or to be displayed, the device prompts the user to provide an input in order to request automatic filling (“auto-fill”) of a form, such as by presenting the text “Scan your fingerprint to automatically fill in this form.” In response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, the device fills in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, the device forgoes filling in the form with the one or more credentials (1210).","In some embodiments, the determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials includes a determination that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints (1212).","For example, if the fingerprint corresponding to finger input 1110 (FIG.","11A) matches an enrolled fingerprint, the device fills in the form (i.e., the fields of the form) with the stored credentials, as shown in FIG.","11B.","If, on the other hand, the fingerprint corresponding to finger input 1110 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the device will not fill in the form.","In some embodiments, the device will provide an indication that the fingerprint did not match an enrolled fingerprint, such as an audible or visible alert.","For example, the device will display a prompt with the text “Auto-fill authorization denied—please try again.” In some implementations, one or more enrolled fingerprints are associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, while one or more other enrolled fingerprints are not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials.","In such implementations, the determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials includes a determination that the fingerprint matches at least one enrolled fingerprint that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials.","In some implementations, different enrolled fingerprints are associated with different sets of credentials or different subsets of the set of credentials stored in the device.","In one example, one or more enrolled fingerprints are associated with a user who is authorized to use all of the credentials, or a first subset of the credentials that is less than all the credentials, in the set of one or more credentials, while one or more other enrolled fingerprints are associated with another user who is authorized to use only a second subset of the credentials that is less than all the credentials and that is different from the first subset of the credentials.","Other examples of associating different enrolled fingerprints with different sets or subsets of credentials are possible.","In some such implementations, the determination that a fingerprint in a finger input is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials includes both a determination that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints, and if so, a determination of whether the use one or more respective credentials in the set of one or more credentials is authorized by the fingerprint.","In some embodiments, the determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials and/or the determination that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints is performed by the device (e.g., with fingerprint analysis module 131 of device 100).","In some embodiments, the determinations are performed by one or more additional devices instead of or in addition to the device.","In some embodiments, if a predetermined number of consecutive requests to auto-fill a form are denied (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more denials), the device performs one or more actions.","For example, in order to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access and/or use, the device disables an auto-fill functionality (e.g., for a predetermined time, or until a valid override password is input by a user), or deletes stored credentials from memory.","With reference to FIG.","12B, in some embodiments, filling in the form with the one or more credentials includes displaying redacted versions of the one or more credentials in one or more fields of the form (1214).","In some embodiments, a respective credential is redacted when at least a portion of the respective credential is rendered unreadable to a user of the device (e.g., by removing, replacing or obscuring characters, or by blocking out all or a portion of the characters in the respective credential).","For example, the credentials in FIG.","11B (e.g., credit card credential 1104) are illustrated as a series of dots.","In some embodiments, while displaying the redacted versions of the one or more credentials in one or more fields of the form, the device detects a respective fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; and in response to detecting the respective fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that the respective fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the one or more credentials, displays a non-redacted version of the one or more credentials in the fields of the form (1216).","For example, FIG.","11D illustrates the device displaying non-redacted versions of credentials in response to a finger input 1112 (shown in FIG.","11C) corresponding to a fingerprint of an authorized user.","In some embodiments, the same fingerprints that are authorized to use the set of credentials are also authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials.","In some embodiments, one or more fingerprints that are authorized to use the credentials are not authorized to reveal the credentials.","As shown in FIGS.","11A-11D, the device initially displays credentials in redacted form, and, if certain conditions are met, subsequently displays non-redacted versions of the credentials.","In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes an indication of a length of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the respective credential (1218).","A redacted credential can indicate the length of the underlying credential in several ways.","For example, in some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a symbol (e.g., a dot, asterisk, letter, etc.)","for each character in the respective credential.","Credential 1104 in FIGS.","11B-11D illustrates an example of this, where one dot is displayed for each number in the credit card number.","In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a symbol or graphic whose length is proportional to the length of the respective credential (e.g., a black bar, a horizontal line, etc.).","In some embodiments, a human readable version of the respective credential is a plaintext version of the credential (i.e., the actual text, symbols, numbers, characters, etc., of the credential).","In some embodiments, or in some circumstances, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a non-redacted portion of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the entire respective credential (1220).","In some embodiments, the particular portion of the redacted credential that is non-redacted depends on the credential.","For example, in the case of a credit card number, the last four digits are displayed in plaintext in the redacted version.","In the case of an address credential, the house number (and/or the city or state) is displayed in plaintext in the redacted version, and the rest of the address (e.g., the street name and zip code) is redacted.","Other portions of these credentials are displayed in non-redacted form in various embodiments.","Devices are sometimes used by multiple, different users, each having a different set of credentials that they are likely to use.","For example, each user may have a unique username and password for an email account, a unique credit card number.","unique login credentials for social networking services, and the like.","Moreover, in some embodiments, a device can register fingerprints for multiple users, such that the device can identify a user making a request by comparing a received fingerprint to the registered fingerprints of the multiple users.","Accordingly, in some embodiments, in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form, the device identifies which user has issued the request (e.g., by comparing the fingerprint of the finger input 1110 to the registered fingerprints), and automatically fills in the form with credentials corresponding to the identified user.","Thus, personalized auto-fill based on fingerprint recognition is provided for multiple different users of a single device.","Similarly, a user of a device may have multiple different instances of a particular type of credential.","For example, a user may have multiple email accounts, each with its own unique email address and password.","A user may also have multiple credit cards, each associated with unique credit card information.","Further, a user may have multiple different mailing addresses (e.g., a home address and a business address).","In some embodiments, respective sets of one or more credentials of a user are associated with different respective fingerprints of the user.","For example, credentials of a first credit card and billing address are associated with a fingerprint of a right thumb (RT) of the user, and a second credit card and billing address are associated with a fingerprint of a right index (RI) finger.","As another example, credentials for a credit card are associated with a fingerprint of a right thumb (RT) of the user, and login credentials for a social networking service are associated with a fingerprint of a right index (RI) finger.","Accordingly, in some embodiments, the device selects a set of one or more credentials (from among multiple sets) that correspond to the particular fingerprint detected by the fingerprint sensor, and auto-fills the form with the selected set of one or more credentials.","Other associations between fingers and sets of credentials than those described above are also possible.","For example, any credential or set of credentials described herein can be associated with any unique fingerprint, whether it is a different finger of the same user, or a finger of a different user.","It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.","12A-12B have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.","One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.","Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 1200 described above with respect to FIGS.","12A-12B.","For example, the fingerprints, contacts, and user interface objects described above with reference to method 1200 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the fingerprints, contacts, and user interface objects described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).","For brevity, these details are not repeated here.","In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.","13 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 1300 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.","The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.","It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.","13 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.","Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.","As shown in FIG.","13, an electronic device 1300 includes a display unit 1302 configured to display a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, an optional touch-sensitive surface unit 1304 configured to receive contacts, a fingerprint sensor unit 1306; a credential storage unit 1307 configured to store a set of one or more credentials, and a processing unit 1308 coupled to the display unit 1302, the optional touch-sensitive surface unit 1304, the credential storage unit 1307, and the fingerprint sensor unit 1306.In some embodiments, the processing unit 1308 includes a request receiving unit 1310, a form filling unit 1312, a display enabling unit 1314, and a fingerprint matching unit 1316.Processing unit 1308 is configured to: receive a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials (e.g., with request receiving unit 1310), wherein the request includes a finger input on the fingerprint sensor (e.g., fingerprint sensor unit 1306); and in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, fill in the form with the one or more credentials (e.g., with form filling unit 1312); and in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, forgo filling in the form with the one or more credentials (e.g., with form filling unit 1312).","In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes one or more of: a user ID, a password, a credit card number, a bank account number, an address, a telephone number, and a shopping credential.","In some embodiments, filling in the form with the one or more credentials includes enabling display of redacted versions of the one or more credentials in one or more fields of the form (e.g., with display enabling unit 1314).","In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor unit 1306 is configured to, while the redacted versions of the one or more credentials are displayed in one or more fields of the form, detect a respective fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; and the processing unit 1308 is further configured to, in response to detection of the respective fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that the respective fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the one or more credentials (e.g., with fingerprint matching unit 1316), enable display of a non-redacted version of the one or more credentials in the fields of the form (e.g., with display enabling unit 1314).","In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes an indication of a length of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the respective credential.","In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a non-redacted portion of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the entire respective credential.","In some embodiments, the determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials includes a determination that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints.","In some embodiments, the device 1300 determines that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints (e.g., with fingerprint matching unit 1316).","FIG.","14A illustrates an exemplary user interface that is displayed on a display of a portable multi-function device 100.The user interface displays a selection page 1402 that includes one or more selectable user interface objects, including a credential manager icon 1404.The page selection 1402 illustrates one possible example of an interface in which a user can request the display of stored credentials (e.g., by requesting activation and/or display of a credential manager interface).","As shown in FIG.","14A, device 100 receives a request to display the set of one or more credentials (e.g., contact 1406, indicating a user selection of credential manager icon 1404).","FIG.","14B illustrates an exemplary settings manager interface 1403 that is displayed in response to the contact 1406.The settings manager interface 1403 includes fields 1408 (1408-1, .",".",".",", 1408-6) corresponding to one or more credentials.","Fields 1408 correspond to examples of credentials that are stored by the device 100, according to some embodiments.","For example, fields 1408 include a username field 1408-1 and a password field 1408-2 associated with an email account, a user ID field 1408-3 and a password field 1408-4 associated with an account for a shopping website/application, and a user ID field 1408-5 and a password field 1408-6 associated with a social network account.","Other credential fields are possible, including credit card information fields, and the like.","The device 100 displays redacted versions of the credentials in each of the fields 1408.In this example, the redacted credentials are represented as sequences of dots.","However, other redaction techniques are also contemplated (e.g., any removal, replacement or obscuration of the characters such that the credentials are unreadable by a user of the device).","As shown in FIG.","14B, device 100 detects a finger input 1406 on fingerprint sensor 169 while displaying redacted credentials in credential fields 1408 of settings manager interface 1403.Device 100 detects a fingerprint included with finger input 1406, and, in response to detecting the fingerprint and if the fingerprint is associated with an authorized user, device 100 displays the credentials in fields 1406 in non-redacted form, as shown in FIG.","14C.","Specifically, FIG.","14C illustrates the settings manager interface 1403 with the credentials displayed in plaintext so that they are readable (and/or editable) by a user of the device.","FIGS.","15A-15B are flow diagrams illustrating a method 1500 of revealing redacted credentials, in accordance with some embodiments.","The method 1500 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.","3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.","1A) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface.","In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.","In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.","Some operations in method 1500 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.","As described below, the method 1500 provides an intuitive way to reveal redacted credentials.","The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when attempting to review or edit credentials that are displayed in redacted form, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to reveal redacted credentials faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges.","The device stores a set of one or more credentials (1502).","As described above, in some embodiments, credentials are secured credentials that are associated with a user of the device, and are stored in memory of the device (e.g., memory 102, FIG.","1A).","In some embodiments, the credentials are stored in a secure area of memory, and/or are encrypted to prevent unauthorized access to the credentials.","In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes credentials that correspond to a plurality of different accounts of a user of the device (1504).","For example, a user may store on the device credentials for multiple different accounts, such as one or more email accounts, one or more payment accounts (e.g., credit cards, bank accounts, online payment accounts, and the like), shopping credentials (e.g., usernames and passwords for e-commerce websites and/or applications), credentials for social network accounts, and the like.","FIG.","14B illustrates examples of credentials corresponding to a plurality of different accounts of a user of a device.","In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes passwords for a plurality of different accounts of a user of the device (1506).","For example, as shown in FIG.","14B, the set of one or more credentials includes a password for a webmail account (e.g., credential field 1408-2), a password for a shopping site (e.g., credential field 1408-4), and a password for a social network account (e.g., credential field 1408-6).","In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes payment authorization information for a plurality of different payment accounts of a user of the device (1508).","Payment authorization information includes, for example, credit card information (e.g., credit card numbers, expiration dates, security codes, billing addresses, etc.","), online payment account information (e.g., account numbers, user identifiers, passwords, etc.","), bank account information (e.g., bank account numbers, routing numbers, user identifiers, passwords, etc.","), and the like.","In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes one or more of: a user ID, a password, a credit card number, a bank account number, an address, a telephone number, and/or a shopping credential (1510).","Examples of these credentials are described above, and are illustrated in FIGS.","11A-11D and 14B-14C.","The device receives a request to display the set of one or more credentials (1512).","In some embodiments, the request includes a user selection of a selectable user interface object (e.g., an icon).","For example, FIG.","14A illustrates contact 1406 indicating a user selection of credential manager icon 1404.In response to receiving the request to display the set of one or more credentials (e.g., contact 1406), the device displays redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials (1514).","In some embodiments, the redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials are displayed in a “credential manager” interface, as illustrated in FIG.","14B.","In some embodiments, the redacted versions of the credentials are identified with (e.g., displayed near or otherwise in association with) non-redacted human readable text (i.e., a label) that indicates the type of credential.","Non-limiting examples of credential labels include username; user identifier; email address; password; credit card number; expiration date; etc.","In some embodiments, the redacted versions of the credentials are identified with non-redacted human readable text (i.e., a label) that indicates which account a particular redacted credential is associated with.","For example, FIG.","14B illustrates webmail credentials displayed in association with text indicating the account (“Webmail Account”), as well as text indicating the type of each credential (“Username” and “Password”).","While displaying the redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials, the device detects a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor (1516).","For example, FIG.","14B illustrates finger input 1406 (including a fingerprint) on fingerprint sensor 169 while the redacted versions of the credentials are displayed in the credential manager 1403.In response to detecting the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials, the device displays a non-redacted version of the set of one or more credentials (1518).","FIG.","14C illustrates the device 100 displaying plaintext versions of the credentials that were redacted in FIG.","14B, in response to detection of a fingerprint (e.g., finger input 1406) and a determination that the fingerprint is associated with an authorized user.","In some embodiments, the determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials includes a determination that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints (1520).","In some embodiments, the determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials and/or the determination that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints is performed by the device (e.g., with fingerprint analysis module 131 of device 100).","In some embodiments, the determinations are performed by one or more additional devices instead of or in addition to the device.","With reference to FIG.","15B, in some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes an indication of a length of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the respective credential (1522).","For example, in some implementations, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a symbol (e.g., a dot, asterisk, letter, etc.)","for each character in the respective credential.","Credential 1104 in FIGS.","11B-11D illustrates an example of this, where one dot is displayed for each number in the credit card number.","In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a symbol or graphic whose length is proportional to the length of the respective credential (e.g., a black bar, a horizontal line, etc.).","In some embodiments, a human readable version of the respective credential is a plaintext version of the credential (i.e., the actual text, symbols, numbers, characters, etc., of the credential).","In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a non-redacted portion of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the entire respective credential (1524).","In some embodiments, the particular portion of the redacted credential that is non-redacted depends on the credential.","For example, in the case of a credit card number, the last four digits are displayed in plaintext in the redacted version.","In the case of an address credential, the house number (and/or the city or state) is displayed in plaintext in the redacted version, and the rest of the address (e.g., the street name and zip code) is redacted.","Other portions of these credentials are displayed in non-redacted form in various embodiments.","It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.","15A-15B have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.","One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.","Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 1500 described above with respect to FIGS.","15A-15B.","For example, the fingerprints, contacts, and user interface objects described above with reference to method 1500 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the fingerprints, contacts, and user interface objects described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).","For brevity, these details are not repeated here.","In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.","16 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 1600 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.","The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.","It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.","16 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.","Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.","As shown in FIG.","16, an electronic device 1600 includes a display unit 1602, an optional touch-sensitive surface unit 1604 configured to receive contacts, a fingerprint sensor unit 1606; a credential storage unit 1607 configured to store a set of one or more credentials, and a processing unit 1608 coupled to the display unit 1602, the optional touch-sensitive surface unit 1604, the credential storage unit 1607, and the fingerprint sensor unit 1606.In some embodiments, the processing unit 1608 includes a request receiving unit 1610, a display enabling unit 1612, and a fingerprint matching unit 1614.Processing unit 1608 is configured to: receive a request to display the set of one or more credentials (e.g., with request receiving unit 1610); in response to receiving the request to display the set of one or more credentials, enable display of redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials (e.g., with display enabling unit 1612); and in response to detection of a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor while the redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials are displayed, and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials (e.g., with fingerprint matching unit 1614), enable display of a non-redacted version of the set of one or more credentials (e.g., with display enabling unit 1612).","In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes credentials that correspond to a plurality of different accounts of a user of the device.","In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes passwords for a plurality of different accounts of a user of the device.","In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes payment authorization information for a plurality of different payment accounts of a user of the device.","In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes one or more of: a user ID, a password, a credit card number, a bank account number, an address, a telephone number, and a shopping credential.","In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes an indication of a length of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the respective credential.","In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a non-redacted portion of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the entire respective credential.","In some embodiments, the determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials includes a determination that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints.","In some embodiments, the device 1600 determines that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints (e.g., with fingerprint matching unit 1614).","The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.","1A and 3) or application specific chips.","The operations described above with reference to FIGS.","12A-12B and 15A-15B are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B or FIG.","13 or 16.For example, display operation 1206, request receiving operation 1208, and form filling operation 1210 (FIG.","12A) and request receiving operation 1512, credential display operation 1514, fingerprint detection operation 1516, and credential revealing operation 1518 (FIG.","15A) are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.","When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.","Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.","Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B.","Managing Usage of Saved Credentials Many electronic devices provide services that require particular credentials that are used by the devices or service providers to determine a user's eligibility for receiving the services.","Such credentials frequently comprise information that is not easily accessible to people other than the particular user(s) associated with the credentials.","Examples of a credential include a passcode, a registered username-password combination, a stored answer to a security question, credit card information, a social security number, and so on.","Although requiring the user to input the correct credential each time the user wishes to access a particular service may promote security, such requirement is also cumbersome and time consuming.","As described herein, automatically saving a credential that was previously provided on the device for accessing a function or service and subsequently allowing the user to access the function or service again through an enrolled fingerprint help to streamline the user's access to the function or service without significantly compromising the required level of access security.","In addition, as described herein, in some embodiments, it is possible for a device to have multiple enrolled fingerprints at any given time, and a user may enroll one or more additional fingerprints while the device is in an unlocked state.","It is therefore important to have a method to securely manage the automatic usage of saved credentials when one or more additional fingerprints are enrolled since the credential was last used.","As described herein, in some embodiments, after a fingerprint enrollment process is successfully completed and one or more fingerprints are enrolled, the device automatically saves each credential manually entered by the user.","When any of the saved credentials is subsequently required on the device (e.g., by a software application or online service provider), the device automatically prompts the user to provide an enrolled fingerprint in lieu of requesting the user to manually input the required credential.","When the user provides a valid fingerprint, the device automatically retrieves and uses an appropriate saved credential on behalf of the user.","In the event that one or more additional fingerprints have been enrolled subsequently (or, in some embodiments, in the event that an attempt has been made to add an additional fingerprint), automatic usage of the previously saved credentials is automatically disabled (e.g., by discarding the previously saved credentials, or changing a predefined usage setting).","As such, when a credential is subsequently required on the device, the device prompts the user to manually enter the credential rather than accepting any fingerprint input.","After the user provides the correct credential, the device saves the credential and re-enables automatic usage of the saved credential through enrolled fingerprints.","Such automatic management of saved credentials improves access security on the device.","For example, if a second user adds (or, in some embodiments, attempts to add) his or her fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints, the enrolled fingerprints cannot be used authorize usage of the previously saved credential until after the credential has been re-entered.","In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).","In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.","1A).","The device described below with reference to 17A-17J and 18A-18C includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.","4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.","4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.","17A-17J and 18A-18C will be discussed with reference to a device with a touch screen 112 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.","17A-17J on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","17A-17J on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a display 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 instead of a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.","17A-17J on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) and/or the separate touch-sensitive surface 451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","17A-17J on the display 450; in such embodiments, the contacts shown in FIGS.","17A-17J optionally represent both a focus selector that corresponds to a location on the display 450, and a contact that corresponds to a location of a contact or gesture performed on the separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451), where the focus selector is, optionally: a respective contact, a representative point corresponding to a contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a point associated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or more contacts detected on the touch screen 112 and is, optionally, replaced with a displayed cursor.","FIGS.","17A-17J illustrate an exemplary process that occurs on an electronic device (e.g., device 100) and demonstrate how the automatic usage of saved credentials through enrolled fingerprints are managed (e.g., allowed and prevented) in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","17A-17D illustrate the automatic retrieval and usage of a saved credential through a previously enrolled fingerprint.","FIGS.","5E-5H illustrate subsequent enrollment of an additional fingerprint and the resulting disablement of the saved credential.","FIGS.","5H-5J illustrates manual entry of the credential by the user, and the automatic saving and re-enablement of the credential, where the re-enabled credential is made available for subsequent retrieval and use through enrolled fingerprints.","The exemplary scenario shown in FIGS.","17A-17D occurs after a user of the electronic device (e.g., device 100) has already registered a set of one or more fingerprints (e.g., through the processes described in method 600), and enabled automatic usage of saved credentials through enrolled fingerprints (e.g., through a fingerprint usage setting described in method 600).","In addition, during the first occasion after the enrollment of the set of fingerprints that a particular credential (e.g., a passcode of a registered online shopping account) is required on the device, the user is prompted to manually enter the credential.","In response to receiving the manual entry of the credential, the device uses the credential to provide access to the function or service (e.g., making a purchase at an online store), and automatically saves a copy of the credential for future use through the set of enrolled fingerprints.","Before the start of the exemplary scenario shown in FIG.","17A, a copy of the credential (e.g., the passcode of the online shopping account) has been saved on the device 100, and the user has returned again to the same online store after the previous shopping session had been terminated (e.g., through timeout or formal exit).","As shown in FIG.","17A, the user has identified an item (e.g., a software application 1702) for purchase in the online store (e.g., an app store), and is presented with a user interface 1704 showing the detailed description of the item.","The user interface 1704 includes a user interface element 1706 for purchasing the item using a registered online shopping account.","In some embodiments, the online store has stored the necessary payment information (e.g., shipping address, billing address, credit card information, store credit, etc.)","in association with the registered shopping account, and will apply the stored payment information when the passcode associated with the registered shopping account is received from the user at the time of the purchase.","As shown in FIGS.","17A-17B, when the user selects (e.g., using a touch input 1708) the user interface element 1706 to proceed with the purchase of the software application 1702, the device 100 determines (e.g., through a notification received from the online store) that a particular registered account passcode is required by the online store for completing the purchase.","The device 100 further determines that the registered account passcode has been previously entered and saved on the device.","In accordance with such determinations, the device 100 presents a prompt (e.g., a pop-up window 1710) instructing the user to provide an enrolled fingerprint to use the saved passcode to proceed with the purchase.","In some embodiments, the device 100 activates the fingerprint sensor 169 separate from the touch screen 112 to detect and capture any fingerprint input provided on the home button 204.In some embodiments, the device selectively activates a high-resolution region 1712 on the touch-screen 112 within the pop-up window 1710 to serve as a fingerprint sensor.","In some embodiments, the device displays an animation (e.g., a glowing fingerprint graphic) to visually indicate the activated high-resolution region 1712 to the user.","In some embodiments, as shown in FIG.","17B, the pop-up window 1710 further displays a user interface element 1714 for canceling the current operation and returning to the user interface 1704 shown in FIG.","17A.","In some embodiments, as shown in FIG.","17B, the pop-up window 1710 also displays a user interface element 1716 for manually entering the required account passcode using a keypad.","Although not shown in this exemplary interaction scenario, a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that, if the user selects the user interface element 1716, instead of providing an enrolled fingerprint, the device will present an alternate user interface that allows the user to type in the required passcode or to switch to a different online shopping account.","As shown in FIG.","17C, the user has provided a fingerprint input 1718 through the fingerprint sensor 169 on the home button 204.The device 100 captures the fingerprint input 1718 and determines that the received fingerprint matches one of the set of fingerprints currently enrolled on the device 100.The device 100 further determines that the required account passcode is currently stored on the device 100 and is not currently disabled (e.g., an exemplary scenario illustrating disablement of a saved passcode is shown later in FIGS.","17E-17H).","In accordance with such determinations, the device retrieves the saved account passcode, and provides the saved account passcode to the online store on behalf of the user.","In some embodiments, automatic population of the saved account passcode into the online store's passcode interface is presented to the user through an animation.","In some embodiments, as shown in FIG.","17D, the saved passcode is provided to the online store in the background, and the user is presented with a user interface 1720 indicating transaction success after the saved passcode has been accepted by the online store.","In this example, the purchase of the selected item has been confirmed, and download of the purchased application has been started.","FIGS.","17A-17D illustrate how a saved credential (e.g., an account passcode) can be used on behalf of the user through an enrolled fingerprint provided by the user.","FIGS.","17E-17H illustrate how use of a saved credential can be disabled after an additional fingerprint has been enrolled after the credential is saved.","Disabling automatic usage of a saved credential after enrollment of one or more additional fingerprints provides an alert to the user (either implicitly or explicitly) that additional fingerprints have been enrolled.","If the enrollment of the additional fingerprints is not objectionable to the user, the user can manually provide the required credential to re-enable the automatic usage of the credential through any of the set of fingerprints currently enrolled on the device 100.As shown in FIGS.","17E-17F, after the user has exited the shopping interface of the online store, and while the account passcode for the online store remains a saved credential on the device 100, a new fingerprint has been successfully registered on the device 100.A detailed description of an exemplary process for enrolling an additional fingerprint is described with reference to method 600.As a result of the enrollment of the new fingerprint, the device 100 determines that, at least one fingerprint (e.g., the new fingerprint) in the set of currently enrolled fingerprints on device 100 is registered after the saved account passcode was last used.","According to this determination, the device 100 disables the automatic usage of the saved account passcode.","In other words, in some embodiments, even if a user were to provide the same fingerprint that he or she had previously used to apply the saved account passcode to the online store, this fingerprint will no longer achieve the same result because the automatic usage of the saved account passcode has been disabled.","In some embodiments, the automatic usage of the saved account passcode (or other credential) is not disabled for the previously enrolled fingerprints, but is disabled for the newly enrolled fingerprint until the user has manually entered the account passcode to associate/connect the account passcode with the newly enrolled fingerprint.","As shown in FIGS.","17G-17H, when the user returns to the same online store at a later time and wishes to make another purchase using the same online shopping account, instead of prompting the user to provide an enrolled fingerprint, the device 100 provides a prompt for the user to manually enter the required passcode.","As shown in FIG.","17G, the user has identified an item (e.g., an interactive book 1724) for purchase in the same online store, and is presented with a user interface 1726 showing the detailed descriptions of the item.","The user interface 1726 includes a user interface element 1728 for purchasing the item using a registered online shopping account.","When the user selects (e.g., using a touch input 1730) the user interface element 1728 to proceed with the purchase of the interactive book 1724, the device 100 determines again (e.g., through a notification received from the online store) that a particular registered account passcode is required by the online store for completing the purchase.","The device 100 further determines that automatic usage of the previously saved account passcode has been disabled on the device (e.g., due to the enrollment of the additional fingerprint as shown in FIGS.","17E-17F).","In some embodiments, the previously saved account passcode has been deleted from the device 100 through disablement, and the device 100 simply determines that no saved account passcode is available at this time.","In accordance with either of these determinations, as shown in FIG.","17H, the device 100 presents a prompt (e.g., a pop-up window 1730) for the user to manually enter the required account passcode to proceed with the purchase.","FIG.","17I illustrates that the user has provided the required passcode in the pop-up window 1730 (e.g., using the soft keypad 1732 provided along with the pop-up window 1730).","The device 100 transmits the received passcode to the online store in the usual manner (e.g., in an encrypted form).","When the online store verifies and accepts the user-entered passcode, the device 100 presents a user interface 1738 indicating that the purchase has been confirmed and download of the purchased interactive book has been started, as shown in FIG.","17J.","At this point, once the manually entered passcode has been accepted by the online store, the device 100 automatically saves the account passcode, and once again enables automatic retrieval and usage of the saved account passcode through enrolled fingerprints (e.g., any of the set of currently enrolled fingerprints) in the next transaction in which the account passcode is required.","For example, the next purchase transaction can proceed in a manner analogous to that shown in FIGS.","17A-17D.","FIGS.","18A-18C are flow diagrams illustrating a method 1800 of managing automatic usage of a saved credential through enrolled fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.","The method 1800 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300 of FIG.","3, or portable multifunction device 100 of FIG.","1A) with a display, a fingerprint sensor, and optionally, a touch-sensitive surface.","In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.","In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.","In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor is integrated with the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., the touch screen or the touch-sensitive surface separate from the display).","In some embodiments the fingerprint sensor is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.","Some operations in method 1800 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.","As described below, the method 1800 provides an efficient and intuitive way of providing automatic usage of saved credentials through enrolled fingerprints while also providing security in light of possible unauthorized enrollment of new fingerprints.","The method increases the security of using saved credentials, while permitting concurrent enrollment of multiple fingerprints on the device.","As shown in FIG.","18A, at an electronic device with one or more processors, memory, and a fingerprint sensor: the electronic device stores (1802) on the device a respective credential of a user of the device.","In some embodiments, the respective credential includes (1804) a credential selected from the set consisting of: a user ID, a password, a credit card number, a bank account number, an address, a telephone number, and a shopping credential.","For example, in some embodiments, as illustrated in FIGS.","17A-17G, the respective credential is an account passcode for a registered shopping account at an online store (e.g., an app store or an e-commerce store).","The online store uses the account passcode to identify and/or authenticate a shopper and/or retrieve previously stored customer information associated with the shopper.","In some embodiments, the respective credential is a user ID associated with the device, a user ID associated with an email account, or a user ID associated with an online service account (e.g., online gaming account, a document storage account, etc.).","In some embodiments, the respective credential includes a set of user information that is frequently used during online shopping, including a credit card number, a shipping address, a billing address, a credit card expiration date, a telephone number, and/or a credit card security code, etc.","In some embodiments, the respective credential includes private authentication information used to verify the user's identity.","In some embodiments, the respective credential further includes other user data (e.g., address, birthday, age, preferences, etc.)","associated with the authentication information.","In some embodiments, the respective credential is associated with a respective context (e.g., making a purchase using a shopping application, unlocking a locked screen, completing a credit card transaction on an e-commerce web site, etc.)","for which it is applicable.","In some embodiments, the device stores the respective credential in association with the respective context for which it is applicable, such that the device is able to retrieve and use the correct credential under a given context.","In some embodiments, the device stores the respective credential in a secured form, e.g., an encrypted form.","In some embodiments, the device automatically stores the respective credential entered by the user, when the user successfully uses the respective credential in context (e.g., using the account passcode for a registered online shopping account to complete a purchase transaction at an online store).","In some embodiments, the device stores the respective credential through a respective credential set-up process initiated by the user.","In some embodiments, the context for using the respective credential is associated with a software application executing on the electronic device (e.g., a shopping application, a browser application presenting an online shopping portal, a device operating system, a security application, an email application, a banking application, etc.).","While executing a software application (1806) (e.g., while executing the software application with fingerprint authorization of automatic usage of the respective credential currently enabled on the device): the device receives (1808) a fingerprint at the fingerprint sensor of the device.","In response to receiving the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied, including a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints, the device automatically uses (1810) the respective credential of the user in the software application (e.g., without the user entering additional authorizing information other than the fingerprint).","For example, in some embodiments, the user requests performance of a particular operation that is secured by the credential (e.g., logging in to a secured user interface of the application or making a purchase) and the credential is automatically provided to the application for use in performing the particular requested operation).","For example, as illustrated in FIGS.","17A-17D, in some embodiments, while executing a software application of an online store, the device determines that a respective credential (e.g., an account passcode) associated with the user is requested by the software application.","The device determines whether the required credential is currently stored on the device, and if so, whether automatic usage of the stored credential through at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints is currently enabled.","As described with reference to method 600, automatic usage of saved credentials through enrolled fingerprints can be enabled by the user using a predefined fingerprint usage setting.","If automatic usage of saved credentials through enrolled fingerprints is enabled, and the appropriate credential (e.g., the account passcode) is already stored on the device, the device prompts (e.g., using pop-up window 1710 in FIG.","17B) the user to provide an enrolled fingerprint input, in lieu of providing the required credential itself.","In some embodiments, the device temporarily activates the fingerprint sensor (e.g., fingerprint sensor 169 or 1712 in FIG.","17C) to capture the fingerprint input provided by the user.","The device receives a fingerprint input (e.g., fingerprint 1718 in FIG.","17C) at the fingerprint sensor and checks whether the received fingerprint matches one of a set of fingerprints currently enrolled on the device.","In some embodiments, the device presents a pop-up window that prompts the user to either provide a fingerprint input at the fingerprint sensor (i.e., to automatically use the saved credential) or to manually enter a credential that the user wishes to use for the current secured operation.","For example, in some embodiments, activation of the fingerprint sensor is performed concurrently with presenting a soft keypad with a text input field for the user to enter the required credential directly.","Providing these two choices concurrently to the user allows the user to easily enter a credential other than the one that has been saved on the device.","In some embodiments, the determination that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied includes (1812) a determination that usage of the respective credential has not been disabled.","For example, in some embodiments, automatic usage of the respective credential is optionally disabled when the total number of unsuccessful attempts to enter an enrolled fingerprint has exceeded a predetermined threshold number.","In some embodiments, automatic usage of the respective credential is optionally disabled when an additional fingerprint has been enrolled since the respective credential was last used.","In some embodiments, the device also maintains a cumulative counter for unmatched fingerprint inputs that have been provided thus far.","In some embodiments, if the number of unmatched fingerprints exceeds a predetermined threshold number, the device disables automatic usage of saved credentials through fingerprints.","For example, if the user provided more than a threshold number of unmatched fingerprints in response to the prompt for an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., the pop-up window 1710 in FIG.","17C), automatic usage of the saved credential (e.g., the account passcode) will be disabled.","In response, the device will present a different prompt asking the user to manually enter the required credential.","In some embodiments, a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints further includes a determination that the received fingerprint matches any one of all fingerprints currently enrolled on the device.","In some embodiments, a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints further includes a determination that the received fingerprint matches one of a subset of all fingerprints currently enrolled on the device, where the subset of enrolled fingerprints are one or more fingerprints specifically associated with the software application and/or the respective credential.","In some embodiments, automatically using the respective credential in the software application includes automatically populating one or more text input fields provided in the software application using the respective credential.","In some embodiments, automatically using the respective credential in the software application includes automatically sending the respective credential in a plain or encrypted form to the software application or to a remote server through the software application.","For example, as illustrated in FIGS.","17C-17D, the device provides the saved credential (e.g., the saved account passcode) to the online store through an app store application to complete a purchase transaction at the online store.","After automatically using the respective credential of the user in response to receiving the fingerprint, the device receives (1814) a request to enroll an additional fingerprint with the device.","In response to the request to enroll the additional fingerprint with the device, the device adds (1816) the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints.","For example, as illustrated in FIGS.","17D-17F, after the user had finished the shopping transaction using an enrolled fingerprint in lieu of manually entering the required account passcode, the user requested to register a new fingerprint on the device 100 and has enrolled an additional fingerprint (e.g., Finger 2 in FIG.","17F) to the set of fingerprints currently enrolled on the device.","In some embodiments, in response to adding the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints, the device prevents (1818) enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.","In some other embodiments, for enhanced security, the device prevents enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential in response to detecting a request to enroll an additional fingerprint with the device, independent of whether or not an additional fingerprint is actually enrolled.","Thus, in some other embodiments, the mere request to enroll an additional fingerprint (e.g., activating “Add Finger” in FIG.","17E) causes the device to prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential (e.g., at least until the respective credential is subsequently entered manually).","Disabling automatic usage of a saved credential after an attempt to enroll an additional fingerprint provides an alert to the user (either implicitly or explicitly) of the attempted enrollment.","In some embodiments, the device stores (1820) on the device a predefined fingerprint usage setting that enables the device to automatically use the respective credential of the user in a software application upon receiving a fingerprint that matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints.","For example, exemplary embodiments of the predefined fingerprint usage setting for enabling automatic usage of saved credentials are described with reference to method 600.In some embodiments, preventing enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential includes (1822) deleting or changing a value of the predefined fingerprint usage setting.","In some embodiments, deleting or changing a value of the predefined fingerprint usage setting includes deleting a previous authorization from the user to enable automatic usage of saved credentials through an enrolled fingerprint, or changing the fingerprint usage setting (e.g., Touch ID Purchase setting 550 in FIG.","5U) from enabled to disabled.","In some embodiments, preventing enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential includes (1824) deleting a predefined set of confidential values that includes the respective credential.","For example, in some embodiments, the device deletes all saved credentials currently stored on the device, such that no saved credential is available for automatic use through enrolled fingerprints.","In such embodiments, in the event that the user manually enters a credential in context, the device will automatically save the manually entered credential, and re-enable the automatic usage of the credential through enrolled fingerprints.","In some embodiments, if the device supports different sets of enrolled fingerprints for usage of different sets of saved credentials, the device deletes all saved credentials associated with the respective set of enrolled fingerprints to which the additional fingerprint was added.","In some embodiments, preventing enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential includes (1826) deleting the respective credential (e.g., deleting the Apple ID password in the example shown in FIGS.","5A-5J).","In some embodiments, the device deletes the respective credential along with one or more other saved credentials having the same level of security on the device.","In some embodiments, the device keeps track of the number of unsuccessful attempts to provide an enrolled fingerprint to unlock the device.","In some embodiments, if the device has registered too many failed attempts to unlock the device using an enrolled fingerprint, the device continues to keep the device locked, and also disables automatic usage of saved credentials through enrolled fingerprints.","In such embodiments, even if the device is subsequently unlocked (e.g., through the use of an unlock passcode), the user is required to re-enable the automatic usage of save credentials by manually entering the saved credentials and/or reconfiguring the predefined fingerprint usage setting.","In some embodiments, the device receives (1828) a sequence of N unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device via fingerprint authorization, wherein N is a predefined integer greater a predetermined threshold number (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or any reasonable number of unsuccessful attempts).","In response to receiving the sequence of N unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device via fingerprint authorization, the device prevents (1830) enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.","In some embodiments, the device provides a way to reauthorize or re-enable the automatic usage of saved credentials through enrolled fingerprints, after the automatic usage has been prevented or disabled (e.g., through any of the methods described above).","In some embodiments, after preventing enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential (1832): the device receives (1834) a request to use the respective credential in the software application (e.g., as shown in FIG.","17G, the device receives a request from the app store application to use the account passcode to complete a purchase transaction).","In the event that the automatic usage of the saved credential has been disabled, the device requests (1836) the respective credential from the user (e.g., by presenting the pop-up window 1730 and the soft keypad 1732, as shown in FIG.","17H).","The device receives (1838) the respective credential (e.g., the account passcode) from the user (e.g., through the text input field shown in the pop-up window 1730 in FIG.","17I).","In some embodiments, in response to receiving the respective credential from the user (1740): the device uses (1742) the respective credential in the software application (e.g., as illustrated in FIGS.","17I-17J); and enables (1744) enrolled fingerprints to be used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.","For example, in some embodiments, once the automatic usage of the respective credential is re-enabled, if the user returns to the same software application (e.g., the app store application), and tries to activate the same secured operation (e.g., making another purchase), the operation can proceed in a manner analogous to that shown in FIGS.","17A-17D (i.e., the user can provide an enrolled fingerprint in lieu of the credential to complete the purchase).","It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.","18A-18C have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.","One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.","Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 1800 described above with respect to FIGS.","18A-18C.","For example, the finger inputs (e.g., including fingerprints), requests, operations, credentials, and requests described above with reference to method 1800 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the finger inputs (e.g., including fingerprints), requests, operations, credentials, and requests described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).","For brevity, these details are not repeated here.","In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.","19 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 1900 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.","The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.","It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.","19 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.","Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.","As shown in FIG.","19, an electronic device 1900 includes a display unit 1902 configured to display a graphic user interface, a touch-sensitive surface unit 1904 configured to receive contacts, a fingerprint sensor unit 1906 configured to receive a fingerprint input; and a processing unit 1908 coupled to the display unit 1902, the touch-sensitive surface unit 1904, and the fingerprint sensor unit 1906.In some embodiments, the processing unit 1908 includes a credential storage unit 1910, a determining unit 1912, a credential usage unit 1914, a fingerprint enrollment unit 1916, a usage authorization unit 1918, a settings storage unit 1920, a locking unit 1922, a request receiving unit 1924, and a credential receiving unit 1926.In some embodiments, the credential storage unit 1910 is configured to store on the device a respective credential of a user of the device.","While a software application is being executed on the device: the fingerprint sensor unit 1906 is configured to receive a fingerprint at the fingerprint sensor of the device.","The determining unit 1912 is configured to: while the software application is being executed on the device, determine that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied, including determining that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints.","The credential usage unit 1914 is configured to: while the software application is being executed on the device, in response to the receipt of the fingerprint by the fingerprint sensor unit 1906 and in accordance with a determination by the determining unit 1912 that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied, including a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints, automatically use the respective credential of the user in the software application.","The fingerprint enrollment unit 1916 is configured to: after the credential usage unit 1914 has automatically used the respective credential of the user in response to the fingerprint sensor unit 1906 receiving the fingerprint, receive a request to enroll an additional fingerprint with the device.","The fingerprint enrollment unit 1916 is further configured to: in response to the request to enroll the additional fingerprint with the device, add the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints.","The usage authorization unit 1718 is configured to: in response to the addition of the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints by the fingerprint enrollment unit 1916, prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.","In some embodiments, the determination that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied includes a determination that usage of the respective credential has not been disabled.","In some embodiments, the respective credential includes a credential selected from the set consisting of: a user ID, a password, a credit card number, a bank account number, an address, a telephone number, and a shopping credential.","In some embodiments, the settings storage unit 1920 is configured to store on the device a predefined fingerprint usage setting that enables the device to automatically use the respective credential of the user in the software application upon receiving a fingerprint that matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints.","In some embodiments, the usage authorization unit 1918 is configured to prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential by deleting or changing a value of the predefined fingerprint usage setting.","In some embodiments, the usage authorization unit 1918 is configured to prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential by deleting a predefined set of confidential values that includes the respective credential.","In some embodiments, the usage authorization unit 1918 is configured to prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential by deleting the respective credential.","In some embodiments, the locking unit 1922 is configured to: receive a sequence of N unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device via fingerprint authorization, wherein N is a predefined integer; and in response to receiving the sequence of N unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device via fingerprint authorization, prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.","In some embodiments, the request receiving unit 1924 is configured to receive a request to use the respective credential in the software application, after enrolled fingerprints are prevented from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.","The credential receiving unit 1926 is configured to requesting the respective credential from the user (e.g., after the request receiving unit 1924 receives the request and enrolled fingerprints are prevented from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential).","In some embodiments, the credential usage unit 1914 is further configured to: in response to the credential receiving unit receiving the respective credential from the user, use the respective credential in the software application.","In addition, in some embodiments, the usage authorization unit 1918 is further configured to: in response to the credential receiving unit receiving the respective credential from the user, enable enrolled fingerprints to be used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.","The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.","1A and 3) or application specific chips.","The operations described above with reference to FIGS.","18A-18J are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B or FIG.","19.For example, storing operation 1802, receiving operation 1808, using operation 1810, adding operation 1816, preventing operation 1818 are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.","When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.","Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.","Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B.","Revealing Redacted Information Many electronic devices have graphical user interfaces that contain private information (e.g., information that a user of the device may not want to be viewed by others).","Redacting private information prevents other people from viewing the private information; however, redacting private information also prevents the user of the device from viewing the private information.","Some methods require a user to perform a complicated sequence of steps (e.g., navigating to a settings menu and/or entering a pass code or password) to reveal redacted information (e.g., by unlocking the device or changing redaction settings).","This makes it difficult and time consuming for the user to quickly review an unredacted version of the information.","Thus, it would be advantageous to provide a way for a user to quickly and intuitively remove redaction from information displayed by the device so that the private information is hidden from other people but is still readily accessible to the user of the device.","In some embodiments described below, an improved method for revealing redacted information is achieved by using a fingerprint sensor to determine whether or not to reveal redacted information.","In particular, while the device is displaying information with a redacted portion, the device determines whether or not to display an unredacted version of the redacted portion of the information based on whether the device detects a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint on a fingerprint sensor of the device.","This method streamlines the process of revealing redacted information by enabling a user to reveal redacted information simply by placing a finger on a fingerprint sensor of the device, thereby eliminating the need for extra, separate, steps to reveal redacted information.","In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).","In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.","1A).","The device described below with reference to 20A-20T and 21A-21C includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.","4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.","4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.","20A-20T and 21A-21C will be discussed with reference to a device with a touch screen 112 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.","20A-20T on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","20A-20T on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a display 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 instead of a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.","20A-20T on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) and/or the separate touch-sensitive surface 451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","20A-20T on the display 450; in such embodiments, the contacts shown in FIGS.","20A-20T optionally represent both a focus selector that corresponds to a location on the display 450, and a contact that corresponds to a location of a contact or gesture performed on the separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451), where the focus selector is, optionally: a respective contact, a representative point corresponding to a contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a point associated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or more contacts detected on the touch screen 112 and is, optionally, replaced with a displayed cursor.","FIG.","20A illustrates a locked-device user interface displayed on touch screen 112 of device 100 while the device is in a locked mode of operation.","In some embodiments, locked-device user interface is displayed while one or more functions of device 100 are locked (e.g., access to personal data and applications is limited compared to when the device is in an unlocked mode of operation).","In some embodiments, when the device detects a swipe gesture including movement of a contact from left to right across touch screen 112, the device is unlocked or an unlock sequence is initiated (e.g., a user is prompted to enter a pass code, as shown in FIG.","20G).","In some embodiments, the device is unlocked when the swipe gesture is detected over an unlock image 2001 (e.g., the text “>slide to unlock” in FIG.","20A).","In FIG.","20B, while the device is in the locked mode of operation, the device receives an email and generates notification 2002 that includes redacted portion 2004 that corresponds to a snippet of content of the email and unredacted portion 2006 that includes a sender, title, and time of the email.","In FIG.","20C, the device detects a finger gesture that includes finger contact 2008 on fingerprint sensor 169.Finger contact 2008 includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint and, in response to detecting finger contact 2008, the device displays unredacted version 2010 of the content of the email.","In this example, the device continues to display unredacted portion 2006 of notification 2002 while displaying unredacted version 2010 of the content.","FIG.","20D illustrates a locked-device user interface displayed on touch screen 112 of device 100 while the device is in a locked mode of operation after the device has generated multiple notifications that correspond to different received communications or events, including a compressed version 2012-4 of email notification 2002 shown in FIGS.","20B-20C, calendar notification 2012-1, phone call notification 2012-2, and email notification 2012-3.In FIG.","20D, the content of email notifications 2012-3 and 2012-4 is redacted and the name of the caller in phone call notification 2012-2 is redacted, while none of the information in calendar notification 2012-1 is redacted.","In some embodiments a name or location of the calendar notification is redacted.","In some embodiments, none of the information in phone call notification 2012-2 is redacted.","In some embodiments, one or more of these notifications 2012 in FIG.","20D includes only redacted information.","In FIGS.","20E-20F, the device detects contact 2020 on touch screen 112 and detects movement 2022-a and 2022-b of contact 2020 across touch screen 112.In response to detecting contact 2020 at or near a location of icon 2024 that corresponds to email notification 2012-3, the device ceases to display descriptive information about email notification 2012-3 (e.g., the redacted and unredacted information that correspond to the notification) and instead displays an instruction for accessing the email corresponding to the notification (e.g., “slide to unlock” 2026).","In response to detecting movement of contact 2020, the device moves icon 2024 across the display (e.g., so as provide visual confirmation that the notification that corresponds to icon 2024 has been selected and/or to indicate progress toward unlocking the device and displaying the email corresponding to email notification 2012-3).","In some embodiments, when at least a portion of a respective notification is redacted, the device responds to an attempt to unlock the device to access additional information related to the respective notification (e.g., swipe gesture at a location that corresponds to the respective notification, as shown in FIGS.","20E-20F) by requesting additional authentication from the user (e.g., as shown in FIG.","20G).","In some embodiments, when a respective notification is not redacted, the device responds to an attempt to unlock the device to access additional information related to the respective notification (e.g., swipe gesture at a location that corresponds to the respective notification, as shown in FIGS.","20J-20K) by displaying the additional information related to the respective notification (e.g., as shown in FIG.","20L).","In FIG.","20G, the device displays an unlock user interface for unlocking the device.","In FIG.","20G, the device will unlock the device in response to detecting entry of a pass code for the device or in response to detecting a fingerprint on fingerprint sensor 169 that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint.","For example, if a correct pass code is entered in pass code entry user interface 2028 (e.g., by detecting tap gestures on the numbers that correspond to entry of the correct pass code) and/or a fingerprint matching a previously enrolled fingerprint is detected on fingerprint sensor 169, the device will display a copy of the email that corresponds to the activated notification 2012-3 in FIG.","20D in an email application (e.g., as shown in FIG.","20L).","In FIG.","20H, the device displays unredacted versions of previously redacted notifications in response to detecting finger contact 2030 on fingerprint sensor 169 that includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint while displaying multiple notifications 2012, a plurality of which included both redacted and unredacted information (e.g., as shown in FIG.","20D).","In this example, the device continues to display the unredacted portions of notifications 2012 while displaying unredacted portions of a plurality of notifications that previously included redacted portions (e.g., notifications 2012-2, 2012-3, and 2012-4 previously included redacted portions in FIG.","20D and do not include redacted portions in FIG.","20H after finger contact 2030 has been detected).","In some embodiments, in response to detecting liftoff of finger contact 2030, redacted versions of the notifications are redisplayed (e.g., returning to the user interface shown in FIG.","20D).","In some embodiments, in response to detecting liftoff of finger contact 2030, the device is unlocked (e.g., as shown in FIG.","20I).","In some embodiments, after detecting liftoff of the finger contact 2030, the unredacted versions of the notifications continue to be displayed for a predefined time period (e.g., for 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 seconds or some other reasonable time period) or until a predetermined criteria has been met (e.g., the display of the device has turned off either due to a screen-dim timer or due to a screen-dim input from a user such as activating a sleep/power button of the device), as shown in FIG.","20J, where unredacted versions of notifications 2012-2 and 2012-4 are displayed even though the device is not currently detecting a fingerprint on fingerprint sensor 169.In FIG.","20I, in response to detecting a liftoff of finger contact 2030 (FIG.","20H) from fingerprint sensor 169, the device transitions from operating in a locked mode to operating in an unlocked mode and displays an application launch interface for launching a plurality of different applications (e.g., in response to detecting a tap gesture on a respective icon of the icons displayed on touch screen 112 in FIG.","20I, the device would open an application corresponding to the respective icon as described in greater detail above with reference to FIG.","4A).","In some embodiments, when the device is unlocked, a most recently open application (e.g., an application that was open at the time when the device was locked) is displayed instead of displaying the application launch user interface (e.g., if a mail application was open when the device was last locked, a mail application user interface such as the interface shown in FIG.","20L is shown on the display).","In FIGS.","20J-20K, while unredacted versions of notifications 2012 are displayed (e.g., as shown in FIG.","20H), the device detects contact 2032 on touch screen 112 and movement 2034-a and 2034-b of contact 2032 across touch screen 112.In response to detecting contact 2032 at or near a location of an icon 2024 that corresponds to email notification 2012-3, the device ceases to display descriptive information about email notification 2012-3 (e.g., the redacted and unredacted information that correspond to the notification) and instead displays an instruction for accessing the email corresponding to the notification (e.g., “slide to unlock” 2026).","In response to detecting movement of contact 2032, the device moves icon 2024 across the display (e.g., so as provide visual confirmation that the notification that corresponds to icon 2024 has been selected and/or to indicate progress toward unlocking the device and displaying the email corresponding to email notification 2012-3).","In FIG.","20L, the device displays an email received at the device that corresponds to notification 2012-3 in FIGS.","20D and 20H.","As shown in FIG.","20L, the full version of the email includes additional content that is not included in the snippet shown in the notification that corresponds to the email.","The email interface in FIG.","20L also includes a plurality of controls 2036 that enable the user to perform or initiate performance of different operations, such as: navigate to different emails (e.g., by tapping on control 2036-1 to display an inbox view that includes representations of a plurality of emails, by tapping on control 2036-3 to navigate to a previous email in the current folder or tapping on control 2036-2 to navigate to a next email in the current folder), flag/star the displayed email (e.g., by tapping on control 2036-4), file the displayed email in a folder (e.g., by tapping on control 2036-5), delete/archive the displayed email (e.g., by tapping on control 2036-6), reply/forward the displayed email (e.g., by tapping on control 2036-7), and draft a new email (e.g., by tapping on control 2036-8).","In FIGS.","20M-20O, the device detects contact 2040 on touch screen 112 and movement 2042-a and 2042-b across touch screen 112.In response to detecting movement of contact 2040 downward from a top edge of touch screen 112, the device gradually displays notification interface 2044 sliding down touch screen 112, e.g., in accordance with movement 2042 of contact 2040.As shown in FIG.","20P, notification interface 2044 includes a plurality of notifications that include redacted information and unredacted information and a plurality of notifications that include only unredacted information.","In FIG.","20P, calendar notifications 2046-1 and 2046-2 are unredacted; email notifications 2046-3 and 2046-4 include unredacted senders, subjects and times and redacted content; phone message notifications 2046-5 and 2046-6 include redacted callers and unredacted times; and message notifications 2046-7 and 2046-8 include unredacted senders and times and redacted content.","In FIG.","20P, in response to detecting an upward swipe gesture including detecting contact 2048 near a lower edge of touch screen 112 and movement 2050 of contact 2048 upward on touch screen 112 while the redacted version of some of the notifications is displayed (e.g., as shown in FIG.","20P), the device returns to displaying a locked-device user interface such as the user interface shown in FIG.","20M.","In FIG.","20Q, in response to detecting finger contact 2052 on fingerprint sensor 169 that includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint, the device displays unredacted versions of multiple, previously redacted notifications 2046, a plurality of which include both redacted and unredacted information (e.g., as shown in FIG.","20P).","In this example, the device continues to display the unredacted portions of notifications 2046 while displaying unredacted portions of a plurality of notifications that previously included redacted portions (e.g., notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, and 2046-8 previously included redacted portions in FIG.","20P and do not include redacted portions in FIG.","20Q after finger contact 2052 has been detected).","In some embodiments, in response to detecting liftoff of finger contact 2052, redacted versions of the notifications are redisplayed (e.g., returning to the user interface shown in FIG.","20P).","In some embodiments, in response to detecting liftoff of finger contact 2052, the device is unlocked (e.g., as shown in FIG.","20I).","In some embodiments, after detecting liftoff of the finger contact 2030, the unredacted versions of the notifications continue to be displayed for a predefined time period (e.g., for 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 seconds or some other reasonable time period) or until a predetermined criteria has been met (e.g., the display of the device has turned off either due to a screen-dim timer or due to a screen-dim input from a user such as activating a sleep/power button of the device).","In FIG.","20Q, in response to detecting an upward swipe gesture including detecting contact 2054 near a lower edge of touch screen 112 and movement 2056 upward on touch screen 112 as shown in FIG.","20Q while the unredacted versions the notifications are displayed, the device displays an unlocked-device user interface (e.g., an application launch user interface such as the application launch user interface shown in FIG.","20I or a user interface for a recently opened application such as the email user interface shown in FIG.","20L).","FIGS.","20R-20T illustrate alternative ways to redact a notification.","In FIG.","20R, a snippet of content is replaced with redaction text string 2058 (e.g., ) that indicates that the snippet of content of the email has been redacted.","In FIG.","20S, a snippet of content of the email is obscured by placing black boxes 2060 over individual words to indicate that the snippet of content of the email has been redacted.","In FIG.","20T, predefined redaction object 2062 has been placed over the snippet of content to indicate that the snippet of content of the email has been redacted.","While the redaction shown in FIGS.","20A-20Q included blurring redacted text, any suitable method of rendering the redacted content unreadable, including those shown in FIGS.","20R-20T, could be used instead of or in addition to the blurring shown in FIGS.","20A-20Q.","FIGS.","21A-21C are flow diagrams illustrating a method 2100 of revealing redacted information in accordance with some embodiments.","The method 2100 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.","3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.","1A) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface.","In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.","In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.","Some operations in method 2100 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.","As described below, the method 2100 provides an intuitive way to reveal redacted information.","The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when revealing redacted information, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to revealing redacted information faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges.","In some embodiments, the device displays (2102) a locked-device user interface.","In some embodiments, the device receives (2104) a request to display information (e.g., detecting the activation of a button that corresponds to a request to turn on a display of the device, or detecting a request to display a notification user interface as shown in FIGS.","20M-20P).","In some embodiments, the device detects (2106) the occurrence of a predefined event (e.g., the device receives a new communication and generates a notification of the new communication as described above with reference to FIGS.","20A-20B).","The device displays (2108) a redacted version of first information on the display (e.g., notification 2002 in FIG.","20B, notifications 2012-2, 2012-3, 2012-4 in FIG.","20D, or notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, 2046-8 in FIG.","20P).","In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information is displayed in response to receiving the request to display information and/or in response to detecting the occurrence of the predefined event.","In some embodiments, the first redacted information includes (2110) a plurality of distinct information items (e.g., notifications 2012-2, 2012-3, 2012-4 in FIG.","20D, or notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, 2046-8 in FIG.","20P), and each information item in the plurality of information items includes a redacted portion and an unredacted portion (e.g., in FIG.","20D, the time and description of phone call notification 2012-2 are not redacted, while the name of the caller is redacted, and the subject, sender and time of email notifications 2012-3 and 2012-4 are not redacted while the content of the emails is redacted).","In some embodiments, an information item is a set of related information (e.g., information related to a single event or communication).","For example, an information item for an electronic message includes two or more of: a name of a sender, a subject line, a time at which the message was received, and content of the message.","As another example, an information item for a calendar event includes two or more of a name of an event, a list of participants, a location, a time of the event, and a description of the event.","As another example, an information item for a phone call includes two or more of a name of a caller, a phone number from which the phone call was received, and a time of the call.","In some embodiments, the first information includes (2112) a notification that includes identifying information (e.g., a sender of a message and a time) and content (e.g., a subject line and/or a snippet or portion of a body of a message), the identifying information is not redacted and the content is redacted (e.g., as shown with notification 2002 in FIG.","20B and notifications 2012-3 and 2014 in FIG.","20D).","In some embodiments, the first information includes (2114) one or more notifications of communications received by the device (e.g., notifications of missed messages, emails, phone calls and the like).","For example, in FIG.","20D, the first information includes phone call notification 2012-2 and email notifications 2012-3 and 2012-4.In some embodiments, the first information includes (2116) one or more notifications of social networking updates.","(e.g., notifications of messages and events generated by users who are friends or are followed by a user of the device).","In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information includes (2118) a copy of the first information that has been rendered unreadable (e.g., by blurring words as shown in FIGS.","20B, 20D and 20P, by blacking out words as shown in FIG.","20S, or by otherwise obscuring text).","In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information includes (2120) a predefined redaction object (e.g., a string that says as shown in FIG.","20R or or a predefined shape as shown in FIG.","20T) that is displayed in place of text in the first information.","In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information is displayed (2122) on a locked-device user interface (e.g., a lock screen) of the device (e.g., as shown in FIGS.","20B and 20D).","In some embodiments, the first information includes (2124) a plurality of distinct information items that are redacted (e.g., a plurality of notifications for different messages or events that occurred on the device).","In some embodiments, information items in a plurality of information items in the first information each include a redacted portion (e.g., content) and an unredacted portion (e.g., an identifier).","For example in FIG.","20D, notifications 2012-2, 2012-3, and 2012-4 each include a redacted portion and an unredacted portion and in FIG.","20P, notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, 2046-8 each include a redacted portion and an unredacted portion.","In some embodiments, while displaying the redacted version of the first information, the device displays (2128) an unredacted version of second information (e.g., in FIG.","20D, notification 2012-1 is unredacted and in FIG.","20P, notifications 2046-1 and 2046-2 are unredacted).","In some embodiments, the device displays a plurality of notifications including one or more redacted notifications and one or more unredacted notifications (e.g., notifications of email messages are redacted, while notifications from a game are not redacted).","Providing a plurality of notifications that each include a redacted portion and an unredacted portion provides the user with the ability to quickly view at least some information about multiple different events or communications and determine whether or not it is necessary to view the unredacted versions of the notifications and/or unlock the device to display additional information that corresponds to the notifications.","Thus, providing a plurality of notifications with both redacted and unredacted content maintains the ease of use of the device for the user while improving the security of private information (e.g., content of email messages, content of text messages, and/or the identity of callers).","While displaying the redacted version of the first information on the display, the device detects (2130) a finger input (e.g., finger contact 2008 in FIG.","20C, finger contact 2030 in FIG.","20H, or finger contact 2052 in FIG.","20Q) on the fingerprint sensor (e.g., fingerprint sensor 169 in FIGS.","20A-20T).","In response (2132) to detecting the finger input on the fingerprint sensor, in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, the device replaces (2134) display of the redacted version of the first information with an unredacted version of the first information (e.g., as shown in FIGS.","20B-20C, FIGS.","20D and 20H, and FIGS.","20P-20Q the device removes redaction from one or more notifications in response to detecting an enrolled fingerprint on fingerprint sensor 169).","In some embodiments, when the first redacted information includes a plurality of distinct information items; and each information item in the plurality of information items includes a redacted portion and an unredacted portion, replacing display of the redacted version of the first information with the unredacted version of the first information includes (2136) replacing display of redacted portions of the plurality of information items with corresponding unredacted content while maintaining display of unredacted portions of the plurality of information items.","For example in FIG.","20D, notifications 2012-2, 2012-3, and 2012-4 each include a redacted portion and an unredacted portion and in FIG.","20H, after detecting finger contact 2030 on fingerprint sensor 169, the redacted portions of these notifications are replaced with unredacted portions while the previously unredacted portions continue to be displayed.","Similarly, in FIG.","20P, notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, 2046-8 each include a redacted portion, and in FIG.","20Q, after detecting finger contact 2052 on fingerprint sensor 169, the redacted portions of these notifications are replaced with unredacted portions while the previously unredacted portions continue to be displayed.","In response to detecting the finger input on the fingerprint sensor, in accordance with a determination that the finger input does not include a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, the device maintains (2138) display of the redacted version of the first information on the display.","For example, if finger contact 2008 (FIG.","20C) did not include a fingerprint that matched a previously enrolled fingerprint, the device would continue to display the user interface shown in FIG.","20B (rather than the user interface shown in FIG.","20C) or display a fingerprint match error user interface indicating to the user that a non-matching fingerprint was detected.","As another example, if finger contact 2030 (FIG.","20H) did not include a fingerprint that matched a previously enrolled fingerprint, the device would continue to display the user interface shown in FIG.","20D (rather than the user interface shown in FIG.","20H) or display a fingerprint match error user interface indicating to the user that a non-matching fingerprint was detected.","As another example, if finger contact 2052 (FIG.","20Q) did not include a fingerprint that matched a previously enrolled fingerprint, the device would continue to display the user interface shown in FIG.","20P (rather than the user interface shown in FIG.","20Q) or display a fingerprint match error user interface indicating to the user that a non-matching fingerprint was detected.","Maintaining display of the redacted version of information when non-enrolled fingerprint is detected on the fingerprint sensor prevents unauthorized users from viewing private information that is redacted.","In some embodiments, after displaying the unredacted version of the first information, the device continues (2140) to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor.","In some embodiments, while continuing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, the device maintains (2142) display of the unredacted version of the first information on the display.","In some embodiments, while maintaining display of the unredacted version of the first information, the device ceases (2144) to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor (e.g., detecting liftoff of the fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor).","In some embodiments, in response to ceasing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, the device redisplays (2146) the redacted version of the first information.","For example, in FIG.","20C, if the device detected liftoff of contact 2008, the device would redisplay the user interface shown in FIG.","20B.","As another example, in FIG.","20H, if the device detected liftoff of contact 2030, the device would redisplay the user interface shown in FIG.","20D.","As another example, in FIG.","20Q, if the device detected liftoff of contact 2052, the device would redisplay the user interface shown in FIG.","20P.","In some embodiments, prior to detecting the first input, the device displays (2102) a locked-device user interface on the display (e.g., a user interface that corresponds to a locked mode of operation of the device as shown in FIG.","20D).","In some embodiments, after displaying the unredacted version of the first information, the device continues (2140) to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor (e.g., as shown in FIG.","20H).","In some embodiments, while continuing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, the device maintains (2142) display of the unredacted version of the first information on the display (e.g., as shown in FIG.","20H).","In some embodiments, while maintaining display of the unredacted version of the first information, the device ceases (2144) to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor (e.g., detecting liftoff of the fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor as shown in FIG.","20I).","In some embodiments, in response to ceasing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, the device ceases (2148) to display the first information; and displays an unlocked-device user interface on the display (e.g., displaying a user interface that corresponds to an unlocked mode of operation of the device such as the application launch user interface shown in FIG.","20I or a user interface for a last-used application such as the mail application user interface shown in FIG.","20L).","Thus, in some embodiments, in response to detecting a finger-down portion of the first input, the device reveals redacted content (e.g., by replacing a redacted version of the content with an unredacted version of the content) and in response to detecting a finger-up portion of the first input, the device displays an unlocked-device user interface.","Revealing redacted information in response to detecting a finger-down portion of a finger input and displaying an unlocked-device user interface in response to a finger-up portion of the finger input provides the user with a quick way to view the redacted content and then transition to the unlocked-device user interface.","In some embodiments, the unlocked-device user interface is displayed in response to detecting liftoff of the finger contact if the time between the finger-down portion of the finger input (e.g., the time at which the finger was detected on the fingerprint sensor) and the finger-up portion of the finger input (e.g., the time at which the finger ceased to be detected on the fingerprint sensor) is greater than a first time threshold (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 second, or some other reasonable time threshold); and the locked-device user interface continues to be displayed in response to detecting liftoff of the finger contact if the time between the finger-down portion of the finger input and the finger-up portion of the finger input is less than the first time threshold (e.g., the user can cancel the device unlock operation by removing the finger contact on the fingerprint sensor before the first time threshold amount of time has elapsed).","In some embodiments, the unlocked-device user interface is displayed in response to detecting liftoff of the finger contact if the time between the finger-down portion of the finger input (e.g., the time at which the finger was detected on the fingerprint sensor) and the finger-up portion of the finger input (e.g., the time at which the finger ceased to be detected on the fingerprint sensor) is less than a second time threshold (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 second, or some other reasonable time threshold); and the locked-device user interface continues to be displayed in response to detecting liftoff of the finger contact if the time between the finger-down portion of the finger input and the finger-up portion of the finger input is greater than the second time threshold (e.g., the user can cancel the device unlock operation by maintaining the finger contact on the fingerprint sensor for more than the second time threshold amount of time).","In some embodiments, prior to displaying the redacted version of the first information, the device receives (2104) a request to display the first information.","For example, the device detects a swipe gesture in a first direction (e.g., downward) starting at or near a first (e.g., top) edge of the display (e.g., as shown in FIGS.","20M-20O, where contact 2040 is detected near a top edge of touch screen 112 and moves 2042 downward) or detects a predefined input (e.g., activation of a button of the device that corresponds to a request to wake the device from a low power mode, a request to turn the display of the device on, and/or a request to display a locked-device user interface).","In some embodiments, in response to receiving the request to display the first information, the device displays (2108) the redacted version of the first information on the display.","For example, in FIG.","20P, the device displays notification user interface 2044 with a plurality of notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, 2046-8 that each include a redacted portion in response to detecting the swipe gesture in the first direction.","In some embodiments, after displaying the first information, the device detects a swipe gesture (e.g., movement 2050 of contact 2048 in FIG.","20P or movement 2056 of contact 2054 in FIG.","20Q) in a second direction (e.g., upward) that is different from the first direction and starts at or near a different (e.g., bottom) edge of the display.","In response to detecting the swipe gesture in the second direction, the device ceases to display the redacted version of the first information on the display.","In some embodiments, whether or not the first information (e.g., the notifications in notification user interface 2044) is redacted depends on whether the device is in a locked mode of operation or an unlocked mode of operation (e.g., in response to detecting a request to display the first information while the device is a locked mode of operation), the device displays a redacted version of the first information such as the redacted notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, 2046-8 shown in FIG.","20P, whereas in response to detecting a request to display the first information while the device is in an unlocked mode of operation, the device displays an unredacted version of the first information such as the unredacted notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, 2046-8 shown in FIG.","20Q).","In some embodiments, prior to displaying the redacted version of the first information, the device detects (2106) the occurrence of a predefined event and in response to detecting the occurrence of the predefined event, the device displays (2108) the redacted version of the first information on the display (e.g., in response to receiving a communication such as an email or a phone call, detecting that a reminder time for a calendar appointment has been reached, or receiving a notification from a third party application, the device displays a pop-up notification that corresponds to the event).","For example, in FIG.","20B, the device receives an email from Johnny Appleseed, generates a notification including information from the email and displays a redacted version of notification 2002 on touch screen 112.In some embodiments, whether or not the first information is redacted depends on whether the device is in a locked mode of operation or an unlocked mode of operation (e.g., in response to detecting the occurrence of the predefined event while the device is a locked mode of operation, the device displays a redacted version of the first information as shown in FIG.","20B and in response to detecting the occurrence of the predefined event while the device is in an unlocked mode of operation, the device displays an unredacted version of the first information).","In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information is displayed in a predefined location on the display (e.g., in a center of the display) when it is first received and is later displayed in a list of notifications with one or more other notifications (e.g., one or more unredacted notifications and/or one or more redacted notifications).","For example, in FIG.","20B a notification 2002 for an email from Johnny Appleseed is initially displayed in a center of touch screen 112 in FIG.","20B after it is received and notification 2012-4 for the same email from Johnny Appleseed is later displayed in FIG.","20D in a list of other notifications generated by the device (e.g., notifications that correspond to communications received or events that occurred since the last time the device was unlocked) on touch screen 112.It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.","21A-21C have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.","One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.","Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 2100 described above with respect to FIGS.","21A-21C.","For example, the fingerprints, contacts, gestures, redaction, and animations described above with reference to method 2100 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the fingerprints, contacts, gestures, redaction, and animations described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).","For brevity, these details are not repeated here.","In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.","22 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 2200 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.","The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.","It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.","22 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.","Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.","As shown in FIG.","22, an electronic device 2200 includes a display unit 2202 configured to display a redacted version of first information, optionally a touch-sensitive surface unit 2204, a fingerprint sensor unit 2206, and a processing unit 2208 coupled to the display unit 2202, optionally the touch-sensitive surface unit 2204, and the fingerprint sensor unit 2206.In some embodiments, the processing unit 2208 includes a display enabling unit 2210, a detecting unit 2212, a replacing unit 2214, a maintaining unit 2216, a ceasing unit 2218, and a receiving unit 2220.The processing unit 2208 is configured to, while enabling display (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2210) of the redacted version of the first information on the display unit 2202, detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 2212) a finger input on the fingerprint sensor.","The processing unit 2208 is configured to, in response to detecting the finger input on the fingerprint sensor: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, replace display (e.g., with replacing unit 2214) of the redacted version of the first information with an unredacted version of the first information; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input does not include a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, maintain display (e.g., with maintaining unit 2216) of the redacted version of the first information on the display unit 2202.In some embodiments, the first redacted information includes a plurality of distinct information items and each information item in the plurality of information items includes a redacted portion and an unredacted portion.","In some embodiments, replacing display of the redacted version of the first information with the unredacted version of the first information includes replacing display of the redacted portions of the plurality of information items with corresponding unredacted content while maintaining display of the unredacted portions of the plurality of information items.","In some embodiments, the first information includes a notification that includes identifying information and content, the identifying information is not redacted, and the content is redacted.","In some embodiments, the first information includes one or more notifications of communications received by the device.","In some embodiments, the first information includes one or more notifications of social networking updates.","In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information includes a copy of the first information that has been rendered unreadable.","In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information includes a predefined redaction object that is displayed in place of text in the first information.","In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information is displayed on a locked-device user interface of the device.","In some embodiments, the first information includes a plurality of distinct information items that are redacted.","In some embodiments, the processing unit 2208 is configured to, while enabling display of the redacted version of the first information, enable display (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2210) of an unredacted version of second information.","In some embodiments, the processing unit 2208 is configured to: after enabling display of the unredacted version of the first information, continue to detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 2212) the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; while continuing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, maintain display (e.g., with the maintaining unit 2216) of the unredacted version of the first information on the display unit 2202; while maintaining display of the unredacted version of the first information, cease to detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 2212) the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; and in response to ceasing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, enable redisplay (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2210) of the redacted version of the first information.","In some embodiments, the processing unit 2208 is configured to: prior to detecting the first input, enable display (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2210) of a locked-device user interface on the display unit 2202; after displaying the unredacted version of the first information, continue to detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 2212) the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; while continuing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, maintain display (e.g., with the maintaining unit 2216) of the unredacted version of the first information on the display unit 2202; while maintaining display of the unredacted version of the first information, cease to detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 2212) the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; and in response to ceasing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor: cease to display (e.g., with the ceasing unit 2218) the first information; and enable display (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2210) of an unlocked-device user interface on the display unit 2202.In some embodiments, the processing unit 2208 is configured to: prior to displaying the redacted version of the first information, receive (e.g., with the receiving unit 2220) a request to display the first information; and in response to receiving the request to display the first information, enable display (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2210) of the redacted version of the first information on the display unit 2202.In some embodiments, the processing unit 2208 is configured to: prior to displaying the redacted version of the first information, detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 2212) the occurrence of a predefined event; and in response to detecting the occurrence of the predefined event, enable display (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2210) of the redacted version of the first information on the display unit 2202.The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.","1A and 3) or application specific chips.","The operations described above with reference to FIGS.","21A-21C are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B or FIG.","22.For example, display operations 2102 and 2108, receiving operation 2104, detecting operations 2106 and 2130, replacing operation 2134 and maintaining operation 2138 are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.","When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.","Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.","Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B.","Providing Different Unlock Modes Many electronic devices have a locked mode, where the locked mode has a different set of enabled features than the unlocked mode on the corresponding device.","Because many users wish to keep the contents of their electronic devices private, a locked mode allows for a level of security against unauthorized access to an electronic device.","A user may wish to have more than one way to unlock an electronic device while it is in a locked state.","The device described below improves on existing methods by providing different unlock modes to unlock a device while it is in a locked mode of operation, including one or more unlock modes associated with a fingerprint sensor.","While the device is in a locked mode of operation in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, the device detects, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking the device.","In response to detecting the first input with the fingerprint sensor the device determines whether the first input meets one of unlock criteria, first unlock-failure criteria, or second unlock-failure criteria.","In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the unlock criteria, the device transitions the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked.","In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, the device maintains the device in the locked mode and adjusts unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a first set of one or more unlock operations.","Finally, in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, the device maintains the device in the locked mode and adjusts unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a second set of one or more unlock operations that is different from the first set of unlock operations.","In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).","In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.","1A).","The device described below with reference to 23A-23FF and 24A-24D includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.","4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.","4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.","23A-23FF and 24A-24D will be discussed with reference to a device with a touch screen 112 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.","23A-23FF on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","23A-23FF on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a display 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 instead of a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.","23A-23FF on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) and/or the separate touch-sensitive surface 451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","23A-23FF on the display 450; in such embodiments, the contacts shown in FIGS.","23A-23FF optionally represent both a focus selector that corresponds to a location on the display 450, and a contact that corresponds to a location of a contact or gesture performed on the separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451), where the focus selector is, optionally: a respective contact, a representative point corresponding to a contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a point associated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or more contacts detected on the touch screen 112 and is, optionally, replaced with a displayed cursor.","FIGS.","23A-23FF illustrate a portable multifunction device 100 providing different unlock modes, and responding to various successful and unsuccessful unlock operations.","While in a locked mode, portable multifunction device 100 provides different operations associated with unlock modes, represented by various user interfaces in FIGS.","23A-23FF.","FIGS.","23A-23C illustrate a portable multifunction device 100 being successfully unlocked.","FIG.","23A illustrates an exemplary unlock-initiation user interface 2302 displayed on touch screen 112 of a device (e.g.","device 100).","In some embodiments, unlock-initiation user interface 2302 is a user interface of an operating system running on device 100.In some embodiments unlock-initiation user interface 2302 is displayed by device 100 in response to device 100 detecting a user input, such as a click of menu button 204.This exemplary unlock-initiation user interface 2302 displays a first visual cue 2304 for one unlock mode.","In some embodiments, unlock-initiation user interface 2302 displays more than one visual cue, where each visual cue corresponds to a different unlock mode.","In some embodiments, device 100 is capable of providing more than one unlock mode, even when only one visual cue for one unlock mode is displayed, as in unlock-initiation user interface 2302.In some embodiments, first visual cue 2304 is textual, graphical or any combination thereof.","In FIG.","23A, first visual cue 2304 is displayed to instruct the user to make a sliding gesture on touch screen 112 from left to right, to unlock device 100.FIG.","23B illustrates a fingerprint 2306-1 being detected by fingerprint sensor 169.In this example, detected fingerprint 2306-1 matches an enrolled fingerprint of device 100.In some embodiments in which device 100 has more than one fingerprint sensor 169, fingerprint 2306-1 is detected by any one of the device's fingerprint sensors.","FIG.","23C illustrates an unlocked-mode user interface 2308.In some embodiments, the unlocked-mode user interface 2308 is displayed by device 100 in response to detecting a user input that meets one or more unlock criteria, while the device 100 is in a locked mode.","In some embodiments, unlocked-mode user interface 2308 is displayed in response to the device 100 detecting a fingerprint 2306-1 that matches an enrolled fingerprint of device 100, as in FIG.","23B.","In some embodiments, device 100 does not have security measures enabled to lock the phone, or disables one or more security measures to lock the phone for a predetermined amount of time after a successful attempt to unlock the phone.","In such embodiments, unlocked-mode user interface 2308 is displayed by the device 100 without a user input fulfilling one or more unlock criteria.","FIGS.","23D-23K illustrate device 100 being unsuccessfully unlocked by repeated attempts.","FIG.","23D illustrates the same unlock-initiation user interface 2302 and first visual cue 2304, as shown in FIG.","23B.","In exemplary FIG.","23D however, fingerprint 2310-1, detected by fingerprint sensor 169, does not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100.Throughout this document, the term “any enrolled fingerprint of device 100” means any enrolled fingerprint of device 100 that can be used to unlock device 100.In some implementations, all enrolled fingerprints of device 100 can be used to unlock device 100.However, in some other implementations, or in some circumstances, one of more of the enrolled fingerprints of device 100 are configured so that they cannot be used to unlock device 100.For ease of discussion, such enrolled fingerprints are said to be “fingerprints not authorized to unlock device 100,” while the enrolled fingerprints that can be used to unlock device are said to be “fingerprints authorized to unlock device 100.” FIG.","23E illustrates an exemplary response by device 100 to detection of fingerprint 2310-1, which does not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100.In FIG.","23E, first visual cue 2304 is displayed as shaking from side to side for a predetermined amount of time, for a predetermined number of times and/or at a predetermined speed.","In some embodiments, device 100 uses another technique to alert the user that the detected fingerprint is not recognized to be an enrolled fingerprint, such as playing an audio message, displaying a different visual cue, or any combination of audio and visual feedback.","FIG.","23F illustrates an exemplary response by device 100 to detection of one or more fingerprints 2310-1 that do not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100.FIG.","23F illustrates the device displaying a second visual cue 2312 on unlock-initiation user interface 2302, instructing the user, in this example, to try to unlock the device by a fingerprint detection again, and an arrow pointing to the right to indicate that the user can alternatively make a sliding gesture on touch screen 112 from left to right, to unlock device 100.In some embodiments, second visual cue 2312 is the same as first visual cue 2304.In some embodiments, device 100 maintains a counter of failed attempts to unlock the device by a particular type of unlock-operation or by any type of unlock operation.","In some embodiments, second visual cue 2312 indicates how many times the device 100 has detected failed attempts by passcode entry, failed attempts by fingerprint sensing, or failed attempts by any type of unlock-operation.","In some embodiments, second visual cue 2312 indicates how many attempts to unlock the device by a particular means or by any means are permissible before the device precludes any more attempts for an undefined or predefined length of time.","In some embodiments, second visual cue 2312 indicates information associated with the last failed attempt to unlock device 100, such as a time stamp.","FIGS.","23G-23H illustrate an exemplary response by device 100 to detection of a fingerprint 2310-2 that does not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100, after displaying second visual cue 2312.In FIG.","23G, second visual cue 2312 is displayed as shaking (or, equivalently, as being shaken) from side to side for a predetermined amount of time, for a predetermined number of times and/or at a predetermined speed.","In some embodiments, device 100 uses another technique to alert the user that the detected fingerprint is not recognized as an enrolled fingerprint, such as playing an audio message, displaying a different visual cue, or any combination of audio and visual feedback.","In some embodiments, device 100 displays another visual cue distinct from the first visual cue 2304 and second visual cue 2312, in response to detecting two or more failed attempts to unlock device 100 by fingerprint detection.","In some embodiments, after displaying second visual cue 2312 as shaking, the device displays unlock-initiation user interface 2302 with second visual cue 2312 as stationary, as shown in FIG.","23H.","FIG.","23I illustrates a third attempt to unlock device 100, when fingerprint 2310-3 is detected by device, in the sequence of unlock attempts shown in FIGS.","23D to 23J.","In this example, fingerprint 2310-3 does not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100.FIGS.","23J-23K illustrate an exemplary response by device 100 to detection of a first predefined number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock device 100.In some embodiments, the first predefined number of unsuccessful attempts (e.g., three attempts) corresponds solely to unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device with unrecognized fingerprints.","For example, FIGS.","23J-23K illustrate the response of device 100 to detection of a third attempt to unlock device 100 with an unrecognized fingerprint 2310-3, shown in FIG.","23I.","FIG.","23J shows a transitional display on touch screen 112, where device 100 is switching from displaying unlock-initiation user interface 2302 to displaying passcode entry user interface 2314, shown in FIG.","23K.","In some embodiments, device 100 transitions from unlock-initiation user interface 2302 to passcode entry user interface 2314 through a lateral sliding motion, as shown in FIGS.","23J and 23K.","In some embodiments, while device 100 transitions from unlock-initiation user interface 2302 to passcode entry user interface 2314, other user interface objects that were displayed on unlock-initiation user interface 2302 such as overlay icons 2315 and second visual cue 2312 or first visual cue 2304 are also gradually removed from display on touch screen 112.FIG.","23K illustrates an exemplary passcode entry user interface 2314 that device 100 transitions to in response to detecting a first predefined number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock device 100.In some embodiments, passcode entry user interface 2314 comprises a third visual cue 2316 and a progress indicator 2318.In FIG.","23K, exemplary third visual cue 2316 comprises the same text as exemplary second visual cue 2312, however, in some embodiments, third visual cue 2316 comprises text distinct from text in any other visual cues.","In some embodiments, third visual cue 2316 is textual, graphical or any combination thereof.","FIGS.","23L-23P illustrate an exemplary response of device 100 to user entry of a correct sequence of numbers (e.g., a passcode) to unlock the device, after device 100 has detected a first predefined number of unsuccessful attempts (e.g., by repeated detection of fingerprints that do not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100) to unlock the device.","In FIG.","23L, device 100 detects a finger input 2320-1 on touch screen 112 corresponding to entry of the number “1” on the keypad displayed on passcode entry user interface 2314.Progress indicator 2318 changes to show a first shape of a set of geometric shapes (e.g., circles) change from an “unfilled” to “filled” appearance.","In FIG.","23L, progress indicator 2318 has 4 circles to indicate that the one or more passcodes to unlock the device comprise 4 digits.","In some embodiments, progress indicator 2318 has more than 4 geometric shapes, to correspond to more than 4 digits in a valid passcode to unlock device 100, or less than 4 geometric shapes to correspond to less than 4 digits in a valid passcode to unlock device 100.In FIG.","23M, device 100 detects another finger input 2320-2, and progress indicator 2318 is correspondingly updated to indicate that two finger inputs have been detected.","In FIG.","23N, device 100 detects another finger input 2320-3, and progress indicator 2318 is correspondingly updated to indicate that three finger inputs have been detected.","In FIG.","23O, device 100 detects another finger input 2320-4, and progress indicator 2318 is correspondingly updated to indicate that four finger inputs have been detected.","FIG.","23P illustrates an unlocked-mode user interface 2308, displayed in response to device 100 detecting a valid passcode entered in FIGS.","23L-23O.","FIG.","23Q illustrates an exemplary response of device 100 to user entry of an incorrect sequence of numbers (e.g., an incorrect passcode) to unlock the device, after device 100 has detected a first predefined number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device (e.g., by repeated detection of fingerprints that do not match any enrolled fingerprints authorized to unlock the device).","FIG.","23Q is displayed, for example, after FIGS.","23L-23O, if the passcode entered in FIGS.","23L-23O is determined to be invalid for unlocking device 100.In FIG.","23Q, progress indicator 2318 is displayed as being shaken from side to side for a predetermined amount of time, for a predetermined number of times and/or at a predetermined speed.","In some embodiments, device 100 uses another technique to alert the user that the entered passcode is not recognized to be a passcode authorized to unlock device 100, such as playing an audio message, displaying a different visual cue, or any combination of audio and visual feedback.","In some embodiments, device 100 displays third visual cue 2316 as being shaken from side to side for a predetermined amount of time, for a predetermined number of times and/or at a predetermined speed.","In FIG.","23Q, the geometric shapes of progress indicator 2318 change from being filled, as shown in FIG.","23O, to being unfilled.","FIGS.","23R-23T illustrate further exemplary unsuccessful attempts to unlock device 100 by fingerprint detection, in the sequence of unlock attempts shown from FIG.","23D to FIG.","23J.","In FIG.","23R, detected fingerprint 2310-4 does not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100.In FIG.","23S, progress indicator 2318 is displayed as being shaken from side to side for a predetermined amount of time, for a predetermined number of times and/or at a predetermined speed.","In some embodiments, device 100 uses another technique to alert the user that the detected fingerprint is not recognized to be an enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100, such as playing an audio message, displaying a different visual cue, or any combination of audio and visual feedback.","In some embodiments, progress indicator 2318 remains stationary and third visual cue 2316 is displayed differently to indicate detection of fingerprint that does not match any enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100.For example, third visual cue 2316 is displayed as being shaken from side to side for a predetermined amount of time, for a predetermined number of times and/or at a predetermined speed.","FIG.","23T illustrates an exemplary fourth visual cue 2322 displayed on passcode entry user interface 2314 in response to detecting a second predefined threshold of unsuccessful attempts to unlock device 100.In some embodiments, fourth visual cue 2322 is displayed to indicate that device 100 has disabled the ability to unlock the device through fingerprint detection.","In some embodiments, the second predefined threshold of unsuccessful attempts to unlock corresponds solely to attempts by fingerprint detection.","FIG.","23U illustrates an exemplary unlock-initiation user interface 2302.In some embodiments, unlock-initiation user interface 2302 is displayed in response to detecting a predefined user action, such as pressing menu button 204, while the display of the device is in a low power mode (e.g., the display is off and/or the display backlight is off).","In some embodiments, unlock-initiation user interface 2302 is also displayed by device 100 after a predefined period of time has elapsed, while the device is in a locked mode and an idleness condition is detected (e.g., no user input for the predefined period of time).","FIG.","23V illustrates an exemplary response of device 100 to detection of a fingerprint 2310-5, detected while displaying unlock-initiation user interface 2302 (FIG.","23U), where fingerprint 2310-5 does not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100 authorized to unlock device 100.In this example, device 100 has previously detected at least one fingerprint 2310 that also did not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100 authorized to unlock device 100 prior to detecting fingerprint 2310-5 in unlock-initiation user interface 2302, shown in FIG.","23U.","FIG.","23V illustrates an exemplary response of device 100 to detection of fingerprint 2310-5 (which does not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100 authorized to unlock device 100) in FIG.","23U.","In FIG.","23V, device 100 displays the passcode entry user interface 2314, along with a fifth visual cue 2324 that alerts the user to its inability to recognize the detected fingerprint.","In some embodiments, fifth visual cue 2324 alerts the user to at least one prior unsuccessful attempt to unlock device 100 by fingerprint detection, and in some embodiments fifth visual cue 2324 comprises information regarding the one or more prior unsuccessful attempts to unlock device 100.FIGS.","23W and 23X illustrate device 100 transitioning from display of unlock-initiation user interface 2302 to passcode entry user interface 2314, in response to detecting a device unlock finger gesture 2326 on touch screen 112.In this example, device unlock finger gesture 2326 is a lateral movement from left to right on unlock-initiation user interface 2302, for example from position 2326-1 to position 2326-2.In some embodiments the direction of device unlock finger gesture 2326 is from right to left.","Exemplary finger gesture 2326 corresponds to the instructions displayed by first visual cue 2304.FIG.","23X illustrates the transition to passcode entry user interface 2314, shown in FIG.","23Y.","FIG.","23Y illustrates an exemplary passcode entry user interface 2314 displayed by device 100 in response to detecting device unlock finger gesture 2326 in FIG.","23W.","FIG.","23W shows a sixth visual cue 2328 (e.g., “Enter Passcode”), and a progress indicator 2318.In some embodiments, sixth visual cue 2328 indicates to the user that the device may be unlocked by passcode entry.","In some implementations, sixth visual cue 2328 indicates additional methodologies for unlocking the device, such as fingerprint detection, another technique, or a combination of techniques.","In FIG.","23Y, a fingerprint 2306-2 is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.In this example, fingerprint 2306-2 matches an enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100.FIGS.","23Z-23DD illustrate an exemplary response by device 100 to detection of a fingerprint 2306-2 on fingerprint sensor 169, while displaying passcode entry user interface 2314.In FIGS.","23Z-23CC, progress indicator 2318 is progressively modified by filling in geometric shapes in progress indicator 2318, one at a time.","In some embodiments, progress indicator 2318 is progressively modified while device 100 determines whether the detected fingerprint 2306-2 matches an enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100.In some embodiments, upon determining that a fingerprint 2306-2 received while displaying passcode entry user interface 2314 matches an enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100, progress indicator 2318 is instantly modified to display all the geometric shapes as being filled in.","FIG.","23DD illustrates an unlocked-mode user interface 2308, displayed after device 100 displays the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","23Y-23CC and device 100 has made a determination that the detected fingerprint matches an enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100.FIGS.","23EE and 23FF illustrate an exemplary response by device 100 to detection of a fingerprint 2310-6, by fingerprint sensor 169, while displaying passcode entry user interface 2314.For example, FIG.","23EE follows FIGS.","23W-23X, after device 100 detects finger gesture 2326 on touch screen 112.FIG.","23FF illustrates an exemplary response by device 100 to detection of a fingerprint 2310-6 (shown in FIG.","23EE) that does not match any enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100.In FIG.","23FF, a visual cue, such as third visual cue 2316 (e.g., “try again”) is displayed, and progress indicator 2318 is displayed as being shaken from side to side for a predetermined amount of time, for a predetermined number of times and/or at a predetermined speed.","FIGS.","24A-24D are flow diagrams illustrating a method 2400 of providing different unlock modes in accordance with some embodiments.","The method 2400 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.","3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.","1A) with a display and fingerprint sensor.","In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.","In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.","Some operations in method 2400 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.","As described below, the method 2400 provides an intuitive way to provide different unlock modes.","The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when providing different unlock modes, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to unlock an electronic device faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges.","While the device is in a locked mode of operation in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, the device detects (2406), with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking the device.","In some embodiments, prior to detecting the first input, the device displays (2402) an unlock-initiation user interface (e.g., a slide-to-unlock user interface, shown in FIG.","23U) that does not include a passcode entry user interface, wherein while the unlock-initiation user interface is displayed, the device is enabled to be unlocked using a fingerprint but is not enabled to be unlocked using a passcode.","For example, in a slide-to-unlock user interface, a passcode entry user interface is not displayed and thus there is no way to enter a passcode to unlock the device.","In some embodiments, prior to detecting the first input, while the display of the device is in a low power mode (e.g., the display is off and/or the display backlight is off), the device enables (2404) the device to be unlocked using a fingerprint without enabling the device to be unlocked using a passcode.","For example, if the display is off and the display backlight is off, a passcode entry user interface is not displayed and thus there is no way to enter a passcode to unlock the device.","The device performs several operations in response to detecting (2408) the first input with the fingerprint sensor in method 2400.In response to detecting (2408) the first input with the fingerprint sensor, the device determines (2410) whether the first input meets one of unlock criteria, first unlock-failure criteria, or second unlock-failure criteria.","In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the unlock criteria, the device transitions (2412) the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked.","In some embodiments, the unlock criteria include (2414) a criterion that is met when the first input includes a fingerprint detected with the fingerprint sensor that matches a fingerprint that is enrolled with the device.","For example, if the first input corresponds to an enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock the device, the device transitions from a locked mode to an unlocked mode, as seen in FIGS.","23B and 23C.","In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the first input does not meet the unlock criteria, the device displays (2416) a passcode entry user interface.","For example, if the first input is fingerprint 2310-3 in FIG.","23I, which the device determines does not match any enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100, the device displays exemplary passcode entry user interface 2314 in FIG.","23K.","In some embodiments, in accordance with the determination that the first input meets first unlock-failure criteria, the device displays (2418) a first unlock interface that includes the passcode entry user interface, and a visual indication that the device is enabled to be unlocked using a fingerprint.","In some embodiments, in accordance with the determination that the first input meets second unlock-failure criteria, the device displays (2420) a second unlock interface that includes the passcode entry user interface, and a visual indication that the device has been disabled from being unlocked using a fingerprint.","For example, FIG.","23T illustrates an exemplary second unlock interface that includes the passcode entry user interface 2314, and a visual indication that the device has been disabled from being unlocked using a fingerprint (e.g., fourth visual cue 2322).","In some circumstances, while the device displays (2422) the passcode entry user interface, the device receives a passcode entered via the passcode entry user interface.","For example, FIGS.","23K-FIG.","23O illustrate device 100 receiving a passcode entered via passcode entry user interface 2314.In response to receiving the passcode, and in accordance with a determination that the passcode matches a current passcode for the device, the device transitions the device from the locked mode of operation to the unlocked mode of operation (e.g., FIG.","23P).","In accordance with a determination that the passcode does not match the current passcode for the device, the device maintains the device in the locked mode (e.g., FIG.","23Q).","In some embodiments, in response to receiving the passcode, the device determines (2424) whether passcode-timeout criteria have been met, the passcode-timeout criteria including a criterion that is met when at least a first number of unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts have been made (e.g., between one and four unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts).","Alternatively, the passcode-timeout criteria includes a criterion that is met when at least a first number of unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts have been made within a predefined time period.","In accordance with a determination that the passcode-timeout criteria have been met, the device disables the device from being unlocked using a passcode for a timeout period of time.","For example, the device ceases to display the passcode entry user interface, ceases to accept input for the passcode entry user interface and/or disables unlocking via the passcode entry user interface even if the current passcode is entered in the passcode entry user interface.","In some embodiments, in response to receiving the passcode, the device determines (2426) whether data-preclusion criteria have been met, the data-preclusion criteria including a criterion that is met when at least a second number of unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts have been made (e.g., between 5 and 20 unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts).","Alternatively, the data-preclusion criteria includes a criterion that is met when at least the second number of unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts have been made within a predefined time period.","In accordance with a determination that the data-preclusion criteria have been met, the device renders private data stored on the device unusable.","For example, the device deletes, encrypts or otherwise removes the ability to access private data such user communications, contact information, financial information, account information and optionally other data on the device.","In some embodiments, when the data-preclusion criteria have been met, the device performs a device-disable operation that renders the device unusable.","In some embodiments, the passcode entry user interface includes (2428) a progress indicator that provides a visual indication of progress toward entering a passcode when characters are entered via the passcode entry user interface.","For example, the progress indicator is a sequence of circles or other geometric shapes (e.g., as in FIGS.","23K to 23O) that each correspond to a character in the passcode, which are filled in or highlighted as characters are entered in the passcode entry user interface.","In some embodiments, while the passcode entry user interface is displayed on the display, the device detects (2430) a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, and in response to detecting the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, displays an animation in the progress indicator that indicates progress towards unlocking the device.","For example, an animation that indicates that progress is being made toward unlocking the device (e.g., in FIGS.","23Y to 23CC) is provided in response to detecting the fingerprint, even though the user at the moment is not entering individual characters in the passcode with a keyboard.","In some embodiments, the device receives (2432) an unlock request to unlock the device that includes authentication information.","For example, the device receives a passcode entered via the passcode entry user interface or a fingerprint detected on a fingerprint sensor.","While receiving the authentication information, the device displays an animation of the progress indicator changing from a first state (e.g., the progress indicator comprising a sequence of empty circles or other geometric objects as in FIG.","23Y) to a second state (e.g., the progress indicator comprising a sequence of full circles or other geometric objects as in FIG.","23CC).","In response to receiving the unlock request, the device determines whether the authentication information is sufficient to unlock the device.","In accordance with a determination that the authentication information is sufficient to unlock the device (e.g., a passcode that matches a previously established passcode or a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to unlock the device), the device transitions the device from the locked mode of operation to the unlocked mode of operation, and in accordance with a determination that the authentication information is not sufficient to unlock the device (e.g., a passcode that does not match a previously established passcode or a fingerprint that does not match a previously enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock the device), the device maintains the device in the locked mode of operation and displays an authentication rejection animation (e.g., shaking the progress indicator from side to side) in which the progress indicator changes (e.g., reverts or is reset) from the second state to the first state.","In some embodiments, the same authentication rejection animation is displayed regardless of whether the authentication information is a passcode or a fingerprint.","The method 2400 further includes: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, the device maintains (2434) the device in the locked mode and adjusts unlock settings of the device so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a first set of one or more unlock operations.","For example, the device enables passcode entry by displaying a passcode interface in addition to still permitting use of the fingerprint sensor to unlock in the first set of unlock operations.","In some embodiments, the first set of unlock operations includes (2436) an unlock operation that uses a fingerprint to unlock the device and another unlock operation that uses a passcode to unlock the device.","In some embodiments, the device is enabled to be unlocked using a fingerprint when the device is configured to transition from the locked mode of operation to the unlocked mode of operation in response to detecting a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint (e.g., an enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock the device).","In some embodiments, the device is enabled to be unlocked using a passcode when the device is configured to transition from the locked mode of operation to the unlocked mode of operation in response to detecting entry of a passcode that matches a previously established passcode.","In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, the device maintains (2438) the device in the locked mode and adjusts unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a second set of one or more unlock operations that is different from the first set of unlock operations.","For example, the device enables the passcode entry but fingerprint authentication is disabled in the second set of unlock operations.","In some embodiments, the second set of unlock operations includes (2440) an unlock operation that uses a passcode to unlock the device and excludes an unlock operation that uses a fingerprint to unlock the device.","For example, FIG.","23T shows a user interface corresponding to a second set of unlock operations that includes an unlock operation that uses a passcode to unlock the device and excludes an unlock operation that uses a fingerprint to unlock the device.","In some embodiments, the first input includes a fingerprint input on the fingerprint sensor.","The first unlock-failure criteria includes (2442) a criterion that is met when the device has detected at least a first threshold number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device with one or more unrecognized fingerprints (e.g., detected fingerprints that are not found to match any of the enrolled fingerprints), and the second unlock-failure criteria includes a criterion that is met when the device has detected at least a second threshold number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device with one or more unrecognized fingerprints, where the second threshold number is greater than the first threshold number.","For example, the second unlock-failure criteria are met when the device has detected five unsuccessful fingerprint authorization attempts.","In some embodiments, the device maintains a counter of the number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device, where such record is only reset after successfully unlocking the device.","In some embodiments, the device maintains a counter of the number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device by fingerprint detection, where such record is only reset after successfully unlocking the device.","In some embodiments, the first unlock-failure criteria includes (2444) a criterion that is met when the device has detected less than the second number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device with one or more unrecognized fingerprints.","For example, the first unlock-failure criteria are met when the device has detected one to four unsuccessful fingerprint authorization attempts.","It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.","24A-24D have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.","One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.","Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 2400 described above with respect to FIGS.","24A-24D.","For example, the fingerprints, contacts, gestures and user interface objects described above with reference to method 2400 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the fingerprints, contacts, gestures and user interface objects described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).","For brevity, these details are not repeated here.","In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.","25 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 2500 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.","The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.","It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.","25 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.","Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.","As shown in FIG.","25, an electronic device 2500 includes a display unit 2502 configured to display a graphical user interface, a fingerprint sensor unit 2506; and a processing unit 2508 coupled to the display unit 2502 and the fingerprint sensor unit 2506.In some embodiments, the electronic device 2500 includes a touch-sensitive surface unit 2504 configured to receive contacts, coupled to the processing unit 2508, the fingerprint sensor unit 2506 and the display unit 2502.In some embodiments, the processing unit 2508 includes a determining unit 2510, a transitioning unit 2512, a maintaining unit 2514, an adjusting unit 2516, an enabling unit 2518, a receiving unit 2520, a disabling unit 2522, a rendering unit 2524 and a detecting unit 2526.While the device is in a locked mode of operation in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, the fingerprint sensor unit 2508, detects a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking the device.","In response to detecting the first input with fingerprint sensor unit 2506, processing unit 2508 is configured to: determine whether the first input meets one of unlock criteria, first unlock-failure criteria, or second unlock-failure criteria (e.g., with determining unit 2510).","Processing unit 2508 is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the unlock criteria, transition the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked (e.g., with transitioning unit 2512).","Processing unit 2508 is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, maintain (e.g., with maintaining unit 2514) the device in the locked mode and adjust (e.g., with adjusting unit 2516) unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a first set of one or more unlock operations.","Processing unit 2508 is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, maintain (e.g., with maintaining unit 2514) the device in the locked mode and adjust (e.g., with adjusting unit 2516) unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a second set of one or more unlock operations that is different from the first set of unlock operations.","In some embodiments, the first input includes a fingerprint input on fingerprint sensor unit 2506, the first unlock-failure criteria includes a criterion that is met when the device has detected at least a first threshold number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device with one or more unrecognized fingerprints, and the second unlock-failure criteria includes a criterion that is met when the device has detected at least a second threshold number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device with one or more unrecognized fingerprints, where the second threshold number is greater than the first threshold number.","In some embodiments, prior to detecting the first input, the device displays with display unit 2502, an unlock-initiation user interface that does not include a passcode entry user interface.","Furthermore, while the unlock-initiation user interface is displayed, the device is enabled to be unlocked using a fingerprint but is not enabled to be unlocked using a passcode.","In some embodiments, the processing unit 2508 is further configured to enable (e.g., with enabling unit 2518) the device to be unlocked using a fingerprint, prior to detecting the first input, while the display of the device is in a low power mode, without enabling the device to be unlocked using a passcode.","In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first input and in accordance with a determination that the first input does not meet the unlock criteria, the device displays with display unit 2502 a passcode entry user interface.","In some embodiments, in accordance with the determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, the device displays with display unit 2502 a first unlock interface that includes the passcode entry user interface, and a visual indication that the device is enabled to be unlocked using a fingerprint.","In some embodiments, in accordance with the determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, the device displays with display unit 2502 a second unlock interface that includes the passcode entry user interface, and a visual indication that the device has been disabled from being unlocked using a fingerprint.","In some embodiments, prior to detecting the first input, the device displays with display unit 2502 an unlock-initiation user interface that does not include a passcode entry user interface.","Furthermore, while the unlock-initiation user interface is displayed, the device is enabled to be unlocked using a fingerprint but is not enabled to be unlocked using a passcode.","In some embodiments, the processing unit 2508 is further configured to enable (e.g., with enabling unit 2518) the device to be unlocked using a fingerprint, prior to detecting the first input, while the display of the device is in a low power mode, without enabling the device to be unlocked using a passcode.","In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first input and in accordance with a determination that the first input does not meet the unlock criteria, the device displays with display unit 2502 a passcode entry user interface.","In some embodiments, in accordance with the determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, the device displays with display unit 2502 a first unlock interface that includes the passcode entry user interface and a visual indication that the device is enabled to be unlocked using a fingerprint.","In some embodiments, while the device displays with display unit 2502 the passcode entry user interface, the processing unit 2508 is further configured to: receive (e.g., with receiving unit 2520) a passcode entered via the passcode entry user interface; transition (e.g., with transitioning unit 2512) the device from the locked mode of operation to the unlocked mode of operation, in response to receiving the passcode and in accordance with a determination that the passcode matches a current passcode for the device; and maintain (e.g., with maintaining unit 2514) the device in the locked mode, in response to receiving the passcode and in accordance with a determination that the passcode does not match the current passcode for the device.","In some embodiments, the processing unit 2508 is further configured to: determine (e.g., with determining unit 2510), in response to receiving the passcode, whether passcode-timeout criteria have been met, the passcode-timeout criteria including a criterion that is met when at least a first number of unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts have been made, and disable (e.g., with disabling unit 2522) the device from being unlocked using a passcode for a timeout period of time, in accordance with a determination that the passcode-timeout criteria have been met.","In some embodiments, the processing unit 2508 is further configured to: determine (e.g., with determining unit 2510), in response to receiving the passcode, whether data-preclusion criteria have been met, the data-preclusion criteria including a criterion that is met when at least a second number of unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts have been made, and render (e.g., with rendering unit 2524), in response to receiving the passcode, private data stored on the device unusable, in accordance with a determination that the data-preclusion criteria have been met.","In some embodiments, while the passcode entry user interface is displayed on the display, the device detects, with the fingerprint sensor unit 2506, a fingerprint on fingerprint sensor unit 2506, and in response to detecting the fingerprint on fingerprint sensor unit 2506, displays with display unit 2502, an animation in the progress indicator that indicates progress towards unlocking the device (e.g., progress toward filling in the passcode).","In some embodiments, processing unit 2508 is further configured to: receive (e.g.","with receiving unit 2520), an unlock request to unlock the device that includes authentication information.","In such embodiments, display unit 2502 displays an animation of the progress indicator changing from a first state to a second state, while receiving the authentication information.","Processing unit 2508 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 2510), in response to receiving the unlock request, whether the authentication information is sufficient to unlock the device, transition (e.g.","with transitioning unit 2512) the device from the locked mode of operation to the unlocked mode of operation, in accordance with a determination that the authentication information is sufficient to unlock the device; and maintain (e.g., with maintaining unit 2514), the device in the locked mode of operation, in accordance with a determination that the authentication information is not sufficient to unlock the device, while display unit 2502 displays an authentication rejection animation in which the progress indicator changes from the second state to the first state.","The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.","1A and 3) or application specific chips.","The operations described above with reference to FIGS.","24A-24D are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B or FIG.","25.For example, detection operation 2406, determination operation 2410, and enablement operation 2404 are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.","When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.","Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.","Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B.","Controlling Access to Device Information and Features and Unlocking the Device Many electronic devices have graphical user interfaces that are displayed while the device is locked.","For example, notifications and settings user interfaces can be displayed while the device is locked.","However, displaying notifications or settings while the device is locked can compromise the device and/or user data, as an unauthorized user who has the device in his possession can read notifications or change device settings despite being an unauthorized user.","However, suppressing display of all notifications and control of settings while the device is locked inconveniences authorized users of the device.","The methods below describe an improved way to control access to device information and features and to unlock the device.","While a device with a fingerprint sensor is locked, a user interface—such as one for viewing notifications, changing settings, or viewing photos—is brought up in a limited-access mode.","In a limited-access mode, the notification, settings, or photo viewing user interface provides less than full access to device information and features.","For example, notifications are partially or fully redacted, device settings that can be changed are restricted, or previously stored digital photographs are not viewable.","While viewing the user interface in a limited access mode, the user attempts to authenticate himself or herself with a fingerprint on the device's fingerprint sensor.","If authentication is successful, the user interface changes to a full-access mode and the device is unlocked.","The device remains unlocked when the full-access user interface is dismissed.","If authentication is not successful, the user interface remains in its limited-access mode and the device remains locked.","The device remains locked when the limited-access user interface is dismissed.","This method increases security by controlling access to device information and controls prior to fingerprint authentication, yet seamlessly provides immediate access to more device information and features and unlocks the device upon successful fingerprint authentication.","In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).","In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.","1A).","The device described below with reference to 26A-26X and 27A-27D includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.","4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.","4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.","26A-26X and 27A-27D will be discussed with reference to a device with a touch screen 112 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.","26A-26X on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","26A-26X on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a display 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 instead of a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.","26A-26X on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) and/or the separate touch-sensitive surface 451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","26A-26X on the display 450; in such embodiments, the contacts shown in FIGS.","26A-26X optionally represent both a focus selector that corresponds to a location on the display 450, and a contact that corresponds to a location of a contact or gesture performed on the separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451), where the focus selector is, optionally: a respective contact, a representative point corresponding to a contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a point associated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or more contacts detected on the touch screen 112 and is, optionally, replaced with a displayed cursor.","FIG.","26A illustrates locked device interface 2600 displayed on a display of a device (e.g., on touch screen 112 of device 100).","Locked device interface 2600 is a user interface that indicates to users of device 100 that device 100 is in locked mode (i.e., device 100 is locked), and thus access to one or more features of device 100 is locked.","For example, while device 100 is locked, user interface 400 is inaccessible (and thus the user is unable to launch at least some applications on device 100).","In some embodiments, locked device interface 2600 provides limited information to users.","For example, locked device interface 2600 includes current date and time 2602 and instructions or hints 2604 on how to unlock device 100.Locked device interface 2600 also includes one or more user interface objects for displaying respective user interfaces or launching specific applications.","For example, locked device interface 2600 includes handles 2606 and 2608, and icon 2610.Handle 2606 is adjacent to the top edge of touch screen 112, and 2608 is adjacent to the bottom edge of touch screen 112.A user performs a gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) starting from handle 2606 to activate display of a notification interface (e.g., notification interface 2616, FIG.","26C).","A user performs a gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) starting from handle 2608 to activate display of settings-management interface (e.g., settings-management interface 2650, FIG.","26N).","A user performs a gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) on icon 2610 to activate display of a camera interface (e.g., camera interface 2678, FIG.","26U).","FIG.","26A illustrates a gesture detected on touch screen 112 while device 100 is in a locked mode.","The gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) includes contact 2612 detected on handle 2606, and contact 2612, while detected on handle 2606, moving in direction 2614.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 displays notification interface 2616 on touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.","26C, and device 100 remains in locked mode.","In some embodiments, the transition from displaying locked device interface 2600 to displaying notification interface 2616 includes an animation in which notification interface 2616 slides onto touch screen 112 in accordance with the movement of contact 2612, as shown in FIGS.","26A-26C; contact 2612 swipes notification interface 2616 onto touch screen 112.In the animation, notification interface 2616 slides over locked screen interface 2600.In some embodiments, notification interface 2616 is translucent and locked device interface 2600 is partially visible (e.g., visible but blurred or faint) under notification interface 2616, as shown in FIG.","26C.","For example, current date and time 2602 and unlock instructions 2604 are visible but faint under notification interface 2616.In some other embodiments, notification interface 2616 is opaque and locked device interface 2600 is not visible under notification interface 2616.Notification interface 2616 is a user interface for displaying notifications 2620 associated with respective applications on device 100.In some embodiments, notification interface 2616 includes one or more sections 2618.Each respective section 2618 is associated with a respective application on device 100, and displays one or more notifications 2620 associated with that respective application.","A respective notification 2620 includes one or more portions for displaying respective fields of information.","For example, a notification for a message or email includes respective portions for a sender, a date/time, and an indicator of content (e.g., the subject, and/or a snippet of the message/email body).","As another example, a notification for a calendar event invite includes respective portions for a name and/or description of the event, a source of the invite (e.g., a contact that sent the invite), and a date/time of the event.","What portions and information a notification 2620 includes is typically determined by the respective associated application.","In some embodiments, notification interface 2616 also includes two or more view filters 2638.A respective view filter 2638 corresponds to a respective set of criteria for filtering notifications 2620 displayed in notification interface 2616; notifications 2620 that satisfy the criteria are displayed and the notifications 2620 that don't satisfy the criteria are hidden.","For example, in FIG.","5C, view filter “All” 2638-1 is active; all outstanding notifications 2620 (other than notifications that are hidden in accordance with restrictions on access to notification interface 2616, as described below) are displayed.","A non-active view filter 2638 is activated by a gesture performed on that view filter (e.g., a tap gesture).","For example, in response to detecting a tap gesture performed on view filter “Missed” 2638-2, device 100 displays notifications 2620 that have not been addressed within a predetermined time period (e.g., the prior 24 hours) in notification interface 2616, and omits display of notifications 2620 that do not satisfy this not-addressed-within-time-period criterion.","Because device 100 is locked when the gesture with contact 2612 is detected, notification interface 2616 is displayed in a limited-access mode.","While notification interface 2616 is in the limited-access mode, access to notification interface 2616 is restricted.","In some embodiments, restrictions on access to notification interface 2616 include one or more of the following: redaction of information in one or more of notifications 2620, omission from display (e.g., hiding from display) of one or more sections 2618 that otherwise have outstanding notifications, and omission from display of one or more view filters 2638.For example, FIG.","26C shows redacted notifications 2620 in notification interface 2616.As an alternative example.","FIG.","26D shows redacted notifications 2620 and omission of section 2618-2 in notification interface 2616.Also, FIGS.","26C and 26D both show that view filter “Today” 2638-3 (FIG.","26H) is hidden.","In some embodiments, redaction of a notification 2620 includes replacement of all or some portions of the notification with generic, placeholder text.","For example, in FIG.","5C, notification 2620-1 is a notification for a message received by a messaging application on device 100.Notification 2620-1 includes portion 2622 for identifying the sender of the message, portion 2624 for a timestamp of the message (e.g., date/time the message was sent or received), and portion 2626 for all or some (e.g., a snippet) of the contents of the message.","When notification 2620-1 is not redacted, the portions 2622, 2624, and 2626 are filled with their actual respective contents (i.e., actual sender name, actual timestamp, and actual message contents, respectively).","When notification 2620-1 is redacted, one or more of portions 2622, 2624, and 2626 are replaced with respective generic text.","As shown in FIG.","26C, notification 2620-1 is partially redacted.","Portion 2622 shows the actual sender name, but portion 2624 shows generic text “Time” instead of the actual timestamp, and portion 2626 shows generic text “Message” instead of a snippet of the actual message.","As another example, notification 2620-2 in FIG.","26C is a notification for a calendar event invite received by a calendar application on device 100.Notification 2620-2 includes portion 2628 for the name or description of the event, portion 2630 for a source of the invite (e.g., the inviter), and portion 2632 for the time of the event.","In FIG.","26C, actual contents in portions 2628, 2630, and 2632 are replaced with generic text “Event,” “Invitation from Contact,” and “Time,” respectively.","In some other embodiments, redaction of a notification 2620 includes visual obscuring of all or some portions of the notification 2620, as opposed to replacement of all or some portions of the notification 2620 with respective generic text.","The visual obscuring includes, for example, blacking out (e.g., with censor bars), blurring, or pixelating (e.g., as described above with reference to method 2100).","In some embodiments, restrictions on access to notification interface 2616 further include an inability of users to open or otherwise access the underlying content or application corresponding to a notification.","For example, while notification interface 2616 is displayed in full-access mode, a user can perform a gesture (e.g., a tap gesture) on notification 2620-1 to open a messages application and view the full message corresponding to notification 2620-1, perform a gesture on notification 2620-2 to open a calendar application and view the full event invite corresponding to notification 2620-2, and perform a gesture on notification 2620-3 or 2620-4 to open an email application and view the respective full message corresponding to notification 2620-3 or 2620-4, respectively.","Conversely, while notification interface 2616 is displayed in limited-access mode, these full access features are disabled; gestures detected on notifications 2620 do not activate access to the full content or launch the corresponding application.","While notification interface 2616 is displayed in limited-access mode, a gesture can be performed by the user to dismiss notification interface 2616.For example, FIGS.","26C and 26D each show a gesture detected on touch screen 112.The gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) includes contact 2634 detected on handle 2606, and contact 2634, while detected on handle 2606, moving in direction 2636.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 displays locked device interface 2600 on touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.","26F.","Because no user has been successfully authenticated since device 100 entered into locked mode, device 100 remains in locked mode (and thus displays locked device interface 2600 on touch screen 112).","In some embodiments, the transition from displaying notification interface 2616 to displaying locked device interface 2600 includes an animation in which notification interface 2616 slides off touch screen 112, following the movement of contact 2634, revealing locked device interface 2600, as shown in FIGS.","26D-26F; contact 2634 swipes notification interface 2616 off touch screen 112.Continuing in FIG.","26G, which includes the user interface shown in FIG.","26C, fingerprint 2640 is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.Device 100 determines if fingerprint 2640 is one of one or more fingerprints enrolled with device 100.If device 100 determines that fingerprint 2640 is not one of the enrolled fingerprints (e.g., the user applying fingerprint 2640 has not been authenticated), then device 100 maintains display of notification interface 2616 in limited-access mode and device 100 maintains itself in locked mode.","If device 100 determines that fingerprint 2640 is one of the enrolled fingerprints (e.g., the user applying fingerprint 2640 has been successfully authenticated), then device 100 displays notification interface 2616 in full-access mode and device 100 transitions itself from locked mode to unlocked mode, as shown in FIG.","26H.","Display of notification interface 2616 in full-access mode includes one or more of the following: un-redacting notifications 2620 that were redacted while notification interface 2616 was displayed in limited-access mode, displaying any section 2618 that was omitted from display while notification interface 2616 was displayed in limited-access mode, and displaying (and making accessible) view filters 2638 that were omitted from display (and thus inaccessible) while notification interface 2616 was displayed in limited-access mode.","Thus, for example, as shown in FIG.","26H, notifications 2620 are not redacted; the portions in the respective notifications 2620 display actual content.","Also, section 2618-2 is displayed (compared to device 100 as depicted in FIG.","26D).","Further, view filter “Today” 2638-3 is displayed; when view filter “Today” 2638-3 is activated, the notifications 2620 displayed in notification interface 2616 are notifications for the current day (e.g., messages or mails received on the current day, calendar events for the current day).","As described above, if fingerprint 2640 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 transitions itself from locked mode to unlocked mode.","The transition includes transitioning from locked device interface 2600 to user interface 400, which takes place below notification interface 2616 because notification interface 2616 is overlaid above locked device interface 2600 and user interface 400.In some embodiments, this transition is not visible to the user (e.g., because notification interface 2616 is opaque).","In some embodiments, notification interface 2616 is translucent, and thus the transition is visible to the user (e.g., as an animation) but blurred or faint.","As shown in FIGS.","26G-26H, when the transition to unlocked mode occurs, user interface elements in locked device interface 2600, such as date/time 2602 and instructions 2604, are no longer displayed below notification interface 2616, and application icons in user interface 400 are displayed below notification interface 2616 instead.","FIG.","26I shows notification interface 2616 displayed in full-access mode and device 100 in unlocked mode.","While notification interface 2616 is displayed in full-access mode and device 100 is in unlocked mode, a gesture is detected on touch screen 112.The gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) includes contact 2642 detected on handle 2606, and contact 2642, while detected on handle 2606, moving in direction 2644.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 dismisses notification interface 2616 from touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.","26J.","User interface 400 is displayed on touch screen 112, as device 100 remains in unlocked mode after dismissal of notification interface 2616; the user has access to applications that were previously inaccessible because user interface 400 was inaccessible.","FIG.","26K summarizes the transition of device 100 (from device 100-a thru 100-d) from locked mode to unlocked mode when notification interface 2616 is displayed, as depicted in FIGS.","26A-26J.","Device 100-a is in locked mode and locked device interface 2600 is displayed, and notification interface 2616 is not displayed.","When display of notification interface 2616 is activated, as shown for device 100-b, locked device interface 2600 is partially visible under a translucent notification interface 2616 that is displayed in limited-access mode.","When an enrolled fingerprint is detected, device 100 transitions from locked mode to unlocked mode and notification interface 2616 is displayed in full-access mode (device 100-b to device 100-c); locked device interface 2600 transitions to user interface 400.When notification interface 2616, displayed in full-access mode, is dismissed, user interface 400 is displayed on the display of device 100-d.","FIG.","26L illustrates locked device interface 2600 displayed on touch screen 112 of device 100; device 100 is in locked mode.","FIG.","26L also illustrates a gesture detected on touch screen 112.The gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) includes contact 2646 detected on handle 2608, and contact 2646, while detected on handle 2608, moving in direction 2648.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 displays settings-management interface 2650 on touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.","26N, and device 100 remains in locked mode.","In some embodiments, the transition from displaying locked device interface 2600 to displaying settings-management interface 2650 includes an animation in which settings-management interface 2650 slides onto touch screen 112 in accordance with the movement of contact 2646, as shown in FIGS.","26L-26N; contact 2646 swipes settings-management interface 2650 onto touch screen 112.In the animation, settings-management interface 2650 slides over locked screen interface 2600.In some embodiments, notification interface 2616 is opaque, and whatever portion of locked device interface 2600 that is overlaid by settings-management interface 2650 is not visible under settings-management interface 2650, and the portion of locked device interface 2600 not overlaid by settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in the clear or displayed as blurred or faint, as shown in FIG.","26N, for example.","In some other embodiments, settings-management interface 2650 is translucent and locked device interface 2600 is visible but blurred or faint under settings-management interface 2650 (e.g., as with notification interface 2616 depicted in FIG.","26C).","Settings-management interface 2650 is a user interface associated with one or more device settings on device 100.Settings-management interface 2650 includes user interface objects 2652 for changing respective settings.","For example, settings-management interface 2650 includes airplane mode icon 2652-1 for toggling airplane mode on/off (when airplane mode is on, device 100 does not transmit wireless signals), Wi-Fi icon 2652-2 for toggling Wi-Fi on or off, Bluetooth icon 2652-3 for toggling Bluetooth on or off, do-not-disturb icon 2652-4 for toggling a do-not-disturb mode on or off (when device 100 is in do-not-disturb mode, audible alerts for notifications 2620 are suppressed, but the notifications themselves are, optionally, still displayed on touch screen 112), and orientation lock icon 2652-5 for toggling an orientation lock on or off.","A respective icon 2652 indicates the current status of the respective corresponding setting, and toggles the respective corresponding setting in response to activation of (e.g., by a tap gesture on) the respective icon 2652.Settings-management interface 2650 also optionally includes brightness control 2654 for controlling the brightness level of touch screen 112.In some embodiments, settings-management interface 2650 also includes music playback controls 2656 for controlling music playback, icon 2658 for initiating a process for wirelessly sharing a file with another device, icon 2660 for initiating a process for wirelessly streaming media content to another device, and one or more icons 2662 for launching predetermined applications or activating predetermined functionality.","For example, settings-management interface 2650 includes icon 2662-1 for launching a flashlight application or activating flashlight functionality, icon 2662-2 for launching a clock/timer application, icon 2662-3 for launching a calculator application, and icon 2662-4 for launching a camera application (e.g., camera module 143).","As device 100 was locked when the gesture with contact 2646 was performed, settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in a limited-access mode.","While settings-management interface 2650 is in the limited-access mode, one or more of the icons, controls, etc.","(e.g., any of icons 2652; brightness control 2654; music controls 2656; icons 2658, 2660, and 2662) for changing settings, launching applications, or activating functionality are disabled.","For example, in FIG.","26N, icon 2652-1 is disabled.","Tap gesture 2664 on icon 2652-1 does not toggle, and thus does not affect, the airplane mode.","In some embodiments, the disablement of an icon 2652 is visually indicated by graying out or shading of the icon (e.g., as with icon 2652-1 in FIG.","26N).","While settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in limited-access mode, a gesture can be performed by the user to dismiss settings-management interface 2650, similar to the dismissal of notification interface 2616 as shown in FIGS.","26C-26F.","For example, a gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) on handle 2608 that is the reverse of the gesture with contact 2646 is detected (not shown) on touch screen 112 while settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in limited-access mode; the gesture is detected on handle 2608 and the corresponding contact moves in the direction opposite of direction 2648.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 displays locked device interface 2600 on touch screen 112, as in FIG.","26L.","Because no user has been successfully authenticated since device 100 entered into locked mode, device 100 remains in locked mode (and thus displays locked device interface 2600 on touch screen 112).","In some embodiments, the transition from displaying settings-management interface 2650 to displaying locked device interface 2600 includes an animation (not shown) in which settings-management interface 2650 slides off touch screen 112, following the movement of contact in the dismissal gesture, revealing locked device interface 2600, similar to the animation shown for the dismissal of notification interface 2616 shown in FIGS.","26D-26F; the dismissal gesture swipes settings-management interface 2650 off touch screen 112.Returning to FIG.","26N, fingerprint 2666 is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.Device 100 determines if fingerprint 2666 is one of one or more fingerprints enrolled with device 100.If device 100 determines that fingerprint 2666 is not one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 maintains display of settings-management interface 2650 in limited-access mode and device 100 maintains itself in locked mode.","If device 100 determines that fingerprint 2666 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 displays settings-management interface 2650 in full-access mode and device 100 transitions itself from locked mode to unlocked mode, as shown in FIG.","26O.","Display of settings-management interface 2650 in full-access mode includes enabling any icons, controls, etc.","(e.g., any of icons 2652; brightness control 2654; music controls 2656; icons 2658, 2660, and 2662) that were disabled while settings-management interface 2650 was displayed in limited-access mode.","For example, in FIG.","26O, icon 2652-1 is enabled; icon 2652-1 is no longer grayed out.","Tap gesture 2668 on icon 2652-1 toggles the airplane mode, as shown in FIG.","26P; in FIG.","26P, icon 2652-1 changes contrast (compare to icon 2652-1 in FIG.","26O), indicating that the airplane mode setting has been toggled from the setting in FIG.","26O.","As described above, if fingerprint 2666 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 transitions itself from locked mode to unlocked mode.","The transition optionally includes a transition from locked device interface 2600 to user interface 400, taking place below settings-management interface 2650 that is overlaid above locked device interface 2600 and user interface 400.In some embodiments, this transition is not visible to the user.","In some embodiments, this transition is visible to the user, as an animation of locked device interface 2600 transitioning to user interface 400; settings-management interface 2650 is translucent and/or at most partially covers locked device interface 2600/user interface 400, and thus the animation and interfaces 2600 and 400 are visible, but optionally blurred or faint below settings-management interface 2650.As shown in FIGS.","26N-26O, when the transition to unlocked mode occurs, user interface elements in locked device interface 2600, such as date/time 2602, are no longer displayed, and application icons in user interface 400 are displayed.","In some embodiments, user interface 400 is the user interface that was displayed immediately prior to the device entering the locked mode, which may be a different interface from the interface that displays application icons.","In other words, the interface that displays application icons in FIGS.","26H-26K and 26O-26R is merely exemplary of an unlocked mode user interface.","FIG.","26Q shows settings-management interface 2650 displayed in full-access mode and device 100 in unlocked mode.","While settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in full-access mode and device 100 is in unlocked mode, a gesture is detected on touch screen 112.The gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) includes contact 2670 detected on handle 2608, and contact 2670, while detected on handle 2608, moving in direction 2672.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 dismisses settings-management interface 2650 from touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.","26R.","User interface 400 is displayed on touch screen 112, as device 100 remains in unlocked mode after dismissal of settings-management interface 2650; the user has access to applications that were previously inaccessible because user interface 400 was inaccessible.","FIG.","26S illustrates locked device interface 2600 displayed on touch screen 112 of device 100; device 100 is in locked mode.","FIG.","26S also illustrates a gesture detected on touch screen 112.The gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) includes contact 2674 detected on icon 2610, and contact 2674, while detected on icon 2610, moving in direction 2676.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 displays camera interface 2678 on touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.","26U, and device 100 remains in locked mode.","In some embodiments, the transition from displaying locked device interface 2600 to displaying camera interface 2678 includes an animation in which camera interface 2678 slides onto touch screen 112 in accordance with the movement of contact 2674, as shown in FIGS.","26S-26U; contact 2674 swipes camera interface 2678 onto touch screen 112.In the animation, camera interface 2678 slides over locked screen interface 2600.In some embodiments, camera interface 2678 is opaque, and locked device interface 2600 is not visible under camera interface 2678, as shown in FIG.","26U, for example.","In some other embodiments, the transition from displaying locked device interface 2600 to displaying camera interface 2678 includes an animation in which locked device interface 2600 slides off of touch screen 112 in accordance with the movement of contact 2674 to reveal camera interface 2678.Camera interface 2678 is an interface associated with a camera application (e.g., camera module 143) on device 100.Camera interface 2678 includes camera preview 2680, flash control 2682, front/back camera toggle 2684, shutter/capture button 2686, image effects control 2688, and camera roll icon 2690.Device 100 ceases to display camera interface 2678 and displays camera roll interface 2693 (FIG.","26V) in response to detection of gesture 2692 (e.g., a tap gesture) on camera roll icon 2690.Photos 2697 (FIG.","26W) captured or otherwise stored on device 100 are displayed in camera roll interface 2693.Camera roll interface 2693 also includes icon 2694.In response to activation of icon 2694 (e.g., by a tap gesture on camera icon 2694), device 100 displays camera interface 2678.Thus, camera icon 2694 and camera roll icon 2690 are analogous controls; activation of camera roll icon 2690 switches device 100 to displaying camera roll interface 2693, and activation of icon 2694 switches device 100 to displaying camera interface 2678.As device 100 was locked when the gesture with contact 2674 was performed, camera interface 2678 is displayed in a limited-access mode.","While camera interface 2678 is in limited-access mode, in response to detection of gesture 2692 on camera roll icon 2690, device 100 replaces display of camera interface 2678 in limited-access mode with display of camera roll interface 2693 in limited-access mode.","While camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in limited-access mode, display of images captured or otherwise stored on device 100 is restricted.","In some embodiments, the restrictions include device 100 preventing a user from viewing images that were captured and/or stored on device 100 prior to the device entering locked mode until the user is successfully authenticated; device 100 suppresses display, in camera roll interface 2693, of images captured or stored in the camera roll prior to device 100 entering locked mode.","Thus, for example, in FIG.","26V, warning message 2695 is displayed alerting users that not all photos are displayed while camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in limited-access mode, and that the user should unlock device 100 (e.g., authenticate himself) in order to view the hidden photos.","While camera interface 2678 or camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in limited-access mode, either can be dismissed by a press of button 204 on device 100.In response to detection of a press of button 204 on device 100 while either camera interface 2678 or camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in limited-access mode, device 100 displays locked device interface 2600 on touch screen 112, as in FIG.","26S, or alternatively, a passcode entry interface (not shown), unless the finger performing the button press has an enrolled fingerprint that is detected by fingerprint sensor 169 during the button press.","Because no user has been successfully authenticated since device 100 entered into locked mode, device 100 remains in locked mode (and thus displays locked device interface 2600 or a passcode entry interface on touch screen 112).","If the finger performing the press has an enrolled fingerprint that is detected by fingerprint sensor 169 during the button press, then the user is authenticated, and device 100 displays user interface 400 instead of locked device interface 2600.Returning to device 100 as depicted in FIG.","26V, fingerprint 2696 is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.Device 100 determines if fingerprint 2696 is one of one or more fingerprints enrolled with device 100.If device 100 determines that fingerprint 2696 is not one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 maintains display of camera roll interface 2693 in limited-access mode and device 100 maintains itself in locked mode.","Similarly, if a fingerprint is detected on fingerprint sensor 169 while camera interface 2678 is detected, device 100 determines if the fingerprint is one of the enrolled fingerprints.","If the fingerprint is not one of the enrolled fingerprints, the device 100 maintains display of camera interface 2678 in limited-access mode and device 100 maintains itself in locked mode.","If device 100 determines that fingerprint 2696 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 displays camera roll interface 2693 in full-access mode and device 100 transitions itself from locked mode to unlocked mode, as shown in FIG.","26W.","Display of camera roll interface 2693 in full-access mode includes displaying images 2697 that were not displayed while camera roll interface 2693 was displayed in limited-access mode.","In response to activation of camera icon 2694 (e.g., by tap gesture 2698 on camera icon 2694) while camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in full-access mode, device 100 displays camera interface 2678 in full-access mode and device 100 continues in unlocked mode; switching to camera interface 2678 while camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in full-access mode puts camera interface 2678 in full-access mode.","While either camera interface 2678 or camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in full-access mode (and device 100 is in unlocked mode), either can be dismissed by a press of button 204 on device 100.In response to detection of a press 2699 of button 204 on device 100 while either camera interface 2678 or camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in full-access mode (e.g., as shown in FIG.","26W, with camera roll interface 2693 displayed in full-access mode), device 100 displays user interface 400 on touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.","26X, as device 100 remains in unlocked mode.","FIGS.","27A-27D are flow diagrams illustrating a method 2700 of controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device in accordance with some embodiments.","The method 2700 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.","3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.","1A) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface.","In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.","In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.","Some operations in method 2700 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.","As described below, the method 2700 provides an intuitive and secure way to control access to device information and features and unlock the device.","The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.","While the device is in a locked mode in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked (2702), the device displays (2704) a first user interface on the display, and detects (2706) a first input (e.g., a first gesture in the first user interface such as a downward swipe gesture originating in the top region of the display or at or near an edge of the display).","In FIG.","26A and FIG.","26L, for example, locked device interface 2600 is displayed while device 100 is in locked mode.","A swipe gesture with contact 2612 and 2646, respectively, is detected on touch screen 112 starting from handle 2606 and 2608, respectively.","As another example, in FIG.","26U, camera interface 2678 is displayed while device 100 is in locked mode.","Tap gesture 2692 is detected on touch screen 112, on camera roll icon 2692.In response to detecting the first input, the device displays (2708) a second user interface on the display, where the second user interface is in a limited-access mode in which access to the second user interface is restricted in accordance with restriction criteria (e.g., at least a portion of the one or more notifications are redacted, the full messages corresponding to notifications can't be accessed without unlocking the device, and/or one or more displayed controls can't be changed).","For example, in response to detecting the gesture with contact 2612, device 100 displays notification interface 2616 in limited-access mode (FIG.","26C or 26D); notifications 2620 are redacted.","As another example, in response to detecting the gesture with contact 2646, device 100 displays settings-management interface 2650 in limited-access mode (FIG.","26N); airplane mode icon 2652-1 is disabled.","As another example, in response to detecting gesture 2692, device 100 displays camera roll interface 2693 in limited-access mode (FIG.","26V); photos 2697 are hidden from display.","In some embodiments, the second user interface is a user interface selected in accordance with the first input (2710).","In response to detecting the first input: in accordance with a determination that the first input starts from a first edge of the device, the second user interface is a notification interface; and in accordance with a determination that the second input starts from a second edge of the device that is different from (e.g., opposite to) the first edge of the device, the second interface is a settings-management interface (2712).","For example, in response to detecting the gesture with contact 2612, which starts on handle 2606 (e.g., starts from the top edge of touch screen 112), notification interface 2616 is displayed in limited-access mode (FIGS.","26A-26D).","Conversely, in response to detecting the gesture with contact 2646, which starts on handle 2608 (e.g., starts from the bottom edge of touch screen 112), settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in limited-access mode (FIGS.","26L-26N).","While displaying the second user interface in the limited-access mode (2714), the device detects (2716) a first fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor.","For example, fingerprint 2640 (FIG.","26G), 2666 (FIG.","26N), or 2696 (FIG.","26V) is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.In accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is one of a plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device (2718), the device displays (2720) the second user interface in a full-access mode in which access to the second user interface is not restricted in accordance with the restriction criteria (e.g., the one or more notifications are un-redacted), and transitions (2722) the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked.","In some embodiments, a subject line and preview of the notifications are displayed in the un-redacted mode.","For example, when fingerprint 2640 (FIG.","26G) is determined to be one of the enrolled fingerprints, notification interface 2616 is displayed in full-access mode and device 100 is unlocked (FIG.","26H); notifications 2620 are displayed as unredacted.","As another example, when fingerprint 2666 (FIG.","26N) is determined to be one of the enrolled fingerprints, settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in full-access mode and device 100 is unlocked (FIG.","26O); airplane mode icon 2652-1 is enabled.","As another example, when fingerprint 2696 (FIG.","26V) is determined to be one of the enrolled fingerprints, camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in full-access mode and device 100 is unlocked (FIG.","26W); photos 2697 are displayed.","In some embodiments, the second user interface is translucent, and the second user interface is displayed on top of the first user interface (2724).","In accordance with the determination that the first fingerprint is one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device, the device displays (2726) an animation, below the translucent second user interface, of the first user interface for the locked mode of the device transitioning to a user interface for the unlocked mode of the device.","For example, the first user interface is a lock screen for the device when the device is in a locked mode, and the first user interface transitions to a home screen, a screen with application icons for launching applications, or the last screen displayed by the device in the unlocked mode, just prior to the device going into the locked mode.","This animated transition is typically blurred because this transition occurs underneath the translucent second user interface.","This animated transition signals to a user that the device has been unlocked while maintaining display of the second user interface.","As shown in FIG.","26C, for example, notification interface 2616 is translucent and displayed over locked device interface 2600.When fingerprint 2640 (FIG.","26G) is determined to be one of the enrolled fingerprints, an animation transitioning locked device interface 2600 to user interface 400 is displayed under notification interface 2616, as shown in FIGS.","26G-26H.","In accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is not one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints, the device maintains (2728) display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode and maintains the device in the locked mode.","For example, when fingerprint 2640 (FIG.","26G) is determined to not be one of the enrolled fingerprints, device 100 maintains notification interface 2616 in limited-access mode and maintains itself in locked mode; notifications 2620 remain redacted.","As another example, when fingerprint 2666 (FIG.","26N) is determined to not be one of the enrolled fingerprints, device 100 maintains settings-management interface 2650 in limited-access mode and maintains itself in locked mode; airplane mode icon 2652-1 remains disabled.","As another example, when fingerprint 2696 (FIG.","26V) is determined to not be one of the enrolled fingerprints, device 100 maintains camera roll interface 2693 (and camera interface 2678) in limited-access mode and maintains itself in locked mode; photos 2697 remain hidden from display.","In some embodiments, after detecting the first input and while displaying the second user interface, the device detects (2730) a second input.","In response to detecting the second input (2732), the device ceases (2734) to display the second user interface and displays (2736) a respective user interface in place of the second user interface.","When the device is in the unlocked mode (e.g., in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is one of a plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device), the respective user interface is (2738) a user interface with unrestricted access to the respective set of features of the electronic device (e.g., an application launch user interface for launching a plurality of different applications, or a most recently used application).","When the device is in the locked mode (e.g., in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is not one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints), the respective user interface is (2740) the first user interface with restricted access to the respective set of features of the electronic device.","While device 100 is displaying notification interface 2616 or settings-management interface 2650, device 100 detects a respective input to dismiss the respective interface.","When device 100 is in unlocked mode and the respective interface is dismissed, device 100 displays user interface 400.When device 100 is in locked mode and the respective interface is dismissed, device 100 displays locked device interface 2600.For example, in response to detecting the gesture with contact 2634 to dismiss notification interface 2616 (FIG.","26C or 26D), device 100 maintains locked mode and displays locked device interface 100.However, in response to detecting the gesture with contact 2642 to dismiss notification interface 2616 (FIG.","26I), device 100 maintains unlocked mode and displays user interface 400 (FIG.","26J).","As another example, in response to detecting a gesture to dismiss settings-management interface 2650 while settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in limited-access mode and device 100 is in locked mode, device 100 maintains locked mode and displays locked device interface 2600.However, in response to detecting the gesture with contact 2670 to dismiss settings-management interface 2650 (FIG.","26Q), device 100 maintains unlocked mode and displays user interface 400 (FIG.","26R).","In some embodiments, the second user interface is (2742) a notification interface that is associated with a plurality of notifications; in the limited-access mode, respective information contained in one or more of the notifications is not accessible; and in the full-access mode, the respective information is accessible.","As shown in FIGS.","26C and 26H, notification interface 2616 is displayed with notifications 2620.When notification 2616 is displayed in limited-access mode, as in FIG.","26C, the actual message or email contents (e.g., snippets of the message or email) are not accessible, and is replaced with generic text in the notifications 2620.However, when notification interface 2616 is displayed in full-access mode, as in FIG.","26H, the actual message or email contents are included in the notification 2620.In some embodiments, the respective information that is not accessible in the limited-access mode includes redacted information (2744).","In the limited-access mode, a representation of a respective notification includes a first portion (e.g., a sender identifier) and a second portion (e.g., a subject or content snippet) where the first portion is unredacted and the second portion is redacted.","In the full-access mode, the representation of the respective notification includes the first portion and the second portion where the first portion and the second portion are unredacted.","Notification 2620-1 in FIG.","26C, for example, is a redacted notification; portion 2622 (sender) is not redacted, but portion 2624 (message timestamp) and portion 2626 (message snippet) are redacted by replacement with generic placeholder text.\\ In some embodiments, a notification is not redacted, even in limited access mode, if the notification does not include or involve personal or private information.","For example, sports updates or news updates notifications need not be redacted.","In some embodiments, the respective information that is not accessible in the limited-access mode includes information from a predetermined section of the notification interface (2746).","Tn the limited-access mode, the notification interface omits the predetermined section, and in the full-access mode, the notification interface includes the predetermined section.","For example, in FIG.","26D, section 2618-2 for calendar notifications is omitted while notification interface 2616 is in limited-access mode.","In FIG.","26H, section 2618-2 for calendar notifications is displayed while notification interface 2616 in full-access mode.","In some embodiments, the second user interface is (2748) a settings-management interface that is associated with a plurality of device settings.","In the limited-access mode, the device prevents at least one respective setting from being changed (e.g., the respective setting is fixed at a previously selected value such as “on” or “off” and the device will not respond to user inputs by changing the setting unless/until the second user interface is transitioned to the full-access mode).","In the full-access mode, the respective setting is enabled to be changed (e.g., the setting is enabled to be changed in response to inputs from the user such as tapping on a setting toggle or sliding a setting slider).","For example, settings-management interface 2650 is an interface associated with multiple settings (airplane mode on/off, Wi-Fi on/off, etc.).","When settings-management interface 2650 is in limited-access mode, airplane mode icon 2652-1 is disabled (FIG.","26N); the current airplane mode setting is unchanged despite tap gesture 2664 on airplane mode icon 2652-1.However, when settings-management interface 2650 is in full-access mode, airplane mode icon 2652-1 is enabled; tap gesture 2668 on airplane mode icon 2652-1 changes the airplane mode setting (FIG.","26O).","In some embodiments, the second user interface is (2750) a camera playback interface for viewing images taken by a camera of the device.","In the limited-access mode the device prevents one or more previously captured images from being viewed in the camera playback interface (e.g., the device prevents a user from viewing images that were captured and placed in a virtual “camera roll” prior to the device entering the locked mode of operation, until the user is successfully authenticated).","However, in the full-access mode, the one or more previously captured images are enabled to be viewed in the camera playback interface (e.g., after the user has been successfully authenticated, the virtual “camera roll” is unlocked and the user is provided with access to images in the virtual “camera roll”).","For example, FIGS.","26V-26W show camera roll interface 2693, for viewing photos captured or otherwise stored on device 100, displayed on touch screen 112.When camera roll interface 2693 is in full-access mode (FIG.","26W), photos 2697 are displayed.","When camera roll interface 2693 is in limited-access mode (FIG.","26V), photos 2697 are not displayed.","It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.","27A-27D have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.","One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.","Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 2700 described above with respect to FIGS.","27A-27D.","For example, the inputs, user interfaces, user interface objects or elements, and animations described above with reference to method 2700 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the inputs, user interfaces, user interface objects or elements, and animations described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).","For brevity, these details are not repeated here.","In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.","28 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 2800 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.","The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.","It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.","28 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.","Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.","As shown in FIG.","28, an electronic device 2800 includes a display unit 2802, optionally a touch-sensitive surface unit 2804, a fingerprint sensor unit 2806; and a processing unit 2808 coupled to the display unit 2802, optionally touch-sensitive surface unit 2804, and the fingerprint sensor unit 2806.In some embodiments, the processing unit 2808 includes a display enabling unit 2810, a detecting unit 2812, a transitioning unit 2814, a maintaining unit 2816, and a ceasing unit 2818.The processing unit 2808 is configured to: while the device is in a locked mode in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, enable display of the first user interface on the display unit 2802 (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2810) and detect a first input (e.g., with the detecting unit 2812); in response to detecting the first input, enable display of a second user interface on the display unit 2802 (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2810), where the second user interface is in a limited-access mode in which access to the second user interface is restricted in accordance with restriction criteria; and while enabling display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode: detect a first fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor unit 2806 (e.g., with the detecting unit 2812); in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is one of a plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device, enable display of the second user interface in a full-access mode in which access to the second user interface is not restricted in accordance with the restriction criteria (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2810), and transition the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked (e.g., with the transitioning unit 2814); and in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is not one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints, maintain display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode and maintain the device in the locked mode (e.g., with the maintaining unit 2816).","In some embodiments, the second user interface is a notification interface that is associated with a plurality of notifications, in the limited-access mode, respective information contained in one or more of the notifications is not accessible, and in the full-access mode, the respective information is accessible.","In some embodiments, the respective information that is not accessible in the limited-access mode includes redacted information, in the limited-access mode, a representation of a respective notification includes a first portion and a second portion where the first portion is unredacted and the second portion is redacted, and in the full-access mode, the representation of the respective notification includes the first portion and the second portion where the first portion and the second portion are unredacted.","In some embodiments, the respective information that is not accessible in the limited-access mode includes information from a predetermined section of the notification interface, in the limited-access mode, the notification interface omits the predetermined section, and in the full-access mode, the notification interface includes the predetermined section.","In some embodiments, the second user interface is a settings-management interface that is associated with a plurality of device settings, in the limited-access mode, the device prevents at least one respective setting from being changed, and in the full-access mode, the respective setting is enabled to be changed.","In some embodiments, the second user interface is a camera playback interface for viewing images taken by a camera of the device, in the limited-access mode the device prevents one or more previously captured images from being viewed in the camera playback interface, and in the full-access mode, the one or more previously captured images are enabled to be viewed in the camera playback interface.","In some embodiments, the processing unit 2808 is configured to: after detecting the first input and while enabling display of the second user interface, detect a second input (e.g., with the detecting unit 2812); and in response to detecting the second input: cease to display the second user interface (e.g., with the ceasing unit 2818), and enable display of a respective user interface in place of the second user interface (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2810), wherein: when the device is in the unlocked mode, the respective user interface is a user interface with unrestricted access to the respective set of features of the electronic device, and when the device is in the locked mode, the respective user interface is the first user interface with restricted access to the respective set of features of the electronic device.","In some embodiments, the second user interface is a user interface selected in accordance with the first input, and in response to detecting the first input: in accordance with a determination that the first input starts from a first edge of the device, the second user interface is a notification interface; and in accordance with a determination that the second input starts from a second edge of the device that is different from the first edge of the device, the second interface is a settings-management interface.","In some embodiments, the second user interface is translucent, and the second user interface is displayed on top of the first user interface, and the processing unit 2808 is configured to: in accordance with the determination that the first fingerprint is one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device, enable display of an animation, below the translucent second user interface, of the first user interface for the locked mode of the device transitioning to a user interface for the unlocked mode of the device (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2810).","The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.","1A and 3) or application specific chips.","The operations described above with reference to FIGS.","27A-27D are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B or FIG.","28.For example, detection operations 2706 and 2716, displaying operations 2704, 2708, and 2720, transitioning operation 2722, and maintaining operation 2728 are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.","When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.","Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.","Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B.","Unlocking an Application or a Device Depending on Context Many electronic devices have a locked mode in which access to most applications on the device is prevented.","While in a locked mode, such devices may still permit limited access to a particular application, even though most of the applications on the device are locked.","In some circumstances, in response to an unlock request, it may be more efficient to unlock the entire device so that a user can navigate to any application on the device.","In other circumstances, in response to an unlock request, it may be more efficient to unlock just the particular application that is operating in a limited access mode, without unlocking the all of the applications on the device, to enable a user to access more features of the particular application.","Thus, depending on context, it may be more efficient to unlock an application, rather than unlocking the entire device.","The methods described herein provide a way to unlock an application or a device, depending on the usage context, in response to detecting an authorized fingerprint on a fingerprint sensor.","When an authorized fingerprint is detected while a lock screen for the entire device is being displayed, the device transitions to an unlocked mode in which most, if not all, of the applications on the device are accessible.","In this unlocked mode, the display optionally changes to a home screen, a screen with application icons for launching applications, or the last screen displayed by the device in the unlocked mode, just prior to the device going into the locked mode.","On the other hand, when an authorized fingerprint is detected while a user interface is being displayed for the particular application that is being used in a limited access mode, the device transitions from the locked mode to a single-application unlocked mode in which previously-locked features of the particular application are unlocked, while other applications on the device remain locked.","For example, without user authentication, the device may permit limited access to a camera application to enable a user to immediately take photographs.","In response to fingerprint authentication of the user, the unlocked camera application may also be able to display photographs previously stored on the camera, send photographs to other devices, etc.","As another example, without user authentication, the device may permit a personal digital assistant (e.g., Siri personal digital assistant from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.) to answer questions that do not require access to private information for a particular user.","In response to fingerprint authentication of the user, the personal digital assistant may also be able to answer questions that require access to private information for the particular user.","In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).","In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.","1A).","The device described below with reference to 29A-29Y and 30A-30D includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.","4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.","4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).","Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.","29A-29Y and 30A-30D will be discussed with reference to a device with a touch screen 112 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.","29A-29Y on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","29A-29Y on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a display 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 instead of a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.","29A-29Y on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) and/or the separate touch-sensitive surface 451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.","29A-29Y on the display 450; in such embodiments, the contacts shown in FIGS.","29A-29Y optionally represent both a focus selector that corresponds to a location on the display 450, and a contact that corresponds to a location of a contact or gesture performed on the separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451), where the focus selector is, optionally: a respective contact, a representative point corresponding to a contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a point associated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or more contacts detected on the touch screen 112 and is, optionally, replaced with a displayed cursor.","FIG.","29A illustrates locked device interface 29000 displayed on a display of a device (e.g., on touch screen 112 of device 100).","Locked device interface 29000 is a user interface that indicates to users of device 100 that device 100 is in locked mode (i.e., device 100 is locked), and thus access to features of multiple applications on device 100 is prevented.","For example, while device 100 is locked, user interface 400 (FIG.","29B) is inaccessible.","Thus, a user is unable to launch multiple some applications on device 100.In some embodiments, locked device interface 29000 provides limited information to users.","For example, locked device interface 29000 includes current date and time 29002 and instructions or hints 29004 on how to unlock device 100.Locked device interface 29000 also includes one or more user interface objects for displaying respective user interfaces or launching specific applications.","For example, locked device interface 29000 includes handles 29006 and 29008, and icon 29010.A user performs a gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) starting from handle 29006 to activate display of a notification interface.","A user performs a gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) starting from handle 29008 to activate display of settings-management interface.","A user performs a gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) on icon 29010 to activate display of a camera interface.","FIG.","29A illustrates fingerprint 29012 detected on fingerprint sensor 169.In response to detecting fingerprint 29012 on fingerprint sensor 169, device 100 determines if fingerprint 29012 is one of one or more fingerprints enrolled with device 100.If fingerprint 29012 is not one of the enrolled fingerprints, device 100 remains in locked mode, and locked device interface 29000 remains displayed or a passcode entry interface (not shown) is displayed.","If fingerprint 29012 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, device 100 transitions to a multi-application unlocked mode, in which features of multiple applications are unlocked, and user interface 400 is displayed, as shown in FIG.","29B.","With user interface 400 displayed and device 100 in multi-application unlocked mode, a user can launch and use any of multiple applications on device 100 with full access.","For example, FIG.","29B shows gesture 29014 (e.g., a tap gesture) detected on “Photos” icon 428.In response to detecting gesture 29014, device 100 launches a content presentation application (e.g., a photo viewer application) with full access and displays a corresponding photo viewer interface 29016, as shown in FIG.","29C.","In some embodiments, photo viewer interface 29016 corresponds to a camera application as well as, or instead of, a content presentation application.","In photo viewer interface 29016, photos 29018 stored on device 100 are displayed, including photos previously captured in past sessions of a camera application on device 100 and/or photos received by device 100.In some embodiments, photo viewer interface 29016 includes share icon 29020 for initiating a process for sharing any of photos 29018 by message, email, social network upload, or any other suitable method.","Share icon 29020 is enabled, as device 100 is in the multi-application unlocked mode.","While photo viewer interface 29016 is displayed (i.e., the photo viewer application is open), button press 29022 on button 204 is detected by device 100.Button press 29022 includes a button-down (activation) of button 204 and a button-up (deactivation) of button 204.In response to detecting button press 29022, photo viewer interface 29016 ceases to be displayed (e.g., the photo viewer application is dismissed to the background) and user interface 400 is displayed, and device 100 remains in multi-application unlocked mode, as shown in FIG.","29D.","FIG.","29E illustrates device 100 in locked mode with locked device interface 29000 displayed on touch screen 112.A gesture is detected on touch screen 112.The gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) includes contact 29024 detected on icon 29010, and while detected on icon 29010, moving in direction 29026.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 displays camera interface 29028 in a limited-access mode on touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.","29F, and device 100 remains in locked mode.","Camera interface 29028 is an interface associated with a camera application (e.g., camera module 143) on device 100.Camera interface 29028 includes camera preview 29034, flash control 29030, front/back camera toggle 29032, shutter/capture button 29038, image effects control 29040, and camera roll icon 29036.Device 100 ceases to display camera interface 29028 and displays camera roll interface 29044 in a limited-access mode (FIG.","29G) in response to detection of gesture 29042 (e.g., a tap gesture) on camera roll icon 29036.While camera roll interface 29044 is displayed in limited-access mode, photos captured on device 100 in previous sessions of the camera application are not displayed in camera roll interface 29044.For example, in FIG.","29G, instead of photos displayed in camera roll interface 29044, message 29046 directing the user to unlock the device to view the captured photos is displayed.","Camera roll interface 29044 also includes share icon 29020 that is disabled and camera icon 29048.In some embodiments, share icon 29020 is grayed out or shaded when it is disabled.","Device 100 ceases to display camera roll interface 29044 and displays camera interface 29028 in response to detection of a gesture (e.g., a tap gesture) on camera icon 29048, which is not disabled.","In FIG.","29G, fingerprint 29050 is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.If device 100 determines that fingerprint 29050 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 transitions into a single-application unlock mode with respect to the application corresponding to camera roll interface 29044 and unlocks the features of camera roll interface 29044, including display of photos captured on device 100 in previous sessions of the camera application.","As shown in FIG.","29H, photos 29018 are displayed in unlocked camera roll interface 29044.Also, share icon 29020 is enabled in the single-application unlock mode, as shown in FIG.","29H.","If fingerprint 29050 is not one of the enrolled fingerprints, then the features of camera roll interface 29044 remain restricted.","In some embodiments, transitioning device 100 to the single-application unlocked mode with respect to camera roll interface 29044 includes device 100 unlocking just the camera application to which camera roll interface 29044 corresponds and making the features of that application unlocked and accessible, while leaving the other applications on device 100 locked and their features inaccessible.","In some other embodiments, transitioning device 100 to the single-application unlocked mode with respect to camera roll interface 29044 includes transitioning device 100 into an unlocked mode with respect to multiple applications (i.e., features of multiple applications are unlocked, including the camera application to which camera roll interface 29044 corresponds), but device 100 is also configured to transition back to locked mode (i.e., features of the multiple applications are locked and inaccessible) as soon as the camera application is closed.","Thus, in these embodiments, even though multiple applications are unlocked, just the camera and the camera roll are accessible, which effectively makes this a single-application unlocked mode.","Returning to FIG.","29H, while the features of camera roll interface 29044 are unlocked, button press 29052 on button 204 is detected by device 100.Button press 29052 includes a button-down (activation) of button 204 and a button-up (deactivation) of button 204.In response to detecting button press 29052, camera roll interface 29044 ceases to be displayed (e.g., the camera application or the content presentation application is closed) and locked device interface 29000 is displayed, and device 100 returns to locked mode, as shown in FIG.","29I.","FIG.","29J illustrates another example of transitioning device 100 to a single-application unlocked mode with respect to camera roll interface 29044.In FIG.","29J, camera roll interface 29044 is in limited-access mode (i.e., its features are restricted), device 100 is in locked mode, and photos 29054 captured in a current session of the camera application are displayed in camera roll interface 29044.In FIG.","29J, other photos stored on device 100, besides the photos 29054 captured in a current session of the camera application, are not displayed.","Also, share icon 29020 is disabled; gesture (e.g., a tap gesture) 29055 on share icon 29020 has no effect.","Fingerprint 29056 (FIG.","29J) is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.If device 100 determines that fingerprint 29056 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 transitions to a single-application unlock mode and unlocks the features of camera roll interface 29044, including enabling share icon 29020.As shown in FIGS.","29K-29L, in response to detecting gesture (e.g., a tap gesture) 29058 on share icon 29020, device 100 initiates a process for sharing one or more of the photos displayed in camera roll interface 29044 (e.g., photos 29054).","(For simplicity, this example assumes that captured photos 29054-1-29054-4 are all of the photos stored on the device.)","The sharing process includes, for example, displaying photo selection interface 29060 (FIG.","29L), where the user selects the photos to share, and displaying an interface for the user to select a method of sharing (e.g., email, message, social network, microblog) (not shown).","If fingerprint 29056 is not one of the enrolled fingerprints, then the features of camera roll interface 29044 remain restricted.","Before the sharing process is completed, the user can close the corresponding content presentation application or camera application, and thus cancel the sharing process.","For example, in FIG.","29L, while photo selection interface 29060 is displayed, button press 29066 on button 204 is detected by device 100.Button press 29066 includes a button-down (activation) of button 204 and a button-up (deactivation) of button 204.In response to detecting button press 29066, photo selection interface 29060 ceases to be displayed (e.g., the camera application or the content presentation application is closed) and locked device interface 29000 is displayed, and device 100 is in locked mode, as shown in FIG.","29M.","FIG.","29N illustrates passcode entry interface 29068 displayed on touch screen 112 while device 100 is in locked mode.","In some embodiments, passcode entry interface 29068 is displayed in response to, for example, detection of a horizontal swipe gesture in proximity of unlock instructions 29004 while locked device interface 29000 is displayed.","Passcode entry interface 29068 includes passcode field 29070 and keypad 29072.Keypad 29072 includes “Emergency call” key 29073.In response to detecting gesture (e.g., a tap gesture, a virtual-key press gesture) 29074 on “Emergency call” key 29073, device 100 displays emergency call interface 29076, and device 100 remains in locked mode, as shown in FIG.","29O.","Emergency call interface 29076 is an interface corresponding to a phone application on device 100.A user can make emergency calls (e.g., calls to recognized official emergency phone numbers, such as 911, 999, etc.","; calls to contacts designated in device 100 as “in case of emergency” (“ICE”) contacts) but not non-emergency calls (e.g., calls to non-emergency phone numbers) from emergency call interface 29076.Also, other features of the phone application (e.g., contacts, call history, voicemail, contact favorites or speed-dial) are not accessible from emergency call interface 29076.Emergency call interface 29076 includes, for example, phone number field 29078, keypad 29080, cancel icon 29082, and call icon 29084.While emergency call interface 29076 is displayed, fingerprint 29086 is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.As depicted in FIGS.","29O-29P, fingerprint 29086 includes fingerprint-down 29086-a and fingerprint-liftoff 29086-b.","If device 100 determines that fingerprint 29086 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, then in response to detecting fingerprint-liftoff 29086-b, device 100 transitions to a single-application unlock mode with respect to the phone application and unlocks the features of the phone application.","As a result of unlocking the features of the phone application, emergency call interface 29076 ceases to be displayed, and instead interfaces for the full-access phone application (e.g., keypad interface 29088 with phone icons 29096) are displayed, as shown in FIG.","29Q.","If fingerprint 29086 is not one of the enrolled fingerprints, then the features of the phone application remain locked and emergency call interface 29076 remains displayed.","FIG.","29Q illustrates device 100 displaying keypad interface 29088 after the features of the phone application are unlocked.","Keypad interface 29088 includes, for example, phone number field 29078, keypad 29090, and icons 29096 for accessing the features of the phone application.","Keypad 29090 includes conference call key 29092, which was not present in keypad 29080 in emergency call interface 29076.Icons 29096 include, for example, favorites icon 29096-1, call history icon 29096-2, contacts icon 29096-3, keypad icon 29096-4, and voicemail icon 29096-5.In response to detecting gesture (e.g., a tap gesture) 29098 on contacts icon 29096-3, device 100 ceases to display keypad interface 29088 and displays contacts interface 29100, as shown in FIG.","29R.","Contacts interface 29100 is accessible now that the features of the communication interface are unlocked.","Contacts interface 29100 includes, for example, a list of contacts 29102 that the user can view and edit.","Continuing in FIG.","29R, while contacts interface 29100 is displayed, button press 29104 on button 204 is detected by device 100.Button press 29104 includes a button-down (activation) of button 204 and a button-up (deactivation) of button 204.In response to detecting button press 29104, contacts interface 29100 ceases to be displayed (i.e., the phone application is closed) and locked device interface 29000 is displayed, and device 100 is in locked mode, as shown in FIG.","29S.","FIG.","29T illustrates device 100 in locked mode with locked device interface 29000 displayed on touch screen 112.Button press 29106 is detected on button 204, and a fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106 is detected on fingerprint sensor 169 integrated with button 204.The button press includes button-down 29106-a and button-up 29106-b (FIG.","29V).","During button-down 29106-a, fingerprint sensor 169 detects the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106 and determines if the fingerprint is one of the enrolled fingerprints.","Also, in response to button-down 29106-a continuing and lasting for more than a predetermined amount of time (e.g., 2 seconds), personal assistant interface 29108 is displayed in limited-access mode, as shown in FIG.","29U; some features of the corresponding personal assistant application are locked.","Personal assistant interface 29108 corresponds to a personal assistant application.","The personal assistant application is voice controlled, and can perform various operations in response to voice commands from the user.","For example, the personal assistant application can perform web searches; display news, weather, and sports scores; read email and messages; inform the user of outstanding appointments or events, and compose email and messages in accordance with user dictation.","Personal assistant interface 29108 optionally includes prompt 29109 to prompt the user to speak a command or request.","After personal assistant interface 29108 is displayed, button-up 29106-b is detected.","In response to detecting button-up 29106-b, if the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106 is determined by device 100 to be one of the enrolled fingerprints, device 100 transitions to a single-application unlocked mode with respect to the personal assistant application and the features of the personal assistant application are unlocked; and if the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106 is determined by device 100 to not be one of the enrolled fingerprints, some features of the personal assistant application remain locked.","While personal assistant interface 29108 is displayed and after button-up 29106-b, the personal assistant application is standing by for commands or requests from the user, and the user speaks a command or request to device 100, as in FIG.","29V.","Commands/requests 29110 from the user and responses 29112 from the personal assistant application are displayed in personal assistant interface 29108 for the user to view.","If some features of the personal assistant application remain locked in response to button-up 29106-b, then commands or requests involving personal or private information (e.g., play voicemail, compose a message, make a call) are not fulfilled by the personal assistant interface (because these features of the personal assistant application are locked).","For example, in FIG.","29W, in response to command 29110-1 “Play my voicemail,” response 29112-1 from the personal assistant application is “Sorry I can't do that.” In some embodiments, if a command or request does not involve personal or private information (e.g., the command is to display a sports score), then the personal assistant interface answers the command or request.","If the features of the personal assistant application are unlocked in response to button-up 29106-b, then the personal assistant application fulfills commands or requests involving personal or private information (e.g., play voicemail, compose a message, make a call), as well as commands/request not involving personal or private information.","For example, in FIG.","29X, in response to command 29110-2 “Play my voicemail,” response 29112-2 from the personal assistant application is “You have two voicemails.","Playing .",".",".","” and playback of the voicemails by device 100.The personal assistant application can be closed by a press of button 204.For example, in response to detecting button press 29114 (FIG.","29W) or button press 29116 (FIG.","29X), personal assistant interface 29108 cease to be displayed, and locked device interface 29000 is displayed, as shown in FIG.","29Y.","In both FIG.","29W and FIG.","29X, device 100 is not fully unlocked (in FIG.","29W, features of multiple applications are still locked; in FIG.","29X, device 100 is in a single-application unlocked mode with respect to the personal assistant application), and thus locked device interface 29000 is displayed.","FIGS.","30A-30D are flow diagrams illustrating a method 3000 of unlocking an application or a device depending on context in accordance with some embodiments.","The method 3000 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.","3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.","1A) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface.","In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.","In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.","Some operations in method 3000 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.","As described below, the method 3000 provides an intuitive way to unlock an application or a device depending on context.","The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when unlocking, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.","For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to unlock more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges.","While the electronic device is (3002) in a locked mode in which access to features of a plurality of different applications on the electronic device is prevented, the device displays (3004) a first user interface on the display.","The first user interface is one of: a locked-device user interface for the electronic device, and a limited-access user interface for a respective application in the plurality of different applications.","In some embodiments, the features of applications on the electronic device include features of a first application and features of a second application.","In some embodiments, features of a respective application include one or more of: the ability to access and interact with content associated with the application (e.g., viewing photos in a camera roll of a camera application, viewing contacts in an address book application, viewing messages in a messaging application), the ability to instruct the application to perform application-specific operations on the device (e.g., taking pictures in a camera application, downloading content in a web browser or app store application, playing media in an media player application, sending and receiving messages in a messaging application).","For example, device 100 displays locked device interface 29000 (FIG.","29A).","Alternatively, the device displays a limited-access user interface for an application, such as camera roll interface 29044 (FIG.","29G or FIG.","29J), emergency call interface 29076 (FIGS.","29O-29P), or personal assistant interface 29108 (FIG.","29U).","While these interfaces are displayed, an input (fingerprint 29012, FIG.","29A; fingerprint 29050, FIG.","29G; fingerprint 29056, FIG.","29J; fingerprint 29086, FIGS.","29O-29P; the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106, FIG.","29U; respectively) to initiate unlocking features of the device is detected with fingerprint 169.The device detects (3006), with the fingerprint sensor, a first input (e.g., fingerprint 29012, FIG.","29A; fingerprint 29050, FIG.","29G; fingerprint 29056, FIG.","29J; fingerprint 29086, FIGS.","29O-29P; or the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106, FIG.","29U; respectively) that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device (and that meets unlock criteria).","For example, the first input includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint that was previously enrolled with the device.","In some embodiments, when the device detects an input that includes a fingerprint that does not match an enrolled fingerprint that was previously enrolled with the device, the device ignores the input (e.g., by maintaining the device in the locked mode of operation) and/or displays an alternative method of authorizing unlocking the device, such as a passcode entry user interface.","In response to detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, the first input that corresponds to the request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device (3008), in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the locked-device user interface for the electronic device, the device transitions (3010) the device from the locked mode to a multi-application unlocked mode in which the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked.","For example, in FIGS.","29A-29B, when the interface displayed is locked device interface 29000, in response to detecting fingerprint 29012 that is an enrolled fingerprint, device 100 transitions to a multi-application unlocked mode and user interface 400 is displayed; device 100 is fully unlocked.","However, in response to detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, the first input that corresponds to the request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device (3008), in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the limited-access user interface for the respective application, the device (3012) transitions the device from the locked mode to a single-application unlocked mode in which one or more previously-locked features of the respective application are unlocked, and continues to prevent access to one or more previously-locked features of other applications in the plurality of different applications (e.g., features of the other applications, besides the respective application, that are locked when the device is in the locked mode).","For example, in FIG.","29G, device 100 displays camera roll interface 29044 in limited-access mode, and in response to detecting fingerprint 29050 that is an enrolled fingerprint, features of camera roll interface 29044 are unlocked but access to features of other applications are prevented (FIG.","29H).","As another example, in FIG.","29J, device 100 displays camera roll interface 29044 in limited-access mode, and in response to detecting fingerprint 29056 that is an enrolled fingerprint, features of camera roll interface 29044 are unlocked but access to features of other applications are prevented (FIG.","29K).","As another example, in FIGS.","29O-29P, device 100 displays emergency call interface 29076 of a phone application in limited-access mode, and in response to detecting fingerprint 29050 that is an enrolled fingerprint, features of the phone application are unlocked (e.g., keypad interface 29088 is displayed; FIG.","29Q), but access to features of other applications are prevented.","As another example, in FIG.","29U.","device 100 displays personal assistant interface 29108 of a personal assistant application in limited-access mode, and in response to detecting the fingerprint, that is an enrolled fingerprint, corresponding to button press 29106, features of the personal assistant application are unlocked (e.g., access to private information is unlocked so that command 29110-2, which involves personal or private information, is fulfilled; FIG.","29X), but access to features of other applications are prevented.","In some embodiments, transitioning the device from the locked mode to the single-application unlocked mode and continuing to prevent access to previously-locked features of other applications includes (3014) unlocking the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application without unlocking the one or more previously-locked features of the other applications in the plurality of different applications (e.g., without unlocking all of the features of the plurality of different applications).","For example, only features of the respective application are unlocked while features of other applications in the plurality of different applications are not unlocked.","In FIGS.","29G-29H or FIGS.","29J-29K, for example, the features of the content presentation application or camera application are unlocked but features of other applications on device 100 are still locked.","In FIGS.","29O-29Q, the features of the phone application are unlocked but features of other applications on device 100 are still locked.","In FIGS.","29T-29V and 29X, the features of the personal assistant application are unlocked but features of other applications on device 100 are still locked.","In some embodiments, transitioning the device from the locked mode to the single-application unlocked mode and preventing access to previously-locked features of other applications includes (3016): transitioning the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which access to the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked, and configuring the device to transition from the unlocked mode to the locked mode upon detection of a request to close the respective application (e.g., when the device is in the single-application unlocked mode, the whole device is an unlocked mode, however if/when the user requests to exit the respective application, the device transitions back to the locked mode, so that the user is restricted to performing unlocked operations within the respective application).","Thus, in FIGS.","29G-29H or FIGS.","29J-29K, alternatively, device 100 is unlocked in response to fingerprint 29050 and 29056, respectively, and device 100 is locked again when the content presentation application or camera application is closed.","In FIGS.","29O-29Q, alternatively, device 100 is unlocked in response to fingerprint 29086, and device 100 is locked again when the phone application is closed.","In FIGS.","29T-29V and 29X, alternatively, device 100 is unlocked in response to the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106, and device 100 is locked again when the personal assistant application is closed.","In some embodiments, after detecting the first input, while displaying a user interface for the respective application, the device detects (3018) a second input that includes a request to close the respective application.","In response to detecting the second input (3020), when the device is in the single-application unlocked mode, the device returns (3022) the device to the locked mode of operation; and when the device is in the multi-application unlocked mode, the device closes (3024) the respective application and maintains the device in the unlocked mode of operation.","For example, while photo viewer interface 29016 is displayed in multi-application unlock mode, in response to detecting button press 29022, the corresponding content presentation application is closed and device 100 remains unlocked (FIGS.","29C-29D).","On the other hand, while camera roll interface 29044 is displayed in single-application unlock mode, in response to detecting button press 29052, the corresponding content presentation application or camera application is closed and device 100 returns to locked mode (FIGS.","29H-291).","As another example, while photo selection interface 29060 is displayed in single-application unlock mode, in response to detecting button press 29066, the corresponding content presentation application or camera application is closed and device 100 returns to locked mode (FIGS.","29L-29M).","As another example, while contacts interface 29100 is displayed in single-application unlock mode, in response to detecting button press 29104, the corresponding phone application is closed and device 100 returns to locked mode (FIGS.","29R-29S).","As another example, while personal assistant interface 29108 is displayed in single-application unlock mode, in response to detecting button press 29114 or 29116, the corresponding personal assistant application or camera application is closed and device 100 returns to locked mode (FIGS.","29W-29Y).","In some embodiments, detecting the first input includes detecting liftoff of a fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor, and the response to the first input is performed in response to detecting liftoff of the fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor (3026).","For example, in FIGS.","29O-29Q, the transition to the single-application unlock mode with respect to the phone application is performed in response to fingerprint-liftoff 29086-b.","In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor is (3028) integrated into a button; detecting the first input includes detecting activation of the button (e.g., detecting a button-down signal), detecting a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, and detecting deactivation of the button (e.g., detecting a button-up signal) (e.g., while continuing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor); and the response to the first input is performed in response to detecting deactivation of the button (e.g., the response to the first input is performed in response to detecting the button-up signal).","For example, FIGS.","29T-29V depict fingerprint sensor 169 as integrated into button 204.In FIGS.","29T-29V, the input is button press 29106 that includes button-down 29106-a that activates button 204, detection of the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106, and button-up 29106-b that deactivates the button.","The transition to the single-application unlock mode (or not) is performed in response to detecting button-up 29106-b.","In some embodiments, the respective application is opened (3030) in response to detecting activation of the button (e.g., the device opens a personal digital assistant application in response to detecting a button down event, or in response to detecting a button down event and then continuing to detect the button down for more than a predetermined time threshold such as 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 seconds, or some other reasonable time threshold).","For example, device 100 opens the personal assistant application (e.g., displays personal assistant interface 29108) in response to detecting button-down 29106-a for at least a predetermined amount of time (FIGS.","29T-29U).","In some embodiments, in conjunction with detecting activation of the button (e.g., immediately before, during and/or immediately after detecting activation of the button), the device obtains (3032) fingerprint information about a fingerprint of a finger that is on the fingerprint sensor and determining whether the fingerprint information matches an enrolled fingerprint that was previously enrolled with the device.","For example, in FIG.","29T, during button-down 29106-a, device 100 obtains information for the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106 and determines if that fingerprint is an enrolled fingerprint.","In some embodiments, the respective application is (3034) a personal assistant application (e.g., a voice-controlled personal assistant application that is launched with a long press of a button in which the fingerprint sensor is integrated), and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that require the personal assistant application to access data for a particular user stored on the device (e.g., while the device is in the locked mode, the personal assistant application can perform certain functions such as performing web searches or providing directions that do not require access to private information for a particular user but is prevented/disabled from performing other functions such as reading messages, accessing an address book, and/or accessing calendar information that require access to private information for the particular user).","For example, in FIGS.","29T-29X, the application is a personal assistant application, and a feature that is unlocked in response to determining that the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106 is an enrolled fingerprint is that the personal assistant application can access personal or private information (and therefore can fulfill requests and command such as playing voicemail).","In some embodiments, the respective application is (3036) a camera application, and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable the device to display images that were previously captured by a camera of the device (e.g., photos in a “photo roll” of the camera of the device).","For example, in FIGS.","29G-29H, the application is a camera application, and a feature that is unlocked in response to determining that fingerprint 29050 is an enrolled fingerprint is that previously captured or stored photos 29018 are displayed in camera roll interface 29044.In some embodiments, the respective application is (3038) a content presentation application (e.g., a camera application with a media viewing feature such as a photo roll that displays photos that were previously captured by the camera), and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable the device to share content associated with the content presentation application (e.g., sharing photos in a -photo roll” of a camera via email, a MMS message, or a message on a social networking service).","For example, in FIGS.","29J-29K, the application is a content presentation application (or a camera application), and a feature that is unlocked in response to determining that fingerprint 29056 is an enrolled fingerprint is that share icon 29020 in camera roll interface 29044 is enabled.","In some embodiments, the respective application is (3040) a communication application (e.g., a phone application), the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable a user of the device to communicate with an arbitrary contact specified by the user (e.g., calling a non-emergency phone number).","For example, in FIGS.","29O-29Q, the application is a phone application, and a feature that is unlocked in response to determining that fingerprint 29086 is an enrolled fingerprint is that keypad interface 29088, from which the user can call an arbitrary phone number, is accessible.","In some embodiments, the respective application is (3042) a communication application (e.g., a phone application), and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable the device to access a user-specific directory of communication information (e.g., while the device is locked, access to the user's address book is disabled).","For example, in FIGS.","29O-29R, the application is a phone application, and a feature that is unlocked in response to determining that fingerprint 29086 is an enrolled fingerprint is that contacts interface 29100 is accessible.","It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.","30A-30D have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.","One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.","Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 3000 described above with respect to FIGS.","30A-30D.","For example, the fingerprints, gestures, and user interface objects described above with reference to method 3000 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the fingerprints, gestures, and user interface objects described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).","For brevity, these details are not repeated here.","In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.","31 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 3100 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.","The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.","It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.","31 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.","Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.","As shown in FIG.","31, an electronic device 3100 includes a display unit 3102 configured to display a first user interface, optionally a touch-sensitive surface unit 3104 configured to receive contacts, a fingerprint sensor unit 3106; and a processing unit 3108 coupled to the display unit 3102, optionally the touch-sensitive surface unit 3104, and the fingerprint sensor unit 3106.In some embodiments, the processing unit 3108 includes a display enabling unit 3110, a detecting unit 3112, a transitioning unit 3114, an access preventing unit 3116, a returning unit 3118, a closing unit 3120, an obtaining unit 3122, and a determining unit 3124.The processing unit 3108 is configured to: while the electronic device is in a locked mode in which access to features of a plurality of different applications on the electronic device is prevented: enable display (e.g., with the display enabling unit 3110) of the first user interface on the display unit 3102, the first user interface being one of: a locked-device user interface for the electronic device, and a limited-access user interface for a respective application in the plurality of different applications; and detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 3112), with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device.","The processing unit 3108 is further configured to, in response to detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, the first input that corresponds to the request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device: in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the locked-device user interface for the electronic device, transition (e.g., with the transitioning unit 3114) the device from the locked mode to a multi-application unlocked mode in which the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked.","The processing unit 3108 is also configured to, in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the limited-access user interface for the respective application: transition (e.g., with the transitioning unit 3114) the device from the locked mode to a single-application unlocked mode in which one or more previously-locked features of the respective application are unlocked; and continue to prevent access (e.g., with the access preventing unit 3116) to one or more previously-locked features of other applications in the plurality of different applications.","In some embodiments, transitioning the device from the locked mode to the single-application unlocked mode and continuing to prevent access to previously-locked features of other applications includes unlocking the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application without unlocking the one or more previously-locked features of the other applications in the plurality of different applications.","In some embodiments, transitioning the device from the locked mode to the single-application unlocked mode and preventing access to previously-locked features of other applications includes: transitioning the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which access to the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked; and configuring the device to transition from the unlocked mode to the locked mode upon detection of a request to close the respective application.","In some embodiments, the processing unit 3108 is configured to: after detecting the first input, while enabling display of a user interface for the respective application, detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 3112) a second input that includes a request to close the respective application; and in response to detecting the second input: when the device is in the single-application unlocked mode, return (e.g., with the returning unit 3118) the device to the locked mode of operation; and when the device is in the multi-application unlocked mode, close (e.g., with the closing unit 3120) the respective application and maintaining the device in the unlocked mode of operation.","In some embodiments, detecting the first input includes detecting liftoff of a fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor; and the response to the first input is performed in response to detecting liftoff of the fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor.","In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor is integrated into a button; detecting the first input includes detecting activation of the button, detecting a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, and detecting deactivation of the button; and the response to the first input is performed in response to detecting deactivation of the button.","In some embodiments, the respective application is opened in response to detecting activation of the button.","In some embodiments, the processing apparatus 3108 is configured to, in conjunction with detecting activation of the button, obtain (e.g., with the obtaining unit 3122) fingerprint information about a fingerprint of a finger that is on the fingerprint sensor and determine (e.g., with the determining unit 3124) whether the fingerprint information matches an enrolled fingerprint that was previously enrolled with the device.","In some embodiments, the respective application is a personal assistant application, and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that require the personal assistant application to access data for a particular user stored on the device.","In some embodiments, the respective application is a camera application, and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable the device to display images that were previously captured by a camera of the device.","In some embodiments, the respective application is a content presentation application, and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable the device to share content associated with the content presentation application.","In some embodiments, the respective application is a communication application, and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable a user of the device to communicate with an arbitrary contact specified by the user.","In some embodiments, the respective application is a communication application, and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable the device to access a user-specific directory of communication information.","The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.","1A and 3) or application specific chips.","The operations described above with reference to FIGS.","30A-30D are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B or FIG.","31.For example, displaying operation 3004, detection operation 3006, transitioning operation 3010, and transitioning and access preventing operations operation 3012 are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.","When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.","Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.","Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.","1A-1B.","The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments.","However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed.","Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings.","The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best use the invention and various described embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.","As described above, one aspect of the present technology is the gathering and use of data available from various sources to improve the delivery to users of invitational content or any other content that may be of interest to them.","The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person.","Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, home addresses, or any other identifying information.","The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users.","For example, the personal information data can be used to deliver targeted content that is of greater interest to the user.","Accordingly, use of such personal information data enables calculated control of the delivered content.","Further, other uses for personal information data that benefit the user are also contemplated by the present disclosure.","The present disclosure further contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices.","In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure.","For example, personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses.","Further, such collection should occur only after receiving the informed consent of the users.","Additionally, such entities would take any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures.","Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices.","Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data.","That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data.","For example, in the case of advertisement delivery services, the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services.","In another example, users can select not to provide location information for targeted content delivery services.","In yet another example, users can select to not provide precise location information, but permit the transfer of location zone information.","Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data.","That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data.","For example, content can be selected and delivered to users by inferring preferences based on non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, such as the content being requested by the device associated with a user, other non-personal information available to the content delivery services, or publically available information."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"DEVICE, METHOD, AND GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE FOR MANIPULATING USER INTERFACES BASED ON FINGERPRINT SENSOR INPUTS\",\n \"An electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor displays a fingerprint enrollment interface and detects, on the fingerprint sensor, a plurality of finger gestures performed with a finger.\",\n \"The device collects fingerprint information from the plurality of finger gestures performed with the finger.\",\n \"After collecting the fingerprint information, the device determines whether the collected fingerprint information is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the finger.\",\n \"When the collected fingerprint information for the finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the finger, the device enrolls the fingerprint of the finger with the device.\",\n \"When the collected fingerprint information for the finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the finger, the device displays a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional finger gestures on the fingerprint sensor with the finger.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.An electronic device, comprising: a display; a biometric sensor; one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: storing a set of one or more credentials; displaying a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials; receiving a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a biometric input using the biometric sensor; in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the biometric input includes a set of biometric information that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, filling in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the biometric input includes a set of biometric information that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, forgoing filling in the form with the one or more credentials.\",\n \"2.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the set of one or more credentials includes one or more of: a user ID, a password, a credit card number, a bank account number, an address, a telephone number, and a shopping credential.\",\n \"3.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein filling in the form with the one or more credentials includes displaying redacted versions of the one or more credentials in one or more fields of the form.\",\n \"4.The electronic device of claim 3, the one or more programs further including instructions for: while displaying the redacted versions of the one or more credentials in one or more fields of the form, detecting a respective set of biometric information on the biometric sensor; and in response to detecting the respective set of biometric information and in accordance with a determination that the respective set of biometric information is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the one or more credentials, displaying a non-redacted version of the one or more credentials in the fields of the form.\",\n \"5.The electronic device of claim 4, wherein: the redacted version of a respective credential includes an indication of a length of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the respective credential.\",\n \"6.The electronic device of claim 4, wherein: the redacted version of a respective credential includes a non-redacted portion of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the entire respective credential.\",\n \"7.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the determination that the set of biometric information is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials includes a determination that the set of biometric information matches at least one or more enrolled sets of biometric information.\",\n \"8.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the biometric sensor is a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"9.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the set of biometric information corresponds to a fingerprint.\",\n \"10.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the biometric input is a finger input.\",\n \"11.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs configured to be executed by one or more processors of an electronic device with a display and a biometric sensor, the one or more programs comprising instructions for: storing a set of one or more credentials; displaying a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials; receiving a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a biometric input on the biometric sensor; in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the biometric input includes a set of biometric information that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, filling in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the biometric input includes a set of biometric information that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, not filling in the form with the one or more credentials.\",\n \"12.A method, comprising: at an electronic device with one or more processors, memory, and a biometric sensor: storing a set of one or more credentials; displaying a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials; receiving a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a biometric input using the biometric sensor; in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the biometric input includes a set of biometric information that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, filling in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the biometric input includes a set of biometric information that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, forgoing filling in the form with the one or more credentials.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND The use of touch-sensitive surfaces as input devices for computers and other electronic computing devices has increased significantly in recent years.\",\n \"Exemplary touch-sensitive surfaces include touch pads and touch screen displays.\",\n \"Such surfaces are widely used to manipulate user interface objects on a display.\",\n \"Additionally, some electronic devices include fingerprint sensors for authenticating users.\",\n \"Exemplary manipulations include adjusting the position and/or size of one or more user interface objects or activating buttons or opening files/applications represented by user interface objects, as well as associating metadata with one or more user interface objects or otherwise manipulating user interfaces.\",\n \"Exemplary user interface objects include digital images, video, text, icons, control elements such as buttons and other graphics.\",\n \"A user will, in some circumstances, need to perform in such manipulations on user interface objects in a file management program (e.g., Finder from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), an image management application (e.g., Aperture or iPhoto from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a digital content (e.g., videos and music) management application (e.g., iTunes from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a drawing application, a presentation application (e.g., Keynote from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a word processing application (e.g., Pages from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a website creation application (e.g., iWeb from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a disk authoring application (e.g., iDVD from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), or a spreadsheet application (e.g., Numbers from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.).\",\n \"But methods for performing these manipulations are cumbersome and inefficient.\",\n \"In addition, these methods take longer than necessary, thereby wasting energy.\",\n \"This latter consideration is particularly important in battery-operated devices.\"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY Accordingly, there is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for manipulating user interfaces.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces optionally complement or replace conventional methods for manipulating user interfaces.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"The above deficiencies and other problems associated with user interfaces for electronic devices with touch-sensitive surfaces are reduced or eliminated by the disclosed devices.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is a desktop computer.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is portable (e.g., a notebook computer, tablet computer, or handheld device).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device has a touchpad.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device has a touch-sensitive display (also known as a “touch screen” or “touch screen display”).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device has a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device has a graphical user interface (GUI), one or more processors, memory and one or more modules, programs or sets of instructions stored in the memory for performing multiple functions.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the user interacts with the GUI primarily through finger contacts and gestures on the touch-sensitive surface and/or the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the functions optionally include image editing, drawing, presenting, word processing, website creating, disk authoring, spreadsheet making, game playing, telephoning, video conferencing, e-mailing, instant messaging, workout support, digital photographing, digital videoing, web browsing, digital music playing, and/or digital video playing.\",\n \"Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for enrolling fingerprints with a device.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for enrolling fingerprints with a device.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes: displaying a fingerprint enrollment interface; detecting on the fingerprint sensor a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with a respective finger; and collecting fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with the respective finger.\",\n \"After collecting the fingerprint information, the method includes determining, based on fingerprint information collected for the respective finger, whether the fingerprint information that has been collected is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the method includes enrolling the fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the method includes displaying a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional stationary finger gestures on the fingerprint sensor with the respective finger.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes: a display unit configured to display a fingerprint enrollment interface; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to: detect on the fingerprint sensor unit a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with a respective finger; and collect fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with the respective finger.\",\n \"After collecting the fingerprint information, the processing unit is also configured to determine, based on the fingerprint information collected for the respective finger, whether the fingerprint information that has been collected is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the processing unit is configured to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the processing unit is configured to enable display of a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional stationary finger gestures on the fingerprint sensor unit with the respective finger.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for enrolling fingerprints with a device, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods of enrolling fingerprints with a device.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for performing operations based on fingerprints.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for performing operations.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input.\",\n \"The method also includes, in response to detecting the first input, determining whether the first input includes a fingerprint.\",\n \"The method further includes, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint: performing a first operation based on the presence of the fingerprint without regard to an identity of the fingerprint; and, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the first input matches an enrolled fingerprint, conditionally performing a second operation based on the enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a fingerprint sensor unit configured to detect a first input and a processing unit coupled to the fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to, in response to detecting the first input: determine whether the first input includes a fingerprint.\",\n \"The processing unit is also configured to, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint: perform a first operation based on the presence of the fingerprint without regard to an identity of the fingerprint.\",\n \"The processing unit is further configured to, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the first input matches an enrolled fingerprint, conditionally perform a second operation based on the enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for performing operations based on fingerprints, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for performing operations based on fingerprints.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials, such as passwords, credit card numbers, and the like.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes: storing a set of one or more credentials; displaying a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials; receiving a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a finger input on the fingerprint sensor; in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, filling in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, forgoing filling in the form with the one or more credentials.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials; a credential storage unit configured to store a set of one or more credentials; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit, the credential storage unit, and the fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to: receive a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a finger input on the fingerprint sensor; and in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, fill in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, forgo filling in the form with the one or more credentials.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes: storing a set of one or more credentials; receiving a request to display the set of one or more credentials; in response to receiving the request to display the set of one or more credentials, displaying redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials; while displaying the redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials, detecting a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; and in response to detecting the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials, displaying a non-redacted version of the set of one or more credentials.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit, the credential storage unit, and the fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to: receive a request to display the set of one or more credentials; in response to receiving the request to display the set of one or more credentials, enable display of redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials; and in response to detection of a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor while the redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials are displayed, and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials, enable display of a non-redacted version of the set of one or more credentials.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for automatically populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for managing the automatic usage of saved credentials.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for managing the automatic usage of saved credentials.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes: storing on the device a respective credential of a user of the device; while executing a software application: (1) receiving a fingerprint at a fingerprint sensor of the device; and (2) in response to receiving the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied, including a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints, automatically using the respective credential of the user in the software application.\",\n \"The method also includes: after automatically using the respective credential of the user in response to receiving the fingerprint, receiving a request to enroll an additional fingerprint with the device; in response to the request to enroll the additional fingerprint with the device, adding the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints; and in response to adding the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints, preventing enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a storage unit configured to store on the device a respective credential of a user of the device; and a processing unit coupled to the storage unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to: while executing a software application: (1) receive a fingerprint at a fingerprint sensor of the device; and (2) in response to receiving the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied, including a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints, automatically use the respective credential of the user in the software application.\",\n \"The processing unit is further configured to: after automatically using the respective credential of the user in response to receiving the fingerprint, receive a request to enroll an additional fingerprint with the device; in response to the request to enroll the additional fingerprint with the device, add the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints; and in response to adding the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints, prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for managing the automatic usage of credentials, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for managing the automatic usage of credentials.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for revealing redacted information.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for displaying information on a device.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes: displaying a redacted version of first information on the display, and while displaying the redacted version of the first information on the display, detecting a finger input on the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method further includes, in response to detecting the finger input on the fingerprint sensor: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, replacing display of the redacted version of the first information with an unredacted version of the first information; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input does not include a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, maintaining display of the redacted version of the first information on the display.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a redacted version of first information on the display; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to, while enabling display of the redacted version of the first information on the display unit, detect a finger input on the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The processing unit is further configured to, in response to detecting the finger input on the fingerprint sensor: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, replace display of the redacted version of the first information with an unredacted version of the first information; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input does not include a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, maintain display of the redacted version of the first information on the display.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays, and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for revealing redacted information, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for displaying information on a device.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for providing different unlock modes of such electronic devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for providing different unlock modes.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor and a display.\",\n \"While the device is in a locked mode of operation in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, the method includes detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking the device.\",\n \"In response to detecting the first input with the fingerprint sensor, the method further includes determining whether the first input meets one of unlock criteria, first unlock-failure criteria, or second unlock-failure criteria.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the unlock criteria, the method includes transitioning the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, the method includes maintaining the device in the locked mode and adjusting unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a first set of one or more unlock operations, and in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, maintaining the device in the locked mode and adjusting unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a second set of one or more unlock operations that is different from the first set of unlock operations.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a graphical user interface, a fingerprint sensor unit and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"While the device is in a locked mode of operation in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, the fingerprint sensor unit detects a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking the device.\",\n \"In response to detecting the first input with the fingerprint sensor unit, the processing unit is configured to: determine whether the first input meets one of unlock criteria, first unlock-failure criteria, or second unlock-failure criteria.\",\n \"The processing unit is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the unlock criteria, transition the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked.\",\n \"The processing unit is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, maintain the device in the locked mode and adjust unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a first set of one or more unlock operations.\",\n \"The processing unit is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, maintain the device in the locked mode and adjust unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a second set of one or more unlock operations that is different from the first set of unlock operations.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays, and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for providing different unlock modes, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for providing different unlock modes.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes: while the device is in a locked mode in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, displaying a first user interface on the display and detecting a first input; in response to detecting the first input, displaying a second user interface on the display, where the second user interface is in a limited-access mode in which access to the second user interface is restricted in accordance with restriction criteria; and, while displaying the second user interface in the limited-access mode: detecting a first fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is one of a plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device, displaying the second user interface in a full-access mode in which access to the second user interface is not restricted in accordance with the restriction criteria and transitioning the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked; and in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is not one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints, maintaining display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode and maintaining the device in the locked mode.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit, a fingerprint sensor unit, and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to: while the device is in a locked mode in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, enable display of the first user interface on the display unit, and detect a first input; in response to detecting the first input, enable display of a second user interface on the display unit, where the second user interface is in a limited-access mode in which access to the second user interface is restricted in accordance with restriction criteria; and while enabling display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode: detect a first fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor unit; in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is one of a plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device, enable display of the second user interface in a full-access mode in which access to the second user interface is not restricted in accordance with the restriction criteria, and transition the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked; and in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is not one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints, maintain display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode and maintain the device in the locked mode.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with efficient methods and interfaces for unlocking an application or a device depending on context.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for unlocking.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes: while the electronic device is in a locked mode in which access to features of a plurality of different applications on the electronic device is prevented, displaying a first user interface on the display, the first user interface being one of a locked-device user interface for the electronic device, and a limited-access user interface for a respective application in the plurality of different applications, and detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device.\",\n \"The method further includes, in response to detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, the first input that corresponds to the request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device: in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the locked-device user interface for the electronic device, transitioning the device from the locked mode to a multi-application unlocked mode in which the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked.\",\n \"The method also includes, in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the limited-access user interface for the respective application: transitioning the device from the locked mode to a single-application unlocked mode in which one or more previously-locked features of the respective application are unlocked; and continuing to prevent access to one or more previously-locked features of other applications in the plurality of different applications.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a first user interface; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to: while the electronic device is in a locked mode in which access to features of a plurality of different applications on the electronic device is prevented: enable display of the first user interface on the display unit, the first user interface being one of: a locked-device user interface for the electronic device, and a limited-access user interface for a respective application in the plurality of different applications; and detect, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device.\",\n \"The processing unit is further configured to, in response to detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, the first input that corresponds to the request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device: in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the locked-device user interface for the electronic device, transition the device from the locked mode to a multi-application unlocked mode in which the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked.\",\n \"The processing unit is also configured to, in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the limited-access user interface for the respective application: transition the device from the locked mode to a single-application unlocked mode in which one or more previously-locked features of the respective application are unlocked; and continue to prevent access to one or more previously-locked features of other applications in the plurality of different applications.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with efficient methods and interfaces for unlocking an application or a device depending on context, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for unlocking.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a fingerprint sensor, a display, and/or a touch-sensitive surface, one or more processors, memory, and one or more programs; the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors and the one or more programs include instructions for performing the operations of any of the methods described above.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a graphical user interface on an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor, a display, optionally a touch-sensitive surface, a memory, and one or more processors to execute one or more programs stored in the memory includes one or more of the elements displayed in any of the methods described above, which are updated in response to inputs, as described in any of the methods described above.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a computer readable storage medium has stored therein instructions which when executed by an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor and optionally a display and/or, a touch-sensitive surface, cause the device to perform the operations of any of the methods described above.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes: a fingerprint sensor and optionally, a display and/one or a touch-sensitive surface; and means for performing the operations of any of the methods described above.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an information processing apparatus, for use in an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor and optionally a display and/or a touch-sensitive surface, includes means for performing the operations of any of the methods described above.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for changing beamforming parameters based on fingerprint orientation, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for changing beamforming parameters.\"\n ],\n [\n \"RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/612,214, entitled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Manipulating User Interfaces Based on Fingerprint Sensor Inputs,” and filed Feb. 2, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/480,183, entitled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Manipulating User Interfaces Based on Fingerprint Sensor Inputs,” and filed Sep. 8, 2014, which claims priority to U.S.\",\n \"Provisional Patent Application No.\",\n \"61/875,669, entitled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Manipulating User Interfaces Based on Fingerprint Sensor Input,” and filed Sep. 9, 2013, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.\",\n \"TECHNICAL FIELD This relates generally to electronic devices with fingerprint sensors, including but not limited to electronic devices with fingerprint sensors that detect inputs for manipulating user interfaces.\",\n \"BACKGROUND The use of touch-sensitive surfaces as input devices for computers and other electronic computing devices has increased significantly in recent years.\",\n \"Exemplary touch-sensitive surfaces include touch pads and touch screen displays.\",\n \"Such surfaces are widely used to manipulate user interface objects on a display.\",\n \"Additionally, some electronic devices include fingerprint sensors for authenticating users.\",\n \"Exemplary manipulations include adjusting the position and/or size of one or more user interface objects or activating buttons or opening files/applications represented by user interface objects, as well as associating metadata with one or more user interface objects or otherwise manipulating user interfaces.\",\n \"Exemplary user interface objects include digital images, video, text, icons, control elements such as buttons and other graphics.\",\n \"A user will, in some circumstances, need to perform in such manipulations on user interface objects in a file management program (e.g., Finder from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), an image management application (e.g., Aperture or iPhoto from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a digital content (e.g., videos and music) management application (e.g., iTunes from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a drawing application, a presentation application (e.g., Keynote from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a word processing application (e.g., Pages from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a website creation application (e.g., iWeb from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), a disk authoring application (e.g., iDVD from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.), or a spreadsheet application (e.g., Numbers from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.).\",\n \"But methods for performing these manipulations are cumbersome and inefficient.\",\n \"In addition, these methods take longer than necessary, thereby wasting energy.\",\n \"This latter consideration is particularly important in battery-operated devices.\",\n \"SUMMARY Accordingly, there is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for manipulating user interfaces.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces optionally complement or replace conventional methods for manipulating user interfaces.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"The above deficiencies and other problems associated with user interfaces for electronic devices with touch-sensitive surfaces are reduced or eliminated by the disclosed devices.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is a desktop computer.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is portable (e.g., a notebook computer, tablet computer, or handheld device).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device has a touchpad.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device has a touch-sensitive display (also known as a “touch screen” or “touch screen display”).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device has a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device has a graphical user interface (GUI), one or more processors, memory and one or more modules, programs or sets of instructions stored in the memory for performing multiple functions.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the user interacts with the GUI primarily through finger contacts and gestures on the touch-sensitive surface and/or the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the functions optionally include image editing, drawing, presenting, word processing, website creating, disk authoring, spreadsheet making, game playing, telephoning, video conferencing, e-mailing, instant messaging, workout support, digital photographing, digital videoing, web browsing, digital music playing, and/or digital video playing.\",\n \"Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for enrolling fingerprints with a device.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for enrolling fingerprints with a device.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes: displaying a fingerprint enrollment interface; detecting on the fingerprint sensor a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with a respective finger; and collecting fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with the respective finger.\",\n \"After collecting the fingerprint information, the method includes determining, based on fingerprint information collected for the respective finger, whether the fingerprint information that has been collected is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the method includes enrolling the fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the method includes displaying a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional stationary finger gestures on the fingerprint sensor with the respective finger.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes: a display unit configured to display a fingerprint enrollment interface; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to: detect on the fingerprint sensor unit a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with a respective finger; and collect fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with the respective finger.\",\n \"After collecting the fingerprint information, the processing unit is also configured to determine, based on the fingerprint information collected for the respective finger, whether the fingerprint information that has been collected is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the processing unit is configured to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the processing unit is configured to enable display of a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional stationary finger gestures on the fingerprint sensor unit with the respective finger.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for enrolling fingerprints with a device, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods of enrolling fingerprints with a device.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for performing operations based on fingerprints.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for performing operations.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input.\",\n \"The method also includes, in response to detecting the first input, determining whether the first input includes a fingerprint.\",\n \"The method further includes, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint: performing a first operation based on the presence of the fingerprint without regard to an identity of the fingerprint; and, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the first input matches an enrolled fingerprint, conditionally performing a second operation based on the enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a fingerprint sensor unit configured to detect a first input and a processing unit coupled to the fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to, in response to detecting the first input: determine whether the first input includes a fingerprint.\",\n \"The processing unit is also configured to, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint: perform a first operation based on the presence of the fingerprint without regard to an identity of the fingerprint.\",\n \"The processing unit is further configured to, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the first input matches an enrolled fingerprint, conditionally perform a second operation based on the enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for performing operations based on fingerprints, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for performing operations based on fingerprints.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials, such as passwords, credit card numbers, and the like.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes: storing a set of one or more credentials; displaying a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials; receiving a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a finger input on the fingerprint sensor; in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, filling in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, forgoing filling in the form with the one or more credentials.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials; a credential storage unit configured to store a set of one or more credentials; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit, the credential storage unit, and the fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to: receive a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a finger input on the fingerprint sensor; and in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, fill in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, forgo filling in the form with the one or more credentials.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes: storing a set of one or more credentials; receiving a request to display the set of one or more credentials; in response to receiving the request to display the set of one or more credentials, displaying redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials; while displaying the redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials, detecting a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; and in response to detecting the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials, displaying a non-redacted version of the set of one or more credentials.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit, the credential storage unit, and the fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to: receive a request to display the set of one or more credentials; in response to receiving the request to display the set of one or more credentials, enable display of redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials; and in response to detection of a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor while the redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials are displayed, and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials, enable display of a non-redacted version of the set of one or more credentials.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for automatically populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for populating credential fields and revealing redacted credentials.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for managing the automatic usage of saved credentials.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for managing the automatic usage of saved credentials.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes: storing on the device a respective credential of a user of the device; while executing a software application: (1) receiving a fingerprint at a fingerprint sensor of the device; and (2) in response to receiving the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied, including a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints, automatically using the respective credential of the user in the software application.\",\n \"The method also includes: after automatically using the respective credential of the user in response to receiving the fingerprint, receiving a request to enroll an additional fingerprint with the device; in response to the request to enroll the additional fingerprint with the device, adding the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints; and in response to adding the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints, preventing enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a storage unit configured to store on the device a respective credential of a user of the device; and a processing unit coupled to the storage unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to: while executing a software application: (1) receive a fingerprint at a fingerprint sensor of the device; and (2) in response to receiving the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied, including a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints, automatically use the respective credential of the user in the software application.\",\n \"The processing unit is further configured to: after automatically using the respective credential of the user in response to receiving the fingerprint, receive a request to enroll an additional fingerprint with the device; in response to the request to enroll the additional fingerprint with the device, add the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints; and in response to adding the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints, prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for managing the automatic usage of credentials, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for managing the automatic usage of credentials.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for revealing redacted information.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for displaying information on a device.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes: displaying a redacted version of first information on the display, and while displaying the redacted version of the first information on the display, detecting a finger input on the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method further includes, in response to detecting the finger input on the fingerprint sensor: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, replacing display of the redacted version of the first information with an unredacted version of the first information; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input does not include a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, maintaining display of the redacted version of the first information on the display.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a redacted version of first information on the display; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to, while enabling display of the redacted version of the first information on the display unit, detect a finger input on the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The processing unit is further configured to, in response to detecting the finger input on the fingerprint sensor: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, replace display of the redacted version of the first information with an unredacted version of the first information; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input does not include a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, maintain display of the redacted version of the first information on the display.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays, and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for revealing redacted information, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for displaying information on a device.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for providing different unlock modes of such electronic devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for providing different unlock modes.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor and a display.\",\n \"While the device is in a locked mode of operation in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, the method includes detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking the device.\",\n \"In response to detecting the first input with the fingerprint sensor, the method further includes determining whether the first input meets one of unlock criteria, first unlock-failure criteria, or second unlock-failure criteria.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the unlock criteria, the method includes transitioning the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, the method includes maintaining the device in the locked mode and adjusting unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a first set of one or more unlock operations, and in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, maintaining the device in the locked mode and adjusting unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a second set of one or more unlock operations that is different from the first set of unlock operations.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a graphical user interface, a fingerprint sensor unit and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"While the device is in a locked mode of operation in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, the fingerprint sensor unit detects a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking the device.\",\n \"In response to detecting the first input with the fingerprint sensor unit, the processing unit is configured to: determine whether the first input meets one of unlock criteria, first unlock-failure criteria, or second unlock-failure criteria.\",\n \"The processing unit is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the unlock criteria, transition the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked.\",\n \"The processing unit is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, maintain the device in the locked mode and adjust unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a first set of one or more unlock operations.\",\n \"The processing unit is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, maintain the device in the locked mode and adjust unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a second set of one or more unlock operations that is different from the first set of unlock operations.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays, and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for providing different unlock modes, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for providing different unlock modes.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes: while the device is in a locked mode in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, displaying a first user interface on the display and detecting a first input; in response to detecting the first input, displaying a second user interface on the display, where the second user interface is in a limited-access mode in which access to the second user interface is restricted in accordance with restriction criteria; and, while displaying the second user interface in the limited-access mode: detecting a first fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is one of a plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device, displaying the second user interface in a full-access mode in which access to the second user interface is not restricted in accordance with the restriction criteria and transitioning the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked; and in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is not one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints, maintaining display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode and maintaining the device in the locked mode.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit, a fingerprint sensor unit, and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to: while the device is in a locked mode in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, enable display of the first user interface on the display unit, and detect a first input; in response to detecting the first input, enable display of a second user interface on the display unit, where the second user interface is in a limited-access mode in which access to the second user interface is restricted in accordance with restriction criteria; and while enabling display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode: detect a first fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor unit; in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is one of a plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device, enable display of the second user interface in a full-access mode in which access to the second user interface is not restricted in accordance with the restriction criteria, and transition the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked; and in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is not one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints, maintain display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode and maintain the device in the locked mode.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with more efficient and secure methods and interfaces for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device.\",\n \"There is a need for electronic devices with efficient methods and interfaces for unlocking an application or a device depending on context.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for unlocking.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at an electronic device with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The method includes: while the electronic device is in a locked mode in which access to features of a plurality of different applications on the electronic device is prevented, displaying a first user interface on the display, the first user interface being one of a locked-device user interface for the electronic device, and a limited-access user interface for a respective application in the plurality of different applications, and detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device.\",\n \"The method further includes, in response to detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, the first input that corresponds to the request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device: in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the locked-device user interface for the electronic device, transitioning the device from the locked mode to a multi-application unlocked mode in which the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked.\",\n \"The method also includes, in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the limited-access user interface for the respective application: transitioning the device from the locked mode to a single-application unlocked mode in which one or more previously-locked features of the respective application are unlocked; and continuing to prevent access to one or more previously-locked features of other applications in the plurality of different applications.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display unit configured to display a first user interface; a fingerprint sensor unit; and a processing unit coupled to the display unit and the fingerprint sensor unit.\",\n \"The processing unit is configured to: while the electronic device is in a locked mode in which access to features of a plurality of different applications on the electronic device is prevented: enable display of the first user interface on the display unit, the first user interface being one of: a locked-device user interface for the electronic device, and a limited-access user interface for a respective application in the plurality of different applications; and detect, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device.\",\n \"The processing unit is further configured to, in response to detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, the first input that corresponds to the request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device: in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the locked-device user interface for the electronic device, transition the device from the locked mode to a multi-application unlocked mode in which the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked.\",\n \"The processing unit is also configured to, in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the limited-access user interface for the respective application: transition the device from the locked mode to a single-application unlocked mode in which one or more previously-locked features of the respective application are unlocked; and continue to prevent access to one or more previously-locked features of other applications in the plurality of different applications.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with efficient methods and interfaces for unlocking an application or a device depending on context, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for unlocking.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a fingerprint sensor, a display, and/or a touch-sensitive surface, one or more processors, memory, and one or more programs; the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors and the one or more programs include instructions for performing the operations of any of the methods described above.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a graphical user interface on an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor, a display, optionally a touch-sensitive surface, a memory, and one or more processors to execute one or more programs stored in the memory includes one or more of the elements displayed in any of the methods described above, which are updated in response to inputs, as described in any of the methods described above.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, a computer readable storage medium has stored therein instructions which when executed by an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor and optionally a display and/or, a touch-sensitive surface, cause the device to perform the operations of any of the methods described above.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes: a fingerprint sensor and optionally, a display and/one or a touch-sensitive surface; and means for performing the operations of any of the methods described above.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, an information processing apparatus, for use in an electronic device with a fingerprint sensor and optionally a display and/or a touch-sensitive surface, includes means for performing the operations of any of the methods described above.\",\n \"Thus, electronic devices with displays and fingerprint sensors are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for changing beamforming parameters based on fingerprint orientation, thereby increasing the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices.\",\n \"Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for changing beamforming parameters.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a better understanding of the various described embodiments, reference should be made to the Description of Embodiments below, in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the figures.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1A is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display and a fingerprint sensor in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch screen and a fingerprint sensor in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a plurality of sensors including a fingerprint sensor and, optionally a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4B illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunction device with a fingerprint sensor and a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4C illustrates a schematic representation of a two hands with associated fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4D illustrates different types of rotation of a fingerprint on a fingerprint sensor in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"5A-5EE illustrate exemplary user interfaces for enrolling fingerprints with a device in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"6A-6D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of enrolling fingerprints with a device in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"8A-8W illustrate exemplary user interfaces for performing operations based on fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"9A-9B are flow diagrams illustrating a method of performing operations based on fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11D illustrate exemplary user interfaces for populating credential fields with credentials, and for displaying non-redacted versions of credentials, in response to fingerprint-based authentication of a user, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"12A-12B are flow diagrams illustrating methods for using fingerprint-based authentication of a user to authorize automatic population of credential fields and to authorize display of non-redacted versions of credentials, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"13 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"14A-14C illustrate exemplary user interfaces for displaying non-redacted versions of credentials in response to fingerprint-based authentication of a user, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"15A-15B are flow diagrams illustrating methods for using fingerprint-based authentication of a user to authorize display of non-redacted versions of credentials, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"16 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17J illustrate exemplary user interfaces for managing the automatic usage of a saved credential through enrolled fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"18A-18C are flow diagrams illustrating a method of managing the automatic usage of a saved credential through enrolled fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"19 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"20A-20T illustrate exemplary user interfaces for revealing redacted information in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"21A-21C are flow diagrams illustrating a method of revealing redacted information in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"22 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"23A-23FF illustrate exemplary user interfaces for providing different unlock modes in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"24A-24D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of providing different unlock modes in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"25 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"26A-26X illustrate exemplary user interfaces for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"27A-27D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"28 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"29A-29Y illustrate exemplary user interfaces for unlocking an application or a device depending on context in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"30A-30D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of unlocking an application or a device depending on context in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"31 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS The methods, devices and GUIs described herein respond to inputs on a fingerprint sensor instead of, or in addition to, inputs on a touch-sensitive surface or other input device.\",\n \"In some implementations, a touch-sensitive surface with a spatial resolution that is high enough to detect fingerprint features formed by individual fingerprint ridges is used as a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"When a fingerprint sensor is used without a separate touch-sensitive surface, the fingerprint sensor can serve as a substitute for many of the functions of the touch-sensitive surface with a much smaller form factor, as the fingerprint sensor can detect movement of a contact over the fingerprint sensor even when the fingerprint has an area that is as large as or larger than the area of the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"When a fingerprint sensor is used in addition to a separate touch-sensitive surface, the fingerprint sensor can augment the touch-sensitive surface by providing accurate detection of twisting motions of a contact, identifying different fingerprints of fingers that are used to perform gestures on the fingerprint sensor, and identifying a current user of the device.\",\n \"Additionally, when a fingerprint sensor is used in addition to a separate touchscreen display, the fingerprint sensor can detect touch inputs in situations where it is advantageous to avoid having fingers obscuring portions of the display (e.g., while viewing a map, a video or a game).\",\n \"When the touch-sensitive surface is used as a fingerprint sensor, the touch-sensitive surface optionally has spatial resolution settings that can be defined so as to switch the touch-sensitive surface (or regions of the touch-sensitive surface) between a low-resolution mode and a high-resolution mode automatically, without user intervention.\",\n \"In many situations the low-resolution mode consumes less power than the high-resolution mode.\",\n \"An advantage of operating the touch-sensitive surface in a low-resolution mode when fingerprint detection is not needed and switching the touch-sensitive surface, or a region of the touch-sensitive surface, to high-resolution mode on an as-needed basis is that such an approach conserves power while still providing high-resolution fingerprint feature sensing as-needed to improve the user experience of using the device.\",\n \"In implementations where the touch-sensitive surface is used as a fingerprint sensor, the term “fingerprint sensor” is used to refer to the touch-sensitive surface, or a region of the touch-sensitive surface, that is currently in high-resolution mode.\",\n \"A number of different approaches to providing an intuitive user interface where inputs from one or more fingerprint sensors are used to manipulate a user interface of an electronic device are described below.\",\n \"Using one or more of these approaches (optionally in conjunction with each other) helps to provide a user interface that intuitively provides users with additional information and functionality, thereby reducing the user's cognitive burden and improving the human-machine interface.\",\n \"Such improvements in the human-machine interface enable users to use the device faster and more efficiently.\",\n \"For battery-operated devices, these improvements conserve power and increase the time between battery charges.\",\n \"For ease of explanation, systems, methods and user interfaces for including illustrative examples of some of these approaches are described below, as follows: Below, FIGS.\",\n \"5A-5EE illustrate exemplary user interfaces for enrolling fingerprints with a device.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"6A-6D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of enrolling fingerprints with a device.\",\n \"The user interfaces in FIGS.\",\n \"5A-5EE are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.\",\n \"6A-6D.\",\n \"Below, FIGS.\",\n \"8A-8W illustrate exemplary user interfaces for performing operations based on fingerprints.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"9A-9B are flow diagrams illustrating a method of performing operations based on fingerprints.\",\n \"The user interfaces in FIGS.\",\n \"8A-8W are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.\",\n \"9A-9B.\",\n \"Below, FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11D and 14A-14C illustrate exemplary user interfaces for populating credential fields with credentials, and for displaying non-redacted versions of credentials, in response to fingerprint-based authentication of a user.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"12A-12B and 15A-15B are flow diagrams illustrating methods for using fingerprint-based authentication of a user to authorize automatic population of credential fields and/or to authorize display of non-redacted credentials.\",\n \"The user interfaces in FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11D and 14A-14C are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.\",\n \"12A-12B and 15A-15B.\",\n \"Below, FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17J illustrate exemplary user interfaces for managing automatic usage of saved credentials on an electronic device (e.g., device 100 or 300).\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"18A-18C are flow diagrams illustrating a method of managing automatic usage of saved credentials on an electronic device (e.g., device 100 or 300).\",\n \"The user interfaces in FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17J are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.\",\n \"18A-18C.\",\n \"Below, FIGS.\",\n \"20A-20T illustrate exemplary user interfaces for revealing redacted information.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"21A-21C are flow diagrams illustrating a method of revealing redacted information.\",\n \"The user interfaces in FIGS.\",\n \"20A-20T are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.\",\n \"21A-21C.\",\n \"Below, FIGS.\",\n \"23A-23FF illustrate exemplary user interfaces for providing different unlock modes on an electronic device.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"24A-24D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of providing different unlock modes on an electronic device.\",\n \"The user interfaces in FIGS.\",\n \"23A-23FF are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.\",\n \"24A-24D.\",\n \"Below, FIGS.\",\n \"26A-26X illustrate exemplary user interfaces for controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"27A-27D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of unlocking a device and access to device features.\",\n \"The user interfaces in FIGS.\",\n \"26A-26X are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.\",\n \"27A-27D.\",\n \"Below, FIGS.\",\n \"29A-29Y illustrate exemplary user interfaces for unlocking an application or a device depending on context.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"30A-30D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of unlocking an application or a device depending on context.\",\n \"The user interfaces in FIGS.\",\n \"29A-29Y are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS.\",\n \"30A-30D.\",\n \"Exemplary Devices Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.\",\n \"In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the various described embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.\",\n \"In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments.\",\n \"It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc.\",\n \"are, in some instances, used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms.\",\n \"These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another.\",\n \"For example, a first contact could be termed a second contact, and, similarly, a second contact could be termed a first contact, without departing from the scope of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"The first contact and the second contact are both contacts, but they are not the same contact.\",\n \"The terminology used in the description of the various described embodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.\",\n \"As used in the description of the various described embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.\",\n \"It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.\",\n \"It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.\",\n \"As used herein, the term “if” is, optionally, construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context.\",\n \"Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” is, optionally, construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context.\",\n \"Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions.\",\n \"Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touch pads), are, optionally, used.\",\n \"It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touch pad).\",\n \"In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described.\",\n \"It should be understood, however, that the electronic device optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse and/or a joystick.\",\n \"The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application.\",\n \"The various applications that are executed on the device optionally use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device are, optionally, adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application.\",\n \"In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device optionally supports the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user.\",\n \"Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices with touch-sensitive displays.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1A is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device 100 with touch-sensitive displays 112 in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"Touch-sensitive display 112 is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and is sometimes known as or called a touch-sensitive display system.\",\n \"Device 100 includes memory 102 (which optionally includes one or more computer readable storage mediums), memory controller 122, one or more processing units (CPU's) 120, peripherals interface 118, RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, input/output (I/O) subsystem 106, other input or control devices 116, and external port 124.Device 100 optionally includes one or more optical sensors 164.Device 100 optionally includes one or more intensity sensors 165 for detecting intensity of contacts on device 100 (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 112 of device 100).\",\n \"Device 100 optionally includes one or more tactile output generators 167 for generating tactile outputs on device 100 (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 112 of device 100 or touchpad 355 of device 300).\",\n \"These components optionally communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines 103.As used in the specification and claims, the term “intensity” of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure (force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact) on the touch sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) for the force or pressure of a contact on the touch sensitive surface.\",\n \"The intensity of a contact has a range of values that includes at least four distinct values and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values (e.g., at least 256).\",\n \"Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined (or measured) using various approaches and various sensors or combinations of sensors.\",\n \"For example, one or more force sensors underneath or adjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally, used to measure force at various points on the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"In some implementations, force measurements from multiple force sensors are combined (e.g., a weighted average) to determine an estimated force of a contact.\",\n \"Similarly, a pressure-sensitive tip of a stylus is, optionally, used to determine a pressure of the stylus on the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"Alternatively, the size of the contact area detected on the touch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, the capacitance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto, and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto are, optionally, used as a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are used directly to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is described in units corresponding to the substitute measurements).\",\n \"In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are converted to an estimated force or pressure and the estimated force or pressure is used to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in units of pressure).\",\n \"As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output” refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previous position of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component (e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relative to a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user with the user's sense of touch.\",\n \"For example, in situations where the device or the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a user that is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of a user's hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacement will be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding to a perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or the component of the device.\",\n \"For example, movement of a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally, interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physical actuator button.\",\n \"In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensation such as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement of a physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surface that is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user's movements.\",\n \"As another example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitive surface, even when there is no change in smoothness of the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"While such interpretations of touch by a user will be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user, there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a large majority of users.\",\n \"Thus, when a tactile output is described as corresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “up click,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, the generated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of the device or a component thereof that will generate the described sensory perception for a typical (or average) user.\",\n \"It should be appreciated that device 100 is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device 100 optionally has more or fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or more components, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangement of the components.\",\n \"The various components shown in FIG.\",\n \"1A are implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits.\",\n \"Memory 102 optionally includes high-speed random access memory and optionally also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices.\",\n \"Access to memory 102 by other components of device 100, such as CPU 120 and the peripherals interface 118, is, optionally, controlled by memory controller 122.Peripherals interface 118 can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU 120 and memory 102.The one or more processors 120 run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory 102 to perform various functions for device 100 and to process data.\",\n \"In some embodiments, peripherals interface 118, CPU 120, and memory controller 122 are, optionally, implemented on a single chip, such as chip 104.In some other embodiments, they are, optionally, implemented on separate chips.\",\n \"RF (radio frequency) circuitry 108 receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals.\",\n \"RF circuitry 108 converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals.\",\n \"RF circuitry 108 optionally includes well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth.\",\n \"RF circuitry 108 optionally communicates with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication.\",\n \"The wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSDPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NEC), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE 802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document.\",\n \"Audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, and microphone 113 provide an audio interface between a user and device 100.Audio circuitry 110 receives audio data from peripherals interface 118, converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker 111.Speaker 111 converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves.\",\n \"Audio circuitry 110 also receives electrical signals converted by microphone 113 from sound waves.\",\n \"Audio circuitry 110 converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface 118 for processing.\",\n \"Audio data is, optionally, retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory 102 and/or RF circuitry 108 by peripherals interface 118.In some embodiments, audio circuitry 110 also includes a headset jack (e.g., 212, FIG.\",\n \"2).\",\n \"The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry 110 and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone).\",\n \"I/O subsystem 106 couples input/output peripherals on device 100, such as touch screen 112 and other input control devices 116, to peripherals interface 118.I/O subsystem 106 optionally includes display controller 156, optical sensor controller 158, intensity sensor controller 159, haptic feedback controller 161 and one or more input controllers 160 for other input or control devices.\",\n \"The one or more input controllers 160 receive/send electrical signals from/to other input or control devices 116.The other input control devices 116 optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.\",\n \"), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth.\",\n \"In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s) 160 are, optionally, coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, infrared port, USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse.\",\n \"The one or more buttons (e.g., 208, FIG.\",\n \"2) optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker 111 and/or microphone 113.The one or more buttons optionally include a push button (e.g., 206, FIG.\",\n \"2).\",\n \"Touch-sensitive display 112 provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user.\",\n \"Display controller 156 receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen 112.Touch screen 112 displays visual output to the user.\",\n \"The visual output optionally includes graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”).\",\n \"In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output corresponds to user-interface objects.\",\n \"Touch screen 112 has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact.\",\n \"Touch screen 112 and display controller 156 (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory 102) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen 112 and converts the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages or images) that are displayed on touch screen 112.In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen 112 and the user corresponds to a finger of the user.\",\n \"Touch screen 112 optionally uses LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies are used in other embodiments.\",\n \"Touch screen 112 and display controller 156 optionally detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen 112.In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Touch screen 112 optionally has a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 160 dpi.\",\n \"The user optionally makes contact with touch screen 112 using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device 100 optionally includes a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output.\",\n \"The touchpad is, optionally, a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen 112 or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen.\",\n \"Device 100 also includes power system 162 for powering the various components.\",\n \"Power system 162 optionally includes a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices.\",\n \"Device 100 optionally also includes one or more optical sensors 164.Figure IA shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller 158 in I/O subsystem 106.Optical sensor 164 optionally includes charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors.\",\n \"Optical sensor 164 receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the light to data representing an image.\",\n \"In conjunction with imaging module 143 (also called a camera module), optical sensor 164 optionally captures still images or video.\",\n \"In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch screen display 112 on the front of the device, so that the touch screen display is enabled for use as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition.\",\n \"In some embodiments, another optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user's image is, optionally, obtained for videoconferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display.\",\n \"Device 100 optionally also includes one or more contact intensity sensors 165.FIG.\",\n \"1A shows a contact intensity sensor coupled to intensity sensor controller 159 in I/O subsystem 106.Contact intensity sensor 165 optionally includes one or more piezoresistive strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric force sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface).\",\n \"Contact intensity sensor 165 receives contact intensity information (e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment.\",\n \"In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch screen display 112 which is located on the front of device 100.Device 100 optionally also includes one or more proximity sensors 166.FIG.\",\n \"1A shows proximity sensor 166 coupled to peripherals interface 118.Alternately, proximity sensor 166 is coupled to input controller 160 in I/O subsystem 106.In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen 112 when the multifunction device is placed near the user's ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call).\",\n \"Device 100 optionally also includes one or more tactile output generators 167.FIG.\",\n \"1A shows a tactile output generator coupled to haptic feedback controller 161 in I/O subsystem 106.Tactile output generator 167 optionally includes one or more electroacoustic devices such as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device).\",\n \"Contact intensity sensor 165 receives tactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module 133 and generates tactile outputs on device 100 that are capable of being sensed by a user of device 100.In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112) and, optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device 100) or laterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device 100).\",\n \"In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch screen display 112 which is located on the front of device 100.Device 100 optionally also includes one or more accelerometers 168.FIG.\",\n \"1A shows accelerometer 168 coupled to peripherals interface 118.Alternately, accelerometer 168 is, optionally, coupled to an input controller 160 in I/O subsystem 106.In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers.\",\n \"Device 100 optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s) 168, a magnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device 100.In some embodiments, device 100 also includes (or is in communication with) one or more fingerprint sensors 169.FIG.\",\n \"1A shows fingerprint sensor 169 coupled to peripherals interface 118.Alternately, fingerprint sensors 169 are, optionally, coupled to an input controller 160 in I/O subsystem 106.However, in one common embodiment, fingerprint identification operations are performed using secured dedicated computing hardware (e.g., one or more processors, memory and/or communications busses) that has additional security features so as to enhance security of the fingerprint information determined by the fingerprint sensors.\",\n \"As used herein, a fingerprint sensor is a sensor that is capable of distinguishing fingerprint features (sometimes called “minutia features”) of the ridges and valleys of skin such as those found on the fingers and toes of humans.\",\n \"A fingerprint sensor can use any of a variety of techniques to distinguish the fingerprint features, including but not limited to: optical fingerprint imaging, ultrasonic fingerprint imaging, active capacitance fingerprint imaging and passive capacitance fingerprint imaging.\",\n \"In addition to distinguishing fingerprint features in fingerprints, in some embodiments, fingerprint sensor 169 is capable of tracking movement of fingerprint features over time and thereby determining/characterizing movement of the fingerprint over time on the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"While the fingerprint sensor (e.g., Fingerprint Sensor 169) in FIG.\",\n \"1A is shown as being separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., Touch-Sensitive Display System 112), it should be understood that in some implementations, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., Touch-Sensitive Display System 112) has a spatial resolution that is high enough to detect fingerprint features formed by individual fingerprint ridges and is used as a fingerprint sensor instead of, or in addition to, a separate fingerprint sensor (e.g., Fingerprint Sensor 169).\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 100 includes a set of one or more orientation sensors that are used to determine an orientation of a finger or hand on or proximate to the device (e.g., an orientation of a finger that is over fingerprint sensor 169).\",\n \"Additionally, in some embodiments, the set of one or more orientation sensors are used in addition to or instead of a fingerprint sensor to detect rotation of a contact that is interacting with the device (e.g., in one or more of the methods described below, instead of using a fingerprint sensor to detect rotation of a fingerprint/contact, the set of one or more orientation sensors is used to detect rotation of the contact that includes the fingerprint, with or without detecting features of the fingerprint).\",\n \"In some embodiments, features of fingerprints and comparisons between features of detected fingerprints and features of stored fingerprints are performed by secured dedicated computing hardware (e.g., one or more processors, memory and/or communications busses) that are separate from processors 120, so as to improve security of the fingerprint data generated, stored and processed by fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, features of fingerprints and comparisons between features of detected fingerprints and features of enrolled fingerprints are performed by processors 120 using fingerprint analysis module 131.In some embodiments, during an enrollment process, the device (e.g., fingerprint analysis module 131 or a separate secure module 146 in communication with fingerprint sensor(s) 169) collects biometric information about one or more fingerprints of the user (e.g., identifying relative location of a plurality of minutia points in a fingerprint of the user).\",\n \"After the enrollment process has been completed the biometric information is stored at the device (e.g., in secure fingerprint module 146) for later use in authenticating detected fingerprints.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the biometric information that is stored at the device excludes images of the fingerprints and also excludes information from which images of the fingerprints could be reconstructed so that images of the fingerprints are not inadvertently made available if the security of the device is compromised.\",\n \"In some embodiments, during an authentication process, the device (e.g., fingerprint analysis module 131 or a separate secure module 146 in communication with fingerprint sensor(s) 169) determines whether a finger input detected by the fingerprint sensor includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint by collecting biometric information about a fingerprint detected on the fingerprint sensor (e.g., identifying relative locations of a plurality of minutia points in the fingerprint detected on the fingerprint sensor) and comparing the biometric information that corresponds to the detected fingerprint to biometric information that corresponds to the enrolled fingerprints(s).\",\n \"In some embodiments, comparing the biometric information that corresponds to the detected fingerprint to biometric information that corresponds to the enrolled fingerprints(s) includes comparing a type and location of minutia points in the biometric information that corresponds to the detected fingerprint to a type and location of minutia points in the biometric information that corresponds to the enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"However the determination as to whether or not a finger input includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is enrolled with the device is, optionally, performed using any of a number of well known fingerprint authentication techniques for determining whether a detected fingerprint matches an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory 102 include operating system 126, communication module (or set of instructions), contact/motion module (or set of instructions) 130, fingerprint analysis module 131, graphics module (or set of instructions) 132, text input module (or set of instructions) 134, Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions) 135, and applications (or sets of instructions) 136.Furthermore, in some embodiments memory 102 stores device/global internal state 157, as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"1A and 3.Device/global internal state 157 includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display 112; sensor state, including information obtained from the device's various sensors and input control devices 116; and location information concerning the device's location and/or attitude.\",\n \"In some embodiments credential information is stored as secure credential information 145.Secure credential information, optionally, includes credentials for user accounts (e.g., user names and passwords, billing information, address information).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the credential information for one or more different applications is stored in a secure central location on the device, so that the credential information is accessible to different applications.\",\n \"In some embodiments, credential information that is associated with a particular application (e.g., a user name and password or billing information that has been entered into the particular application) is stored with the particular application (e.g., a user name and password for authorizing purchases in a store application are stored with the store application for ease of access by the store application).\",\n \"In some embodiments other security information (e.g., decryption keys for decrypting encrypted content stored at the device) is stored with secure credential information 145 or at another secure location on the device.\",\n \"Operating system 126 (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.)\",\n \"and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components.\",\n \"Communication module 128 facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports 124 and also includes various software components for handling data received by RE circuitry 108 and/or external port 124.External port 124 (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.)\",\n \"is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the 30-pin connector used on iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices.\",\n \"Contact/motion module 130 optionally detects contact with touch screen 112 (in conjunction with display controller 156) and other touch sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel).\",\n \"Contact/motion module 130 includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force or pressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact).\",\n \"Contact/motion module 130 receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact.\",\n \"These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts).\",\n \"In some embodiments, contact/motion module 130 and display controller 156 detect contact on a touchpad.\",\n \"In some embodiments, contact/motion module 130 uses a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” on an icon).\",\n \"In some embodiments at least a subset of the intensity thresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g., the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholds of particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changing the physical hardware of device 100).\",\n \"For example, a mouse “click” threshold of a trackpad or touch screen display can be set to any of a large range of predefined thresholds values without changing the trackpad or touch screen display hardware.\",\n \"Additionally, in some implementations a user of the device is provided with software settings for adjusting one or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., by adjusting individual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting a plurality of intensity thresholds at once with a system-level click “intensity” parameter).\",\n \"Contact/motion module 130 optionally detects a gesture input by a user.\",\n \"Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities of detected contacts).\",\n \"Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected by detecting a particular contact pattern.\",\n \"For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon).\",\n \"As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event.\",\n \"Fingerprint analysis module 131 optionally detects a finger input by a user on a fingerprint sensor and determines whether the finger input includes a fingerprint that corresponds to a previously enrolled fingerprint that is enrolled with the device and/or detects movement of the fingerprint that corresponds to a finger gesture.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the enrollment of fingerprints and the comparison between detected fingerprints and enrolled fingerprints is performed at a secure fingerprint analysis module 146 that is in communication with fingerprint sensor(s) 169 and secure fingerprint analysis module 146 provides fingerprint analysis module 131 with information indicating whether or not the detected fingerprint matches a previously enrolled fingerprint without providing biometric information about the detected fingerprint or the enrolled fingerprint to fingerprint analysis module 131 (e.g., so as to maintain the security of biometric information about detected and enrolled fingerprints).\",\n \"In some embodiments, information about movement of the fingerprint during the finger input and times of finger-up or finger-down events are also provided to fingerprint analysis module 131 by secure fingerprint analysis module 146.In some embodiments, the information about the finger input is used by fingerprint analysis module 131 to respond to the finger inputs (e.g., by unlocking the device, unlocking a function of the device, displaying previously redacted information, or performing an operation based on the movement of a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor).\",\n \"Graphics module 132 includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen 112 or other display, including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast or other visual property) of graphics that are displayed.\",\n \"As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including without limitation text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations and the like.\",\n \"In some embodiments, graphics module 132 stores data representing graphics to be used.\",\n \"Each graphic is, optionally, assigned a corresponding code.\",\n \"Graphics module 132 receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller 156.Haptic feedback module 133 includes various software components for generating instructions used by tactile output generator(s) 167 to produce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device 100 in response to user interactions with device 100.Text input module 134, which is, optionally, a component of graphics module 132, provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts 137, e-mail 140, IM 141, browser 147, and any other application that needs text input).\",\n \"GPS module 135 determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone 138 for use in location-based dialing, to camera 143 as picture/video metadata, and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).\",\n \"Applications 136 optionally include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof: contacts module 137 (sometimes called an address book or contact list); telephone module 138; video conferencing module 139; e-mail client module 140; instant messaging (IM) module 141; workout support module 142; camera module 143 for still and/or video images; image management module 144; browser module 147; calendar module 148; widget modules 149, which optionally include one or more of: weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget 149-3, alarm clock widget 149-4, dictionary widget 149-5, and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets 149-6; widget creator module 150 for making user-created widgets 149-6; search module 151; video and music player module 152, which is, optionally, made up of a video player module and a music player module; notes module 153; map module 154; and/or online video module 155.Examples of other applications 136 that are, optionally, stored in memory 102 include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication.\",\n \"In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, contacts module 137 are, optionally, used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state 192 of contacts module 137 in memory 102 or memory 370), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone 138, video conference 139, e-mail 140, or IM 141; and so forth.\",\n \"In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, telephone module 138 are, optionally, used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in address book 137, modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed.\",\n \"As noted above, the wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies.\",\n \"In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, touch screen 112, display controller 156, optical sensor 164, optical sensor controller 158, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, contact list 137, and telephone module 138, videoconferencing module 139 includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions.\",\n \"In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, e-mail client module 140 includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions.\",\n \"In conjunction with image management module 144, e-mail client module 140 makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module 143.In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, the instant messaging module 141 includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages and to view received instant messages.\",\n \"In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages optionally include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in a MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS).\",\n \"As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS).\",\n \"In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, GPS module 135, map module 154, and music player module 146, workout support module 142 includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store and transmit workout data.\",\n \"In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, optical sensor(s) 164, optical sensor controller 158, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and image management module 144, camera module 143 includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory 102, modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory 102.In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and camera module 143, image management module 144 includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images.\",\n \"In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, browser module 147 includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages.\",\n \"In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, e-mail client module 140, and browser module 147, calendar module 148 includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to do lists, etc.)\",\n \"in accordance with user instructions.\",\n \"In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and browser module 147, widget modules 149 are mini-applications that are, optionally, downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget 149-3, alarm clock widget 149-4, and dictionary widget 149-5) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget 149-6).\",\n \"In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo!\",\n \"Widgets).\",\n \"In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and browser module 147, the widget creator module 150 are, optionally, used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget).\",\n \"In conjunction with touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, search module 151 includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory 102 that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions.\",\n \"In conjunction with touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, RF circuitry 108, and browser module 147, video and music player module 152 includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen 112 or on an external, connected display via external port 124).\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 100 optionally includes the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.).\",\n \"In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, notes module 153 includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions.\",\n \"In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, GPS module 135, and browser module 147, map module 154 are, optionally, used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions; data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location; and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions.\",\n \"In conjunction with touch screen 112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, RF circuitry 108, text input module 134, e-mail client module 140, and browser module 147, online video module 155 includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port 124), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264.In some embodiments, instant messaging module 141, rather than e-mail client module 140, is used to send a link to a particular online video.\",\n \"Each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein).\",\n \"These modules (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments.\",\n \"In some embodiments, memory 102 optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above.\",\n \"Furthermore, memory 102 optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above.\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 100 is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad.\",\n \"By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device 100, the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device 100 is, optionally, reduced.\",\n \"The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation between user interfaces.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device 100 to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that is displayed on device 100.In such embodiments, a “menu button” is implemented using a touchpad.\",\n \"In some other embodiments, the menu button is a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"In some embodiments, memory 102 (in FIG.\",\n \"1A) or 370 (FIG.\",\n \"3) includes event sorter 170 (e.g., in operating system 126) and a respective application 136-1 (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications 137-13, 155, 380-390).\",\n \"Event sorter 170 receives event information and determines the application 136-1 and application view 191 of application 136-1 to which to deliver the event information.\",\n \"Event sorter 170 includes event monitor 171 and event dispatcher module 174.In some embodiments, application 136-1 includes application internal state 192, which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch sensitive display 112 when the application is active or executing.\",\n \"In some embodiments, device/global internal state 157 is used by event sorter 170 to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state 192 is used by event sorter 170 to determine application views 191 to which to deliver event information.\",\n \"In some embodiments, application internal state 192 includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application 136-1 resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application 136-1, a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application 136-1, and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user.\",\n \"Event monitor 171 receives event information from peripherals interface 118 or, optionally, fingerprint analysis module 131.Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display 112, as part of a multi-touch gesture or a finger input on a fingerprint sensor 169).\",\n \"Peripherals interface 118 transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem 106 or a sensor, such as proximity sensor 166, accelerometer(s) 168, fingerprint sensor 169, and/or microphone 113 (through audio circuitry 110).\",\n \"Information that peripherals interface 118 receives from I/O subsystem 106 includes information from touch-sensitive display 112 or a touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, event monitor 171 sends requests to the peripherals interface 118 at predetermined intervals.\",\n \"In response, peripherals interface 118 transmits event information.\",\n \"In other embodiments, peripheral interface 118 transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration).\",\n \"In some embodiments, event sorter 170 also includes a hit view determination module 172 and/or an active event recognizer determination module 173.Hit view determination module 172 provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views, when touch sensitive display 112 displays more than one view.\",\n \"Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display.\",\n \"Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur.\",\n \"The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected optionally correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application.\",\n \"For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected is, optionally, called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs are, optionally, determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture.\",\n \"Hit view determination module 172 receives information related to sub-events of a touch-based gesture.\",\n \"When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module 172 identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event.\",\n \"In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (i.e., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event).\",\n \"Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view.\",\n \"Active event recognizer determination module 173 determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events.\",\n \"In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 173 determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events.\",\n \"In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 173 determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events.\",\n \"In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views.\",\n \"Event dispatcher module 174 dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer 180).\",\n \"In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module 173, event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module 173.In some embodiments, event dispatcher module 174 stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver module 182.In some embodiments, operating system 126 includes event sorter 170.Alternatively, application 136-1 includes event sorter 170.In yet other embodiments, event sorter 170 is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory 102, such as contact/motion module 130.In some embodiments, application 136-1 includes a plurality of event handlers 190 and one or more application views 191, each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application's user interface.\",\n \"Each application view 191 of the application 136-1 includes one or more event recognizers 180.Typically, a respective application view 191 includes a plurality of event recognizers 180.In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers 180 are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application 136-1 inherits methods and other properties.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a respective event handler 190 includes one or more of: data updater 176, object updater 177, GUI updater 178, and/or event data 179 received from event sorter 170.Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176, object updater 177 or GUI updater 178 to update the application internal state 192.Alternatively, one or more of the application views 191 includes one or more respective event handlers 190.Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178 are included in a respective application view 191.A respective event recognizer 180 receives event information (e.g., event data 179) from event sorter 170, and identifies an event from the event information.\",\n \"Event recognizer 180 includes event receiver 182 and event comparator 184.In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 also includes at least a subset of: metadata 183, and event delivery instructions 188 (which optionally include sub-event delivery instructions).\",\n \"Event receiver 182 receives event information from event sorter 170.The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement, or a finger input or fingerprint movement.\",\n \"Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event.\",\n \"When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the event information optionally also includes speed and direction of the sub-event.\",\n \"In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device.\",\n \"Event comparator 184 compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event.\",\n \"In some embodiments, event comparator 184 includes event definitions 186.Event definitions 186 contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event 1 (187-1), event 2 (187-2), and others.\",\n \"In some embodiments, sub-events in an event 187 include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, multiple touching, fingerprint begin, fingerprint end, fingerprint movement, fingerprint authenticate, and fingerprint authentication fail.\",\n \"In one example, the definition for event 1 (187-1) is a double tap on a displayed object.\",\n \"The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first lift-off (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second lift-off (touch end) for a predetermined phase.\",\n \"In another example, the definition for event 2 (187-2) is a dragging on a displayed object.\",\n \"The dragging, for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display 112, and lift-off of the touch (touch end).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers 190.In some embodiments, event definition 187 includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object.\",\n \"In some embodiments, event comparator 184 performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event.\",\n \"For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display 112, when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display 112, event comparator 184 performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event).\",\n \"If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler 190, the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler 190 should be activated.\",\n \"For example, event comparator 184 selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event 187 also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer's event type.\",\n \"When a respective event recognizer 180 determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions 186, the respective event recognizer 180 enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture.\",\n \"In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 includes metadata 183 with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers.\",\n \"In some embodiments, metadata 183 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another.\",\n \"In some embodiments, metadata 183 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 activates event handler 190 associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 delivers event information associated with the event to event handler 190.Activating an event handler 190 is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view.\",\n \"In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler 190 associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process.\",\n \"In some embodiments, event delivery instructions 188 include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler.\",\n \"Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views.\",\n \"Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process.\",\n \"In some embodiments, data updater 176 creates and updates data used in application 136-1.For example, data updater 176 updates the telephone number used in contacts module 137, or stores a video file used in video player module 145.In some embodiments, object updater 177 creates and updates objects used in application 136-1.For example, object updater 176 creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object.\",\n \"GUI updater 178 updates the GUI.\",\n \"For example, GUI updater 178 prepares display information and sends it to graphics module 132 for display on a touch-sensitive display.\",\n \"In some embodiments, event handler(s) 190 includes or has access to data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178.In some embodiments, data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178 are included in a single module of a respective application 136-1 or application view 191.In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules.\",\n \"It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices 100 with input-devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens.\",\n \"For example, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinated with single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movements such as taps, drags, scrolls, etc., on touch-pads; pen stylus inputs; movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements; biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 illustrates a portable multifunction device 100 having a touch screen 112 in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"The touch screen optionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI) 200.In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user is enabled to select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers 202 (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses 203 (not drawn to scale in the figure).\",\n \"In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward) and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device 100.In some implementations or circumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select the graphic.\",\n \"For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon optionally does not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap.\",\n \"Device 100 optionally also includes one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button 204.As described previously, menu button 204 is, optionally, used to navigate to any application 136 in a set of applications that are, optionally executed on device 100.Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen 112.In some embodiments button 204 includes an integrated fingerprint sensor 169-1 for identifying a fingerprint that is interacting with button 204 and/or detecting movement of the fingerprint on button 204.Device also, optionally, includes one or more other fingerprint sensors 169-2 that are separate from button 204 and are used instead of or in conjunction with a fingerprint sensor 169-1 integrated into button 204 to identify a user interacting with the device and/or detect motion of the fingerprint.\",\n \"Additionally, one or more of the other fingerprint sensors 169-2 are optionally associated with a button (e.g., a pressure sensitive region that is activated by detecting an input with an intensity above an activation intensity threshold or a physical actuator that moves in response force applied by a user).\",\n \"In implementations where the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., Touch Screen 112) has a spatial resolution that is high enough to detect fingerprint features formed by individual fingerprint ridges, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., Touch Screen 112) is optionally used as a fingerprint sensor instead of, or in addition to, a separate fingerprint sensor (e.g., Fingerprint Sensors 169-1 or 169-2).\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 100 includes a set of one or more orientation sensors that are used to determine an orientation of a hand on device 100.In one embodiment, device 100 includes touch screen 112, menu button 204, push button 206 for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s) 208, Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card slot 210, head set jack 212, and docking/charging external port 124.Push button 206 is, optionally, used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process.\",\n \"In an alternative embodiment, device 100 also accepts verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone 113.Device 100 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors 165 for detecting intensity of contacts on touch screen 112 and/or one or more tactile output generators 167 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 100.FIG.\",\n \"3 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"Device 300 need not be portable.\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 300 is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child's learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller).\",\n \"Device 300 typically includes one or more processing units (CPU's) 310, one or more network or other communications interfaces 360, memory 370, and one or more communication buses 320 for interconnecting these components.\",\n \"Communication buses 320 optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components.\",\n \"Device 300 includes input/output (I/O) interface 330 comprising display 340, which is typically a touch screen display.\",\n \"I/O interface 330 also optionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device) 350 and touchpad 355, tactile output generator 357 for generating tactile outputs on device 300 (e.g., similar to tactile output generator(s) 167 described above with reference to FIG.\",\n \"1A), sensors 359 (e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contact intensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s) 165 described above with reference to FIG.\",\n \"1A, and/or fingerprint sensors similar to fingerprint sensor(s) 169 described above with reference to FIG.\",\n \"1A).\",\n \"Additionally, in implementations where the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., Touchpad 355) has a spatial resolution that is high enough to detect fingerprint features formed by individual fingerprint ridges, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., Touchpad 355) is optionally used as a fingerprint sensor instead of, or in addition to, a separate fingerprint sensor (e.g., one of sensors 359).\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 300 includes a set of one or more orientation sensors that are used to determine an orientation of a finger or hand on or proximate to the device (e.g., an orientation of a finger that is over fingerprint sensor 169).\",\n \"Additionally, in some embodiments, the set of one or more orientation sensors are used in addition to or instead of a fingerprint sensor to detect rotation of a contact that is interacting with the device.\",\n \"For example, in one or more of the methods described below, instead of using a fingerprint sensor to detect rotation of a fingerprint/contact, the set of one or more orientation sensors is used to detect rotation of the contact that includes the fingerprint, with or without detecting features of the fingerprint.\",\n \"Memory 370 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solid state memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices.\",\n \"Memory 370 optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s) 310.In some embodiments, memory 370 stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100 (FIG.\",\n \"1A), or a subset thereof.\",\n \"Furthermore, memory 370 optionally stores additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100.For example, memory 370 of device 300 optionally stores drawing module 380, presentation module 382, word processing module 384, website creation module 386, disk authoring module 388, and/or spreadsheet module 390, while memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100 (FIG.\",\n \"1A) optionally does not store these modules.\",\n \"Each of the above identified elements in FIG.\",\n \"3 are, optionally, stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices.\",\n \"Each of the above identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above.\",\n \"The above identified modules or programs (i.e.\",\n \"sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments.\",\n \"In some embodiments, memory 370 optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above.\",\n \"Furthermore, memory 370 optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above.\",\n \"Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”) that is, optionally, implemented on portable multifunction device 100.FIG.\",\n \"4A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on portable multifunction device 100 in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"Similar user interfaces are, optionally, implemented on device 300.In some embodiments, user interface 400 includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof: Signal strength indicator(s) 402 for wireless communication(s), such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals; Time 404; Bluetooth indicator 405; Battery status indicator 406; Tray 408 with icons for frequently used applications, such as: Icon 416 for telephone module 138, labeled “Phone,” which optionally includes an indicator 414 of the number of missed calls or voicemail messages; Icon 418 for e-mail client module 140, labeled “Mail,” which optionally includes an indicator 410 of the number of unread e-mails; Icon 420 for browser module 147, labeled “Browser;” and Icon 422 for video and music player module 152, also referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module 152, labeled “iPod;” and Icons for other applications, such as: Icon 424 for IM module 141, labeled “Text;” Icon 426 for calendar module 148, labeled “Calendar;” Icon 428 for image management module 144, labeled “Photos;” Icon 430 for camera module 143, labeled “Camera;” Icon 432 for online video module 155, labeled “Online Video” Icon 434 for stocks widget 149-2, labeled “Stocks;” Icon 436 for map module 154, labeled “Map;” Icon 438 for weather widget 149-1, labeled “Weather;” Icon 440 for alarm clock widget 149-4, labeled “Clock;” Icon 442 for workout support module 142, labeled “Workout Support;” Icon 444 for notes module 153, labeled “Notes;” and Icon 446 for a settings application or module, which provides access to settings for device 100 and its various applications 136.It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"4A are merely exemplary.\",\n \"For example, icon 422 for video and music player module 152 are labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Other labels are, optionally, used for various application icons.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a name of an application corresponding to the respective application icon.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinct from a name of an application corresponding to the particular application icon.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4B illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g., device 300, FIG.\",\n \"3) with a touch-sensitive surface 451 (e.g., a tablet or touchpad 355, FIG.\",\n \"3) that is separate from the display 450 (e.g., touch screen display 112) with an integrated 359-1 (or separate 359-2) fingerprint sensor (e.g., one or more of sensors 359 that operates in an analogous manner to fingerprint sensor 169 in FIG.\",\n \"1A).\",\n \"Additionally, in implementations where the touch-sensitive surface 451 has a spatial resolution that is high enough to detect fingerprint features formed by individual fingerprint ridges, the touch-sensitive surface 451 is optionally used as a fingerprint sensor instead of, or in addition to, a distinct fingerprint sensor (e.g., integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or separate fingerprint sensor 359-2).\",\n \"Device 300 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors (e.g., one or more of sensors 359-3) for detecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface 451 and/or one or more tactile output generators 357 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 300.Although some of the examples which follow will be given with reference to inputs on touch screen display 112 (where the touch sensitive surface and the display are combined), in some embodiments, the device detects inputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"4B.\",\n \"In some embodiments the touch sensitive surface (e.g., 451 in FIG.\",\n \"4B) has a primary axis (e.g., 452 in FIG.\",\n \"4B) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g., 453 in FIG.\",\n \"4B) on the display (e.g., 450).\",\n \"In accordance with these embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g., 460 and 462 in FIG.\",\n \"4B) with the touch-sensitive surface 451 at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display (e.g., in FIG.\",\n \"4B, 460 corresponds to 468 and 462 corresponds to 470).\",\n \"In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts 460 and 462, and movements thereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., 451 in FIG.\",\n \"4B) are used by the device to manipulate the user interface on the display (e.g., 450 in FIG.\",\n \"4B) of the multifunction device when the touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display.\",\n \"It should be understood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other user interfaces described herein.\",\n \"Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily with reference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures, finger swipe gestures), it should be understood that, in some embodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with input from another input device (e.g., a mouse based input or stylus input).\",\n \"For example, a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click (e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor along the path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact).\",\n \"As another example, a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact).\",\n \"Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneously detected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are, optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are, optionally, used simultaneously.\",\n \"As used herein, the term “focus selector” refers to an input element that indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user is interacting.\",\n \"In some implementations that include a cursor or other location marker, the cursor acts as a “focus selector,” so that when an input (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchpad 355 in FIG.\",\n \"3 or touch-sensitive surface 451 in FIG.\",\n \"4B) while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input.\",\n \"In some implementations that include a touch-screen display (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112 in FIG.\",\n \"1A or touch screen 112 in FIG.\",\n \"4A) that enables direct interaction with user interface elements on the touch-screen display, a detected contact on the touch-screen acts as a “focus selector,” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by the contact) is detected on the touch-screen display at a location of a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input.\",\n \"In some implementations focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region of the user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor or movement of a contact on a touch-screen display (e.g., by using a tab key or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); in these implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance with movement of focus between different regions of the user interface.\",\n \"Without regard to the specific form taken by the focus selector, the focus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on a touch-screen display) that is controlled by the user so as to communicate the user's intended interaction with the user interface (e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interface with which the user is intending to interact).\",\n \"For example, the location of a focus selector (e.g., a cursor, a contact or a selection box) over a respective button while a press input is detected on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicate that the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposed to other user interface elements shown on a display of the device).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4C shows a schematic representation of a two hands with associated fingerprints LP (“left pinky” fingerprint), LR (“left ring” fingerprint), LM (“left middle” fingerprint), LI (“left index” fingerprint), LT (“left thumb” fingerprint), RT (“right thumb” fingerprint), RI (“right index” fingerprint), RM (“right middle” fingerprint), RR (“right ring” fingerprint), RP (“right pinky” fingerprint).\",\n \"These abbreviations will be used with reference to other figures showing examples of interactions with a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"For some of the methods described herein, one or more fingerprints of a user are registered by collecting information about the fingerprint that would enable the fingerprint to be identified.\",\n \"These registered fingerprints or pre-registered fingerprints are also sometimes referred to as enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"In many situations described below, fingerprints detected on a fingerprint sensor are compared against previously registered fingerprints (e.g., enrolled fingerprints).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4D shows two different types of rotation of a fingerprint on a fingerprint sensor (e.g., fingerprint sensor 169 that is integrated into button 204).\",\n \"On the left side of FIG.\",\n \"4D, is an example of a fingerprint “revolving” around a fingerprint sensor, where a centroid of the fingerprint moves in a looping motion (e.g., a circular-type motion) around a center of the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"On the right side of FIG.\",\n \"4D, is an example of a fingerprint “twisting” on a fingerprint sensor, where a primary axis of the fingerprint changes orientation relative to the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"These terms (e.g., “revolving” and “twisting”) will be used to described different types of rotation of a fingerprint on a fingerprint sensor with reference to other figures showing examples of interactions with a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"4D, in some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor is smaller than, or approximately the same size as, an average fingerprint.\",\n \"Thus, in some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor detects movement of the fingerprint (e.g., fingerprint gestures) by detecting movement of fingerprint features of the fingerprint instead of or in addition to detecting movement of edges of the fingerprint.\",\n \"In other words, in some implementations, the fingerprint sensor detects movement of the fingerprint not by determining movement of an outline of the fingerprint (e.g., a “contact”) but by detecting movement of ridges (or specific minutia points in the ridges) of the fingerprint over the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"Without regard to whether the fingerprint sensor is larger or smaller than the fingerprint, detecting movement of a fingerprint (e.g., fingerprint gestures) based on movement of fingerprint features instead of, or in addition to, detecting movement of the fingerprint based on movement of an edge or outline of the fingerprint enables movement of the fingerprint to be tracked in much greater detail and provides the ability to track fingerprint movement even when a fingerprint is covering all or a large portion of the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"User Interfaces and Associated Processes Enrolling Fingerprints with a Device Many electronic devices provide a method to unlock the device.\",\n \"For example, a user is required enter a passcode or personal identification number (PIN), perform a swipe gesture in a predefined pattern, or slide an affordance to unlock the device to access private user information and applications.\",\n \"However, with the increased penetration of e-commerce and mobile purchasing, greater security is required to unlock a device.\",\n \"The device described below improves on existing methods by enrolling a fingerprint of a respective finger with a device after collecting fingerprint information from a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures.\",\n \"In turn, the device performs restricted operations (e.g., unlocking the device or mobile purchasing) when a detected fingerprint matches an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"The device displays a fingerprint enrollment interface and detects on a fingerprint sensor a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with a respective finger.\",\n \"The device collects fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with the respective finger.\",\n \"After collecting the fingerprint information, the device determines, based on fingerprint information collected for the respective finger, whether the fingerprint information that has been collected is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the device enrolls the fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the device displays a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional stationary finger gestures on the fingerprint sensor with the respective finger.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.\",\n \"1A).\",\n \"The device described below with reference to 5A-5EE and 6A-6D includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.\",\n \"separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"5A-5EE and 6A-6D will be discussed with reference to a device with a touch screen 112 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.\",\n \"5A-5EE on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"5A-5EE on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a display 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 instead of a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.\",\n \"5A-5EE on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) and/or the separate touch-sensitive surface 451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"5A-5EE on the display 450; in such embodiments, the contacts shown in FIGS.\",\n \"5A-5EE optionally represent both a focus selector that corresponds to a location on the display 450, and a contact that corresponds to a location of a contact or gesture performed on the separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451), where the focus selector is, optionally: a respective contact, a representative point corresponding to a contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a point associated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or more contacts detected on the touch screen 112 and is, optionally, replaced with a displayed cursor.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"5A-5M illustrate a portion of a device setup process in which a first fingerprint is enrolled with portable multifunction device 100.FIG.\",\n \"5A illustrates portable multifunction device 100 (sometimes herein called device 100) displaying user interface 400 on touch screen 112.In FIG.\",\n \"5A, user interface 400 includes a “Set Up Touch ID” interface prompting a user to enroll a fingerprint to serve as the user's touch ID.\",\n \"The enrolled fingerprint (e.g., touch ID) can be used to unlock the device in place of a passcode or personal identification number (PIN) and, optionally, to purchase goods or services.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5A, the “Set Up Touch ID” interface is displayed during a device set up process.\",\n \"For example, the device set up process occurs when a user powers on the device for a first time.\",\n \"For example, the device set up process at least includes an, optional, fingerprint enrollment process (e.g., shown in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5K and FIGS.\",\n \"5N-5T) and a passcode set up process (e.g., shown in FIG.\",\n \"5M).\",\n \"The “Set Up Touch ID” interface includes “Set up now” box 502, which, when activated, causes device 100 to start a fingerprint enrollment process and a “Set up later” box 504, which, when activated, causes device 100 to skip the fingerprint enrollment process and display a passcode set up interface (e.g., shown in FIG.\",\n \"5M).\",\n \"For example, “Set up now” box 502 is activated when a contact (e.g., touch input or tap gesture) is detected at a location inside of or on “Set up now” box 502 or a fingerprint is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.For example, “Set up later” box 504 is activated when a touch input is detected at a location inside of or on “Set up later” box 504.FIG.\",\n \"5A also illustrates device 100 detecting contact 506 (e.g., a tap gesture) at a location on touch screen 112 that corresponds to “Set up now” box 502.Alternatively, FIG.\",\n \"5A illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 508 (e.g., corresponding to a user's right index finger) as part of a first finger gesture (e.g., a first touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the first finger gesture.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5B illustrates device 100 displaying a first fingerprint enrollment interface for the fingerprint enrollment process on touch screen 112 in response to detecting contact 506 in FIG.\",\n \"5A.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fingerprint enrollment process includes at least a first fingerprint enrollment interface (e.g., shown in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5G and 5O-5Q) and a second fingerprint enrollment interface (e.g., shown in FIGS.\",\n \"5H-5J and 5R-5S).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5B, the first fingerprint enrollment interface includes instructions prompting the user to perform a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures with a respective finger on fingerprint sensor 169 so as to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5B, the first fingerprint enrollment interface also includes a progress indicator 510 in a first state 510-a.\",\n \"For example, in first state 510-a, progress indicator 510 resembles a faux fingerprint with narrow ridges.\",\n \"First state 510-a indicates that no fingerprint information has been collected.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5B also illustrates “Back” affordance 509, which, when activated, causes device 100 to redisplay the “Set Up Touch ID” interface in FIG.\",\n \"5A.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5B further illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 512 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) as part of a first finger gesture (e.g., a first touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the first finger gesture.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5C illustrates device 100 changing an appearance of progress indicator 510 in response to detecting the first finger gesture.\",\n \"For example, the first finger gesture corresponds to fingerprint 508 in FIG.\",\n \"5A or, alternatively, fingerprint 512 in FIG.\",\n \"5B.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5C, device 100 displays progress indicator 510 in second state 510-b.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5C, at least a portion of the ridges of progress indicator 510 are thickened (or darkened) in second state 510-b as compared to first state 510-a in FIG.\",\n \"5B.\",\n \"Second state 510-b of progress indicator 510 indicates that some fingerprint information has been collected but one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5C also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 514 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) as part of a second finger gesture (e.g., a second touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the second finger gesture.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5D illustrates device 100 displaying a message on touch screen 112 prompting a user to perform subsequent finger gestures differently from the second finger gesture detected in FIG.\",\n \"5C.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5D, device 100 displays message 516 the first enrollment interface (including progress indicator 510 in second state 510-b) on touch screen 112 in response to detecting the second finger gesture in FIG.\",\n \"5C.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5D, message 516 includes instructions directing the user to move the respective finger more between each finger gesture so as to collect fingerprint information corresponding to different regions of the fingerprint of the respective finger.\",\n \"In some embodiments, message 516 is dismissed and the fingerprint enrollment process is resumed when either a contact is detected at a location corresponding to the “Okay” affordance in message 516 or a subsequent finger gesture is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.FIG.\",\n \"5D also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 518 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) as part of a third finger gesture (e.g., a third touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the third finger gesture.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5E illustrates device 100 changing an appearance of progress indicator 510 in response to detecting the third finger gesture in FIG.\",\n \"5D.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5E, device 100 displays progress indicator 510 in third state 510-c.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5E, a greater amount of the ridges of progress indicator 510 are thickened in third state 510-c as compared to second state 510-b in FIG.\",\n \"5B.\",\n \"Third state 510-c of progress indicator 510 indicates that more fingerprint information has been collected but one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5E also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 520 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) as part of a fourth finger gesture (e.g., a fourth touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the fourth finger gesture.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5F illustrates device 100 displaying a message on touch screen 112 prompting a user to perform subsequent finger gestures differently from the fourth finger gesture detected in FIG.\",\n \"5E.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5F, device 100 displays message 522 over the first enrollment interface (including progress indicator 510 in third state 510-c) on touch screen 112 in response to detecting the fourth finger gesture in FIG.\",\n \"5E.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5F, message 522 includes instructions directing the user keep their finger on fingerprint sensor 169 for a longer period of time so as to collect fingerprint information.\",\n \"In some embodiments, message 522 includes instructions indicating that the user will feel a vibration that signals when the user can lift their finger from fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, message 522 is dismissed and the fingerprint enrollment process is resumed when either a contact is detected at a location corresponding to the “Okay” affordance in message 522 or a subsequent finger gesture is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.FIG.\",\n \"5F also illustrates device 100 detecting contact 524 at a location on touch screen 112 that corresponds to the -Okay” affordance in message 522.FIG.\",\n \"5G illustrates device 100 displaying the first fingerprint enrollment interface with progress indicator 510 in third state 510-c in response to detecting contact 524 in FIG.\",\n \"5F.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5G also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 526 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) as part of a fifth finger gesture (e.g., a fifth touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the fifth finger gesture.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5H illustrates device 100 displaying a second fingerprint enrollment interface for the fingerprint enrollment process on touch screen 112 and changing an appearance of progress indicator 510 in response to detecting the fifth finger gesture in FIG.\",\n \"5G.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5H, the second fingerprint enrollment interface includes instructions prompting the user to perform one or more additional separate and distinct stationary finger gestures with the respective finger (e.g., the user's right index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169 so as gather fingerprint information for regions of the fingerprint of the respective finger (e.g., the edges) that are missing from the previously collected fingerprint information in order to complete enrollment of the first fingerprint (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5H, device 100 displays progress indicator 510 in fourth state 510-d.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5H, progress indicator 510 is expanded in fourth state 510-d to reveal a larger perimeter oval of narrow ridges surrounding an inner region of thickened ridges.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5H, the inner region of progress indicator 510 corresponds to un-expanded progress indicator 510 included in the first enrollment interface displayed in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5G.\",\n \"In this example, a greater amount of the ridges of the inner region of progress indicator 510 are thickened in fourth state 510-d as compared to third state 510-c in FIG.\",\n \"5G.\",\n \"Fourth state 510-d of progress indicator 510 indicates that more fingerprint information has been collected but one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5H also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 528 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) as part of a sixth finger gesture (e.g., a sixth touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the sixth finger gesture.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5I illustrates device 100 changing an appearance of progress indicator 510 in response to detecting the sixth finger gesture in FIG.\",\n \"5H.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5H, device 100 displays progress indicator 510 in fifth state 510-e.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5I, a portion of the ridges in the outside perimeter of progress indicator 510 are thickened in fifth state 510-e as compared to fourth state 510-d in FIG.\",\n \"5H.\",\n \"Fifth state 510-e of progress indicator 510 indicates that more fingerprint information has been collected but one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5I also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 530 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) as part of a seventh finger gesture (e.g., a fourth touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the seventh finger gesture.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5J illustrates device 100 changing an appearance of progress indicator 510 in response to detecting the seventh finger gesture in FIG.\",\n \"5I.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5J, device 100 displays progress indicator 510 in sixth state 510-f In FIG.\",\n \"5J, all of the ridges in the outside perimeter of progress indicator 510 are thickened in sixth state 510-f.\",\n \"In this example, sixth state 510-f of progress indicator 510 indicates that no additional finger gestures are required to enroll the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5K illustrates device 100 displaying a third fingerprint enrollment interface on touch screen 112 after changing the appearance of progress indicator 510 in FIG.\",\n \"5J.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5K, the third fingerprint enrollment interface indicates that the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger) has been successfully enrolled with device 100.In FIG.\",\n \"5K, the third fingerprint enrollment interface includes “Continue” box 534, which, when activated, causes device 100 to display an interface for the next step in the device set up process.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5K also illustrates device 100 detecting contact 536 (e.g., a tap gesture) at a location on touch screen 112 that corresponds to “Continue” box 534.FIG.\",\n \"5L illustrates device 100 displaying a “Set Up Touch ID for Purchases” interface on touch screen 112 in response to detecting contact 536 in FIG.\",\n \"5K.\",\n \"The “Set Up Touch ID for Purchases” interface prompts the user to associate the fingerprint enrolled in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5K with purchasing credentials (e.g., store login ID and password, credit card information, billing address, etc.).\",\n \"The “Set Up Touch ID for Purchases” interface includes “Set up now” box 538, which, when activated, causes device 100 to start a purchase set up process for associating purchasing credentials with the previously enrolled fingerprint and “Set up later” box 540, which, when activated, causes device 100 to skip the purchase set up process and display a passcode set up interface.\",\n \"For example, “Set up now” box 538 is activated when a touch input is detected at a location inside of or on “Set up later” box 538, and “Set up later” box 540 is activated when a touch input is detected at a location inside of or on “Set up later” box 540.FIG.\",\n \"5L also illustrates device 100 detecting contact 542 (e.g., a tap gesture) at a location on touch screen 112 that corresponds to “Set up later” box 540.FIG.\",\n \"5M illustrates device 100 displaying a passcode set up interface on touch screen 112 in response to detecting contact 542 in FIG.\",\n \"5L.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5M, the passcode set up interface includes a plurality of soft keys that enable the user to set up a master passcode or PIN for the device.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"5N-5T illustrate enrolling a second fingerprint with portable multifunction device 100 from a settings interface.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5N illustrates device 100 displaying a fingerprint settings interface on touch screen 112.In FIG.\",\n \"5N, the fingerprint settings interface includes a “Back” affordance 544, which, when activated, causes device 100 to redisplay a previous settings interface different from the fingerprint settings interface and an “Edit” affordance 546, which, when activated, causes device 100 to change an appearance of the fingerprint settings interface and enables the user to delete or edit the names of enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5N, the fingerprint settings interface also includes toggle switch 548 configured to turn on/off a passcode unlock function which allows the user to unlock the device with an enrolled fingerprint in place of the passcode, and toggle switch 550 configured to turn on/off the ability to purchase goods and services with an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5N, the passcode unlock function is turned on and the ability to purchase goods and services with an enrolled fingerprint is turned off.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5N, the fingerprint settings interface also includes a list of enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5N, the list of enrolled fingerprints includes “Fingerprint 1” box 552, which when activated, causes device 100 to change an appearance of “Fingerprint 1” box 552 and to enable the user to edit the name of the enrolled fingerprint, and “Add Fingerprint” box 554, which when activated, causes device 100 to start the fingerprint enrollment process.\",\n \"For example, enrolled “Fingerprint 1” corresponds to the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger) enrolled during the enrollment process illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5K.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5N further illustrates device 100 detecting contact 556 (e.g., a tap gesture) at a location on touch screen 112 that corresponds to “Add Fingerprint” box 554.FIG.\",\n \"5O illustrates device 100 displaying a first fingerprint enrollment interface for the fingerprint enrollment process on touch screen 112 in response to detecting contact 556 in FIG.\",\n \"5N.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5O, the first fingerprint enrollment interface includes instructions prompting the user to perform a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures with a respective finger on fingerprint sensor 169 so as to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5O, the first fingerprint enrollment interface also includes a progress indicator 558 in first state 558-a.\",\n \"For example, in first state 558-a, progress indicator 558 resembles a faux fingerprint with narrow ridges.\",\n \"First state 558-a indicates that no fingerprint information has been collected.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5O also illustrates “Back” affordance 557, which, when activated, causes device 100 to redisplay the fingerprint settings interface in FIG.\",\n \"5N.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5O further illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 560 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) as part of a first finger gesture (e.g., a first touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the first finger gesture.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5P illustrates device 100 changing an appearance of progress indicator 558 in response to detecting the first finger gesture in FIG.\",\n \"5O.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5P, device 100 displays progress indicator 558 in second state 558-b.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5P, at least a portion of the ridges of progress indicator 558 are thickened (or darkened) in second state 558-b as compared to first state 558-a in FIG.\",\n \"5O.\",\n \"Second state 558-b of progress indicator 558 indicates that some fingerprint information has been collected but one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the second fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's left index finger).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5P also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 562 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) as part of a second finger gesture (e.g., a second touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the second finger gesture.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5Q illustrates device 100 displaying a message on touch screen 112 prompting a user to perform subsequent finger gestures differently from the second finger gesture detected in FIG.\",\n \"5P.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5Q, device 100 displays message 564 over the first enrollment interface (including progress indicator 558 in second state 558-b) on touch screen 112 in response to detecting the second finger gesture in FIG.\",\n \"5P.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5Q, message 564 includes instructions which direct the user to rest their finger on fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., integrated in home button 204) until a vibration is felt without clicking/depressing home button 204 so as to collect fingerprint information.\",\n \"In some embodiments, message 564 is dismissed and the fingerprint enrollment process is resumed when either a contact is detected at a location corresponding to the “Okay” affordance in message 564 or a subsequent finger gesture is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.FIG.\",\n \"5Q also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 566 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) as part of a third finger gesture (e.g., a third touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the third finger gesture.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5R illustrates device 100 displaying a second fingerprint enrollment interface for the fingerprint enrollment process on touch screen 112 and changing an appearance of progress indicator 558 in response to detecting the third finger gesture in FIG.\",\n \"5Q.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5R, the second fingerprint enrollment interface includes instructions prompting the user to perform one or more additional separate and distinct stationary finger gestures with the respective finger (e.g., the user's left index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169 so as gather fingerprint information on regions of the fingerprint of the respective finger (e.g., the edges) that are missing from the previously collected fingerprint information in order to complete enrollment of the second fingerprint (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5R, device 100 displays progress indicator 558 in third state 558-c. For example, progress indicator 510 is expanded in third state 558-c to reveal a larger perimeter oval of narrow ridges surrounding an inner region of thickened ridges.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5R, the inner region of progress indicator 558 corresponds to un-expanded progress indicator 558 included in the first enrollment interface displayed in FIGS.\",\n \"5O-5Q.\",\n \"In this example, a greater amount of the ridges of the inside region of progress indicator 558 are thickened in third state 558-c as compared to second state 510-b in FIG.\",\n \"5P.\",\n \"Third state 558-c of progress indicator 558 indicates that more fingerprint information has been collected but one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the second fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's left index finger).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5R also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 568 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) as part of a fourth finger gesture (e.g., a fourth touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the fourth finger gesture.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5S illustrates device 100 changing an appearance of progress indicator 558 in response to detecting the fourth finger gesture in FIG.\",\n \"5R.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5S, device 100 displays progress indicator 558 in fourth state 510-d.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5S, a portion of the ridges in the outside perimeter of progress indicator 558 are thickened in fourth state 510-d as compared to third state 510-c in FIG.\",\n \"5R.\",\n \"Fourth state 510-d of progress indicator 558 indicates that more fingerprint information has been collected but one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the second fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's left index finger).\",\n \"Stated another way, fourth state 510-d of progress indicator 558 is not full, and does not indicate completion, and thereby indicates that one or more additional finger gestures are required to enroll the second fingerprint.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5S also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 569 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) as part of a fifth finger gesture (e.g., a fifth touch and rest gesture) on fingerprint sensor 169 and collecting fingerprint information from the fifth finger gesture.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5T illustrates device 100 displaying a third fingerprint enrollment interface on touch screen 112 in response to detecting the fifth finger gesture in FIG.\",\n \"5S.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5T, the third fingerprint enrollment interface indicates that the second fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's left index finger) has been successfully enrolled with device 100.In FIG.\",\n \"5T, the third fingerprint enrollment interface includes “Continue” box 570, which, when activated, causes device 100 to redisplay the fingerprint settings interface.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5T also illustrates device 100 detecting contact 572 (e.g., a tap gesture) at a location on touch screen 112 that corresponds to “Continue” box 570.FIGS.\",\n \"5U-5W illustrate highlighting an enrolled fingerprint in a fingerprint settings interface when the enrolled fingerprint is detected.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5U illustrates device 100 displaying the fingerprint settings interface on touch screen 112 in response to detecting contact 570 in FIG.\",\n \"5T.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5U, the list of enrolled fingerprints includes “Fingerprint 1” box 552, which when activated, causes device 100 to change an appearance of “Fingerprint 1” box 552 and to enable the user to edit the name of the enrolled fingerprint, “Fingerprint 2” box 574, which when activated, causes device 100 to change an appearance of “Fingerprint 2” box 574 and to enable the user to edit the name of the enrolled fingerprint, and “Add Fingerprint” box 554, which when activated, causes device 100 to start the fingerprint enrollment process for enrolling an additional fingerprint.\",\n \"For example, enrolled “Fingerprint 1” corresponds to the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger) enrolled during the enrollment process illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5K, and enrolled “Fingerprint 2” corresponds to the second fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's left index finger) enrolled during the enrollment process illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"5N-5T.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5U also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 576 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169.In response to detecting fingerprint 576, device 100 highlights, in the list of enrolled fingerprints, the enrolled fingerprint corresponding to the detected fingerprint (if any).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5U, for example, device 100 increases the thickness of the border of “Fingerprint 2” box 574 to signify to the user that detected fingerprint 576 corresponds to enrolled “Fingerprint 2.” FIG.\",\n \"5V illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 578 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169.In response to detecting fingerprint 578, device 100 highlights, in the list of enrolled fingerprints, the enrolled fingerprint corresponding to the detected fingerprint (if any).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5V, for example, device 100 increases the thickness of the border of “Fingerprint 1” box 552 to signify to the user that detected fingerprint 578 corresponds to enrolled “Fingerprint 1.” FIG.\",\n \"5W illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 580 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left thumb).\",\n \"In response to detecting fingerprint 580, device 100 does not highlight any enrolled fingerprint in the list of enrolled fingerprints if it determines that the detected fingerprint 580 does not correspond to any of the enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5W, for example, device 100 maintains display of the fingerprint settings interface to signify to the user that detected fingerprint 580 does correspond to any of the enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"5X-5AA illustrate performing a restricted operation when an enrolled fingerprint is detected.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5X illustrates device 100 displaying a lock screen on touch screen 112.In FIG.\",\n \"5X, for example, device 100 is in a locked or restricted access mode.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5X also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 582 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169.FIG.\",\n \"5Y illustrates device 100 displaying a home screen on touch screen 112 in response to detecting fingerprint 582 in FIG.\",\n \"5X and in accordance with a determination that fingerprint 582 corresponds to an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"For example, fingerprint 582 corresponds to the user's right index finger which was enrolled as the first fingerprint in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5K.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5Y, for example, device 100 is in an unlocked or unrestricted access mode.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5Z illustrates device 100 displaying a lock screen on touch screen 112.In FIG.\",\n \"5Z, for example, device 100 is in a locked or restricted access mode.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5Z also illustrates device 100 detecting fingerprint 584 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right thumb) on fingerprint sensor 169.FIG.\",\n \"5AA illustrates device 100 maintaining display of the lock screen on touch screen 112 in response to detecting fingerprint 584 in FIG.\",\n \"5Z and in accordance with a determination that fingerprint 584 does not correspond to an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5AA, for example, device 100 is in the locked or restricted access mode.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"5BB-5EE illustrate changing an appearance of a progress indicator in response to a series of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5BB illustrates the appearance of a progress indicator following a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5BB, the progress indicator resembles a faux fingerprint with a plurality of ridges.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5BB, the ridges of the progress indicator are thickened (or darkened) as fingerprint information is collected from the finger gestures.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the ridges of the progress indicator are thickened in accordance with a predefined pattern.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5BB, for example, the appearance of the progress indicator is the same after finger gesture 5 as it was after finger gesture 4 because fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 5.In this example, fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 5 due to the user not resting their finger on the fingerprint sensor for long enough (e.g., message 522 in FIG.\",\n \"5F), the user clicking the home button (e.g., message 564 in FIG.\",\n \"5Q), or the user failing to move their finger between finger gestures (e.g., message 516 in FIG.\",\n \"5D).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5BB, the progress indicator expands after finger gesture 7 to indicate that additional fingerprint information needs to be collected for the edges of the fingerprint to enroll the fingerprint.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5CC illustrates the appearance of a progress indicator following a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5CC, the progress indicator includes a plurality of concentric circles (e.g., resembling a bull's-eye).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5CC, circles (or rings) of the progress indicator are filled in starting from the inner most circle as fingerprint information is collected from the finger gestures.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5CC, for example, the appearance of the progress indicator is the same after finger gesture 5 as it was after finger gesture 4 because fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 5.In this example, fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 5 due to the user not resting their finger on the fingerprint sensor for long enough (e.g., message 522 in FIG.\",\n \"5F), the user clicking the home button (e.g., message 564 in FIG.\",\n \"5Q), or the user failing to move their finger between finger gestures (e.g., message 516 in FIG.\",\n \"5D).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5CC, the progress indicator expands after finger gesture 7 to indicate that additional fingerprint information needs to be collected to enroll the fingerprint.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5DD illustrates the appearance of a progress indicator following a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5DD, the progress indicator includes a plurality of progress-indicator portions (e.g., hexagonal geometric shapes in a honeycomb layout).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5DD, progress-indicator portions (e.g., hexagons) of the progress indicator are filled in relative to the location of the fingerprint information collected from the previous finger gesture.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5DD, for example, after finger gesture 1 is performed, progress-indicator portions in the lower left region of the progress indicator are filled in to indicate that fingerprint information for the lower left region of the fingerprint was collected from finger gesture 1.In FIG.\",\n \"5DD, the progress indicator expands after finger gesture 6 to indicate that additional fingerprint information needs to be collected for the edges of the fingerprint to enroll the fingerprint.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5DD, for example, the appearance of the progress indicator is the same after finger gesture 10 as it was after finger gesture 9 because fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 10.In this example, fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 10 due to the user not resting their finger on the fingerprint sensor for long enough (e.g., message 522 in FIG.\",\n \"5F), the user clicking the home button (e.g., message 564 in FIG.\",\n \"5Q), or the user failing to move their finger between finger gestures (e.g., message 516 in FIG.\",\n \"5D).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5EE illustrates the appearance of a progress indicator following a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5EE, the progress indicator (e.g., a partially displayed sphere) includes a plurality of progress-indicator portions (e.g., boxed regions on the partially displayed sphere).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5EE, progress-indicator portions (e.g., boxed regions) of the progress indicator are filled in relative to the location of the fingerprint information collected from the previous finger gesture.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5EE, for example, after finger gesture 1 is performed, progress-indicator portions near the origin of the equator of the progress indicator are filled in to indicate that fingerprint information for the middle of the fingerprint was collected from finger gesture 1.In FIG.\",\n \"5EE, for example, the appearance of the progress indicator is the same after finger gesture 9 as it was after finger gesture 8 because fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 9.In this example, fingerprint information was not collected during finger gesture 9 due to the user not resting their finger on the fingerprint sensor for long enough (e.g., message 522 in FIG.\",\n \"5F), the user clicking the home button (e.g., message 564 in FIG.\",\n \"5Q), or the user failing to move their finger between finger gestures (e.g., message 516 in FIG.\",\n \"5D).\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"6A-6D are flow diagrams illustrating a method 600 of enrolling fingerprints with a device in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"Method 600 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.\",\n \"3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.\",\n \"1A) with a display and a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the fingerprint sensor is on the display.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is separate from the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"Some operations in method 600 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.\",\n \"As described below, method 600 provides an intuitive way to enroll fingerprints with a device.\",\n \"The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when enrolling fingerprints with a device, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to enroll fingerprints with a device faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges.\",\n \"The devices displays (602) a fingerprint enrollment interface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fingerprint enrollment interface is displayed as part of a device set up process.\",\n \"For example, FIGS.\",\n \"5A-5M illustrate a device set up process including a fingerprint enrollment process in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5K, a purchase set up process in FIG.\",\n \"5L, and a passcode set up process in FIG.\",\n \"5M.\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5K, the fingerprint enrollment process includes a first enrollment interface in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5G with an un-expanded progress indicator, a second enrollment in FIGS.\",\n \"5H-5J with an expanded progress indicator, and a third enrollment interface in FIG.\",\n \"5K with text indicating that the fingerprint enrollment process was successful.\",\n \"In some embodiments, during the device setup process, the fingerprint enrollment interface is displayed before displaying a passcode set up interface.\",\n \"For example, the fingerprint enrollment process shown in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5K occurs prior to the display of the passcode set up interface in FIG.\",\n \"5M in response to detecting contact 506 at a location corresponding to “Set up now” box 502 in FIG.\",\n \"5A.\",\n \"In some embodiments, if the fingerprint enrollment interface is dismissed without enrolling a fingerprint, a passcode set up interface is displayed.\",\n \"For example, in response to detecting a contact at a location corresponding to “Set up later” box 504 in FIG.\",\n \"5A, the device displays the passcode set up interface in FIG.\",\n \"5M.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fingerprint enrollment interface is displayed as part of a device settings user interface.\",\n \"For example, FIGS.\",\n \"5O-5T illustrate a fingerprint enrollment process initiated in response to detecting contact 556 at a location corresponding to “Add Fingerprint” box 554 in the fingerprint settings interface in FIG.\",\n \"5N.\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"5O-5T, the fingerprint enrollment process includes a first enrollment interface in FIGS.\",\n \"5O-5Q with an un-expanded progress indicator, a second enrollment in FIGS.\",\n \"5R-5S with an expanded progress indicator, and a third enrollment interface in FIG.\",\n \"5T with text indicating that the fingerprint enrollment process was successful.\",\n \"The device detects (604) on the fingerprint sensor a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with a respective finger.\",\n \"For example, the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures are gestures in which the respective finger does not move laterally across the fingerprint sensor, such as tap and hold gestures on the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"Thus, in some embodiments, the plurality of finger gestures are not swipe gestures over the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"For example, device 100 detects seven separate and distinct finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures) on fingerprint sensor 169 during the fingerprint enrollment process illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5K.\",\n \"As another example, device 100 detects five separate and distinct finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures) on fingerprint sensor 169 during the fingerprint enrollment process illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"5N-5T.\",\n \"The device collects (606) fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with the respective finger.\",\n \"For example, device 100 collects (or attempts to collect) fingerprint information from the fingerprint detected on fingerprint sensor 169 as part of each of the seven separate and distinct finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures) during the fingerprint enrollment process illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5K.\",\n \"As another example, device 100 collects (or attempts to collect) fingerprint information from the fingerprint detected on fingerprint sensor 169 as part of each of the seven separate and distinct finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures) during the fingerprint enrollment process illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"5N-5T.\",\n \"In some embodiments, fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures is collected (608) for an area of the fingerprint of the respective finger that is at least twice as large as the area that can be captured by the fingerprint sensor during a single stationary finger gesture.\",\n \"For example, the whole fingerprint cannot be captured based on a single stationary finger gesture because the fingerprint sensor is substantially smaller than the relevant area of the fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fingerprint information collected from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures corresponds to more than a 100 mm2 area of the fingerprint of the respective finger while the fingerprint sensor has smaller sensor area such as 50 mm2 or 25 mm2 or less.\",\n \"In some embodiments, while the respective finger is on the fingerprint sensor during a respective stationary gesture, the device: collects (610) fingerprint information; and after the fingerprint information has been collected, provides haptic feedback at the device to indicate that the fingerprint information has been collected.\",\n \"For example, the device vibrates slightly to indicate to the user that fingerprint information for the current stationary finger gesture has been collected and that a next finger gesture can be performed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, it takes the device a respective amount of time to collect fingerprint information and the haptic feedback is provided after the finger has been on the fingerprint sensor for at least the respective amount of time.\",\n \"For example, message 522 in FIG.\",\n \"5F indicates that device 100 was unable to collect fingerprint information from the fourth finger gesture detected in FIG.\",\n \"5E because the user did not rest their finger on fingerprint sensor 169 for a time period long enough to collect fingerprint information.\",\n \"In some embodiments, message 522 includes instructions directing the user to rest their finger on fingerprint sensor 169 integrated in home button 204 until the user feels a slight vibration indicating that fingerprint was collected and that the user can lift their finger from fingerprint sensor 169.In some implementations, the respective amount of time to collect fingerprint information from each fingerprint gesture is less than one second.\",\n \"In some implementations, the respective amount of time to collect fingerprint information from each fingerprint gesture is less than one second and greater than 0.1 seconds.\",\n \"In some implementations, the respective amount of time to collect fingerprint information from each fingerprint gesture is at least 0.25 seconds and no greater the 0.75 seconds.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fingerprint enrollment interface includes (612) a progress indicator, and in response to detecting on the fingerprint sensor a respective stationary finger gesture performed with the respective finger, the device changes an appearance of the progress indicator to indicate the collection of additional fingerprint information from the respective stationary finger gesture.\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5K, the fingerprint enrollment process includes a first enrollment interface in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5G with an un-expanded progress indicator and a second enrollment in FIGS.\",\n \"5H-5J with an expanded progress indicator.\",\n \"In this example, an appearance of the progress indicator is changed (e.g., ridges are thickened) as fingerprint information is collected from the plurality of separate and distinct finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest finger gestures).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fingerprint enrollment interface also includes a message prompting a user to rest their finger on the fingerprint sensor in a representative manner, and the progress indicator is a faux/stock fingerprint.\",\n \"For example, the first enrollment interface in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5G includes instructions directing the user to perform multiple finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures) on fingerprint sensor 169 integrated in home button 204.In FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5J, for example, progress indicator 510 resembles a faux fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the changes in the appearance of the progress indicator illustrate the amount of collected fingerprint information relative to an amount of fingerprint information necessary to enroll the fingerprint.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"5BB-5EE illustrate changes in the appearance of different progress indicators following a plurality of separate and distinct finger gestures (e.g., touch and rest gestures).\",\n \"Each of the progress indicators in FIGS.\",\n \"5BB-5EE illustrate the amount of fingerprint information collected compared to the amount of fingerprint information necessary to enroll the fingerprint.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5BB, for example, thick ridges indicate an amount of fingerprint information that has been collected and narrow ridges indicate an amount of fingerprint information that has not been collected.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5CC, for example, filled (or shaded) circles/rings indicate fingerprint information that has been collected and the total number of circles/rings indicate the total amount of fingerprint information that is necessary to enroll the fingerprint.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5DD, for example, filled (or shaded) hexagons indicate fingerprint information that has been collected and the total number of hexagons indicate the total amount of fingerprint information that is necessary to enroll the fingerprint.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5EE, for example, filled (or shaded) boxed regions of the partially displayed sphere indicate fingerprint information that has been collected and the total number of boxed regions of the partially displayed sphere indicate the total amount of fingerprint information that is necessary to enroll the fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, as additional fingerprint information is collected, portions of the progress indicator are filled in, in a predefined sequence, without regard to which fingerprint portion was detected.\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5J, for example, the ridges of progress indicator 510 are thickened in accordance with a predefined pattern without regard to which fingerprint portion was detected.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the portions of the progress indicator are filled in based on the portions of the fingerprint for which fingerprint information has been collected.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5DD, for example, the progress indicator includes a plurality of progress-indicator portions (e.g., hexagonal geometric shapes in a honeycomb layout).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5DD, progress-indicator portions (e.g., hexagons) of the progress indicator are filled in relative to the location of the fingerprint information collected from the previous finger gesture.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5EE, the progress indicator (e.g., a partially displayed sphere) includes a plurality of progress-indicator portions (e.g., boxed regions on the partially displayed sphere).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5EE, progress-indicator portions (e.g., boxed regions) of the progress indicator are filled in relative to the location of the fingerprint information collected from the previous finger gesture.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the progress indicator includes (614) a portion of a surface of a three-dimensional object (e.g., a sphere or other ellipsoid).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5EE, the progress indicator resembles a sphere where a portion of the sphere's surface is displayed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the progress indicator is (616) in the shape of a fingerprint (e.g., a stock or faux fingerprint) and includes lines that are representative of fingerprint ridges and changing the appearance of the progress indicator includes coloring in a portion of the plurality of ridges.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5BB, for example, the progress indicator resembles a faux fingerprint with a plurality of ridges.\",\n \"In this example, ridges of the progress indicator are thickened or colored as fingerprint information is collected from the plurality of finger gestures.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the progress indicator includes (618) a plurality of concentric circles and changing the appearance of the progress indicator includes filling in one of a plurality of concentric circles with a predefined fill (e.g., a predefined color and/or pattern).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5CC, the progress indicator includes a plurality of concentric circles (e.g., resembling a bull's-eye).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentric circles are filled with the predefined fill starting from the innermost circle to the outermost circle.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5CC, circles (or rings) of the progress indicator are filled in starting from the inner most circle as fingerprint information is collected from the finger gestures.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the concentric circles are filled with the predefined fill starting from the outermost circle to the innermost circle.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the progress indicator includes (620) a plurality of progress-indicator portions that correspond to fingerprint portions of the respective fingerprint, and when fingerprint information from a respective fingerprint portion is collected, the device changes an appearance of the corresponding progress-indicator portion to indicate that fingerprint information from the respective fingerprint portion has been collected.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the progress-indicator portions are representations of fingerprint ridges.\",\n \"For example, after each finger gesture, a region of the user's fingerprint corresponding to the fingerprint information collected from the previous finger gesture is presented in the progress indicator.\",\n \"In this example, the progress indicator resembles a representative image of the user's fingerprint that is built-up from the plurality finger gestures (e.g., a patchwork of images or scans of the user's fingerprint).\",\n \"In this example, once a complete representative image of the user's fingerprint is presented, the user's fingerprint is enrolled with the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the representative image of the user's fingerprint is deleted from the device upon enrollment of the fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the progress-indicator portions are geometric shapes (e.g., hexagons in a honeycomb layout).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5DD, the progress indicator resembles a honeycomb layout with a plurality of progress-indicator portions where each progress-indicator portion is a hexagonal geometric shape.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5DD, the hexagons of the progress indicator are filled in relative to the location of the fingerprint information collected from the previous finger gesture.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5EE, the progress indicator resembles a partially displayed sphere with a plurality of progress-indicator portions where each progress-indicator portion is a boxed regions on the partially displayed sphere.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5EE, the boxed regions of the progress indicator are filled in relative to the location of the fingerprint information collected from the previous finger gesture.\",\n \"After collecting the fingerprint information, the device determines (622), based on fingerprint information collected for the respective finger, whether the fingerprint information that has been collected is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a maximum number of images captured from each finger gesture are able to be combined to produce the necessary fingerprint information.\",\n \"For example, in some implementations, a maximum of 15 images from each of 15 finger gestures may be combined to produce the necessary fingerprint information.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the collected fingerprint information is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger when the collected fingerprint information satisfies predefined criteria.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the predefined criteria include a threshold amount of fingerprint information (e.g., a threshold amount of surface area).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the threshold amount of fingerprint information is a predefined minimum amount of non-overlapping fingerprint area.\",\n \"For example, 15 images collected from each of 15 finger gestures are combined to produce at least 200 mm2 of non-overlapping area of a fingerprint, where 200 mm2 is the predefined minimum amount of area necessary to enroll a fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the threshold amount of fingerprint information is a multiple of the surface area of the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"For example, when the fingerprint sensor is 25 mm2, a sufficient amount of fingerprint information is an amount of non-overlapping fingerprint area that is 8 times the surface area of the fingerprint sensor (e.g., 200 mm2).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the predefined criteria include a predetermined quality of images collected from the plurality of finger gestures.\",\n \"For example, if the user's fingerprint from a respective finger gesture is too dirty, too faint, or otherwise fails to meet some other predetermined standard, the quality of the image collected from that finger gesture will not satisfy the quality criterion.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the predefined criteria require a predefined degree of contiguousness between images collected from the plurality of finger gestures.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the predefined criteria require that the fingerprint information collected be from a same finger.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the device enrolls (624) the fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5K, for example, device 100 determines that the first fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's right index finger) has been successfully enrolled with device 100 after detecting the seventh finger gesture in FIG.\",\n \"5I.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5T, for example, device 100 determines that the second fingerprint (e.g., the fingerprint corresponding to the user's left index finger) has been successfully enrolled with device 100 after detecting the fifth finger gesture in FIG.\",\n \"5S.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the device displays (626) a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional stationary finger gestures on the fingerprint sensor with the respective finger.\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"5C-5I, for example, device 100 determines that the fingerprint information collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger.\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"5C-5G, for example, device 100 displays instructions in a first fingerprint enrollment interface directing the user to perform one or more additional finger gestures on fingerprint sensor 169, which is integrated in home button 204, and, in FIGS.\",\n \"5H-5I, for example, device 100 displays instructions in a second fingerprint enrollment interface directing the user to adjust their grip when performing one or more additional finger gestures on fingerprint sensor 169 integrated in home button 204 so as to capture the edges of the fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the message prompting the user to perform one or more additional finger gestures includes (628) displayed instructions to perform subsequent finger gestures differently from the respective finger gesture.\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 100 displays one of a plurality of predefined messages or warning notifications so as to encourage the user to perform subsequent finger gestures in a manner in which fingerprint information can be properly collected.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the displayed message (628) includes displayed instructions to move the finger more between each finger gesture on the fingerprint sensor to collect information from the fingerprint with fewer finger gestures (e.g., “Move finger.\",\n \"Move your finger slightly between scans.”).\",\n \"For example, message 516 in FIG.\",\n \"5D indicates that device 100 was unable to collect fingerprint information from the second finger gesture detected in FIG.\",\n \"5C because the user did not move their finger slightly as compared to the location of the first finger gesture.\",\n \"In some embodiments, while displaying the instructions to move the user's finger more between each finger gesture on the fingerprint sensor, device 100 provides negative haptic feedback (e.g., two consecutive vibrations) to get the user's attention and inform the user that device 100 was unable to collect fingerprint information from the previous finger gesture.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the message includes displayed instructions to leave the finger on the fingerprint sensor for a longer period of time (e.g., “Please keep your finger on sensor.”).\",\n \"For example, message 522 in FIG.\",\n \"5F indicates that device 100 was unable to collect fingerprint information from the fourth finger gesture detected in FIG.\",\n \"5E because the user did not rest their finger on fingerprint sensor 169 for a time period long enough to collect fingerprint information.\",\n \"In some embodiments, while displaying the message that includes displayed instructions to leave the user's finger on fingerprint sensor 169 for a longer period of time, device 100 provides negative haptic feedback (e.g., two consecutive vibrations) to get the user's attention and inform the user that device 100 was unable to collect fingerprint information from the previous finger gesture.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the message includes displayed instructions to apply less pressure on the fingerprint sensor (e.g., “Oops.\",\n \"You clicked.\",\n \"Rest your finger on the home button until you feel a vibration without clicking it.”).\",\n \"For example, message 564 in FIG.\",\n \"5Q indicates that device 100 was unable to collect fingerprint information from the second finger gesture detected in FIG.\",\n \"5P because the user clicked home button 204 instead of resting their finger on fingerprint sensor 169, integrated in home button 204.In some embodiments, while displaying the instructions to apply less pressure on fingerprint sensor 169, device 100 provides negative haptic feedback (e.g., two consecutive vibrations) to get the user's attention and to inform the user that the user needs to rest their finger on fingerprint sensor 169 without clicking or depressing home button 204.In some embodiments, in which the fingerprint enrollment process is alignment dependent, the message includes displayed instructions to properly align the finger on fingerprint sensor 169 with a representation of proper finger alignment.\",\n \"In some such embodiments, while displaying the instructions to properly align the finger on fingerprint sensor 169, device 100 provides negative haptic feedback (e.g., two consecutive vibrations).\",\n \"However, in some other embodiments, the enrollment process is alignment independent.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the message prompting the user to perform one or more additional finger gestures includes (630) an indication of one or more portions or locations of the respective fingerprint for which fingerprint information is inadequate or has not been collected (e.g., the message indicates that edges of the fingerprint are missing from the collected fingerprint information).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the message includes displayed instructions to change the part of the fingerprint that is in contact with the fingerprint sensor so that the device is able to capture a particular part of a fingerprint (e.g., instructions to place an edge of the finger on the fingerprint sensor), so that the device is able to capture a larger variety of fingerprint information (e.g., instructions to move the finger around more in between finger gestures).\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"5H-5I and 5R-5S, for example, device 100 displays instructions in a second fingerprint enrollment interface directing the user to adjust their grip when performing one or more additional finger gestures on fingerprint sensor 169 integrated in home button 204 so as to capture the edges of the fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the message includes displayed instructions to change the part of the fingerprint that is in contact with the fingerprint sensor so that the device is better able to combine the information from the plurality of stationary finger gestures (e.g., instructions to move the finger around less in between finger gestures).\",\n \"In some embodiments, after changing the appearance of a plurality of progress-indicator portions (e.g., by coloring in the plurality of progress-indicator portions with a respective color) and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, the device changes (632) the appearance of one or more unchanged progress-indicator portions to match the appearance of the plurality of progress-indicator portions (e.g., by coloring in the entirety of the fingerprint shape in the progress indicator with the respective color).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5J, for example, device 100 darkens or thickens all of the ridges of progress indicator 510 (in comparison to FIG.\",\n \"5I) in accordance with the determination that the fingerprint information collected after detecting the seventh finger gesture in FIG.\",\n \"5I is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5CC, for example, device 100 flood fills the progress indicator after detecting finger gesture 12 in accordance with the determination that the fingerprint information collected after detecting finger gesture 12 is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, after enrolling fingerprint of the respective finger with the device, the device receives (634) a request to perform a restricted operation (e.g., unlocking the device, purchasing content or applications for the device, or displaying private information on the device), and the device detects a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5X, for example, after enrolling the first fingerprint (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5K and the second fingerprint (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) in FIGS.\",\n \"5N-5T, device 100 receives a request to perform a restricted operation (e.g., unlock device 100) while the lock screen is displayed on touch screen 112.In this example, the request to perform the restricted operation includes a fingerprint 582 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169.In FIG.\",\n \"5Z, for example, after enrolling the first fingerprint (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5K and the second fingerprint (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) in FIGS.\",\n \"5N-5T, device 100 receives a request to perform a restricted operation (e.g., unlock device 100) while the lock screen is displayed on touch screen 112.In this example, the request includes fingerprint 584 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right thumb) on fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in response to receiving (636) the request to perform the restricted operation and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is enrolled with the device, the device performs (638) the restricted operation.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5Y, for example, in response to receiving the request to unlock device 100 in FIG.\",\n \"5X and in accordance with a determination that fingerprint 582 is an enrolled fingerprint, device 100 unlocks (e.g., the restricted operation) and displays the home screen with a plurality of application icons on touch screen 112.In some embodiments, in response to receiving (636) the request to perform the restricted operation and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is not enrolled with the device, the device forgoes (640) performance of the restricted operation.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5AA, for example, in response to receiving the request to unlock device 100 in FIG.\",\n \"5Z and in accordance with a determination that fingerprint 584 is not an enrolled fingerprint, device 100 maintains display of the lock screen on touch screen 112 and forgoes unlocking (e.g., the restricted operation).\",\n \"In some embodiments, after enrolling the fingerprint of the respective finger with the device, the device: displays (642) a fingerprint settings interface with a plurality of entries (e.g., a plurality of entries in a list) that correspond to respective enrolled fingerprints, where the plurality of entries includes a respective entry that corresponds to the fingerprint of the respective finger and one or more other entries that correspond to other enrolled fingerprints of other fingers besides the respective finger; detecting a second finger gesture on the fingerprint sensor that corresponds to the fingerprint of the respective finger; and in response to detecting the second finger gesture, highlighting the respective entry that corresponds to the fingerprint of the respective finger (e.g., displaying a frame around the entry, increasing the line thickness of the entry, changing a text or fill color of the entry, etc.).\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"5U-5W, for example, device 100 displays a fingerprint settings interface on touch screen 112 with a list of enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"In this example, the list of enrolled fingerprints include “Fingerprint 1” box 552 associated with the first fingerprint enrolled in FIGS.\",\n \"5N-5T (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) and “Fingerprint 2” box 574 associated with the second fingerprint enrolled in FIGS.\",\n \"5B-5K (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5U, for example, in response to detecting fingerprint 576 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169, device 100 increases the line thickness of (or otherwise highlights) “Fingerprint 2” box 574 to indicate that detected fingerprint 576 corresponds to the enrolled “Fingerprint 2.” In FIG.\",\n \"5V, for example, in response to detecting fingerprint 578 (e.g., corresponding to the user's right index finger) on fingerprint sensor 169, device 100 increases the line thickness of (or otherwise highlights) “Fingerprint 1” box 552 to indicate that detected fingerprint 578 corresponds to the enrolled “Fingerprint 1.” In FIG.\",\n \"5W, for example, in response to detecting fingerprint 580 (e.g., corresponding to the user's left thumb) on fingerprint sensor 169, device 100 maintains display of the fingerprint settings interface to indicate that detected fingerprint 580 does not correspond to any of the enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a given entry can be renamed (e.g., by typing in a new name for the entry while the fingerprint settings interface is in an edit mode) and/or deleted (e.g., by swiping across the entry and selecting a delete affordance that is displayed in response to detecting the swiping across the entry).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5N, for example, device 100 displays a fingerprint settings interface on touch screen 112 with “Edit” affordance 546.“Edit” affordance 546, which, when activated, causes device 100 to change an appearance of the fingerprint settings interface (e.g., displaying a delete affordance next to each of the enrolled fingerprints) and causes device 100 to enter an edit mode whereby a user is enabled to delete or edit the names of enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a limited number of fingerprints (e.g., 3, 5, 10 or other reasonable number) are allowed to be enrolled at a time so as to limit the amount of time that it takes to determine whether a fingerprint detected on the fingerprint sensor matches an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"For example, in some implementations, the number of enrolled fingerprints is limited such that a determination of whether a fingerprint detected on the fingerprint sensor matches an enrolled fingerprint can be completed within 0.5 seconds.\",\n \"It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.\",\n \"6A-6D have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.\",\n \"One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.\",\n \"Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 600 described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"6A-6D.\",\n \"For example, the fingerprints and gestures described above with reference to method 600 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the fingerprints and gestures described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).\",\n \"For brevity, these details are not repeated here.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.\",\n \"7 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 700 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.\",\n \"7 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"7, electronic device 700 includes a display unit 702 configured to display a fingerprint enrollment interface and a fingerprint sensor unit 704.In some embodiments, electronic device 700, optionally, includes a touch-sensitive surface unit 706 configured to receive one or more touch inputs and a haptic feedback unit configured to provide haptic feedback.\",\n \"Electronic device 700 also includes a processing unit 710 coupled to display unit 702 and fingerprint sensor unit 704, and, optionally, coupled to touch-sensitive surface unit 706 and haptic feedback unit 708.In some embodiments, processing unit 710 includes a detecting unit 712, a collecting unit 714, a determining unit 716, an enrolling unit 718, a display enabling unit 720, a receiving unit 722, a performing unit 724, a highlighting unit 726, and an appearance changing unit 728.Processing unit 710 is configured to: detect (e.g., with detecting unit 712) on fingerprint sensor unit 704 a plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with a respective finger; and collect (e.g., with collecting unit 714) fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures performed with the respective finger.\",\n \"After collecting the fingerprint information, processing unit 710 is configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 716), based on the fingerprint information collected for the respective finger, whether the fingerprint information that has been collected is sufficient to enroll a fingerprint of the respective finger with the device.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, processing unit 710 is configured to enroll (e.g., with enrolling unit 718) the fingerprint of the respective finger with electronic device 700.In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is not sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, processing unit 710 is configured to enable display of (e.g., with the display enabling unit 720) a message in the fingerprint enrollment interface prompting a user to perform one or more additional stationary finger gestures on fingerprint sensor unit 704 with the respective finger.\",\n \"In some embodiments, fingerprint information from the plurality of separate and distinct stationary finger gestures is collected for an area of the fingerprint of the respective finger that is at least twice as large as the area that can be captured by fingerprint sensor unit 704.In some embodiments, processing unit 710 is configured to receive (e.g., with receiving unit 722) a request to perform a restricted operation and detect (e.g., with detecting unit 712) a fingerprint on fingerprint sensor 704.In response to receiving the request to perform the restricted operation, processing unit 710 is configured to: in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is enrolled with the device, perform (e.g., with the performing unit 724) the restricted operation; and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is not enrolled with the device, forgo performance of the restricted operation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the message prompting the user to perform one or more additional finger gestures includes displayed instructions to perform subsequent finger gestures differently from the respective finger gesture.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the message prompting the user to perform one or more additional finger gestures includes an indication of one or more portions or locations of the respective fingerprint for which fingerprint information is inadequate or has not been collected.\",\n \"In some embodiments, processing unit 710 is configured to collect (e.g., with collecting unit 714) fingerprint information while the respective finger is on fingerprint sensor unit 704 during a respective stationary gesture.\",\n \"Electronic device 700 includes a haptic feedback unit 708 configured to, after the fingerprint information has been collected, provide haptic feedback at electronic device 700 to indicate that the fingerprint information has been collected.\",\n \"In some embodiments, after enrolling the fingerprint of the respective finger with electronic device 700, processing unit 710 is configured to: enable display of (e.g., with display enabling unit 720) a fingerprint settings interface with a plurality of entries that correspond to respective enrolled fingerprints, where the plurality of entries includes a respective entry that corresponds to the fingerprint of the respective finger and one or more other entries that correspond to other enrolled fingerprints of other fingers besides the respective finger; detect (e.g., with detecting unit 712) a second finger gesture on fingerprint sensor unit 704 that corresponds to the fingerprint of the respective finger; and in response to detecting the second finger gesture, highlight (e.g., with highlighting unit 726) the respective entry that corresponds to the fingerprint of the respective finger.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fingerprint enrollment interface includes a progress indicator, and, in response to detecting on fingerprint sensor unit 704, processing unit 710 is configured to change (e.g., with appearance changing unit 728) an appearance of the progress indicator to indicate the collection of additional fingerprint information from the respective stationary finger gesture.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the progress indicator includes a portion of a surface of a three-dimensional object.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the progress indicator is in the shape of a fingerprint and includes lines that are representative of fingerprint ridges, and changing the appearance of the progress indicator includes coloring (e.g., with appearance changing unit 728) in a portion of the plurality of ridges.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the progress indicator includes a plurality of concentric circles, and changing the appearance of the progress indicator includes filling (e.g., with appearance changing unit 728) in one of a plurality of concentric circles with a predefined fill.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the progress indicator includes a plurality of progress-indicator portions that correspond to fingerprint portions of the respective fingerprint, and when fingerprint information from a respective fingerprint portion is collected, processing unit 710 is configured to change (e.g., with appearance changing unit 728) an appearance of the corresponding progress-indicator portion to indicate that fingerprint information from the respective fingerprint portion has been collected.\",\n \"In some embodiments, processing unit 710 is configured, after changing the appearance of a plurality of progress-indicator portions and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint information that has been collected for the respective finger is sufficient to enroll the fingerprint of the respective finger, to change (e.g., with appearance changing unit 728) the appearance of one or more unchanged progress-indicator portions to match the (already changed) appearance of the plurality of progress-indicator portions.\",\n \"The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"1A and 3) or application specific chips.\",\n \"The operations described above with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"6A-6D are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B or FIG.\",\n \"7.For example, detecting operation 602, collecting operation 606, determining operation 622, and enrolling operation 624 are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.\",\n \"When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.\",\n \"Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.\",\n \"Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B.\",\n \"Performing Operations Based on Fingerprints Many electronic devices are configured to perform various operations.\",\n \"Existing methods for performing operations typically require performing a respective operation in response to a respective input.\",\n \"For example, with existing methods, a user typically provides an input to perform a single operation.\",\n \"When the user wants to perform a different operation, the user needs to navigate through menus, or to provide a different input, to perform a different operation.\",\n \"In addition, certain secure operations involve private information (e.g., credit card information, passwords, etc.)\",\n \"or restricted features.\",\n \"Such secure operations typically require authentication of the user (e.g., using a passcode).\",\n \"Thus, it is cumbersome and inefficient to perform multiple operations, including secure operations.\",\n \"In the embodiments described below, an improved method for performing operations is achieved by performing multiple operations in response to a single input.\",\n \"Non-secure operations (e.g., resetting a display dim timer) are performed in response to a fingerprint input regardless of an identity of the fingerprint (e.g., regardless of whether the fingerprint belongs to an authorized user), whereas secure operations (e.g., revealing private information) are performed in response to the fingerprint input when the fingerprint input includes a fingerprint that matches a pre-registered (e.g., enrolled) fingerprint.\",\n \"This method streamlines performing multiple operations in response to a fingerprint input, thereby eliminating the need for extra, separate steps to perform the multiple operations.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.\",\n \"1A).\",\n \"The device described below with reference to 8A-8W and 9A-9B includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"8A-8W and 9A-9B will be discussed with reference to display 450, a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.\",\n \"8A-8W on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"8A-8B on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.\",\n \"8A-8W on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"8A-8W on the touch screen 112.FIGS.\",\n \"8A-8W illustrate exemplary user interfaces for performing operations based on fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a shopping web page.\",\n \"The exemplary user interface includes a plurality of input fields (e.g., 802-1 through 802-8) and representations of information in respective input fields (e.g., 804).\",\n \"The representations of information in the respective input fields are distinct from the information in the respective input fields.\",\n \"These representations are sometimes called redacted representations, and the information in these input fields is sometimes called redacted information.\",\n \"For example, as illustrated, the redacted representations of information in the respective input fields indicate that the respective input fields contain information, but do not reveal the information in the respective input fields.\",\n \"Although redacted information in the respective input fields are represented with solid dots (e.g., a single solid dot representing a respective character in the respective input fields) in FIG.\",\n \"8A, redacted information in the respective input fields may be represented using any other characters, shapes, or visual representations that do not directly convey the information in the respective input fields.\",\n \"In some implementations, one or more of the input fields in a respective user interface contain non-redacted information, and those input fields show the information in those input fields, while others of the input fields contain redacted information, as represented by redacted representations.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8A also illustrates a display dim timer 896-1 and a credential-authorization timer 898-1.The display dim timer 896-1 and the credential-authorization timer 898-1 in FIG.\",\n \"8A indicate that the display dim timer 896-1 and the credential-authorization timer 898-1 are in respective reset positions.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display dim timer 896-1 is a timer that is used to determine when to dim the display of the device 100.In some embodiments, the credential-authorization timer 898-1 is a timer that is used to determine when enrolled fingerprints are no longer authorized to authenticate a user of the device 100.Although the display dim timer 896-1 and the credential-authorization timer 898-1 are illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"8A to describe certain operations of the device 100, the display dim timer 896-1 and the credential-authorization timer 898-1 are not necessarily shown on the touch screen 112.In some embodiments, the display dim timer 896-1 is shown on the touch screen 112.In other embodiments, the display dim timer 896-1 is not shown on the touch screen 112.In some embodiments, the credential-authorization timer 898-1 is shown on the touch screen 112.In other embodiments, the credential-authorization timer 898-1 is not shown on the touch screen 112.FIG.\",\n \"8B illustrates the display dim timer 896-2 and the credential-authorization timer 898-2 that indicate that time has elapsed.\",\n \"As illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"8B, in some embodiments, the display dim timer 896-1 expires faster than the credential-authorization timer 898-1.For example, in some embodiments, the display dim timer 896-1 expires within a minute, and the credential-authorization timer 898-1 expires in 24 or 48 hours.\",\n \"In some implementations, the dim timer has an expiration period that is user selectable, for example, to any of a set of predefined dim timer expiration periods, such as 1 minute, 2 minutes, 5 minutes and 10 minutes.\",\n \"In some implementations, the credential-authorization timer has a default expiration period (e.g., 48 hours) that can be overridden by the user or by a corporate policy that includes one or more default setting value overrides.\",\n \"If overridden, the authorization timer expiration period is set to a shorter period (e.g., 24 hours, 12 hours, 6 hours, 4 hours, or 2 hours) than the default expiration period.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8C illustrates that further time has elapsed, and the display dim timer 896-3 has expired.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the display dim timer has expired, the touch screen 112 is automatically dimmed (e.g., a brightness of the touch screen 112 is reduced).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8C also illustrates that, while the touch screen 112 is dimmed, an input 812 (e.g., a finger contact or a contact with an object) is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 812 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 812 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 812).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 812 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"8D-8F illustrate three respective sets of operations that may be performed in response to the input 812 in accordance with a determination that the input 812 includes a fingerprint, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8D illustrates an exemplary set of operations that are performed in response to the input 812 (FIG.\",\n \"8C) that includes a fingerprint, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"8D, the display dim timer 896-4 is reset and the touch screen 112 ceases to be dimmed (e.g., the brightness of the touch screen 112 increases to the brightness of the touch screen 112 before dimming).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"8D, the credential-authorization timer 898-4 is not reset.\",\n \"Also in FIG.\",\n \"8D, the representations of information (e.g., 804) in respective input fields (e.g., 802-1 through 802-8) remain on the touch screen 112.FIG.\",\n \"8E illustrates an alternative set of operations that are performed in response to the input 812 (FIG.\",\n \"8C) that includes a fingerprint, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"8E, the display dim timer 896-5 is reset and the touch screen 112 ceases to be dimmer.\",\n \"In addition, the representations (sometimes called redacted representations) of information (e.g., 804 in FIG.\",\n \"8C) in respective input fields (e.g., 802-1 through 802-8) are replaced with the information (sometimes called non-redacted information) in the respective input fields.\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"8E, the representations of information in respective input fields are replaced with the payment information (e.g., credit card number, expiration date, security code, name on the card, billing address, etc.).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"8F, the credential-authorization timer 898-5 is not reset.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8F illustrates yet another alternative set of operations that are performed in response to the input 812 (FIG.\",\n \"8C) that includes a fingerprint, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"8F, the display dim timer 896-6 is reset and the touch screen 112 ceases to be dimmer.\",\n \"In addition, the representations (sometimes called redacted representations) of information (e.g., 804 in FIG.\",\n \"8C) in respective input fields (e.g., 802-1 through 802-8) are replaced with the information (sometimes called non-redacted information) in the respective input fields.\",\n \"Furthermore, the credential-authorization timer 898-6 is reset.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective sets of operations illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"8E-8F are performed in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 812 matches an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"However, in some embodiments, the operations illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"8D is performed regardless of whether the fingerprint in the input 812 matches an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., in some embodiments, the operations illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"8D is performed even when the fingerprint in the input 812 does not match an enrolled fingerprint).\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"8G-8H illustrate operations that are performed while the touch screen 112 is not dimmed, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8G illustrates a user interface that is similar to the user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"8B.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"8G, the display dim timer 896-7 and the credential-authorization timer 898-7 have not expired.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8G also illustrates that an input 814 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 814 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 814 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 814).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 814 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8H illustrates that in response to the input 814 that includes a fingerprint, the display dim timer 896-8 is reset.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"8H, the credential-authorization timer 898-4 is not reset.\",\n \"Also in FIG.\",\n \"8H, the representations of information (e.g., 804) in respective input fields (e.g., 802-1 through 802-8) remain on the touch screen 112.FIGS.\",\n \"8I-8K illustrate operations that are performed before the credential-adjustment timer 898 expires, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8I illustrates a lock screen displayed on the touch screen 112.In FIG.\",\n \"8I, the credential-adjustment timer 898-9 has not expired.\",\n \"A display dim timer (e.g., 896-8 in FIG.\",\n \"8G) is not illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"8I for brevity.\",\n \"However, a person having ordinary skill in the art would understand that, in some implementations, display dim-timer 896 related operations can be performed from the lock screen.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the display dim timer 896 has expired while the touch screen 112 displays a lock screen, the device 100 automatically dims the touch screen 112 while displaying the lock screen on the touch screen 112.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that an input that includes a fingerprint is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169, the display dim timer 896 is reset.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"8I, an input 816 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 816 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 816 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 816).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 816 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8J illustrates an exemplary user interface that is displayed in response to determining that the fingerprint in the input 816 does not match an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8J also illustrates that an input 818, distinct from the input 816, is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 818 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 818 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 818).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 818 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8K illustrates that, in some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 818 matches an enrolled fingerprint, the device 100 is unlocked.\",\n \"In some embodiments, unlocking the device 100 includes displaying a home screen.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"8L-8M illustrate operations that are performed while the credential-authorization timer 898 is expired.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8L illustrates a lock screen displayed on the touch screen 112.In FIG.\",\n \"8L, the credential-adjustment timer 898-9 is expired.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8L also illustrates that an input 820 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 820 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 820 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 820).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 820 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8M illustrates that a passcode screen (shown in FIG.\",\n \"8M) is displayed on the touch screen 112 in response to the input 820 (FIG.\",\n \"8L), in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"In some embodiments, even if the fingerprint in the input 820 (FIG.\",\n \"8L) matches an enrolled fingerprint, the passcode screen is displayed in accordance with a determination that the input 820 (FIG.\",\n \"8L) has been received while the credential-authorization timer 898 is expired.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the passcode screen is displayed in accordance with a determination that an input that includes a fingerprint has been received while the credential-authorization timer 898 is expired, regardless of whether the fingerprint in the input matches an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"8N-8O illustrate exemplary operations for providing access to restricted features, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8N illustrates a user interface that includes one or more selectable user interface objects (e.g., buttons labeled “Network Settings,” “Bluetooth,” and “Sounds”).\",\n \"Compared to FIG.\",\n \"8O, one or more selectable user interface objects (e.g., a button labeled “Credential Manager” 806, FIG.\",\n \"8O) are not displayed on the touch screen 112.FIG.\",\n \"8N also illustrates that an input 822 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 822 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 822 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 822).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 822 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8O illustrates that in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 822 matches an enrolled fingerprint, a selectable user interface object 806 is displayed on the touch screen 112.FIG.\",\n \"8O also illustrates that a touch input 824 is detected on the touch screen 112 at a location that corresponds to the selectable user interface object 806.FIG.\",\n \"8P illustrates an exemplary user interface (e.g., a credential manager user interface) that is displayed in response to detecting the touch input 824 (FIG.\",\n \"8O) at a location that corresponds to the selectable user interface object 806.The exemplary user interface in FIG.\",\n \"8P includes a plurality of fields and representations of information in the respective fields.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8P also illustrates a unauthorized-attempt counter 894-1 that counts a number of unauthorized attempts to perform one or more predefined secure operations (e.g., revealing private information or providing access to restricted features).\",\n \"Although the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-1 is illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"8P-8V to describe certain operations of the device 100, the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-1 is not necessarily shown on the touch screen 112.In some embodiments, the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-1 is shown on the touch screen 112.In other embodiments, the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-1 is not shown on the touch screen 112.FIG.\",\n \"8P illustrates that an input 826 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 826 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 826 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 826).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 826 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 826 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, no operation is performed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8Q illustrates that, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 826 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the number of unauthorized attempts to perform one or more predefined secure operations in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-1 increases (e.g., from zero to one), in some embodiments.\",\n \"In some embodiments, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"8Q, the representations (sometimes called redacted representations) of information in the respective fields remain on the touch screen 112.FIG.\",\n \"8Q illustrates that the input 826 (FIG.\",\n \"8P) is no longer detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, the number of unauthorized attempts to perform one or more predefined secure operations in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-1 increases in response to detecting liftoff of the input 826 (FIG.\",\n \"8P) from the fingerprint sensor 169 and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 826 (FIG.\",\n \"8P) does not match an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8R illustrates that an input 828 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 828 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 828 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 828).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 828 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 828 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, no operation is performed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8S illustrates that, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 828 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the number of unauthorized attempts to perform one or more predefined secure operations in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 increases (e.g., from one to two), in some embodiments.\",\n \"In some embodiments, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"8S, the representations of information in the respective fields remain on the touch screen 112.In FIGS.\",\n \"8S-8U, we will assume that the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 satisfies (e.g., matches or exceeds) a predefined number of unauthorized attempts (e.g., two, three, four or five).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8S also illustrates that the input 828 (FIG.\",\n \"8R) is no longer detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, the number of unauthorized attempts to perform one or more predefined secure operations in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 increases in response to detecting liftoff of the input 828 (FIG.\",\n \"8R) from the fingerprint sensor 169 and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 828 (FIG.\",\n \"8R) does not match an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8T illustrates that an input 830 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 830 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 830 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 830).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 830 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 830 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, no operation is performed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8U illustrates that even if the fingerprint in the input 830 matches an enrolled fingerprint, the representations (sometimes called redacted representations) of information in the respective fields remain on the touch screen 112 (e.g., the information in the respective fields is not revealed).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 does not increase once the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 satisfies the predefined number of unauthorized attempts (e.g., two) as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"8U.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 increases for a fingerprint in a respective input that does not match an enrolled fingerprint regardless of whether the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 satisfies the predefined number of unauthorized attempts.\",\n \"In some embodiments, once the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 satisfies the predefined number of unauthorized attempts, the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 is reset by providing a correct passcode on a passcode screen (e.g., FIG.\",\n \"8M).\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"8V-8W illustrate operations performed while the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 does not satisfy the predefined number of unauthorized attempts.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8V illustrates that an input 832 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 832 does not include a fingerprint (e.g., a contact with an object such as a pen), the input 832 is ignored (e.g., no operation is performed in response to the input 832).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the input 832 includes a fingerprint, one or more operations are performed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 832 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, no operation is performed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8W illustrates that in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 832 matches an enrolled fingerprint, the representations (sometimes called redacted representations) of information in the respective fields are replaced with the information (sometimes called non-redacted or unredacted information) in the respective fields.\",\n \"For example, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"8W, the representations of information in the respective fields are replaced with one or more sets of usernames and passwords (sometimes called non-redacted or unredacted usernames and passwords).\",\n \"In some embodiments, while the number of unauthorized attempts in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-4 (FIG.\",\n \"8V) does not satisfy the predefined number of unauthorized attempts, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 832 matches an enrolled fingerprint, the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-4 (FIG.\",\n \"8V) is reset.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"9A-9B are flow diagrams illustrating a method 900 of performing operations based on fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"The method 900 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.\",\n \"3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.\",\n \"1A) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"Some operations in method 900 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.\",\n \"As described below, the method 900 provides an intuitive way to perform operations based on fingerprints.\",\n \"The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when performing operations based on fingerprints, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to perform operations based on fingerprints faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges.\",\n \"The device detects (902), with the fingerprint sensor, a first input.\",\n \"For example, as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"8C, an input 812 is detected on the fingerprint sensor 169.In response to detecting the first input, the device determines (904) whether the first input includes a fingerprint.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint, the device performs (906) a first operation based on the presence of the fingerprint without regard to an identity of the fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first operation includes resetting a display dim timer.\",\n \"For example, as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"8E, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint, the display dim timer 896-5 is reset.\",\n \"Typically, resetting the display dim timer has an effect that the brightness of the display is not automatically dimmed, because the dim timer has not expired (is not in an expired state).\",\n \"Typically, as long as the fingerprint continues to be detected on the fingerprint sensor, the brightness of the display is not automatically dimmed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device includes (908) a display.\",\n \"The device also includes a display dim timer (e.g., 896-1 in FIG.\",\n \"8A) that starts from a dim timer starting value (e.g., zero seconds).\",\n \"The device automatically dims the display in accordance with a determination that the display dim timer has expired (e.g., the display dim timer reaches a predefined expiration value, such as 60 seconds, 120 seconds, etc.)\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display dim timer stores time elapsed since the display dim timer was reset.\",\n \"For example, when one second has elapsed since the display dim timer was reset, the display dim timer stores one second.\",\n \"When two seconds have elapsed since the display dim timer was reset, the display dim timer stores two seconds.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first operation includes resetting the display dim timer to the dim timer starting value.\",\n \"In another example, the dim timer is a count down timer, the dim timer expiration value is zero seconds, and the dim starting value is value such as 60 seconds, 120 second, 300 seconds, etc.\",\n \"In this example, the display is not dimmed so long as the dim timer has a non-zero value.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device collects information about a fingerprint in contact with the fingerprint sensor at predetermined intervals that are shorter than the amount of time that it takes for the dim timer to expire, so that while the fingerprint is maintained on the fingerprint sensor, the device will repeatedly detect the fingerprint and reset the dim timer and as a result, in such a situation, the brightness of the display is not automatically dimmed as long as the fingerprint continues to be detected on the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the first input matches an enrolled fingerprint, the device conditionally performs (910) a second operation based on the enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"For example.\",\n \"as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"8E, the device reveals private information (e.g., credit card information) in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the input 812 (FIG.\",\n \"8C) matches an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, conditionally performing the second operation includes performing the second operation in accordance with a determination that the second operation is not prevented.\",\n \"In some embodiments, conditionally performing the second operation includes forgoing the second operation in accordance with a determination that the second operation is prevented.\",\n \"In some implementations, the second operation is prevented in accordance with a determination that a credential-authorization timer 898 has expired.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the second operation includes (912) one or more of: revealing private information (e.g., revealing the credit card information as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"8E) and providing access to restricted features (e.g., as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"8O, displaying a selectable user interface object 806, which, when selected, initiates a display of a user interface with restricted features, such as a credential manager features).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first input, in accordance with the determination that the first input includes the fingerprint and a determination that the fingerprint in the first input does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the device forgoes (914) performance of the second operation.\",\n \"For example, as illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"8G-8H, in response to detecting the input 814 (FIG.\",\n \"8G) and in accordance with a determination that the input 814 includes a fingerprint and a determination that the fingerprint in the input 814 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the device forgoes performance of the second operation (e.g., private information, such as credit card information, is not revealed in FIG.\",\n \"8H).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first input, in accordance with the determination that the first input includes the fingerprint and a determination that the fingerprint in the first input does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the device performs (916) the first operation without performing the second operation.\",\n \"For example, as illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"8G-8H, in response to detecting the input 814 (FIG.\",\n \"8G) and in accordance with a determination that the input 814 includes a fingerprint and a determination that the fingerprint in the input 814 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the device performs the first operation (e.g., resetting the display dim timer 896-8 in FIG.\",\n \"8H) without performing the second operation (e.g., private information, such as credit card information, is not revealed in FIG.\",\n \"8H).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first operation and the second operation are both performed (918) in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"For example, as illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"8C and 8E, in accordance with a determination that the input 812 (FIG.\",\n \"8C) includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint, the first operation (e.g., resetting the display dim timer 896-5) and the second operation (e.g., revealing private information, such as credit card information, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"8E) are both performed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint, the device also performs (920) a third operation, distinct from the second operation, based on the enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"For example, as illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"8C and 8F, in accordance with a determination that the input 812 (FIG.\",\n \"8C) includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint, the device performs a third operation (e.g., resetting the credential-authorization timer 898-6 in FIG.\",\n \"8F).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device includes (922) a credential-authorization timer (e.g., a timer that measures an amount of time that enrolled fingerprints authorized to use: a device unlock credential such as a passcode, or a purchasing credential such as a credit card number or a password for a store account that is linked to a credit card number or other payment source) that starts from an authorization timer starting value (e.g., zero).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the credential-authorization timer stores time elapsed since the credential-authorization timer was reset.\",\n \"For example, when one hour has elapsed since the credential-authorization timer was reset, the credential-authorization timer stores one hour.\",\n \"When two hours have elapsed since the credential-authorization timer was reset, the credential-authorization timer stores two hours.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device prevents unlocking the device with a fingerprint (with a fingerprint matching an enrolled fingerprint) after the credential-authorization timer expires (e.g., reaches a predefined expiration value, such as 12 hours, 24 hours, or 48 hours).\",\n \"In another example, the credential-authorization timer is a count down timer, the credential-authorization timer expiration value is zero seconds, and the credential-authorization timer starting value is (or corresponds to) the authorization timer expiration period, such as any of the authorization timer expiration periods listed elsewhere in this document.\",\n \"In this example, the device does not prevent unlocking the device (with a fingerprint matching an enrolled fingerprint) so long as the credential-authorization timer has a non-zero value.\",\n \"In some embodiments, preventing the unlocking of the device with a fingerprint includes disabling the unlocking of the device with a fingerprint.\",\n \"For example, as illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"8L-8M, in accordance with a determination that the credential-authorized timer 898-12 (FIG.\",\n \"8L) has expired, the device prevents unlocking the device even though a fingerprint in the input 820 matches an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to the input 820, the device displays a passcode screen (FIG.\",\n \"8M) instead of unlocking the device.\",\n \"In comparison, in some embodiments, as illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"8J-8K, in accordance with a determination that the credential-authorization timer 898-10 (FIG.\",\n \"8J) has not expired, the device unlocks in response to a fingerprint in the input 818 that matches an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., ceases to display an unlock screen illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"8J and displays a home screen illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"8K).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the third operation includes resetting the credential-authorization timer to the authorization timer starting value.\",\n \"For example, as illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"8C and 8F, in accordance with a determination that the input 812 (FIG.\",\n \"8C) includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint, the device performs a third operation (e.g., resetting the credential-authorization timer 898-5 in FIG.\",\n \"8F).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first input includes (924) a respective fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The device detects liftoff of the respective fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"In response to detecting liftoff of the fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor and in accordance with a determination that the respective fingerprint does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the device increments a count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation (e.g., unauthorized attempts to unlock the device).\",\n \"For example, as illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"8P and 8Q, in response to detecting liftoff of the input 826 (FIG.\",\n \"8P) from the fingerprint sensor 169 (FIG.\",\n \"8Q) and in accordance with a determination that a fingerprint in the input 826 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the device increases a count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation (e.g., the count in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-2) from zero to one.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the count of unauthorized attempts is only incremented upon detecting a distinct fingerprint gesture that includes touchdown and liftoff of a fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"As a result, a long continuous fingerprint gesture is only counted as a single attempt to perform the second operation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, subsequent to incrementing the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation, the device determines (926) whether fingerprint-disable criteria have been met.\",\n \"The fingerprint-disable criteria include a criterion that is met when the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation satisfies a predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the count of unauthorized attempts to perform in the second operation is deemed to satisfy a predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation when the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation matches the predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation.\",\n \"For example, when the predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation is set to two, and the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation in the unauthorized-attempt counter 894-3 (FIG.\",\n \"8T) is two, the count of unauthorized attempts satisfies the predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation is deemed to satisfy a predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation when the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation exceeds the predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint-disable criteria have been met, the device prevents the second operation from being performed based on a fingerprint (e.g., by disabling the fingerprint sensor or by ignoring a fingerprint detected by the fingerprint sensor that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint).\",\n \"For example, as illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"8T-8U, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint-disable criteria have been met (e.g., the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation satisfies a predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation), the device prevents the second operation (e.g., revealing private information such as usernames and passwords) from being performed in response to a fingerprint in an input 830 that matches an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., the representations of private information are maintained on the touch screen 112 in FIG.\",\n \"8U and private information is not displayed on the touch screen 112 in FIG.\",\n \"8U).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first operation is performed (928) while detecting the presence of a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, and the second operation is performed in response to detecting liftoff of a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, the first operation (e.g., resetting the display dim timer 896-3 in FIG.\",\n \"8C) is performed while detecting the input 812 (FIG.\",\n \"8C) that includes a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor 169 (FIG.\",\n \"8C).\",\n \"In comparison, in some embodiments, the second operation (e.g., revealing private information such as credit card information) is performed only after detecting liftoff of the input 812 (FIG.\",\n \"8C) from the fingerprint sensor 169 (FIG.\",\n \"8E).\",\n \"It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.\",\n \"9A-9B have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.\",\n \"One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, the device detects, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input.\",\n \"In response to detecting the first input, the device determines whether the first input includes a fingerprint; and, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint, performs a first operation based on the presence of the fingerprint without regard to an identity of the fingerprint; and, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the first input matches an enrolled fingerprint, performs a second operation based on the enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 900 described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"9A-9B.\",\n \"For example, the inputs, operations, and credentials described above with reference to method 900 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the inputs, operations, and credentials described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).\",\n \"For brevity, these details are not repeated here.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.\",\n \"10 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 1000 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.\",\n \"10 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"10, an electronic device 1000 includes a fingerprint sensor unit 1006 configured to detect a first input; and a processing unit 1008 coupled to the fingerprint sensor unit 1006.In some embodiments, the electronic device 1000 includes a display unit 1002 coupled to the processing unit 1008 and configured to display a graphical user interface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display unit 1002 is coupled to the fingerprint sensor unit 1006.In some embodiments, the electronic device 1000 includes a touch-sensitive surface unit 1004 coupled to the processing unit 1008 and configured to receive touch inputs.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing unit 1008 includes a determining unit 1010, a first operation performing unit 1012, a second operation performing unit 1014, a third operation performing unit 1016, a credential-authorization timer unit 1018, a preventing unit 1020, a resetting unit 1022, a display dim timer unit 1024, a dimming unit 1026, a private information revealing unit 1028, an access providing unit 1030, and an incrementing unit 1032.The processing unit 1008 is configured to, in response to detecting the first input, determine whether the first input includes a fingerprint (e.g., with the determining unit 1010).\",\n \"The processing unit 1008 is also configured to, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint, perform a first operation based on the presence of the fingerprint without regard to an identity of the fingerprint (e.g., with the first operation performing unit 1012).\",\n \"The processing unit 1008 is further configured to, in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint in the first input matches an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., with the determining unit 1010), conditionally perform a second operation based on the enrolled fingerprint (e.g., with the second operation performing unit 1014).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing unit 1008 is configured to, in response to detecting the first input, in accordance with the determination that the first input includes the fingerprint and a determination that the fingerprint in the first input does not match an enrolled fingerprint, forgo performance of the second operation (e.g., with the preventing unit 1020).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing unit 1008 is configured to, in response to detecting the first input, in accordance with the determination that the first input includes the fingerprint and a determination that the fingerprint in the first input does not match an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., with the determining unit 1010), perform the first operation (e.g., with the first operation performing unit 1012) without performing the second operation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first operation and the second operation are both performed (e.g., with the first operation performing unit 1012 and the second operation performing unit 1014) in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., with the determining unit 1010).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing unit 1008 is configured to, in accordance with a determination that the first input includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint, perform a third operation, distinct from the second operation, based on the enrolled fingerprint (e.g., with the third operation performing unit 1016).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device includes a credential-authorization timer unit 1018 that starts from an authorization timer starting value.\",\n \"The processing unit 1008 is configured to prevent unlocking the device with a fingerprint (e.g., with the preventing unit 1020) after the credential-authorization timer unit 1018 expires.\",\n \"The third operation includes resetting the credential-authorization timer unit 1018 to the authorization timer starting value (e.g., with the resetting unit 1022).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device includes the display unit 1002 coupled to the processing unit 1008.The device includes a display dim timer unit 1024 that starts from a dim timer starting value.\",\n \"The processing unit 1008 is configured to automatically enable dimming of the display unit 1002 (e.g., with the dimming unit 1026) in accordance with a determination that the display dim timer unit 1024 has expired (e.g., with the determining unit 1010).\",\n \"The first operation includes resetting the display dim timer unit 1024 to the dim timer starting value (e.g., with the resetting unit 1022).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the second operation includes one or more of: revealing private information (e.g., with the private information revealing unit 1028) and providing access to restricted features (e.g., with the access providing unit 1030).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first input includes a respective fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor unit 1006.The fingerprint sensor unit 1006 is configured to detect liftoff of the respective fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor unit 1006 and the processing unit 1008 is configured to, in response to detecting liftoff of the fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor unit 1006 and in accordance with a determination that the respective fingerprint does not match an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., with the determining unit 1010), increment a count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation (e.g., with the incrementing unit 1032).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing unit 1008 is configured to, subsequent to incrementing the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation, determine whether fingerprint-disable criteria have been met (e.g., with the determining unit 1010).\",\n \"The fingerprint-disable criteria includes a criterion that is met when the count of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation satisfies a predefined number of unauthorized attempts to perform the second operation.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that fingerprint-disable criteria have been met (e.g., with the determining unit 1010), the processing unit 1008 is configured to prevent the second operation from being performed based on a fingerprint (e.g., with the preventing unit 1020 and/or the second operation performing unit 1014).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first operation is performed (e.g., with the first operation performing unit 1012) while detecting the presence of a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor unit 1006; and the second operation is performed (e.g., with the second operation performing unit 1014) in response to detecting liftoff of a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor unit 1006.The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"1A and 3) or application specific chips.\",\n \"The operations described above with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"9A-9B are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B or FIG.\",\n \"10.For example, detection operation 902, first operation performing operation 906, and second operation performing operation 910 are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.\",\n \"When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.\",\n \"Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.\",\n \"Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B.\",\n \"Automatically Populating Credential Fields and Revealing Redacted Credentials Many uses of modern electronic devices require users to provide credentials in order to access certain information and/or services.\",\n \"For example, e-commerce websites or applications often require a user to enter a credit card number, billing address, and shipping address in order to make a purchase.\",\n \"As another example, users are often required to enter a user ID and/or password before access to a secure service or other secure information is granted (e.g., an email website or application, a social network, etc.).\",\n \"Because users are required to provide credentials so frequently when using electronic devices, it is possible to store credentials in memory of such devices so that they can be inserted into credential fields without requiring manual entry by the user.\",\n \"However, this presents several security and privacy risks.\",\n \"For example, an unauthorized user may be able pick up a device that does not belong to them and make purchases using stored credit card information, or gain access to personal and/or sensitive data, applications, websites, or the like.\",\n \"Moreover, in order to protect the privacy and/or security of credentials, they may be displayed in redacted form so that they cannot be read or copied.\",\n \"However, this makes it difficult for users to review the credentials to confirm that they were entered correctly, or to review and/or edit stored credentials that are typically only displayed in redacted form (e.g., as may be the case in a credential manager interface with which a user can enter, edit, and otherwise manage credentials stored on a device).\",\n \"In embodiments described below, fingerprint recognition is used to provide authorization to access credentials, and, more particularly, to provide authorization to populate credential fields and/or display non-redacted versions of credentials to a user.\",\n \"For example, if a user navigates to a form with credential fields (e.g., for a credit card number, a billing address, etc.\",\n \"), the user can provide a fingerprint input by placing a finger on a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"If the fingerprint detected on the fingerprint sensor matches a previously registered fingerprint of the user (and, optionally, if other conditions are satisfied) the credential fields will be automatically populated with stored credentials associated with the user.\",\n \"This way, manual entry of credentials, which is time consuming and can be prone to text input errors, is avoided.\",\n \"As another example, if redacted credentials are displayed (e.g., in a webpage or a credential manager interface), the user can provide a fingerprint input in order to cause the credentials to be displayed in a non-redacted (i.e., human readable) form.\",\n \"Accordingly, credentials can be accessed for viewing and/or input into credential fields quickly and intuitively, while also preventing unauthorized access to such credentials.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.\",\n \"1A).\",\n \"The device described below with reference to 11A-11D, 14A-14C, 12A-12B, and 15A-15B includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11D, 14A-14C, 12A-12B, and 15A-15B will be discussed with reference to a device with a touch screen 112 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11D and 14A-14C on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11D and 14A-14C on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a display 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 instead of a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11D and 14A-14C on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) and/or the separate touch-sensitive surface 451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11D and 14A-14C on the display 450; in such embodiments, the contacts shown in FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11D and 14A-14C optionally represent both a focus selector that corresponds to a location on the display 450, and a contact that corresponds to a location of a contact or gesture performed on the separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451), where the focus selector is, optionally: a respective contact, a representative point corresponding to a contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a point associated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or more contacts detected on the touch screen 112 and is, optionally, replaced with a displayed cursor.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11A illustrates an exemplary user interface that is displayed on a display of a portable multi-function device 100, where the user interface displays a form 1101 with fields 1102 (1102-1, .\",\n \".\",\n \".\",\n \", 1102-8) corresponding to a plurality of credentials.\",\n \"The fields 1102 illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"11A correspond to the types of fields that are sometimes present in a “checkout” form of an e-commerce website or application, including credit card information fields (e.g., credit card number field 1102-1, expiration date field 1102-2, etc.)\",\n \"and billing address information fields (e.g., street field 1102-5, city field 1102-6, etc.).\",\n \"The fields 1102 displayed in form 1101 are merely exemplary, and more or fewer fields may be displayed in various embodiments.\",\n \"Moreover, other fields, including other types of fields that are not shown in FIG.\",\n \"11A, may be included instead of or in addition to those shown.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"11A, device 100 detects a finger input 1110 on fingerprint sensor 169 while displaying form 1101.In some embodiments, finger input 1110 corresponds to a request to automatically fill in the fields in form 1101.For example, in some embodiments, when a form with credential fields is displayed by device 100, detection of an authorized fingerprint on fingerprint sensor 169 will cause the device 100 to populate the fields with stored credentials.\",\n \"On the other hand, as described below, if an unauthorized fingerprint is detected on fingerprint sensor 169, the fields will not be populated with stored credentials.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11B illustrates form 1101 after fields 1102 have been populated with credentials (e.g., after it has been determined that the fingerprint 1110 is associated with a user who is authorized to use the credentials).\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"11B, the credentials are displayed in redacted form so that they are unreadable to a user of the device.\",\n \"In this example, the redacted credentials are represented as sequences of dots.\",\n \"However, one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that other redaction techniques may also be implemented in various embodiments (e.g., any removal, replacement or obscuration of the characters so that the credentials are unreadable by a user of the device).\",\n \"In some embodiments, credentials that are automatically populated into credential fields are redacted by default.\",\n \"In some embodiments, one or more of the automatically inserted credentials are displayed in non-redacted or partially redacted form (i.e., including redacted and non-redacted portions), instead of the redacted form illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"11B.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, the last four digits of the credit card credential 1104 are displayed in human readable form (not shown).\",\n \"In some embodiments, other credentials are displayed in partially redacted or non-redacted form, such as a billing address, a name on a credit card, etc.\",\n \"In some embodiments where multiple credential fields are displayed, any combination of redacted, partially redacted, and non-redacted credentials may be displayed.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, a credit card number credential is displayed in partially redacted form, an expiration date and credit card security code are displayed in redacted form, and a billing address is displayed in non-redacted form.\",\n \"In some embodiments, whether a credential is displayed in redacted, partially redacted, or non-redacted form is based on a sensitivity and/or security level associated with that credential.\",\n \"For example, credit card numbers, bank account numbers, and the like may be associated with a higher sensitivity and/or security level than usernames and mailing addresses.\",\n \"As described above, FIG.\",\n \"11B illustrates form 1101 after it has been determined that the fingerprint 1110 is associated with a user who is authorized to use the credentials, and after device 100 has filled in form 1101 with the credentials (e.g., the fields 1102 have been populated with the credentials).\",\n \"If, on the other hand, it is determined that fingerprint 1110 is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the credentials, the device forgoes filling in the form 1101 with the credentials (not shown).\",\n \"In some embodiments, if a finger input (e.g., finger input 1110) is detected, but the fingerprint does not match those of an authorized user, device 100 issues a prompt indicating that the request to automatically populate the credential fields is denied.\",\n \"In some embodiments, once the form 1101 has been filled in, an additional finger input can be used to cause the credentials to be displayed in non-redacted form, as described with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"11C-11D.\",\n \"This way, a user can review the credentials to make sure that they are correct and/or correspond to the particular credentials that the user wished to use.\",\n \"In some implementations, the additional finger input is accomplished by the user lifting their finger off fingerprint sensor 169 to end the initial fingerprint 1110, and putting their finger back down on fingerprint sensor 169.Upon authentication of the second fingerprint, e.g., as matching an enrolled fingerprint of a user who is authorized to reveal the one or more credentials, the one or more credentials of the user previously displayed in redacted form are displayed in non-redacted form.\",\n \"Finger input 1112 shown in FIG.\",\n \"11C is an example of the aforementioned second fingerprint.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"11C, device 100 detects a finger input 1112 on fingerprint sensor 169 while displaying form 1101 with redacted credentials displayed in credential fields 1102.In response to finger input 1112, and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint corresponding to finger input 1112 is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the one or more credentials, non-redacted versions of the one or more credentials are displayed in the fields 1102 of form 1101, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"11D.\",\n \"For example, FIG.\",\n \"11D illustrates all of the credentials in form 1101 in plaintext.\",\n \"In the process shown and described with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11D, a first finger input (e.g., finger input 1110) causes a form to be filled in with redacted credentials, and a second finger input (e.g., finger input 1112) causes non-redacted versions of the credentials to be displayed in place of the redacted versions.\",\n \"In some embodiments, sequential finger inputs cause increasing amounts of one or more credentials to be displayed in non-redacted form.\",\n \"For example, after a first finger input is received (and after it is determined that the fingerprint of the input is associated with an authorized user), credential fields in a form are populated with redacted credentials.\",\n \"After a second finger input from an authorized user is received, a subset of the redacted credentials are replaced with non-redacted versions of the credentials, while others of the redacted credentials remain unchanged (e.g., remain in redacted form).\",\n \"Alternatively, after the second finger input, all or some of the redacted credentials are replaced with partially redacted versions of the credentials.\",\n \"Finally, after a third finger input, all of the credentials are displayed in non-redacted form.\",\n \"Accordingly, each sequential finger input of an authorized user causes redacted credentials to be replaced with less redacted (i.e., more readable) versions.\",\n \"This way, users can easily scale the degree to which their sensitive information is revealed in plaintext, while also allowing them to review the credentials that are automatically filled in to ensure that they are the correct and/or intended credentials.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the sequential inputs described above must be received and/or detected without intervening inputs (e.g., finger inputs, touch events, etc.).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the sequential inputs need not be received and/or detected without intervening inputs.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the order in which credentials are displayed in non-redacted form in response to a sequence of finger inputs depends on the relative security level of the credential.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, a non-redacted version of a shipping address is displayed in response to an earlier finger input in a sequence of finger inputs (e.g., because it is associated with a lower security and/or privacy level), and a non-redacted version of a credit card number is displayed in response to a later finger input in the sequence of finger inputs (e.g., because it is associated with a higher security and/or privacy level).\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"12A-12B are flow diagrams illustrating a method 1200 of populating credential fields with credentials, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"The method 1200 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.\",\n \"3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.\",\n \"1A) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"Some operations in method 1200 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.\",\n \"As described below, the method 1200 provides an intuitive way to enter credentials into credential fields that are displayed in a form, and display non-redacted versions of the credentials after redacted versions are initially displayed.\",\n \"The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when presented with credential fields that need to be populated, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to populate credential fields and enable display of non-redacted versions of credentials faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges.\",\n \"The device stores a set of one or more credentials (1202).\",\n \"In some embodiments, credentials are secured credentials that are associated with a user of the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials is stored in memory of the device (e.g., memory 102, FIG.\",\n \"1A).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the credentials are stored in a secure area of memory 102, and/or are encrypted to prevent unauthorized access thereto.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes one or more of: a user ID, a password, a credit card number, a bank account number, an address, a telephone number, and/or a shopping credential (1204).\",\n \"In some implementations, the set of credentials includes a plurality of subsets of credentials, each subset corresponding to or associated with a distinct application, payment method, user, shipping address, online resource, set of online resources, or the like.\",\n \"In one example, the set of credentials include: for a first particular online resource (e.g., an email website), a user ID and a password; for a second particular online resource, a user ID, a password, a shipping address, a billing address, and a telephone number; and for shopping, a user ID, a credit card number, a shipping address, a billing address, and a telephone number.\",\n \"The device displays a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials (1206).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the form is a webpage, such as a checkout page of an e-commerce website, a login page to a secure webpage (e.g., a social network, email provider, etc.\",\n \"), or the like.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the form is associated with a user interface of an application, such as a login screen of an application (or operating system).\",\n \"One exemplary form 1101, shown in FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11D, illustrates an example of a “checkout” page of an e-commerce website, and includes fields for credentials that are typical of a “checkout” or purchase authorization page (e.g., credit card information fields, billing address information fields, etc.).\",\n \"The device receives a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, wherein the request includes a finger input on the fingerprint sensor (1208).\",\n \"For example, when a form with credential fields is displayed, a user requests that the form be automatically filled with the appropriate credentials by placing a finger on the fingerprint sensor 169, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"11A.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the request to auto-fill the form corresponds to a request to populate all displayed fields of a form with credentials (or all fields for which credentials have been stored).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the request to auto-fill the form corresponds to a request to populate all fields of the form with credentials, regardless of whether they are displayed when the request is received (e.g., undisplayed fields of the form, such as those that are “off screen,” are also populated in response to the request).\",\n \"In some embodiments, when the device detects that a form having appropriate credential fields is displayed or to be displayed, the device prompts the user to provide an input in order to request automatic filling (“auto-fill”) of a form, such as by presenting the text “Scan your fingerprint to automatically fill in this form.” In response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, the device fills in the form with the one or more credentials; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, the device forgoes filling in the form with the one or more credentials (1210).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials includes a determination that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints (1212).\",\n \"For example, if the fingerprint corresponding to finger input 1110 (FIG.\",\n \"11A) matches an enrolled fingerprint, the device fills in the form (i.e., the fields of the form) with the stored credentials, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"11B.\",\n \"If, on the other hand, the fingerprint corresponding to finger input 1110 does not match an enrolled fingerprint, the device will not fill in the form.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device will provide an indication that the fingerprint did not match an enrolled fingerprint, such as an audible or visible alert.\",\n \"For example, the device will display a prompt with the text “Auto-fill authorization denied—please try again.” In some implementations, one or more enrolled fingerprints are associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, while one or more other enrolled fingerprints are not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials.\",\n \"In such implementations, the determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials includes a determination that the fingerprint matches at least one enrolled fingerprint that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials.\",\n \"In some implementations, different enrolled fingerprints are associated with different sets of credentials or different subsets of the set of credentials stored in the device.\",\n \"In one example, one or more enrolled fingerprints are associated with a user who is authorized to use all of the credentials, or a first subset of the credentials that is less than all the credentials, in the set of one or more credentials, while one or more other enrolled fingerprints are associated with another user who is authorized to use only a second subset of the credentials that is less than all the credentials and that is different from the first subset of the credentials.\",\n \"Other examples of associating different enrolled fingerprints with different sets or subsets of credentials are possible.\",\n \"In some such implementations, the determination that a fingerprint in a finger input is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials includes both a determination that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints, and if so, a determination of whether the use one or more respective credentials in the set of one or more credentials is authorized by the fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials and/or the determination that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints is performed by the device (e.g., with fingerprint analysis module 131 of device 100).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the determinations are performed by one or more additional devices instead of or in addition to the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, if a predetermined number of consecutive requests to auto-fill a form are denied (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more denials), the device performs one or more actions.\",\n \"For example, in order to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access and/or use, the device disables an auto-fill functionality (e.g., for a predetermined time, or until a valid override password is input by a user), or deletes stored credentials from memory.\",\n \"With reference to FIG.\",\n \"12B, in some embodiments, filling in the form with the one or more credentials includes displaying redacted versions of the one or more credentials in one or more fields of the form (1214).\",\n \"In some embodiments, a respective credential is redacted when at least a portion of the respective credential is rendered unreadable to a user of the device (e.g., by removing, replacing or obscuring characters, or by blocking out all or a portion of the characters in the respective credential).\",\n \"For example, the credentials in FIG.\",\n \"11B (e.g., credit card credential 1104) are illustrated as a series of dots.\",\n \"In some embodiments, while displaying the redacted versions of the one or more credentials in one or more fields of the form, the device detects a respective fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; and in response to detecting the respective fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that the respective fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the one or more credentials, displays a non-redacted version of the one or more credentials in the fields of the form (1216).\",\n \"For example, FIG.\",\n \"11D illustrates the device displaying non-redacted versions of credentials in response to a finger input 1112 (shown in FIG.\",\n \"11C) corresponding to a fingerprint of an authorized user.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the same fingerprints that are authorized to use the set of credentials are also authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials.\",\n \"In some embodiments, one or more fingerprints that are authorized to use the credentials are not authorized to reveal the credentials.\",\n \"As shown in FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11D, the device initially displays credentials in redacted form, and, if certain conditions are met, subsequently displays non-redacted versions of the credentials.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes an indication of a length of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the respective credential (1218).\",\n \"A redacted credential can indicate the length of the underlying credential in several ways.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a symbol (e.g., a dot, asterisk, letter, etc.)\",\n \"for each character in the respective credential.\",\n \"Credential 1104 in FIGS.\",\n \"11B-11D illustrates an example of this, where one dot is displayed for each number in the credit card number.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a symbol or graphic whose length is proportional to the length of the respective credential (e.g., a black bar, a horizontal line, etc.).\",\n \"In some embodiments, a human readable version of the respective credential is a plaintext version of the credential (i.e., the actual text, symbols, numbers, characters, etc., of the credential).\",\n \"In some embodiments, or in some circumstances, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a non-redacted portion of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the entire respective credential (1220).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the particular portion of the redacted credential that is non-redacted depends on the credential.\",\n \"For example, in the case of a credit card number, the last four digits are displayed in plaintext in the redacted version.\",\n \"In the case of an address credential, the house number (and/or the city or state) is displayed in plaintext in the redacted version, and the rest of the address (e.g., the street name and zip code) is redacted.\",\n \"Other portions of these credentials are displayed in non-redacted form in various embodiments.\",\n \"Devices are sometimes used by multiple, different users, each having a different set of credentials that they are likely to use.\",\n \"For example, each user may have a unique username and password for an email account, a unique credit card number.\",\n \"unique login credentials for social networking services, and the like.\",\n \"Moreover, in some embodiments, a device can register fingerprints for multiple users, such that the device can identify a user making a request by comparing a received fingerprint to the registered fingerprints of the multiple users.\",\n \"Accordingly, in some embodiments, in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form, the device identifies which user has issued the request (e.g., by comparing the fingerprint of the finger input 1110 to the registered fingerprints), and automatically fills in the form with credentials corresponding to the identified user.\",\n \"Thus, personalized auto-fill based on fingerprint recognition is provided for multiple different users of a single device.\",\n \"Similarly, a user of a device may have multiple different instances of a particular type of credential.\",\n \"For example, a user may have multiple email accounts, each with its own unique email address and password.\",\n \"A user may also have multiple credit cards, each associated with unique credit card information.\",\n \"Further, a user may have multiple different mailing addresses (e.g., a home address and a business address).\",\n \"In some embodiments, respective sets of one or more credentials of a user are associated with different respective fingerprints of the user.\",\n \"For example, credentials of a first credit card and billing address are associated with a fingerprint of a right thumb (RT) of the user, and a second credit card and billing address are associated with a fingerprint of a right index (RI) finger.\",\n \"As another example, credentials for a credit card are associated with a fingerprint of a right thumb (RT) of the user, and login credentials for a social networking service are associated with a fingerprint of a right index (RI) finger.\",\n \"Accordingly, in some embodiments, the device selects a set of one or more credentials (from among multiple sets) that correspond to the particular fingerprint detected by the fingerprint sensor, and auto-fills the form with the selected set of one or more credentials.\",\n \"Other associations between fingers and sets of credentials than those described above are also possible.\",\n \"For example, any credential or set of credentials described herein can be associated with any unique fingerprint, whether it is a different finger of the same user, or a finger of a different user.\",\n \"It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.\",\n \"12A-12B have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.\",\n \"One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.\",\n \"Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 1200 described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"12A-12B.\",\n \"For example, the fingerprints, contacts, and user interface objects described above with reference to method 1200 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the fingerprints, contacts, and user interface objects described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).\",\n \"For brevity, these details are not repeated here.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.\",\n \"13 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 1300 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.\",\n \"13 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"13, an electronic device 1300 includes a display unit 1302 configured to display a form with fields corresponding to one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials, an optional touch-sensitive surface unit 1304 configured to receive contacts, a fingerprint sensor unit 1306; a credential storage unit 1307 configured to store a set of one or more credentials, and a processing unit 1308 coupled to the display unit 1302, the optional touch-sensitive surface unit 1304, the credential storage unit 1307, and the fingerprint sensor unit 1306.In some embodiments, the processing unit 1308 includes a request receiving unit 1310, a form filling unit 1312, a display enabling unit 1314, and a fingerprint matching unit 1316.Processing unit 1308 is configured to: receive a request to automatically fill in the form with one or more credentials of the set of one or more credentials (e.g., with request receiving unit 1310), wherein the request includes a finger input on the fingerprint sensor (e.g., fingerprint sensor unit 1306); and in response to receiving the request to automatically fill in the form: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, fill in the form with the one or more credentials (e.g., with form filling unit 1312); and in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that is not associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials, forgo filling in the form with the one or more credentials (e.g., with form filling unit 1312).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes one or more of: a user ID, a password, a credit card number, a bank account number, an address, a telephone number, and a shopping credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, filling in the form with the one or more credentials includes enabling display of redacted versions of the one or more credentials in one or more fields of the form (e.g., with display enabling unit 1314).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor unit 1306 is configured to, while the redacted versions of the one or more credentials are displayed in one or more fields of the form, detect a respective fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; and the processing unit 1308 is further configured to, in response to detection of the respective fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that the respective fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the one or more credentials (e.g., with fingerprint matching unit 1316), enable display of a non-redacted version of the one or more credentials in the fields of the form (e.g., with display enabling unit 1314).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes an indication of a length of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the respective credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a non-redacted portion of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the entire respective credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to use the set of one or more credentials includes a determination that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device 1300 determines that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints (e.g., with fingerprint matching unit 1316).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14A illustrates an exemplary user interface that is displayed on a display of a portable multi-function device 100.The user interface displays a selection page 1402 that includes one or more selectable user interface objects, including a credential manager icon 1404.The page selection 1402 illustrates one possible example of an interface in which a user can request the display of stored credentials (e.g., by requesting activation and/or display of a credential manager interface).\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"14A, device 100 receives a request to display the set of one or more credentials (e.g., contact 1406, indicating a user selection of credential manager icon 1404).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14B illustrates an exemplary settings manager interface 1403 that is displayed in response to the contact 1406.The settings manager interface 1403 includes fields 1408 (1408-1, .\",\n \".\",\n \".\",\n \", 1408-6) corresponding to one or more credentials.\",\n \"Fields 1408 correspond to examples of credentials that are stored by the device 100, according to some embodiments.\",\n \"For example, fields 1408 include a username field 1408-1 and a password field 1408-2 associated with an email account, a user ID field 1408-3 and a password field 1408-4 associated with an account for a shopping website/application, and a user ID field 1408-5 and a password field 1408-6 associated with a social network account.\",\n \"Other credential fields are possible, including credit card information fields, and the like.\",\n \"The device 100 displays redacted versions of the credentials in each of the fields 1408.In this example, the redacted credentials are represented as sequences of dots.\",\n \"However, other redaction techniques are also contemplated (e.g., any removal, replacement or obscuration of the characters such that the credentials are unreadable by a user of the device).\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"14B, device 100 detects a finger input 1406 on fingerprint sensor 169 while displaying redacted credentials in credential fields 1408 of settings manager interface 1403.Device 100 detects a fingerprint included with finger input 1406, and, in response to detecting the fingerprint and if the fingerprint is associated with an authorized user, device 100 displays the credentials in fields 1406 in non-redacted form, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"14C.\",\n \"Specifically, FIG.\",\n \"14C illustrates the settings manager interface 1403 with the credentials displayed in plaintext so that they are readable (and/or editable) by a user of the device.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"15A-15B are flow diagrams illustrating a method 1500 of revealing redacted credentials, in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"The method 1500 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.\",\n \"3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.\",\n \"1A) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"Some operations in method 1500 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.\",\n \"As described below, the method 1500 provides an intuitive way to reveal redacted credentials.\",\n \"The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when attempting to review or edit credentials that are displayed in redacted form, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to reveal redacted credentials faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges.\",\n \"The device stores a set of one or more credentials (1502).\",\n \"As described above, in some embodiments, credentials are secured credentials that are associated with a user of the device, and are stored in memory of the device (e.g., memory 102, FIG.\",\n \"1A).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the credentials are stored in a secure area of memory, and/or are encrypted to prevent unauthorized access to the credentials.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes credentials that correspond to a plurality of different accounts of a user of the device (1504).\",\n \"For example, a user may store on the device credentials for multiple different accounts, such as one or more email accounts, one or more payment accounts (e.g., credit cards, bank accounts, online payment accounts, and the like), shopping credentials (e.g., usernames and passwords for e-commerce websites and/or applications), credentials for social network accounts, and the like.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14B illustrates examples of credentials corresponding to a plurality of different accounts of a user of a device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes passwords for a plurality of different accounts of a user of the device (1506).\",\n \"For example, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"14B, the set of one or more credentials includes a password for a webmail account (e.g., credential field 1408-2), a password for a shopping site (e.g., credential field 1408-4), and a password for a social network account (e.g., credential field 1408-6).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes payment authorization information for a plurality of different payment accounts of a user of the device (1508).\",\n \"Payment authorization information includes, for example, credit card information (e.g., credit card numbers, expiration dates, security codes, billing addresses, etc.\",\n \"), online payment account information (e.g., account numbers, user identifiers, passwords, etc.\",\n \"), bank account information (e.g., bank account numbers, routing numbers, user identifiers, passwords, etc.\",\n \"), and the like.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes one or more of: a user ID, a password, a credit card number, a bank account number, an address, a telephone number, and/or a shopping credential (1510).\",\n \"Examples of these credentials are described above, and are illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"11A-11D and 14B-14C.\",\n \"The device receives a request to display the set of one or more credentials (1512).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the request includes a user selection of a selectable user interface object (e.g., an icon).\",\n \"For example, FIG.\",\n \"14A illustrates contact 1406 indicating a user selection of credential manager icon 1404.In response to receiving the request to display the set of one or more credentials (e.g., contact 1406), the device displays redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials (1514).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials are displayed in a “credential manager” interface, as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"14B.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted versions of the credentials are identified with (e.g., displayed near or otherwise in association with) non-redacted human readable text (i.e., a label) that indicates the type of credential.\",\n \"Non-limiting examples of credential labels include username; user identifier; email address; password; credit card number; expiration date; etc.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted versions of the credentials are identified with non-redacted human readable text (i.e., a label) that indicates which account a particular redacted credential is associated with.\",\n \"For example, FIG.\",\n \"14B illustrates webmail credentials displayed in association with text indicating the account (“Webmail Account”), as well as text indicating the type of each credential (“Username” and “Password”).\",\n \"While displaying the redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials, the device detects a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor (1516).\",\n \"For example, FIG.\",\n \"14B illustrates finger input 1406 (including a fingerprint) on fingerprint sensor 169 while the redacted versions of the credentials are displayed in the credential manager 1403.In response to detecting the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials, the device displays a non-redacted version of the set of one or more credentials (1518).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14C illustrates the device 100 displaying plaintext versions of the credentials that were redacted in FIG.\",\n \"14B, in response to detection of a fingerprint (e.g., finger input 1406) and a determination that the fingerprint is associated with an authorized user.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials includes a determination that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints (1520).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials and/or the determination that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints is performed by the device (e.g., with fingerprint analysis module 131 of device 100).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the determinations are performed by one or more additional devices instead of or in addition to the device.\",\n \"With reference to FIG.\",\n \"15B, in some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes an indication of a length of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the respective credential (1522).\",\n \"For example, in some implementations, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a symbol (e.g., a dot, asterisk, letter, etc.)\",\n \"for each character in the respective credential.\",\n \"Credential 1104 in FIGS.\",\n \"11B-11D illustrates an example of this, where one dot is displayed for each number in the credit card number.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a symbol or graphic whose length is proportional to the length of the respective credential (e.g., a black bar, a horizontal line, etc.).\",\n \"In some embodiments, a human readable version of the respective credential is a plaintext version of the credential (i.e., the actual text, symbols, numbers, characters, etc., of the credential).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a non-redacted portion of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the entire respective credential (1524).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the particular portion of the redacted credential that is non-redacted depends on the credential.\",\n \"For example, in the case of a credit card number, the last four digits are displayed in plaintext in the redacted version.\",\n \"In the case of an address credential, the house number (and/or the city or state) is displayed in plaintext in the redacted version, and the rest of the address (e.g., the street name and zip code) is redacted.\",\n \"Other portions of these credentials are displayed in non-redacted form in various embodiments.\",\n \"It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.\",\n \"15A-15B have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.\",\n \"One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.\",\n \"Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 1500 described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"15A-15B.\",\n \"For example, the fingerprints, contacts, and user interface objects described above with reference to method 1500 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the fingerprints, contacts, and user interface objects described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).\",\n \"For brevity, these details are not repeated here.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.\",\n \"16 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 1600 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.\",\n \"16 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"16, an electronic device 1600 includes a display unit 1602, an optional touch-sensitive surface unit 1604 configured to receive contacts, a fingerprint sensor unit 1606; a credential storage unit 1607 configured to store a set of one or more credentials, and a processing unit 1608 coupled to the display unit 1602, the optional touch-sensitive surface unit 1604, the credential storage unit 1607, and the fingerprint sensor unit 1606.In some embodiments, the processing unit 1608 includes a request receiving unit 1610, a display enabling unit 1612, and a fingerprint matching unit 1614.Processing unit 1608 is configured to: receive a request to display the set of one or more credentials (e.g., with request receiving unit 1610); in response to receiving the request to display the set of one or more credentials, enable display of redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials (e.g., with display enabling unit 1612); and in response to detection of a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor while the redacted versions of the set of one or more credentials are displayed, and in accordance with a determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials (e.g., with fingerprint matching unit 1614), enable display of a non-redacted version of the set of one or more credentials (e.g., with display enabling unit 1612).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes credentials that correspond to a plurality of different accounts of a user of the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes passwords for a plurality of different accounts of a user of the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes payment authorization information for a plurality of different payment accounts of a user of the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the set of one or more credentials includes one or more of: a user ID, a password, a credit card number, a bank account number, an address, a telephone number, and a shopping credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes an indication of a length of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the respective credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of a respective credential includes a non-redacted portion of the respective credential; and the non-redacted version of the respective credential includes a human readable version of the entire respective credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the determination that the fingerprint is associated with a user who is authorized to reveal the set of one or more credentials includes a determination that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device 1600 determines that the fingerprint matches at least one of a set of one or more enrolled fingerprints (e.g., with fingerprint matching unit 1614).\",\n \"The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"1A and 3) or application specific chips.\",\n \"The operations described above with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"12A-12B and 15A-15B are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B or FIG.\",\n \"13 or 16.For example, display operation 1206, request receiving operation 1208, and form filling operation 1210 (FIG.\",\n \"12A) and request receiving operation 1512, credential display operation 1514, fingerprint detection operation 1516, and credential revealing operation 1518 (FIG.\",\n \"15A) are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.\",\n \"When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.\",\n \"Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.\",\n \"Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B.\",\n \"Managing Usage of Saved Credentials Many electronic devices provide services that require particular credentials that are used by the devices or service providers to determine a user's eligibility for receiving the services.\",\n \"Such credentials frequently comprise information that is not easily accessible to people other than the particular user(s) associated with the credentials.\",\n \"Examples of a credential include a passcode, a registered username-password combination, a stored answer to a security question, credit card information, a social security number, and so on.\",\n \"Although requiring the user to input the correct credential each time the user wishes to access a particular service may promote security, such requirement is also cumbersome and time consuming.\",\n \"As described herein, automatically saving a credential that was previously provided on the device for accessing a function or service and subsequently allowing the user to access the function or service again through an enrolled fingerprint help to streamline the user's access to the function or service without significantly compromising the required level of access security.\",\n \"In addition, as described herein, in some embodiments, it is possible for a device to have multiple enrolled fingerprints at any given time, and a user may enroll one or more additional fingerprints while the device is in an unlocked state.\",\n \"It is therefore important to have a method to securely manage the automatic usage of saved credentials when one or more additional fingerprints are enrolled since the credential was last used.\",\n \"As described herein, in some embodiments, after a fingerprint enrollment process is successfully completed and one or more fingerprints are enrolled, the device automatically saves each credential manually entered by the user.\",\n \"When any of the saved credentials is subsequently required on the device (e.g., by a software application or online service provider), the device automatically prompts the user to provide an enrolled fingerprint in lieu of requesting the user to manually input the required credential.\",\n \"When the user provides a valid fingerprint, the device automatically retrieves and uses an appropriate saved credential on behalf of the user.\",\n \"In the event that one or more additional fingerprints have been enrolled subsequently (or, in some embodiments, in the event that an attempt has been made to add an additional fingerprint), automatic usage of the previously saved credentials is automatically disabled (e.g., by discarding the previously saved credentials, or changing a predefined usage setting).\",\n \"As such, when a credential is subsequently required on the device, the device prompts the user to manually enter the credential rather than accepting any fingerprint input.\",\n \"After the user provides the correct credential, the device saves the credential and re-enables automatic usage of the saved credential through enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"Such automatic management of saved credentials improves access security on the device.\",\n \"For example, if a second user adds (or, in some embodiments, attempts to add) his or her fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints, the enrolled fingerprints cannot be used authorize usage of the previously saved credential until after the credential has been re-entered.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.\",\n \"1A).\",\n \"The device described below with reference to 17A-17J and 18A-18C includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17J and 18A-18C will be discussed with reference to a device with a touch screen 112 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17J on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17J on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a display 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 instead of a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17J on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) and/or the separate touch-sensitive surface 451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17J on the display 450; in such embodiments, the contacts shown in FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17J optionally represent both a focus selector that corresponds to a location on the display 450, and a contact that corresponds to a location of a contact or gesture performed on the separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451), where the focus selector is, optionally: a respective contact, a representative point corresponding to a contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a point associated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or more contacts detected on the touch screen 112 and is, optionally, replaced with a displayed cursor.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17J illustrate an exemplary process that occurs on an electronic device (e.g., device 100) and demonstrate how the automatic usage of saved credentials through enrolled fingerprints are managed (e.g., allowed and prevented) in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17D illustrate the automatic retrieval and usage of a saved credential through a previously enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"5E-5H illustrate subsequent enrollment of an additional fingerprint and the resulting disablement of the saved credential.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"5H-5J illustrates manual entry of the credential by the user, and the automatic saving and re-enablement of the credential, where the re-enabled credential is made available for subsequent retrieval and use through enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"The exemplary scenario shown in FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17D occurs after a user of the electronic device (e.g., device 100) has already registered a set of one or more fingerprints (e.g., through the processes described in method 600), and enabled automatic usage of saved credentials through enrolled fingerprints (e.g., through a fingerprint usage setting described in method 600).\",\n \"In addition, during the first occasion after the enrollment of the set of fingerprints that a particular credential (e.g., a passcode of a registered online shopping account) is required on the device, the user is prompted to manually enter the credential.\",\n \"In response to receiving the manual entry of the credential, the device uses the credential to provide access to the function or service (e.g., making a purchase at an online store), and automatically saves a copy of the credential for future use through the set of enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"Before the start of the exemplary scenario shown in FIG.\",\n \"17A, a copy of the credential (e.g., the passcode of the online shopping account) has been saved on the device 100, and the user has returned again to the same online store after the previous shopping session had been terminated (e.g., through timeout or formal exit).\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"17A, the user has identified an item (e.g., a software application 1702) for purchase in the online store (e.g., an app store), and is presented with a user interface 1704 showing the detailed description of the item.\",\n \"The user interface 1704 includes a user interface element 1706 for purchasing the item using a registered online shopping account.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the online store has stored the necessary payment information (e.g., shipping address, billing address, credit card information, store credit, etc.)\",\n \"in association with the registered shopping account, and will apply the stored payment information when the passcode associated with the registered shopping account is received from the user at the time of the purchase.\",\n \"As shown in FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17B, when the user selects (e.g., using a touch input 1708) the user interface element 1706 to proceed with the purchase of the software application 1702, the device 100 determines (e.g., through a notification received from the online store) that a particular registered account passcode is required by the online store for completing the purchase.\",\n \"The device 100 further determines that the registered account passcode has been previously entered and saved on the device.\",\n \"In accordance with such determinations, the device 100 presents a prompt (e.g., a pop-up window 1710) instructing the user to provide an enrolled fingerprint to use the saved passcode to proceed with the purchase.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device 100 activates the fingerprint sensor 169 separate from the touch screen 112 to detect and capture any fingerprint input provided on the home button 204.In some embodiments, the device selectively activates a high-resolution region 1712 on the touch-screen 112 within the pop-up window 1710 to serve as a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device displays an animation (e.g., a glowing fingerprint graphic) to visually indicate the activated high-resolution region 1712 to the user.\",\n \"In some embodiments, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"17B, the pop-up window 1710 further displays a user interface element 1714 for canceling the current operation and returning to the user interface 1704 shown in FIG.\",\n \"17A.\",\n \"In some embodiments, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"17B, the pop-up window 1710 also displays a user interface element 1716 for manually entering the required account passcode using a keypad.\",\n \"Although not shown in this exemplary interaction scenario, a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that, if the user selects the user interface element 1716, instead of providing an enrolled fingerprint, the device will present an alternate user interface that allows the user to type in the required passcode or to switch to a different online shopping account.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"17C, the user has provided a fingerprint input 1718 through the fingerprint sensor 169 on the home button 204.The device 100 captures the fingerprint input 1718 and determines that the received fingerprint matches one of the set of fingerprints currently enrolled on the device 100.The device 100 further determines that the required account passcode is currently stored on the device 100 and is not currently disabled (e.g., an exemplary scenario illustrating disablement of a saved passcode is shown later in FIGS.\",\n \"17E-17H).\",\n \"In accordance with such determinations, the device retrieves the saved account passcode, and provides the saved account passcode to the online store on behalf of the user.\",\n \"In some embodiments, automatic population of the saved account passcode into the online store's passcode interface is presented to the user through an animation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"17D, the saved passcode is provided to the online store in the background, and the user is presented with a user interface 1720 indicating transaction success after the saved passcode has been accepted by the online store.\",\n \"In this example, the purchase of the selected item has been confirmed, and download of the purchased application has been started.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17D illustrate how a saved credential (e.g., an account passcode) can be used on behalf of the user through an enrolled fingerprint provided by the user.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"17E-17H illustrate how use of a saved credential can be disabled after an additional fingerprint has been enrolled after the credential is saved.\",\n \"Disabling automatic usage of a saved credential after enrollment of one or more additional fingerprints provides an alert to the user (either implicitly or explicitly) that additional fingerprints have been enrolled.\",\n \"If the enrollment of the additional fingerprints is not objectionable to the user, the user can manually provide the required credential to re-enable the automatic usage of the credential through any of the set of fingerprints currently enrolled on the device 100.As shown in FIGS.\",\n \"17E-17F, after the user has exited the shopping interface of the online store, and while the account passcode for the online store remains a saved credential on the device 100, a new fingerprint has been successfully registered on the device 100.A detailed description of an exemplary process for enrolling an additional fingerprint is described with reference to method 600.As a result of the enrollment of the new fingerprint, the device 100 determines that, at least one fingerprint (e.g., the new fingerprint) in the set of currently enrolled fingerprints on device 100 is registered after the saved account passcode was last used.\",\n \"According to this determination, the device 100 disables the automatic usage of the saved account passcode.\",\n \"In other words, in some embodiments, even if a user were to provide the same fingerprint that he or she had previously used to apply the saved account passcode to the online store, this fingerprint will no longer achieve the same result because the automatic usage of the saved account passcode has been disabled.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the automatic usage of the saved account passcode (or other credential) is not disabled for the previously enrolled fingerprints, but is disabled for the newly enrolled fingerprint until the user has manually entered the account passcode to associate/connect the account passcode with the newly enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"As shown in FIGS.\",\n \"17G-17H, when the user returns to the same online store at a later time and wishes to make another purchase using the same online shopping account, instead of prompting the user to provide an enrolled fingerprint, the device 100 provides a prompt for the user to manually enter the required passcode.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"17G, the user has identified an item (e.g., an interactive book 1724) for purchase in the same online store, and is presented with a user interface 1726 showing the detailed descriptions of the item.\",\n \"The user interface 1726 includes a user interface element 1728 for purchasing the item using a registered online shopping account.\",\n \"When the user selects (e.g., using a touch input 1730) the user interface element 1728 to proceed with the purchase of the interactive book 1724, the device 100 determines again (e.g., through a notification received from the online store) that a particular registered account passcode is required by the online store for completing the purchase.\",\n \"The device 100 further determines that automatic usage of the previously saved account passcode has been disabled on the device (e.g., due to the enrollment of the additional fingerprint as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"17E-17F).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the previously saved account passcode has been deleted from the device 100 through disablement, and the device 100 simply determines that no saved account passcode is available at this time.\",\n \"In accordance with either of these determinations, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"17H, the device 100 presents a prompt (e.g., a pop-up window 1730) for the user to manually enter the required account passcode to proceed with the purchase.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"17I illustrates that the user has provided the required passcode in the pop-up window 1730 (e.g., using the soft keypad 1732 provided along with the pop-up window 1730).\",\n \"The device 100 transmits the received passcode to the online store in the usual manner (e.g., in an encrypted form).\",\n \"When the online store verifies and accepts the user-entered passcode, the device 100 presents a user interface 1738 indicating that the purchase has been confirmed and download of the purchased interactive book has been started, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"17J.\",\n \"At this point, once the manually entered passcode has been accepted by the online store, the device 100 automatically saves the account passcode, and once again enables automatic retrieval and usage of the saved account passcode through enrolled fingerprints (e.g., any of the set of currently enrolled fingerprints) in the next transaction in which the account passcode is required.\",\n \"For example, the next purchase transaction can proceed in a manner analogous to that shown in FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17D.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"18A-18C are flow diagrams illustrating a method 1800 of managing automatic usage of a saved credential through enrolled fingerprints in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"The method 1800 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300 of FIG.\",\n \"3, or portable multifunction device 100 of FIG.\",\n \"1A) with a display, a fingerprint sensor, and optionally, a touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor is integrated with the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., the touch screen or the touch-sensitive surface separate from the display).\",\n \"In some embodiments the fingerprint sensor is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"Some operations in method 1800 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.\",\n \"As described below, the method 1800 provides an efficient and intuitive way of providing automatic usage of saved credentials through enrolled fingerprints while also providing security in light of possible unauthorized enrollment of new fingerprints.\",\n \"The method increases the security of using saved credentials, while permitting concurrent enrollment of multiple fingerprints on the device.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"18A, at an electronic device with one or more processors, memory, and a fingerprint sensor: the electronic device stores (1802) on the device a respective credential of a user of the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective credential includes (1804) a credential selected from the set consisting of: a user ID, a password, a credit card number, a bank account number, an address, a telephone number, and a shopping credential.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, as illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17G, the respective credential is an account passcode for a registered shopping account at an online store (e.g., an app store or an e-commerce store).\",\n \"The online store uses the account passcode to identify and/or authenticate a shopper and/or retrieve previously stored customer information associated with the shopper.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective credential is a user ID associated with the device, a user ID associated with an email account, or a user ID associated with an online service account (e.g., online gaming account, a document storage account, etc.).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective credential includes a set of user information that is frequently used during online shopping, including a credit card number, a shipping address, a billing address, a credit card expiration date, a telephone number, and/or a credit card security code, etc.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective credential includes private authentication information used to verify the user's identity.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective credential further includes other user data (e.g., address, birthday, age, preferences, etc.)\",\n \"associated with the authentication information.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective credential is associated with a respective context (e.g., making a purchase using a shopping application, unlocking a locked screen, completing a credit card transaction on an e-commerce web site, etc.)\",\n \"for which it is applicable.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device stores the respective credential in association with the respective context for which it is applicable, such that the device is able to retrieve and use the correct credential under a given context.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device stores the respective credential in a secured form, e.g., an encrypted form.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device automatically stores the respective credential entered by the user, when the user successfully uses the respective credential in context (e.g., using the account passcode for a registered online shopping account to complete a purchase transaction at an online store).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device stores the respective credential through a respective credential set-up process initiated by the user.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the context for using the respective credential is associated with a software application executing on the electronic device (e.g., a shopping application, a browser application presenting an online shopping portal, a device operating system, a security application, an email application, a banking application, etc.).\",\n \"While executing a software application (1806) (e.g., while executing the software application with fingerprint authorization of automatic usage of the respective credential currently enabled on the device): the device receives (1808) a fingerprint at the fingerprint sensor of the device.\",\n \"In response to receiving the fingerprint and in accordance with a determination that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied, including a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints, the device automatically uses (1810) the respective credential of the user in the software application (e.g., without the user entering additional authorizing information other than the fingerprint).\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, the user requests performance of a particular operation that is secured by the credential (e.g., logging in to a secured user interface of the application or making a purchase) and the credential is automatically provided to the application for use in performing the particular requested operation).\",\n \"For example, as illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17D, in some embodiments, while executing a software application of an online store, the device determines that a respective credential (e.g., an account passcode) associated with the user is requested by the software application.\",\n \"The device determines whether the required credential is currently stored on the device, and if so, whether automatic usage of the stored credential through at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints is currently enabled.\",\n \"As described with reference to method 600, automatic usage of saved credentials through enrolled fingerprints can be enabled by the user using a predefined fingerprint usage setting.\",\n \"If automatic usage of saved credentials through enrolled fingerprints is enabled, and the appropriate credential (e.g., the account passcode) is already stored on the device, the device prompts (e.g., using pop-up window 1710 in FIG.\",\n \"17B) the user to provide an enrolled fingerprint input, in lieu of providing the required credential itself.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device temporarily activates the fingerprint sensor (e.g., fingerprint sensor 169 or 1712 in FIG.\",\n \"17C) to capture the fingerprint input provided by the user.\",\n \"The device receives a fingerprint input (e.g., fingerprint 1718 in FIG.\",\n \"17C) at the fingerprint sensor and checks whether the received fingerprint matches one of a set of fingerprints currently enrolled on the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device presents a pop-up window that prompts the user to either provide a fingerprint input at the fingerprint sensor (i.e., to automatically use the saved credential) or to manually enter a credential that the user wishes to use for the current secured operation.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, activation of the fingerprint sensor is performed concurrently with presenting a soft keypad with a text input field for the user to enter the required credential directly.\",\n \"Providing these two choices concurrently to the user allows the user to easily enter a credential other than the one that has been saved on the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the determination that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied includes (1812) a determination that usage of the respective credential has not been disabled.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, automatic usage of the respective credential is optionally disabled when the total number of unsuccessful attempts to enter an enrolled fingerprint has exceeded a predetermined threshold number.\",\n \"In some embodiments, automatic usage of the respective credential is optionally disabled when an additional fingerprint has been enrolled since the respective credential was last used.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device also maintains a cumulative counter for unmatched fingerprint inputs that have been provided thus far.\",\n \"In some embodiments, if the number of unmatched fingerprints exceeds a predetermined threshold number, the device disables automatic usage of saved credentials through fingerprints.\",\n \"For example, if the user provided more than a threshold number of unmatched fingerprints in response to the prompt for an enrolled fingerprint (e.g., the pop-up window 1710 in FIG.\",\n \"17C), automatic usage of the saved credential (e.g., the account passcode) will be disabled.\",\n \"In response, the device will present a different prompt asking the user to manually enter the required credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints further includes a determination that the received fingerprint matches any one of all fingerprints currently enrolled on the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints further includes a determination that the received fingerprint matches one of a subset of all fingerprints currently enrolled on the device, where the subset of enrolled fingerprints are one or more fingerprints specifically associated with the software application and/or the respective credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, automatically using the respective credential in the software application includes automatically populating one or more text input fields provided in the software application using the respective credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, automatically using the respective credential in the software application includes automatically sending the respective credential in a plain or encrypted form to the software application or to a remote server through the software application.\",\n \"For example, as illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"17C-17D, the device provides the saved credential (e.g., the saved account passcode) to the online store through an app store application to complete a purchase transaction at the online store.\",\n \"After automatically using the respective credential of the user in response to receiving the fingerprint, the device receives (1814) a request to enroll an additional fingerprint with the device.\",\n \"In response to the request to enroll the additional fingerprint with the device, the device adds (1816) the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"For example, as illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"17D-17F, after the user had finished the shopping transaction using an enrolled fingerprint in lieu of manually entering the required account passcode, the user requested to register a new fingerprint on the device 100 and has enrolled an additional fingerprint (e.g., Finger 2 in FIG.\",\n \"17F) to the set of fingerprints currently enrolled on the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to adding the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints, the device prevents (1818) enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.\",\n \"In some other embodiments, for enhanced security, the device prevents enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential in response to detecting a request to enroll an additional fingerprint with the device, independent of whether or not an additional fingerprint is actually enrolled.\",\n \"Thus, in some other embodiments, the mere request to enroll an additional fingerprint (e.g., activating “Add Finger” in FIG.\",\n \"17E) causes the device to prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential (e.g., at least until the respective credential is subsequently entered manually).\",\n \"Disabling automatic usage of a saved credential after an attempt to enroll an additional fingerprint provides an alert to the user (either implicitly or explicitly) of the attempted enrollment.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device stores (1820) on the device a predefined fingerprint usage setting that enables the device to automatically use the respective credential of the user in a software application upon receiving a fingerprint that matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"For example, exemplary embodiments of the predefined fingerprint usage setting for enabling automatic usage of saved credentials are described with reference to method 600.In some embodiments, preventing enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential includes (1822) deleting or changing a value of the predefined fingerprint usage setting.\",\n \"In some embodiments, deleting or changing a value of the predefined fingerprint usage setting includes deleting a previous authorization from the user to enable automatic usage of saved credentials through an enrolled fingerprint, or changing the fingerprint usage setting (e.g., Touch ID Purchase setting 550 in FIG.\",\n \"5U) from enabled to disabled.\",\n \"In some embodiments, preventing enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential includes (1824) deleting a predefined set of confidential values that includes the respective credential.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, the device deletes all saved credentials currently stored on the device, such that no saved credential is available for automatic use through enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"In such embodiments, in the event that the user manually enters a credential in context, the device will automatically save the manually entered credential, and re-enable the automatic usage of the credential through enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"In some embodiments, if the device supports different sets of enrolled fingerprints for usage of different sets of saved credentials, the device deletes all saved credentials associated with the respective set of enrolled fingerprints to which the additional fingerprint was added.\",\n \"In some embodiments, preventing enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential includes (1826) deleting the respective credential (e.g., deleting the Apple ID password in the example shown in FIGS.\",\n \"5A-5J).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device deletes the respective credential along with one or more other saved credentials having the same level of security on the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device keeps track of the number of unsuccessful attempts to provide an enrolled fingerprint to unlock the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, if the device has registered too many failed attempts to unlock the device using an enrolled fingerprint, the device continues to keep the device locked, and also disables automatic usage of saved credentials through enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"In such embodiments, even if the device is subsequently unlocked (e.g., through the use of an unlock passcode), the user is required to re-enable the automatic usage of save credentials by manually entering the saved credentials and/or reconfiguring the predefined fingerprint usage setting.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device receives (1828) a sequence of N unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device via fingerprint authorization, wherein N is a predefined integer greater a predetermined threshold number (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or any reasonable number of unsuccessful attempts).\",\n \"In response to receiving the sequence of N unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device via fingerprint authorization, the device prevents (1830) enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device provides a way to reauthorize or re-enable the automatic usage of saved credentials through enrolled fingerprints, after the automatic usage has been prevented or disabled (e.g., through any of the methods described above).\",\n \"In some embodiments, after preventing enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential (1832): the device receives (1834) a request to use the respective credential in the software application (e.g., as shown in FIG.\",\n \"17G, the device receives a request from the app store application to use the account passcode to complete a purchase transaction).\",\n \"In the event that the automatic usage of the saved credential has been disabled, the device requests (1836) the respective credential from the user (e.g., by presenting the pop-up window 1730 and the soft keypad 1732, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"17H).\",\n \"The device receives (1838) the respective credential (e.g., the account passcode) from the user (e.g., through the text input field shown in the pop-up window 1730 in FIG.\",\n \"17I).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to receiving the respective credential from the user (1740): the device uses (1742) the respective credential in the software application (e.g., as illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"17I-17J); and enables (1744) enrolled fingerprints to be used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, once the automatic usage of the respective credential is re-enabled, if the user returns to the same software application (e.g., the app store application), and tries to activate the same secured operation (e.g., making another purchase), the operation can proceed in a manner analogous to that shown in FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17D (i.e., the user can provide an enrolled fingerprint in lieu of the credential to complete the purchase).\",\n \"It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.\",\n \"18A-18C have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.\",\n \"One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.\",\n \"Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 1800 described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"18A-18C.\",\n \"For example, the finger inputs (e.g., including fingerprints), requests, operations, credentials, and requests described above with reference to method 1800 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the finger inputs (e.g., including fingerprints), requests, operations, credentials, and requests described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).\",\n \"For brevity, these details are not repeated here.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.\",\n \"19 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 1900 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.\",\n \"19 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"19, an electronic device 1900 includes a display unit 1902 configured to display a graphic user interface, a touch-sensitive surface unit 1904 configured to receive contacts, a fingerprint sensor unit 1906 configured to receive a fingerprint input; and a processing unit 1908 coupled to the display unit 1902, the touch-sensitive surface unit 1904, and the fingerprint sensor unit 1906.In some embodiments, the processing unit 1908 includes a credential storage unit 1910, a determining unit 1912, a credential usage unit 1914, a fingerprint enrollment unit 1916, a usage authorization unit 1918, a settings storage unit 1920, a locking unit 1922, a request receiving unit 1924, and a credential receiving unit 1926.In some embodiments, the credential storage unit 1910 is configured to store on the device a respective credential of a user of the device.\",\n \"While a software application is being executed on the device: the fingerprint sensor unit 1906 is configured to receive a fingerprint at the fingerprint sensor of the device.\",\n \"The determining unit 1912 is configured to: while the software application is being executed on the device, determine that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied, including determining that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"The credential usage unit 1914 is configured to: while the software application is being executed on the device, in response to the receipt of the fingerprint by the fingerprint sensor unit 1906 and in accordance with a determination by the determining unit 1912 that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied, including a determination that the received fingerprint matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints, automatically use the respective credential of the user in the software application.\",\n \"The fingerprint enrollment unit 1916 is configured to: after the credential usage unit 1914 has automatically used the respective credential of the user in response to the fingerprint sensor unit 1906 receiving the fingerprint, receive a request to enroll an additional fingerprint with the device.\",\n \"The fingerprint enrollment unit 1916 is further configured to: in response to the request to enroll the additional fingerprint with the device, add the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"The usage authorization unit 1718 is configured to: in response to the addition of the additional fingerprint to the set of enrolled fingerprints by the fingerprint enrollment unit 1916, prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the determination that credential-usage criteria have been satisfied includes a determination that usage of the respective credential has not been disabled.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective credential includes a credential selected from the set consisting of: a user ID, a password, a credit card number, a bank account number, an address, a telephone number, and a shopping credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the settings storage unit 1920 is configured to store on the device a predefined fingerprint usage setting that enables the device to automatically use the respective credential of the user in the software application upon receiving a fingerprint that matches at least one of a set of enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the usage authorization unit 1918 is configured to prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential by deleting or changing a value of the predefined fingerprint usage setting.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the usage authorization unit 1918 is configured to prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential by deleting a predefined set of confidential values that includes the respective credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the usage authorization unit 1918 is configured to prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential by deleting the respective credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the locking unit 1922 is configured to: receive a sequence of N unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device via fingerprint authorization, wherein N is a predefined integer; and in response to receiving the sequence of N unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device via fingerprint authorization, prevent enrolled fingerprints from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the request receiving unit 1924 is configured to receive a request to use the respective credential in the software application, after enrolled fingerprints are prevented from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.\",\n \"The credential receiving unit 1926 is configured to requesting the respective credential from the user (e.g., after the request receiving unit 1924 receives the request and enrolled fingerprints are prevented from being used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the credential usage unit 1914 is further configured to: in response to the credential receiving unit receiving the respective credential from the user, use the respective credential in the software application.\",\n \"In addition, in some embodiments, the usage authorization unit 1918 is further configured to: in response to the credential receiving unit receiving the respective credential from the user, enable enrolled fingerprints to be used to authorize automatic usage of the respective credential.\",\n \"The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"1A and 3) or application specific chips.\",\n \"The operations described above with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"18A-18J are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B or FIG.\",\n \"19.For example, storing operation 1802, receiving operation 1808, using operation 1810, adding operation 1816, preventing operation 1818 are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.\",\n \"When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.\",\n \"Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.\",\n \"Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B.\",\n \"Revealing Redacted Information Many electronic devices have graphical user interfaces that contain private information (e.g., information that a user of the device may not want to be viewed by others).\",\n \"Redacting private information prevents other people from viewing the private information; however, redacting private information also prevents the user of the device from viewing the private information.\",\n \"Some methods require a user to perform a complicated sequence of steps (e.g., navigating to a settings menu and/or entering a pass code or password) to reveal redacted information (e.g., by unlocking the device or changing redaction settings).\",\n \"This makes it difficult and time consuming for the user to quickly review an unredacted version of the information.\",\n \"Thus, it would be advantageous to provide a way for a user to quickly and intuitively remove redaction from information displayed by the device so that the private information is hidden from other people but is still readily accessible to the user of the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments described below, an improved method for revealing redacted information is achieved by using a fingerprint sensor to determine whether or not to reveal redacted information.\",\n \"In particular, while the device is displaying information with a redacted portion, the device determines whether or not to display an unredacted version of the redacted portion of the information based on whether the device detects a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint on a fingerprint sensor of the device.\",\n \"This method streamlines the process of revealing redacted information by enabling a user to reveal redacted information simply by placing a finger on a fingerprint sensor of the device, thereby eliminating the need for extra, separate, steps to reveal redacted information.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.\",\n \"1A).\",\n \"The device described below with reference to 20A-20T and 21A-21C includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"20A-20T and 21A-21C will be discussed with reference to a device with a touch screen 112 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.\",\n \"20A-20T on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"20A-20T on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a display 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 instead of a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.\",\n \"20A-20T on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) and/or the separate touch-sensitive surface 451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"20A-20T on the display 450; in such embodiments, the contacts shown in FIGS.\",\n \"20A-20T optionally represent both a focus selector that corresponds to a location on the display 450, and a contact that corresponds to a location of a contact or gesture performed on the separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451), where the focus selector is, optionally: a respective contact, a representative point corresponding to a contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a point associated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or more contacts detected on the touch screen 112 and is, optionally, replaced with a displayed cursor.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"20A illustrates a locked-device user interface displayed on touch screen 112 of device 100 while the device is in a locked mode of operation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, locked-device user interface is displayed while one or more functions of device 100 are locked (e.g., access to personal data and applications is limited compared to when the device is in an unlocked mode of operation).\",\n \"In some embodiments, when the device detects a swipe gesture including movement of a contact from left to right across touch screen 112, the device is unlocked or an unlock sequence is initiated (e.g., a user is prompted to enter a pass code, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20G).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is unlocked when the swipe gesture is detected over an unlock image 2001 (e.g., the text “>slide to unlock” in FIG.\",\n \"20A).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"20B, while the device is in the locked mode of operation, the device receives an email and generates notification 2002 that includes redacted portion 2004 that corresponds to a snippet of content of the email and unredacted portion 2006 that includes a sender, title, and time of the email.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"20C, the device detects a finger gesture that includes finger contact 2008 on fingerprint sensor 169.Finger contact 2008 includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint and, in response to detecting finger contact 2008, the device displays unredacted version 2010 of the content of the email.\",\n \"In this example, the device continues to display unredacted portion 2006 of notification 2002 while displaying unredacted version 2010 of the content.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"20D illustrates a locked-device user interface displayed on touch screen 112 of device 100 while the device is in a locked mode of operation after the device has generated multiple notifications that correspond to different received communications or events, including a compressed version 2012-4 of email notification 2002 shown in FIGS.\",\n \"20B-20C, calendar notification 2012-1, phone call notification 2012-2, and email notification 2012-3.In FIG.\",\n \"20D, the content of email notifications 2012-3 and 2012-4 is redacted and the name of the caller in phone call notification 2012-2 is redacted, while none of the information in calendar notification 2012-1 is redacted.\",\n \"In some embodiments a name or location of the calendar notification is redacted.\",\n \"In some embodiments, none of the information in phone call notification 2012-2 is redacted.\",\n \"In some embodiments, one or more of these notifications 2012 in FIG.\",\n \"20D includes only redacted information.\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"20E-20F, the device detects contact 2020 on touch screen 112 and detects movement 2022-a and 2022-b of contact 2020 across touch screen 112.In response to detecting contact 2020 at or near a location of icon 2024 that corresponds to email notification 2012-3, the device ceases to display descriptive information about email notification 2012-3 (e.g., the redacted and unredacted information that correspond to the notification) and instead displays an instruction for accessing the email corresponding to the notification (e.g., “slide to unlock” 2026).\",\n \"In response to detecting movement of contact 2020, the device moves icon 2024 across the display (e.g., so as provide visual confirmation that the notification that corresponds to icon 2024 has been selected and/or to indicate progress toward unlocking the device and displaying the email corresponding to email notification 2012-3).\",\n \"In some embodiments, when at least a portion of a respective notification is redacted, the device responds to an attempt to unlock the device to access additional information related to the respective notification (e.g., swipe gesture at a location that corresponds to the respective notification, as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"20E-20F) by requesting additional authentication from the user (e.g., as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20G).\",\n \"In some embodiments, when a respective notification is not redacted, the device responds to an attempt to unlock the device to access additional information related to the respective notification (e.g., swipe gesture at a location that corresponds to the respective notification, as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"20J-20K) by displaying the additional information related to the respective notification (e.g., as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20L).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"20G, the device displays an unlock user interface for unlocking the device.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"20G, the device will unlock the device in response to detecting entry of a pass code for the device or in response to detecting a fingerprint on fingerprint sensor 169 that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"For example, if a correct pass code is entered in pass code entry user interface 2028 (e.g., by detecting tap gestures on the numbers that correspond to entry of the correct pass code) and/or a fingerprint matching a previously enrolled fingerprint is detected on fingerprint sensor 169, the device will display a copy of the email that corresponds to the activated notification 2012-3 in FIG.\",\n \"20D in an email application (e.g., as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20L).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"20H, the device displays unredacted versions of previously redacted notifications in response to detecting finger contact 2030 on fingerprint sensor 169 that includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint while displaying multiple notifications 2012, a plurality of which included both redacted and unredacted information (e.g., as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20D).\",\n \"In this example, the device continues to display the unredacted portions of notifications 2012 while displaying unredacted portions of a plurality of notifications that previously included redacted portions (e.g., notifications 2012-2, 2012-3, and 2012-4 previously included redacted portions in FIG.\",\n \"20D and do not include redacted portions in FIG.\",\n \"20H after finger contact 2030 has been detected).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to detecting liftoff of finger contact 2030, redacted versions of the notifications are redisplayed (e.g., returning to the user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20D).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to detecting liftoff of finger contact 2030, the device is unlocked (e.g., as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20I).\",\n \"In some embodiments, after detecting liftoff of the finger contact 2030, the unredacted versions of the notifications continue to be displayed for a predefined time period (e.g., for 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 seconds or some other reasonable time period) or until a predetermined criteria has been met (e.g., the display of the device has turned off either due to a screen-dim timer or due to a screen-dim input from a user such as activating a sleep/power button of the device), as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20J, where unredacted versions of notifications 2012-2 and 2012-4 are displayed even though the device is not currently detecting a fingerprint on fingerprint sensor 169.In FIG.\",\n \"20I, in response to detecting a liftoff of finger contact 2030 (FIG.\",\n \"20H) from fingerprint sensor 169, the device transitions from operating in a locked mode to operating in an unlocked mode and displays an application launch interface for launching a plurality of different applications (e.g., in response to detecting a tap gesture on a respective icon of the icons displayed on touch screen 112 in FIG.\",\n \"20I, the device would open an application corresponding to the respective icon as described in greater detail above with reference to FIG.\",\n \"4A).\",\n \"In some embodiments, when the device is unlocked, a most recently open application (e.g., an application that was open at the time when the device was locked) is displayed instead of displaying the application launch user interface (e.g., if a mail application was open when the device was last locked, a mail application user interface such as the interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20L is shown on the display).\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"20J-20K, while unredacted versions of notifications 2012 are displayed (e.g., as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20H), the device detects contact 2032 on touch screen 112 and movement 2034-a and 2034-b of contact 2032 across touch screen 112.In response to detecting contact 2032 at or near a location of an icon 2024 that corresponds to email notification 2012-3, the device ceases to display descriptive information about email notification 2012-3 (e.g., the redacted and unredacted information that correspond to the notification) and instead displays an instruction for accessing the email corresponding to the notification (e.g., “slide to unlock” 2026).\",\n \"In response to detecting movement of contact 2032, the device moves icon 2024 across the display (e.g., so as provide visual confirmation that the notification that corresponds to icon 2024 has been selected and/or to indicate progress toward unlocking the device and displaying the email corresponding to email notification 2012-3).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"20L, the device displays an email received at the device that corresponds to notification 2012-3 in FIGS.\",\n \"20D and 20H.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"20L, the full version of the email includes additional content that is not included in the snippet shown in the notification that corresponds to the email.\",\n \"The email interface in FIG.\",\n \"20L also includes a plurality of controls 2036 that enable the user to perform or initiate performance of different operations, such as: navigate to different emails (e.g., by tapping on control 2036-1 to display an inbox view that includes representations of a plurality of emails, by tapping on control 2036-3 to navigate to a previous email in the current folder or tapping on control 2036-2 to navigate to a next email in the current folder), flag/star the displayed email (e.g., by tapping on control 2036-4), file the displayed email in a folder (e.g., by tapping on control 2036-5), delete/archive the displayed email (e.g., by tapping on control 2036-6), reply/forward the displayed email (e.g., by tapping on control 2036-7), and draft a new email (e.g., by tapping on control 2036-8).\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"20M-20O, the device detects contact 2040 on touch screen 112 and movement 2042-a and 2042-b across touch screen 112.In response to detecting movement of contact 2040 downward from a top edge of touch screen 112, the device gradually displays notification interface 2044 sliding down touch screen 112, e.g., in accordance with movement 2042 of contact 2040.As shown in FIG.\",\n \"20P, notification interface 2044 includes a plurality of notifications that include redacted information and unredacted information and a plurality of notifications that include only unredacted information.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"20P, calendar notifications 2046-1 and 2046-2 are unredacted; email notifications 2046-3 and 2046-4 include unredacted senders, subjects and times and redacted content; phone message notifications 2046-5 and 2046-6 include redacted callers and unredacted times; and message notifications 2046-7 and 2046-8 include unredacted senders and times and redacted content.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"20P, in response to detecting an upward swipe gesture including detecting contact 2048 near a lower edge of touch screen 112 and movement 2050 of contact 2048 upward on touch screen 112 while the redacted version of some of the notifications is displayed (e.g., as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20P), the device returns to displaying a locked-device user interface such as the user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20M.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"20Q, in response to detecting finger contact 2052 on fingerprint sensor 169 that includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint, the device displays unredacted versions of multiple, previously redacted notifications 2046, a plurality of which include both redacted and unredacted information (e.g., as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20P).\",\n \"In this example, the device continues to display the unredacted portions of notifications 2046 while displaying unredacted portions of a plurality of notifications that previously included redacted portions (e.g., notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, and 2046-8 previously included redacted portions in FIG.\",\n \"20P and do not include redacted portions in FIG.\",\n \"20Q after finger contact 2052 has been detected).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to detecting liftoff of finger contact 2052, redacted versions of the notifications are redisplayed (e.g., returning to the user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20P).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to detecting liftoff of finger contact 2052, the device is unlocked (e.g., as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20I).\",\n \"In some embodiments, after detecting liftoff of the finger contact 2030, the unredacted versions of the notifications continue to be displayed for a predefined time period (e.g., for 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 seconds or some other reasonable time period) or until a predetermined criteria has been met (e.g., the display of the device has turned off either due to a screen-dim timer or due to a screen-dim input from a user such as activating a sleep/power button of the device).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"20Q, in response to detecting an upward swipe gesture including detecting contact 2054 near a lower edge of touch screen 112 and movement 2056 upward on touch screen 112 as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20Q while the unredacted versions the notifications are displayed, the device displays an unlocked-device user interface (e.g., an application launch user interface such as the application launch user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20I or a user interface for a recently opened application such as the email user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20L).\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"20R-20T illustrate alternative ways to redact a notification.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"20R, a snippet of content is replaced with redaction text string 2058 (e.g., ) that indicates that the snippet of content of the email has been redacted.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"20S, a snippet of content of the email is obscured by placing black boxes 2060 over individual words to indicate that the snippet of content of the email has been redacted.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"20T, predefined redaction object 2062 has been placed over the snippet of content to indicate that the snippet of content of the email has been redacted.\",\n \"While the redaction shown in FIGS.\",\n \"20A-20Q included blurring redacted text, any suitable method of rendering the redacted content unreadable, including those shown in FIGS.\",\n \"20R-20T, could be used instead of or in addition to the blurring shown in FIGS.\",\n \"20A-20Q.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"21A-21C are flow diagrams illustrating a method 2100 of revealing redacted information in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"The method 2100 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.\",\n \"3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.\",\n \"1A) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"Some operations in method 2100 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.\",\n \"As described below, the method 2100 provides an intuitive way to reveal redacted information.\",\n \"The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when revealing redacted information, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to revealing redacted information faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device displays (2102) a locked-device user interface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device receives (2104) a request to display information (e.g., detecting the activation of a button that corresponds to a request to turn on a display of the device, or detecting a request to display a notification user interface as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"20M-20P).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device detects (2106) the occurrence of a predefined event (e.g., the device receives a new communication and generates a notification of the new communication as described above with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"20A-20B).\",\n \"The device displays (2108) a redacted version of first information on the display (e.g., notification 2002 in FIG.\",\n \"20B, notifications 2012-2, 2012-3, 2012-4 in FIG.\",\n \"20D, or notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, 2046-8 in FIG.\",\n \"20P).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information is displayed in response to receiving the request to display information and/or in response to detecting the occurrence of the predefined event.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first redacted information includes (2110) a plurality of distinct information items (e.g., notifications 2012-2, 2012-3, 2012-4 in FIG.\",\n \"20D, or notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, 2046-8 in FIG.\",\n \"20P), and each information item in the plurality of information items includes a redacted portion and an unredacted portion (e.g., in FIG.\",\n \"20D, the time and description of phone call notification 2012-2 are not redacted, while the name of the caller is redacted, and the subject, sender and time of email notifications 2012-3 and 2012-4 are not redacted while the content of the emails is redacted).\",\n \"In some embodiments, an information item is a set of related information (e.g., information related to a single event or communication).\",\n \"For example, an information item for an electronic message includes two or more of: a name of a sender, a subject line, a time at which the message was received, and content of the message.\",\n \"As another example, an information item for a calendar event includes two or more of a name of an event, a list of participants, a location, a time of the event, and a description of the event.\",\n \"As another example, an information item for a phone call includes two or more of a name of a caller, a phone number from which the phone call was received, and a time of the call.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first information includes (2112) a notification that includes identifying information (e.g., a sender of a message and a time) and content (e.g., a subject line and/or a snippet or portion of a body of a message), the identifying information is not redacted and the content is redacted (e.g., as shown with notification 2002 in FIG.\",\n \"20B and notifications 2012-3 and 2014 in FIG.\",\n \"20D).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first information includes (2114) one or more notifications of communications received by the device (e.g., notifications of missed messages, emails, phone calls and the like).\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"20D, the first information includes phone call notification 2012-2 and email notifications 2012-3 and 2012-4.In some embodiments, the first information includes (2116) one or more notifications of social networking updates.\",\n \"(e.g., notifications of messages and events generated by users who are friends or are followed by a user of the device).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information includes (2118) a copy of the first information that has been rendered unreadable (e.g., by blurring words as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"20B, 20D and 20P, by blacking out words as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20S, or by otherwise obscuring text).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information includes (2120) a predefined redaction object (e.g., a string that says as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20R or or a predefined shape as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20T) that is displayed in place of text in the first information.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information is displayed (2122) on a locked-device user interface (e.g., a lock screen) of the device (e.g., as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"20B and 20D).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first information includes (2124) a plurality of distinct information items that are redacted (e.g., a plurality of notifications for different messages or events that occurred on the device).\",\n \"In some embodiments, information items in a plurality of information items in the first information each include a redacted portion (e.g., content) and an unredacted portion (e.g., an identifier).\",\n \"For example in FIG.\",\n \"20D, notifications 2012-2, 2012-3, and 2012-4 each include a redacted portion and an unredacted portion and in FIG.\",\n \"20P, notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, 2046-8 each include a redacted portion and an unredacted portion.\",\n \"In some embodiments, while displaying the redacted version of the first information, the device displays (2128) an unredacted version of second information (e.g., in FIG.\",\n \"20D, notification 2012-1 is unredacted and in FIG.\",\n \"20P, notifications 2046-1 and 2046-2 are unredacted).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device displays a plurality of notifications including one or more redacted notifications and one or more unredacted notifications (e.g., notifications of email messages are redacted, while notifications from a game are not redacted).\",\n \"Providing a plurality of notifications that each include a redacted portion and an unredacted portion provides the user with the ability to quickly view at least some information about multiple different events or communications and determine whether or not it is necessary to view the unredacted versions of the notifications and/or unlock the device to display additional information that corresponds to the notifications.\",\n \"Thus, providing a plurality of notifications with both redacted and unredacted content maintains the ease of use of the device for the user while improving the security of private information (e.g., content of email messages, content of text messages, and/or the identity of callers).\",\n \"While displaying the redacted version of the first information on the display, the device detects (2130) a finger input (e.g., finger contact 2008 in FIG.\",\n \"20C, finger contact 2030 in FIG.\",\n \"20H, or finger contact 2052 in FIG.\",\n \"20Q) on the fingerprint sensor (e.g., fingerprint sensor 169 in FIGS.\",\n \"20A-20T).\",\n \"In response (2132) to detecting the finger input on the fingerprint sensor, in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, the device replaces (2134) display of the redacted version of the first information with an unredacted version of the first information (e.g., as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"20B-20C, FIGS.\",\n \"20D and 20H, and FIGS.\",\n \"20P-20Q the device removes redaction from one or more notifications in response to detecting an enrolled fingerprint on fingerprint sensor 169).\",\n \"In some embodiments, when the first redacted information includes a plurality of distinct information items; and each information item in the plurality of information items includes a redacted portion and an unredacted portion, replacing display of the redacted version of the first information with the unredacted version of the first information includes (2136) replacing display of redacted portions of the plurality of information items with corresponding unredacted content while maintaining display of unredacted portions of the plurality of information items.\",\n \"For example in FIG.\",\n \"20D, notifications 2012-2, 2012-3, and 2012-4 each include a redacted portion and an unredacted portion and in FIG.\",\n \"20H, after detecting finger contact 2030 on fingerprint sensor 169, the redacted portions of these notifications are replaced with unredacted portions while the previously unredacted portions continue to be displayed.\",\n \"Similarly, in FIG.\",\n \"20P, notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, 2046-8 each include a redacted portion, and in FIG.\",\n \"20Q, after detecting finger contact 2052 on fingerprint sensor 169, the redacted portions of these notifications are replaced with unredacted portions while the previously unredacted portions continue to be displayed.\",\n \"In response to detecting the finger input on the fingerprint sensor, in accordance with a determination that the finger input does not include a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, the device maintains (2138) display of the redacted version of the first information on the display.\",\n \"For example, if finger contact 2008 (FIG.\",\n \"20C) did not include a fingerprint that matched a previously enrolled fingerprint, the device would continue to display the user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20B (rather than the user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20C) or display a fingerprint match error user interface indicating to the user that a non-matching fingerprint was detected.\",\n \"As another example, if finger contact 2030 (FIG.\",\n \"20H) did not include a fingerprint that matched a previously enrolled fingerprint, the device would continue to display the user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20D (rather than the user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20H) or display a fingerprint match error user interface indicating to the user that a non-matching fingerprint was detected.\",\n \"As another example, if finger contact 2052 (FIG.\",\n \"20Q) did not include a fingerprint that matched a previously enrolled fingerprint, the device would continue to display the user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20P (rather than the user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20Q) or display a fingerprint match error user interface indicating to the user that a non-matching fingerprint was detected.\",\n \"Maintaining display of the redacted version of information when non-enrolled fingerprint is detected on the fingerprint sensor prevents unauthorized users from viewing private information that is redacted.\",\n \"In some embodiments, after displaying the unredacted version of the first information, the device continues (2140) to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"In some embodiments, while continuing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, the device maintains (2142) display of the unredacted version of the first information on the display.\",\n \"In some embodiments, while maintaining display of the unredacted version of the first information, the device ceases (2144) to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor (e.g., detecting liftoff of the fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to ceasing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, the device redisplays (2146) the redacted version of the first information.\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"20C, if the device detected liftoff of contact 2008, the device would redisplay the user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20B.\",\n \"As another example, in FIG.\",\n \"20H, if the device detected liftoff of contact 2030, the device would redisplay the user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20D.\",\n \"As another example, in FIG.\",\n \"20Q, if the device detected liftoff of contact 2052, the device would redisplay the user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20P.\",\n \"In some embodiments, prior to detecting the first input, the device displays (2102) a locked-device user interface on the display (e.g., a user interface that corresponds to a locked mode of operation of the device as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20D).\",\n \"In some embodiments, after displaying the unredacted version of the first information, the device continues (2140) to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor (e.g., as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20H).\",\n \"In some embodiments, while continuing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, the device maintains (2142) display of the unredacted version of the first information on the display (e.g., as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20H).\",\n \"In some embodiments, while maintaining display of the unredacted version of the first information, the device ceases (2144) to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor (e.g., detecting liftoff of the fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20I).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to ceasing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, the device ceases (2148) to display the first information; and displays an unlocked-device user interface on the display (e.g., displaying a user interface that corresponds to an unlocked mode of operation of the device such as the application launch user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20I or a user interface for a last-used application such as the mail application user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"20L).\",\n \"Thus, in some embodiments, in response to detecting a finger-down portion of the first input, the device reveals redacted content (e.g., by replacing a redacted version of the content with an unredacted version of the content) and in response to detecting a finger-up portion of the first input, the device displays an unlocked-device user interface.\",\n \"Revealing redacted information in response to detecting a finger-down portion of a finger input and displaying an unlocked-device user interface in response to a finger-up portion of the finger input provides the user with a quick way to view the redacted content and then transition to the unlocked-device user interface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the unlocked-device user interface is displayed in response to detecting liftoff of the finger contact if the time between the finger-down portion of the finger input (e.g., the time at which the finger was detected on the fingerprint sensor) and the finger-up portion of the finger input (e.g., the time at which the finger ceased to be detected on the fingerprint sensor) is greater than a first time threshold (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 second, or some other reasonable time threshold); and the locked-device user interface continues to be displayed in response to detecting liftoff of the finger contact if the time between the finger-down portion of the finger input and the finger-up portion of the finger input is less than the first time threshold (e.g., the user can cancel the device unlock operation by removing the finger contact on the fingerprint sensor before the first time threshold amount of time has elapsed).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the unlocked-device user interface is displayed in response to detecting liftoff of the finger contact if the time between the finger-down portion of the finger input (e.g., the time at which the finger was detected on the fingerprint sensor) and the finger-up portion of the finger input (e.g., the time at which the finger ceased to be detected on the fingerprint sensor) is less than a second time threshold (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 second, or some other reasonable time threshold); and the locked-device user interface continues to be displayed in response to detecting liftoff of the finger contact if the time between the finger-down portion of the finger input and the finger-up portion of the finger input is greater than the second time threshold (e.g., the user can cancel the device unlock operation by maintaining the finger contact on the fingerprint sensor for more than the second time threshold amount of time).\",\n \"In some embodiments, prior to displaying the redacted version of the first information, the device receives (2104) a request to display the first information.\",\n \"For example, the device detects a swipe gesture in a first direction (e.g., downward) starting at or near a first (e.g., top) edge of the display (e.g., as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"20M-20O, where contact 2040 is detected near a top edge of touch screen 112 and moves 2042 downward) or detects a predefined input (e.g., activation of a button of the device that corresponds to a request to wake the device from a low power mode, a request to turn the display of the device on, and/or a request to display a locked-device user interface).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to receiving the request to display the first information, the device displays (2108) the redacted version of the first information on the display.\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"20P, the device displays notification user interface 2044 with a plurality of notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, 2046-8 that each include a redacted portion in response to detecting the swipe gesture in the first direction.\",\n \"In some embodiments, after displaying the first information, the device detects a swipe gesture (e.g., movement 2050 of contact 2048 in FIG.\",\n \"20P or movement 2056 of contact 2054 in FIG.\",\n \"20Q) in a second direction (e.g., upward) that is different from the first direction and starts at or near a different (e.g., bottom) edge of the display.\",\n \"In response to detecting the swipe gesture in the second direction, the device ceases to display the redacted version of the first information on the display.\",\n \"In some embodiments, whether or not the first information (e.g., the notifications in notification user interface 2044) is redacted depends on whether the device is in a locked mode of operation or an unlocked mode of operation (e.g., in response to detecting a request to display the first information while the device is a locked mode of operation), the device displays a redacted version of the first information such as the redacted notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, 2046-8 shown in FIG.\",\n \"20P, whereas in response to detecting a request to display the first information while the device is in an unlocked mode of operation, the device displays an unredacted version of the first information such as the unredacted notifications 2046-3, 2046-4, 2046-5, 2046-6, 2046-7, 2046-8 shown in FIG.\",\n \"20Q).\",\n \"In some embodiments, prior to displaying the redacted version of the first information, the device detects (2106) the occurrence of a predefined event and in response to detecting the occurrence of the predefined event, the device displays (2108) the redacted version of the first information on the display (e.g., in response to receiving a communication such as an email or a phone call, detecting that a reminder time for a calendar appointment has been reached, or receiving a notification from a third party application, the device displays a pop-up notification that corresponds to the event).\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"20B, the device receives an email from Johnny Appleseed, generates a notification including information from the email and displays a redacted version of notification 2002 on touch screen 112.In some embodiments, whether or not the first information is redacted depends on whether the device is in a locked mode of operation or an unlocked mode of operation (e.g., in response to detecting the occurrence of the predefined event while the device is a locked mode of operation, the device displays a redacted version of the first information as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20B and in response to detecting the occurrence of the predefined event while the device is in an unlocked mode of operation, the device displays an unredacted version of the first information).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information is displayed in a predefined location on the display (e.g., in a center of the display) when it is first received and is later displayed in a list of notifications with one or more other notifications (e.g., one or more unredacted notifications and/or one or more redacted notifications).\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"20B a notification 2002 for an email from Johnny Appleseed is initially displayed in a center of touch screen 112 in FIG.\",\n \"20B after it is received and notification 2012-4 for the same email from Johnny Appleseed is later displayed in FIG.\",\n \"20D in a list of other notifications generated by the device (e.g., notifications that correspond to communications received or events that occurred since the last time the device was unlocked) on touch screen 112.It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.\",\n \"21A-21C have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.\",\n \"One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.\",\n \"Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 2100 described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"21A-21C.\",\n \"For example, the fingerprints, contacts, gestures, redaction, and animations described above with reference to method 2100 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the fingerprints, contacts, gestures, redaction, and animations described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).\",\n \"For brevity, these details are not repeated here.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.\",\n \"22 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 2200 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.\",\n \"22 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"22, an electronic device 2200 includes a display unit 2202 configured to display a redacted version of first information, optionally a touch-sensitive surface unit 2204, a fingerprint sensor unit 2206, and a processing unit 2208 coupled to the display unit 2202, optionally the touch-sensitive surface unit 2204, and the fingerprint sensor unit 2206.In some embodiments, the processing unit 2208 includes a display enabling unit 2210, a detecting unit 2212, a replacing unit 2214, a maintaining unit 2216, a ceasing unit 2218, and a receiving unit 2220.The processing unit 2208 is configured to, while enabling display (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2210) of the redacted version of the first information on the display unit 2202, detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 2212) a finger input on the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The processing unit 2208 is configured to, in response to detecting the finger input on the fingerprint sensor: in accordance with a determination that the finger input includes a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, replace display (e.g., with replacing unit 2214) of the redacted version of the first information with an unredacted version of the first information; and in accordance with a determination that the finger input does not include a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to reveal the first information, maintain display (e.g., with maintaining unit 2216) of the redacted version of the first information on the display unit 2202.In some embodiments, the first redacted information includes a plurality of distinct information items and each information item in the plurality of information items includes a redacted portion and an unredacted portion.\",\n \"In some embodiments, replacing display of the redacted version of the first information with the unredacted version of the first information includes replacing display of the redacted portions of the plurality of information items with corresponding unredacted content while maintaining display of the unredacted portions of the plurality of information items.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first information includes a notification that includes identifying information and content, the identifying information is not redacted, and the content is redacted.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first information includes one or more notifications of communications received by the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first information includes one or more notifications of social networking updates.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information includes a copy of the first information that has been rendered unreadable.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information includes a predefined redaction object that is displayed in place of text in the first information.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the redacted version of the first information is displayed on a locked-device user interface of the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first information includes a plurality of distinct information items that are redacted.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing unit 2208 is configured to, while enabling display of the redacted version of the first information, enable display (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2210) of an unredacted version of second information.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing unit 2208 is configured to: after enabling display of the unredacted version of the first information, continue to detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 2212) the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; while continuing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, maintain display (e.g., with the maintaining unit 2216) of the unredacted version of the first information on the display unit 2202; while maintaining display of the unredacted version of the first information, cease to detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 2212) the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; and in response to ceasing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, enable redisplay (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2210) of the redacted version of the first information.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing unit 2208 is configured to: prior to detecting the first input, enable display (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2210) of a locked-device user interface on the display unit 2202; after displaying the unredacted version of the first information, continue to detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 2212) the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; while continuing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, maintain display (e.g., with the maintaining unit 2216) of the unredacted version of the first information on the display unit 2202; while maintaining display of the unredacted version of the first information, cease to detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 2212) the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor; and in response to ceasing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor: cease to display (e.g., with the ceasing unit 2218) the first information; and enable display (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2210) of an unlocked-device user interface on the display unit 2202.In some embodiments, the processing unit 2208 is configured to: prior to displaying the redacted version of the first information, receive (e.g., with the receiving unit 2220) a request to display the first information; and in response to receiving the request to display the first information, enable display (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2210) of the redacted version of the first information on the display unit 2202.In some embodiments, the processing unit 2208 is configured to: prior to displaying the redacted version of the first information, detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 2212) the occurrence of a predefined event; and in response to detecting the occurrence of the predefined event, enable display (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2210) of the redacted version of the first information on the display unit 2202.The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"1A and 3) or application specific chips.\",\n \"The operations described above with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"21A-21C are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B or FIG.\",\n \"22.For example, display operations 2102 and 2108, receiving operation 2104, detecting operations 2106 and 2130, replacing operation 2134 and maintaining operation 2138 are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.\",\n \"When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.\",\n \"Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.\",\n \"Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B.\",\n \"Providing Different Unlock Modes Many electronic devices have a locked mode, where the locked mode has a different set of enabled features than the unlocked mode on the corresponding device.\",\n \"Because many users wish to keep the contents of their electronic devices private, a locked mode allows for a level of security against unauthorized access to an electronic device.\",\n \"A user may wish to have more than one way to unlock an electronic device while it is in a locked state.\",\n \"The device described below improves on existing methods by providing different unlock modes to unlock a device while it is in a locked mode of operation, including one or more unlock modes associated with a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"While the device is in a locked mode of operation in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, the device detects, with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking the device.\",\n \"In response to detecting the first input with the fingerprint sensor the device determines whether the first input meets one of unlock criteria, first unlock-failure criteria, or second unlock-failure criteria.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the unlock criteria, the device transitions the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, the device maintains the device in the locked mode and adjusts unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a first set of one or more unlock operations.\",\n \"Finally, in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, the device maintains the device in the locked mode and adjusts unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a second set of one or more unlock operations that is different from the first set of unlock operations.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.\",\n \"1A).\",\n \"The device described below with reference to 23A-23FF and 24A-24D includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"23A-23FF and 24A-24D will be discussed with reference to a device with a touch screen 112 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.\",\n \"23A-23FF on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"23A-23FF on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a display 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 instead of a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.\",\n \"23A-23FF on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) and/or the separate touch-sensitive surface 451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"23A-23FF on the display 450; in such embodiments, the contacts shown in FIGS.\",\n \"23A-23FF optionally represent both a focus selector that corresponds to a location on the display 450, and a contact that corresponds to a location of a contact or gesture performed on the separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451), where the focus selector is, optionally: a respective contact, a representative point corresponding to a contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a point associated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or more contacts detected on the touch screen 112 and is, optionally, replaced with a displayed cursor.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"23A-23FF illustrate a portable multifunction device 100 providing different unlock modes, and responding to various successful and unsuccessful unlock operations.\",\n \"While in a locked mode, portable multifunction device 100 provides different operations associated with unlock modes, represented by various user interfaces in FIGS.\",\n \"23A-23FF.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"23A-23C illustrate a portable multifunction device 100 being successfully unlocked.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23A illustrates an exemplary unlock-initiation user interface 2302 displayed on touch screen 112 of a device (e.g.\",\n \"device 100).\",\n \"In some embodiments, unlock-initiation user interface 2302 is a user interface of an operating system running on device 100.In some embodiments unlock-initiation user interface 2302 is displayed by device 100 in response to device 100 detecting a user input, such as a click of menu button 204.This exemplary unlock-initiation user interface 2302 displays a first visual cue 2304 for one unlock mode.\",\n \"In some embodiments, unlock-initiation user interface 2302 displays more than one visual cue, where each visual cue corresponds to a different unlock mode.\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 100 is capable of providing more than one unlock mode, even when only one visual cue for one unlock mode is displayed, as in unlock-initiation user interface 2302.In some embodiments, first visual cue 2304 is textual, graphical or any combination thereof.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"23A, first visual cue 2304 is displayed to instruct the user to make a sliding gesture on touch screen 112 from left to right, to unlock device 100.FIG.\",\n \"23B illustrates a fingerprint 2306-1 being detected by fingerprint sensor 169.In this example, detected fingerprint 2306-1 matches an enrolled fingerprint of device 100.In some embodiments in which device 100 has more than one fingerprint sensor 169, fingerprint 2306-1 is detected by any one of the device's fingerprint sensors.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23C illustrates an unlocked-mode user interface 2308.In some embodiments, the unlocked-mode user interface 2308 is displayed by device 100 in response to detecting a user input that meets one or more unlock criteria, while the device 100 is in a locked mode.\",\n \"In some embodiments, unlocked-mode user interface 2308 is displayed in response to the device 100 detecting a fingerprint 2306-1 that matches an enrolled fingerprint of device 100, as in FIG.\",\n \"23B.\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 100 does not have security measures enabled to lock the phone, or disables one or more security measures to lock the phone for a predetermined amount of time after a successful attempt to unlock the phone.\",\n \"In such embodiments, unlocked-mode user interface 2308 is displayed by the device 100 without a user input fulfilling one or more unlock criteria.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"23D-23K illustrate device 100 being unsuccessfully unlocked by repeated attempts.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23D illustrates the same unlock-initiation user interface 2302 and first visual cue 2304, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"23B.\",\n \"In exemplary FIG.\",\n \"23D however, fingerprint 2310-1, detected by fingerprint sensor 169, does not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100.Throughout this document, the term “any enrolled fingerprint of device 100” means any enrolled fingerprint of device 100 that can be used to unlock device 100.In some implementations, all enrolled fingerprints of device 100 can be used to unlock device 100.However, in some other implementations, or in some circumstances, one of more of the enrolled fingerprints of device 100 are configured so that they cannot be used to unlock device 100.For ease of discussion, such enrolled fingerprints are said to be “fingerprints not authorized to unlock device 100,” while the enrolled fingerprints that can be used to unlock device are said to be “fingerprints authorized to unlock device 100.” FIG.\",\n \"23E illustrates an exemplary response by device 100 to detection of fingerprint 2310-1, which does not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100.In FIG.\",\n \"23E, first visual cue 2304 is displayed as shaking from side to side for a predetermined amount of time, for a predetermined number of times and/or at a predetermined speed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 100 uses another technique to alert the user that the detected fingerprint is not recognized to be an enrolled fingerprint, such as playing an audio message, displaying a different visual cue, or any combination of audio and visual feedback.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23F illustrates an exemplary response by device 100 to detection of one or more fingerprints 2310-1 that do not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100.FIG.\",\n \"23F illustrates the device displaying a second visual cue 2312 on unlock-initiation user interface 2302, instructing the user, in this example, to try to unlock the device by a fingerprint detection again, and an arrow pointing to the right to indicate that the user can alternatively make a sliding gesture on touch screen 112 from left to right, to unlock device 100.In some embodiments, second visual cue 2312 is the same as first visual cue 2304.In some embodiments, device 100 maintains a counter of failed attempts to unlock the device by a particular type of unlock-operation or by any type of unlock operation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, second visual cue 2312 indicates how many times the device 100 has detected failed attempts by passcode entry, failed attempts by fingerprint sensing, or failed attempts by any type of unlock-operation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, second visual cue 2312 indicates how many attempts to unlock the device by a particular means or by any means are permissible before the device precludes any more attempts for an undefined or predefined length of time.\",\n \"In some embodiments, second visual cue 2312 indicates information associated with the last failed attempt to unlock device 100, such as a time stamp.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"23G-23H illustrate an exemplary response by device 100 to detection of a fingerprint 2310-2 that does not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100, after displaying second visual cue 2312.In FIG.\",\n \"23G, second visual cue 2312 is displayed as shaking (or, equivalently, as being shaken) from side to side for a predetermined amount of time, for a predetermined number of times and/or at a predetermined speed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 100 uses another technique to alert the user that the detected fingerprint is not recognized as an enrolled fingerprint, such as playing an audio message, displaying a different visual cue, or any combination of audio and visual feedback.\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 100 displays another visual cue distinct from the first visual cue 2304 and second visual cue 2312, in response to detecting two or more failed attempts to unlock device 100 by fingerprint detection.\",\n \"In some embodiments, after displaying second visual cue 2312 as shaking, the device displays unlock-initiation user interface 2302 with second visual cue 2312 as stationary, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"23H.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23I illustrates a third attempt to unlock device 100, when fingerprint 2310-3 is detected by device, in the sequence of unlock attempts shown in FIGS.\",\n \"23D to 23J.\",\n \"In this example, fingerprint 2310-3 does not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100.FIGS.\",\n \"23J-23K illustrate an exemplary response by device 100 to detection of a first predefined number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock device 100.In some embodiments, the first predefined number of unsuccessful attempts (e.g., three attempts) corresponds solely to unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device with unrecognized fingerprints.\",\n \"For example, FIGS.\",\n \"23J-23K illustrate the response of device 100 to detection of a third attempt to unlock device 100 with an unrecognized fingerprint 2310-3, shown in FIG.\",\n \"23I.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23J shows a transitional display on touch screen 112, where device 100 is switching from displaying unlock-initiation user interface 2302 to displaying passcode entry user interface 2314, shown in FIG.\",\n \"23K.\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 100 transitions from unlock-initiation user interface 2302 to passcode entry user interface 2314 through a lateral sliding motion, as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"23J and 23K.\",\n \"In some embodiments, while device 100 transitions from unlock-initiation user interface 2302 to passcode entry user interface 2314, other user interface objects that were displayed on unlock-initiation user interface 2302 such as overlay icons 2315 and second visual cue 2312 or first visual cue 2304 are also gradually removed from display on touch screen 112.FIG.\",\n \"23K illustrates an exemplary passcode entry user interface 2314 that device 100 transitions to in response to detecting a first predefined number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock device 100.In some embodiments, passcode entry user interface 2314 comprises a third visual cue 2316 and a progress indicator 2318.In FIG.\",\n \"23K, exemplary third visual cue 2316 comprises the same text as exemplary second visual cue 2312, however, in some embodiments, third visual cue 2316 comprises text distinct from text in any other visual cues.\",\n \"In some embodiments, third visual cue 2316 is textual, graphical or any combination thereof.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"23L-23P illustrate an exemplary response of device 100 to user entry of a correct sequence of numbers (e.g., a passcode) to unlock the device, after device 100 has detected a first predefined number of unsuccessful attempts (e.g., by repeated detection of fingerprints that do not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100) to unlock the device.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"23L, device 100 detects a finger input 2320-1 on touch screen 112 corresponding to entry of the number “1” on the keypad displayed on passcode entry user interface 2314.Progress indicator 2318 changes to show a first shape of a set of geometric shapes (e.g., circles) change from an “unfilled” to “filled” appearance.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"23L, progress indicator 2318 has 4 circles to indicate that the one or more passcodes to unlock the device comprise 4 digits.\",\n \"In some embodiments, progress indicator 2318 has more than 4 geometric shapes, to correspond to more than 4 digits in a valid passcode to unlock device 100, or less than 4 geometric shapes to correspond to less than 4 digits in a valid passcode to unlock device 100.In FIG.\",\n \"23M, device 100 detects another finger input 2320-2, and progress indicator 2318 is correspondingly updated to indicate that two finger inputs have been detected.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"23N, device 100 detects another finger input 2320-3, and progress indicator 2318 is correspondingly updated to indicate that three finger inputs have been detected.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"23O, device 100 detects another finger input 2320-4, and progress indicator 2318 is correspondingly updated to indicate that four finger inputs have been detected.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23P illustrates an unlocked-mode user interface 2308, displayed in response to device 100 detecting a valid passcode entered in FIGS.\",\n \"23L-23O.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23Q illustrates an exemplary response of device 100 to user entry of an incorrect sequence of numbers (e.g., an incorrect passcode) to unlock the device, after device 100 has detected a first predefined number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device (e.g., by repeated detection of fingerprints that do not match any enrolled fingerprints authorized to unlock the device).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23Q is displayed, for example, after FIGS.\",\n \"23L-23O, if the passcode entered in FIGS.\",\n \"23L-23O is determined to be invalid for unlocking device 100.In FIG.\",\n \"23Q, progress indicator 2318 is displayed as being shaken from side to side for a predetermined amount of time, for a predetermined number of times and/or at a predetermined speed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 100 uses another technique to alert the user that the entered passcode is not recognized to be a passcode authorized to unlock device 100, such as playing an audio message, displaying a different visual cue, or any combination of audio and visual feedback.\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 100 displays third visual cue 2316 as being shaken from side to side for a predetermined amount of time, for a predetermined number of times and/or at a predetermined speed.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"23Q, the geometric shapes of progress indicator 2318 change from being filled, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"23O, to being unfilled.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"23R-23T illustrate further exemplary unsuccessful attempts to unlock device 100 by fingerprint detection, in the sequence of unlock attempts shown from FIG.\",\n \"23D to FIG.\",\n \"23J.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"23R, detected fingerprint 2310-4 does not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100.In FIG.\",\n \"23S, progress indicator 2318 is displayed as being shaken from side to side for a predetermined amount of time, for a predetermined number of times and/or at a predetermined speed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, device 100 uses another technique to alert the user that the detected fingerprint is not recognized to be an enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100, such as playing an audio message, displaying a different visual cue, or any combination of audio and visual feedback.\",\n \"In some embodiments, progress indicator 2318 remains stationary and third visual cue 2316 is displayed differently to indicate detection of fingerprint that does not match any enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100.For example, third visual cue 2316 is displayed as being shaken from side to side for a predetermined amount of time, for a predetermined number of times and/or at a predetermined speed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23T illustrates an exemplary fourth visual cue 2322 displayed on passcode entry user interface 2314 in response to detecting a second predefined threshold of unsuccessful attempts to unlock device 100.In some embodiments, fourth visual cue 2322 is displayed to indicate that device 100 has disabled the ability to unlock the device through fingerprint detection.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the second predefined threshold of unsuccessful attempts to unlock corresponds solely to attempts by fingerprint detection.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23U illustrates an exemplary unlock-initiation user interface 2302.In some embodiments, unlock-initiation user interface 2302 is displayed in response to detecting a predefined user action, such as pressing menu button 204, while the display of the device is in a low power mode (e.g., the display is off and/or the display backlight is off).\",\n \"In some embodiments, unlock-initiation user interface 2302 is also displayed by device 100 after a predefined period of time has elapsed, while the device is in a locked mode and an idleness condition is detected (e.g., no user input for the predefined period of time).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23V illustrates an exemplary response of device 100 to detection of a fingerprint 2310-5, detected while displaying unlock-initiation user interface 2302 (FIG.\",\n \"23U), where fingerprint 2310-5 does not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100 authorized to unlock device 100.In this example, device 100 has previously detected at least one fingerprint 2310 that also did not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100 authorized to unlock device 100 prior to detecting fingerprint 2310-5 in unlock-initiation user interface 2302, shown in FIG.\",\n \"23U.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23V illustrates an exemplary response of device 100 to detection of fingerprint 2310-5 (which does not match any enrolled fingerprint of device 100 authorized to unlock device 100) in FIG.\",\n \"23U.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"23V, device 100 displays the passcode entry user interface 2314, along with a fifth visual cue 2324 that alerts the user to its inability to recognize the detected fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, fifth visual cue 2324 alerts the user to at least one prior unsuccessful attempt to unlock device 100 by fingerprint detection, and in some embodiments fifth visual cue 2324 comprises information regarding the one or more prior unsuccessful attempts to unlock device 100.FIGS.\",\n \"23W and 23X illustrate device 100 transitioning from display of unlock-initiation user interface 2302 to passcode entry user interface 2314, in response to detecting a device unlock finger gesture 2326 on touch screen 112.In this example, device unlock finger gesture 2326 is a lateral movement from left to right on unlock-initiation user interface 2302, for example from position 2326-1 to position 2326-2.In some embodiments the direction of device unlock finger gesture 2326 is from right to left.\",\n \"Exemplary finger gesture 2326 corresponds to the instructions displayed by first visual cue 2304.FIG.\",\n \"23X illustrates the transition to passcode entry user interface 2314, shown in FIG.\",\n \"23Y.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23Y illustrates an exemplary passcode entry user interface 2314 displayed by device 100 in response to detecting device unlock finger gesture 2326 in FIG.\",\n \"23W.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23W shows a sixth visual cue 2328 (e.g., “Enter Passcode”), and a progress indicator 2318.In some embodiments, sixth visual cue 2328 indicates to the user that the device may be unlocked by passcode entry.\",\n \"In some implementations, sixth visual cue 2328 indicates additional methodologies for unlocking the device, such as fingerprint detection, another technique, or a combination of techniques.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"23Y, a fingerprint 2306-2 is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.In this example, fingerprint 2306-2 matches an enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100.FIGS.\",\n \"23Z-23DD illustrate an exemplary response by device 100 to detection of a fingerprint 2306-2 on fingerprint sensor 169, while displaying passcode entry user interface 2314.In FIGS.\",\n \"23Z-23CC, progress indicator 2318 is progressively modified by filling in geometric shapes in progress indicator 2318, one at a time.\",\n \"In some embodiments, progress indicator 2318 is progressively modified while device 100 determines whether the detected fingerprint 2306-2 matches an enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100.In some embodiments, upon determining that a fingerprint 2306-2 received while displaying passcode entry user interface 2314 matches an enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100, progress indicator 2318 is instantly modified to display all the geometric shapes as being filled in.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23DD illustrates an unlocked-mode user interface 2308, displayed after device 100 displays the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"23Y-23CC and device 100 has made a determination that the detected fingerprint matches an enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100.FIGS.\",\n \"23EE and 23FF illustrate an exemplary response by device 100 to detection of a fingerprint 2310-6, by fingerprint sensor 169, while displaying passcode entry user interface 2314.For example, FIG.\",\n \"23EE follows FIGS.\",\n \"23W-23X, after device 100 detects finger gesture 2326 on touch screen 112.FIG.\",\n \"23FF illustrates an exemplary response by device 100 to detection of a fingerprint 2310-6 (shown in FIG.\",\n \"23EE) that does not match any enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100.In FIG.\",\n \"23FF, a visual cue, such as third visual cue 2316 (e.g., “try again”) is displayed, and progress indicator 2318 is displayed as being shaken from side to side for a predetermined amount of time, for a predetermined number of times and/or at a predetermined speed.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"24A-24D are flow diagrams illustrating a method 2400 of providing different unlock modes in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"The method 2400 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.\",\n \"3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.\",\n \"1A) with a display and fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"Some operations in method 2400 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.\",\n \"As described below, the method 2400 provides an intuitive way to provide different unlock modes.\",\n \"The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when providing different unlock modes, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to unlock an electronic device faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges.\",\n \"While the device is in a locked mode of operation in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, the device detects (2406), with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, prior to detecting the first input, the device displays (2402) an unlock-initiation user interface (e.g., a slide-to-unlock user interface, shown in FIG.\",\n \"23U) that does not include a passcode entry user interface, wherein while the unlock-initiation user interface is displayed, the device is enabled to be unlocked using a fingerprint but is not enabled to be unlocked using a passcode.\",\n \"For example, in a slide-to-unlock user interface, a passcode entry user interface is not displayed and thus there is no way to enter a passcode to unlock the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, prior to detecting the first input, while the display of the device is in a low power mode (e.g., the display is off and/or the display backlight is off), the device enables (2404) the device to be unlocked using a fingerprint without enabling the device to be unlocked using a passcode.\",\n \"For example, if the display is off and the display backlight is off, a passcode entry user interface is not displayed and thus there is no way to enter a passcode to unlock the device.\",\n \"The device performs several operations in response to detecting (2408) the first input with the fingerprint sensor in method 2400.In response to detecting (2408) the first input with the fingerprint sensor, the device determines (2410) whether the first input meets one of unlock criteria, first unlock-failure criteria, or second unlock-failure criteria.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the unlock criteria, the device transitions (2412) the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the unlock criteria include (2414) a criterion that is met when the first input includes a fingerprint detected with the fingerprint sensor that matches a fingerprint that is enrolled with the device.\",\n \"For example, if the first input corresponds to an enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock the device, the device transitions from a locked mode to an unlocked mode, as seen in FIGS.\",\n \"23B and 23C.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that the first input does not meet the unlock criteria, the device displays (2416) a passcode entry user interface.\",\n \"For example, if the first input is fingerprint 2310-3 in FIG.\",\n \"23I, which the device determines does not match any enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock device 100, the device displays exemplary passcode entry user interface 2314 in FIG.\",\n \"23K.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with the determination that the first input meets first unlock-failure criteria, the device displays (2418) a first unlock interface that includes the passcode entry user interface, and a visual indication that the device is enabled to be unlocked using a fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with the determination that the first input meets second unlock-failure criteria, the device displays (2420) a second unlock interface that includes the passcode entry user interface, and a visual indication that the device has been disabled from being unlocked using a fingerprint.\",\n \"For example, FIG.\",\n \"23T illustrates an exemplary second unlock interface that includes the passcode entry user interface 2314, and a visual indication that the device has been disabled from being unlocked using a fingerprint (e.g., fourth visual cue 2322).\",\n \"In some circumstances, while the device displays (2422) the passcode entry user interface, the device receives a passcode entered via the passcode entry user interface.\",\n \"For example, FIGS.\",\n \"23K-FIG.\",\n \"23O illustrate device 100 receiving a passcode entered via passcode entry user interface 2314.In response to receiving the passcode, and in accordance with a determination that the passcode matches a current passcode for the device, the device transitions the device from the locked mode of operation to the unlocked mode of operation (e.g., FIG.\",\n \"23P).\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the passcode does not match the current passcode for the device, the device maintains the device in the locked mode (e.g., FIG.\",\n \"23Q).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to receiving the passcode, the device determines (2424) whether passcode-timeout criteria have been met, the passcode-timeout criteria including a criterion that is met when at least a first number of unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts have been made (e.g., between one and four unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts).\",\n \"Alternatively, the passcode-timeout criteria includes a criterion that is met when at least a first number of unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts have been made within a predefined time period.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the passcode-timeout criteria have been met, the device disables the device from being unlocked using a passcode for a timeout period of time.\",\n \"For example, the device ceases to display the passcode entry user interface, ceases to accept input for the passcode entry user interface and/or disables unlocking via the passcode entry user interface even if the current passcode is entered in the passcode entry user interface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to receiving the passcode, the device determines (2426) whether data-preclusion criteria have been met, the data-preclusion criteria including a criterion that is met when at least a second number of unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts have been made (e.g., between 5 and 20 unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts).\",\n \"Alternatively, the data-preclusion criteria includes a criterion that is met when at least the second number of unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts have been made within a predefined time period.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the data-preclusion criteria have been met, the device renders private data stored on the device unusable.\",\n \"For example, the device deletes, encrypts or otherwise removes the ability to access private data such user communications, contact information, financial information, account information and optionally other data on the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, when the data-preclusion criteria have been met, the device performs a device-disable operation that renders the device unusable.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the passcode entry user interface includes (2428) a progress indicator that provides a visual indication of progress toward entering a passcode when characters are entered via the passcode entry user interface.\",\n \"For example, the progress indicator is a sequence of circles or other geometric shapes (e.g., as in FIGS.\",\n \"23K to 23O) that each correspond to a character in the passcode, which are filled in or highlighted as characters are entered in the passcode entry user interface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, while the passcode entry user interface is displayed on the display, the device detects (2430) a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, and in response to detecting the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, displays an animation in the progress indicator that indicates progress towards unlocking the device.\",\n \"For example, an animation that indicates that progress is being made toward unlocking the device (e.g., in FIGS.\",\n \"23Y to 23CC) is provided in response to detecting the fingerprint, even though the user at the moment is not entering individual characters in the passcode with a keyboard.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device receives (2432) an unlock request to unlock the device that includes authentication information.\",\n \"For example, the device receives a passcode entered via the passcode entry user interface or a fingerprint detected on a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"While receiving the authentication information, the device displays an animation of the progress indicator changing from a first state (e.g., the progress indicator comprising a sequence of empty circles or other geometric objects as in FIG.\",\n \"23Y) to a second state (e.g., the progress indicator comprising a sequence of full circles or other geometric objects as in FIG.\",\n \"23CC).\",\n \"In response to receiving the unlock request, the device determines whether the authentication information is sufficient to unlock the device.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the authentication information is sufficient to unlock the device (e.g., a passcode that matches a previously established passcode or a fingerprint that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint that is authorized to unlock the device), the device transitions the device from the locked mode of operation to the unlocked mode of operation, and in accordance with a determination that the authentication information is not sufficient to unlock the device (e.g., a passcode that does not match a previously established passcode or a fingerprint that does not match a previously enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock the device), the device maintains the device in the locked mode of operation and displays an authentication rejection animation (e.g., shaking the progress indicator from side to side) in which the progress indicator changes (e.g., reverts or is reset) from the second state to the first state.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the same authentication rejection animation is displayed regardless of whether the authentication information is a passcode or a fingerprint.\",\n \"The method 2400 further includes: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, the device maintains (2434) the device in the locked mode and adjusts unlock settings of the device so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a first set of one or more unlock operations.\",\n \"For example, the device enables passcode entry by displaying a passcode interface in addition to still permitting use of the fingerprint sensor to unlock in the first set of unlock operations.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first set of unlock operations includes (2436) an unlock operation that uses a fingerprint to unlock the device and another unlock operation that uses a passcode to unlock the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is enabled to be unlocked using a fingerprint when the device is configured to transition from the locked mode of operation to the unlocked mode of operation in response to detecting a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor that matches a previously enrolled fingerprint (e.g., an enrolled fingerprint authorized to unlock the device).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is enabled to be unlocked using a passcode when the device is configured to transition from the locked mode of operation to the unlocked mode of operation in response to detecting entry of a passcode that matches a previously established passcode.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, the device maintains (2438) the device in the locked mode and adjusts unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a second set of one or more unlock operations that is different from the first set of unlock operations.\",\n \"For example, the device enables the passcode entry but fingerprint authentication is disabled in the second set of unlock operations.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the second set of unlock operations includes (2440) an unlock operation that uses a passcode to unlock the device and excludes an unlock operation that uses a fingerprint to unlock the device.\",\n \"For example, FIG.\",\n \"23T shows a user interface corresponding to a second set of unlock operations that includes an unlock operation that uses a passcode to unlock the device and excludes an unlock operation that uses a fingerprint to unlock the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first input includes a fingerprint input on the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"The first unlock-failure criteria includes (2442) a criterion that is met when the device has detected at least a first threshold number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device with one or more unrecognized fingerprints (e.g., detected fingerprints that are not found to match any of the enrolled fingerprints), and the second unlock-failure criteria includes a criterion that is met when the device has detected at least a second threshold number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device with one or more unrecognized fingerprints, where the second threshold number is greater than the first threshold number.\",\n \"For example, the second unlock-failure criteria are met when the device has detected five unsuccessful fingerprint authorization attempts.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device maintains a counter of the number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device, where such record is only reset after successfully unlocking the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device maintains a counter of the number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device by fingerprint detection, where such record is only reset after successfully unlocking the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first unlock-failure criteria includes (2444) a criterion that is met when the device has detected less than the second number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device with one or more unrecognized fingerprints.\",\n \"For example, the first unlock-failure criteria are met when the device has detected one to four unsuccessful fingerprint authorization attempts.\",\n \"It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.\",\n \"24A-24D have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.\",\n \"One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.\",\n \"Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 2400 described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"24A-24D.\",\n \"For example, the fingerprints, contacts, gestures and user interface objects described above with reference to method 2400 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the fingerprints, contacts, gestures and user interface objects described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).\",\n \"For brevity, these details are not repeated here.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.\",\n \"25 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 2500 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.\",\n \"25 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"25, an electronic device 2500 includes a display unit 2502 configured to display a graphical user interface, a fingerprint sensor unit 2506; and a processing unit 2508 coupled to the display unit 2502 and the fingerprint sensor unit 2506.In some embodiments, the electronic device 2500 includes a touch-sensitive surface unit 2504 configured to receive contacts, coupled to the processing unit 2508, the fingerprint sensor unit 2506 and the display unit 2502.In some embodiments, the processing unit 2508 includes a determining unit 2510, a transitioning unit 2512, a maintaining unit 2514, an adjusting unit 2516, an enabling unit 2518, a receiving unit 2520, a disabling unit 2522, a rendering unit 2524 and a detecting unit 2526.While the device is in a locked mode of operation in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, the fingerprint sensor unit 2508, detects a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking the device.\",\n \"In response to detecting the first input with fingerprint sensor unit 2506, processing unit 2508 is configured to: determine whether the first input meets one of unlock criteria, first unlock-failure criteria, or second unlock-failure criteria (e.g., with determining unit 2510).\",\n \"Processing unit 2508 is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the unlock criteria, transition the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked (e.g., with transitioning unit 2512).\",\n \"Processing unit 2508 is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, maintain (e.g., with maintaining unit 2514) the device in the locked mode and adjust (e.g., with adjusting unit 2516) unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a first set of one or more unlock operations.\",\n \"Processing unit 2508 is further configured to: in accordance with a determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, maintain (e.g., with maintaining unit 2514) the device in the locked mode and adjust (e.g., with adjusting unit 2516) unlock settings so that the device is enabled to be unlocked via an unlock operation in a second set of one or more unlock operations that is different from the first set of unlock operations.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first input includes a fingerprint input on fingerprint sensor unit 2506, the first unlock-failure criteria includes a criterion that is met when the device has detected at least a first threshold number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device with one or more unrecognized fingerprints, and the second unlock-failure criteria includes a criterion that is met when the device has detected at least a second threshold number of unsuccessful attempts to unlock the device with one or more unrecognized fingerprints, where the second threshold number is greater than the first threshold number.\",\n \"In some embodiments, prior to detecting the first input, the device displays with display unit 2502, an unlock-initiation user interface that does not include a passcode entry user interface.\",\n \"Furthermore, while the unlock-initiation user interface is displayed, the device is enabled to be unlocked using a fingerprint but is not enabled to be unlocked using a passcode.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing unit 2508 is further configured to enable (e.g., with enabling unit 2518) the device to be unlocked using a fingerprint, prior to detecting the first input, while the display of the device is in a low power mode, without enabling the device to be unlocked using a passcode.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first input and in accordance with a determination that the first input does not meet the unlock criteria, the device displays with display unit 2502 a passcode entry user interface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with the determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, the device displays with display unit 2502 a first unlock interface that includes the passcode entry user interface, and a visual indication that the device is enabled to be unlocked using a fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with the determination that the first input meets the second unlock-failure criteria, the device displays with display unit 2502 a second unlock interface that includes the passcode entry user interface, and a visual indication that the device has been disabled from being unlocked using a fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, prior to detecting the first input, the device displays with display unit 2502 an unlock-initiation user interface that does not include a passcode entry user interface.\",\n \"Furthermore, while the unlock-initiation user interface is displayed, the device is enabled to be unlocked using a fingerprint but is not enabled to be unlocked using a passcode.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing unit 2508 is further configured to enable (e.g., with enabling unit 2518) the device to be unlocked using a fingerprint, prior to detecting the first input, while the display of the device is in a low power mode, without enabling the device to be unlocked using a passcode.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in response to detecting the first input and in accordance with a determination that the first input does not meet the unlock criteria, the device displays with display unit 2502 a passcode entry user interface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, in accordance with the determination that the first input meets the first unlock-failure criteria, the device displays with display unit 2502 a first unlock interface that includes the passcode entry user interface and a visual indication that the device is enabled to be unlocked using a fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, while the device displays with display unit 2502 the passcode entry user interface, the processing unit 2508 is further configured to: receive (e.g., with receiving unit 2520) a passcode entered via the passcode entry user interface; transition (e.g., with transitioning unit 2512) the device from the locked mode of operation to the unlocked mode of operation, in response to receiving the passcode and in accordance with a determination that the passcode matches a current passcode for the device; and maintain (e.g., with maintaining unit 2514) the device in the locked mode, in response to receiving the passcode and in accordance with a determination that the passcode does not match the current passcode for the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing unit 2508 is further configured to: determine (e.g., with determining unit 2510), in response to receiving the passcode, whether passcode-timeout criteria have been met, the passcode-timeout criteria including a criterion that is met when at least a first number of unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts have been made, and disable (e.g., with disabling unit 2522) the device from being unlocked using a passcode for a timeout period of time, in accordance with a determination that the passcode-timeout criteria have been met.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing unit 2508 is further configured to: determine (e.g., with determining unit 2510), in response to receiving the passcode, whether data-preclusion criteria have been met, the data-preclusion criteria including a criterion that is met when at least a second number of unsuccessful passcode unlock attempts have been made, and render (e.g., with rendering unit 2524), in response to receiving the passcode, private data stored on the device unusable, in accordance with a determination that the data-preclusion criteria have been met.\",\n \"In some embodiments, while the passcode entry user interface is displayed on the display, the device detects, with the fingerprint sensor unit 2506, a fingerprint on fingerprint sensor unit 2506, and in response to detecting the fingerprint on fingerprint sensor unit 2506, displays with display unit 2502, an animation in the progress indicator that indicates progress towards unlocking the device (e.g., progress toward filling in the passcode).\",\n \"In some embodiments, processing unit 2508 is further configured to: receive (e.g.\",\n \"with receiving unit 2520), an unlock request to unlock the device that includes authentication information.\",\n \"In such embodiments, display unit 2502 displays an animation of the progress indicator changing from a first state to a second state, while receiving the authentication information.\",\n \"Processing unit 2508 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 2510), in response to receiving the unlock request, whether the authentication information is sufficient to unlock the device, transition (e.g.\",\n \"with transitioning unit 2512) the device from the locked mode of operation to the unlocked mode of operation, in accordance with a determination that the authentication information is sufficient to unlock the device; and maintain (e.g., with maintaining unit 2514), the device in the locked mode of operation, in accordance with a determination that the authentication information is not sufficient to unlock the device, while display unit 2502 displays an authentication rejection animation in which the progress indicator changes from the second state to the first state.\",\n \"The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"1A and 3) or application specific chips.\",\n \"The operations described above with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"24A-24D are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B or FIG.\",\n \"25.For example, detection operation 2406, determination operation 2410, and enablement operation 2404 are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.\",\n \"When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.\",\n \"Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.\",\n \"Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B.\",\n \"Controlling Access to Device Information and Features and Unlocking the Device Many electronic devices have graphical user interfaces that are displayed while the device is locked.\",\n \"For example, notifications and settings user interfaces can be displayed while the device is locked.\",\n \"However, displaying notifications or settings while the device is locked can compromise the device and/or user data, as an unauthorized user who has the device in his possession can read notifications or change device settings despite being an unauthorized user.\",\n \"However, suppressing display of all notifications and control of settings while the device is locked inconveniences authorized users of the device.\",\n \"The methods below describe an improved way to control access to device information and features and to unlock the device.\",\n \"While a device with a fingerprint sensor is locked, a user interface—such as one for viewing notifications, changing settings, or viewing photos—is brought up in a limited-access mode.\",\n \"In a limited-access mode, the notification, settings, or photo viewing user interface provides less than full access to device information and features.\",\n \"For example, notifications are partially or fully redacted, device settings that can be changed are restricted, or previously stored digital photographs are not viewable.\",\n \"While viewing the user interface in a limited access mode, the user attempts to authenticate himself or herself with a fingerprint on the device's fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"If authentication is successful, the user interface changes to a full-access mode and the device is unlocked.\",\n \"The device remains unlocked when the full-access user interface is dismissed.\",\n \"If authentication is not successful, the user interface remains in its limited-access mode and the device remains locked.\",\n \"The device remains locked when the limited-access user interface is dismissed.\",\n \"This method increases security by controlling access to device information and controls prior to fingerprint authentication, yet seamlessly provides immediate access to more device information and features and unlocks the device upon successful fingerprint authentication.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.\",\n \"1A).\",\n \"The device described below with reference to 26A-26X and 27A-27D includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"26A-26X and 27A-27D will be discussed with reference to a device with a touch screen 112 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.\",\n \"26A-26X on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"26A-26X on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a display 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 instead of a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.\",\n \"26A-26X on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) and/or the separate touch-sensitive surface 451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"26A-26X on the display 450; in such embodiments, the contacts shown in FIGS.\",\n \"26A-26X optionally represent both a focus selector that corresponds to a location on the display 450, and a contact that corresponds to a location of a contact or gesture performed on the separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451), where the focus selector is, optionally: a respective contact, a representative point corresponding to a contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a point associated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or more contacts detected on the touch screen 112 and is, optionally, replaced with a displayed cursor.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"26A illustrates locked device interface 2600 displayed on a display of a device (e.g., on touch screen 112 of device 100).\",\n \"Locked device interface 2600 is a user interface that indicates to users of device 100 that device 100 is in locked mode (i.e., device 100 is locked), and thus access to one or more features of device 100 is locked.\",\n \"For example, while device 100 is locked, user interface 400 is inaccessible (and thus the user is unable to launch at least some applications on device 100).\",\n \"In some embodiments, locked device interface 2600 provides limited information to users.\",\n \"For example, locked device interface 2600 includes current date and time 2602 and instructions or hints 2604 on how to unlock device 100.Locked device interface 2600 also includes one or more user interface objects for displaying respective user interfaces or launching specific applications.\",\n \"For example, locked device interface 2600 includes handles 2606 and 2608, and icon 2610.Handle 2606 is adjacent to the top edge of touch screen 112, and 2608 is adjacent to the bottom edge of touch screen 112.A user performs a gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) starting from handle 2606 to activate display of a notification interface (e.g., notification interface 2616, FIG.\",\n \"26C).\",\n \"A user performs a gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) starting from handle 2608 to activate display of settings-management interface (e.g., settings-management interface 2650, FIG.\",\n \"26N).\",\n \"A user performs a gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) on icon 2610 to activate display of a camera interface (e.g., camera interface 2678, FIG.\",\n \"26U).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"26A illustrates a gesture detected on touch screen 112 while device 100 is in a locked mode.\",\n \"The gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) includes contact 2612 detected on handle 2606, and contact 2612, while detected on handle 2606, moving in direction 2614.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 displays notification interface 2616 on touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26C, and device 100 remains in locked mode.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the transition from displaying locked device interface 2600 to displaying notification interface 2616 includes an animation in which notification interface 2616 slides onto touch screen 112 in accordance with the movement of contact 2612, as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"26A-26C; contact 2612 swipes notification interface 2616 onto touch screen 112.In the animation, notification interface 2616 slides over locked screen interface 2600.In some embodiments, notification interface 2616 is translucent and locked device interface 2600 is partially visible (e.g., visible but blurred or faint) under notification interface 2616, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26C.\",\n \"For example, current date and time 2602 and unlock instructions 2604 are visible but faint under notification interface 2616.In some other embodiments, notification interface 2616 is opaque and locked device interface 2600 is not visible under notification interface 2616.Notification interface 2616 is a user interface for displaying notifications 2620 associated with respective applications on device 100.In some embodiments, notification interface 2616 includes one or more sections 2618.Each respective section 2618 is associated with a respective application on device 100, and displays one or more notifications 2620 associated with that respective application.\",\n \"A respective notification 2620 includes one or more portions for displaying respective fields of information.\",\n \"For example, a notification for a message or email includes respective portions for a sender, a date/time, and an indicator of content (e.g., the subject, and/or a snippet of the message/email body).\",\n \"As another example, a notification for a calendar event invite includes respective portions for a name and/or description of the event, a source of the invite (e.g., a contact that sent the invite), and a date/time of the event.\",\n \"What portions and information a notification 2620 includes is typically determined by the respective associated application.\",\n \"In some embodiments, notification interface 2616 also includes two or more view filters 2638.A respective view filter 2638 corresponds to a respective set of criteria for filtering notifications 2620 displayed in notification interface 2616; notifications 2620 that satisfy the criteria are displayed and the notifications 2620 that don't satisfy the criteria are hidden.\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"5C, view filter “All” 2638-1 is active; all outstanding notifications 2620 (other than notifications that are hidden in accordance with restrictions on access to notification interface 2616, as described below) are displayed.\",\n \"A non-active view filter 2638 is activated by a gesture performed on that view filter (e.g., a tap gesture).\",\n \"For example, in response to detecting a tap gesture performed on view filter “Missed” 2638-2, device 100 displays notifications 2620 that have not been addressed within a predetermined time period (e.g., the prior 24 hours) in notification interface 2616, and omits display of notifications 2620 that do not satisfy this not-addressed-within-time-period criterion.\",\n \"Because device 100 is locked when the gesture with contact 2612 is detected, notification interface 2616 is displayed in a limited-access mode.\",\n \"While notification interface 2616 is in the limited-access mode, access to notification interface 2616 is restricted.\",\n \"In some embodiments, restrictions on access to notification interface 2616 include one or more of the following: redaction of information in one or more of notifications 2620, omission from display (e.g., hiding from display) of one or more sections 2618 that otherwise have outstanding notifications, and omission from display of one or more view filters 2638.For example, FIG.\",\n \"26C shows redacted notifications 2620 in notification interface 2616.As an alternative example.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"26D shows redacted notifications 2620 and omission of section 2618-2 in notification interface 2616.Also, FIGS.\",\n \"26C and 26D both show that view filter “Today” 2638-3 (FIG.\",\n \"26H) is hidden.\",\n \"In some embodiments, redaction of a notification 2620 includes replacement of all or some portions of the notification with generic, placeholder text.\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"5C, notification 2620-1 is a notification for a message received by a messaging application on device 100.Notification 2620-1 includes portion 2622 for identifying the sender of the message, portion 2624 for a timestamp of the message (e.g., date/time the message was sent or received), and portion 2626 for all or some (e.g., a snippet) of the contents of the message.\",\n \"When notification 2620-1 is not redacted, the portions 2622, 2624, and 2626 are filled with their actual respective contents (i.e., actual sender name, actual timestamp, and actual message contents, respectively).\",\n \"When notification 2620-1 is redacted, one or more of portions 2622, 2624, and 2626 are replaced with respective generic text.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"26C, notification 2620-1 is partially redacted.\",\n \"Portion 2622 shows the actual sender name, but portion 2624 shows generic text “Time” instead of the actual timestamp, and portion 2626 shows generic text “Message” instead of a snippet of the actual message.\",\n \"As another example, notification 2620-2 in FIG.\",\n \"26C is a notification for a calendar event invite received by a calendar application on device 100.Notification 2620-2 includes portion 2628 for the name or description of the event, portion 2630 for a source of the invite (e.g., the inviter), and portion 2632 for the time of the event.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"26C, actual contents in portions 2628, 2630, and 2632 are replaced with generic text “Event,” “Invitation from Contact,” and “Time,” respectively.\",\n \"In some other embodiments, redaction of a notification 2620 includes visual obscuring of all or some portions of the notification 2620, as opposed to replacement of all or some portions of the notification 2620 with respective generic text.\",\n \"The visual obscuring includes, for example, blacking out (e.g., with censor bars), blurring, or pixelating (e.g., as described above with reference to method 2100).\",\n \"In some embodiments, restrictions on access to notification interface 2616 further include an inability of users to open or otherwise access the underlying content or application corresponding to a notification.\",\n \"For example, while notification interface 2616 is displayed in full-access mode, a user can perform a gesture (e.g., a tap gesture) on notification 2620-1 to open a messages application and view the full message corresponding to notification 2620-1, perform a gesture on notification 2620-2 to open a calendar application and view the full event invite corresponding to notification 2620-2, and perform a gesture on notification 2620-3 or 2620-4 to open an email application and view the respective full message corresponding to notification 2620-3 or 2620-4, respectively.\",\n \"Conversely, while notification interface 2616 is displayed in limited-access mode, these full access features are disabled; gestures detected on notifications 2620 do not activate access to the full content or launch the corresponding application.\",\n \"While notification interface 2616 is displayed in limited-access mode, a gesture can be performed by the user to dismiss notification interface 2616.For example, FIGS.\",\n \"26C and 26D each show a gesture detected on touch screen 112.The gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) includes contact 2634 detected on handle 2606, and contact 2634, while detected on handle 2606, moving in direction 2636.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 displays locked device interface 2600 on touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26F.\",\n \"Because no user has been successfully authenticated since device 100 entered into locked mode, device 100 remains in locked mode (and thus displays locked device interface 2600 on touch screen 112).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the transition from displaying notification interface 2616 to displaying locked device interface 2600 includes an animation in which notification interface 2616 slides off touch screen 112, following the movement of contact 2634, revealing locked device interface 2600, as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"26D-26F; contact 2634 swipes notification interface 2616 off touch screen 112.Continuing in FIG.\",\n \"26G, which includes the user interface shown in FIG.\",\n \"26C, fingerprint 2640 is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.Device 100 determines if fingerprint 2640 is one of one or more fingerprints enrolled with device 100.If device 100 determines that fingerprint 2640 is not one of the enrolled fingerprints (e.g., the user applying fingerprint 2640 has not been authenticated), then device 100 maintains display of notification interface 2616 in limited-access mode and device 100 maintains itself in locked mode.\",\n \"If device 100 determines that fingerprint 2640 is one of the enrolled fingerprints (e.g., the user applying fingerprint 2640 has been successfully authenticated), then device 100 displays notification interface 2616 in full-access mode and device 100 transitions itself from locked mode to unlocked mode, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26H.\",\n \"Display of notification interface 2616 in full-access mode includes one or more of the following: un-redacting notifications 2620 that were redacted while notification interface 2616 was displayed in limited-access mode, displaying any section 2618 that was omitted from display while notification interface 2616 was displayed in limited-access mode, and displaying (and making accessible) view filters 2638 that were omitted from display (and thus inaccessible) while notification interface 2616 was displayed in limited-access mode.\",\n \"Thus, for example, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26H, notifications 2620 are not redacted; the portions in the respective notifications 2620 display actual content.\",\n \"Also, section 2618-2 is displayed (compared to device 100 as depicted in FIG.\",\n \"26D).\",\n \"Further, view filter “Today” 2638-3 is displayed; when view filter “Today” 2638-3 is activated, the notifications 2620 displayed in notification interface 2616 are notifications for the current day (e.g., messages or mails received on the current day, calendar events for the current day).\",\n \"As described above, if fingerprint 2640 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 transitions itself from locked mode to unlocked mode.\",\n \"The transition includes transitioning from locked device interface 2600 to user interface 400, which takes place below notification interface 2616 because notification interface 2616 is overlaid above locked device interface 2600 and user interface 400.In some embodiments, this transition is not visible to the user (e.g., because notification interface 2616 is opaque).\",\n \"In some embodiments, notification interface 2616 is translucent, and thus the transition is visible to the user (e.g., as an animation) but blurred or faint.\",\n \"As shown in FIGS.\",\n \"26G-26H, when the transition to unlocked mode occurs, user interface elements in locked device interface 2600, such as date/time 2602 and instructions 2604, are no longer displayed below notification interface 2616, and application icons in user interface 400 are displayed below notification interface 2616 instead.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"26I shows notification interface 2616 displayed in full-access mode and device 100 in unlocked mode.\",\n \"While notification interface 2616 is displayed in full-access mode and device 100 is in unlocked mode, a gesture is detected on touch screen 112.The gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) includes contact 2642 detected on handle 2606, and contact 2642, while detected on handle 2606, moving in direction 2644.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 dismisses notification interface 2616 from touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26J.\",\n \"User interface 400 is displayed on touch screen 112, as device 100 remains in unlocked mode after dismissal of notification interface 2616; the user has access to applications that were previously inaccessible because user interface 400 was inaccessible.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"26K summarizes the transition of device 100 (from device 100-a thru 100-d) from locked mode to unlocked mode when notification interface 2616 is displayed, as depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"26A-26J.\",\n \"Device 100-a is in locked mode and locked device interface 2600 is displayed, and notification interface 2616 is not displayed.\",\n \"When display of notification interface 2616 is activated, as shown for device 100-b, locked device interface 2600 is partially visible under a translucent notification interface 2616 that is displayed in limited-access mode.\",\n \"When an enrolled fingerprint is detected, device 100 transitions from locked mode to unlocked mode and notification interface 2616 is displayed in full-access mode (device 100-b to device 100-c); locked device interface 2600 transitions to user interface 400.When notification interface 2616, displayed in full-access mode, is dismissed, user interface 400 is displayed on the display of device 100-d.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"26L illustrates locked device interface 2600 displayed on touch screen 112 of device 100; device 100 is in locked mode.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"26L also illustrates a gesture detected on touch screen 112.The gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) includes contact 2646 detected on handle 2608, and contact 2646, while detected on handle 2608, moving in direction 2648.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 displays settings-management interface 2650 on touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26N, and device 100 remains in locked mode.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the transition from displaying locked device interface 2600 to displaying settings-management interface 2650 includes an animation in which settings-management interface 2650 slides onto touch screen 112 in accordance with the movement of contact 2646, as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"26L-26N; contact 2646 swipes settings-management interface 2650 onto touch screen 112.In the animation, settings-management interface 2650 slides over locked screen interface 2600.In some embodiments, notification interface 2616 is opaque, and whatever portion of locked device interface 2600 that is overlaid by settings-management interface 2650 is not visible under settings-management interface 2650, and the portion of locked device interface 2600 not overlaid by settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in the clear or displayed as blurred or faint, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26N, for example.\",\n \"In some other embodiments, settings-management interface 2650 is translucent and locked device interface 2600 is visible but blurred or faint under settings-management interface 2650 (e.g., as with notification interface 2616 depicted in FIG.\",\n \"26C).\",\n \"Settings-management interface 2650 is a user interface associated with one or more device settings on device 100.Settings-management interface 2650 includes user interface objects 2652 for changing respective settings.\",\n \"For example, settings-management interface 2650 includes airplane mode icon 2652-1 for toggling airplane mode on/off (when airplane mode is on, device 100 does not transmit wireless signals), Wi-Fi icon 2652-2 for toggling Wi-Fi on or off, Bluetooth icon 2652-3 for toggling Bluetooth on or off, do-not-disturb icon 2652-4 for toggling a do-not-disturb mode on or off (when device 100 is in do-not-disturb mode, audible alerts for notifications 2620 are suppressed, but the notifications themselves are, optionally, still displayed on touch screen 112), and orientation lock icon 2652-5 for toggling an orientation lock on or off.\",\n \"A respective icon 2652 indicates the current status of the respective corresponding setting, and toggles the respective corresponding setting in response to activation of (e.g., by a tap gesture on) the respective icon 2652.Settings-management interface 2650 also optionally includes brightness control 2654 for controlling the brightness level of touch screen 112.In some embodiments, settings-management interface 2650 also includes music playback controls 2656 for controlling music playback, icon 2658 for initiating a process for wirelessly sharing a file with another device, icon 2660 for initiating a process for wirelessly streaming media content to another device, and one or more icons 2662 for launching predetermined applications or activating predetermined functionality.\",\n \"For example, settings-management interface 2650 includes icon 2662-1 for launching a flashlight application or activating flashlight functionality, icon 2662-2 for launching a clock/timer application, icon 2662-3 for launching a calculator application, and icon 2662-4 for launching a camera application (e.g., camera module 143).\",\n \"As device 100 was locked when the gesture with contact 2646 was performed, settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in a limited-access mode.\",\n \"While settings-management interface 2650 is in the limited-access mode, one or more of the icons, controls, etc.\",\n \"(e.g., any of icons 2652; brightness control 2654; music controls 2656; icons 2658, 2660, and 2662) for changing settings, launching applications, or activating functionality are disabled.\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"26N, icon 2652-1 is disabled.\",\n \"Tap gesture 2664 on icon 2652-1 does not toggle, and thus does not affect, the airplane mode.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the disablement of an icon 2652 is visually indicated by graying out or shading of the icon (e.g., as with icon 2652-1 in FIG.\",\n \"26N).\",\n \"While settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in limited-access mode, a gesture can be performed by the user to dismiss settings-management interface 2650, similar to the dismissal of notification interface 2616 as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"26C-26F.\",\n \"For example, a gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) on handle 2608 that is the reverse of the gesture with contact 2646 is detected (not shown) on touch screen 112 while settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in limited-access mode; the gesture is detected on handle 2608 and the corresponding contact moves in the direction opposite of direction 2648.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 displays locked device interface 2600 on touch screen 112, as in FIG.\",\n \"26L.\",\n \"Because no user has been successfully authenticated since device 100 entered into locked mode, device 100 remains in locked mode (and thus displays locked device interface 2600 on touch screen 112).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the transition from displaying settings-management interface 2650 to displaying locked device interface 2600 includes an animation (not shown) in which settings-management interface 2650 slides off touch screen 112, following the movement of contact in the dismissal gesture, revealing locked device interface 2600, similar to the animation shown for the dismissal of notification interface 2616 shown in FIGS.\",\n \"26D-26F; the dismissal gesture swipes settings-management interface 2650 off touch screen 112.Returning to FIG.\",\n \"26N, fingerprint 2666 is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.Device 100 determines if fingerprint 2666 is one of one or more fingerprints enrolled with device 100.If device 100 determines that fingerprint 2666 is not one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 maintains display of settings-management interface 2650 in limited-access mode and device 100 maintains itself in locked mode.\",\n \"If device 100 determines that fingerprint 2666 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 displays settings-management interface 2650 in full-access mode and device 100 transitions itself from locked mode to unlocked mode, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26O.\",\n \"Display of settings-management interface 2650 in full-access mode includes enabling any icons, controls, etc.\",\n \"(e.g., any of icons 2652; brightness control 2654; music controls 2656; icons 2658, 2660, and 2662) that were disabled while settings-management interface 2650 was displayed in limited-access mode.\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"26O, icon 2652-1 is enabled; icon 2652-1 is no longer grayed out.\",\n \"Tap gesture 2668 on icon 2652-1 toggles the airplane mode, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26P; in FIG.\",\n \"26P, icon 2652-1 changes contrast (compare to icon 2652-1 in FIG.\",\n \"26O), indicating that the airplane mode setting has been toggled from the setting in FIG.\",\n \"26O.\",\n \"As described above, if fingerprint 2666 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 transitions itself from locked mode to unlocked mode.\",\n \"The transition optionally includes a transition from locked device interface 2600 to user interface 400, taking place below settings-management interface 2650 that is overlaid above locked device interface 2600 and user interface 400.In some embodiments, this transition is not visible to the user.\",\n \"In some embodiments, this transition is visible to the user, as an animation of locked device interface 2600 transitioning to user interface 400; settings-management interface 2650 is translucent and/or at most partially covers locked device interface 2600/user interface 400, and thus the animation and interfaces 2600 and 400 are visible, but optionally blurred or faint below settings-management interface 2650.As shown in FIGS.\",\n \"26N-26O, when the transition to unlocked mode occurs, user interface elements in locked device interface 2600, such as date/time 2602, are no longer displayed, and application icons in user interface 400 are displayed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, user interface 400 is the user interface that was displayed immediately prior to the device entering the locked mode, which may be a different interface from the interface that displays application icons.\",\n \"In other words, the interface that displays application icons in FIGS.\",\n \"26H-26K and 26O-26R is merely exemplary of an unlocked mode user interface.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"26Q shows settings-management interface 2650 displayed in full-access mode and device 100 in unlocked mode.\",\n \"While settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in full-access mode and device 100 is in unlocked mode, a gesture is detected on touch screen 112.The gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) includes contact 2670 detected on handle 2608, and contact 2670, while detected on handle 2608, moving in direction 2672.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 dismisses settings-management interface 2650 from touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26R.\",\n \"User interface 400 is displayed on touch screen 112, as device 100 remains in unlocked mode after dismissal of settings-management interface 2650; the user has access to applications that were previously inaccessible because user interface 400 was inaccessible.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"26S illustrates locked device interface 2600 displayed on touch screen 112 of device 100; device 100 is in locked mode.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"26S also illustrates a gesture detected on touch screen 112.The gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) includes contact 2674 detected on icon 2610, and contact 2674, while detected on icon 2610, moving in direction 2676.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 displays camera interface 2678 on touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26U, and device 100 remains in locked mode.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the transition from displaying locked device interface 2600 to displaying camera interface 2678 includes an animation in which camera interface 2678 slides onto touch screen 112 in accordance with the movement of contact 2674, as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"26S-26U; contact 2674 swipes camera interface 2678 onto touch screen 112.In the animation, camera interface 2678 slides over locked screen interface 2600.In some embodiments, camera interface 2678 is opaque, and locked device interface 2600 is not visible under camera interface 2678, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26U, for example.\",\n \"In some other embodiments, the transition from displaying locked device interface 2600 to displaying camera interface 2678 includes an animation in which locked device interface 2600 slides off of touch screen 112 in accordance with the movement of contact 2674 to reveal camera interface 2678.Camera interface 2678 is an interface associated with a camera application (e.g., camera module 143) on device 100.Camera interface 2678 includes camera preview 2680, flash control 2682, front/back camera toggle 2684, shutter/capture button 2686, image effects control 2688, and camera roll icon 2690.Device 100 ceases to display camera interface 2678 and displays camera roll interface 2693 (FIG.\",\n \"26V) in response to detection of gesture 2692 (e.g., a tap gesture) on camera roll icon 2690.Photos 2697 (FIG.\",\n \"26W) captured or otherwise stored on device 100 are displayed in camera roll interface 2693.Camera roll interface 2693 also includes icon 2694.In response to activation of icon 2694 (e.g., by a tap gesture on camera icon 2694), device 100 displays camera interface 2678.Thus, camera icon 2694 and camera roll icon 2690 are analogous controls; activation of camera roll icon 2690 switches device 100 to displaying camera roll interface 2693, and activation of icon 2694 switches device 100 to displaying camera interface 2678.As device 100 was locked when the gesture with contact 2674 was performed, camera interface 2678 is displayed in a limited-access mode.\",\n \"While camera interface 2678 is in limited-access mode, in response to detection of gesture 2692 on camera roll icon 2690, device 100 replaces display of camera interface 2678 in limited-access mode with display of camera roll interface 2693 in limited-access mode.\",\n \"While camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in limited-access mode, display of images captured or otherwise stored on device 100 is restricted.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the restrictions include device 100 preventing a user from viewing images that were captured and/or stored on device 100 prior to the device entering locked mode until the user is successfully authenticated; device 100 suppresses display, in camera roll interface 2693, of images captured or stored in the camera roll prior to device 100 entering locked mode.\",\n \"Thus, for example, in FIG.\",\n \"26V, warning message 2695 is displayed alerting users that not all photos are displayed while camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in limited-access mode, and that the user should unlock device 100 (e.g., authenticate himself) in order to view the hidden photos.\",\n \"While camera interface 2678 or camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in limited-access mode, either can be dismissed by a press of button 204 on device 100.In response to detection of a press of button 204 on device 100 while either camera interface 2678 or camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in limited-access mode, device 100 displays locked device interface 2600 on touch screen 112, as in FIG.\",\n \"26S, or alternatively, a passcode entry interface (not shown), unless the finger performing the button press has an enrolled fingerprint that is detected by fingerprint sensor 169 during the button press.\",\n \"Because no user has been successfully authenticated since device 100 entered into locked mode, device 100 remains in locked mode (and thus displays locked device interface 2600 or a passcode entry interface on touch screen 112).\",\n \"If the finger performing the press has an enrolled fingerprint that is detected by fingerprint sensor 169 during the button press, then the user is authenticated, and device 100 displays user interface 400 instead of locked device interface 2600.Returning to device 100 as depicted in FIG.\",\n \"26V, fingerprint 2696 is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.Device 100 determines if fingerprint 2696 is one of one or more fingerprints enrolled with device 100.If device 100 determines that fingerprint 2696 is not one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 maintains display of camera roll interface 2693 in limited-access mode and device 100 maintains itself in locked mode.\",\n \"Similarly, if a fingerprint is detected on fingerprint sensor 169 while camera interface 2678 is detected, device 100 determines if the fingerprint is one of the enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"If the fingerprint is not one of the enrolled fingerprints, the device 100 maintains display of camera interface 2678 in limited-access mode and device 100 maintains itself in locked mode.\",\n \"If device 100 determines that fingerprint 2696 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 displays camera roll interface 2693 in full-access mode and device 100 transitions itself from locked mode to unlocked mode, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26W.\",\n \"Display of camera roll interface 2693 in full-access mode includes displaying images 2697 that were not displayed while camera roll interface 2693 was displayed in limited-access mode.\",\n \"In response to activation of camera icon 2694 (e.g., by tap gesture 2698 on camera icon 2694) while camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in full-access mode, device 100 displays camera interface 2678 in full-access mode and device 100 continues in unlocked mode; switching to camera interface 2678 while camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in full-access mode puts camera interface 2678 in full-access mode.\",\n \"While either camera interface 2678 or camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in full-access mode (and device 100 is in unlocked mode), either can be dismissed by a press of button 204 on device 100.In response to detection of a press 2699 of button 204 on device 100 while either camera interface 2678 or camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in full-access mode (e.g., as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26W, with camera roll interface 2693 displayed in full-access mode), device 100 displays user interface 400 on touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"26X, as device 100 remains in unlocked mode.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"27A-27D are flow diagrams illustrating a method 2700 of controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"The method 2700 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.\",\n \"3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.\",\n \"1A) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"Some operations in method 2700 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.\",\n \"As described below, the method 2700 provides an intuitive and secure way to control access to device information and features and unlock the device.\",\n \"The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when controlling access to device information and features and unlocking the device, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"While the device is in a locked mode in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked (2702), the device displays (2704) a first user interface on the display, and detects (2706) a first input (e.g., a first gesture in the first user interface such as a downward swipe gesture originating in the top region of the display or at or near an edge of the display).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"26A and FIG.\",\n \"26L, for example, locked device interface 2600 is displayed while device 100 is in locked mode.\",\n \"A swipe gesture with contact 2612 and 2646, respectively, is detected on touch screen 112 starting from handle 2606 and 2608, respectively.\",\n \"As another example, in FIG.\",\n \"26U, camera interface 2678 is displayed while device 100 is in locked mode.\",\n \"Tap gesture 2692 is detected on touch screen 112, on camera roll icon 2692.In response to detecting the first input, the device displays (2708) a second user interface on the display, where the second user interface is in a limited-access mode in which access to the second user interface is restricted in accordance with restriction criteria (e.g., at least a portion of the one or more notifications are redacted, the full messages corresponding to notifications can't be accessed without unlocking the device, and/or one or more displayed controls can't be changed).\",\n \"For example, in response to detecting the gesture with contact 2612, device 100 displays notification interface 2616 in limited-access mode (FIG.\",\n \"26C or 26D); notifications 2620 are redacted.\",\n \"As another example, in response to detecting the gesture with contact 2646, device 100 displays settings-management interface 2650 in limited-access mode (FIG.\",\n \"26N); airplane mode icon 2652-1 is disabled.\",\n \"As another example, in response to detecting gesture 2692, device 100 displays camera roll interface 2693 in limited-access mode (FIG.\",\n \"26V); photos 2697 are hidden from display.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the second user interface is a user interface selected in accordance with the first input (2710).\",\n \"In response to detecting the first input: in accordance with a determination that the first input starts from a first edge of the device, the second user interface is a notification interface; and in accordance with a determination that the second input starts from a second edge of the device that is different from (e.g., opposite to) the first edge of the device, the second interface is a settings-management interface (2712).\",\n \"For example, in response to detecting the gesture with contact 2612, which starts on handle 2606 (e.g., starts from the top edge of touch screen 112), notification interface 2616 is displayed in limited-access mode (FIGS.\",\n \"26A-26D).\",\n \"Conversely, in response to detecting the gesture with contact 2646, which starts on handle 2608 (e.g., starts from the bottom edge of touch screen 112), settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in limited-access mode (FIGS.\",\n \"26L-26N).\",\n \"While displaying the second user interface in the limited-access mode (2714), the device detects (2716) a first fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"For example, fingerprint 2640 (FIG.\",\n \"26G), 2666 (FIG.\",\n \"26N), or 2696 (FIG.\",\n \"26V) is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.In accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is one of a plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device (2718), the device displays (2720) the second user interface in a full-access mode in which access to the second user interface is not restricted in accordance with the restriction criteria (e.g., the one or more notifications are un-redacted), and transitions (2722) the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a subject line and preview of the notifications are displayed in the un-redacted mode.\",\n \"For example, when fingerprint 2640 (FIG.\",\n \"26G) is determined to be one of the enrolled fingerprints, notification interface 2616 is displayed in full-access mode and device 100 is unlocked (FIG.\",\n \"26H); notifications 2620 are displayed as unredacted.\",\n \"As another example, when fingerprint 2666 (FIG.\",\n \"26N) is determined to be one of the enrolled fingerprints, settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in full-access mode and device 100 is unlocked (FIG.\",\n \"26O); airplane mode icon 2652-1 is enabled.\",\n \"As another example, when fingerprint 2696 (FIG.\",\n \"26V) is determined to be one of the enrolled fingerprints, camera roll interface 2693 is displayed in full-access mode and device 100 is unlocked (FIG.\",\n \"26W); photos 2697 are displayed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the second user interface is translucent, and the second user interface is displayed on top of the first user interface (2724).\",\n \"In accordance with the determination that the first fingerprint is one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device, the device displays (2726) an animation, below the translucent second user interface, of the first user interface for the locked mode of the device transitioning to a user interface for the unlocked mode of the device.\",\n \"For example, the first user interface is a lock screen for the device when the device is in a locked mode, and the first user interface transitions to a home screen, a screen with application icons for launching applications, or the last screen displayed by the device in the unlocked mode, just prior to the device going into the locked mode.\",\n \"This animated transition is typically blurred because this transition occurs underneath the translucent second user interface.\",\n \"This animated transition signals to a user that the device has been unlocked while maintaining display of the second user interface.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"26C, for example, notification interface 2616 is translucent and displayed over locked device interface 2600.When fingerprint 2640 (FIG.\",\n \"26G) is determined to be one of the enrolled fingerprints, an animation transitioning locked device interface 2600 to user interface 400 is displayed under notification interface 2616, as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"26G-26H.\",\n \"In accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is not one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints, the device maintains (2728) display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode and maintains the device in the locked mode.\",\n \"For example, when fingerprint 2640 (FIG.\",\n \"26G) is determined to not be one of the enrolled fingerprints, device 100 maintains notification interface 2616 in limited-access mode and maintains itself in locked mode; notifications 2620 remain redacted.\",\n \"As another example, when fingerprint 2666 (FIG.\",\n \"26N) is determined to not be one of the enrolled fingerprints, device 100 maintains settings-management interface 2650 in limited-access mode and maintains itself in locked mode; airplane mode icon 2652-1 remains disabled.\",\n \"As another example, when fingerprint 2696 (FIG.\",\n \"26V) is determined to not be one of the enrolled fingerprints, device 100 maintains camera roll interface 2693 (and camera interface 2678) in limited-access mode and maintains itself in locked mode; photos 2697 remain hidden from display.\",\n \"In some embodiments, after detecting the first input and while displaying the second user interface, the device detects (2730) a second input.\",\n \"In response to detecting the second input (2732), the device ceases (2734) to display the second user interface and displays (2736) a respective user interface in place of the second user interface.\",\n \"When the device is in the unlocked mode (e.g., in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is one of a plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device), the respective user interface is (2738) a user interface with unrestricted access to the respective set of features of the electronic device (e.g., an application launch user interface for launching a plurality of different applications, or a most recently used application).\",\n \"When the device is in the locked mode (e.g., in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is not one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints), the respective user interface is (2740) the first user interface with restricted access to the respective set of features of the electronic device.\",\n \"While device 100 is displaying notification interface 2616 or settings-management interface 2650, device 100 detects a respective input to dismiss the respective interface.\",\n \"When device 100 is in unlocked mode and the respective interface is dismissed, device 100 displays user interface 400.When device 100 is in locked mode and the respective interface is dismissed, device 100 displays locked device interface 2600.For example, in response to detecting the gesture with contact 2634 to dismiss notification interface 2616 (FIG.\",\n \"26C or 26D), device 100 maintains locked mode and displays locked device interface 100.However, in response to detecting the gesture with contact 2642 to dismiss notification interface 2616 (FIG.\",\n \"26I), device 100 maintains unlocked mode and displays user interface 400 (FIG.\",\n \"26J).\",\n \"As another example, in response to detecting a gesture to dismiss settings-management interface 2650 while settings-management interface 2650 is displayed in limited-access mode and device 100 is in locked mode, device 100 maintains locked mode and displays locked device interface 2600.However, in response to detecting the gesture with contact 2670 to dismiss settings-management interface 2650 (FIG.\",\n \"26Q), device 100 maintains unlocked mode and displays user interface 400 (FIG.\",\n \"26R).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the second user interface is (2742) a notification interface that is associated with a plurality of notifications; in the limited-access mode, respective information contained in one or more of the notifications is not accessible; and in the full-access mode, the respective information is accessible.\",\n \"As shown in FIGS.\",\n \"26C and 26H, notification interface 2616 is displayed with notifications 2620.When notification 2616 is displayed in limited-access mode, as in FIG.\",\n \"26C, the actual message or email contents (e.g., snippets of the message or email) are not accessible, and is replaced with generic text in the notifications 2620.However, when notification interface 2616 is displayed in full-access mode, as in FIG.\",\n \"26H, the actual message or email contents are included in the notification 2620.In some embodiments, the respective information that is not accessible in the limited-access mode includes redacted information (2744).\",\n \"In the limited-access mode, a representation of a respective notification includes a first portion (e.g., a sender identifier) and a second portion (e.g., a subject or content snippet) where the first portion is unredacted and the second portion is redacted.\",\n \"In the full-access mode, the representation of the respective notification includes the first portion and the second portion where the first portion and the second portion are unredacted.\",\n \"Notification 2620-1 in FIG.\",\n \"26C, for example, is a redacted notification; portion 2622 (sender) is not redacted, but portion 2624 (message timestamp) and portion 2626 (message snippet) are redacted by replacement with generic placeholder text.\\\\ In some embodiments, a notification is not redacted, even in limited access mode, if the notification does not include or involve personal or private information.\",\n \"For example, sports updates or news updates notifications need not be redacted.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective information that is not accessible in the limited-access mode includes information from a predetermined section of the notification interface (2746).\",\n \"Tn the limited-access mode, the notification interface omits the predetermined section, and in the full-access mode, the notification interface includes the predetermined section.\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"26D, section 2618-2 for calendar notifications is omitted while notification interface 2616 is in limited-access mode.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"26H, section 2618-2 for calendar notifications is displayed while notification interface 2616 in full-access mode.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the second user interface is (2748) a settings-management interface that is associated with a plurality of device settings.\",\n \"In the limited-access mode, the device prevents at least one respective setting from being changed (e.g., the respective setting is fixed at a previously selected value such as “on” or “off” and the device will not respond to user inputs by changing the setting unless/until the second user interface is transitioned to the full-access mode).\",\n \"In the full-access mode, the respective setting is enabled to be changed (e.g., the setting is enabled to be changed in response to inputs from the user such as tapping on a setting toggle or sliding a setting slider).\",\n \"For example, settings-management interface 2650 is an interface associated with multiple settings (airplane mode on/off, Wi-Fi on/off, etc.).\",\n \"When settings-management interface 2650 is in limited-access mode, airplane mode icon 2652-1 is disabled (FIG.\",\n \"26N); the current airplane mode setting is unchanged despite tap gesture 2664 on airplane mode icon 2652-1.However, when settings-management interface 2650 is in full-access mode, airplane mode icon 2652-1 is enabled; tap gesture 2668 on airplane mode icon 2652-1 changes the airplane mode setting (FIG.\",\n \"26O).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the second user interface is (2750) a camera playback interface for viewing images taken by a camera of the device.\",\n \"In the limited-access mode the device prevents one or more previously captured images from being viewed in the camera playback interface (e.g., the device prevents a user from viewing images that were captured and placed in a virtual “camera roll” prior to the device entering the locked mode of operation, until the user is successfully authenticated).\",\n \"However, in the full-access mode, the one or more previously captured images are enabled to be viewed in the camera playback interface (e.g., after the user has been successfully authenticated, the virtual “camera roll” is unlocked and the user is provided with access to images in the virtual “camera roll”).\",\n \"For example, FIGS.\",\n \"26V-26W show camera roll interface 2693, for viewing photos captured or otherwise stored on device 100, displayed on touch screen 112.When camera roll interface 2693 is in full-access mode (FIG.\",\n \"26W), photos 2697 are displayed.\",\n \"When camera roll interface 2693 is in limited-access mode (FIG.\",\n \"26V), photos 2697 are not displayed.\",\n \"It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.\",\n \"27A-27D have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.\",\n \"One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.\",\n \"Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 2700 described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"27A-27D.\",\n \"For example, the inputs, user interfaces, user interface objects or elements, and animations described above with reference to method 2700 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the inputs, user interfaces, user interface objects or elements, and animations described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).\",\n \"For brevity, these details are not repeated here.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.\",\n \"28 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 2800 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.\",\n \"28 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"28, an electronic device 2800 includes a display unit 2802, optionally a touch-sensitive surface unit 2804, a fingerprint sensor unit 2806; and a processing unit 2808 coupled to the display unit 2802, optionally touch-sensitive surface unit 2804, and the fingerprint sensor unit 2806.In some embodiments, the processing unit 2808 includes a display enabling unit 2810, a detecting unit 2812, a transitioning unit 2814, a maintaining unit 2816, and a ceasing unit 2818.The processing unit 2808 is configured to: while the device is in a locked mode in which access to a respective set of features of the electronic device is locked, enable display of the first user interface on the display unit 2802 (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2810) and detect a first input (e.g., with the detecting unit 2812); in response to detecting the first input, enable display of a second user interface on the display unit 2802 (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2810), where the second user interface is in a limited-access mode in which access to the second user interface is restricted in accordance with restriction criteria; and while enabling display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode: detect a first fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor unit 2806 (e.g., with the detecting unit 2812); in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is one of a plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device, enable display of the second user interface in a full-access mode in which access to the second user interface is not restricted in accordance with the restriction criteria (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2810), and transition the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which the respective set of features of the electronic device is unlocked (e.g., with the transitioning unit 2814); and in accordance with a determination that the first fingerprint is not one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints, maintain display of the second user interface in the limited-access mode and maintain the device in the locked mode (e.g., with the maintaining unit 2816).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the second user interface is a notification interface that is associated with a plurality of notifications, in the limited-access mode, respective information contained in one or more of the notifications is not accessible, and in the full-access mode, the respective information is accessible.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective information that is not accessible in the limited-access mode includes redacted information, in the limited-access mode, a representation of a respective notification includes a first portion and a second portion where the first portion is unredacted and the second portion is redacted, and in the full-access mode, the representation of the respective notification includes the first portion and the second portion where the first portion and the second portion are unredacted.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective information that is not accessible in the limited-access mode includes information from a predetermined section of the notification interface, in the limited-access mode, the notification interface omits the predetermined section, and in the full-access mode, the notification interface includes the predetermined section.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the second user interface is a settings-management interface that is associated with a plurality of device settings, in the limited-access mode, the device prevents at least one respective setting from being changed, and in the full-access mode, the respective setting is enabled to be changed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the second user interface is a camera playback interface for viewing images taken by a camera of the device, in the limited-access mode the device prevents one or more previously captured images from being viewed in the camera playback interface, and in the full-access mode, the one or more previously captured images are enabled to be viewed in the camera playback interface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing unit 2808 is configured to: after detecting the first input and while enabling display of the second user interface, detect a second input (e.g., with the detecting unit 2812); and in response to detecting the second input: cease to display the second user interface (e.g., with the ceasing unit 2818), and enable display of a respective user interface in place of the second user interface (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2810), wherein: when the device is in the unlocked mode, the respective user interface is a user interface with unrestricted access to the respective set of features of the electronic device, and when the device is in the locked mode, the respective user interface is the first user interface with restricted access to the respective set of features of the electronic device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the second user interface is a user interface selected in accordance with the first input, and in response to detecting the first input: in accordance with a determination that the first input starts from a first edge of the device, the second user interface is a notification interface; and in accordance with a determination that the second input starts from a second edge of the device that is different from the first edge of the device, the second interface is a settings-management interface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the second user interface is translucent, and the second user interface is displayed on top of the first user interface, and the processing unit 2808 is configured to: in accordance with the determination that the first fingerprint is one of the plurality of enrolled fingerprints that are enrolled with the device, enable display of an animation, below the translucent second user interface, of the first user interface for the locked mode of the device transitioning to a user interface for the unlocked mode of the device (e.g., with the display enabling unit 2810).\",\n \"The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"1A and 3) or application specific chips.\",\n \"The operations described above with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"27A-27D are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B or FIG.\",\n \"28.For example, detection operations 2706 and 2716, displaying operations 2704, 2708, and 2720, transitioning operation 2722, and maintaining operation 2728 are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.\",\n \"When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.\",\n \"Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.\",\n \"Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B.\",\n \"Unlocking an Application or a Device Depending on Context Many electronic devices have a locked mode in which access to most applications on the device is prevented.\",\n \"While in a locked mode, such devices may still permit limited access to a particular application, even though most of the applications on the device are locked.\",\n \"In some circumstances, in response to an unlock request, it may be more efficient to unlock the entire device so that a user can navigate to any application on the device.\",\n \"In other circumstances, in response to an unlock request, it may be more efficient to unlock just the particular application that is operating in a limited access mode, without unlocking the all of the applications on the device, to enable a user to access more features of the particular application.\",\n \"Thus, depending on context, it may be more efficient to unlock an application, rather than unlocking the entire device.\",\n \"The methods described herein provide a way to unlock an application or a device, depending on the usage context, in response to detecting an authorized fingerprint on a fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"When an authorized fingerprint is detected while a lock screen for the entire device is being displayed, the device transitions to an unlocked mode in which most, if not all, of the applications on the device are accessible.\",\n \"In this unlocked mode, the display optionally changes to a home screen, a screen with application icons for launching applications, or the last screen displayed by the device in the unlocked mode, just prior to the device going into the locked mode.\",\n \"On the other hand, when an authorized fingerprint is detected while a user interface is being displayed for the particular application that is being used in a limited access mode, the device transitions from the locked mode to a single-application unlocked mode in which previously-locked features of the particular application are unlocked, while other applications on the device remain locked.\",\n \"For example, without user authentication, the device may permit limited access to a camera application to enable a user to immediately take photographs.\",\n \"In response to fingerprint authentication of the user, the unlocked camera application may also be able to display photographs previously stored on the camera, send photographs to other devices, etc.\",\n \"As another example, without user authentication, the device may permit a personal digital assistant (e.g., Siri personal digital assistant from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.) to answer questions that do not require access to private information for a particular user.\",\n \"In response to fingerprint authentication of the user, the personal digital assistant may also be able to answer questions that require access to private information for the particular user.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is an electronic device with a separate display (e.g., display 450) and a separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the device is portable multifunction device 100, the display is touch screen 112, and the touch-sensitive surface includes tactile output generators 167 on the display (FIG.\",\n \"1A).\",\n \"The device described below with reference to 29A-29Y and 30A-30D includes one or more fingerprint sensors 169.In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include one or more integrated fingerprint sensors 359-1 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are integrated in to the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the one or more fingerprint sensors include separate fingerprint sensors 359-2 (FIG.\",\n \"4B) that are separate from the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., separate touch-sensitive surface 451 or touch sensitive display system 112).\",\n \"Unless specified otherwise, a fingerprint sensor 169 described below is, optionally, either an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, depending on the configuration of the hardware and software of the device that includes the fingerprint sensor 169.For convenience of explanation, the embodiments described with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"29A-29Y and 30A-30D will be discussed with reference to a device with a touch screen 112 and a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2, however analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 in response to detecting the inputs described in FIGS.\",\n \"29A-29Y on the integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"29A-29Y on the display 450.Additionally, analogous operations are, optionally, performed on a device with a display 450 and a separate touch-sensitive surface 451 instead of a touch screen 112 in response to detecting the contacts described in FIGS.\",\n \"29A-29Y on a fingerprint sensor 169 (e.g., an integrated fingerprint sensor 359-1 or a separate fingerprint sensor 359-2) and/or the separate touch-sensitive surface 451 while displaying the user interfaces shown in FIGS.\",\n \"29A-29Y on the display 450; in such embodiments, the contacts shown in FIGS.\",\n \"29A-29Y optionally represent both a focus selector that corresponds to a location on the display 450, and a contact that corresponds to a location of a contact or gesture performed on the separate touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive surface 451), where the focus selector is, optionally: a respective contact, a representative point corresponding to a contact (e.g., a centroid of a respective contact or a point associated with a respective contact), or a centroid of two or more contacts detected on the touch screen 112 and is, optionally, replaced with a displayed cursor.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"29A illustrates locked device interface 29000 displayed on a display of a device (e.g., on touch screen 112 of device 100).\",\n \"Locked device interface 29000 is a user interface that indicates to users of device 100 that device 100 is in locked mode (i.e., device 100 is locked), and thus access to features of multiple applications on device 100 is prevented.\",\n \"For example, while device 100 is locked, user interface 400 (FIG.\",\n \"29B) is inaccessible.\",\n \"Thus, a user is unable to launch multiple some applications on device 100.In some embodiments, locked device interface 29000 provides limited information to users.\",\n \"For example, locked device interface 29000 includes current date and time 29002 and instructions or hints 29004 on how to unlock device 100.Locked device interface 29000 also includes one or more user interface objects for displaying respective user interfaces or launching specific applications.\",\n \"For example, locked device interface 29000 includes handles 29006 and 29008, and icon 29010.A user performs a gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) starting from handle 29006 to activate display of a notification interface.\",\n \"A user performs a gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) starting from handle 29008 to activate display of settings-management interface.\",\n \"A user performs a gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) on icon 29010 to activate display of a camera interface.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"29A illustrates fingerprint 29012 detected on fingerprint sensor 169.In response to detecting fingerprint 29012 on fingerprint sensor 169, device 100 determines if fingerprint 29012 is one of one or more fingerprints enrolled with device 100.If fingerprint 29012 is not one of the enrolled fingerprints, device 100 remains in locked mode, and locked device interface 29000 remains displayed or a passcode entry interface (not shown) is displayed.\",\n \"If fingerprint 29012 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, device 100 transitions to a multi-application unlocked mode, in which features of multiple applications are unlocked, and user interface 400 is displayed, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"29B.\",\n \"With user interface 400 displayed and device 100 in multi-application unlocked mode, a user can launch and use any of multiple applications on device 100 with full access.\",\n \"For example, FIG.\",\n \"29B shows gesture 29014 (e.g., a tap gesture) detected on “Photos” icon 428.In response to detecting gesture 29014, device 100 launches a content presentation application (e.g., a photo viewer application) with full access and displays a corresponding photo viewer interface 29016, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"29C.\",\n \"In some embodiments, photo viewer interface 29016 corresponds to a camera application as well as, or instead of, a content presentation application.\",\n \"In photo viewer interface 29016, photos 29018 stored on device 100 are displayed, including photos previously captured in past sessions of a camera application on device 100 and/or photos received by device 100.In some embodiments, photo viewer interface 29016 includes share icon 29020 for initiating a process for sharing any of photos 29018 by message, email, social network upload, or any other suitable method.\",\n \"Share icon 29020 is enabled, as device 100 is in the multi-application unlocked mode.\",\n \"While photo viewer interface 29016 is displayed (i.e., the photo viewer application is open), button press 29022 on button 204 is detected by device 100.Button press 29022 includes a button-down (activation) of button 204 and a button-up (deactivation) of button 204.In response to detecting button press 29022, photo viewer interface 29016 ceases to be displayed (e.g., the photo viewer application is dismissed to the background) and user interface 400 is displayed, and device 100 remains in multi-application unlocked mode, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"29D.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"29E illustrates device 100 in locked mode with locked device interface 29000 displayed on touch screen 112.A gesture is detected on touch screen 112.The gesture (e.g., a swipe gesture) includes contact 29024 detected on icon 29010, and while detected on icon 29010, moving in direction 29026.In response to detecting the gesture, device 100 displays camera interface 29028 in a limited-access mode on touch screen 112, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"29F, and device 100 remains in locked mode.\",\n \"Camera interface 29028 is an interface associated with a camera application (e.g., camera module 143) on device 100.Camera interface 29028 includes camera preview 29034, flash control 29030, front/back camera toggle 29032, shutter/capture button 29038, image effects control 29040, and camera roll icon 29036.Device 100 ceases to display camera interface 29028 and displays camera roll interface 29044 in a limited-access mode (FIG.\",\n \"29G) in response to detection of gesture 29042 (e.g., a tap gesture) on camera roll icon 29036.While camera roll interface 29044 is displayed in limited-access mode, photos captured on device 100 in previous sessions of the camera application are not displayed in camera roll interface 29044.For example, in FIG.\",\n \"29G, instead of photos displayed in camera roll interface 29044, message 29046 directing the user to unlock the device to view the captured photos is displayed.\",\n \"Camera roll interface 29044 also includes share icon 29020 that is disabled and camera icon 29048.In some embodiments, share icon 29020 is grayed out or shaded when it is disabled.\",\n \"Device 100 ceases to display camera roll interface 29044 and displays camera interface 29028 in response to detection of a gesture (e.g., a tap gesture) on camera icon 29048, which is not disabled.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"29G, fingerprint 29050 is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.If device 100 determines that fingerprint 29050 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 transitions into a single-application unlock mode with respect to the application corresponding to camera roll interface 29044 and unlocks the features of camera roll interface 29044, including display of photos captured on device 100 in previous sessions of the camera application.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"29H, photos 29018 are displayed in unlocked camera roll interface 29044.Also, share icon 29020 is enabled in the single-application unlock mode, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"29H.\",\n \"If fingerprint 29050 is not one of the enrolled fingerprints, then the features of camera roll interface 29044 remain restricted.\",\n \"In some embodiments, transitioning device 100 to the single-application unlocked mode with respect to camera roll interface 29044 includes device 100 unlocking just the camera application to which camera roll interface 29044 corresponds and making the features of that application unlocked and accessible, while leaving the other applications on device 100 locked and their features inaccessible.\",\n \"In some other embodiments, transitioning device 100 to the single-application unlocked mode with respect to camera roll interface 29044 includes transitioning device 100 into an unlocked mode with respect to multiple applications (i.e., features of multiple applications are unlocked, including the camera application to which camera roll interface 29044 corresponds), but device 100 is also configured to transition back to locked mode (i.e., features of the multiple applications are locked and inaccessible) as soon as the camera application is closed.\",\n \"Thus, in these embodiments, even though multiple applications are unlocked, just the camera and the camera roll are accessible, which effectively makes this a single-application unlocked mode.\",\n \"Returning to FIG.\",\n \"29H, while the features of camera roll interface 29044 are unlocked, button press 29052 on button 204 is detected by device 100.Button press 29052 includes a button-down (activation) of button 204 and a button-up (deactivation) of button 204.In response to detecting button press 29052, camera roll interface 29044 ceases to be displayed (e.g., the camera application or the content presentation application is closed) and locked device interface 29000 is displayed, and device 100 returns to locked mode, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"29I.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"29J illustrates another example of transitioning device 100 to a single-application unlocked mode with respect to camera roll interface 29044.In FIG.\",\n \"29J, camera roll interface 29044 is in limited-access mode (i.e., its features are restricted), device 100 is in locked mode, and photos 29054 captured in a current session of the camera application are displayed in camera roll interface 29044.In FIG.\",\n \"29J, other photos stored on device 100, besides the photos 29054 captured in a current session of the camera application, are not displayed.\",\n \"Also, share icon 29020 is disabled; gesture (e.g., a tap gesture) 29055 on share icon 29020 has no effect.\",\n \"Fingerprint 29056 (FIG.\",\n \"29J) is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.If device 100 determines that fingerprint 29056 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, then device 100 transitions to a single-application unlock mode and unlocks the features of camera roll interface 29044, including enabling share icon 29020.As shown in FIGS.\",\n \"29K-29L, in response to detecting gesture (e.g., a tap gesture) 29058 on share icon 29020, device 100 initiates a process for sharing one or more of the photos displayed in camera roll interface 29044 (e.g., photos 29054).\",\n \"(For simplicity, this example assumes that captured photos 29054-1-29054-4 are all of the photos stored on the device.)\",\n \"The sharing process includes, for example, displaying photo selection interface 29060 (FIG.\",\n \"29L), where the user selects the photos to share, and displaying an interface for the user to select a method of sharing (e.g., email, message, social network, microblog) (not shown).\",\n \"If fingerprint 29056 is not one of the enrolled fingerprints, then the features of camera roll interface 29044 remain restricted.\",\n \"Before the sharing process is completed, the user can close the corresponding content presentation application or camera application, and thus cancel the sharing process.\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"29L, while photo selection interface 29060 is displayed, button press 29066 on button 204 is detected by device 100.Button press 29066 includes a button-down (activation) of button 204 and a button-up (deactivation) of button 204.In response to detecting button press 29066, photo selection interface 29060 ceases to be displayed (e.g., the camera application or the content presentation application is closed) and locked device interface 29000 is displayed, and device 100 is in locked mode, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"29M.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"29N illustrates passcode entry interface 29068 displayed on touch screen 112 while device 100 is in locked mode.\",\n \"In some embodiments, passcode entry interface 29068 is displayed in response to, for example, detection of a horizontal swipe gesture in proximity of unlock instructions 29004 while locked device interface 29000 is displayed.\",\n \"Passcode entry interface 29068 includes passcode field 29070 and keypad 29072.Keypad 29072 includes “Emergency call” key 29073.In response to detecting gesture (e.g., a tap gesture, a virtual-key press gesture) 29074 on “Emergency call” key 29073, device 100 displays emergency call interface 29076, and device 100 remains in locked mode, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"29O.\",\n \"Emergency call interface 29076 is an interface corresponding to a phone application on device 100.A user can make emergency calls (e.g., calls to recognized official emergency phone numbers, such as 911, 999, etc.\",\n \"; calls to contacts designated in device 100 as “in case of emergency” (“ICE”) contacts) but not non-emergency calls (e.g., calls to non-emergency phone numbers) from emergency call interface 29076.Also, other features of the phone application (e.g., contacts, call history, voicemail, contact favorites or speed-dial) are not accessible from emergency call interface 29076.Emergency call interface 29076 includes, for example, phone number field 29078, keypad 29080, cancel icon 29082, and call icon 29084.While emergency call interface 29076 is displayed, fingerprint 29086 is detected on fingerprint sensor 169.As depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"29O-29P, fingerprint 29086 includes fingerprint-down 29086-a and fingerprint-liftoff 29086-b.\",\n \"If device 100 determines that fingerprint 29086 is one of the enrolled fingerprints, then in response to detecting fingerprint-liftoff 29086-b, device 100 transitions to a single-application unlock mode with respect to the phone application and unlocks the features of the phone application.\",\n \"As a result of unlocking the features of the phone application, emergency call interface 29076 ceases to be displayed, and instead interfaces for the full-access phone application (e.g., keypad interface 29088 with phone icons 29096) are displayed, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"29Q.\",\n \"If fingerprint 29086 is not one of the enrolled fingerprints, then the features of the phone application remain locked and emergency call interface 29076 remains displayed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"29Q illustrates device 100 displaying keypad interface 29088 after the features of the phone application are unlocked.\",\n \"Keypad interface 29088 includes, for example, phone number field 29078, keypad 29090, and icons 29096 for accessing the features of the phone application.\",\n \"Keypad 29090 includes conference call key 29092, which was not present in keypad 29080 in emergency call interface 29076.Icons 29096 include, for example, favorites icon 29096-1, call history icon 29096-2, contacts icon 29096-3, keypad icon 29096-4, and voicemail icon 29096-5.In response to detecting gesture (e.g., a tap gesture) 29098 on contacts icon 29096-3, device 100 ceases to display keypad interface 29088 and displays contacts interface 29100, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"29R.\",\n \"Contacts interface 29100 is accessible now that the features of the communication interface are unlocked.\",\n \"Contacts interface 29100 includes, for example, a list of contacts 29102 that the user can view and edit.\",\n \"Continuing in FIG.\",\n \"29R, while contacts interface 29100 is displayed, button press 29104 on button 204 is detected by device 100.Button press 29104 includes a button-down (activation) of button 204 and a button-up (deactivation) of button 204.In response to detecting button press 29104, contacts interface 29100 ceases to be displayed (i.e., the phone application is closed) and locked device interface 29000 is displayed, and device 100 is in locked mode, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"29S.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"29T illustrates device 100 in locked mode with locked device interface 29000 displayed on touch screen 112.Button press 29106 is detected on button 204, and a fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106 is detected on fingerprint sensor 169 integrated with button 204.The button press includes button-down 29106-a and button-up 29106-b (FIG.\",\n \"29V).\",\n \"During button-down 29106-a, fingerprint sensor 169 detects the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106 and determines if the fingerprint is one of the enrolled fingerprints.\",\n \"Also, in response to button-down 29106-a continuing and lasting for more than a predetermined amount of time (e.g., 2 seconds), personal assistant interface 29108 is displayed in limited-access mode, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"29U; some features of the corresponding personal assistant application are locked.\",\n \"Personal assistant interface 29108 corresponds to a personal assistant application.\",\n \"The personal assistant application is voice controlled, and can perform various operations in response to voice commands from the user.\",\n \"For example, the personal assistant application can perform web searches; display news, weather, and sports scores; read email and messages; inform the user of outstanding appointments or events, and compose email and messages in accordance with user dictation.\",\n \"Personal assistant interface 29108 optionally includes prompt 29109 to prompt the user to speak a command or request.\",\n \"After personal assistant interface 29108 is displayed, button-up 29106-b is detected.\",\n \"In response to detecting button-up 29106-b, if the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106 is determined by device 100 to be one of the enrolled fingerprints, device 100 transitions to a single-application unlocked mode with respect to the personal assistant application and the features of the personal assistant application are unlocked; and if the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106 is determined by device 100 to not be one of the enrolled fingerprints, some features of the personal assistant application remain locked.\",\n \"While personal assistant interface 29108 is displayed and after button-up 29106-b, the personal assistant application is standing by for commands or requests from the user, and the user speaks a command or request to device 100, as in FIG.\",\n \"29V.\",\n \"Commands/requests 29110 from the user and responses 29112 from the personal assistant application are displayed in personal assistant interface 29108 for the user to view.\",\n \"If some features of the personal assistant application remain locked in response to button-up 29106-b, then commands or requests involving personal or private information (e.g., play voicemail, compose a message, make a call) are not fulfilled by the personal assistant interface (because these features of the personal assistant application are locked).\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"29W, in response to command 29110-1 “Play my voicemail,” response 29112-1 from the personal assistant application is “Sorry I can't do that.” In some embodiments, if a command or request does not involve personal or private information (e.g., the command is to display a sports score), then the personal assistant interface answers the command or request.\",\n \"If the features of the personal assistant application are unlocked in response to button-up 29106-b, then the personal assistant application fulfills commands or requests involving personal or private information (e.g., play voicemail, compose a message, make a call), as well as commands/request not involving personal or private information.\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"29X, in response to command 29110-2 “Play my voicemail,” response 29112-2 from the personal assistant application is “You have two voicemails.\",\n \"Playing .\",\n \".\",\n \".\",\n \"” and playback of the voicemails by device 100.The personal assistant application can be closed by a press of button 204.For example, in response to detecting button press 29114 (FIG.\",\n \"29W) or button press 29116 (FIG.\",\n \"29X), personal assistant interface 29108 cease to be displayed, and locked device interface 29000 is displayed, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"29Y.\",\n \"In both FIG.\",\n \"29W and FIG.\",\n \"29X, device 100 is not fully unlocked (in FIG.\",\n \"29W, features of multiple applications are still locked; in FIG.\",\n \"29X, device 100 is in a single-application unlocked mode with respect to the personal assistant application), and thus locked device interface 29000 is displayed.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"30A-30D are flow diagrams illustrating a method 3000 of unlocking an application or a device depending on context in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"The method 3000 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.\",\n \"3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG.\",\n \"1A) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface.\",\n \"Some operations in method 3000 are, optionally, combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.\",\n \"As described below, the method 3000 provides an intuitive way to unlock an application or a device depending on context.\",\n \"The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when unlocking, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface.\",\n \"For battery-operated electronic devices, enabling a user to unlock more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges.\",\n \"While the electronic device is (3002) in a locked mode in which access to features of a plurality of different applications on the electronic device is prevented, the device displays (3004) a first user interface on the display.\",\n \"The first user interface is one of: a locked-device user interface for the electronic device, and a limited-access user interface for a respective application in the plurality of different applications.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the features of applications on the electronic device include features of a first application and features of a second application.\",\n \"In some embodiments, features of a respective application include one or more of: the ability to access and interact with content associated with the application (e.g., viewing photos in a camera roll of a camera application, viewing contacts in an address book application, viewing messages in a messaging application), the ability to instruct the application to perform application-specific operations on the device (e.g., taking pictures in a camera application, downloading content in a web browser or app store application, playing media in an media player application, sending and receiving messages in a messaging application).\",\n \"For example, device 100 displays locked device interface 29000 (FIG.\",\n \"29A).\",\n \"Alternatively, the device displays a limited-access user interface for an application, such as camera roll interface 29044 (FIG.\",\n \"29G or FIG.\",\n \"29J), emergency call interface 29076 (FIGS.\",\n \"29O-29P), or personal assistant interface 29108 (FIG.\",\n \"29U).\",\n \"While these interfaces are displayed, an input (fingerprint 29012, FIG.\",\n \"29A; fingerprint 29050, FIG.\",\n \"29G; fingerprint 29056, FIG.\",\n \"29J; fingerprint 29086, FIGS.\",\n \"29O-29P; the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106, FIG.\",\n \"29U; respectively) to initiate unlocking features of the device is detected with fingerprint 169.The device detects (3006), with the fingerprint sensor, a first input (e.g., fingerprint 29012, FIG.\",\n \"29A; fingerprint 29050, FIG.\",\n \"29G; fingerprint 29056, FIG.\",\n \"29J; fingerprint 29086, FIGS.\",\n \"29O-29P; or the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106, FIG.\",\n \"29U; respectively) that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device (and that meets unlock criteria).\",\n \"For example, the first input includes a fingerprint that matches an enrolled fingerprint that was previously enrolled with the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, when the device detects an input that includes a fingerprint that does not match an enrolled fingerprint that was previously enrolled with the device, the device ignores the input (e.g., by maintaining the device in the locked mode of operation) and/or displays an alternative method of authorizing unlocking the device, such as a passcode entry user interface.\",\n \"In response to detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, the first input that corresponds to the request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device (3008), in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the locked-device user interface for the electronic device, the device transitions (3010) the device from the locked mode to a multi-application unlocked mode in which the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked.\",\n \"For example, in FIGS.\",\n \"29A-29B, when the interface displayed is locked device interface 29000, in response to detecting fingerprint 29012 that is an enrolled fingerprint, device 100 transitions to a multi-application unlocked mode and user interface 400 is displayed; device 100 is fully unlocked.\",\n \"However, in response to detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, the first input that corresponds to the request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device (3008), in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the limited-access user interface for the respective application, the device (3012) transitions the device from the locked mode to a single-application unlocked mode in which one or more previously-locked features of the respective application are unlocked, and continues to prevent access to one or more previously-locked features of other applications in the plurality of different applications (e.g., features of the other applications, besides the respective application, that are locked when the device is in the locked mode).\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"29G, device 100 displays camera roll interface 29044 in limited-access mode, and in response to detecting fingerprint 29050 that is an enrolled fingerprint, features of camera roll interface 29044 are unlocked but access to features of other applications are prevented (FIG.\",\n \"29H).\",\n \"As another example, in FIG.\",\n \"29J, device 100 displays camera roll interface 29044 in limited-access mode, and in response to detecting fingerprint 29056 that is an enrolled fingerprint, features of camera roll interface 29044 are unlocked but access to features of other applications are prevented (FIG.\",\n \"29K).\",\n \"As another example, in FIGS.\",\n \"29O-29P, device 100 displays emergency call interface 29076 of a phone application in limited-access mode, and in response to detecting fingerprint 29050 that is an enrolled fingerprint, features of the phone application are unlocked (e.g., keypad interface 29088 is displayed; FIG.\",\n \"29Q), but access to features of other applications are prevented.\",\n \"As another example, in FIG.\",\n \"29U.\",\n \"device 100 displays personal assistant interface 29108 of a personal assistant application in limited-access mode, and in response to detecting the fingerprint, that is an enrolled fingerprint, corresponding to button press 29106, features of the personal assistant application are unlocked (e.g., access to private information is unlocked so that command 29110-2, which involves personal or private information, is fulfilled; FIG.\",\n \"29X), but access to features of other applications are prevented.\",\n \"In some embodiments, transitioning the device from the locked mode to the single-application unlocked mode and continuing to prevent access to previously-locked features of other applications includes (3014) unlocking the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application without unlocking the one or more previously-locked features of the other applications in the plurality of different applications (e.g., without unlocking all of the features of the plurality of different applications).\",\n \"For example, only features of the respective application are unlocked while features of other applications in the plurality of different applications are not unlocked.\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"29G-29H or FIGS.\",\n \"29J-29K, for example, the features of the content presentation application or camera application are unlocked but features of other applications on device 100 are still locked.\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"29O-29Q, the features of the phone application are unlocked but features of other applications on device 100 are still locked.\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"29T-29V and 29X, the features of the personal assistant application are unlocked but features of other applications on device 100 are still locked.\",\n \"In some embodiments, transitioning the device from the locked mode to the single-application unlocked mode and preventing access to previously-locked features of other applications includes (3016): transitioning the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which access to the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked, and configuring the device to transition from the unlocked mode to the locked mode upon detection of a request to close the respective application (e.g., when the device is in the single-application unlocked mode, the whole device is an unlocked mode, however if/when the user requests to exit the respective application, the device transitions back to the locked mode, so that the user is restricted to performing unlocked operations within the respective application).\",\n \"Thus, in FIGS.\",\n \"29G-29H or FIGS.\",\n \"29J-29K, alternatively, device 100 is unlocked in response to fingerprint 29050 and 29056, respectively, and device 100 is locked again when the content presentation application or camera application is closed.\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"29O-29Q, alternatively, device 100 is unlocked in response to fingerprint 29086, and device 100 is locked again when the phone application is closed.\",\n \"In FIGS.\",\n \"29T-29V and 29X, alternatively, device 100 is unlocked in response to the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106, and device 100 is locked again when the personal assistant application is closed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, after detecting the first input, while displaying a user interface for the respective application, the device detects (3018) a second input that includes a request to close the respective application.\",\n \"In response to detecting the second input (3020), when the device is in the single-application unlocked mode, the device returns (3022) the device to the locked mode of operation; and when the device is in the multi-application unlocked mode, the device closes (3024) the respective application and maintains the device in the unlocked mode of operation.\",\n \"For example, while photo viewer interface 29016 is displayed in multi-application unlock mode, in response to detecting button press 29022, the corresponding content presentation application is closed and device 100 remains unlocked (FIGS.\",\n \"29C-29D).\",\n \"On the other hand, while camera roll interface 29044 is displayed in single-application unlock mode, in response to detecting button press 29052, the corresponding content presentation application or camera application is closed and device 100 returns to locked mode (FIGS.\",\n \"29H-291).\",\n \"As another example, while photo selection interface 29060 is displayed in single-application unlock mode, in response to detecting button press 29066, the corresponding content presentation application or camera application is closed and device 100 returns to locked mode (FIGS.\",\n \"29L-29M).\",\n \"As another example, while contacts interface 29100 is displayed in single-application unlock mode, in response to detecting button press 29104, the corresponding phone application is closed and device 100 returns to locked mode (FIGS.\",\n \"29R-29S).\",\n \"As another example, while personal assistant interface 29108 is displayed in single-application unlock mode, in response to detecting button press 29114 or 29116, the corresponding personal assistant application or camera application is closed and device 100 returns to locked mode (FIGS.\",\n \"29W-29Y).\",\n \"In some embodiments, detecting the first input includes detecting liftoff of a fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor, and the response to the first input is performed in response to detecting liftoff of the fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor (3026).\",\n \"For example, in FIGS.\",\n \"29O-29Q, the transition to the single-application unlock mode with respect to the phone application is performed in response to fingerprint-liftoff 29086-b.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor is (3028) integrated into a button; detecting the first input includes detecting activation of the button (e.g., detecting a button-down signal), detecting a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, and detecting deactivation of the button (e.g., detecting a button-up signal) (e.g., while continuing to detect the fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor); and the response to the first input is performed in response to detecting deactivation of the button (e.g., the response to the first input is performed in response to detecting the button-up signal).\",\n \"For example, FIGS.\",\n \"29T-29V depict fingerprint sensor 169 as integrated into button 204.In FIGS.\",\n \"29T-29V, the input is button press 29106 that includes button-down 29106-a that activates button 204, detection of the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106, and button-up 29106-b that deactivates the button.\",\n \"The transition to the single-application unlock mode (or not) is performed in response to detecting button-up 29106-b.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective application is opened (3030) in response to detecting activation of the button (e.g., the device opens a personal digital assistant application in response to detecting a button down event, or in response to detecting a button down event and then continuing to detect the button down for more than a predetermined time threshold such as 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 seconds, or some other reasonable time threshold).\",\n \"For example, device 100 opens the personal assistant application (e.g., displays personal assistant interface 29108) in response to detecting button-down 29106-a for at least a predetermined amount of time (FIGS.\",\n \"29T-29U).\",\n \"In some embodiments, in conjunction with detecting activation of the button (e.g., immediately before, during and/or immediately after detecting activation of the button), the device obtains (3032) fingerprint information about a fingerprint of a finger that is on the fingerprint sensor and determining whether the fingerprint information matches an enrolled fingerprint that was previously enrolled with the device.\",\n \"For example, in FIG.\",\n \"29T, during button-down 29106-a, device 100 obtains information for the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106 and determines if that fingerprint is an enrolled fingerprint.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective application is (3034) a personal assistant application (e.g., a voice-controlled personal assistant application that is launched with a long press of a button in which the fingerprint sensor is integrated), and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that require the personal assistant application to access data for a particular user stored on the device (e.g., while the device is in the locked mode, the personal assistant application can perform certain functions such as performing web searches or providing directions that do not require access to private information for a particular user but is prevented/disabled from performing other functions such as reading messages, accessing an address book, and/or accessing calendar information that require access to private information for the particular user).\",\n \"For example, in FIGS.\",\n \"29T-29X, the application is a personal assistant application, and a feature that is unlocked in response to determining that the fingerprint corresponding to button press 29106 is an enrolled fingerprint is that the personal assistant application can access personal or private information (and therefore can fulfill requests and command such as playing voicemail).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective application is (3036) a camera application, and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable the device to display images that were previously captured by a camera of the device (e.g., photos in a “photo roll” of the camera of the device).\",\n \"For example, in FIGS.\",\n \"29G-29H, the application is a camera application, and a feature that is unlocked in response to determining that fingerprint 29050 is an enrolled fingerprint is that previously captured or stored photos 29018 are displayed in camera roll interface 29044.In some embodiments, the respective application is (3038) a content presentation application (e.g., a camera application with a media viewing feature such as a photo roll that displays photos that were previously captured by the camera), and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable the device to share content associated with the content presentation application (e.g., sharing photos in a -photo roll” of a camera via email, a MMS message, or a message on a social networking service).\",\n \"For example, in FIGS.\",\n \"29J-29K, the application is a content presentation application (or a camera application), and a feature that is unlocked in response to determining that fingerprint 29056 is an enrolled fingerprint is that share icon 29020 in camera roll interface 29044 is enabled.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective application is (3040) a communication application (e.g., a phone application), the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable a user of the device to communicate with an arbitrary contact specified by the user (e.g., calling a non-emergency phone number).\",\n \"For example, in FIGS.\",\n \"29O-29Q, the application is a phone application, and a feature that is unlocked in response to determining that fingerprint 29086 is an enrolled fingerprint is that keypad interface 29088, from which the user can call an arbitrary phone number, is accessible.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective application is (3042) a communication application (e.g., a phone application), and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable the device to access a user-specific directory of communication information (e.g., while the device is locked, access to the user's address book is disabled).\",\n \"For example, in FIGS.\",\n \"29O-29R, the application is a phone application, and a feature that is unlocked in response to determining that fingerprint 29086 is an enrolled fingerprint is that contacts interface 29100 is accessible.\",\n \"It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations in FIGS.\",\n \"30A-30D have been described is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed.\",\n \"One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.\",\n \"Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processes described herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above) are also applicable in an analogous manner to method 3000 described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"30A-30D.\",\n \"For example, the fingerprints, gestures, and user interface objects described above with reference to method 3000 optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the fingerprints, gestures, and user interface objects described herein with reference to other methods described herein (e.g., those listed in the “Description of Embodiments” section above).\",\n \"For brevity, these details are not repeated here.\",\n \"In accordance with some embodiments, FIG.\",\n \"31 shows a functional block diagram of an electronic device 3100 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"The functional blocks of the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG.\",\n \"31 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described embodiments.\",\n \"Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"31, an electronic device 3100 includes a display unit 3102 configured to display a first user interface, optionally a touch-sensitive surface unit 3104 configured to receive contacts, a fingerprint sensor unit 3106; and a processing unit 3108 coupled to the display unit 3102, optionally the touch-sensitive surface unit 3104, and the fingerprint sensor unit 3106.In some embodiments, the processing unit 3108 includes a display enabling unit 3110, a detecting unit 3112, a transitioning unit 3114, an access preventing unit 3116, a returning unit 3118, a closing unit 3120, an obtaining unit 3122, and a determining unit 3124.The processing unit 3108 is configured to: while the electronic device is in a locked mode in which access to features of a plurality of different applications on the electronic device is prevented: enable display (e.g., with the display enabling unit 3110) of the first user interface on the display unit 3102, the first user interface being one of: a locked-device user interface for the electronic device, and a limited-access user interface for a respective application in the plurality of different applications; and detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 3112), with the fingerprint sensor, a first input that corresponds to a request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device.\",\n \"The processing unit 3108 is further configured to, in response to detecting, with the fingerprint sensor, the first input that corresponds to the request to initiate unlocking one or more features of the device: in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the locked-device user interface for the electronic device, transition (e.g., with the transitioning unit 3114) the device from the locked mode to a multi-application unlocked mode in which the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked.\",\n \"The processing unit 3108 is also configured to, in accordance with a determination that the first user interface is the limited-access user interface for the respective application: transition (e.g., with the transitioning unit 3114) the device from the locked mode to a single-application unlocked mode in which one or more previously-locked features of the respective application are unlocked; and continue to prevent access (e.g., with the access preventing unit 3116) to one or more previously-locked features of other applications in the plurality of different applications.\",\n \"In some embodiments, transitioning the device from the locked mode to the single-application unlocked mode and continuing to prevent access to previously-locked features of other applications includes unlocking the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application without unlocking the one or more previously-locked features of the other applications in the plurality of different applications.\",\n \"In some embodiments, transitioning the device from the locked mode to the single-application unlocked mode and preventing access to previously-locked features of other applications includes: transitioning the device from the locked mode to an unlocked mode in which access to the features of the plurality of different applications are unlocked; and configuring the device to transition from the unlocked mode to the locked mode upon detection of a request to close the respective application.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing unit 3108 is configured to: after detecting the first input, while enabling display of a user interface for the respective application, detect (e.g., with the detecting unit 3112) a second input that includes a request to close the respective application; and in response to detecting the second input: when the device is in the single-application unlocked mode, return (e.g., with the returning unit 3118) the device to the locked mode of operation; and when the device is in the multi-application unlocked mode, close (e.g., with the closing unit 3120) the respective application and maintaining the device in the unlocked mode of operation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, detecting the first input includes detecting liftoff of a fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor; and the response to the first input is performed in response to detecting liftoff of the fingerprint from the fingerprint sensor.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the fingerprint sensor is integrated into a button; detecting the first input includes detecting activation of the button, detecting a fingerprint on the fingerprint sensor, and detecting deactivation of the button; and the response to the first input is performed in response to detecting deactivation of the button.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective application is opened in response to detecting activation of the button.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processing apparatus 3108 is configured to, in conjunction with detecting activation of the button, obtain (e.g., with the obtaining unit 3122) fingerprint information about a fingerprint of a finger that is on the fingerprint sensor and determine (e.g., with the determining unit 3124) whether the fingerprint information matches an enrolled fingerprint that was previously enrolled with the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective application is a personal assistant application, and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that require the personal assistant application to access data for a particular user stored on the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective application is a camera application, and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable the device to display images that were previously captured by a camera of the device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective application is a content presentation application, and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable the device to share content associated with the content presentation application.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective application is a communication application, and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable a user of the device to communicate with an arbitrary contact specified by the user.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the respective application is a communication application, and the one or more previously-locked features of the respective application that are unlocked in the single-application unlocked mode include features that enable the device to access a user-specific directory of communication information.\",\n \"The operations in the information processing methods described above are, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS.\",\n \"1A and 3) or application specific chips.\",\n \"The operations described above with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"30A-30D are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B or FIG.\",\n \"31.For example, displaying operation 3004, detection operation 3006, transitioning operation 3010, and transitioning and access preventing operations operation 3012 are, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190.Event monitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application 136-1.A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 compares the event information to respective event definitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a first location on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.\",\n \"When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with the detection of the event or sub-event.\",\n \"Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the application internal state 192.In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by the application.\",\n \"Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1B.\",\n \"The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments.\",\n \"However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed.\",\n \"Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings.\",\n \"The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best use the invention and various described embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.\",\n \"As described above, one aspect of the present technology is the gathering and use of data available from various sources to improve the delivery to users of invitational content or any other content that may be of interest to them.\",\n \"The present disclosure contemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person.\",\n \"Such personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, home addresses, or any other identifying information.\",\n \"The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users.\",\n \"For example, the personal information data can be used to deliver targeted content that is of greater interest to the user.\",\n \"Accordingly, use of such personal information data enables calculated control of the delivered content.\",\n \"Further, other uses for personal information data that benefit the user are also contemplated by the present disclosure.\",\n \"The present disclosure further contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices.\",\n \"In particular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure.\",\n \"For example, personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses.\",\n \"Further, such collection should occur only after receiving the informed consent of the users.\",\n \"Additionally, such entities would take any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personal information data and ensuring that others with access to the personal information data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures.\",\n \"Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policies and practices.\",\n \"Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data.\",\n \"That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data.\",\n \"For example, in the case of advertisement delivery services, the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services.\",\n \"In another example, users can select not to provide location information for targeted content delivery services.\",\n \"In yet another example, users can select to not provide precise location information, but permit the transfer of location zone information.\",\n \"Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data.\",\n \"That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data.\",\n \"For example, content can be selected and delivered to users by inferring preferences based on non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, such as the content being requested by the device associated with a user, other non-personal information available to the content delivery services, or publically available information.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872685"}}},{"rowIdx":4494145,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["Moldable Fly-Away Tool Structure System","A composite structure includes a first face sheet, a second face sheet, and a foam member located between the first face sheet and the second face sheet.","The foam member has a molded contour, the mold contour being configured to provide tooling surface for at least one of the first face sheet and the second face sheet prior to curing of the composite structure.","A method of making the foam member includes creating a mold tool having an interior surface which resembles the desired outer contour of the foam member.","A mixture is poured into a pour opening in the mold tool.","The mixture is allowed to polymerize into a foam as the foam expands and distributes within the mold tool.","Vent openings in the mold tool are selectively tailored to control the density of the foam member.","The foam member is cured in the mold tool."],["1.A method of making a foam member for a rigid composite structure, comprising: creating a mold tool having an interior surface which resembles the desired outer contour of the foam member; pouring a liquid mixture into a pour opening in the mold tool; allowing the liquid mixture to polymerize into a foam so as to expand and distribute within the mold tool; selectively configuring one or more vent openings in the mold tool so as to selectively dictate the density of the foam member so as to tailor a strength of the foam member so that the foam member is able to rigidly support a skin member during a subsequent curing cycle of the skin member; and curing the foam member in the mold tool.","2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the one or more vent openings are located near the extremities of the mold tool.","3.The method according to claim 1, wherein the one or more vent openings are located in a lid member of the mold tool.","4.The method according to claim 1, further comprising: applying a release agent in the mold tool prior to pouring the liquid mixture into the pour opening.","5.The method according to claim 1, wherein the selectively configuring the one or more vent openings allow volatiles to escape during expansion of the liquid mixture into the foam.","6.The method according to claim 1, wherein the selectively configuring the one or more vent openings includes selectively sizing a diameter of the vent openings.","7.The method according to claim 1, wherein the selectively configuring the one or more vent openings includes selectively generating a quantity of the one or more vent openings.","8.A method of making a composite structure, comprising: providing an uncured composite lower face sheet; providing an uncured composite upper face sheet; providing an at least partially cured foam member, the foam member being rigid by having a foam body of uninterrupted foam, an outer molded surface of the foam member being an outer surface of the foam body; laying up the uncured composite lower face sheet onto a surface; positioning the foam member at a desired location on the lower face sheet; laying up the uncured composite upper face sheet onto the lower face sheet and the foam member so that the outer molded surface of the foam member supports a portion of the upper face sheet at a desired geometry; and curing the composite lower face sheet and the composite upper face sheet while the foam member supports the portion of the upper face sheet.","9.The method according to claim 8, wherein the step of providing the at least partially cured foam member comprises: creating a mold tool having an interior surface which resembles the desired outer molded surface of the foam member; pouring a mixture into a pour opening in the mold tool; allowing the mixture to polymerize into a foam as the foam expands and distributes within the mold tool; selectively configuring one or more vent openings in the mold tool so as to selectively control the density of the foam member; and curing the foam member in the mold tool.","10.The method according to claim 8, further comprising: selectively tailoring a volume of the mixture to correspond with the density of the foam member.","11.The method according to claim 8, further comprising: applying an adhesive between the lower face sheet and the foam member, as well as between the upper face sheet and the foam member.","12.The method according to claim 8, wherein the selectively configuring one or more vent openings in the mold tool includes locating the one or more vent openings near an extremity of the mold tool."],[" BACKGROUND "],["BACKGROUND 1.Field of the Invention The system of the present application relates composite structure.","In particular, the system of the present application relates to an efficient method for generating stiffness in a composite structure.","2.Description of Related Art Composite structures are often used in aerospace, in part due to the high strength to weight ratio, and desirable fatigue qualities.","Structural characteristics of the composite structure, such as stiffness and area moment of inertia, can be tailored through a variety of methods.","One common method is use a cellular core material, such as honeycomb core, between an upper and lower face sheet.","Another common method is to bond two separately cured composite parts together, thus forming a composite structure assembly.","Referring to FIG.","1, a composite structure 101 is illustrated.","The composite structure 101 includes an upper sheet 103, a lower sheet 105, and a honeycomb core member 107 bonded therebetween.","Honeycomb core member 107 typically includes a plurality of cells forming a repeating geometric pattern or tessellation.","Honeycomb core member 107 is sometimes carved to the desired contour before being assembled with upper sheet 103 and lower sheet 105.The upper sheet 103 and lower sheet 105 are composite materials that are typically cured with heat and/or pressure, while assembled with honeycomb core member 107, to form composite structure 101.Use of a honeycomb core, such as honeycomb core member 107, is common for tailoring the stiffness of composite structures.","However, limitations of honeycomb core make it less than desirable in certain situations.","For example, the height dimension of the core is one limitation due to the tendency of a tall and narrow core to collapse edgewise when exposed to curing pressure in the curing cycle.","Further, shaping core to complex contours is labor intensive and contributes to the possibility of the honeycomb core destabilizing during assembly and curing.","Further, it is difficult to accurately control the surface tolerances of the both the upper sheet 103 and lower sheet 105.Even further, the upper sheet 103 and lower sheet 105 sometimes sag into the cells of the honeycomb core member 107 during curing, thus producing dimples in upper sheet 103 and lower sheet 105.Referring to FIG.","2, a composite structure 201 is illustrated.","Composite structure 201 includes a hat stiffener 205 bonded to a face sheet 203, the hat stiffener 205 is used to provide desired stiffness to composite structure 201.Typically, face sheet 203 is formed from composite plies laid-up on a tooled surface.","The composite plies are then at least partially cured.","Hat stiffener 205 is separately laid-up on tooled surface, and then also at least partially cured.","The hat stiffener 205 and face sheet 203 are then assembled and bonded together with an adhesive in an additional curing cycle.","As such, manufacturing composite structure 201 typically requires separate unique hand lay-up procedures, a plurality of tools, and three separate curing cycles.","The complexity and labor involved in manufacturing composite structure 201 causes the high cost of composite structure 201 to be very undesirable.","Although the developments in composite structures have produced significant improvements, considerable shortcomings remain.","DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The novel features believed characteristic of the embodiments of the present application are set forth in the appended claims.","However, the embodiments themselves, as well as a preferred mode of use, and further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG.","1 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art structural system; FIG.","2 is cross-sectional view of another prior art structural system; FIG.","3 is a perspective view of a structural system according to the preferred embodiment of the present application; FIG.","4 is a cross-sectional view of the structural system, according to the preferred embodiment of present application, taken along the section lines IV-IV, shown in FIG.","3; FIG.","5 is a cross-sectional view of the structural system, according to the preferred embodiment of present application, taken along the section lines V-V, shown in FIG.","3; FIG.","6 is a cross-sectional view of the structural system, according to the preferred embodiment of present application, taken along the section lines VI-VI, shown in FIG.","3; FIGS.","7A-7F are perspective views which illustrated the process for manufacturing a molded foam member, according to the preferred embodiment of present application; FIG.","8 is a schematic view of components of the foam system used to manufacture the molded foam member, according to the preferred embodiment of present application; FIG.","9 is a perspective view of a mixer used to mix the foam system, according to the preferred embodiment of present application; FIG.","10 is a schematic view of a mixture of the foam system used to manufacture the molded foam member, according to the preferred embodiment of present application; FIG.","11 is a cross-sectional view of an uncured preform of the structural system, according to the preferred embodiment of present application; and FIG.","12 is a cross-sectional view of a structural system, according to an alternative embodiment of present application.","While the system and method of the present application is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail.","It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiment disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the process of the present application as defined by the appended claims.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Illustrative embodiments of the system of the present application are described below.","In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification.","It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another.","Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.","In the specification, reference may be made to the spatial relationships between various components and to the spatial orientation of various aspects of components as the devices are depicted in the attached drawings.","However, as will be recognized by those skilled in the art after a complete reading of the present application, the devices, members, apparatuses, etc.","described herein may be positioned in any desired orientation.","Thus, the use of terms such as “above,” “below,” “upper,” “lower,” or other like terms to describe a spatial relationship between various components or to describe the spatial orientation of aspects of such components should be understood to describe a relative relationship between the components or a spatial orientation of aspects of such components, respectively, as the device described herein may be oriented in any desired direction.","Referring to FIGS.","3-6, a composite structure 301, according to the preferred embodiment of the present application, is illustrated.","Composite structure 301 includes a first face sheet 303, a second face sheet 305, and a molded foam member 307.Molded foam member 307 provides structural stiffness to composite structure 301.First face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 preferably comprise a plurality of reinforcing fibers disposed in a polymeric matrix.","As discussed further herein, first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 are preferably assembled as a plurality of uncured composite plies, and then later cured to form a rigid composite laminate.","In an alternative embodiment, one or both of first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 are cured prior to assembly with molded foam member 307.It should be appreciated that first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 can be formed from a variety of fiber and resin systems.","It should also be appreciated that the specific composite material is implementation specific.","For example, carbon fiber may be desirable in one application, while fiberglass fiber may be desirable in another application.","In the preferred embodiment, first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 completely enclose molded foam member 307, as shown in FIG.","4.However, alternative embodiments of composite structure 301 may be configured with foam member 307 partly exposed.","Referring briefly to FIG.","12, an alternative embodiment composite structure 1201 is illustrated.","Composite structure 1201 is similar to composite structure 301, except that a first face sheet 1201 does not completely envelope a foam member 1207.Foam member 1207 is substantially similar to foam member 307.In one embodiment, foam member 1207 is molded in strips that are positioned onto second face sheet 305.Side portions 1205 of foam member 1207 are left exposed.","In contrast to composite structure 301, composite structure 1201 is particularly well suited for implementations which the predicted loading does not require the structural joining of first face sheet 1203 and second face sheet 305.The molded foam member 307 is preferably formed with a pourable and expandable structural foam in a mold, as discussed further herein.","The molded foam member 307 is preferably cured prior to assembly with the first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305.The molded foam member 307 is configured to provide the structural integrity to composite structure 301 in a wide variety of geometries and contours.","Molded foam member 307 is particular useful in providing structural stiffness in portions of composite structure 301 where narrow and slender stiffener geometry is required.","Curing of composite structure 301 may require pressure, such as autoclave curing pressure, in order to properly cure the first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305.As such, molded foam member 307 is configured to provide structural resistance to the pressure so as to preserve the desired geometry around molded foam member 307.In contrast, tall and narrow portions of honeycomb core are very susceptible to collapsing when subjected to autoclave pressure and temperature.","For example, a honeycomb core portion hypothetically having a height of H1 and width of W1 of foam member 307, would likely crush inward along directions A1, A2, and A3, when subjected to autoclave pressure and temperature.","However, foam member 307 is configured to be isotropic, unlike honeycomb core.","As such, the isotropic properties of foam member 307 allow it to retain structural integrity in a wide variety of geometries and contours.","Still referring to FIGS.","3-6, composite structure 301 can optionally also include a honeycomb core member 309 to provide structural stiffness in areas of relative simple geometry and contour.","For example, FIG.","5 depicts a portion of composite structure 301 with honeycomb core member 309 being used to provide stiffness.","Further, FIG.","6 depicts a section of composite structure 301 where molded foam member 309 and honeycomb core member 309 abut adjacently.","An adhesive may be used to bond molded foam member 309 to honeycomb core member 309.It may be desirable to use honeycomb core for structural stiffness where the geometry is relatively simple, while using molded foam wherein the geometry prohibits the use of honeycomb core.","However, it should be fully appreciated that molded foam member 307 may be used in lieu of honeycomb core member 309 such that honeycomb core material is not required.","Referring now to FIGS.","7A-7F, the process for manufacturing molded foam member 309 is illustrated.","A master tool 701 is fabricated having the desired geometry of foam member 307, as depicted in FIG.","7A.","Master tool 701 can be formed from a variety of materials and techniques.","For example, master tool 701 can be formed from a selective laser sintering process.","Referring to FIG.","7B, a mold tool 703 is derived from the master tool 701.Preferably, a base member 705 of mold tool 703 is manufactured by assembling and curing composite plies on master tool 701.It should also be appreciated that base member 705 of mold tool 703 can be manufacturing without master tool 701; for example, the geometry and contours of foam member 307 can be machined directly into base member 705.Mold tool 703 also includes a lid member 707 (shown in FIGS.","7C, 7D, and 7E) configured to be releasably coupled to base member 705, thereby forming a cavity from which foam member 307 is molded.","Referring to FIGS.","7C and 7D, a foam mixture 807 (shown in FIG.","10) is poured into a pour opening 711.The pour opening 711 is preferably in a central location so that the foam mixture 807 expands and flows evenly to the extremities of the part.","In an alternative embodiment, the foam mixture 807 is distributed into the depression area of base member 705.Then, lid member 707 is attached to the base member 705 with one or more fastening members 709 soon after the pour operation is completed.","One or more vent openings, such as vent openings 713a and 713b, are preferably located near the extremities of the part in order to allow for any volatiles to escape during the polymerization stage, and also to facilitate complete homogeneous mold fill.","The polymerization stage is the expansion from a chemical reaction of the foam mixture 807.A release agent is preferably applied to the interior of mold tool 703 in order to promote the release and removal of foam member 307 from the mold tool 703.Referring briefly to FIGS.","8-10, the foam system used in the creation of foam member 307 is preferably a urethane foam system that expands to fill mold tool 703.Upon curing, the foam is preferably rigid and flexible, while having a relatively low density.","The preferred foam system is a polyisocyanurate pour foam system marketed under the name of Stepanfoam BX 450, by the Stepan Chemical Company.","It should be fully appreciated that other foam systems may be used in the molding of molded foam member 307.The Stepanfoam BX 450 includes two separate resin components, namely a resin T (70% by weight) 805 and a resin R (30% by weight) 803.The desired weight amounts of resin T 805 and resin R 803 are measured and poured into a container 801.The resin T 805 and resin R 803 are mechanically agitated to form a homogenous mixture 807.A mixer 901 is used in rotation in order to mix resin T 805 and resin R 803 to form mixture 807.Mixer 901 includes a shaft 903, the shaft 903 being configured to be driven by a drill motor, or the like.","Mixer 901 also includes a plurality of blades located on a first blade disc 905 and a second blade disc 907.In the preferred embodiment, mixer 901 is rotated at 3500 revolutions per minute for 10-15 seconds when mixing resin T 805 and resin R 803 to form mixture 807.Once the mixing is complete, it is preferred that mixture 807 is poured into mold tool 703 as quickly as possible.","The pouring of mixture 807 is discussed further herein.","The total weight amount of mixture 807 is at least partially dependent upon the desired density and the volume of foam member 307.For example, because density is the relationship is mass per unit volume, the desired density of foam member 307 at least partially dictates the weight amount of mixture 807.However, a small portion of the mixture 807 may escape through openings 711, 713a, and 713b, which affects the final density of foam member 307.In the preferred embodiment, a “captive process” uses openings 711, 713a, and 713b to allow volatiles to escape during the polymerization of mixture 807, while also creating a desired pressure within mold 703.Pressure within mold 703 inhibits expansion of foam mixture 807 during the polymerization process, thereby increasing the density of the foam member 307.As such, the size and number of openings 711, 713a, and 713b are configured so as to selectively tailor the density of foam member 807.For example, the openings 711, 713a, and 713b in mold tool 703 create a foam member 307 having a density of approximately 12-16 pounds/ft3.However, this size and quantity of openings 711, 713a, and 713b can be increased to produce a foam member 307 of lower density.","In an alternative embodiment, mold 703 may be void of lid member 707 so that the foam mixture 807 is allowed to “free rise” within the base member 705.In the “free-rise” embodiment, a density of approximately 8.0 pounds/ft3 and less can be achieved.","The “free rise” embodiment of foam member 307 may be particularly desirable when the geometry and contours of foam member 307 are relatively simple.","This is because the exposed surface would require a cutting or shaving operation to trim the exposed surface of foam member 307 to the desired contour.","The density of foam member 307 is preferably customized in accordance with the specific implementation of a foam member 307 in composite structure 301.For example, one type of composite structure 301 may require a higher curing pressure as compared to another composite structure 301; therefore, a foam member 307 used in the composite structure that requires a higher curing pressure may be manufactured having a high density so as to withstand the higher curing pressure of composite structure 101.In one embodiment, composite structure 301 is configured such that the foam member 307 minimally performs the function of physical supporting of first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 before and during the curing cycle.","In such an embodiment, foam member 307 acts as a “fly-away tool” such that it acts as a tool during the assembly and curing of composite structure 301, but also remains with the composite structure 301 during operation of the aircraft.","It should be appreciated that composite structure 301 may also be used in vehicles and structures other than aircraft.","Further, when foam member 307 acts simply as a “fly-away tool”, a release member may be applied during the assembly of composite structure 301 to prevent bonding contact between first face sheet 303, second face sheet 305, and foam member 307.The expected operational loading of composite structure 101 is another factor that may contribute to the customization of the density of foam member 307.The density of foam member 307 can be customized in accordance with the desired structural strength of foam member 307.For example, in one embodiment of composite structure 101, foam member 307 may be configured to provide a structural load path between first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305.In such an embodiment, first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 are preferably each in bonding contact with foam member 307.The bonding contact can be created with the resin from each first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305.The bonding contact can also be created or supplemented with an adhesive layer located between each of the first face sheet 303, second face sheet 305 and foam member 307.The bonding contact facilitates the structural load transfer between first face sheet 303, second face sheet 305, and foam member 307, in a variety of load path directions.","Referring to FIG.","7E, foam member 307 is illustrated while in the base member 705 of mold tool 703.Lid member 707 is removed for clarity.","A full cure of foam member is preferred before foam member 307 is removed from base member 705 of mold tool 703.The full cure is achieved by first allowing the foam member 307 to remain within mold tool 703 for at least 24 hours after the expanding of the foam mixture 807 within mold tool 703.Thereafter, the mold tool 703, with foam member 307 remaining therein, is cured between 350° F. and 375° F. for two hours.","It should be appreciated that alternative foam systems may require different curing requirements.","Referring to FIG.","7F, foam member 307 is illustrated separated from mold tool 703.It is preferred that foam member 307 and mold tool 703 is cooled to 150° F. or below, before demolding.","Demolding of foam member 307 may require pliable tools to facilitate separation of the foam member 307 from mold tool 703.Once foam member 307 is removed from mold tool 703, then foam member 307 can be assembled with the first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 in a composite manufacturing process in order to form composite structure 301.The geometry and contours of foam member 307 are accurate to a high tolerance because of being molded in mold tool 703.Referring to FIG.","11, an uncured preform 1107 of composite structure 301 is illustrated.","It should be appreciated that the composite manufacturing process may take on a wide variety of processes in part because first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 may be formed from a wide variety of composite fiber/resin systems.","For example, in one exemplary embodiment, the composite manufacturing process includes creating preform 1107 by first laying a plurality of pre-impregnated fiber patterns on a surface of a tool 1101, so as form first uncured layer 1101.Next, the foam member 307 is placed at the desired location on layer 1103.Next, a plurality of pre-impregnated fiber patterns are laid upon layer 1103 and foam member 307 to form layer 1105.Foam member 307 acts as a tool by dictating the geometry of layer 1105.Because foam member 307 was formed in a mold tool, the geometry and contours are highly accurate.","As such, foam member 307 acts as a high tolerance in the support of layer 1105.Next, the preform 1107 may be vacuum bagged and cured in accordance with one of a variety of conventional composite curing processes.","After final curing, preform 1107 becomes composite structure 301.The system of the present application provides significant advantages, including: (1) providing a stiffness producing foam member in a composite structure that can be molded in a variety of geometries and contours; (2) providing a stiffness producing foam member in a composite structure that can withstand autoclave curing pressure; (3) providing a stiffness producing foam member in a composite structure, the density of the foam member selectively tailored; (4) providing a stiffness producing foam member in a composite structure that provides continuous support for an upper face sheet such that the foam member prevents sagging of the upper face sheet; and (5) providing a stiffness producing foam member in a composite structure that provides continuous support for an upper face sheet such that the foam member prevents sagging of the upper face sheet.","The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the application may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein.","Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below.","It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the application.","Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.","It is apparent that a system with significant advantages has been described and illustrated.","Although the system of the present application is shown in a limited number of forms, it is not limited to just these forms, but is amenable to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit thereof."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"Moldable Fly-Away Tool Structure System\",\n \"A composite structure includes a first face sheet, a second face sheet, and a foam member located between the first face sheet and the second face sheet.\",\n \"The foam member has a molded contour, the mold contour being configured to provide tooling surface for at least one of the first face sheet and the second face sheet prior to curing of the composite structure.\",\n \"A method of making the foam member includes creating a mold tool having an interior surface which resembles the desired outer contour of the foam member.\",\n \"A mixture is poured into a pour opening in the mold tool.\",\n \"The mixture is allowed to polymerize into a foam as the foam expands and distributes within the mold tool.\",\n \"Vent openings in the mold tool are selectively tailored to control the density of the foam member.\",\n \"The foam member is cured in the mold tool.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A method of making a foam member for a rigid composite structure, comprising: creating a mold tool having an interior surface which resembles the desired outer contour of the foam member; pouring a liquid mixture into a pour opening in the mold tool; allowing the liquid mixture to polymerize into a foam so as to expand and distribute within the mold tool; selectively configuring one or more vent openings in the mold tool so as to selectively dictate the density of the foam member so as to tailor a strength of the foam member so that the foam member is able to rigidly support a skin member during a subsequent curing cycle of the skin member; and curing the foam member in the mold tool.\",\n \"2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the one or more vent openings are located near the extremities of the mold tool.\",\n \"3.The method according to claim 1, wherein the one or more vent openings are located in a lid member of the mold tool.\",\n \"4.The method according to claim 1, further comprising: applying a release agent in the mold tool prior to pouring the liquid mixture into the pour opening.\",\n \"5.The method according to claim 1, wherein the selectively configuring the one or more vent openings allow volatiles to escape during expansion of the liquid mixture into the foam.\",\n \"6.The method according to claim 1, wherein the selectively configuring the one or more vent openings includes selectively sizing a diameter of the vent openings.\",\n \"7.The method according to claim 1, wherein the selectively configuring the one or more vent openings includes selectively generating a quantity of the one or more vent openings.\",\n \"8.A method of making a composite structure, comprising: providing an uncured composite lower face sheet; providing an uncured composite upper face sheet; providing an at least partially cured foam member, the foam member being rigid by having a foam body of uninterrupted foam, an outer molded surface of the foam member being an outer surface of the foam body; laying up the uncured composite lower face sheet onto a surface; positioning the foam member at a desired location on the lower face sheet; laying up the uncured composite upper face sheet onto the lower face sheet and the foam member so that the outer molded surface of the foam member supports a portion of the upper face sheet at a desired geometry; and curing the composite lower face sheet and the composite upper face sheet while the foam member supports the portion of the upper face sheet.\",\n \"9.The method according to claim 8, wherein the step of providing the at least partially cured foam member comprises: creating a mold tool having an interior surface which resembles the desired outer molded surface of the foam member; pouring a mixture into a pour opening in the mold tool; allowing the mixture to polymerize into a foam as the foam expands and distributes within the mold tool; selectively configuring one or more vent openings in the mold tool so as to selectively control the density of the foam member; and curing the foam member in the mold tool.\",\n \"10.The method according to claim 8, further comprising: selectively tailoring a volume of the mixture to correspond with the density of the foam member.\",\n \"11.The method according to claim 8, further comprising: applying an adhesive between the lower face sheet and the foam member, as well as between the upper face sheet and the foam member.\",\n \"12.The method according to claim 8, wherein the selectively configuring one or more vent openings in the mold tool includes locating the one or more vent openings near an extremity of the mold tool.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND \"\n ],\n [\n \"BACKGROUND 1.Field of the Invention The system of the present application relates composite structure.\",\n \"In particular, the system of the present application relates to an efficient method for generating stiffness in a composite structure.\",\n \"2.Description of Related Art Composite structures are often used in aerospace, in part due to the high strength to weight ratio, and desirable fatigue qualities.\",\n \"Structural characteristics of the composite structure, such as stiffness and area moment of inertia, can be tailored through a variety of methods.\",\n \"One common method is use a cellular core material, such as honeycomb core, between an upper and lower face sheet.\",\n \"Another common method is to bond two separately cured composite parts together, thus forming a composite structure assembly.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"1, a composite structure 101 is illustrated.\",\n \"The composite structure 101 includes an upper sheet 103, a lower sheet 105, and a honeycomb core member 107 bonded therebetween.\",\n \"Honeycomb core member 107 typically includes a plurality of cells forming a repeating geometric pattern or tessellation.\",\n \"Honeycomb core member 107 is sometimes carved to the desired contour before being assembled with upper sheet 103 and lower sheet 105.The upper sheet 103 and lower sheet 105 are composite materials that are typically cured with heat and/or pressure, while assembled with honeycomb core member 107, to form composite structure 101.Use of a honeycomb core, such as honeycomb core member 107, is common for tailoring the stiffness of composite structures.\",\n \"However, limitations of honeycomb core make it less than desirable in certain situations.\",\n \"For example, the height dimension of the core is one limitation due to the tendency of a tall and narrow core to collapse edgewise when exposed to curing pressure in the curing cycle.\",\n \"Further, shaping core to complex contours is labor intensive and contributes to the possibility of the honeycomb core destabilizing during assembly and curing.\",\n \"Further, it is difficult to accurately control the surface tolerances of the both the upper sheet 103 and lower sheet 105.Even further, the upper sheet 103 and lower sheet 105 sometimes sag into the cells of the honeycomb core member 107 during curing, thus producing dimples in upper sheet 103 and lower sheet 105.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"2, a composite structure 201 is illustrated.\",\n \"Composite structure 201 includes a hat stiffener 205 bonded to a face sheet 203, the hat stiffener 205 is used to provide desired stiffness to composite structure 201.Typically, face sheet 203 is formed from composite plies laid-up on a tooled surface.\",\n \"The composite plies are then at least partially cured.\",\n \"Hat stiffener 205 is separately laid-up on tooled surface, and then also at least partially cured.\",\n \"The hat stiffener 205 and face sheet 203 are then assembled and bonded together with an adhesive in an additional curing cycle.\",\n \"As such, manufacturing composite structure 201 typically requires separate unique hand lay-up procedures, a plurality of tools, and three separate curing cycles.\",\n \"The complexity and labor involved in manufacturing composite structure 201 causes the high cost of composite structure 201 to be very undesirable.\",\n \"Although the developments in composite structures have produced significant improvements, considerable shortcomings remain.\",\n \"DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The novel features believed characteristic of the embodiments of the present application are set forth in the appended claims.\",\n \"However, the embodiments themselves, as well as a preferred mode of use, and further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG.\",\n \"1 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art structural system; FIG.\",\n \"2 is cross-sectional view of another prior art structural system; FIG.\",\n \"3 is a perspective view of a structural system according to the preferred embodiment of the present application; FIG.\",\n \"4 is a cross-sectional view of the structural system, according to the preferred embodiment of present application, taken along the section lines IV-IV, shown in FIG.\",\n \"3; FIG.\",\n \"5 is a cross-sectional view of the structural system, according to the preferred embodiment of present application, taken along the section lines V-V, shown in FIG.\",\n \"3; FIG.\",\n \"6 is a cross-sectional view of the structural system, according to the preferred embodiment of present application, taken along the section lines VI-VI, shown in FIG.\",\n \"3; FIGS.\",\n \"7A-7F are perspective views which illustrated the process for manufacturing a molded foam member, according to the preferred embodiment of present application; FIG.\",\n \"8 is a schematic view of components of the foam system used to manufacture the molded foam member, according to the preferred embodiment of present application; FIG.\",\n \"9 is a perspective view of a mixer used to mix the foam system, according to the preferred embodiment of present application; FIG.\",\n \"10 is a schematic view of a mixture of the foam system used to manufacture the molded foam member, according to the preferred embodiment of present application; FIG.\",\n \"11 is a cross-sectional view of an uncured preform of the structural system, according to the preferred embodiment of present application; and FIG.\",\n \"12 is a cross-sectional view of a structural system, according to an alternative embodiment of present application.\",\n \"While the system and method of the present application is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail.\",\n \"It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiment disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the process of the present application as defined by the appended claims.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Illustrative embodiments of the system of the present application are described below.\",\n \"In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification.\",\n \"It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another.\",\n \"Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.\",\n \"In the specification, reference may be made to the spatial relationships between various components and to the spatial orientation of various aspects of components as the devices are depicted in the attached drawings.\",\n \"However, as will be recognized by those skilled in the art after a complete reading of the present application, the devices, members, apparatuses, etc.\",\n \"described herein may be positioned in any desired orientation.\",\n \"Thus, the use of terms such as “above,” “below,” “upper,” “lower,” or other like terms to describe a spatial relationship between various components or to describe the spatial orientation of aspects of such components should be understood to describe a relative relationship between the components or a spatial orientation of aspects of such components, respectively, as the device described herein may be oriented in any desired direction.\",\n \"Referring to FIGS.\",\n \"3-6, a composite structure 301, according to the preferred embodiment of the present application, is illustrated.\",\n \"Composite structure 301 includes a first face sheet 303, a second face sheet 305, and a molded foam member 307.Molded foam member 307 provides structural stiffness to composite structure 301.First face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 preferably comprise a plurality of reinforcing fibers disposed in a polymeric matrix.\",\n \"As discussed further herein, first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 are preferably assembled as a plurality of uncured composite plies, and then later cured to form a rigid composite laminate.\",\n \"In an alternative embodiment, one or both of first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 are cured prior to assembly with molded foam member 307.It should be appreciated that first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 can be formed from a variety of fiber and resin systems.\",\n \"It should also be appreciated that the specific composite material is implementation specific.\",\n \"For example, carbon fiber may be desirable in one application, while fiberglass fiber may be desirable in another application.\",\n \"In the preferred embodiment, first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 completely enclose molded foam member 307, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"4.However, alternative embodiments of composite structure 301 may be configured with foam member 307 partly exposed.\",\n \"Referring briefly to FIG.\",\n \"12, an alternative embodiment composite structure 1201 is illustrated.\",\n \"Composite structure 1201 is similar to composite structure 301, except that a first face sheet 1201 does not completely envelope a foam member 1207.Foam member 1207 is substantially similar to foam member 307.In one embodiment, foam member 1207 is molded in strips that are positioned onto second face sheet 305.Side portions 1205 of foam member 1207 are left exposed.\",\n \"In contrast to composite structure 301, composite structure 1201 is particularly well suited for implementations which the predicted loading does not require the structural joining of first face sheet 1203 and second face sheet 305.The molded foam member 307 is preferably formed with a pourable and expandable structural foam in a mold, as discussed further herein.\",\n \"The molded foam member 307 is preferably cured prior to assembly with the first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305.The molded foam member 307 is configured to provide the structural integrity to composite structure 301 in a wide variety of geometries and contours.\",\n \"Molded foam member 307 is particular useful in providing structural stiffness in portions of composite structure 301 where narrow and slender stiffener geometry is required.\",\n \"Curing of composite structure 301 may require pressure, such as autoclave curing pressure, in order to properly cure the first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305.As such, molded foam member 307 is configured to provide structural resistance to the pressure so as to preserve the desired geometry around molded foam member 307.In contrast, tall and narrow portions of honeycomb core are very susceptible to collapsing when subjected to autoclave pressure and temperature.\",\n \"For example, a honeycomb core portion hypothetically having a height of H1 and width of W1 of foam member 307, would likely crush inward along directions A1, A2, and A3, when subjected to autoclave pressure and temperature.\",\n \"However, foam member 307 is configured to be isotropic, unlike honeycomb core.\",\n \"As such, the isotropic properties of foam member 307 allow it to retain structural integrity in a wide variety of geometries and contours.\",\n \"Still referring to FIGS.\",\n \"3-6, composite structure 301 can optionally also include a honeycomb core member 309 to provide structural stiffness in areas of relative simple geometry and contour.\",\n \"For example, FIG.\",\n \"5 depicts a portion of composite structure 301 with honeycomb core member 309 being used to provide stiffness.\",\n \"Further, FIG.\",\n \"6 depicts a section of composite structure 301 where molded foam member 309 and honeycomb core member 309 abut adjacently.\",\n \"An adhesive may be used to bond molded foam member 309 to honeycomb core member 309.It may be desirable to use honeycomb core for structural stiffness where the geometry is relatively simple, while using molded foam wherein the geometry prohibits the use of honeycomb core.\",\n \"However, it should be fully appreciated that molded foam member 307 may be used in lieu of honeycomb core member 309 such that honeycomb core material is not required.\",\n \"Referring now to FIGS.\",\n \"7A-7F, the process for manufacturing molded foam member 309 is illustrated.\",\n \"A master tool 701 is fabricated having the desired geometry of foam member 307, as depicted in FIG.\",\n \"7A.\",\n \"Master tool 701 can be formed from a variety of materials and techniques.\",\n \"For example, master tool 701 can be formed from a selective laser sintering process.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"7B, a mold tool 703 is derived from the master tool 701.Preferably, a base member 705 of mold tool 703 is manufactured by assembling and curing composite plies on master tool 701.It should also be appreciated that base member 705 of mold tool 703 can be manufacturing without master tool 701; for example, the geometry and contours of foam member 307 can be machined directly into base member 705.Mold tool 703 also includes a lid member 707 (shown in FIGS.\",\n \"7C, 7D, and 7E) configured to be releasably coupled to base member 705, thereby forming a cavity from which foam member 307 is molded.\",\n \"Referring to FIGS.\",\n \"7C and 7D, a foam mixture 807 (shown in FIG.\",\n \"10) is poured into a pour opening 711.The pour opening 711 is preferably in a central location so that the foam mixture 807 expands and flows evenly to the extremities of the part.\",\n \"In an alternative embodiment, the foam mixture 807 is distributed into the depression area of base member 705.Then, lid member 707 is attached to the base member 705 with one or more fastening members 709 soon after the pour operation is completed.\",\n \"One or more vent openings, such as vent openings 713a and 713b, are preferably located near the extremities of the part in order to allow for any volatiles to escape during the polymerization stage, and also to facilitate complete homogeneous mold fill.\",\n \"The polymerization stage is the expansion from a chemical reaction of the foam mixture 807.A release agent is preferably applied to the interior of mold tool 703 in order to promote the release and removal of foam member 307 from the mold tool 703.Referring briefly to FIGS.\",\n \"8-10, the foam system used in the creation of foam member 307 is preferably a urethane foam system that expands to fill mold tool 703.Upon curing, the foam is preferably rigid and flexible, while having a relatively low density.\",\n \"The preferred foam system is a polyisocyanurate pour foam system marketed under the name of Stepanfoam BX 450, by the Stepan Chemical Company.\",\n \"It should be fully appreciated that other foam systems may be used in the molding of molded foam member 307.The Stepanfoam BX 450 includes two separate resin components, namely a resin T (70% by weight) 805 and a resin R (30% by weight) 803.The desired weight amounts of resin T 805 and resin R 803 are measured and poured into a container 801.The resin T 805 and resin R 803 are mechanically agitated to form a homogenous mixture 807.A mixer 901 is used in rotation in order to mix resin T 805 and resin R 803 to form mixture 807.Mixer 901 includes a shaft 903, the shaft 903 being configured to be driven by a drill motor, or the like.\",\n \"Mixer 901 also includes a plurality of blades located on a first blade disc 905 and a second blade disc 907.In the preferred embodiment, mixer 901 is rotated at 3500 revolutions per minute for 10-15 seconds when mixing resin T 805 and resin R 803 to form mixture 807.Once the mixing is complete, it is preferred that mixture 807 is poured into mold tool 703 as quickly as possible.\",\n \"The pouring of mixture 807 is discussed further herein.\",\n \"The total weight amount of mixture 807 is at least partially dependent upon the desired density and the volume of foam member 307.For example, because density is the relationship is mass per unit volume, the desired density of foam member 307 at least partially dictates the weight amount of mixture 807.However, a small portion of the mixture 807 may escape through openings 711, 713a, and 713b, which affects the final density of foam member 307.In the preferred embodiment, a “captive process” uses openings 711, 713a, and 713b to allow volatiles to escape during the polymerization of mixture 807, while also creating a desired pressure within mold 703.Pressure within mold 703 inhibits expansion of foam mixture 807 during the polymerization process, thereby increasing the density of the foam member 307.As such, the size and number of openings 711, 713a, and 713b are configured so as to selectively tailor the density of foam member 807.For example, the openings 711, 713a, and 713b in mold tool 703 create a foam member 307 having a density of approximately 12-16 pounds/ft3.However, this size and quantity of openings 711, 713a, and 713b can be increased to produce a foam member 307 of lower density.\",\n \"In an alternative embodiment, mold 703 may be void of lid member 707 so that the foam mixture 807 is allowed to “free rise” within the base member 705.In the “free-rise” embodiment, a density of approximately 8.0 pounds/ft3 and less can be achieved.\",\n \"The “free rise” embodiment of foam member 307 may be particularly desirable when the geometry and contours of foam member 307 are relatively simple.\",\n \"This is because the exposed surface would require a cutting or shaving operation to trim the exposed surface of foam member 307 to the desired contour.\",\n \"The density of foam member 307 is preferably customized in accordance with the specific implementation of a foam member 307 in composite structure 301.For example, one type of composite structure 301 may require a higher curing pressure as compared to another composite structure 301; therefore, a foam member 307 used in the composite structure that requires a higher curing pressure may be manufactured having a high density so as to withstand the higher curing pressure of composite structure 101.In one embodiment, composite structure 301 is configured such that the foam member 307 minimally performs the function of physical supporting of first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 before and during the curing cycle.\",\n \"In such an embodiment, foam member 307 acts as a “fly-away tool” such that it acts as a tool during the assembly and curing of composite structure 301, but also remains with the composite structure 301 during operation of the aircraft.\",\n \"It should be appreciated that composite structure 301 may also be used in vehicles and structures other than aircraft.\",\n \"Further, when foam member 307 acts simply as a “fly-away tool”, a release member may be applied during the assembly of composite structure 301 to prevent bonding contact between first face sheet 303, second face sheet 305, and foam member 307.The expected operational loading of composite structure 101 is another factor that may contribute to the customization of the density of foam member 307.The density of foam member 307 can be customized in accordance with the desired structural strength of foam member 307.For example, in one embodiment of composite structure 101, foam member 307 may be configured to provide a structural load path between first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305.In such an embodiment, first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 are preferably each in bonding contact with foam member 307.The bonding contact can be created with the resin from each first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305.The bonding contact can also be created or supplemented with an adhesive layer located between each of the first face sheet 303, second face sheet 305 and foam member 307.The bonding contact facilitates the structural load transfer between first face sheet 303, second face sheet 305, and foam member 307, in a variety of load path directions.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"7E, foam member 307 is illustrated while in the base member 705 of mold tool 703.Lid member 707 is removed for clarity.\",\n \"A full cure of foam member is preferred before foam member 307 is removed from base member 705 of mold tool 703.The full cure is achieved by first allowing the foam member 307 to remain within mold tool 703 for at least 24 hours after the expanding of the foam mixture 807 within mold tool 703.Thereafter, the mold tool 703, with foam member 307 remaining therein, is cured between 350° F. and 375° F. for two hours.\",\n \"It should be appreciated that alternative foam systems may require different curing requirements.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"7F, foam member 307 is illustrated separated from mold tool 703.It is preferred that foam member 307 and mold tool 703 is cooled to 150° F. or below, before demolding.\",\n \"Demolding of foam member 307 may require pliable tools to facilitate separation of the foam member 307 from mold tool 703.Once foam member 307 is removed from mold tool 703, then foam member 307 can be assembled with the first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 in a composite manufacturing process in order to form composite structure 301.The geometry and contours of foam member 307 are accurate to a high tolerance because of being molded in mold tool 703.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"11, an uncured preform 1107 of composite structure 301 is illustrated.\",\n \"It should be appreciated that the composite manufacturing process may take on a wide variety of processes in part because first face sheet 303 and second face sheet 305 may be formed from a wide variety of composite fiber/resin systems.\",\n \"For example, in one exemplary embodiment, the composite manufacturing process includes creating preform 1107 by first laying a plurality of pre-impregnated fiber patterns on a surface of a tool 1101, so as form first uncured layer 1101.Next, the foam member 307 is placed at the desired location on layer 1103.Next, a plurality of pre-impregnated fiber patterns are laid upon layer 1103 and foam member 307 to form layer 1105.Foam member 307 acts as a tool by dictating the geometry of layer 1105.Because foam member 307 was formed in a mold tool, the geometry and contours are highly accurate.\",\n \"As such, foam member 307 acts as a high tolerance in the support of layer 1105.Next, the preform 1107 may be vacuum bagged and cured in accordance with one of a variety of conventional composite curing processes.\",\n \"After final curing, preform 1107 becomes composite structure 301.The system of the present application provides significant advantages, including: (1) providing a stiffness producing foam member in a composite structure that can be molded in a variety of geometries and contours; (2) providing a stiffness producing foam member in a composite structure that can withstand autoclave curing pressure; (3) providing a stiffness producing foam member in a composite structure, the density of the foam member selectively tailored; (4) providing a stiffness producing foam member in a composite structure that provides continuous support for an upper face sheet such that the foam member prevents sagging of the upper face sheet; and (5) providing a stiffness producing foam member in a composite structure that provides continuous support for an upper face sheet such that the foam member prevents sagging of the upper face sheet.\",\n \"The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the application may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein.\",\n \"Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below.\",\n \"It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the application.\",\n \"Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.\",\n \"It is apparent that a system with significant advantages has been described and illustrated.\",\n \"Although the system of the present application is shown in a limited number of forms, it is not limited to just these forms, but is amenable to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit thereof.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872706"}}},{"rowIdx":4494146,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["MOLDED FLUID FLOW STRUCTURE","A method of manufacturing a fluid flow structure may include coupling a flex circuit to a carrier.","The flex circuit may include at least one conductor.","The method may include coupling an orifice side of a fluidic die to the carrier at an opening on the carrier.","The fluidic die may include at least one electrical terminal.","The method may include coupling the electrical terminal to the conductor, and overmolding the fluid flow structure with a moldable material.","The overmolded fluid flow structure may include a channel molded therein, and the channel may be fluidically coupled to the fluidic die.","The conductor may be surrounded by the moldable material."],["1.A method of manufacturing a fluid flow structure, comprising: coupling a flex circuit to a carrier, the flex circuit comprising at least one conductor; coupling an orifice side of a fluidic die to the carrier at an opening on the carrier, the fluidic die comprising at least one electrical terminal; coupling the electrical terminal to the conductor; overmolding the fluid flow structure with a moldable material, the overmolded fluid flow structure comprising a channel molded therein, the channel being fluidically coupled to the fluidic die, wherein the conductor is surrounded by the moldable material.","2.The method of claim 1, wherein the channel is formed in the moldable material using a molding tool.","3.The method of claim 1, comprising releasing the carrier from the fluidic die.","4.The method of claim 3, wherein the fluidic die is coupled to the carrier using a thermal release tape.","5.The method of claim 4, wherein releasing the carrier from the fluidic die comprises applying heat to the thermal release tape.","6.The method of claim 1, wherein the fluidic die comprises: a substrate; at least one fluid port defined in the substrate, the fluid port extending from a first surface of the substrate to a second surface of the substrate; and an orifice plate coupled to the second side of the substrate.","7.The method of claim 6, wherein the orifice plate comprises: a manifold fluidically coupled to the fluid port; a number of fluid ejection chambers fluidically coupled to the manifold; and a number of orifices fluidically coupled to the fluid ejection chambers through which fluid is ejected from the fluidic die.","8.The method of claim 6, wherein the orifice plate is monolithic.","9.The method of claim 6, wherein the orifice plate comprises a plurality of layers, the plurality of layers comprising: a manifold layer comprising: a number of manifold passageways fluidically coupled to the fluid port; and a number of fluid ejection chambers; and an orifice plate comprising a number of orifices fluidically coupled to the fluid ejection chambers through which fluid is ejected from the fluidic die.","10.A method of manufacturing a fluid flow structure, comprising: coupling an orifice side of a fluidic die to a carrier at an opening on the carrier, the fluidic die comprising at least one electrical terminal; coupling the electrical terminal to a conductor coupled to the carrier; monolithically overmolding the fluid flow structure with a moldable material, the overmolded fluid flow structure comprising a channel molded therein, the channel being fluidically coupled to the fluidic die; releasing the carrier from the fluidic die; and wherein the conductor is surrounded by the moldable material.","11.The method of claim 10, comprising overmolding a plurality of the fluid flow structures into a common wafer.","12.The method of claim 11, wherein the plurality of fluid flow structures overmolded onto the common wafer in a pattern.","13.The method of claim 12, wherein the pattern of the plurality of fluid flow structures overmolded onto the wafer matches a pattern of a plurality of the conductors.","14.The method of claim 10, wherein the channel s formed in the moldable material using a molding tool.","15.The method of claim 10, comprising releasing the carrier from the fluidic die.","16.The method of claim 15, wherein the fluidic die is coupled to the carrier using a thermal release tape.","17.The method of claim 16, wherein releasing the carrier from the fluidic die comprises applying heat to the thermal release tape.","18.The method of claim 10, wherein the fluidic die is formed by: defining at least one fluid port in a substrate, the fluid port extending from a first surface of the substrate to a second surface of the substrate; and coupling an orifice plate to the second side of the substrate.","19.The method of claim 18, wherein the orifice plate is formed by: fluidically coupling a manifold to the fluid port; fluidically coupling a number of fluid ejection chambers to the manifold; and fluidically coupling a number of orifices led to the fluid ejection chambers.","20.The method of claim 18, wherein the orifice plate is monolithic or comprises a plurality of layers."],[" BACKGROUND Each printhead die in an inkjet pen or print bar includes tiny channels that carry ink to the ejection chambers.","Ink is distributed from the ink supply to the die channels through passages in a structure that supports the printhead die(s) on the pen or print bar.","It may be desirable to shrink the size of each printhead die, for example to reduce the cost of the die and, accordingly, to reduce the cost of the pen or print bar.","The use of smaller dies, however, can require changes to the larger structures that support the dies, including the passages that distribute ink to the dies."],["RELATED DOCUMENTS The present application is a continuation and claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.","§ 120, of U.S. application Ser.","No.","14/769,994, filed Aug. 24, 2015, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C.","§ 371 and is the National Stage Entry of International Application No.","PCT/US2013/028207, filed Feb. 28, 2013.These applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.","BACKGROUND Each printhead die in an inkjet pen or print bar includes tiny channels that carry ink to the ejection chambers.","Ink is distributed from the ink supply to the die channels through passages in a structure that supports the printhead die(s) on the pen or print bar.","It may be desirable to shrink the size of each printhead die, for example to reduce the cost of the die and, accordingly, to reduce the cost of the pen or print bar.","The use of smaller dies, however, can require changes to the larger structures that support the dies, including the passages that distribute ink to the dies.","DRAWINGS Each pair of FIGS.","1/2, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/8 illustrate one example of a new molded fluid flow structure in which a micro device is embedded in a molding with a fluid flow path directly to the device.","FIG.","9 is a block diagram illustrating a fluid flow system implementing a new fluid flow structure such as one of the examples shown in FIGS.","1-8.FIG.","10 is a block diagram illustrating an inkjet printer implementing one example of a new fluid flow structure for the printheads in a substrate wide print bar.","FIGS.","11-16 illustrate an inkjet print bar implementing one example of a new fluid flow structure for a printhead die, such as might be used in the printer of FIG.","10.FIGS.","17-21 are section views illustrating one example of a process for making a new printhead die fluid flow structure.","FIG.","22 is a flow diagram of the process shown in FIGS.","17-21.FIGS.","23-27 are perspective views illustrating one example of a wafer level process for making a new inkjet print bar such as the print bar shown in FIGS.","11-16.FIG.","28 is a detail from FIG.","23.FIGS.","29-31 illustrate other examples of a new fluid flow structure for a printhead die.","The same part numbers designate the same or similar parts throughout the figures.","The figures are not necessarily to scale.","The relative size of some parts is exaggerated to more clearly illustrate the example shown.","DESCRIPTION Inkjet printers that utilize a substrate wide print bar assembly have been developed to help increase printing speeds and reduce printing costs.","Conventional substrate wide print bar assemblies include multiple parts that carry printing fluid from the printing fluid supplies to the small printhead dies from which the printing fluid is ejected on to the paper or other print substrate.","While reducing the size and spacing of the printhead dies continues to be important for reducing cost, channeling printing fluid from the larger supply components to ever smaller, more tightly spaced dies requires complex flow structures and fabrication processes that can actually increase cost.","A new fluid flow structure has been developed to enable the use of smaller printhead dies and more compact die circuitry to help reduce cost in substrate wide inkjet printers.","A print bar implementing one example of the new structure includes multiple printhead dies molded into an elongated, monolithic body of moldable material.","Printing fluid channels molded into the body carry printing fluid directly to printing fluid flow passages in each die.","The molding in effect grows the size of each die for making external fluid connections and for attaching the dies to other structures, thus enabling the use of smaller dies.","The printhead dies and printing fluid channels can be molded at the wafer level to form a new, composite printhead wafer with built-in printing fluid channels, eliminating the need to form the printing fluid channels in a silicon substrate and enabling the use of thinner dies.","The new fluid flow structure is not limited to print bars or other types of printhead structures for inkjet printing, but may be implemented in other devices and for other fluid flow applications.","Thus, in one example, the new structure includes a micro device embedded in a molding having a channel or other path for fluid to flow directly into or onto the device.","The micro device, for example, could be an electronic device, a mechanical device, or a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device.","The fluid flow, for example, could be a cooling fluid flow into or onto the micro device or fluid flow into a printhead die or other fluid dispensing micro device.","These and other examples shown in the figures and described below illustrate but do not limit the invention, which is defined in the Claims following this Description.","As used in this document, a “micro device” means a device having one or more exterior dimensions less than or equal to 30 mm; “thin” means a thickness less than or equal to 650 μm; a “sliver” means a thin micro device having a ratio of length to width (L/W) of at least three; a “printhead” and a “printhead die” mean that part of an inkjet printer or other inkjet type dispenser that dispenses fluid from one or more openings.","A printhead includes one or more printhead dies, “printhead” and “printhead die” are not limited to printing with ink and other printing fluids but also include inkjet type dispensing of other fluids and/or for uses other than printing.","FIGS.","1 and 2 are elevation and plan section views, respectively, illustrating one example a new fluid flow structure 10.Referring to FIGS.","1 and 2, structure 10 includes a micro device 12 molded into in a monolithic body 14 of plastic or other moldable material.","A molded body 14 is also referred to herein as a molding 14.Micro device 12, for example, could be an electronic device, a mechanical device, or a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device.","A channel or other suitable fluid flow path 16 is molded into body 14 in contact with micro device 12 so that fluid in channel 16 can flow directly into or onto device 12 (or both).","In this example, channel 16 is connected to fluid flow passages 18 in micro device 12 and exposed to exterior surface 20 of micro device 12.In another example, shown in FIGS.","3 and 4, flow path 16 in molding 14 allows air or other fluid to flow along an exterior surface 20 of micro device 12, for instance to cool device 12.Also, in this example, signal traces or other conductors 22 connected to device 12 at electrical terminals 24 are molded into molding 14.In another example, shown in FIGS.","5 and 6, micro device 12 is molded into body 14 with an exposed surface 26 opposite channel 16.In another example, shown in FIGS.","7 and 8, micro devices 12A and 12B are molded into body 14 with fluid flow channels 16A and 16B.","In this example, flow channels 16A contact the edges of outboard devices 12A while flow channel 16B contacts the bottom of inboard device 12B.","FIG.","9 is a block diagram illustrating a system 28 implementing a new fluid flow structure 10 such as one of the flow structures 10 shown in FIGS.","1-8.Referring to FIG.","9, system 28 includes a fluid source 30 operatively connected to a fluid mover 32 configured to move fluid to flow path 16 in structure 10.A fluid source 30 might include, for example, the atmosphere as a source of air to cool an electronic micro device 12 or a printing fluid supply for a printhead micro device 12.Fluid mover 32 represents a pump, a fan, gravity or any other suitable mechanism for moving fluid from source 30 to flow structure 10.FIG.","10 is a block diagram illustrating an inkjet printer 34 implementing one example of a new fluid flow structure 10 in a substrate wide print bar 36.Referring to FIG.","10, printer 34 includes print bar 36 spanning the width of a print substrate 38, flow regulators 40 associated with print bar 36, a substrate transport mechanism 42, ink or other printing fluid supplies 44, and a printer controller 46.Controller 46 represents the programming, processor(s) and associated memories, and the electronic circuitry and components needed to control the operative elements of a printer 10.Print bar 36 includes an arrangement of printheads 37 for dispensing printing fluid on to a sheet or continuous web of paper or other print substrate 38.As described in detail below, each printhead 37 includes one or more printhead dies in a molding with channels 16 to feed printing fluid directly to the die(s).","Each printhead die receives printing fluid through a flow path from supplies 44 into and through flow regulators 40 and channels 16 in print bar 36.FIGS.","11-16 illustrate an inkjet print bar 36 implementing one example of a new fluid flow structure 10, such as might be used in printer 34 shown in FIG.","10.Referring first to the plan view of FIG.","11, printheads 37 are embedded in an elongated, monolithic molding 14 and arranged generally end to end in rows 48 in a staggered configuration in which the printheads in each row overlap another printhead in that row.","Although four rows 48 of staggered printheads 37 are shown, for printing four different colors for example, other suitable configurations are possible.","FIG.","12 is a section view taken along the line 12-12 in FIG.","11.FIGS.","13-15 are detail views from FIG.","12, and FIG.","16 is a plan view diagram showing the layout of some of the features of printhead die flow structure 10 in FIGS.","12-14.Referring now to FIGS.","11-15, in the example shown, each printhead 37 includes a pair of printhead dies 12 each with two rows of ejection chambers 50 and corresponding orifices 52 through which printing fluid is ejected from chambers 50.Each channel 16 in molding 14 supplies printing fluid to one printhead die 12.Other suitable configurations for printhead 37 are possible.","For example, more or fewer printhead dies 12 may be used with more or fewer ejection chambers 50 and channels 16.","(Although print bar 36 and printheads 37 face up in FIGS.","12-15, print bar 36 and printheads 37 usually face down when installed in a printer, as depicted in the block diagram of FIG.","10.)","Printing fluid flows into each ejection chamber 50 from a manifold 54 extending lengthwise along each die 12 between the two rows of ejection chambers 50.Printing fluid feeds into manifold 54 through multiple ports 56 that are connected to a printing fluid supply channel 16 at die surface 20.Printing fluid supply channel 16 is substantially wider than printing fluid ports 56, as shown, to carry printing fluid from larger, loosely spaced passages in the flow regulator or other parts that carry printing fluid into print bar 36 to the smaller, tightly spaced printing fluid ports 56 in printhead die 12.Thus, printing fluid supply channels 16 can help reduce or even eliminate the need for a discrete “fan-out” and other fluid routing structures necessary in some conventional printheads.","In addition, exposing a substantial area of printhead die surface 20 directly to channel 16, as shown, allows printing fluid in channel 16 to help cool die 12 during printing.","The idealized representation of a printhead die 12 in FIGS.","11-15 depicts three layers 58, 60, 62 for convenience only to clearly show ejection chambers 50, orifices 52, manifold 54, and ports 56.An actual inkjet printhead die 12 is a typically complex integrated circuit (IC) structure formed on a silicon substrate 58 with layers and elements not shown in FIGS.","11-15.For example, a thermal ejector element or a piezoelectric ejector element formed on substrate 58 at each ejection chamber 50 is actuated to eject drops or streams of ink or other printing fluid from orifices 52.A molded flow structure 10 enables the use of long, narrow and very thin printhead dies 12.For example, it has been shown that a 100 μm thick printhead die 12 that is about 26 mm long and 500 μm wide can be molded into a 500 μm thick body 14 to replace a conventional 500 μm thick silicon printhead die.","Not only is it cheaper and easier to mold channels 16 into body 14 compared to forming the feed channels in a silicon substrate, but it is also cheaper and easier to form printing fluid ports 56 in a thinner die 12.For example, ports 56 in a 100 μm thick printhead die 12 may be formed by dry etching and other suitable micromachining techniques not practical for thicker substrates.","Micromachining a high density array of straight or slightly tapered through ports 56 in a thin silicon, glass or other substrate 58 rather than forming conventional slots leaves a stronger substrate while still providing adequate printing fluid flow.","Tapered ports 56 help move air bubbles away from manifold 54 and ejection chambers 50 formed, for example, in a monolithic or multi-layered orifice plate 60/62 applied to substrate 58.It is expected that current die handling equipment and micro device molding tools and techniques can be adapted to mold dies 12 as thin as 50 μm, with a length/width ratio up to 150, and to mold channels 16 as narrow as 30 μm.","And, the molding 14 provides an effective but inexpensive structure in which multiple rows of such die slivers can be supported in a single, monolithic body.","FIGS.","17-21 illustrate one example process for making a new printhead fluid flow structure 10.FIG.","22 is a flow diagram of the process illustrated in FIGS.","17-21.Referring first to FIG.","17, a flex circuit 64 with conductive traces 22 and protective layer 66 is laminated on to a carrier 68 with a thermal release tape 70, or otherwise applied to carrier 68 (step 102 in FIG.","22).","As shown in FIGS.","18 and 19, printhead die 12 is placed orifice side down in opening 72 on carrier 68 (step 104 in FIG.","22) and conductor 22 is bonded to an electrical terminal 24 on die 12 (step 106 in FIG.","22).","In FIG.","20, a molding tool 74 forms channel 16 in a molding 14 around printhead die 12 (step 108 in FIG.","22).","A tapered channel 16 may be desirable in some applications to facilitate the release of molding tool 74 or to increase fan-out (or both).","After molding, printhead flow structure 10 is released from carrier 68 (step 110 in FIG.","22) to form the completed part shown in FIG.","21 in which conductor 22 is covered by layer 66 and surrounded by molding 14.In a transfer molding process such as that shown in FIG.","20, channels 16 are molded into body 14.In other fabrication processes, it may be desirable to form channels 16 after molding body 14 around printhead die 12.While the molding of a single printhead die 12 and channel 16 is shown in FIGS.","17-21, multiple printhead dies and printing fluid channels can be molded simultaneously at the wafer level.","FIGS.","23-28 illustrate one example wafer level process for making print bars 36.Referring to FIG.","23, printheads 37 are placed on a glass or other suitable carrier wafer 68 in a pattern of multiple print bars.","(Although a “wafer” is sometimes used to denote a round substrate while a “panel” is used to denote a rectangular substrate, a “wafer” as used in this document includes any shape substrate.)","Printheads 37 usually will be placed on to carrier 68 after first applying or forming a pattern of conductors 22 and die openings 72 as described above with reference to FIG.","17 and step 102 in FIG.","22.In the example shown in FIG.","23, five sets of dies 78 each having four rows of printheads 37 are laid out on carrier wafer 66 to form five print bars.","A substrate wide print bar for printing on Letter or A4 size substrates with four rows of printheads 37, for example, is about 230 mm long and 16 mm wide.","Thus, five die sets 78 may be laid out on a single 270 mm×90 mm carrier wafer 66 as shown in FIG.","23.Again, in the example shown, an array of conductors 22 extend to bond pads 23 near the edge of each row of printheads 37.Conductors 22 and bond pads 23 are more clearly visible in the detail of FIG.","28.","(Conductive signal traces to individual ejection chambers or groups of ejection chambers, such as conductors 22 in FIG.","21, are omitted to not obscure other structural features.)","FIG.","24 is a close-up section view of one set of four rows of printheads 37 taken along the line 24-24 in FIG.","23.Cross hatching is omitted for clarity.","FIGS.","23 and 24 show the in-process wafer structure after the completion of steps 102-112 in FIG.","23.FIG.","25 shows the section of FIG.","24 after molding step 114 in FIG.","23 in which body 14 with channels 16 is molded around printhead dies 12.Individual print bar strips 78 are separated in FIG.","26 and released from carrier 68 in FIG.","27 to form five individual print bars 36 (step 116 in FIG.","23).","While any suitable molding technology may be used, testing suggests that wafer level molding tools and techniques currently used for semiconductor device packaging may be adapted cost effectively to the fabrication of printhead die fluid flow structures 10 such as those shown in FIGS.","21 and 27.A stiffer molding 14 may be used where a rigid (or at least less flexible) print bar 36 is desired to hold printhead dies 12.A less stiff molding 14 may be used where a flexible print bar 36 is desired, for example where another support structure holds the print bar rigidly in a single plane or where a non-planar print bar configuration is desired.","Also, although it is expected that molded body 14 usually will be molded as a monolithic part, body 14 could be molded as more than one part.","FIGS.","29-31 illustrate other examples of a new fluid flow structure 10 for a printhead die 12.In these examples, channels 16 are molded in body 14 along each side of printhead die 12, for example using a transfer molding process such as that described above with reference to FIGS.","17-21.Printing fluid flows from channels 16 through ports 56 laterally into each ejection chamber 50 directly from channels 16.In the example of FIG.","30, orifice plate 62 is applied after molding body 14 to close channels 16.In the example of FIG.","31, a cover 80 is formed over orifice plate 62 to close channels 16.Although a discrete cover 80 partially defining channels 16 is shown, an integrated cover 80 molded into body 14 could also be used.","As noted at the beginning of this Description, the examples shown in the figures and described above illustrate but do not limit the invention.","Other examples are possible.","Therefore, the foregoing description should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined in the following claims."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"MOLDED FLUID FLOW STRUCTURE\",\n \"A method of manufacturing a fluid flow structure may include coupling a flex circuit to a carrier.\",\n \"The flex circuit may include at least one conductor.\",\n \"The method may include coupling an orifice side of a fluidic die to the carrier at an opening on the carrier.\",\n \"The fluidic die may include at least one electrical terminal.\",\n \"The method may include coupling the electrical terminal to the conductor, and overmolding the fluid flow structure with a moldable material.\",\n \"The overmolded fluid flow structure may include a channel molded therein, and the channel may be fluidically coupled to the fluidic die.\",\n \"The conductor may be surrounded by the moldable material.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A method of manufacturing a fluid flow structure, comprising: coupling a flex circuit to a carrier, the flex circuit comprising at least one conductor; coupling an orifice side of a fluidic die to the carrier at an opening on the carrier, the fluidic die comprising at least one electrical terminal; coupling the electrical terminal to the conductor; overmolding the fluid flow structure with a moldable material, the overmolded fluid flow structure comprising a channel molded therein, the channel being fluidically coupled to the fluidic die, wherein the conductor is surrounded by the moldable material.\",\n \"2.The method of claim 1, wherein the channel is formed in the moldable material using a molding tool.\",\n \"3.The method of claim 1, comprising releasing the carrier from the fluidic die.\",\n \"4.The method of claim 3, wherein the fluidic die is coupled to the carrier using a thermal release tape.\",\n \"5.The method of claim 4, wherein releasing the carrier from the fluidic die comprises applying heat to the thermal release tape.\",\n \"6.The method of claim 1, wherein the fluidic die comprises: a substrate; at least one fluid port defined in the substrate, the fluid port extending from a first surface of the substrate to a second surface of the substrate; and an orifice plate coupled to the second side of the substrate.\",\n \"7.The method of claim 6, wherein the orifice plate comprises: a manifold fluidically coupled to the fluid port; a number of fluid ejection chambers fluidically coupled to the manifold; and a number of orifices fluidically coupled to the fluid ejection chambers through which fluid is ejected from the fluidic die.\",\n \"8.The method of claim 6, wherein the orifice plate is monolithic.\",\n \"9.The method of claim 6, wherein the orifice plate comprises a plurality of layers, the plurality of layers comprising: a manifold layer comprising: a number of manifold passageways fluidically coupled to the fluid port; and a number of fluid ejection chambers; and an orifice plate comprising a number of orifices fluidically coupled to the fluid ejection chambers through which fluid is ejected from the fluidic die.\",\n \"10.A method of manufacturing a fluid flow structure, comprising: coupling an orifice side of a fluidic die to a carrier at an opening on the carrier, the fluidic die comprising at least one electrical terminal; coupling the electrical terminal to a conductor coupled to the carrier; monolithically overmolding the fluid flow structure with a moldable material, the overmolded fluid flow structure comprising a channel molded therein, the channel being fluidically coupled to the fluidic die; releasing the carrier from the fluidic die; and wherein the conductor is surrounded by the moldable material.\",\n \"11.The method of claim 10, comprising overmolding a plurality of the fluid flow structures into a common wafer.\",\n \"12.The method of claim 11, wherein the plurality of fluid flow structures overmolded onto the common wafer in a pattern.\",\n \"13.The method of claim 12, wherein the pattern of the plurality of fluid flow structures overmolded onto the wafer matches a pattern of a plurality of the conductors.\",\n \"14.The method of claim 10, wherein the channel s formed in the moldable material using a molding tool.\",\n \"15.The method of claim 10, comprising releasing the carrier from the fluidic die.\",\n \"16.The method of claim 15, wherein the fluidic die is coupled to the carrier using a thermal release tape.\",\n \"17.The method of claim 16, wherein releasing the carrier from the fluidic die comprises applying heat to the thermal release tape.\",\n \"18.The method of claim 10, wherein the fluidic die is formed by: defining at least one fluid port in a substrate, the fluid port extending from a first surface of the substrate to a second surface of the substrate; and coupling an orifice plate to the second side of the substrate.\",\n \"19.The method of claim 18, wherein the orifice plate is formed by: fluidically coupling a manifold to the fluid port; fluidically coupling a number of fluid ejection chambers to the manifold; and fluidically coupling a number of orifices led to the fluid ejection chambers.\",\n \"20.The method of claim 18, wherein the orifice plate is monolithic or comprises a plurality of layers.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND Each printhead die in an inkjet pen or print bar includes tiny channels that carry ink to the ejection chambers.\",\n \"Ink is distributed from the ink supply to the die channels through passages in a structure that supports the printhead die(s) on the pen or print bar.\",\n \"It may be desirable to shrink the size of each printhead die, for example to reduce the cost of the die and, accordingly, to reduce the cost of the pen or print bar.\",\n \"The use of smaller dies, however, can require changes to the larger structures that support the dies, including the passages that distribute ink to the dies.\"\n ],\n [\n \"RELATED DOCUMENTS The present application is a continuation and claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.\",\n \"§ 120, of U.S. application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/769,994, filed Aug. 24, 2015, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C.\",\n \"§ 371 and is the National Stage Entry of International Application No.\",\n \"PCT/US2013/028207, filed Feb. 28, 2013.These applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.\",\n \"BACKGROUND Each printhead die in an inkjet pen or print bar includes tiny channels that carry ink to the ejection chambers.\",\n \"Ink is distributed from the ink supply to the die channels through passages in a structure that supports the printhead die(s) on the pen or print bar.\",\n \"It may be desirable to shrink the size of each printhead die, for example to reduce the cost of the die and, accordingly, to reduce the cost of the pen or print bar.\",\n \"The use of smaller dies, however, can require changes to the larger structures that support the dies, including the passages that distribute ink to the dies.\",\n \"DRAWINGS Each pair of FIGS.\",\n \"1/2, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/8 illustrate one example of a new molded fluid flow structure in which a micro device is embedded in a molding with a fluid flow path directly to the device.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 is a block diagram illustrating a fluid flow system implementing a new fluid flow structure such as one of the examples shown in FIGS.\",\n \"1-8.FIG.\",\n \"10 is a block diagram illustrating an inkjet printer implementing one example of a new fluid flow structure for the printheads in a substrate wide print bar.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"11-16 illustrate an inkjet print bar implementing one example of a new fluid flow structure for a printhead die, such as might be used in the printer of FIG.\",\n \"10.FIGS.\",\n \"17-21 are section views illustrating one example of a process for making a new printhead die fluid flow structure.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"22 is a flow diagram of the process shown in FIGS.\",\n \"17-21.FIGS.\",\n \"23-27 are perspective views illustrating one example of a wafer level process for making a new inkjet print bar such as the print bar shown in FIGS.\",\n \"11-16.FIG.\",\n \"28 is a detail from FIG.\",\n \"23.FIGS.\",\n \"29-31 illustrate other examples of a new fluid flow structure for a printhead die.\",\n \"The same part numbers designate the same or similar parts throughout the figures.\",\n \"The figures are not necessarily to scale.\",\n \"The relative size of some parts is exaggerated to more clearly illustrate the example shown.\",\n \"DESCRIPTION Inkjet printers that utilize a substrate wide print bar assembly have been developed to help increase printing speeds and reduce printing costs.\",\n \"Conventional substrate wide print bar assemblies include multiple parts that carry printing fluid from the printing fluid supplies to the small printhead dies from which the printing fluid is ejected on to the paper or other print substrate.\",\n \"While reducing the size and spacing of the printhead dies continues to be important for reducing cost, channeling printing fluid from the larger supply components to ever smaller, more tightly spaced dies requires complex flow structures and fabrication processes that can actually increase cost.\",\n \"A new fluid flow structure has been developed to enable the use of smaller printhead dies and more compact die circuitry to help reduce cost in substrate wide inkjet printers.\",\n \"A print bar implementing one example of the new structure includes multiple printhead dies molded into an elongated, monolithic body of moldable material.\",\n \"Printing fluid channels molded into the body carry printing fluid directly to printing fluid flow passages in each die.\",\n \"The molding in effect grows the size of each die for making external fluid connections and for attaching the dies to other structures, thus enabling the use of smaller dies.\",\n \"The printhead dies and printing fluid channels can be molded at the wafer level to form a new, composite printhead wafer with built-in printing fluid channels, eliminating the need to form the printing fluid channels in a silicon substrate and enabling the use of thinner dies.\",\n \"The new fluid flow structure is not limited to print bars or other types of printhead structures for inkjet printing, but may be implemented in other devices and for other fluid flow applications.\",\n \"Thus, in one example, the new structure includes a micro device embedded in a molding having a channel or other path for fluid to flow directly into or onto the device.\",\n \"The micro device, for example, could be an electronic device, a mechanical device, or a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device.\",\n \"The fluid flow, for example, could be a cooling fluid flow into or onto the micro device or fluid flow into a printhead die or other fluid dispensing micro device.\",\n \"These and other examples shown in the figures and described below illustrate but do not limit the invention, which is defined in the Claims following this Description.\",\n \"As used in this document, a “micro device” means a device having one or more exterior dimensions less than or equal to 30 mm; “thin” means a thickness less than or equal to 650 μm; a “sliver” means a thin micro device having a ratio of length to width (L/W) of at least three; a “printhead” and a “printhead die” mean that part of an inkjet printer or other inkjet type dispenser that dispenses fluid from one or more openings.\",\n \"A printhead includes one or more printhead dies, “printhead” and “printhead die” are not limited to printing with ink and other printing fluids but also include inkjet type dispensing of other fluids and/or for uses other than printing.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"1 and 2 are elevation and plan section views, respectively, illustrating one example a new fluid flow structure 10.Referring to FIGS.\",\n \"1 and 2, structure 10 includes a micro device 12 molded into in a monolithic body 14 of plastic or other moldable material.\",\n \"A molded body 14 is also referred to herein as a molding 14.Micro device 12, for example, could be an electronic device, a mechanical device, or a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device.\",\n \"A channel or other suitable fluid flow path 16 is molded into body 14 in contact with micro device 12 so that fluid in channel 16 can flow directly into or onto device 12 (or both).\",\n \"In this example, channel 16 is connected to fluid flow passages 18 in micro device 12 and exposed to exterior surface 20 of micro device 12.In another example, shown in FIGS.\",\n \"3 and 4, flow path 16 in molding 14 allows air or other fluid to flow along an exterior surface 20 of micro device 12, for instance to cool device 12.Also, in this example, signal traces or other conductors 22 connected to device 12 at electrical terminals 24 are molded into molding 14.In another example, shown in FIGS.\",\n \"5 and 6, micro device 12 is molded into body 14 with an exposed surface 26 opposite channel 16.In another example, shown in FIGS.\",\n \"7 and 8, micro devices 12A and 12B are molded into body 14 with fluid flow channels 16A and 16B.\",\n \"In this example, flow channels 16A contact the edges of outboard devices 12A while flow channel 16B contacts the bottom of inboard device 12B.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 is a block diagram illustrating a system 28 implementing a new fluid flow structure 10 such as one of the flow structures 10 shown in FIGS.\",\n \"1-8.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"9, system 28 includes a fluid source 30 operatively connected to a fluid mover 32 configured to move fluid to flow path 16 in structure 10.A fluid source 30 might include, for example, the atmosphere as a source of air to cool an electronic micro device 12 or a printing fluid supply for a printhead micro device 12.Fluid mover 32 represents a pump, a fan, gravity or any other suitable mechanism for moving fluid from source 30 to flow structure 10.FIG.\",\n \"10 is a block diagram illustrating an inkjet printer 34 implementing one example of a new fluid flow structure 10 in a substrate wide print bar 36.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"10, printer 34 includes print bar 36 spanning the width of a print substrate 38, flow regulators 40 associated with print bar 36, a substrate transport mechanism 42, ink or other printing fluid supplies 44, and a printer controller 46.Controller 46 represents the programming, processor(s) and associated memories, and the electronic circuitry and components needed to control the operative elements of a printer 10.Print bar 36 includes an arrangement of printheads 37 for dispensing printing fluid on to a sheet or continuous web of paper or other print substrate 38.As described in detail below, each printhead 37 includes one or more printhead dies in a molding with channels 16 to feed printing fluid directly to the die(s).\",\n \"Each printhead die receives printing fluid through a flow path from supplies 44 into and through flow regulators 40 and channels 16 in print bar 36.FIGS.\",\n \"11-16 illustrate an inkjet print bar 36 implementing one example of a new fluid flow structure 10, such as might be used in printer 34 shown in FIG.\",\n \"10.Referring first to the plan view of FIG.\",\n \"11, printheads 37 are embedded in an elongated, monolithic molding 14 and arranged generally end to end in rows 48 in a staggered configuration in which the printheads in each row overlap another printhead in that row.\",\n \"Although four rows 48 of staggered printheads 37 are shown, for printing four different colors for example, other suitable configurations are possible.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"12 is a section view taken along the line 12-12 in FIG.\",\n \"11.FIGS.\",\n \"13-15 are detail views from FIG.\",\n \"12, and FIG.\",\n \"16 is a plan view diagram showing the layout of some of the features of printhead die flow structure 10 in FIGS.\",\n \"12-14.Referring now to FIGS.\",\n \"11-15, in the example shown, each printhead 37 includes a pair of printhead dies 12 each with two rows of ejection chambers 50 and corresponding orifices 52 through which printing fluid is ejected from chambers 50.Each channel 16 in molding 14 supplies printing fluid to one printhead die 12.Other suitable configurations for printhead 37 are possible.\",\n \"For example, more or fewer printhead dies 12 may be used with more or fewer ejection chambers 50 and channels 16.\",\n \"(Although print bar 36 and printheads 37 face up in FIGS.\",\n \"12-15, print bar 36 and printheads 37 usually face down when installed in a printer, as depicted in the block diagram of FIG.\",\n \"10.)\",\n \"Printing fluid flows into each ejection chamber 50 from a manifold 54 extending lengthwise along each die 12 between the two rows of ejection chambers 50.Printing fluid feeds into manifold 54 through multiple ports 56 that are connected to a printing fluid supply channel 16 at die surface 20.Printing fluid supply channel 16 is substantially wider than printing fluid ports 56, as shown, to carry printing fluid from larger, loosely spaced passages in the flow regulator or other parts that carry printing fluid into print bar 36 to the smaller, tightly spaced printing fluid ports 56 in printhead die 12.Thus, printing fluid supply channels 16 can help reduce or even eliminate the need for a discrete “fan-out” and other fluid routing structures necessary in some conventional printheads.\",\n \"In addition, exposing a substantial area of printhead die surface 20 directly to channel 16, as shown, allows printing fluid in channel 16 to help cool die 12 during printing.\",\n \"The idealized representation of a printhead die 12 in FIGS.\",\n \"11-15 depicts three layers 58, 60, 62 for convenience only to clearly show ejection chambers 50, orifices 52, manifold 54, and ports 56.An actual inkjet printhead die 12 is a typically complex integrated circuit (IC) structure formed on a silicon substrate 58 with layers and elements not shown in FIGS.\",\n \"11-15.For example, a thermal ejector element or a piezoelectric ejector element formed on substrate 58 at each ejection chamber 50 is actuated to eject drops or streams of ink or other printing fluid from orifices 52.A molded flow structure 10 enables the use of long, narrow and very thin printhead dies 12.For example, it has been shown that a 100 μm thick printhead die 12 that is about 26 mm long and 500 μm wide can be molded into a 500 μm thick body 14 to replace a conventional 500 μm thick silicon printhead die.\",\n \"Not only is it cheaper and easier to mold channels 16 into body 14 compared to forming the feed channels in a silicon substrate, but it is also cheaper and easier to form printing fluid ports 56 in a thinner die 12.For example, ports 56 in a 100 μm thick printhead die 12 may be formed by dry etching and other suitable micromachining techniques not practical for thicker substrates.\",\n \"Micromachining a high density array of straight or slightly tapered through ports 56 in a thin silicon, glass or other substrate 58 rather than forming conventional slots leaves a stronger substrate while still providing adequate printing fluid flow.\",\n \"Tapered ports 56 help move air bubbles away from manifold 54 and ejection chambers 50 formed, for example, in a monolithic or multi-layered orifice plate 60/62 applied to substrate 58.It is expected that current die handling equipment and micro device molding tools and techniques can be adapted to mold dies 12 as thin as 50 μm, with a length/width ratio up to 150, and to mold channels 16 as narrow as 30 μm.\",\n \"And, the molding 14 provides an effective but inexpensive structure in which multiple rows of such die slivers can be supported in a single, monolithic body.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"17-21 illustrate one example process for making a new printhead fluid flow structure 10.FIG.\",\n \"22 is a flow diagram of the process illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"17-21.Referring first to FIG.\",\n \"17, a flex circuit 64 with conductive traces 22 and protective layer 66 is laminated on to a carrier 68 with a thermal release tape 70, or otherwise applied to carrier 68 (step 102 in FIG.\",\n \"22).\",\n \"As shown in FIGS.\",\n \"18 and 19, printhead die 12 is placed orifice side down in opening 72 on carrier 68 (step 104 in FIG.\",\n \"22) and conductor 22 is bonded to an electrical terminal 24 on die 12 (step 106 in FIG.\",\n \"22).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"20, a molding tool 74 forms channel 16 in a molding 14 around printhead die 12 (step 108 in FIG.\",\n \"22).\",\n \"A tapered channel 16 may be desirable in some applications to facilitate the release of molding tool 74 or to increase fan-out (or both).\",\n \"After molding, printhead flow structure 10 is released from carrier 68 (step 110 in FIG.\",\n \"22) to form the completed part shown in FIG.\",\n \"21 in which conductor 22 is covered by layer 66 and surrounded by molding 14.In a transfer molding process such as that shown in FIG.\",\n \"20, channels 16 are molded into body 14.In other fabrication processes, it may be desirable to form channels 16 after molding body 14 around printhead die 12.While the molding of a single printhead die 12 and channel 16 is shown in FIGS.\",\n \"17-21, multiple printhead dies and printing fluid channels can be molded simultaneously at the wafer level.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"23-28 illustrate one example wafer level process for making print bars 36.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"23, printheads 37 are placed on a glass or other suitable carrier wafer 68 in a pattern of multiple print bars.\",\n \"(Although a “wafer” is sometimes used to denote a round substrate while a “panel” is used to denote a rectangular substrate, a “wafer” as used in this document includes any shape substrate.)\",\n \"Printheads 37 usually will be placed on to carrier 68 after first applying or forming a pattern of conductors 22 and die openings 72 as described above with reference to FIG.\",\n \"17 and step 102 in FIG.\",\n \"22.In the example shown in FIG.\",\n \"23, five sets of dies 78 each having four rows of printheads 37 are laid out on carrier wafer 66 to form five print bars.\",\n \"A substrate wide print bar for printing on Letter or A4 size substrates with four rows of printheads 37, for example, is about 230 mm long and 16 mm wide.\",\n \"Thus, five die sets 78 may be laid out on a single 270 mm×90 mm carrier wafer 66 as shown in FIG.\",\n \"23.Again, in the example shown, an array of conductors 22 extend to bond pads 23 near the edge of each row of printheads 37.Conductors 22 and bond pads 23 are more clearly visible in the detail of FIG.\",\n \"28.\",\n \"(Conductive signal traces to individual ejection chambers or groups of ejection chambers, such as conductors 22 in FIG.\",\n \"21, are omitted to not obscure other structural features.)\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"24 is a close-up section view of one set of four rows of printheads 37 taken along the line 24-24 in FIG.\",\n \"23.Cross hatching is omitted for clarity.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"23 and 24 show the in-process wafer structure after the completion of steps 102-112 in FIG.\",\n \"23.FIG.\",\n \"25 shows the section of FIG.\",\n \"24 after molding step 114 in FIG.\",\n \"23 in which body 14 with channels 16 is molded around printhead dies 12.Individual print bar strips 78 are separated in FIG.\",\n \"26 and released from carrier 68 in FIG.\",\n \"27 to form five individual print bars 36 (step 116 in FIG.\",\n \"23).\",\n \"While any suitable molding technology may be used, testing suggests that wafer level molding tools and techniques currently used for semiconductor device packaging may be adapted cost effectively to the fabrication of printhead die fluid flow structures 10 such as those shown in FIGS.\",\n \"21 and 27.A stiffer molding 14 may be used where a rigid (or at least less flexible) print bar 36 is desired to hold printhead dies 12.A less stiff molding 14 may be used where a flexible print bar 36 is desired, for example where another support structure holds the print bar rigidly in a single plane or where a non-planar print bar configuration is desired.\",\n \"Also, although it is expected that molded body 14 usually will be molded as a monolithic part, body 14 could be molded as more than one part.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"29-31 illustrate other examples of a new fluid flow structure 10 for a printhead die 12.In these examples, channels 16 are molded in body 14 along each side of printhead die 12, for example using a transfer molding process such as that described above with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"17-21.Printing fluid flows from channels 16 through ports 56 laterally into each ejection chamber 50 directly from channels 16.In the example of FIG.\",\n \"30, orifice plate 62 is applied after molding body 14 to close channels 16.In the example of FIG.\",\n \"31, a cover 80 is formed over orifice plate 62 to close channels 16.Although a discrete cover 80 partially defining channels 16 is shown, an integrated cover 80 molded into body 14 could also be used.\",\n \"As noted at the beginning of this Description, the examples shown in the figures and described above illustrate but do not limit the invention.\",\n \"Other examples are possible.\",\n \"Therefore, the foregoing description should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined in the following claims.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872713"}}},{"rowIdx":4494147,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["EDDY CURRENT ARRAY PROBE AND METHOD FOR LIFT-OFF COMPENSATION DURING OPERATION WITHOUT KNOWN LIFT REFERENCES","The invention provides a method for compensating the sensitivity variations induced by lift-off variations for an eddy current array probe.","The invention uses the eddy current array probe coils in two separate ways to produce a first set of detection channels and a second set of lift-off measurement channels without the need to add coils dedicated to the lift-off measurement operation.","Another aspect of the invention provides an improved calibration process which combines the detection and lift-off measurement channel calibration on a simple calibration block including a reference defect without the need of a pre-defined lift-off condition."],["1.An EC (Eddy Current) system for detecting flaws in a test object, the system comprising: (a) an EC array probe configured with a sensor arrangement including: (i) a plurality of first type EC sensors arranged in channels and configured to induce eddy currents in the test object and to sense and output first signals representative of flaws in the test object; (ii) a plurality of second type EC sensors configured to produce from the test object second signals indicative of a lift-off distance of said orthogonal and absolute EC sensors relative to said test object, said EC coil arrangement being configured so that a pre-determined ratio is established between said second signals and said first signals, at different lift-off distances; (b) a setup table comprising calibration values for said orthogonal EC sensors with corresponding lift-off compensation values for said channels based on said second signals; and (c) an acquisition unit responsive to said calibration and lift-off compensation values in said setup table and to said second signals and configured to convert said first signals obtained from said orthogonal EC sensors during actual testing of said test object, so as to obtain third signals which are representative of said flows in said test object, said third signals being substantially independent of actual lift-off distances prevailing between said EC sensors and said test object at the time of obtaining said first signals doing said actual testing.","2.The system of claim 1, wherein the EC array probe is provided on a printed circuit board.","3.The system of claim 1, wherein said EC array probe comprises overlapping coils configured as driver and receiver coils.","4.The system of claim 2, wherein said plurality of first type EC sensors are configured to generate a first set of orthogonal channels that extend along a first line.","5.The system of claim 4, wherein said plurality of second type EC sensors are arranged so that absolute channels are arranged along at least one line, that extends parallel to said first line.","6.The system of claim 5, wherein at least one pair of said absolute channels physically sandwich said orthogonal channels.","7.The system of claim 6, wherein an average of two absolute, channel sensitive areas are used to obtain a lift-off value for a corresponding orthogonal channel.","8.The system of claim 1, wherein said absolute channels are located not to be in line with longitudinal or transversal test object cracks when said cracks are located on a sensitive area of an orthogonal channel.","9.The system of claim 1, wherein said acquisition unit is effective to drive the first type and second type channel sensors simultaneously.","10.The system of claim 1, wherein corresponding first type and second type channels use same sets of drive coils to enable faster acquisition and more stable signals.","11.The system of claim 3, wherein said driver coils are connected as part of an impedance bridge to realize the absolute channels.","12.The system of claim 1, wherein said first type sensors are orthogonal sensors and said second type sensors are absolute sensors.","13.The system of claim 1, wherein said system is configured as a differential Eddy Current array probe.","14.The system of claim 12, wherein said absolute EC sensors are formed of physical coils which also form said orthogonal EC sensors.","15.The system of claim 2, wherein said probes are arranged in at least four layers on said circuit board.","16.The system of claim 2, wherein said EC array probe comprises GMR sensors.","17.The system of claim 2, wherein said EC array probe comprises AMR sensors.","18.The system of claim 2, wherein said EC array probe comprises Hall Effect sensors.","19.A method for testing an object using an EC (Eddy Current) system, the method comprising the steps of: providing an EC array probe including: (i) a plurality of first type EC sensors arranged in a plurality of channels and configured to induce eddy currents in a test object and to output first signals representative of flaws in the test object; and (ii) a plurality of second type EC sensors arranged in channels and configured to produce from the test object second signals indicative of a lift-off distance of said first type and second type EC sensors relative to said test object, said EC coil arrangement being configured so that a substantially constant ratio is established between said second signals and said first signals, at different lift-off distances; performing a probe array system setup including storing at least a gain value on each orthogonal channel relative to a known calibration notch using the first type EC sensors; obtaining relative to each orthogonal channel an amplitude vector value by using said second type EC sensors; and storing said gain and amplitude vector values in a setup table.","20.The method of claim 19, further including performing a data acquisition procedure comprising: acquiring actual Eddy Current data for said first type channels and second type channels relative to said object, said data including raw orthogonal data and raw absolute data for each channel; calculating amplitude vector lengths; and compensating said raw orthogonal data for lift-off effects utilizing said absolute vector lengths and applying said calibration gain values to obtain third signal which are representative of flaws in said object and independent of said lift off distances.","21.The method of claim 20, wherein said system setup step includes setting a phase rotation value and a gain value at each orthogonal channel and calculating both gain and phase values at each position.","22.The method of claim 20, including acquiring said orthogonal and absolute data simultaneously during actual testing of said test object.","23.The method of claim 20, including driving said orthogonal and absolute EC sensor simultaneously.","24.The method of claim 20, wherein said amplitude vector values are between air and a calibration base line."],[" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Eddy current inspection is commonly used to non-destructively detect flaws in surfaces of manufactured components fabricated from a conductive material, such as bars, tubes, and special parts for automotive, aeronautic or energy industries.","Over the years, eddy current sensors have been designed with different configurations and shapes.","Typical eddy current sensor configurations include impedance bridge, pitch-catch (alternatively called reflection or transmit-receive) and differential configurations, but can also include more complex combinations such as pitch-catch with differential receivers, multi-differential, etc.","An even greater variety of probe shapes has been developed over the years, with a few of them being truly successful configurations, as known in the industry.","One such known first type of eddy current sensor, named orthogonal, cross-wound or plus point, is mounted on a cube or a cross-shaped core, with two coils wrapped orthogonally to each other.","One of the coils is the driver and is wrapped perpendicularly to the other coil core axis, used as the receiver.","On this particular orthogonal sensor, the driver and the receiver coils are positioned perpendicularly to the component to inspect.","This feature decouples the driver magnetic field from the sensitive axis of the receiver, thereby reducing the sensitivity of the receiver to surface noise that does not represent a flaw.","With the advances of printed circuit board (PCB) technologies over the last decades, it is now possible to manufacture some eddy current sensor shapes and configurations on a thin flexible support.","Even more interesting is the use of these manufacturing technologies to manufacture eddy current array probes, since the reduced cost, flexibility and reproducibility are critical factors for a successful array probe design.","The present assignee's pending U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","12/832,620 describes how to build an orthogonal probe with the printed circuit board technology.","The contents of said Ser.","No.","12/832,620 application are incorporated by reference herein.","Many eddy current sensors generate a very strong signal representative of variations in the distance (lift-off) between the sensor and inspected part.","Such sensors referred to herein as being of a second type are commonly referred to as having an “absolute” response because they provide relatively direct information of the coupling between the sensor and the inspected component.","On the other hand, a few configurations (including the orthogonal and some differential arrangements) only exhibit a reduction in sensitiveness with increasing lift-off.","Such configurations are then ideal to conduct an inspection over irregular parts (such as welds or hot rolled bars) or when the inspection environment cannot provide a perfectly stable lift-off.","Still, even for orthogonal and differential sensors, the potential sensitivity variations related to corresponding lift-off variations are an important limiting factor for the detection capabilities of eddy current sensors.","This problem is even more important for eddy current array probes which include several independent eddy current channels because it is easier to maintain a constant lift-off for a single sensor than for a sensor array.","Various terms used herein have the following definitions: (i) An eddy current sensor is a complete coil arrangement capable of generating eddy currents in the test part and receiving the magnetic field produced by those eddy currents; (ii) An Eddy Current Array (ECA) probe is a complete assembly including several sensors; and (iii) An Eddy Current Array (ECA) channel is a unique combination of sensor and test conditions (frequency, gain, etc), such that a thirty two sensor ECA probe driven with two test frequencies would generate, for example, sixty four channels.","U.S. Pat.","No.","5,371,461 discloses a means for compensating the lift-off for an ECA probe made out of etched coils by combining differential sensors for defect detection and pitch-catch sensors for lift-off measurement in the same probe.","In this patent, the added pitch-catch sensors require additional coils to be etched in the probe, which adds to the probe complexity and size.","The contents of U.S. Pat.","No.","5,371,461 are incorporated by reference herein.","The method presented in U.S. Pat.","No.","5,371,461 also requires the use of a precise lift-off reference to calibrate the lift-off measurement channels.","Such a reference may be very difficult to obtain for complex and/or irregular shaped parts.","This lift-off reference also adds to the complexity of the solution regarding its day to day usage because of the additional calibration steps and the precision level involved.","Other methods found in the prior art (for example, in U.S. publication 200300716 or U.S. Pat.","No.","4,727,322) include the use of a pre-defined impedance plane relative to a set of measured variables, including lift-off.","These methods require intensive calculation and/or experimental data to achieve results on very limited set of probe and part configurations.","Accordingly, it is an object of the disclosure to provide a means for compensating the lift-off sensitivity variations for either a differential or orthogonal eddy current probe array without the use of additional coils.","It is also an object of the disclosure to provide a means for compensating the lift off without the need to calibrate the probe on a fixed lift-off reference.","It is a further object of the disclosure to have a means for compensating the lift-off without the need for pre-generated tables specific to an application or probe.","A still further object of the disclosure is to reduce the number of interconnections in the probe, thus allowing a more compact probe design.","Yet another object of the disclosure is to enable conducting the lift-off compensation calibration and detection channel calibration simultaneously.","Still another object of the disclosure is to eliminate the need for pre-calculated lift-off tables which are typically dependent on the inspected material and sensor characteristics (test frequency, sensor size, etc)."],[" SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE The invention provides a method for compensating the sensitivity variations induced by corresponding lift-off variations for an eddy current array probe.","The invention uses the eddy current array probe coils in two separate ways to produce a first set of detection channels and a second set of lift-off measurement channels without the need to add coils dedicated to the lift-off measurement operation.","Another aspect of the invention provides an improved calibration process which combines the detection and lift-off measurement channel calibration on a simple calibration block including a reference defect without the need of a pre-defined lift-off condition.","In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an EC probe array system for detecting flaws in a test object is provided.","That system includes: (a) an EC coil arrangement including: (i) a plurality of orthogonal EC sensors arranged in channels and configured to induce eddy currents in the test object and to sense and output first signals representative of flaws in the test object; (ii) a plurality of absolute EC sensors configured to produce from the test object second signals indicative of a lift-off distance of said orthogonal and absolute EC sensors relative to said test object, said EC coil arrangement being configured so that a pre-determined or given ratio is established between said second signals and said first signals, at different lift-off distances; (b) a setup table comprising calibration values for said orthogonal EC sensors with corresponding lift-off compensation values for each of said channels based on said second signals; and (c) a processor or acquisition unit responsive to said calibration and lift-off compensation values in said setup table and to the second signals and configured to convert said first signals obtained from said orthogonal EC sensors during actual testing of said test object, so as to obtain third signals which are representative of said Eddy Currents in said test object, said third signals being substantially independent of actual lift-off distances prevailing between said EC sensors and said test object at the time of obtaining said first signals during actual testing.","In further preferred embodiments, the EC coil arrangement is provided on a printed circuit board.","The EC coil arrangement may comprise coils configured as overlapped coils and configured as driver and receiver coils.","The processor may drive the orthogonal absolute channels sensors simultaneously and with a pitch-catch type configuration.","Also, orthogonal and absolute channels may use the same sets of drive coils to enable faster acquisition and more stable signals.","In the method according to the present disclosure, the aforementioned EC coil arrangement is utilized to perform a probe array system setup including setting at least a gain value and preferably a phase rotation value on each orthogonal channel relative to a known calibration notch using the orthogonal EC sensors.","Relative to each orthogonal channel, an amplitude vector is also obtained by using the absolute EC sensors and gain and absolute vector length values are stored in a setup table.","Subsequent to preparing the setup table, actual testing is conducted by acquiring data for the orthogonal and absolute channels to obtain raw orthogonal data and raw absolute data for each channel.","Amplitude vector lengths are calculated and the raw orthogonal data is compensated for the lift-off effects utilizing the absolute vector lengths and/or calibration gain values to obtain compensated data for the object being tested.","Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention which refers to the accompanying drawings."],["CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit and priority of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser.","No.","13/427205 filed Mar.","22, 2012 entitled AN EDDY CURRENT ARRAY PROBE AND METHOD FOR LIFT-OFF COMPENSATION DURING OPERATION WITHOUT KNOWN LIFT REFERENCES, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.","FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to non-destructive testing and inspection systems (NDT/NDI), and more particularly to Eddy Current Array technology (ECA), eddy current probes etched on printed circuit board and lift-off compensation.","BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Eddy current inspection is commonly used to non-destructively detect flaws in surfaces of manufactured components fabricated from a conductive material, such as bars, tubes, and special parts for automotive, aeronautic or energy industries.","Over the years, eddy current sensors have been designed with different configurations and shapes.","Typical eddy current sensor configurations include impedance bridge, pitch-catch (alternatively called reflection or transmit-receive) and differential configurations, but can also include more complex combinations such as pitch-catch with differential receivers, multi-differential, etc.","An even greater variety of probe shapes has been developed over the years, with a few of them being truly successful configurations, as known in the industry.","One such known first type of eddy current sensor, named orthogonal, cross-wound or plus point, is mounted on a cube or a cross-shaped core, with two coils wrapped orthogonally to each other.","One of the coils is the driver and is wrapped perpendicularly to the other coil core axis, used as the receiver.","On this particular orthogonal sensor, the driver and the receiver coils are positioned perpendicularly to the component to inspect.","This feature decouples the driver magnetic field from the sensitive axis of the receiver, thereby reducing the sensitivity of the receiver to surface noise that does not represent a flaw.","With the advances of printed circuit board (PCB) technologies over the last decades, it is now possible to manufacture some eddy current sensor shapes and configurations on a thin flexible support.","Even more interesting is the use of these manufacturing technologies to manufacture eddy current array probes, since the reduced cost, flexibility and reproducibility are critical factors for a successful array probe design.","The present assignee's pending U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","12/832,620 describes how to build an orthogonal probe with the printed circuit board technology.","The contents of said Ser.","No.","12/832,620 application are incorporated by reference herein.","Many eddy current sensors generate a very strong signal representative of variations in the distance (lift-off) between the sensor and inspected part.","Such sensors referred to herein as being of a second type are commonly referred to as having an “absolute” response because they provide relatively direct information of the coupling between the sensor and the inspected component.","On the other hand, a few configurations (including the orthogonal and some differential arrangements) only exhibit a reduction in sensitiveness with increasing lift-off.","Such configurations are then ideal to conduct an inspection over irregular parts (such as welds or hot rolled bars) or when the inspection environment cannot provide a perfectly stable lift-off.","Still, even for orthogonal and differential sensors, the potential sensitivity variations related to corresponding lift-off variations are an important limiting factor for the detection capabilities of eddy current sensors.","This problem is even more important for eddy current array probes which include several independent eddy current channels because it is easier to maintain a constant lift-off for a single sensor than for a sensor array.","Various terms used herein have the following definitions: (i) An eddy current sensor is a complete coil arrangement capable of generating eddy currents in the test part and receiving the magnetic field produced by those eddy currents; (ii) An Eddy Current Array (ECA) probe is a complete assembly including several sensors; and (iii) An Eddy Current Array (ECA) channel is a unique combination of sensor and test conditions (frequency, gain, etc), such that a thirty two sensor ECA probe driven with two test frequencies would generate, for example, sixty four channels.","U.S. Pat.","No.","5,371,461 discloses a means for compensating the lift-off for an ECA probe made out of etched coils by combining differential sensors for defect detection and pitch-catch sensors for lift-off measurement in the same probe.","In this patent, the added pitch-catch sensors require additional coils to be etched in the probe, which adds to the probe complexity and size.","The contents of U.S. Pat.","No.","5,371,461 are incorporated by reference herein.","The method presented in U.S. Pat.","No.","5,371,461 also requires the use of a precise lift-off reference to calibrate the lift-off measurement channels.","Such a reference may be very difficult to obtain for complex and/or irregular shaped parts.","This lift-off reference also adds to the complexity of the solution regarding its day to day usage because of the additional calibration steps and the precision level involved.","Other methods found in the prior art (for example, in U.S. publication 200300716 or U.S. Pat.","No.","4,727,322) include the use of a pre-defined impedance plane relative to a set of measured variables, including lift-off.","These methods require intensive calculation and/or experimental data to achieve results on very limited set of probe and part configurations.","Accordingly, it is an object of the disclosure to provide a means for compensating the lift-off sensitivity variations for either a differential or orthogonal eddy current probe array without the use of additional coils.","It is also an object of the disclosure to provide a means for compensating the lift off without the need to calibrate the probe on a fixed lift-off reference.","It is a further object of the disclosure to have a means for compensating the lift-off without the need for pre-generated tables specific to an application or probe.","A still further object of the disclosure is to reduce the number of interconnections in the probe, thus allowing a more compact probe design.","Yet another object of the disclosure is to enable conducting the lift-off compensation calibration and detection channel calibration simultaneously.","Still another object of the disclosure is to eliminate the need for pre-calculated lift-off tables which are typically dependent on the inspected material and sensor characteristics (test frequency, sensor size, etc).","SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE The invention provides a method for compensating the sensitivity variations induced by corresponding lift-off variations for an eddy current array probe.","The invention uses the eddy current array probe coils in two separate ways to produce a first set of detection channels and a second set of lift-off measurement channels without the need to add coils dedicated to the lift-off measurement operation.","Another aspect of the invention provides an improved calibration process which combines the detection and lift-off measurement channel calibration on a simple calibration block including a reference defect without the need of a pre-defined lift-off condition.","In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an EC probe array system for detecting flaws in a test object is provided.","That system includes: (a) an EC coil arrangement including: (i) a plurality of orthogonal EC sensors arranged in channels and configured to induce eddy currents in the test object and to sense and output first signals representative of flaws in the test object; (ii) a plurality of absolute EC sensors configured to produce from the test object second signals indicative of a lift-off distance of said orthogonal and absolute EC sensors relative to said test object, said EC coil arrangement being configured so that a pre-determined or given ratio is established between said second signals and said first signals, at different lift-off distances; (b) a setup table comprising calibration values for said orthogonal EC sensors with corresponding lift-off compensation values for each of said channels based on said second signals; and (c) a processor or acquisition unit responsive to said calibration and lift-off compensation values in said setup table and to the second signals and configured to convert said first signals obtained from said orthogonal EC sensors during actual testing of said test object, so as to obtain third signals which are representative of said Eddy Currents in said test object, said third signals being substantially independent of actual lift-off distances prevailing between said EC sensors and said test object at the time of obtaining said first signals during actual testing.","In further preferred embodiments, the EC coil arrangement is provided on a printed circuit board.","The EC coil arrangement may comprise coils configured as overlapped coils and configured as driver and receiver coils.","The processor may drive the orthogonal absolute channels sensors simultaneously and with a pitch-catch type configuration.","Also, orthogonal and absolute channels may use the same sets of drive coils to enable faster acquisition and more stable signals.","In the method according to the present disclosure, the aforementioned EC coil arrangement is utilized to perform a probe array system setup including setting at least a gain value and preferably a phase rotation value on each orthogonal channel relative to a known calibration notch using the orthogonal EC sensors.","Relative to each orthogonal channel, an amplitude vector is also obtained by using the absolute EC sensors and gain and absolute vector length values are stored in a setup table.","Subsequent to preparing the setup table, actual testing is conducted by acquiring data for the orthogonal and absolute channels to obtain raw orthogonal data and raw absolute data for each channel.","Amplitude vector lengths are calculated and the raw orthogonal data is compensated for the lift-off effects utilizing the absolute vector lengths and/or calibration gain values to obtain compensated data for the object being tested.","Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention which refers to the accompanying drawings.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.","1 illustrates a simplified representation of the prior art flat shaped orthogonal eddy current array probe built on a two layer printed circuit board FIG.","2 is the four layer printed circuit board extension of the FIG.","1 representation and the illustration of the possible shape of the orthogonal channels FIG.","3 illustrates the absolute channels created for the probe structure of FIG.","2 FIG.","4 shows that cracks affecting the orthogonal channels will not affect the corresponding absolute channel.","FIG.","5 shows the absolute and orthogonal sensitive area on the four layer probe of FIG.","2.FIG.","6 illustrates the scan of a calibration block including a reference notch and a probe lift-off.","FIG.","7 is the impedance plane results obtain on the orthogonal channels from the scan of FIG.","6 block with four defined lift off condition.","FIG.","8 is the impedance plane results obtain on the absolute channels from the scan of FIG.","6 block with four defined lift off condition.","FIG.","9 proposes an amplitude based analysis of the test signals shown on FIG.","7 and FIG.","8.FIG.","10 is a flowchart describing the proposed calibration method.","FIG.","11 is a flowchart describing the proposed signal processing method.","FIG.","12 shows a hardware configuration for a system of the invention.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Related patent application Ser.","No.","12/832,620 describes how to build an ECA probe on a printed circuit board.","The contents of patent application Ser.","Nos.","12/832,620 and of 12/847,074 are incorporated by reference herein.","The structure presented in application Ser.","No.","12/832,620 is disposed on two PCB layers.","A simplified representation of such structure is shown on FIG.","1 for a four sensor orthogonal ECA probe 1 including five driver coils (2a to 2e) and five receiver coils (3a to 3e) resulting in four sensitive spots (4a to 4d) with orthogonal sensor response.","The coil arrangement (such as 5 and 6) that generates orthogonal sensor response will be referenced to as “orthogonal channels” in this document.","As first stated in paragraph [0035] of the mentioned application, it is also possible to use the multi-layer capabilities of the printed circuit boards to increase the resolution of the orthogonal ECA probe.","FIG.","2 illustrates a four layer version of the ECA probe 10 built using this principle.","The two bottom layers (11a to 11e and 12a to 12e) are connected to driver signals while the two upper layers (13a to 13e and 14a to 14e) are connected to receiver signals in order to generate orthogonal channels such as 16, 17, 18 and 19.The bottom layer coils 11a to 11e operate with the top layer coils 14a to 14e to generate a first set of orthogonal channels while coils 12a to 12e operate with the coils 13a to 13e to generate a second set of orthogonal channels.","From the probe structure shown on FIG.","2, it is an object of the current invention to teach how to obtain absolute channels for monitoring the lift-off.","FIG.","3 illustrates how these channels are built from the structure of probe 10.Some coils, partially overlapping the driver coils, are connected as receivers.","For example, pitch-catch sensor configuration 36 uses two fourth layer coils (11b and 11c) as a driver and one second layer coil (13d) as receiver.","In another example, pitch-catch configuration 33 uses two third layer coils (12b and 12c) as a driver and one fourth layer coil (11c) as a receiver.","As a matter of fact, the same coil can be used as a driver and a receiver through the sequence (as already disclosed in prior art Pat.","No.","6,344,739).","Using coil combinations similar to 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36 for the whole probe 10, we obtain a set of nine sensitive areas (30a to 30i) with absolute sensor response extending over the whole probe length.","The coil arrangements (such as 31 to 36) that generate absolute sensor response will be referred to herein as “absolute channels” in this disclosure.","The newly created absolute channels are inherently very sensitive to lift off, because the proximity of the inspected part will directly impact the magnetic field flux in the shared area of the driver and receiver coils (11c and 13d for example) defining the sensitive area (30f for example) of the absolute channel (36 for example).","FIG.","4 also demonstrates that the new absolute channel will not be sensitive to a longitudinal 41 or transversal 40 crack to be detected by the orthogonal channel because the absolute channel sensitive area (30f for example) is not in line with longitudinal or transverse crack when this crack is located on the orthogonal channel sensitive area (15d for example).","So, the described structure makes it possible to substantially completely decouple the lift-off and crack measurements for this probe.","As further demonstrated on FIG.","5, each orthogonal channel sensitive area is located exactly in between two absolute channels sensitive areas on the index axis.","So, we can use the average value between these two absolute channels to produce an approximation of the lift-off conditions for the corresponding orthogonal channel.","It must be understood that the selection of coils to be used in the absolute channel construction was made in order to acquire the orthogonal and absolute channels simultaneously and with a pitch-catch type configuration which is naturally more stable than an impedance bridge.","For example, orthogonal channel 16 and absolute channel 36 use the same set of two driver coils 11b and 11c.","So, these two channels can be acquired simultaneously by the acquisition electronics.","This configuration is advantageous because it allows a faster acquisition (through simultaneous operation) and a stable signal, but it is not a mandatory requirement so there will be other possible arrangements respecting the essence of the invention.","Connecting the driver coils as part of an impedance bridge to build the absolute channels, for example, is another method to obtain a valid set of absolute channels for lift-off monitoring without adding new coils in the probe structure.","It is also possible to envision other ECA probe types respecting the scope of this invention.","For example, in U.S. Pat.","No.","5,371,461 FIG.","3, one could dispose of the compensation coil 52 of U.S. Pat.","No.","5,371,461 by connecting driver coil 42 of said patent through an impedance bridge.","Now that we have described means for building channels for detection (orthogonal channels in the preferred embodiment) and lift-off monitoring (absolute channels made out from a pitch-catch sensor arrangement in the preferred embodiment), we describe how these signals are processed in order to obtain a lift-off compensated eddy current probe array without the use of a lift-off reference.","As shown on FIG.","6, a reference block 50 comprising a long transversal reference notch 51 is scanned in direction 53 with a given lift-off 52.The probe is first nulled in AIR to generate a reference point for an infinite lift off condition, which will become important later in this discussion.","The block 50 is then scanned four times with increasing lift off (in the example ; Lift-off A=0 mm ; Lift-off B=0.63 mm ; Lift-off C=1.27 mm ; Lift-off D=1.9 mm) to provide the required background information needed to describe the invention.","FIG.","7 shows the impact of lift-off on the reference defect detection amplitude on orthogonal channel 16 impedance plane display.","In this case, defect amplitude 55 is obtained with lift-off A, defect amplitude 56 is obtained with lift-Off B, defect amplitude 57 is obtained with lift-off C and defect amplitude 58 is obtained with lift-off D. FIG.","8 shows the impact of lift-off on absolute channel 36 impedance plane display.","In this case, the total signal amplitude vector 60 results from lift-off A , the total signal amplitude vector 61 results from lift-off B, the total signal amplitude vector 62 results from lift-off C and the total signal amplitude vector 63 results from lift-off D. It is interesting to note that reference notch 51 generates very weak signals on FIG.","7 compared to the strong lift-off signal.","For example, with lift A, defect amplitude 64 is orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding total signal amplitude vector 60 resulting from lift A.","This is a desirable behavior since we want to use the absolute channels for lift-off monitoring only.","FIG.","9 shows a graph representing a combined view of the defect amplitude readings 55, 56, 57, 58 on the orthogonal channels and the total signal amplitude vector readings 60, 61, 62 and 63 on the absolute channels relative to the lift-off conditions.","As seen in the figure, both data series can be fitted by exponential curves 70 and 71.Moreover, the shape of curves 70 and 71 (which is defined by the exponent) is almost the same (e−0.6322*Lift vs. e−0.6557*Lift in this example).","This observation is very important because it means the ratio “Ortho_Amplitude(Lift)/Abs_Vector(Lift)” is almost independent of the lift.","For example: 0.3834*e−0.6557*Lift/2.3521 e−0.6322*Lift=0.163*e−0.0235*Lift.",".",".","which is about 0.2 dB/mm variation compared to about 5.7 dB/mm for the orthogonal channel.","This later observation forms the foundation of the signal processing method of the invention.","For the following discussion we will approximate “Ortho_Amplitude(Lift)/Abs_Vector(Lift)” as being a constant, pre-determined value totally independent of lift-off.","It must be understood that the use of the same coil set for defect detection and lift-off monitoring contributes to having similar shaped curves, since the shape of the curve is provided by the magnetic coupling between coils and the inspected part.","Thus, by dynamically comparing the orthogonal and absolute amplitudes at each measured point (channel), the orthogonal amplitude can be connected for the actual prevailing lift-off during each measurement, without specific knowledge of the lift-off amount, per se.","We now turn our attention to FIG.","10, which describes how the probe is to be calibrated with a reference notch such as 51 but without a known reference lift-off.","We first NULL the probe in AIR, (Step 102) start the acquisition (Step 104), scan the reference notch (Step 106) and define the notch position by manually or automatically indicating where the notch signal begins and ends (Step 108).","At this point, the information we have is equivalent to the signals presented in FIG.","8 and FIG.","7 but for a single unknown lift-off.","In other words, if notch 51 is scanned in the calibration process with lift-off B, the system should be able to read defect amplitude 56 and total amplitude vector 61 but the actual value of lift-off B will be unknown to both the acquisition system and the user.","The information available at this point is first used to calibrate the orthogonal channels by applying a calibration GAIN and ROTATION on the raw signal (Step 1010), in order to reach a pre-defined value for the reference defect 51.This pre-defined value (which typically includes both an angular and amplitude target) is common to all orthogonal channels and thus makes it possible to obtain a uniform detection of the reference defect 51 for all orthogonal channels.","The calibration GAIN and ROTATION for each orthogonal channel is saved in the setup (Step 1012).","Simultaneously, we use the information generated in [0046] on the absolute channels to calculate the vector length between AIR and the signal's baseline obtained on the calibration block 50 (Step 1014).","A single absolute vector length value (which could in fact be the average between two absolute channels or other absolute channel combinations adapted to the probe and application) is saved in the setup and associated with its corresponding orthogonal channel.","For example, in probe 10, if we use absolute channels at position 30a and 30b to compensate the lift-off for the orthogonal channel at position 15a we could average absolute channels at position 30a and 30b and save this pre-determined value in the setup with reference to the channel at position 15a.","This value will be referenced here as “Absolute_RefLenght(n,Cal_Lift)” where “n” is the orthogonal channel# identifier and “Cal_Lift” is the lift-off condition present during calibration (Step 1016).","Now looking at FIG.","11, we will use the information now included in the calibration file and the properties of the “Ortho_Amplitude(Lift)/Abs_Vector(Lift)” ratio to generate a lift compensated orthogonal channel.","The process described on FIG.","11 is applied dynamically (during the acquisition) but could easily be applied in post-processing as well (after the acquisition).","The first step of the process is, again, to NULL the probe in AIR (Step 112) in order to have an infinite lift-off reference.","After starting the acquisition (Step 114), each new data set corresponding to the impedance plane results (x,y) for one given orthogonal channel at one given scan position is processed separately (Step 116).","Such data set will be referenced here as “Ortho_raw(n, Lift)” where “n” is the orthogonal channel# identifier and “Lift” is the lift-off condition at the time of measuring the data set.","The first step in processing is to find the absolute channel total vector length, at the current scan position, corresponding to the orthogonal channel currently being processed (Step 118).","The relationship between the orthogonal and absolute channel must be the same as previously defined in calibration.","This value will be referenced here as “Absolute_VLenght(n, Lift)” where “n” is the orthogonal channel# identifier and “Lift” is the lift-off condition at the time of measuring the data set.","Ortho_raw(n,Lift) is then processed with the following relationship to generate a lift-off compensated orthogonal channel reading; “Ortho_compensated(n, Cal_Lift)=(Ortho_raw(n,Lift)/Absolute_Vlenght(n,Lift))*Absolute_RefLenght(n)” (Step 1110).","The generated “Ortho_compensated(n,Cal_Lift)” channel is then relatively independent of the current lift-off but is then dependent on the lift-off present during the system calibration.","To remove this dependency and thus provide a completely lift off independent reading, the calibration GAIN and PHASE are applied to Ortho_compensated(n,Cal_Lift) (Step 1112), until all channels are so processed (Steps 1114, 1116 and 1118).","As an end result, for a given flaw size, the system should generate a uniform defect signal amplitude no matter which orthogonal channel detects the flaw and without regard to the calibration and inspection lift-off FIG.","12 shows a hardware configuration of a typical system that can implement the foregoing method.","The subject EC probe array system comprises a processor 122 or acquisition unit which is operable and controlled through a user interface 124 and which can display test results, commands and the like, display 126.Orthogonal sensors 128, as well as absolute sensors or coils 129 interact, electromagnetically, with the test object 50 to obtain the various signals and to implement the methods described above via software program instructions stored or loaded onto the processor 122, in a manner well known in the art.","It is important to point out that the described lift compensation method can easily be adapted to operate a multi-frequency inspection.","This can be done either by generating absolute and orthogonal channels for each frequency or by using a unique set of absolute channels to compensate the multi-frequency orthogonal channels.","It is also important to mention that while the figures and description describes an ECA probe with eight orthogonal sensors, the method proposed in this invention is applicable as long as the coil configuration makes it possible to build at least one sensor for defect detection and one sensor for lift-off measurement.","In the foregoing embodiments, the EC sensors have been described and depicted as being coil windings.","However, as will be recognized by one of skill in the art, other types of magnetic field sensors can be used, such as, for example, GMR (“Giant Magneto Resistance”), AMR (“Anisotropic Magneto Resistance”), or Hall Effect sensors.","Although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof, many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art.","It is preferred, therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"EDDY CURRENT ARRAY PROBE AND METHOD FOR LIFT-OFF COMPENSATION DURING OPERATION WITHOUT KNOWN LIFT REFERENCES\",\n \"The invention provides a method for compensating the sensitivity variations induced by lift-off variations for an eddy current array probe.\",\n \"The invention uses the eddy current array probe coils in two separate ways to produce a first set of detection channels and a second set of lift-off measurement channels without the need to add coils dedicated to the lift-off measurement operation.\",\n \"Another aspect of the invention provides an improved calibration process which combines the detection and lift-off measurement channel calibration on a simple calibration block including a reference defect without the need of a pre-defined lift-off condition.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.An EC (Eddy Current) system for detecting flaws in a test object, the system comprising: (a) an EC array probe configured with a sensor arrangement including: (i) a plurality of first type EC sensors arranged in channels and configured to induce eddy currents in the test object and to sense and output first signals representative of flaws in the test object; (ii) a plurality of second type EC sensors configured to produce from the test object second signals indicative of a lift-off distance of said orthogonal and absolute EC sensors relative to said test object, said EC coil arrangement being configured so that a pre-determined ratio is established between said second signals and said first signals, at different lift-off distances; (b) a setup table comprising calibration values for said orthogonal EC sensors with corresponding lift-off compensation values for said channels based on said second signals; and (c) an acquisition unit responsive to said calibration and lift-off compensation values in said setup table and to said second signals and configured to convert said first signals obtained from said orthogonal EC sensors during actual testing of said test object, so as to obtain third signals which are representative of said flows in said test object, said third signals being substantially independent of actual lift-off distances prevailing between said EC sensors and said test object at the time of obtaining said first signals doing said actual testing.\",\n \"2.The system of claim 1, wherein the EC array probe is provided on a printed circuit board.\",\n \"3.The system of claim 1, wherein said EC array probe comprises overlapping coils configured as driver and receiver coils.\",\n \"4.The system of claim 2, wherein said plurality of first type EC sensors are configured to generate a first set of orthogonal channels that extend along a first line.\",\n \"5.The system of claim 4, wherein said plurality of second type EC sensors are arranged so that absolute channels are arranged along at least one line, that extends parallel to said first line.\",\n \"6.The system of claim 5, wherein at least one pair of said absolute channels physically sandwich said orthogonal channels.\",\n \"7.The system of claim 6, wherein an average of two absolute, channel sensitive areas are used to obtain a lift-off value for a corresponding orthogonal channel.\",\n \"8.The system of claim 1, wherein said absolute channels are located not to be in line with longitudinal or transversal test object cracks when said cracks are located on a sensitive area of an orthogonal channel.\",\n \"9.The system of claim 1, wherein said acquisition unit is effective to drive the first type and second type channel sensors simultaneously.\",\n \"10.The system of claim 1, wherein corresponding first type and second type channels use same sets of drive coils to enable faster acquisition and more stable signals.\",\n \"11.The system of claim 3, wherein said driver coils are connected as part of an impedance bridge to realize the absolute channels.\",\n \"12.The system of claim 1, wherein said first type sensors are orthogonal sensors and said second type sensors are absolute sensors.\",\n \"13.The system of claim 1, wherein said system is configured as a differential Eddy Current array probe.\",\n \"14.The system of claim 12, wherein said absolute EC sensors are formed of physical coils which also form said orthogonal EC sensors.\",\n \"15.The system of claim 2, wherein said probes are arranged in at least four layers on said circuit board.\",\n \"16.The system of claim 2, wherein said EC array probe comprises GMR sensors.\",\n \"17.The system of claim 2, wherein said EC array probe comprises AMR sensors.\",\n \"18.The system of claim 2, wherein said EC array probe comprises Hall Effect sensors.\",\n \"19.A method for testing an object using an EC (Eddy Current) system, the method comprising the steps of: providing an EC array probe including: (i) a plurality of first type EC sensors arranged in a plurality of channels and configured to induce eddy currents in a test object and to output first signals representative of flaws in the test object; and (ii) a plurality of second type EC sensors arranged in channels and configured to produce from the test object second signals indicative of a lift-off distance of said first type and second type EC sensors relative to said test object, said EC coil arrangement being configured so that a substantially constant ratio is established between said second signals and said first signals, at different lift-off distances; performing a probe array system setup including storing at least a gain value on each orthogonal channel relative to a known calibration notch using the first type EC sensors; obtaining relative to each orthogonal channel an amplitude vector value by using said second type EC sensors; and storing said gain and amplitude vector values in a setup table.\",\n \"20.The method of claim 19, further including performing a data acquisition procedure comprising: acquiring actual Eddy Current data for said first type channels and second type channels relative to said object, said data including raw orthogonal data and raw absolute data for each channel; calculating amplitude vector lengths; and compensating said raw orthogonal data for lift-off effects utilizing said absolute vector lengths and applying said calibration gain values to obtain third signal which are representative of flaws in said object and independent of said lift off distances.\",\n \"21.The method of claim 20, wherein said system setup step includes setting a phase rotation value and a gain value at each orthogonal channel and calculating both gain and phase values at each position.\",\n \"22.The method of claim 20, including acquiring said orthogonal and absolute data simultaneously during actual testing of said test object.\",\n \"23.The method of claim 20, including driving said orthogonal and absolute EC sensor simultaneously.\",\n \"24.The method of claim 20, wherein said amplitude vector values are between air and a calibration base line.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Eddy current inspection is commonly used to non-destructively detect flaws in surfaces of manufactured components fabricated from a conductive material, such as bars, tubes, and special parts for automotive, aeronautic or energy industries.\",\n \"Over the years, eddy current sensors have been designed with different configurations and shapes.\",\n \"Typical eddy current sensor configurations include impedance bridge, pitch-catch (alternatively called reflection or transmit-receive) and differential configurations, but can also include more complex combinations such as pitch-catch with differential receivers, multi-differential, etc.\",\n \"An even greater variety of probe shapes has been developed over the years, with a few of them being truly successful configurations, as known in the industry.\",\n \"One such known first type of eddy current sensor, named orthogonal, cross-wound or plus point, is mounted on a cube or a cross-shaped core, with two coils wrapped orthogonally to each other.\",\n \"One of the coils is the driver and is wrapped perpendicularly to the other coil core axis, used as the receiver.\",\n \"On this particular orthogonal sensor, the driver and the receiver coils are positioned perpendicularly to the component to inspect.\",\n \"This feature decouples the driver magnetic field from the sensitive axis of the receiver, thereby reducing the sensitivity of the receiver to surface noise that does not represent a flaw.\",\n \"With the advances of printed circuit board (PCB) technologies over the last decades, it is now possible to manufacture some eddy current sensor shapes and configurations on a thin flexible support.\",\n \"Even more interesting is the use of these manufacturing technologies to manufacture eddy current array probes, since the reduced cost, flexibility and reproducibility are critical factors for a successful array probe design.\",\n \"The present assignee's pending U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"12/832,620 describes how to build an orthogonal probe with the printed circuit board technology.\",\n \"The contents of said Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"12/832,620 application are incorporated by reference herein.\",\n \"Many eddy current sensors generate a very strong signal representative of variations in the distance (lift-off) between the sensor and inspected part.\",\n \"Such sensors referred to herein as being of a second type are commonly referred to as having an “absolute” response because they provide relatively direct information of the coupling between the sensor and the inspected component.\",\n \"On the other hand, a few configurations (including the orthogonal and some differential arrangements) only exhibit a reduction in sensitiveness with increasing lift-off.\",\n \"Such configurations are then ideal to conduct an inspection over irregular parts (such as welds or hot rolled bars) or when the inspection environment cannot provide a perfectly stable lift-off.\",\n \"Still, even for orthogonal and differential sensors, the potential sensitivity variations related to corresponding lift-off variations are an important limiting factor for the detection capabilities of eddy current sensors.\",\n \"This problem is even more important for eddy current array probes which include several independent eddy current channels because it is easier to maintain a constant lift-off for a single sensor than for a sensor array.\",\n \"Various terms used herein have the following definitions: (i) An eddy current sensor is a complete coil arrangement capable of generating eddy currents in the test part and receiving the magnetic field produced by those eddy currents; (ii) An Eddy Current Array (ECA) probe is a complete assembly including several sensors; and (iii) An Eddy Current Array (ECA) channel is a unique combination of sensor and test conditions (frequency, gain, etc), such that a thirty two sensor ECA probe driven with two test frequencies would generate, for example, sixty four channels.\",\n \"U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"5,371,461 discloses a means for compensating the lift-off for an ECA probe made out of etched coils by combining differential sensors for defect detection and pitch-catch sensors for lift-off measurement in the same probe.\",\n \"In this patent, the added pitch-catch sensors require additional coils to be etched in the probe, which adds to the probe complexity and size.\",\n \"The contents of U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"5,371,461 are incorporated by reference herein.\",\n \"The method presented in U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"5,371,461 also requires the use of a precise lift-off reference to calibrate the lift-off measurement channels.\",\n \"Such a reference may be very difficult to obtain for complex and/or irregular shaped parts.\",\n \"This lift-off reference also adds to the complexity of the solution regarding its day to day usage because of the additional calibration steps and the precision level involved.\",\n \"Other methods found in the prior art (for example, in U.S. publication 200300716 or U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"4,727,322) include the use of a pre-defined impedance plane relative to a set of measured variables, including lift-off.\",\n \"These methods require intensive calculation and/or experimental data to achieve results on very limited set of probe and part configurations.\",\n \"Accordingly, it is an object of the disclosure to provide a means for compensating the lift-off sensitivity variations for either a differential or orthogonal eddy current probe array without the use of additional coils.\",\n \"It is also an object of the disclosure to provide a means for compensating the lift off without the need to calibrate the probe on a fixed lift-off reference.\",\n \"It is a further object of the disclosure to have a means for compensating the lift-off without the need for pre-generated tables specific to an application or probe.\",\n \"A still further object of the disclosure is to reduce the number of interconnections in the probe, thus allowing a more compact probe design.\",\n \"Yet another object of the disclosure is to enable conducting the lift-off compensation calibration and detection channel calibration simultaneously.\",\n \"Still another object of the disclosure is to eliminate the need for pre-calculated lift-off tables which are typically dependent on the inspected material and sensor characteristics (test frequency, sensor size, etc).\"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE The invention provides a method for compensating the sensitivity variations induced by corresponding lift-off variations for an eddy current array probe.\",\n \"The invention uses the eddy current array probe coils in two separate ways to produce a first set of detection channels and a second set of lift-off measurement channels without the need to add coils dedicated to the lift-off measurement operation.\",\n \"Another aspect of the invention provides an improved calibration process which combines the detection and lift-off measurement channel calibration on a simple calibration block including a reference defect without the need of a pre-defined lift-off condition.\",\n \"In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an EC probe array system for detecting flaws in a test object is provided.\",\n \"That system includes: (a) an EC coil arrangement including: (i) a plurality of orthogonal EC sensors arranged in channels and configured to induce eddy currents in the test object and to sense and output first signals representative of flaws in the test object; (ii) a plurality of absolute EC sensors configured to produce from the test object second signals indicative of a lift-off distance of said orthogonal and absolute EC sensors relative to said test object, said EC coil arrangement being configured so that a pre-determined or given ratio is established between said second signals and said first signals, at different lift-off distances; (b) a setup table comprising calibration values for said orthogonal EC sensors with corresponding lift-off compensation values for each of said channels based on said second signals; and (c) a processor or acquisition unit responsive to said calibration and lift-off compensation values in said setup table and to the second signals and configured to convert said first signals obtained from said orthogonal EC sensors during actual testing of said test object, so as to obtain third signals which are representative of said Eddy Currents in said test object, said third signals being substantially independent of actual lift-off distances prevailing between said EC sensors and said test object at the time of obtaining said first signals during actual testing.\",\n \"In further preferred embodiments, the EC coil arrangement is provided on a printed circuit board.\",\n \"The EC coil arrangement may comprise coils configured as overlapped coils and configured as driver and receiver coils.\",\n \"The processor may drive the orthogonal absolute channels sensors simultaneously and with a pitch-catch type configuration.\",\n \"Also, orthogonal and absolute channels may use the same sets of drive coils to enable faster acquisition and more stable signals.\",\n \"In the method according to the present disclosure, the aforementioned EC coil arrangement is utilized to perform a probe array system setup including setting at least a gain value and preferably a phase rotation value on each orthogonal channel relative to a known calibration notch using the orthogonal EC sensors.\",\n \"Relative to each orthogonal channel, an amplitude vector is also obtained by using the absolute EC sensors and gain and absolute vector length values are stored in a setup table.\",\n \"Subsequent to preparing the setup table, actual testing is conducted by acquiring data for the orthogonal and absolute channels to obtain raw orthogonal data and raw absolute data for each channel.\",\n \"Amplitude vector lengths are calculated and the raw orthogonal data is compensated for the lift-off effects utilizing the absolute vector lengths and/or calibration gain values to obtain compensated data for the object being tested.\",\n \"Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention which refers to the accompanying drawings.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit and priority of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"13/427205 filed Mar.\",\n \"22, 2012 entitled AN EDDY CURRENT ARRAY PROBE AND METHOD FOR LIFT-OFF COMPENSATION DURING OPERATION WITHOUT KNOWN LIFT REFERENCES, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.\",\n \"FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to non-destructive testing and inspection systems (NDT/NDI), and more particularly to Eddy Current Array technology (ECA), eddy current probes etched on printed circuit board and lift-off compensation.\",\n \"BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Eddy current inspection is commonly used to non-destructively detect flaws in surfaces of manufactured components fabricated from a conductive material, such as bars, tubes, and special parts for automotive, aeronautic or energy industries.\",\n \"Over the years, eddy current sensors have been designed with different configurations and shapes.\",\n \"Typical eddy current sensor configurations include impedance bridge, pitch-catch (alternatively called reflection or transmit-receive) and differential configurations, but can also include more complex combinations such as pitch-catch with differential receivers, multi-differential, etc.\",\n \"An even greater variety of probe shapes has been developed over the years, with a few of them being truly successful configurations, as known in the industry.\",\n \"One such known first type of eddy current sensor, named orthogonal, cross-wound or plus point, is mounted on a cube or a cross-shaped core, with two coils wrapped orthogonally to each other.\",\n \"One of the coils is the driver and is wrapped perpendicularly to the other coil core axis, used as the receiver.\",\n \"On this particular orthogonal sensor, the driver and the receiver coils are positioned perpendicularly to the component to inspect.\",\n \"This feature decouples the driver magnetic field from the sensitive axis of the receiver, thereby reducing the sensitivity of the receiver to surface noise that does not represent a flaw.\",\n \"With the advances of printed circuit board (PCB) technologies over the last decades, it is now possible to manufacture some eddy current sensor shapes and configurations on a thin flexible support.\",\n \"Even more interesting is the use of these manufacturing technologies to manufacture eddy current array probes, since the reduced cost, flexibility and reproducibility are critical factors for a successful array probe design.\",\n \"The present assignee's pending U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"12/832,620 describes how to build an orthogonal probe with the printed circuit board technology.\",\n \"The contents of said Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"12/832,620 application are incorporated by reference herein.\",\n \"Many eddy current sensors generate a very strong signal representative of variations in the distance (lift-off) between the sensor and inspected part.\",\n \"Such sensors referred to herein as being of a second type are commonly referred to as having an “absolute” response because they provide relatively direct information of the coupling between the sensor and the inspected component.\",\n \"On the other hand, a few configurations (including the orthogonal and some differential arrangements) only exhibit a reduction in sensitiveness with increasing lift-off.\",\n \"Such configurations are then ideal to conduct an inspection over irregular parts (such as welds or hot rolled bars) or when the inspection environment cannot provide a perfectly stable lift-off.\",\n \"Still, even for orthogonal and differential sensors, the potential sensitivity variations related to corresponding lift-off variations are an important limiting factor for the detection capabilities of eddy current sensors.\",\n \"This problem is even more important for eddy current array probes which include several independent eddy current channels because it is easier to maintain a constant lift-off for a single sensor than for a sensor array.\",\n \"Various terms used herein have the following definitions: (i) An eddy current sensor is a complete coil arrangement capable of generating eddy currents in the test part and receiving the magnetic field produced by those eddy currents; (ii) An Eddy Current Array (ECA) probe is a complete assembly including several sensors; and (iii) An Eddy Current Array (ECA) channel is a unique combination of sensor and test conditions (frequency, gain, etc), such that a thirty two sensor ECA probe driven with two test frequencies would generate, for example, sixty four channels.\",\n \"U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"5,371,461 discloses a means for compensating the lift-off for an ECA probe made out of etched coils by combining differential sensors for defect detection and pitch-catch sensors for lift-off measurement in the same probe.\",\n \"In this patent, the added pitch-catch sensors require additional coils to be etched in the probe, which adds to the probe complexity and size.\",\n \"The contents of U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"5,371,461 are incorporated by reference herein.\",\n \"The method presented in U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"5,371,461 also requires the use of a precise lift-off reference to calibrate the lift-off measurement channels.\",\n \"Such a reference may be very difficult to obtain for complex and/or irregular shaped parts.\",\n \"This lift-off reference also adds to the complexity of the solution regarding its day to day usage because of the additional calibration steps and the precision level involved.\",\n \"Other methods found in the prior art (for example, in U.S. publication 200300716 or U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"4,727,322) include the use of a pre-defined impedance plane relative to a set of measured variables, including lift-off.\",\n \"These methods require intensive calculation and/or experimental data to achieve results on very limited set of probe and part configurations.\",\n \"Accordingly, it is an object of the disclosure to provide a means for compensating the lift-off sensitivity variations for either a differential or orthogonal eddy current probe array without the use of additional coils.\",\n \"It is also an object of the disclosure to provide a means for compensating the lift off without the need to calibrate the probe on a fixed lift-off reference.\",\n \"It is a further object of the disclosure to have a means for compensating the lift-off without the need for pre-generated tables specific to an application or probe.\",\n \"A still further object of the disclosure is to reduce the number of interconnections in the probe, thus allowing a more compact probe design.\",\n \"Yet another object of the disclosure is to enable conducting the lift-off compensation calibration and detection channel calibration simultaneously.\",\n \"Still another object of the disclosure is to eliminate the need for pre-calculated lift-off tables which are typically dependent on the inspected material and sensor characteristics (test frequency, sensor size, etc).\",\n \"SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE The invention provides a method for compensating the sensitivity variations induced by corresponding lift-off variations for an eddy current array probe.\",\n \"The invention uses the eddy current array probe coils in two separate ways to produce a first set of detection channels and a second set of lift-off measurement channels without the need to add coils dedicated to the lift-off measurement operation.\",\n \"Another aspect of the invention provides an improved calibration process which combines the detection and lift-off measurement channel calibration on a simple calibration block including a reference defect without the need of a pre-defined lift-off condition.\",\n \"In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an EC probe array system for detecting flaws in a test object is provided.\",\n \"That system includes: (a) an EC coil arrangement including: (i) a plurality of orthogonal EC sensors arranged in channels and configured to induce eddy currents in the test object and to sense and output first signals representative of flaws in the test object; (ii) a plurality of absolute EC sensors configured to produce from the test object second signals indicative of a lift-off distance of said orthogonal and absolute EC sensors relative to said test object, said EC coil arrangement being configured so that a pre-determined or given ratio is established between said second signals and said first signals, at different lift-off distances; (b) a setup table comprising calibration values for said orthogonal EC sensors with corresponding lift-off compensation values for each of said channels based on said second signals; and (c) a processor or acquisition unit responsive to said calibration and lift-off compensation values in said setup table and to the second signals and configured to convert said first signals obtained from said orthogonal EC sensors during actual testing of said test object, so as to obtain third signals which are representative of said Eddy Currents in said test object, said third signals being substantially independent of actual lift-off distances prevailing between said EC sensors and said test object at the time of obtaining said first signals during actual testing.\",\n \"In further preferred embodiments, the EC coil arrangement is provided on a printed circuit board.\",\n \"The EC coil arrangement may comprise coils configured as overlapped coils and configured as driver and receiver coils.\",\n \"The processor may drive the orthogonal absolute channels sensors simultaneously and with a pitch-catch type configuration.\",\n \"Also, orthogonal and absolute channels may use the same sets of drive coils to enable faster acquisition and more stable signals.\",\n \"In the method according to the present disclosure, the aforementioned EC coil arrangement is utilized to perform a probe array system setup including setting at least a gain value and preferably a phase rotation value on each orthogonal channel relative to a known calibration notch using the orthogonal EC sensors.\",\n \"Relative to each orthogonal channel, an amplitude vector is also obtained by using the absolute EC sensors and gain and absolute vector length values are stored in a setup table.\",\n \"Subsequent to preparing the setup table, actual testing is conducted by acquiring data for the orthogonal and absolute channels to obtain raw orthogonal data and raw absolute data for each channel.\",\n \"Amplitude vector lengths are calculated and the raw orthogonal data is compensated for the lift-off effects utilizing the absolute vector lengths and/or calibration gain values to obtain compensated data for the object being tested.\",\n \"Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention which refers to the accompanying drawings.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.\",\n \"1 illustrates a simplified representation of the prior art flat shaped orthogonal eddy current array probe built on a two layer printed circuit board FIG.\",\n \"2 is the four layer printed circuit board extension of the FIG.\",\n \"1 representation and the illustration of the possible shape of the orthogonal channels FIG.\",\n \"3 illustrates the absolute channels created for the probe structure of FIG.\",\n \"2 FIG.\",\n \"4 shows that cracks affecting the orthogonal channels will not affect the corresponding absolute channel.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5 shows the absolute and orthogonal sensitive area on the four layer probe of FIG.\",\n \"2.FIG.\",\n \"6 illustrates the scan of a calibration block including a reference notch and a probe lift-off.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7 is the impedance plane results obtain on the orthogonal channels from the scan of FIG.\",\n \"6 block with four defined lift off condition.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8 is the impedance plane results obtain on the absolute channels from the scan of FIG.\",\n \"6 block with four defined lift off condition.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 proposes an amplitude based analysis of the test signals shown on FIG.\",\n \"7 and FIG.\",\n \"8.FIG.\",\n \"10 is a flowchart describing the proposed calibration method.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11 is a flowchart describing the proposed signal processing method.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"12 shows a hardware configuration for a system of the invention.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Related patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"12/832,620 describes how to build an ECA probe on a printed circuit board.\",\n \"The contents of patent application Ser.\",\n \"Nos.\",\n \"12/832,620 and of 12/847,074 are incorporated by reference herein.\",\n \"The structure presented in application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"12/832,620 is disposed on two PCB layers.\",\n \"A simplified representation of such structure is shown on FIG.\",\n \"1 for a four sensor orthogonal ECA probe 1 including five driver coils (2a to 2e) and five receiver coils (3a to 3e) resulting in four sensitive spots (4a to 4d) with orthogonal sensor response.\",\n \"The coil arrangement (such as 5 and 6) that generates orthogonal sensor response will be referenced to as “orthogonal channels” in this document.\",\n \"As first stated in paragraph [0035] of the mentioned application, it is also possible to use the multi-layer capabilities of the printed circuit boards to increase the resolution of the orthogonal ECA probe.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 illustrates a four layer version of the ECA probe 10 built using this principle.\",\n \"The two bottom layers (11a to 11e and 12a to 12e) are connected to driver signals while the two upper layers (13a to 13e and 14a to 14e) are connected to receiver signals in order to generate orthogonal channels such as 16, 17, 18 and 19.The bottom layer coils 11a to 11e operate with the top layer coils 14a to 14e to generate a first set of orthogonal channels while coils 12a to 12e operate with the coils 13a to 13e to generate a second set of orthogonal channels.\",\n \"From the probe structure shown on FIG.\",\n \"2, it is an object of the current invention to teach how to obtain absolute channels for monitoring the lift-off.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 illustrates how these channels are built from the structure of probe 10.Some coils, partially overlapping the driver coils, are connected as receivers.\",\n \"For example, pitch-catch sensor configuration 36 uses two fourth layer coils (11b and 11c) as a driver and one second layer coil (13d) as receiver.\",\n \"In another example, pitch-catch configuration 33 uses two third layer coils (12b and 12c) as a driver and one fourth layer coil (11c) as a receiver.\",\n \"As a matter of fact, the same coil can be used as a driver and a receiver through the sequence (as already disclosed in prior art Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"6,344,739).\",\n \"Using coil combinations similar to 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36 for the whole probe 10, we obtain a set of nine sensitive areas (30a to 30i) with absolute sensor response extending over the whole probe length.\",\n \"The coil arrangements (such as 31 to 36) that generate absolute sensor response will be referred to herein as “absolute channels” in this disclosure.\",\n \"The newly created absolute channels are inherently very sensitive to lift off, because the proximity of the inspected part will directly impact the magnetic field flux in the shared area of the driver and receiver coils (11c and 13d for example) defining the sensitive area (30f for example) of the absolute channel (36 for example).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4 also demonstrates that the new absolute channel will not be sensitive to a longitudinal 41 or transversal 40 crack to be detected by the orthogonal channel because the absolute channel sensitive area (30f for example) is not in line with longitudinal or transverse crack when this crack is located on the orthogonal channel sensitive area (15d for example).\",\n \"So, the described structure makes it possible to substantially completely decouple the lift-off and crack measurements for this probe.\",\n \"As further demonstrated on FIG.\",\n \"5, each orthogonal channel sensitive area is located exactly in between two absolute channels sensitive areas on the index axis.\",\n \"So, we can use the average value between these two absolute channels to produce an approximation of the lift-off conditions for the corresponding orthogonal channel.\",\n \"It must be understood that the selection of coils to be used in the absolute channel construction was made in order to acquire the orthogonal and absolute channels simultaneously and with a pitch-catch type configuration which is naturally more stable than an impedance bridge.\",\n \"For example, orthogonal channel 16 and absolute channel 36 use the same set of two driver coils 11b and 11c.\",\n \"So, these two channels can be acquired simultaneously by the acquisition electronics.\",\n \"This configuration is advantageous because it allows a faster acquisition (through simultaneous operation) and a stable signal, but it is not a mandatory requirement so there will be other possible arrangements respecting the essence of the invention.\",\n \"Connecting the driver coils as part of an impedance bridge to build the absolute channels, for example, is another method to obtain a valid set of absolute channels for lift-off monitoring without adding new coils in the probe structure.\",\n \"It is also possible to envision other ECA probe types respecting the scope of this invention.\",\n \"For example, in U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"5,371,461 FIG.\",\n \"3, one could dispose of the compensation coil 52 of U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"5,371,461 by connecting driver coil 42 of said patent through an impedance bridge.\",\n \"Now that we have described means for building channels for detection (orthogonal channels in the preferred embodiment) and lift-off monitoring (absolute channels made out from a pitch-catch sensor arrangement in the preferred embodiment), we describe how these signals are processed in order to obtain a lift-off compensated eddy current probe array without the use of a lift-off reference.\",\n \"As shown on FIG.\",\n \"6, a reference block 50 comprising a long transversal reference notch 51 is scanned in direction 53 with a given lift-off 52.The probe is first nulled in AIR to generate a reference point for an infinite lift off condition, which will become important later in this discussion.\",\n \"The block 50 is then scanned four times with increasing lift off (in the example ; Lift-off A=0 mm ; Lift-off B=0.63 mm ; Lift-off C=1.27 mm ; Lift-off D=1.9 mm) to provide the required background information needed to describe the invention.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7 shows the impact of lift-off on the reference defect detection amplitude on orthogonal channel 16 impedance plane display.\",\n \"In this case, defect amplitude 55 is obtained with lift-off A, defect amplitude 56 is obtained with lift-Off B, defect amplitude 57 is obtained with lift-off C and defect amplitude 58 is obtained with lift-off D. FIG.\",\n \"8 shows the impact of lift-off on absolute channel 36 impedance plane display.\",\n \"In this case, the total signal amplitude vector 60 results from lift-off A , the total signal amplitude vector 61 results from lift-off B, the total signal amplitude vector 62 results from lift-off C and the total signal amplitude vector 63 results from lift-off D. It is interesting to note that reference notch 51 generates very weak signals on FIG.\",\n \"7 compared to the strong lift-off signal.\",\n \"For example, with lift A, defect amplitude 64 is orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding total signal amplitude vector 60 resulting from lift A.\",\n \"This is a desirable behavior since we want to use the absolute channels for lift-off monitoring only.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 shows a graph representing a combined view of the defect amplitude readings 55, 56, 57, 58 on the orthogonal channels and the total signal amplitude vector readings 60, 61, 62 and 63 on the absolute channels relative to the lift-off conditions.\",\n \"As seen in the figure, both data series can be fitted by exponential curves 70 and 71.Moreover, the shape of curves 70 and 71 (which is defined by the exponent) is almost the same (e−0.6322*Lift vs. e−0.6557*Lift in this example).\",\n \"This observation is very important because it means the ratio “Ortho_Amplitude(Lift)/Abs_Vector(Lift)” is almost independent of the lift.\",\n \"For example: 0.3834*e−0.6557*Lift/2.3521 e−0.6322*Lift=0.163*e−0.0235*Lift.\",\n \".\",\n \".\",\n \"which is about 0.2 dB/mm variation compared to about 5.7 dB/mm for the orthogonal channel.\",\n \"This later observation forms the foundation of the signal processing method of the invention.\",\n \"For the following discussion we will approximate “Ortho_Amplitude(Lift)/Abs_Vector(Lift)” as being a constant, pre-determined value totally independent of lift-off.\",\n \"It must be understood that the use of the same coil set for defect detection and lift-off monitoring contributes to having similar shaped curves, since the shape of the curve is provided by the magnetic coupling between coils and the inspected part.\",\n \"Thus, by dynamically comparing the orthogonal and absolute amplitudes at each measured point (channel), the orthogonal amplitude can be connected for the actual prevailing lift-off during each measurement, without specific knowledge of the lift-off amount, per se.\",\n \"We now turn our attention to FIG.\",\n \"10, which describes how the probe is to be calibrated with a reference notch such as 51 but without a known reference lift-off.\",\n \"We first NULL the probe in AIR, (Step 102) start the acquisition (Step 104), scan the reference notch (Step 106) and define the notch position by manually or automatically indicating where the notch signal begins and ends (Step 108).\",\n \"At this point, the information we have is equivalent to the signals presented in FIG.\",\n \"8 and FIG.\",\n \"7 but for a single unknown lift-off.\",\n \"In other words, if notch 51 is scanned in the calibration process with lift-off B, the system should be able to read defect amplitude 56 and total amplitude vector 61 but the actual value of lift-off B will be unknown to both the acquisition system and the user.\",\n \"The information available at this point is first used to calibrate the orthogonal channels by applying a calibration GAIN and ROTATION on the raw signal (Step 1010), in order to reach a pre-defined value for the reference defect 51.This pre-defined value (which typically includes both an angular and amplitude target) is common to all orthogonal channels and thus makes it possible to obtain a uniform detection of the reference defect 51 for all orthogonal channels.\",\n \"The calibration GAIN and ROTATION for each orthogonal channel is saved in the setup (Step 1012).\",\n \"Simultaneously, we use the information generated in [0046] on the absolute channels to calculate the vector length between AIR and the signal's baseline obtained on the calibration block 50 (Step 1014).\",\n \"A single absolute vector length value (which could in fact be the average between two absolute channels or other absolute channel combinations adapted to the probe and application) is saved in the setup and associated with its corresponding orthogonal channel.\",\n \"For example, in probe 10, if we use absolute channels at position 30a and 30b to compensate the lift-off for the orthogonal channel at position 15a we could average absolute channels at position 30a and 30b and save this pre-determined value in the setup with reference to the channel at position 15a.\",\n \"This value will be referenced here as “Absolute_RefLenght(n,Cal_Lift)” where “n” is the orthogonal channel# identifier and “Cal_Lift” is the lift-off condition present during calibration (Step 1016).\",\n \"Now looking at FIG.\",\n \"11, we will use the information now included in the calibration file and the properties of the “Ortho_Amplitude(Lift)/Abs_Vector(Lift)” ratio to generate a lift compensated orthogonal channel.\",\n \"The process described on FIG.\",\n \"11 is applied dynamically (during the acquisition) but could easily be applied in post-processing as well (after the acquisition).\",\n \"The first step of the process is, again, to NULL the probe in AIR (Step 112) in order to have an infinite lift-off reference.\",\n \"After starting the acquisition (Step 114), each new data set corresponding to the impedance plane results (x,y) for one given orthogonal channel at one given scan position is processed separately (Step 116).\",\n \"Such data set will be referenced here as “Ortho_raw(n, Lift)” where “n” is the orthogonal channel# identifier and “Lift” is the lift-off condition at the time of measuring the data set.\",\n \"The first step in processing is to find the absolute channel total vector length, at the current scan position, corresponding to the orthogonal channel currently being processed (Step 118).\",\n \"The relationship between the orthogonal and absolute channel must be the same as previously defined in calibration.\",\n \"This value will be referenced here as “Absolute_VLenght(n, Lift)” where “n” is the orthogonal channel# identifier and “Lift” is the lift-off condition at the time of measuring the data set.\",\n \"Ortho_raw(n,Lift) is then processed with the following relationship to generate a lift-off compensated orthogonal channel reading; “Ortho_compensated(n, Cal_Lift)=(Ortho_raw(n,Lift)/Absolute_Vlenght(n,Lift))*Absolute_RefLenght(n)” (Step 1110).\",\n \"The generated “Ortho_compensated(n,Cal_Lift)” channel is then relatively independent of the current lift-off but is then dependent on the lift-off present during the system calibration.\",\n \"To remove this dependency and thus provide a completely lift off independent reading, the calibration GAIN and PHASE are applied to Ortho_compensated(n,Cal_Lift) (Step 1112), until all channels are so processed (Steps 1114, 1116 and 1118).\",\n \"As an end result, for a given flaw size, the system should generate a uniform defect signal amplitude no matter which orthogonal channel detects the flaw and without regard to the calibration and inspection lift-off FIG.\",\n \"12 shows a hardware configuration of a typical system that can implement the foregoing method.\",\n \"The subject EC probe array system comprises a processor 122 or acquisition unit which is operable and controlled through a user interface 124 and which can display test results, commands and the like, display 126.Orthogonal sensors 128, as well as absolute sensors or coils 129 interact, electromagnetically, with the test object 50 to obtain the various signals and to implement the methods described above via software program instructions stored or loaded onto the processor 122, in a manner well known in the art.\",\n \"It is important to point out that the described lift compensation method can easily be adapted to operate a multi-frequency inspection.\",\n \"This can be done either by generating absolute and orthogonal channels for each frequency or by using a unique set of absolute channels to compensate the multi-frequency orthogonal channels.\",\n \"It is also important to mention that while the figures and description describes an ECA probe with eight orthogonal sensors, the method proposed in this invention is applicable as long as the coil configuration makes it possible to build at least one sensor for defect detection and one sensor for lift-off measurement.\",\n \"In the foregoing embodiments, the EC sensors have been described and depicted as being coil windings.\",\n \"However, as will be recognized by one of skill in the art, other types of magnetic field sensors can be used, such as, for example, GMR (“Giant Magneto Resistance”), AMR (“Anisotropic Magneto Resistance”), or Hall Effect sensors.\",\n \"Although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof, many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art.\",\n \"It is preferred, therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872719"}}},{"rowIdx":4494148,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["VEHICLE REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM AND VEHICLE-MOUNTED APPARATUS INCORPORATED IN THE SAME","A vehicle remote control system including an electronic key pre-registered as a device via which a vehicle can be remote-operated, and a mobile communication device pre-registered as a device that belongs to a user of the vehicle.","In the system, a vehicle-mounted authentication unit is configured to determine whether or not authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, and a vehicle-mounted allowance determination unit is configured to, if it is determined by the vehicle-mounted authentication unit that the authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, allow operation of a predetermined vehicle-mounted activation unit."],["1.A vehicle remote control system comprising: an electronic key pre-registered as a device via which a vehicle can be remote-operated; a mobile communication device pre-registered as a device that belongs to a user of the vehicle; a vehicle-mounted authentication unit configured to determine whether or not authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded; and a vehicle-mounted allowance determination unit configured to, if it is determined by the vehicle-mounted authentication unit that the authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, allow operation of a predetermined vehicle-mounted activation unit, wherein at least one of the electronic key and the mobile communication device comprises: a primary authentication unit configured to, if determining that both the electronic key and the mobile communication device are communicable with each other and carried by the user, determine that authentication between the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded; and a transmit processing unit configured to, if it is determined by the primary authentication unit that the authentication between the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, transmit to the vehicle via a transmitter an authentication signal including a signal indicative of the electronic key and the mobile communication device being pre-registered devices, wherein the vehicle-mounted authentication unit is configured to, upon receipt of the authentication signal, authenticate the authentication signal, and upon successful authentication of the authentication signal, determine that the authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded."],[" BACKGROUND "],[" SUMMARY In accordance with a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a vehicle remote control system including: an electronic key pre-registered as a device via which a vehicle can be remote-operated; a mobile communication device pre-registered as a device that belongs to a user of the vehicle; a vehicle-mounted authentication unit configured to determine whether or not authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded; and a vehicle-mounted allowance determination unit configured to, if it is determined by the vehicle-mounted authentication unit that the authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, allow operation of a predetermined vehicle-mounted activation unit.","In accordance with a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a vehicle-mounted apparatus incorporated in a vehicle remote control system, where the system includes an electronic key pre-registered as a device via which a vehicle can be remote-operated and a mobile communication device pre-registered as a device that belongs to a user of the vehicle.","The apparatus includes: a vehicle-mounted authentication unit configured to determine whether or not authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded; and a vehicle-mounted allowance determination unit configured to, if it is determined by the vehicle-mounted authentication unit that the authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, allow operation of a predetermined vehicle-mounted activation unit.","It is determined whether or not only authentication of the electronic key but also authentication of the mobile communication device has succeeded.","If the authentication of the electronic key and the authentication of the mobile communication device have both succeeded, operation of the activation unit is allowed or permitted.","Therefore, even if only the electronic key is stolen, a person who stole the electronic key is unable to operate the activation unit, which can improve the security of the system."],["CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is based on and claims the benefit of priority from earlier Japanese Patent Application No.","2014-238977 filed Nov. 26, 2014, and is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.","No.","14/951,238 filed on Nov. 24, 2015, the descriptions of which is incorporated herein by reference.","BACKGROUND Technical Field The present invention relates to a vehicle remote control system that allows a user to instruct operation of a vehicle-mounted actuation unit via a device carried by the user, and to a vehicle-mounted apparatus incorporated in the system.","Related Art An electronic key system is known as a system that allows a vehicle door to be locked or unlocked in response to an instruction from a device carried by a vehicle user.","A variety of developments to increase security have been experienced in electronic key systems.","For example, the system as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No.","2001-027063 is configured to use a rolling code that changes in value each time as a plaintext used for authentication.","The electronic key may be stolen even if the code is modified to prevent the code from being reproduced, which is likely to permit vehicle theft.","Particularly, when an automatically driven vehicle that can travel to a person carrying the electronic key when the electronic key is pressed is in practical use, it is ever more desired to improve the security of the vehicle remote control system.","In consideration of the foregoing, exemplary embodiments of the present invention are directed to providing a secure vehicle remote control system and a vehicle-mounted apparatus incorporated in the system.","SUMMARY In accordance with a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a vehicle remote control system including: an electronic key pre-registered as a device via which a vehicle can be remote-operated; a mobile communication device pre-registered as a device that belongs to a user of the vehicle; a vehicle-mounted authentication unit configured to determine whether or not authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded; and a vehicle-mounted allowance determination unit configured to, if it is determined by the vehicle-mounted authentication unit that the authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, allow operation of a predetermined vehicle-mounted activation unit.","In accordance with a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a vehicle-mounted apparatus incorporated in a vehicle remote control system, where the system includes an electronic key pre-registered as a device via which a vehicle can be remote-operated and a mobile communication device pre-registered as a device that belongs to a user of the vehicle.","The apparatus includes: a vehicle-mounted authentication unit configured to determine whether or not authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded; and a vehicle-mounted allowance determination unit configured to, if it is determined by the vehicle-mounted authentication unit that the authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, allow operation of a predetermined vehicle-mounted activation unit.","It is determined whether or not only authentication of the electronic key but also authentication of the mobile communication device has succeeded.","If the authentication of the electronic key and the authentication of the mobile communication device have both succeeded, operation of the activation unit is allowed or permitted.","Therefore, even if only the electronic key is stolen, a person who stole the electronic key is unable to operate the activation unit, which can improve the security of the system.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.","1 is an overall diagram of a vehicle remote control system in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention; FIG.","2 is a block diagram of a parking lot monitor of FIG.","1; FIG.","3 is a block diagram of a central server of FIG.","1; FIG.","4 is a block diagram of a vehicle-mounted system of FIG.","1; FIG.","5 is a block diagram of an electronic key of FIG.","1; FIG.","6 is a block diagram of a smartphone of FIG.","1; FIG.","7 is a flowchart of a process performed in a controller of a smartphone in accordance with the first embodiment; FIG.","8 is a flowchart of a process performed in a controller of a vehicle-mounted system at startup of automatic driving in accordance with the first embodiment; FIG.","9 is an example of a travel path along which an automatically driven vehicle travels to a user; FIG.","10 is a flowchart of a process performed in the controller of the vehicle-mounted system after automatic driving is started in accordance with the first embodiment; FIG.","11 is an example of a driving condition notification image displayed on a display of the smartphone in accordance with the first embodiment; FIG.","12 is an example of a driving condition notification image displayed on a display of a smartphone in accordance with a second embodiment; FIG.","13 is a flowchart of a process performed in a controller of an electronic key in accordance with a third embodiment; FIG.","14 is a flowchart of a process performed in a controller of an electronic key in accordance with a fourth embodiment; FIG.","15 is a flowchart of a process performed in a controller of the vehicle-mounted system in accordance with the fourth embodiment; and FIG.","16 is a flowchart of a process performed in a controller of a smartphone in accordance with the fourth embodiment.","DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS Embodiments of the present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown.","This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.","Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.","Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.","First Embodiment A vehicle remote control system 1 in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention will now be explained with reference to FIG.","1.The vehicle remote control system 1 is configured to allow a user at a location remote from an automatically driven vehicle 2 to make the automatically driven vehicle 2 travel to the user's location.","The vehicle remote control system 1 includes, as shown in FIG.","1, a parking lot monitor 10, a central server 20, an electronic key 30, a smartphone 40, and a vehicle-mounted system 100.The vehicle-mounted system 100 is mounted in the automatically driven vehicle 2.The electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 are carried by the user 3 of the automatically driven vehicle 2.Automatic driving of the automatically driven vehicle 2 is enabled by the vehicle-mounted system 100.Manned driving of the automatically driven vehicle 2 is enabled as well.","As shown in FIG.","1, the vehicle-mounted system 100 includes a data communication module (DCM) 106, a first near field communication unit (NC1) 115, a second near field communication unit (NC2) 116, and a third near field communication unit (NC3) 117.The other components of the vehicle-mounted system 100 will be described later with reference to FIG.","4.The DCM 106 is configured to communicate wirelessly with the central server 20 and the smartphone 40 through a public communication network.","The central server 20 and the smartphone 40 are also communicable with each other through the public communication network.","The first near field communication unit 115 is configured to communicate with the electronic key 30 using frequencies in the UHF band to receive, from the electronic key 30, a signal indicative of locking or unlocking of doors of the automatically driven vehicle 2 or a signal indicative of start or stop of automatic driving.","The second near field communication unit 116 is configured to communicate wirelessly with the smartphone 40 within a communication range of tens to hundreds of meters in compliance with a near field communication standard, such as Bluetooth (registered trademark).","The second near field communication unit 116 may communicate wirelessly with the electronic key 30 as well.","The third near field communication unit 117 is configured to communicate with the parking lot monitor 10 in compliance with a communication standard used for vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communication.","(Parking Lot Monitor) The parking lot monitor 10 is installed in a parking lot to detect various parking lot information, such as information about objects present in the parking lot.","As shown in FIG.","2, the parking lot monitor 10 includes a camera 11, a vehicle-to-infrastructure communication unit 12, and a controller 13.The camera 11 is installed at a position at which the camera 11 can capture an entirety of the parking lot.","If a single camera cannot capture the entirety of the parking lot, a plurality of cameras may be installed at different positions in the parking lot.","The vehicle-to-infrastructure communication unit 12 is configured to communicate with the third near field communication unit 117 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 in compliance with the communication standard used for vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communication, where, for example, the operating frequency is in the 700 MHz band, the 5.8 GHz band, or the 5.9 GHz band and the communication range is in the order of tens to hundreds of meters.","The parking lot monitor 10 and the vehicle-mounted system 100 may communicate with each other via another communication unit than the vehicle-to-infrastructure communication unit 12.The controller 13 may be a microcomputer including a central processing unit (CPU), a read-only memory (ROM), a random-access memory (RAM) and the like.","Various functions may be implemented by the CPU executing computer programs stored in the ROM.","For example, the controller 13 is configured to analyze an image captured by the camera 11 to detect a position and a type of an object present in a lane of the parking lot, and transmit the detection result via the vehicle-to-infrastructure communication unit 12.Additionally, a map of the parking lot may be transmitted via the vehicle-to-infrastructure communication unit 12.","(Central Server) The central server 20 includes, as shown in FIG.","3, a wide area communication unit 21, a storage 22, and a controller 23.The wide area communication unit 21 is configured to conduct wide area communication via connection to a public communication network.","The storage 22 has map data stored therein.","The map data includes, as well as road data, information about locations and travel directions of lanes in each of at least some of the parking lots on the map.","The controller 23 may be a microcomputer including a central processing unit (CPU), a read-only memory (ROM), a random-access memory (RAM) and the like.","The controller 23 may control the wide area communication unit 21 by the CPU executing computer programs stored in the ROM.","The wide area communication unit 21 is controlled by the controller 23 to communicate with a wide area communication unit 42 of the smartphone 40 and the DCM 106 of the vehicle-mounted system 100.","(Vehicle-Mounted System) The vehicle-mounted system 100 includes many components, as shown in FIG.","4.The controller 130 and the other components of the vehicle-mounted system 100 may be connected directly to each other, or may be connected via an on-board local area network (LAN).","The controller 130, as a vehicle-mounted apparatus, is configured to control the other components of the vehicle-mounted system 100 as shown in FIG.","4.The controller 130 may be formed of a single microcomputer including a central processing unit (CPU), a read-only memory (ROM), a random-access memory (RAM) and the like, or may be formed of a plurality of such microcomputers.","The controller 130 serves as a vehicle-mounted authentication unit 131, an allowance determination unit 132, and an automatic-driving control unit 133, which are described later.","Some or all of the functions of the controller 130 may be implemented by hardware, for example, by a single integrated circuit (IC) or a plurality of integrated circuits.","A GNSS receiver 101 is configured to receive radio waves from satellites of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) to detect a location of the GNSS receiver 101 and input the detected location to the controller 130.The location detected by the GNSS receiver 101 is indicative of a location of the automatically driven vehicle 2.A front-facing camera 102 is configured to capture an image of a predetermined area forward of the automatically driven vehicle 2.A rear-facing camera 103 is configured to capture an image of a predetermined area rearward of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The images captured by the front-facing camera 102 and the rear-facing camera 103 of the automatically driven vehicle 2 are inputted to the controller 130.A sonar 104 is disposed on at least one of a front end face, a rear end face, and left and right side faces of the automatically driven vehicle 2 to detect a position of an object around the automatically driven vehicle 2.The position of the object detected by the sonar 104 is inputted to the controller 130.A radar 105, which may be a millimeter-wave radar or a laser radar, is provided forward or/and rearward of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The radar 105 provided forward of the automatically driven vehicle 2 is configured to detect an object present in a probe-wave irradiated area forward of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The radar 105 provided rearward of the automatically driven vehicle 2 is configured to detect an object present in a probe-wave irradiated area rearward of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The position of the object detected by the radar 105 is inputted to the controller 130.A data communication module (DCM) 106 is configured to conduct wide area wireless communication via a public communication network.","An acceleration sensor 107 is configured to detect an acceleration experienced by the automatically driven vehicle 2.More specifically, the acceleration sensor 107 may be configured to detect an acceleration or accelerations along a single axis or two axes, preferably, accelerations along the three axes.","A wheel speed sensor 108 is configured to detect a rotational speed of each wheel of the automatically driven vehicle 2.A vehicle-speed sensor 109 is configured to detect a speed of the automatically driven vehicle 2.A gyro sensor 110 is configured to detect a rate of change in each of an azimuth angle, a roll angle, and a pitch angle of the automatically driven vehicle 2.A steering angle sensor 111 is configured to detect a steering angle of the automatically driven vehicle 2.Detected values of the acceleration sensor 107, the wheel speed sensor 108, the vehicle-speed sensor 109, the gyro sensor 110, and the steering angle sensor 111 are inputted to the controller 130.An external memory 112 is configured to store therein codes used to authenticate the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40.The presence of the codes stored in the external memory 112 means that the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 are registered with the vehicle-mounted system 100.The display unit 113 is configured to display whether or not the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in automatic driving.","When the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in automatic driving, monitoring of surroundings monitoring sensors is displayed, where the surroundings monitoring sensors include the front-facing camera 102, the rear-facing camera 103, the sonar 104, and the radar 105.A speaker 114 is configured to, during automatic driving of the automatically driven vehicle 2, output a sound in the vicinity of the automatically driven vehicle 2 to indicate that the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in automatic driving.","The speaker 114 is further configured to output a sound in the vicinity of the automatically driven vehicle 2 prior to start of automatic driving to indicate the start of automatic driving.","Another speaker may be provided to output a sound in a passenger compartment.","The first near field communication unit 115, the second near field communication unit 116, and the third near field communication unit 117 have been already explained.","Hence, any repetitive description about them is omitted.","A low frequency (LF) transmitter 118 is configured to transmit a baseband signal received from the controller 130 as a radio wave in the LF band of 30 kHz-300 kHz (hereinafter referred to as an LF radio wave).","An antenna of the LF transmitter 118 has a communication range of several meters.","Map data 119 is stored in a predetermined storage.","As with the map data stored in storage 22 of the central server 20, the map data 119 includes, as well as road data, information about lanes in the parking lots on the map.","The information about lanes in the parking lots on the map may include information about whether or not there is a rule for travel directions of the lanes for at least some of the parking lots on the map.","The storage storing the map data 119 may be another memory than the external memory 112, or may be included in the external memory 112.A steering actuator 120 is configured to axially drive a rack shaft to steer the steered wheels.","A vehicle drive-power generator 121, such as an internal-combustion engine, an electrical motor, or a combination of them, is configured to generate drive power for driving the automatically driven vehicle 2.A drive-power detector 122 is configured to detect the drive power generated by the drive-power generator 121.A detected drive power value is inputted to the controller 130.A brake actuator 123 is configured to hydraulically or electrically compress a brake pad to decrease a rotational speed of a vehicle wheel.","A brake switching mechanism 124 is hydraulically or electrically controlled to switch a parking brake from locked to unlocked, and vice versa.","The steering actuator 120, the drive-power generator 121, the brake actuator 123, the brake switching mechanism 124 are controlled by the controller 130.","(Electronic Key) The electronic key 30 is registered with the vehicle-mounted system 100 as a device capable of remotely controlling the automatically driven vehicle 2.As shown in FIG.","5, the electronic key 30 includes an LF receiver 31, a UHF transmitter 32, a near field communication unit 33, a GNSS receiver 34, a console 35, a display 36, and a speaker 37.The LF receiver 31 is configured to receive the LF radio wave transmitted by the LF transmitter 118 of the vehicle-mounted system 100, demodulate the received radio wave to extract the baseband signal, and output the extracted baseband signal to the controller 38.The UHF transmitter 32 is configured to modulate a signal received from the controller 38 and transmit the modulated signal as a UHF radio wave.","The near field communication unit 33 is configured to communicate wirelessly with the second near field communication unit 116 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 in compliance with the same near field communication standard as used in the second near field communication unit 116.A GNSS receiver 34, which has the same configuration as the GNSS receiver 101 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 has, is configured to receive radio waves from the satellites of the global navigation satellite system to detect a current location of the GNSS receiver 34 based on the radio waves received from the satellites and input the detected current location to the controller 38.A console 35 is provided with three switches 35a-35c, that is, a door lock switch 35a, a door unlock switch 35b, an automatic driving switch 35c.","The door lock switch 35a is operated to transmit an instruction to lock doors of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The door unlock switch 35b is operated to transmit an instruction to unlock the doors of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The automatic driving switch 35c is operated to start or stop automatic driving of the automatically driven vehicle 2.When the automatic driving switch 35c is activated while the automatically driven vehicle 2 is not in automatic driving, an instruction to start automatic driving of the automatically driven vehicle 2 will be transmitted.","When the automatic driving switch 35c is activated while the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in automatic driving, an instruction to stop automatic driving of the automatically driven vehicle 2 will be transmitted.","Alternatively, two switches may be separately provided, one for starting automatic driving and the other for stopping automatic driving.","A removable cover may be provided for preventing the automatic driving switch 35c from being operated.","Ordinarily, the automatic driving switch 35c is covered with the removable cover and unexposed.","When automatic driving is requested, the cover is removed so that the automatic driving switch 35c can be operated.","This can prevent the automatic driving switch 35c from being inadvertently activated.","Various messages, such as a message indicative of whether or not the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in automatic driving, may be displayed on the display 36.","(Smartphone) The smartphone 40 serving as a mobile communication device, as with the electronic key 30, is pre-registered with the vehicle-mounted system 100 as belonging to a user 3 of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The smartphone 40 is also registered with the electronic key 30.As shown in FIG.","6, the smartphone 40 includes a GNSS receiver 41, a wide area communication unit 42, an external memory 43, a console 44, a display 45, a speaker 46, and a near field communication unit 47.A GNSS receiver 41, which has the same configuration as the GNSS receiver 101 or 41 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 or the electronic key 30 has, is configured to receive radio waves from the satellites of the global navigation satellite system to detect a current location of the GNSS receiver 41 based on the radio waves received from the satellites and input the detected current location to the controller 48.The wide area communication unit 42 is configured to conduct wide area communication via connection to the public communication network.","The smartphone 40 is configured to communicate with the central server 20 and the DCM 106 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 via the wide area communication unit 42.The external memory 43 may be a writable non-volatile memory, such as a flash memory or the like.","Some of applications installed on the smartphone 40 are stored in the external memory 43.In the present embodiment, an automatic driving application 43a is stored in the external memory 43.The automatic driving application 43a is executed when the user 3 guides the automatically driven vehicle 2 in automatic driving.","Execution of the automatic driving application 43a allows the user 3 to start or stop automatic driving, determine a location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 during automatic driving, or check a condition surrounding the automatically driven vehicle 2 via the smartphone 40.The console 44 may include a touch panel superimposed on a viewing surface of the display 45 or a mechanical switch surrounding the display 45.The user 3 operates the console 44 to provide an automatic-driving start instruction to start automatic driving or an automatic-driving stop instruction to stop automatic driving.","The display 45 is configured to, during execution of the automatic driving application 43a, display whether or not the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in automatic driving or the condition surrounding the automatically driven vehicle 2, or the like.","The speaker 46 is configured to output a sound that indicates that automatic driving has been started or a sound that indicates automatic driving has been stopped.","The near field communication unit 47 is configured to communicate wirelessly with the second near field communication unit 116 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 and the near field communication unit 33 of the electronic key 30 in compliance with the same near field communication standard as used in the second near field communication unit 116 and the near field communication unit 33.","(Process at Startup of Automatic Driving) Processes performed in the electronic key 30, the smartphone 40, and the vehicle-mounted system 100 at startup of automatic driving will now be explained.","The controller 48 of the smartphone 40 performs the process shown in FIG.","7 periodically.","This process is initiated when an automatic driving application 43a is launched.","The controller 48 of the smartphone 40 includes a primary authentication unit 48a and a transmit processing unit 48b.","The primary authentication unit 48a of the smartphone 40 is responsible for execution of steps S11-S16.The transmit processing unit 48b of the smartphone 40 is responsible for execution of steps S17, S18.In step S11, a startup image is displayed on the display 45.At least an automatic driving start button for indicating start of automatic driving is displayed in the startup image.","In step S12, authentication is performed by communicating with the electronic key 30, where it is determined whether or not the smartphone 40 and the electronic key 30 have been pre-registered with each other.","The registration of the smartphone 40 with the electronic key 30 and the registration of the electronic key 30 with the smartphone 40 are performed by the user 3 or an automobile retailer employee.","This authentication may be performed using an automatic authentication function effected between two devices near each other such as defined in compliance with the well-known Bluetooth communication standard prior to the automatic driving start button being pressed.","In step S13, it is determined whether or not the authentication has succeeded.","If it is determined that the authentication has failed, the process of FIG.","7 ends.","If it is determined that the authentication has succeeded, then the process proceeds to step S14.In step S14, it is determined whether or not the automatic driving start button displayed on the display 45 has been operated.","If it is determined that the automatic driving start button displayed on the display 45 has not been operated, then step S14 is repeated.","Although not shown in FIG.","7, in the event that the automatic driving application 43a is terminated by the user 3 while step S14 is repeatedly performed, the process of FIG.","7 ends.","If it is determined that the automatic driving start button displayed on the display 45 has been operated, then the process proceeds to step S15.In step S15, a distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is calculated.","For example, the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 may be calculated based on the strength of a radio wave transmitted by the near field communication unit 33 of the electronic key 30 and then received by the near field communication unit 47 of the smartphone 40.Since the radio wave strength decreases with distance, the distance can be calculated from the radio wave strength.","Alternatively, the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 may be calculated from the current locations detected by the GNSS receivers 34, 41 of the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40.In step S16, it is determined whether or not the distance calculated in step S15 is equal to or less than a threshold distance (referred to as a mobile distance).","The mobile distance is a predefined distance such that, if a distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is equal to or less than the mobile distance, it can be assumed that both the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 are carried by the user 3.The mobile distance may be set to about several meters.","This because that the user 3 may wear one of the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 and carry the other in a bag that may be placed at a short distance from the user 3.Alternatively, step S15 may be skipped, and in step S16, it may be determined whether or not the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is equal to or less than the mobile distance by comparing the strength of the received radio wave with a radio wave strength threshold.","If in step S16 it is determined that the distance is greater than the mobile distance, the process of FIG.","7 ends.","If in step S16 it is determined that the distance is equal to or less than the mobile distance, then the process of FIG.","7 proceeds to step S17.In step S17, a current location of the smartphone 40 is acquired from the GNSS receiver 41.Alternatively, the current location may be acquired from the GNSS receiver 34 of the electronic key 30.In step S18, an automatic driving instruction signal (as an authentication signal) including the current location acquired in step S17, a code used to authenticate the smartphone 40, and an automatic driving instruction signal for instructing the start of automatic driving transmitted from the near field communication unit 47 to the vehicle-mounted system 100.The controller 130 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 performs a process shown in FIG.","8 periodically when the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in a stationary state.","When an ignition switch is off, the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in the stationary state.","Therefore, the process of FIG.","8 may be performed when the ignition switch is off.","In addition, even when the ignition switch is on, the process of FIG.","8 may be performed when the shift position is at a parking position.","The controller 130 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 includes the authentication unit 131, the allowance determination unit 132, and the automatic-driving control unit 133.The authentication unit 131 is responsible for execution of steps S21, S22 of FIG.","8.The allowance determination unit 132 is responsible for execution of steps S23-S25 of FIG.","8.The automatic-driving control unit 133 is responsible for execution of steps S26 of FIG.","8.In step S21, it is determined whether or not the automatic driving instruction signal has been received.","As described above, the automatic driving instruction signal is transmitted step S18 of FIG.","7 from the smartphone 40.If in step S21 it is determined that the automatic driving instruction signal has not been received, then the process of FIG.","8 ends.","If in step S21 it is determined that the automatic driving instruction signal has been received, then the process of FIG.","8 proceeds to step S22.In step S22, authentication for the automatic driving instruction signal is processed, where the code included in the automatic driving instruction signal and the code stored in the external memory 112 are matched.","Step S22 is allowed to be performed if in step S13 it is determined that the authentication has succeeded and if in step 16 it is determined that the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is equal to or less than the mobile distance.","In the case of successful authentication in step S22, it can be determined that both the authentication of the electronic key 30 and the authentication of the smartphone 40 have already succeeded.","This is because the authentication in step S22 can be processed successfully only if the authentication in step S13 has succeeded and it has been determined in step S16 that the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is equal to or less than the mobile distance.","In step S23, it is determined whether or not the authentication in step S22 has succeeded.","If the authentication in step S22 has failed, then the process proceeds to step S24.In step S24, a disallowance notification (as a disallowance signal) is transmitted from the second near field communication unit 116 (as a transmitter) to the smartphone 40 that has transmitted the automatic driving instruction signal.","The smartphone 40 receives the disallowance notification via the near field communication unit 47.Upon receipt of the disallowance notification via the near field communication unit 47, the controller 48 controls the display 45 to display that automatic driving is disallowed.","The second near field communication unit 116 may be replaced with any other communication unit that is wirelessly communicable with the smartphone 40.If in step S23 it is determined that the authentication has succeeded, then the process proceeds to step S25, where automatic driving is determined to be allowed and an automatic-driving start notification is transmitted from the second near field communication unit 116 to the smartphone 40.Upon receipt of the automatic-driving start notification at the smartphone 40, an indication that automatic driving is about to start is displayed on the display 45.In step S26, a travel path 7 along which the automatically driven vehicle 2 is automatically driven to a location of the user 3 is set up.","FIG.","9 is an example of the travel path 7 where the user 3 is lying at an entrance of a parking lot.","In the example of FIG.","9, only one-way lanes are provided as indicated by arrows 5.In such a case, the automatically driven vehicle 2 may travel not along a shortest path 6 to the user 3, but along the travel path 7, where the automatically driven vehicle 2 may travel further from the user 3 along part of the travel path 7.Subsequently to step S26, automatic driving is started.","More specifically, a process of FIG.","10 is performed.","(Process Performed in Vehicle-Mounted System During Automatic Driving) The entire process of FIG.","10 is performed by the automatic-driving control unit 133.In step S31, the brake switching mechanism 124 is activated to release or unlock the parking brake.","At the same time, the brake actuator 123 is activated to prevent the wheels from rotating.","In step S32, the surroundings monitoring sensors are activated to start surroundings monitoring.","In step S33, sounding an alert from the speaker 114 (as a warning unit) is started to ensure that persons in the parking lot are aware that the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in automatic driving.","Thereafter, the speaker 114 sounds the alert periodically.","In step S34, the automatically driven vehicle starts moving or running.","The automatically driven vehicle may start moving after a certain period of time elapses after sounding the alert from the speaker 114 is started.","This period of time may be several to tens of seconds.","During automatic driving, the steering actuator 120 is used to control a traveling direction of the automatically driven vehicle 2 while controlling the speed of the automatically driven vehicle 2 by controlling the drive-power generator 121 and the brake actuator 123.The automatically driven vehicle 2 thereby travels along the travel path 7 set up prior to the start of automatic driving.","During automatic driving, the surroundings monitoring is conducted periodically by using the front-facing camera 102, the rear-facing camera 103, the sonar 104, and the radar 105.In step S35, based on results of the surroundings monitoring, it is determined whether or not there is a person within a predetermined distance from the automatically driven vehicle 2.The determination may be made by using the surroundings monitoring sensors or may be made not only by using the surroundings monitoring sensors, but also by acquiring a location of the person from the parking lot monitor 10.If in step S35 it is determined that there is a person within the predetermined distance from the automatically driven vehicle 2, then the process proceeds to step S36.In step S36, the automatically driven vehicle 2 is decelerated so that the person detected around the automatically driven vehicle 2 can pay attention to the presence of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The person detected around the automatically driven vehicle 2 can know that the automatically driven vehicle 2 has recognized the presence of the person.","If in step S35 it is determined that there is no person within the predetermined distance from the automatically driven vehicle 2, or after the automatically driven vehicle 2 is decelerated, the process proceeds to step S37.In step S37, a current location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 is detected.","The current location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 is detected using the GNSS receiver 101.Alternatively, the current location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 may be detected based on a trajectory produced by using the vehicle-speed sensor 109, the wheel speed sensor 108, the acceleration sensor 107, the steering angle sensor 111, and a location at which the automatically driven vehicle 2 is parked in the parking lot determined by the parking lot map.","The current location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 may be acquired from the parking lot monitor 10 since the parking lot monitor 10 monitors a location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 in the parking lot.","In step S38, a driving condition signal (as an surroundings condition signal) including the current location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 detected in step S37 and the latest forward and rearward images is transmitted from the second near field communication unit 116 or the DCM 106 to the smartphone 40.The forward image is an image captured by the front-facing camera 102, and the rearward image is an image captured by the rear-facing camera 103.In step S39, it is determined whether or not the automatically driven vehicle 2 has reached the location of the user 3.If in step S39 it is determined that the automatically driven vehicle 2 has not reached the location of the user 3 yet, then the process returns to step S35 and automatic driving is continued.","If in step S39 it is determined that the automatically driven vehicle 2 has reached the location of the user 3, then the process proceeds to step S40.In step S40, a parking process is performed, where the parking brake is locked by deactivating the drive-power generator 121 and activating the brake switching mechanism 124.","(Presentation of Smartphone During Automatic Driving) The smartphone 40 receives via the near field communication unit 47 or the wide area communication unit 42 (as a receiver) the driving condition signal transmitted in step S38 from the vehicle-mounted system 100.Upon receipt of the driving condition signal via the near field communication unit 47 or the wide area communication unit 42, the controller 48 displays a driving condition notification image 480 as shown in FIG.","11 on the display 45.The driving condition notification image 480 includes a location notification image 481, a forward image 482, a rearward image 483, and a stop button 484.The location notification image 481 is a map image for notifying the user 3 of the current location of the automatically driven vehicle 2, which includes a starting point marking 481a, a destination marking 481b, a current location marking 481c, and a planned route 481d.","A position of the current location marking 481c in the location notification image 481 is determined based on the current location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 detected in step S37.The starting point marking 481a represents a location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 at the start of automatic driving.","The destination marking 481b represents a location of the smartphone 40.The planned route 481d represents the travel path 7 determined in step S26.The forward image 482 is the latest forward image captured by the front-facing camera 102.The rearward image 483 is the latest rearward image captured by the rear-facing camera 103.The stop button 484 is a button operated by the user 3 to stop the automatically driven vehicle 2.The driving condition signal is sequentially transmitted until the automatically driven vehicle 2 arrives at the user 3.Therefore, the driving condition notification image 480 as shown in FIG.","11 is displayed on the display 45 of the smartphone 40 until the automatically driven vehicle 2 arrives at the user 3.","(Advantages) In the vehicle remote control system 1 of the first embodiment, upon successful authentication with the electronic key 30 (in step S13), the smartphone 40 transmits the automatic driving instruction signal to the vehicle-mounted system 100 (in step S18).","If it is determined that the authentication of the automatic driving instruction signal received from the smartphone 40 has succeeded (in step S23), automatic driving is allowed (in step S25).","Therefore, the successful authentication of the automatic driving instruction signal received from the smartphone 40 allows it to be determined that the authentication of the electronic key 30, as well as the authentication of the smartphone 40, has succeeded.","Thus, in the present embodiment, the determination that the authentication of the smartphone 40 and the electronic key 30 has succeeded allows the vehicle-mounted system 100 to start automatic driving.","With this configuration, even if only the electronic key 30 is stolen, the person who stole the electronic key 30 is unable to operate the console of the smartphone 40 that is remote from the electronic key 30, which can improve the security of the system.","In addition, in the present embodiment, the automatic driving instruction signal is transmitted from the smartphone 40, and the driving condition notification image 480 is displayed on the display 45 of the smartphone 40, where the driving condition notification image 480 indicates the location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 during automatic driving and the images of surroundings of the automatically driven vehicle 2.This configuration allows the user 3 to start automatic driving and monitor the automatically driven vehicle 2 during automatic driving via the smartphone 40.If automatic driving is disallowed, the disallowance notification is displayed on the display 45 of the smartphone 40.This allows the user 3 to avoid a situation where the user 3 waits for the automatically driven vehicle 2 to reach the location of the user 3 despite automatic driving having not been started.","When starting automatic driving, the vehicle-mounted system 100 sounds the alert (in step S33) after the successful authentication (in step S23) and prior to the automatically driven vehicle 2 starting to move.","This allows a person around the automatically driven vehicle 2 to pay attention to motion of the automatically driven vehicle 2 before the automatically driven vehicle 2 starts to move.","If a person is detected within a predetermined distance from the automatically driven vehicle 2 during automatic driving, the automatically driven vehicle 2 decelerates (in step S36).","This allows the person detected around the automatically driven vehicle 2 to know that the automatically driven vehicle 2 has recognized the presence of the person.","In addition, the deceleration of the automatically driven vehicle 2 facilitates the person detected around the automatically driven vehicle 2 avoiding the automatically driven vehicle 2.During automatic driving, the driving condition notification image 480 is displayed on the display 45 of the smartphone 40.Looking at the driving condition notification image 480, the user 3 can know the location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 and surroundings of the automatically driven vehicle 2 until the automatically driven vehicle 2 reaches the location of the user 3.If, looking at the forward image 482 and the rearward image 483, the user 3 determines that the automatically driven vehicle 2 should be stopped, the user 3 may operate the stop button 484 to stop the automatically driven vehicle 2.Second Embodiment A second embodiment of the present invention will now be explained.","In the present and subsequent embodiments, elements having the same functions as in the first embodiment are assigned the same numbers, except where specified otherwise, and will not be described again for brevity.","In the present embodiment, in step S38 of FIG.","10, a driving condition signal that, instead of the surroundings images, includes an object position detected by the surroundings monitoring sensors is transmitted.","Upon receipt of the driving condition signal, the smartphone 40 displays a driving condition notification image 480a as shown in FIG.","12 on the display 45.The driving condition notification image 480a includes the location notification image 481 and the stop button 484 that are the same as included in the driving condition notification image 480 of the first embodiment.","The driving condition notification image 480a includes an object position notification image 485 instead of the forward image 482 and the rearward image 483.The object position notification image 485 is an image in which a plurality of location notification blocks 485b are formed around a profile 485a of the automatically driven vehicle 2.A location notification block 485b corresponding to the object position included in the driving condition signal is different in color from another location notification block 485b in which there is no object.","In the second embodiment, the driving condition notification image 480a as shown in FIG.","12 is displayed on the display 45 of the smartphone 40.Therefore, if, looking at the position notification image 485, the user 3 determines that the automatically driven vehicle 2 has to be stopped, the user 3 can stop the automatically driven vehicle 2 by operating the stop button 484.Third Embodiment A third embodiment of the present invention will now be explained.","In the third embodiment, the electronic key 30 performs authentication with the smartphone 40 and transmits an automatic driving instruction signal, where the controller 38 of the electronic key 30 performs a process shown in FIG.","13 periodically.","The controller 38 of the electronic key 30 includes a primary authentication unit 38a and a transmit processing unit 38b.","The primary authentication unit 38a of the electronic key 30 is responsible for execution of steps S51-S56, and the transmit processing unit 38b of the electronic key 30 is responsible for execution of step S57.In step S51, it is determined whether or not the automatic driving switch 35c has been pressed.","If it is determined that the automatic driving switch 35c has not been pressed, then the process of FIG.","13 ends.","If it is determined that the automatic driving switch 35c has been pressed, then the process proceeds to step S52.In step S52, the electronic key 30 communicates with the smartphone 40 to perform the authentication, where it is determined whether or not the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 have been pre-registered with each other.","This authentication may be performed beforehand as in step S12.In step S53, it is determined whether or not the authentication has succeeded.","If it is determined that the authentication has failed, the process of FIG.","13 ends.","If it is determined that the authentication has succeeded, then the process proceeds to step S54.In step S54, a current location of the electronic key 30 is acquired.","The current location of the electronic key 30 may be acquired from the GNSS receiver 34 of the electronic key 30 or from the smartphone 40.In the configuration where the current location of the electronic key 30 is acquired from the smartphone 40, the GNSS receiver 34 may be removed from the electronic key 30.In step S55, a distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is calculated.","For example, the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 may be calculated based on the strength of a radio wave transmitted by the near field communication unit 47 of the smartphone 40 and then received by the near field communication unit 33 of the electronic key 30.Alternatively, the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 may be calculated from the current locations detected by the GNSS receivers 34, 41 of the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40.In step S56, it is determined whether or not the distance calculated in step S55 is equal to or less than the mobile distance (being the same as defined in the first embodiment).","Alternatively, as in the first embodiment, step S55 may be skipped, and in step S56, it may be determined whether or not the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is equal to or less than the mobile distance by comparing the strength of the received radio wave with a predetermined threshold.","If in step S56 it is determined that the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is greater than the mobile distance, then the process ends.","If in step S56 it is determined that the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is equal to or less than the mobile distance, then the process of FIG.","13 proceeds to step S57.In step S57, an automatic driving instruction signal (as an authentication signal) including the current location acquired in step S54 and a code used to authenticate the electronic key 30 is transmitted from the near field communication unit 47 or from the UHF transmitter 32 to the vehicle-mounted system 100.In the second embodiment, as in the first embodiment, the vehicle-mounted system 100 performs the process of FIG.","8 to determine whether to allow automatic driving.","An allowance or disallowance notification may be transmitted to the electronic key 30 or the smartphone 40.When the disallowance notification is transmitted to the electronic key 30, an indication that automatic driving has been disallowed is displayed on display 36.Meanwhile, after automatic driving is started, the process of FIG.","10 is performed.","Fourth Embodiment A fourth embodiment of the present invention will now be explained.","In the fourth embodiment, the controller 38 of the electronic key 30 performs a process shown in FIG.","14 periodically.","In the fourth embodiment, the electronic key 30 serves as a primary communication device, and the smartphone 40 serves as a secondary communication device.","In step S61, it is determined whether or not the automatic driving switch 35c has been pressed.","If it is determined that the automatic driving switch 35c has not been pressed, then the process of FIG.","14 ends.","If it is determined that the automatic driving switch 35c has been pressed, then the process of FIG.","14 proceeds to step S62.In step S62, an automatic driving instruction signal is transmitted from the UHF transmitter 32 of the electronic key 30.The automatic driving instruction signal includes a signal indicative of automatic driving, and further includes a code used to authenticate the electronic key 30 as included in a signal transmitted from an electronic key of a well-known electronic key system.","Therefore, the automatic driving instruction signal serves as an authentication signal.","In the fourth embodiment, the automatic driving instruction signal includes no current location of the electronic key 30.When the signal transmitted by the UHF transmitter 32 is the automatic driving instruction signal, the automatic driving instruction signal may have higher transmission power with a longer communication distance as compared with when the signal transmitted by the UHF transmitter 32 is a signal indicative of locking or unlocking of vehicle doors.","The authentication unit 131 of the controller 130 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 performs a process shown in FIG.","15 periodically.","In step S71, it is determined whether or not automatic driving instruction signal transmitted from the electronic key 30 has been received by the first near field communication unit 115.If it is determined that the automatic driving instruction signal has not been received by the first near field communication unit 115, then the process of FIG.","15 ends.","If it is determined that the automatic driving instruction signal has been received by the first near field communication unit 115, then the process proceeds to step S72.In step S72, a confirmation signal is transmitted to the registered smartphone 40 to confirm whether or not the automatic driving instruction signal has been transmitted by a normal user 3.When the confirmation signal is received by the smartphone 40 and the start instruction button is pressed, a response signal is transmitted from the smartphone 40.In step S73, it is determined whether or not the response signal transmitted from the registered smartphone 40 has been received by the second near field communication unit 116.In the fourth embodiment, the first near field communication unit 115 and the second near field communication unit 116 serves as a receiver.","If in step S73 it is determined that the response signal transmitted from the registered smartphone 40 has been received by the second near field communication unit 116, it can be considered that the authentication between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 has succeeded.","Then, the process proceeds to step S25 of FIG.","8.If in step S73 it is determined that the response signal transmitted from the registered smartphone 40 has not been received by the second near field communication unit 116, the process proceeds to step S74.In step S74, it is determined whether or not a predetermined wait time has elapsed since the transmission of the confirmation signal.","If in step S74 it is determined that the predetermined wait time has not elapsed yet since the transmission of the confirmation signal, the process returns to step S73.If in step S74 it is determined that the predetermined wait time has elapsed since the transmission of the confirmation signal, the process of FIG.","15 ends.","The controller 48 of the smartphone 40 performs a process shown in FIG.","16 periodically while the automatic driving application 43a is activated.","The automatic driving application 43a may be a resident application or a user-activated application.","In step S81, it is determined whether or not the confirmation signal transmitted from the vehicle-mounted system 100 in step S72 of FIG.","15 has been received.","If in step S81 it is determined that the confirmation signal has not been received, then the process of FIG.","16 ends.","If in step S81 it is determined that the confirmation signal has been received, then the process of FIG.","16 proceeds to step S82.In step S82, a start instruction button is displayed on the display 45.In step S83, it is determined whether or not the start instruction button has been operated.","If it is determined that the start instruction button has not been operated, then the process proceeds to step S84.In step S84, it is determined whether or not a predetermined wait time has elapsed since the receipt of the confirmation signal.","If it is determined that the predetermined wait time has not elapsed yet since the receipt of the confirmation signal, then the process returns to step S83.If it is determined that the predetermined wait time has elapsed since the receipt of the confirmation signal, then the process of FIG.","16 proceeds to step S85.In step S85, a current location of the smartphone 40 is acquired from the GNSS receiver 41.In step S86, a response signal including the current location acquired in step S85 is transmitted from the near field communication unit 47 to the vehicle-mounted system 100.As described above, in step S73, it is determined that the response signal has been received by the vehicle-mounted system 100.","(Advantages) In the fourth embodiment, the electronic key 30 is configured to transmit the automatic driving instruction signal via the UHF transmitter 32 and the automatic driving instruction signal does not include the current location of the electronic key 30.The UHF transmitter 32 may be included in an electronic key of a well-known electronic key system.","Therefore, in the fourth embodiment, the electronic key 30 may have a small change in configuration from the electronic key of the well-known electronic key system.","In the fourth embodiment, the electronic key 30 is configured such that the automatic driving instruction signal has higher transmission power as compared with a signal indicative of locking or unlocking of vehicle doors.","Therefore, in the fourth embodiment, the electronic key 30 may have a smaller change in configuration from the electronic key of the well-known electronic key system as compared with an electronic key provided with an additional communication unit operable in a different communication scheme based on a different frequency band different from the UHF band.","In addition, automatic driving can be started only when the vehicle-mounted system 100 receives the response signal transmitted by the registered smartphone 40 in response to the confirmation signal from the vehicle-mounted system 100.This can increases the security of the system.","(Modifications) It is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiment disclosed above and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.","(First Modification) In each of the first to fourth embodiments, the controller 130 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 includes the automatic-driving control unit 133 as an activation unit.","The allowance determination unit 132 is configured to allow operation of the activation unit.","Alternatively, the activation unit may be a door lock unit to lock or unlock the vehicle doors, an engine control unit to start the engine of the vehicle, or a program updater to update a program of a controller mounted in the vehicle.","(Second Modification) In each of the first and second embodiments, during automatic driving, the vehicle-mounted system 100 establishes the communication with the smartphone 40 and then sequentially transmits the driving condition signal to the smartphone 40.If the communication is interrupted, the automatic-driving control unit 133 may halt automatic driving.","When automatic driving is halted, the automatically driven vehicle 2 is stopped.","Preferably, if the communication with the vehicle-mounted system 100 is interrupted during automatic driving, the smartphone 40 may display on the display 45 an indication that automatic driving has been halted.","(Third Modification) The electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 may be each provided with an infrared communication unit and/or a near field communication unit for communicating with each other.","(Fourth Modification) In each of the first to fourth embodiments, the smartphone 40 and the vehicle-mounted system 100 communicate directly with each other, and the electronic key 30 and the vehicle-mounted system 100 communicate directly with each other.","Alternatively, the smartphone 40 and the vehicle-mounted system 100 may communicate indirectly with each other via the central server 20 or the parking lot monitor 10.The electronic key 30 and the vehicle-mounted system 100 may communicate indirectly with each other via the parking lot monitor 10 or the smartphone 40.","(Fifth Modification) In a modification to the fourth embodiment, the process performed in the electronic key 30 (steps S61-S62 of FIG.","14) and the process performed in the smartphone 40 (steps S81 to S86 of FIG.","16) may be exchanged.","In such a modification, the smartphone 40 serves as a primary communication device, and the electronic key 30 serves as a secondary communication device."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"VEHICLE REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM AND VEHICLE-MOUNTED APPARATUS INCORPORATED IN THE SAME\",\n \"A vehicle remote control system including an electronic key pre-registered as a device via which a vehicle can be remote-operated, and a mobile communication device pre-registered as a device that belongs to a user of the vehicle.\",\n \"In the system, a vehicle-mounted authentication unit is configured to determine whether or not authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, and a vehicle-mounted allowance determination unit is configured to, if it is determined by the vehicle-mounted authentication unit that the authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, allow operation of a predetermined vehicle-mounted activation unit.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A vehicle remote control system comprising: an electronic key pre-registered as a device via which a vehicle can be remote-operated; a mobile communication device pre-registered as a device that belongs to a user of the vehicle; a vehicle-mounted authentication unit configured to determine whether or not authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded; and a vehicle-mounted allowance determination unit configured to, if it is determined by the vehicle-mounted authentication unit that the authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, allow operation of a predetermined vehicle-mounted activation unit, wherein at least one of the electronic key and the mobile communication device comprises: a primary authentication unit configured to, if determining that both the electronic key and the mobile communication device are communicable with each other and carried by the user, determine that authentication between the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded; and a transmit processing unit configured to, if it is determined by the primary authentication unit that the authentication between the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, transmit to the vehicle via a transmitter an authentication signal including a signal indicative of the electronic key and the mobile communication device being pre-registered devices, wherein the vehicle-mounted authentication unit is configured to, upon receipt of the authentication signal, authenticate the authentication signal, and upon successful authentication of the authentication signal, determine that the authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND \"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY In accordance with a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a vehicle remote control system including: an electronic key pre-registered as a device via which a vehicle can be remote-operated; a mobile communication device pre-registered as a device that belongs to a user of the vehicle; a vehicle-mounted authentication unit configured to determine whether or not authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded; and a vehicle-mounted allowance determination unit configured to, if it is determined by the vehicle-mounted authentication unit that the authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, allow operation of a predetermined vehicle-mounted activation unit.\",\n \"In accordance with a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a vehicle-mounted apparatus incorporated in a vehicle remote control system, where the system includes an electronic key pre-registered as a device via which a vehicle can be remote-operated and a mobile communication device pre-registered as a device that belongs to a user of the vehicle.\",\n \"The apparatus includes: a vehicle-mounted authentication unit configured to determine whether or not authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded; and a vehicle-mounted allowance determination unit configured to, if it is determined by the vehicle-mounted authentication unit that the authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, allow operation of a predetermined vehicle-mounted activation unit.\",\n \"It is determined whether or not only authentication of the electronic key but also authentication of the mobile communication device has succeeded.\",\n \"If the authentication of the electronic key and the authentication of the mobile communication device have both succeeded, operation of the activation unit is allowed or permitted.\",\n \"Therefore, even if only the electronic key is stolen, a person who stole the electronic key is unable to operate the activation unit, which can improve the security of the system.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is based on and claims the benefit of priority from earlier Japanese Patent Application No.\",\n \"2014-238977 filed Nov. 26, 2014, and is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/951,238 filed on Nov. 24, 2015, the descriptions of which is incorporated herein by reference.\",\n \"BACKGROUND Technical Field The present invention relates to a vehicle remote control system that allows a user to instruct operation of a vehicle-mounted actuation unit via a device carried by the user, and to a vehicle-mounted apparatus incorporated in the system.\",\n \"Related Art An electronic key system is known as a system that allows a vehicle door to be locked or unlocked in response to an instruction from a device carried by a vehicle user.\",\n \"A variety of developments to increase security have been experienced in electronic key systems.\",\n \"For example, the system as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No.\",\n \"2001-027063 is configured to use a rolling code that changes in value each time as a plaintext used for authentication.\",\n \"The electronic key may be stolen even if the code is modified to prevent the code from being reproduced, which is likely to permit vehicle theft.\",\n \"Particularly, when an automatically driven vehicle that can travel to a person carrying the electronic key when the electronic key is pressed is in practical use, it is ever more desired to improve the security of the vehicle remote control system.\",\n \"In consideration of the foregoing, exemplary embodiments of the present invention are directed to providing a secure vehicle remote control system and a vehicle-mounted apparatus incorporated in the system.\",\n \"SUMMARY In accordance with a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a vehicle remote control system including: an electronic key pre-registered as a device via which a vehicle can be remote-operated; a mobile communication device pre-registered as a device that belongs to a user of the vehicle; a vehicle-mounted authentication unit configured to determine whether or not authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded; and a vehicle-mounted allowance determination unit configured to, if it is determined by the vehicle-mounted authentication unit that the authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, allow operation of a predetermined vehicle-mounted activation unit.\",\n \"In accordance with a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a vehicle-mounted apparatus incorporated in a vehicle remote control system, where the system includes an electronic key pre-registered as a device via which a vehicle can be remote-operated and a mobile communication device pre-registered as a device that belongs to a user of the vehicle.\",\n \"The apparatus includes: a vehicle-mounted authentication unit configured to determine whether or not authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded; and a vehicle-mounted allowance determination unit configured to, if it is determined by the vehicle-mounted authentication unit that the authentication of the electronic key and the mobile communication device has succeeded, allow operation of a predetermined vehicle-mounted activation unit.\",\n \"It is determined whether or not only authentication of the electronic key but also authentication of the mobile communication device has succeeded.\",\n \"If the authentication of the electronic key and the authentication of the mobile communication device have both succeeded, operation of the activation unit is allowed or permitted.\",\n \"Therefore, even if only the electronic key is stolen, a person who stole the electronic key is unable to operate the activation unit, which can improve the security of the system.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.\",\n \"1 is an overall diagram of a vehicle remote control system in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention; FIG.\",\n \"2 is a block diagram of a parking lot monitor of FIG.\",\n \"1; FIG.\",\n \"3 is a block diagram of a central server of FIG.\",\n \"1; FIG.\",\n \"4 is a block diagram of a vehicle-mounted system of FIG.\",\n \"1; FIG.\",\n \"5 is a block diagram of an electronic key of FIG.\",\n \"1; FIG.\",\n \"6 is a block diagram of a smartphone of FIG.\",\n \"1; FIG.\",\n \"7 is a flowchart of a process performed in a controller of a smartphone in accordance with the first embodiment; FIG.\",\n \"8 is a flowchart of a process performed in a controller of a vehicle-mounted system at startup of automatic driving in accordance with the first embodiment; FIG.\",\n \"9 is an example of a travel path along which an automatically driven vehicle travels to a user; FIG.\",\n \"10 is a flowchart of a process performed in the controller of the vehicle-mounted system after automatic driving is started in accordance with the first embodiment; FIG.\",\n \"11 is an example of a driving condition notification image displayed on a display of the smartphone in accordance with the first embodiment; FIG.\",\n \"12 is an example of a driving condition notification image displayed on a display of a smartphone in accordance with a second embodiment; FIG.\",\n \"13 is a flowchart of a process performed in a controller of an electronic key in accordance with a third embodiment; FIG.\",\n \"14 is a flowchart of a process performed in a controller of an electronic key in accordance with a fourth embodiment; FIG.\",\n \"15 is a flowchart of a process performed in a controller of the vehicle-mounted system in accordance with the fourth embodiment; and FIG.\",\n \"16 is a flowchart of a process performed in a controller of a smartphone in accordance with the fourth embodiment.\",\n \"DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS Embodiments of the present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown.\",\n \"This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.\",\n \"Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.\",\n \"Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.\",\n \"First Embodiment A vehicle remote control system 1 in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention will now be explained with reference to FIG.\",\n \"1.The vehicle remote control system 1 is configured to allow a user at a location remote from an automatically driven vehicle 2 to make the automatically driven vehicle 2 travel to the user's location.\",\n \"The vehicle remote control system 1 includes, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"1, a parking lot monitor 10, a central server 20, an electronic key 30, a smartphone 40, and a vehicle-mounted system 100.The vehicle-mounted system 100 is mounted in the automatically driven vehicle 2.The electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 are carried by the user 3 of the automatically driven vehicle 2.Automatic driving of the automatically driven vehicle 2 is enabled by the vehicle-mounted system 100.Manned driving of the automatically driven vehicle 2 is enabled as well.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"1, the vehicle-mounted system 100 includes a data communication module (DCM) 106, a first near field communication unit (NC1) 115, a second near field communication unit (NC2) 116, and a third near field communication unit (NC3) 117.The other components of the vehicle-mounted system 100 will be described later with reference to FIG.\",\n \"4.The DCM 106 is configured to communicate wirelessly with the central server 20 and the smartphone 40 through a public communication network.\",\n \"The central server 20 and the smartphone 40 are also communicable with each other through the public communication network.\",\n \"The first near field communication unit 115 is configured to communicate with the electronic key 30 using frequencies in the UHF band to receive, from the electronic key 30, a signal indicative of locking or unlocking of doors of the automatically driven vehicle 2 or a signal indicative of start or stop of automatic driving.\",\n \"The second near field communication unit 116 is configured to communicate wirelessly with the smartphone 40 within a communication range of tens to hundreds of meters in compliance with a near field communication standard, such as Bluetooth (registered trademark).\",\n \"The second near field communication unit 116 may communicate wirelessly with the electronic key 30 as well.\",\n \"The third near field communication unit 117 is configured to communicate with the parking lot monitor 10 in compliance with a communication standard used for vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communication.\",\n \"(Parking Lot Monitor) The parking lot monitor 10 is installed in a parking lot to detect various parking lot information, such as information about objects present in the parking lot.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"2, the parking lot monitor 10 includes a camera 11, a vehicle-to-infrastructure communication unit 12, and a controller 13.The camera 11 is installed at a position at which the camera 11 can capture an entirety of the parking lot.\",\n \"If a single camera cannot capture the entirety of the parking lot, a plurality of cameras may be installed at different positions in the parking lot.\",\n \"The vehicle-to-infrastructure communication unit 12 is configured to communicate with the third near field communication unit 117 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 in compliance with the communication standard used for vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communication, where, for example, the operating frequency is in the 700 MHz band, the 5.8 GHz band, or the 5.9 GHz band and the communication range is in the order of tens to hundreds of meters.\",\n \"The parking lot monitor 10 and the vehicle-mounted system 100 may communicate with each other via another communication unit than the vehicle-to-infrastructure communication unit 12.The controller 13 may be a microcomputer including a central processing unit (CPU), a read-only memory (ROM), a random-access memory (RAM) and the like.\",\n \"Various functions may be implemented by the CPU executing computer programs stored in the ROM.\",\n \"For example, the controller 13 is configured to analyze an image captured by the camera 11 to detect a position and a type of an object present in a lane of the parking lot, and transmit the detection result via the vehicle-to-infrastructure communication unit 12.Additionally, a map of the parking lot may be transmitted via the vehicle-to-infrastructure communication unit 12.\",\n \"(Central Server) The central server 20 includes, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"3, a wide area communication unit 21, a storage 22, and a controller 23.The wide area communication unit 21 is configured to conduct wide area communication via connection to a public communication network.\",\n \"The storage 22 has map data stored therein.\",\n \"The map data includes, as well as road data, information about locations and travel directions of lanes in each of at least some of the parking lots on the map.\",\n \"The controller 23 may be a microcomputer including a central processing unit (CPU), a read-only memory (ROM), a random-access memory (RAM) and the like.\",\n \"The controller 23 may control the wide area communication unit 21 by the CPU executing computer programs stored in the ROM.\",\n \"The wide area communication unit 21 is controlled by the controller 23 to communicate with a wide area communication unit 42 of the smartphone 40 and the DCM 106 of the vehicle-mounted system 100.\",\n \"(Vehicle-Mounted System) The vehicle-mounted system 100 includes many components, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"4.The controller 130 and the other components of the vehicle-mounted system 100 may be connected directly to each other, or may be connected via an on-board local area network (LAN).\",\n \"The controller 130, as a vehicle-mounted apparatus, is configured to control the other components of the vehicle-mounted system 100 as shown in FIG.\",\n \"4.The controller 130 may be formed of a single microcomputer including a central processing unit (CPU), a read-only memory (ROM), a random-access memory (RAM) and the like, or may be formed of a plurality of such microcomputers.\",\n \"The controller 130 serves as a vehicle-mounted authentication unit 131, an allowance determination unit 132, and an automatic-driving control unit 133, which are described later.\",\n \"Some or all of the functions of the controller 130 may be implemented by hardware, for example, by a single integrated circuit (IC) or a plurality of integrated circuits.\",\n \"A GNSS receiver 101 is configured to receive radio waves from satellites of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) to detect a location of the GNSS receiver 101 and input the detected location to the controller 130.The location detected by the GNSS receiver 101 is indicative of a location of the automatically driven vehicle 2.A front-facing camera 102 is configured to capture an image of a predetermined area forward of the automatically driven vehicle 2.A rear-facing camera 103 is configured to capture an image of a predetermined area rearward of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The images captured by the front-facing camera 102 and the rear-facing camera 103 of the automatically driven vehicle 2 are inputted to the controller 130.A sonar 104 is disposed on at least one of a front end face, a rear end face, and left and right side faces of the automatically driven vehicle 2 to detect a position of an object around the automatically driven vehicle 2.The position of the object detected by the sonar 104 is inputted to the controller 130.A radar 105, which may be a millimeter-wave radar or a laser radar, is provided forward or/and rearward of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The radar 105 provided forward of the automatically driven vehicle 2 is configured to detect an object present in a probe-wave irradiated area forward of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The radar 105 provided rearward of the automatically driven vehicle 2 is configured to detect an object present in a probe-wave irradiated area rearward of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The position of the object detected by the radar 105 is inputted to the controller 130.A data communication module (DCM) 106 is configured to conduct wide area wireless communication via a public communication network.\",\n \"An acceleration sensor 107 is configured to detect an acceleration experienced by the automatically driven vehicle 2.More specifically, the acceleration sensor 107 may be configured to detect an acceleration or accelerations along a single axis or two axes, preferably, accelerations along the three axes.\",\n \"A wheel speed sensor 108 is configured to detect a rotational speed of each wheel of the automatically driven vehicle 2.A vehicle-speed sensor 109 is configured to detect a speed of the automatically driven vehicle 2.A gyro sensor 110 is configured to detect a rate of change in each of an azimuth angle, a roll angle, and a pitch angle of the automatically driven vehicle 2.A steering angle sensor 111 is configured to detect a steering angle of the automatically driven vehicle 2.Detected values of the acceleration sensor 107, the wheel speed sensor 108, the vehicle-speed sensor 109, the gyro sensor 110, and the steering angle sensor 111 are inputted to the controller 130.An external memory 112 is configured to store therein codes used to authenticate the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40.The presence of the codes stored in the external memory 112 means that the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 are registered with the vehicle-mounted system 100.The display unit 113 is configured to display whether or not the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in automatic driving.\",\n \"When the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in automatic driving, monitoring of surroundings monitoring sensors is displayed, where the surroundings monitoring sensors include the front-facing camera 102, the rear-facing camera 103, the sonar 104, and the radar 105.A speaker 114 is configured to, during automatic driving of the automatically driven vehicle 2, output a sound in the vicinity of the automatically driven vehicle 2 to indicate that the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in automatic driving.\",\n \"The speaker 114 is further configured to output a sound in the vicinity of the automatically driven vehicle 2 prior to start of automatic driving to indicate the start of automatic driving.\",\n \"Another speaker may be provided to output a sound in a passenger compartment.\",\n \"The first near field communication unit 115, the second near field communication unit 116, and the third near field communication unit 117 have been already explained.\",\n \"Hence, any repetitive description about them is omitted.\",\n \"A low frequency (LF) transmitter 118 is configured to transmit a baseband signal received from the controller 130 as a radio wave in the LF band of 30 kHz-300 kHz (hereinafter referred to as an LF radio wave).\",\n \"An antenna of the LF transmitter 118 has a communication range of several meters.\",\n \"Map data 119 is stored in a predetermined storage.\",\n \"As with the map data stored in storage 22 of the central server 20, the map data 119 includes, as well as road data, information about lanes in the parking lots on the map.\",\n \"The information about lanes in the parking lots on the map may include information about whether or not there is a rule for travel directions of the lanes for at least some of the parking lots on the map.\",\n \"The storage storing the map data 119 may be another memory than the external memory 112, or may be included in the external memory 112.A steering actuator 120 is configured to axially drive a rack shaft to steer the steered wheels.\",\n \"A vehicle drive-power generator 121, such as an internal-combustion engine, an electrical motor, or a combination of them, is configured to generate drive power for driving the automatically driven vehicle 2.A drive-power detector 122 is configured to detect the drive power generated by the drive-power generator 121.A detected drive power value is inputted to the controller 130.A brake actuator 123 is configured to hydraulically or electrically compress a brake pad to decrease a rotational speed of a vehicle wheel.\",\n \"A brake switching mechanism 124 is hydraulically or electrically controlled to switch a parking brake from locked to unlocked, and vice versa.\",\n \"The steering actuator 120, the drive-power generator 121, the brake actuator 123, the brake switching mechanism 124 are controlled by the controller 130.\",\n \"(Electronic Key) The electronic key 30 is registered with the vehicle-mounted system 100 as a device capable of remotely controlling the automatically driven vehicle 2.As shown in FIG.\",\n \"5, the electronic key 30 includes an LF receiver 31, a UHF transmitter 32, a near field communication unit 33, a GNSS receiver 34, a console 35, a display 36, and a speaker 37.The LF receiver 31 is configured to receive the LF radio wave transmitted by the LF transmitter 118 of the vehicle-mounted system 100, demodulate the received radio wave to extract the baseband signal, and output the extracted baseband signal to the controller 38.The UHF transmitter 32 is configured to modulate a signal received from the controller 38 and transmit the modulated signal as a UHF radio wave.\",\n \"The near field communication unit 33 is configured to communicate wirelessly with the second near field communication unit 116 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 in compliance with the same near field communication standard as used in the second near field communication unit 116.A GNSS receiver 34, which has the same configuration as the GNSS receiver 101 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 has, is configured to receive radio waves from the satellites of the global navigation satellite system to detect a current location of the GNSS receiver 34 based on the radio waves received from the satellites and input the detected current location to the controller 38.A console 35 is provided with three switches 35a-35c, that is, a door lock switch 35a, a door unlock switch 35b, an automatic driving switch 35c.\",\n \"The door lock switch 35a is operated to transmit an instruction to lock doors of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The door unlock switch 35b is operated to transmit an instruction to unlock the doors of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The automatic driving switch 35c is operated to start or stop automatic driving of the automatically driven vehicle 2.When the automatic driving switch 35c is activated while the automatically driven vehicle 2 is not in automatic driving, an instruction to start automatic driving of the automatically driven vehicle 2 will be transmitted.\",\n \"When the automatic driving switch 35c is activated while the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in automatic driving, an instruction to stop automatic driving of the automatically driven vehicle 2 will be transmitted.\",\n \"Alternatively, two switches may be separately provided, one for starting automatic driving and the other for stopping automatic driving.\",\n \"A removable cover may be provided for preventing the automatic driving switch 35c from being operated.\",\n \"Ordinarily, the automatic driving switch 35c is covered with the removable cover and unexposed.\",\n \"When automatic driving is requested, the cover is removed so that the automatic driving switch 35c can be operated.\",\n \"This can prevent the automatic driving switch 35c from being inadvertently activated.\",\n \"Various messages, such as a message indicative of whether or not the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in automatic driving, may be displayed on the display 36.\",\n \"(Smartphone) The smartphone 40 serving as a mobile communication device, as with the electronic key 30, is pre-registered with the vehicle-mounted system 100 as belonging to a user 3 of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The smartphone 40 is also registered with the electronic key 30.As shown in FIG.\",\n \"6, the smartphone 40 includes a GNSS receiver 41, a wide area communication unit 42, an external memory 43, a console 44, a display 45, a speaker 46, and a near field communication unit 47.A GNSS receiver 41, which has the same configuration as the GNSS receiver 101 or 41 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 or the electronic key 30 has, is configured to receive radio waves from the satellites of the global navigation satellite system to detect a current location of the GNSS receiver 41 based on the radio waves received from the satellites and input the detected current location to the controller 48.The wide area communication unit 42 is configured to conduct wide area communication via connection to the public communication network.\",\n \"The smartphone 40 is configured to communicate with the central server 20 and the DCM 106 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 via the wide area communication unit 42.The external memory 43 may be a writable non-volatile memory, such as a flash memory or the like.\",\n \"Some of applications installed on the smartphone 40 are stored in the external memory 43.In the present embodiment, an automatic driving application 43a is stored in the external memory 43.The automatic driving application 43a is executed when the user 3 guides the automatically driven vehicle 2 in automatic driving.\",\n \"Execution of the automatic driving application 43a allows the user 3 to start or stop automatic driving, determine a location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 during automatic driving, or check a condition surrounding the automatically driven vehicle 2 via the smartphone 40.The console 44 may include a touch panel superimposed on a viewing surface of the display 45 or a mechanical switch surrounding the display 45.The user 3 operates the console 44 to provide an automatic-driving start instruction to start automatic driving or an automatic-driving stop instruction to stop automatic driving.\",\n \"The display 45 is configured to, during execution of the automatic driving application 43a, display whether or not the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in automatic driving or the condition surrounding the automatically driven vehicle 2, or the like.\",\n \"The speaker 46 is configured to output a sound that indicates that automatic driving has been started or a sound that indicates automatic driving has been stopped.\",\n \"The near field communication unit 47 is configured to communicate wirelessly with the second near field communication unit 116 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 and the near field communication unit 33 of the electronic key 30 in compliance with the same near field communication standard as used in the second near field communication unit 116 and the near field communication unit 33.\",\n \"(Process at Startup of Automatic Driving) Processes performed in the electronic key 30, the smartphone 40, and the vehicle-mounted system 100 at startup of automatic driving will now be explained.\",\n \"The controller 48 of the smartphone 40 performs the process shown in FIG.\",\n \"7 periodically.\",\n \"This process is initiated when an automatic driving application 43a is launched.\",\n \"The controller 48 of the smartphone 40 includes a primary authentication unit 48a and a transmit processing unit 48b.\",\n \"The primary authentication unit 48a of the smartphone 40 is responsible for execution of steps S11-S16.The transmit processing unit 48b of the smartphone 40 is responsible for execution of steps S17, S18.In step S11, a startup image is displayed on the display 45.At least an automatic driving start button for indicating start of automatic driving is displayed in the startup image.\",\n \"In step S12, authentication is performed by communicating with the electronic key 30, where it is determined whether or not the smartphone 40 and the electronic key 30 have been pre-registered with each other.\",\n \"The registration of the smartphone 40 with the electronic key 30 and the registration of the electronic key 30 with the smartphone 40 are performed by the user 3 or an automobile retailer employee.\",\n \"This authentication may be performed using an automatic authentication function effected between two devices near each other such as defined in compliance with the well-known Bluetooth communication standard prior to the automatic driving start button being pressed.\",\n \"In step S13, it is determined whether or not the authentication has succeeded.\",\n \"If it is determined that the authentication has failed, the process of FIG.\",\n \"7 ends.\",\n \"If it is determined that the authentication has succeeded, then the process proceeds to step S14.In step S14, it is determined whether or not the automatic driving start button displayed on the display 45 has been operated.\",\n \"If it is determined that the automatic driving start button displayed on the display 45 has not been operated, then step S14 is repeated.\",\n \"Although not shown in FIG.\",\n \"7, in the event that the automatic driving application 43a is terminated by the user 3 while step S14 is repeatedly performed, the process of FIG.\",\n \"7 ends.\",\n \"If it is determined that the automatic driving start button displayed on the display 45 has been operated, then the process proceeds to step S15.In step S15, a distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is calculated.\",\n \"For example, the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 may be calculated based on the strength of a radio wave transmitted by the near field communication unit 33 of the electronic key 30 and then received by the near field communication unit 47 of the smartphone 40.Since the radio wave strength decreases with distance, the distance can be calculated from the radio wave strength.\",\n \"Alternatively, the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 may be calculated from the current locations detected by the GNSS receivers 34, 41 of the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40.In step S16, it is determined whether or not the distance calculated in step S15 is equal to or less than a threshold distance (referred to as a mobile distance).\",\n \"The mobile distance is a predefined distance such that, if a distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is equal to or less than the mobile distance, it can be assumed that both the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 are carried by the user 3.The mobile distance may be set to about several meters.\",\n \"This because that the user 3 may wear one of the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 and carry the other in a bag that may be placed at a short distance from the user 3.Alternatively, step S15 may be skipped, and in step S16, it may be determined whether or not the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is equal to or less than the mobile distance by comparing the strength of the received radio wave with a radio wave strength threshold.\",\n \"If in step S16 it is determined that the distance is greater than the mobile distance, the process of FIG.\",\n \"7 ends.\",\n \"If in step S16 it is determined that the distance is equal to or less than the mobile distance, then the process of FIG.\",\n \"7 proceeds to step S17.In step S17, a current location of the smartphone 40 is acquired from the GNSS receiver 41.Alternatively, the current location may be acquired from the GNSS receiver 34 of the electronic key 30.In step S18, an automatic driving instruction signal (as an authentication signal) including the current location acquired in step S17, a code used to authenticate the smartphone 40, and an automatic driving instruction signal for instructing the start of automatic driving transmitted from the near field communication unit 47 to the vehicle-mounted system 100.The controller 130 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 performs a process shown in FIG.\",\n \"8 periodically when the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in a stationary state.\",\n \"When an ignition switch is off, the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in the stationary state.\",\n \"Therefore, the process of FIG.\",\n \"8 may be performed when the ignition switch is off.\",\n \"In addition, even when the ignition switch is on, the process of FIG.\",\n \"8 may be performed when the shift position is at a parking position.\",\n \"The controller 130 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 includes the authentication unit 131, the allowance determination unit 132, and the automatic-driving control unit 133.The authentication unit 131 is responsible for execution of steps S21, S22 of FIG.\",\n \"8.The allowance determination unit 132 is responsible for execution of steps S23-S25 of FIG.\",\n \"8.The automatic-driving control unit 133 is responsible for execution of steps S26 of FIG.\",\n \"8.In step S21, it is determined whether or not the automatic driving instruction signal has been received.\",\n \"As described above, the automatic driving instruction signal is transmitted step S18 of FIG.\",\n \"7 from the smartphone 40.If in step S21 it is determined that the automatic driving instruction signal has not been received, then the process of FIG.\",\n \"8 ends.\",\n \"If in step S21 it is determined that the automatic driving instruction signal has been received, then the process of FIG.\",\n \"8 proceeds to step S22.In step S22, authentication for the automatic driving instruction signal is processed, where the code included in the automatic driving instruction signal and the code stored in the external memory 112 are matched.\",\n \"Step S22 is allowed to be performed if in step S13 it is determined that the authentication has succeeded and if in step 16 it is determined that the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is equal to or less than the mobile distance.\",\n \"In the case of successful authentication in step S22, it can be determined that both the authentication of the electronic key 30 and the authentication of the smartphone 40 have already succeeded.\",\n \"This is because the authentication in step S22 can be processed successfully only if the authentication in step S13 has succeeded and it has been determined in step S16 that the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is equal to or less than the mobile distance.\",\n \"In step S23, it is determined whether or not the authentication in step S22 has succeeded.\",\n \"If the authentication in step S22 has failed, then the process proceeds to step S24.In step S24, a disallowance notification (as a disallowance signal) is transmitted from the second near field communication unit 116 (as a transmitter) to the smartphone 40 that has transmitted the automatic driving instruction signal.\",\n \"The smartphone 40 receives the disallowance notification via the near field communication unit 47.Upon receipt of the disallowance notification via the near field communication unit 47, the controller 48 controls the display 45 to display that automatic driving is disallowed.\",\n \"The second near field communication unit 116 may be replaced with any other communication unit that is wirelessly communicable with the smartphone 40.If in step S23 it is determined that the authentication has succeeded, then the process proceeds to step S25, where automatic driving is determined to be allowed and an automatic-driving start notification is transmitted from the second near field communication unit 116 to the smartphone 40.Upon receipt of the automatic-driving start notification at the smartphone 40, an indication that automatic driving is about to start is displayed on the display 45.In step S26, a travel path 7 along which the automatically driven vehicle 2 is automatically driven to a location of the user 3 is set up.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 is an example of the travel path 7 where the user 3 is lying at an entrance of a parking lot.\",\n \"In the example of FIG.\",\n \"9, only one-way lanes are provided as indicated by arrows 5.In such a case, the automatically driven vehicle 2 may travel not along a shortest path 6 to the user 3, but along the travel path 7, where the automatically driven vehicle 2 may travel further from the user 3 along part of the travel path 7.Subsequently to step S26, automatic driving is started.\",\n \"More specifically, a process of FIG.\",\n \"10 is performed.\",\n \"(Process Performed in Vehicle-Mounted System During Automatic Driving) The entire process of FIG.\",\n \"10 is performed by the automatic-driving control unit 133.In step S31, the brake switching mechanism 124 is activated to release or unlock the parking brake.\",\n \"At the same time, the brake actuator 123 is activated to prevent the wheels from rotating.\",\n \"In step S32, the surroundings monitoring sensors are activated to start surroundings monitoring.\",\n \"In step S33, sounding an alert from the speaker 114 (as a warning unit) is started to ensure that persons in the parking lot are aware that the automatically driven vehicle 2 is in automatic driving.\",\n \"Thereafter, the speaker 114 sounds the alert periodically.\",\n \"In step S34, the automatically driven vehicle starts moving or running.\",\n \"The automatically driven vehicle may start moving after a certain period of time elapses after sounding the alert from the speaker 114 is started.\",\n \"This period of time may be several to tens of seconds.\",\n \"During automatic driving, the steering actuator 120 is used to control a traveling direction of the automatically driven vehicle 2 while controlling the speed of the automatically driven vehicle 2 by controlling the drive-power generator 121 and the brake actuator 123.The automatically driven vehicle 2 thereby travels along the travel path 7 set up prior to the start of automatic driving.\",\n \"During automatic driving, the surroundings monitoring is conducted periodically by using the front-facing camera 102, the rear-facing camera 103, the sonar 104, and the radar 105.In step S35, based on results of the surroundings monitoring, it is determined whether or not there is a person within a predetermined distance from the automatically driven vehicle 2.The determination may be made by using the surroundings monitoring sensors or may be made not only by using the surroundings monitoring sensors, but also by acquiring a location of the person from the parking lot monitor 10.If in step S35 it is determined that there is a person within the predetermined distance from the automatically driven vehicle 2, then the process proceeds to step S36.In step S36, the automatically driven vehicle 2 is decelerated so that the person detected around the automatically driven vehicle 2 can pay attention to the presence of the automatically driven vehicle 2.The person detected around the automatically driven vehicle 2 can know that the automatically driven vehicle 2 has recognized the presence of the person.\",\n \"If in step S35 it is determined that there is no person within the predetermined distance from the automatically driven vehicle 2, or after the automatically driven vehicle 2 is decelerated, the process proceeds to step S37.In step S37, a current location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 is detected.\",\n \"The current location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 is detected using the GNSS receiver 101.Alternatively, the current location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 may be detected based on a trajectory produced by using the vehicle-speed sensor 109, the wheel speed sensor 108, the acceleration sensor 107, the steering angle sensor 111, and a location at which the automatically driven vehicle 2 is parked in the parking lot determined by the parking lot map.\",\n \"The current location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 may be acquired from the parking lot monitor 10 since the parking lot monitor 10 monitors a location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 in the parking lot.\",\n \"In step S38, a driving condition signal (as an surroundings condition signal) including the current location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 detected in step S37 and the latest forward and rearward images is transmitted from the second near field communication unit 116 or the DCM 106 to the smartphone 40.The forward image is an image captured by the front-facing camera 102, and the rearward image is an image captured by the rear-facing camera 103.In step S39, it is determined whether or not the automatically driven vehicle 2 has reached the location of the user 3.If in step S39 it is determined that the automatically driven vehicle 2 has not reached the location of the user 3 yet, then the process returns to step S35 and automatic driving is continued.\",\n \"If in step S39 it is determined that the automatically driven vehicle 2 has reached the location of the user 3, then the process proceeds to step S40.In step S40, a parking process is performed, where the parking brake is locked by deactivating the drive-power generator 121 and activating the brake switching mechanism 124.\",\n \"(Presentation of Smartphone During Automatic Driving) The smartphone 40 receives via the near field communication unit 47 or the wide area communication unit 42 (as a receiver) the driving condition signal transmitted in step S38 from the vehicle-mounted system 100.Upon receipt of the driving condition signal via the near field communication unit 47 or the wide area communication unit 42, the controller 48 displays a driving condition notification image 480 as shown in FIG.\",\n \"11 on the display 45.The driving condition notification image 480 includes a location notification image 481, a forward image 482, a rearward image 483, and a stop button 484.The location notification image 481 is a map image for notifying the user 3 of the current location of the automatically driven vehicle 2, which includes a starting point marking 481a, a destination marking 481b, a current location marking 481c, and a planned route 481d.\",\n \"A position of the current location marking 481c in the location notification image 481 is determined based on the current location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 detected in step S37.The starting point marking 481a represents a location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 at the start of automatic driving.\",\n \"The destination marking 481b represents a location of the smartphone 40.The planned route 481d represents the travel path 7 determined in step S26.The forward image 482 is the latest forward image captured by the front-facing camera 102.The rearward image 483 is the latest rearward image captured by the rear-facing camera 103.The stop button 484 is a button operated by the user 3 to stop the automatically driven vehicle 2.The driving condition signal is sequentially transmitted until the automatically driven vehicle 2 arrives at the user 3.Therefore, the driving condition notification image 480 as shown in FIG.\",\n \"11 is displayed on the display 45 of the smartphone 40 until the automatically driven vehicle 2 arrives at the user 3.\",\n \"(Advantages) In the vehicle remote control system 1 of the first embodiment, upon successful authentication with the electronic key 30 (in step S13), the smartphone 40 transmits the automatic driving instruction signal to the vehicle-mounted system 100 (in step S18).\",\n \"If it is determined that the authentication of the automatic driving instruction signal received from the smartphone 40 has succeeded (in step S23), automatic driving is allowed (in step S25).\",\n \"Therefore, the successful authentication of the automatic driving instruction signal received from the smartphone 40 allows it to be determined that the authentication of the electronic key 30, as well as the authentication of the smartphone 40, has succeeded.\",\n \"Thus, in the present embodiment, the determination that the authentication of the smartphone 40 and the electronic key 30 has succeeded allows the vehicle-mounted system 100 to start automatic driving.\",\n \"With this configuration, even if only the electronic key 30 is stolen, the person who stole the electronic key 30 is unable to operate the console of the smartphone 40 that is remote from the electronic key 30, which can improve the security of the system.\",\n \"In addition, in the present embodiment, the automatic driving instruction signal is transmitted from the smartphone 40, and the driving condition notification image 480 is displayed on the display 45 of the smartphone 40, where the driving condition notification image 480 indicates the location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 during automatic driving and the images of surroundings of the automatically driven vehicle 2.This configuration allows the user 3 to start automatic driving and monitor the automatically driven vehicle 2 during automatic driving via the smartphone 40.If automatic driving is disallowed, the disallowance notification is displayed on the display 45 of the smartphone 40.This allows the user 3 to avoid a situation where the user 3 waits for the automatically driven vehicle 2 to reach the location of the user 3 despite automatic driving having not been started.\",\n \"When starting automatic driving, the vehicle-mounted system 100 sounds the alert (in step S33) after the successful authentication (in step S23) and prior to the automatically driven vehicle 2 starting to move.\",\n \"This allows a person around the automatically driven vehicle 2 to pay attention to motion of the automatically driven vehicle 2 before the automatically driven vehicle 2 starts to move.\",\n \"If a person is detected within a predetermined distance from the automatically driven vehicle 2 during automatic driving, the automatically driven vehicle 2 decelerates (in step S36).\",\n \"This allows the person detected around the automatically driven vehicle 2 to know that the automatically driven vehicle 2 has recognized the presence of the person.\",\n \"In addition, the deceleration of the automatically driven vehicle 2 facilitates the person detected around the automatically driven vehicle 2 avoiding the automatically driven vehicle 2.During automatic driving, the driving condition notification image 480 is displayed on the display 45 of the smartphone 40.Looking at the driving condition notification image 480, the user 3 can know the location of the automatically driven vehicle 2 and surroundings of the automatically driven vehicle 2 until the automatically driven vehicle 2 reaches the location of the user 3.If, looking at the forward image 482 and the rearward image 483, the user 3 determines that the automatically driven vehicle 2 should be stopped, the user 3 may operate the stop button 484 to stop the automatically driven vehicle 2.Second Embodiment A second embodiment of the present invention will now be explained.\",\n \"In the present and subsequent embodiments, elements having the same functions as in the first embodiment are assigned the same numbers, except where specified otherwise, and will not be described again for brevity.\",\n \"In the present embodiment, in step S38 of FIG.\",\n \"10, a driving condition signal that, instead of the surroundings images, includes an object position detected by the surroundings monitoring sensors is transmitted.\",\n \"Upon receipt of the driving condition signal, the smartphone 40 displays a driving condition notification image 480a as shown in FIG.\",\n \"12 on the display 45.The driving condition notification image 480a includes the location notification image 481 and the stop button 484 that are the same as included in the driving condition notification image 480 of the first embodiment.\",\n \"The driving condition notification image 480a includes an object position notification image 485 instead of the forward image 482 and the rearward image 483.The object position notification image 485 is an image in which a plurality of location notification blocks 485b are formed around a profile 485a of the automatically driven vehicle 2.A location notification block 485b corresponding to the object position included in the driving condition signal is different in color from another location notification block 485b in which there is no object.\",\n \"In the second embodiment, the driving condition notification image 480a as shown in FIG.\",\n \"12 is displayed on the display 45 of the smartphone 40.Therefore, if, looking at the position notification image 485, the user 3 determines that the automatically driven vehicle 2 has to be stopped, the user 3 can stop the automatically driven vehicle 2 by operating the stop button 484.Third Embodiment A third embodiment of the present invention will now be explained.\",\n \"In the third embodiment, the electronic key 30 performs authentication with the smartphone 40 and transmits an automatic driving instruction signal, where the controller 38 of the electronic key 30 performs a process shown in FIG.\",\n \"13 periodically.\",\n \"The controller 38 of the electronic key 30 includes a primary authentication unit 38a and a transmit processing unit 38b.\",\n \"The primary authentication unit 38a of the electronic key 30 is responsible for execution of steps S51-S56, and the transmit processing unit 38b of the electronic key 30 is responsible for execution of step S57.In step S51, it is determined whether or not the automatic driving switch 35c has been pressed.\",\n \"If it is determined that the automatic driving switch 35c has not been pressed, then the process of FIG.\",\n \"13 ends.\",\n \"If it is determined that the automatic driving switch 35c has been pressed, then the process proceeds to step S52.In step S52, the electronic key 30 communicates with the smartphone 40 to perform the authentication, where it is determined whether or not the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 have been pre-registered with each other.\",\n \"This authentication may be performed beforehand as in step S12.In step S53, it is determined whether or not the authentication has succeeded.\",\n \"If it is determined that the authentication has failed, the process of FIG.\",\n \"13 ends.\",\n \"If it is determined that the authentication has succeeded, then the process proceeds to step S54.In step S54, a current location of the electronic key 30 is acquired.\",\n \"The current location of the electronic key 30 may be acquired from the GNSS receiver 34 of the electronic key 30 or from the smartphone 40.In the configuration where the current location of the electronic key 30 is acquired from the smartphone 40, the GNSS receiver 34 may be removed from the electronic key 30.In step S55, a distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is calculated.\",\n \"For example, the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 may be calculated based on the strength of a radio wave transmitted by the near field communication unit 47 of the smartphone 40 and then received by the near field communication unit 33 of the electronic key 30.Alternatively, the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 may be calculated from the current locations detected by the GNSS receivers 34, 41 of the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40.In step S56, it is determined whether or not the distance calculated in step S55 is equal to or less than the mobile distance (being the same as defined in the first embodiment).\",\n \"Alternatively, as in the first embodiment, step S55 may be skipped, and in step S56, it may be determined whether or not the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is equal to or less than the mobile distance by comparing the strength of the received radio wave with a predetermined threshold.\",\n \"If in step S56 it is determined that the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is greater than the mobile distance, then the process ends.\",\n \"If in step S56 it is determined that the distance between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 is equal to or less than the mobile distance, then the process of FIG.\",\n \"13 proceeds to step S57.In step S57, an automatic driving instruction signal (as an authentication signal) including the current location acquired in step S54 and a code used to authenticate the electronic key 30 is transmitted from the near field communication unit 47 or from the UHF transmitter 32 to the vehicle-mounted system 100.In the second embodiment, as in the first embodiment, the vehicle-mounted system 100 performs the process of FIG.\",\n \"8 to determine whether to allow automatic driving.\",\n \"An allowance or disallowance notification may be transmitted to the electronic key 30 or the smartphone 40.When the disallowance notification is transmitted to the electronic key 30, an indication that automatic driving has been disallowed is displayed on display 36.Meanwhile, after automatic driving is started, the process of FIG.\",\n \"10 is performed.\",\n \"Fourth Embodiment A fourth embodiment of the present invention will now be explained.\",\n \"In the fourth embodiment, the controller 38 of the electronic key 30 performs a process shown in FIG.\",\n \"14 periodically.\",\n \"In the fourth embodiment, the electronic key 30 serves as a primary communication device, and the smartphone 40 serves as a secondary communication device.\",\n \"In step S61, it is determined whether or not the automatic driving switch 35c has been pressed.\",\n \"If it is determined that the automatic driving switch 35c has not been pressed, then the process of FIG.\",\n \"14 ends.\",\n \"If it is determined that the automatic driving switch 35c has been pressed, then the process of FIG.\",\n \"14 proceeds to step S62.In step S62, an automatic driving instruction signal is transmitted from the UHF transmitter 32 of the electronic key 30.The automatic driving instruction signal includes a signal indicative of automatic driving, and further includes a code used to authenticate the electronic key 30 as included in a signal transmitted from an electronic key of a well-known electronic key system.\",\n \"Therefore, the automatic driving instruction signal serves as an authentication signal.\",\n \"In the fourth embodiment, the automatic driving instruction signal includes no current location of the electronic key 30.When the signal transmitted by the UHF transmitter 32 is the automatic driving instruction signal, the automatic driving instruction signal may have higher transmission power with a longer communication distance as compared with when the signal transmitted by the UHF transmitter 32 is a signal indicative of locking or unlocking of vehicle doors.\",\n \"The authentication unit 131 of the controller 130 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 performs a process shown in FIG.\",\n \"15 periodically.\",\n \"In step S71, it is determined whether or not automatic driving instruction signal transmitted from the electronic key 30 has been received by the first near field communication unit 115.If it is determined that the automatic driving instruction signal has not been received by the first near field communication unit 115, then the process of FIG.\",\n \"15 ends.\",\n \"If it is determined that the automatic driving instruction signal has been received by the first near field communication unit 115, then the process proceeds to step S72.In step S72, a confirmation signal is transmitted to the registered smartphone 40 to confirm whether or not the automatic driving instruction signal has been transmitted by a normal user 3.When the confirmation signal is received by the smartphone 40 and the start instruction button is pressed, a response signal is transmitted from the smartphone 40.In step S73, it is determined whether or not the response signal transmitted from the registered smartphone 40 has been received by the second near field communication unit 116.In the fourth embodiment, the first near field communication unit 115 and the second near field communication unit 116 serves as a receiver.\",\n \"If in step S73 it is determined that the response signal transmitted from the registered smartphone 40 has been received by the second near field communication unit 116, it can be considered that the authentication between the electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 has succeeded.\",\n \"Then, the process proceeds to step S25 of FIG.\",\n \"8.If in step S73 it is determined that the response signal transmitted from the registered smartphone 40 has not been received by the second near field communication unit 116, the process proceeds to step S74.In step S74, it is determined whether or not a predetermined wait time has elapsed since the transmission of the confirmation signal.\",\n \"If in step S74 it is determined that the predetermined wait time has not elapsed yet since the transmission of the confirmation signal, the process returns to step S73.If in step S74 it is determined that the predetermined wait time has elapsed since the transmission of the confirmation signal, the process of FIG.\",\n \"15 ends.\",\n \"The controller 48 of the smartphone 40 performs a process shown in FIG.\",\n \"16 periodically while the automatic driving application 43a is activated.\",\n \"The automatic driving application 43a may be a resident application or a user-activated application.\",\n \"In step S81, it is determined whether or not the confirmation signal transmitted from the vehicle-mounted system 100 in step S72 of FIG.\",\n \"15 has been received.\",\n \"If in step S81 it is determined that the confirmation signal has not been received, then the process of FIG.\",\n \"16 ends.\",\n \"If in step S81 it is determined that the confirmation signal has been received, then the process of FIG.\",\n \"16 proceeds to step S82.In step S82, a start instruction button is displayed on the display 45.In step S83, it is determined whether or not the start instruction button has been operated.\",\n \"If it is determined that the start instruction button has not been operated, then the process proceeds to step S84.In step S84, it is determined whether or not a predetermined wait time has elapsed since the receipt of the confirmation signal.\",\n \"If it is determined that the predetermined wait time has not elapsed yet since the receipt of the confirmation signal, then the process returns to step S83.If it is determined that the predetermined wait time has elapsed since the receipt of the confirmation signal, then the process of FIG.\",\n \"16 proceeds to step S85.In step S85, a current location of the smartphone 40 is acquired from the GNSS receiver 41.In step S86, a response signal including the current location acquired in step S85 is transmitted from the near field communication unit 47 to the vehicle-mounted system 100.As described above, in step S73, it is determined that the response signal has been received by the vehicle-mounted system 100.\",\n \"(Advantages) In the fourth embodiment, the electronic key 30 is configured to transmit the automatic driving instruction signal via the UHF transmitter 32 and the automatic driving instruction signal does not include the current location of the electronic key 30.The UHF transmitter 32 may be included in an electronic key of a well-known electronic key system.\",\n \"Therefore, in the fourth embodiment, the electronic key 30 may have a small change in configuration from the electronic key of the well-known electronic key system.\",\n \"In the fourth embodiment, the electronic key 30 is configured such that the automatic driving instruction signal has higher transmission power as compared with a signal indicative of locking or unlocking of vehicle doors.\",\n \"Therefore, in the fourth embodiment, the electronic key 30 may have a smaller change in configuration from the electronic key of the well-known electronic key system as compared with an electronic key provided with an additional communication unit operable in a different communication scheme based on a different frequency band different from the UHF band.\",\n \"In addition, automatic driving can be started only when the vehicle-mounted system 100 receives the response signal transmitted by the registered smartphone 40 in response to the confirmation signal from the vehicle-mounted system 100.This can increases the security of the system.\",\n \"(Modifications) It is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiment disclosed above and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.\",\n \"(First Modification) In each of the first to fourth embodiments, the controller 130 of the vehicle-mounted system 100 includes the automatic-driving control unit 133 as an activation unit.\",\n \"The allowance determination unit 132 is configured to allow operation of the activation unit.\",\n \"Alternatively, the activation unit may be a door lock unit to lock or unlock the vehicle doors, an engine control unit to start the engine of the vehicle, or a program updater to update a program of a controller mounted in the vehicle.\",\n \"(Second Modification) In each of the first and second embodiments, during automatic driving, the vehicle-mounted system 100 establishes the communication with the smartphone 40 and then sequentially transmits the driving condition signal to the smartphone 40.If the communication is interrupted, the automatic-driving control unit 133 may halt automatic driving.\",\n \"When automatic driving is halted, the automatically driven vehicle 2 is stopped.\",\n \"Preferably, if the communication with the vehicle-mounted system 100 is interrupted during automatic driving, the smartphone 40 may display on the display 45 an indication that automatic driving has been halted.\",\n \"(Third Modification) The electronic key 30 and the smartphone 40 may be each provided with an infrared communication unit and/or a near field communication unit for communicating with each other.\",\n \"(Fourth Modification) In each of the first to fourth embodiments, the smartphone 40 and the vehicle-mounted system 100 communicate directly with each other, and the electronic key 30 and the vehicle-mounted system 100 communicate directly with each other.\",\n \"Alternatively, the smartphone 40 and the vehicle-mounted system 100 may communicate indirectly with each other via the central server 20 or the parking lot monitor 10.The electronic key 30 and the vehicle-mounted system 100 may communicate indirectly with each other via the parking lot monitor 10 or the smartphone 40.\",\n \"(Fifth Modification) In a modification to the fourth embodiment, the process performed in the electronic key 30 (steps S61-S62 of FIG.\",\n \"14) and the process performed in the smartphone 40 (steps S81 to S86 of FIG.\",\n \"16) may be exchanged.\",\n \"In such a modification, the smartphone 40 serves as a primary communication device, and the electronic key 30 serves as a secondary communication device.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872720"}}},{"rowIdx":4494149,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["Autonomous Unmanned Road Vehicle for Making Deliveries","An autonomous unmanned road vehicle and how it can be used to make deliveries.","The unmanned vehicle is capable of operating autonomously on paved roadways.","The vehicle has a control system for autonomous driving and a perception system for detecting objects in its surroundings.","The vehicle also has one or more cargo compartments for carrying the delivery items.","The vehicle may have a flashing light beacon to increase the conspicuousness of the vehicle.","In consideration that the vehicle does not carry passengers, the size and/or motor power of the vehicle may be reduced as compared to conventional passenger vehicles."],["1.A method of transporting an item from a sender to a recipient using an autonomous unmanned road vehicle that comprises a cargo compartment but does not have any passenger seats, the method comprising: receiving from the sender, a request for transporting an item from a location designated by the sender to a location designated by the recipient, wherein the request includes the recipient's contact information; from a fleet of multiple autonomous unmanned road vehicles, assigning a vehicle for transporting the item; driving the assigned vehicle, at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the sender's designated location via a paved roadway; receiving into the cargo compartment, an item to be sent to the recipient; driving the assigned vehicle, at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the recipient's designated location; notifying the recipient that the assigned vehicle is on its way or has arrived.","2.The transportation method of claim 1, wherein the fleet of vehicles operates from a home base facility.","3.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the assigned vehicle travels within an operating area that is within a 15 miles radius around the home base facility.","4.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the home base facility is located in an area that is zoned for commercial, industrial, or mixed residential-commercial use.","5.The transportation method of claim 4, wherein the home base facility is located within 6 miles from a residential area, or area that is zoned for residential use, or a residential building.","6.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the home base facility is located within 6 miles from a residential area, or area that is zoned for residential use, or a residential building.","7.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the home base facility has a recovery truck.","8.The transportation method of claim 7, wherein the home base facility has a covered garage for vehicle storage.","9.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the home base facility has a covered garage for vehicle storage.","10.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the transportation method is implemented in a delivery service and the home base facility is dedicated solely for the delivery service.","11.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the transportation method is implemented in a delivery service and the home base facility is located at a business facility that operates a different type of business, other than the delivery service.","12.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the home base facility has personnel and equipment for maintaining the fleet of vehicles.","13.The transportation method of claim 12, wherein the home base facility has a recovery truck.","14.The transportation method of claim 1, wherein the assigned vehicle comprises radio communications equipment, and further comprising remotely monitoring the assigned vehicle through its radio communications equipment while driving the assigned vehicle.","15.The transportation method of claim 14, wherein the driving of the assigned vehicle is performed by a combination of human control via remote operation and autonomous control.","16.The transportation method of claim 1, further comprising, on a street at the recipient's designated location, parking the assigned vehicle such that access to the cargo compartment is not positioned on the side facing the street.","17.The transportation method of claim 1, wherein the assigned vehicle is neither the sender's or the recipient's possession.","18.The transportation method of claim 1, further comprising notifying the sender that the assigned vehicle is on its way or has arrived.","19.The transportation method of claim 1, wherein the sender's request further includes information about the item being delivered.","20.The transportation method of claim 15, wherein the assigned vehicle further comprises an external loudspeaker and an external microphone.","21.The transportation method of claim 1, the assigned vehicle further comprises an external loudspeaker and an external microphone."],[" BACKGROUND In the transportation and logistics industry, the “last mile” problem refers to the delivery of goods to the final destination.","There are many challenges to making delivery to the final destination.","Some examples include theft of packages if they are left on the doorstep of the recipient's home, having to schedule a delivery time with the recipient, having to skip the delivery and return another day, leaving the package with an unreliable concierge or roommate, requiring the presence of the recipient at an inconvenient time, or requiring the recipient to travel to a special locker or other designated location to pickup their package.","We propose using an autonomous unmanned road vehicle for an improved delivery service."],[" SUMMARY Our invention relates to autonomous unmanned road vehicles and how they can be used to make deliveries.","In one embodiment, our invention is a method of transporting tangible goods.","The method comprises loading multiple packages onto a transport vehicle at a regional distribution facility.","The packages are destined for multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses.","The packages are transported to a local distribution facility via the transport vehicle.","The recipients are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.","After receiving a delivery request notification from a recipient, the package is loaded onto an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle.","The unmanned ground vehicle is driven on a paved roadway to the recipient's delivery destination.","The recipient is notified that their package has arrived or will be arriving.","The package is then delivered to the recipient's delivery destination.","In some embodiments, the method further comprises: sending an access code to the recipient for accessing the package; accepting the correct access code entered by the recipient; and allowing access to the package.","Another method for transporting tangible goods comprises loading multiple packages onto an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivery to multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses.","The unmanned vehicle is driven on a paved roadway to a waiting area.","At least 85% of the delivery destinations are within a 6 mile radius of the waiting area.","The recipients are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.","After receiving a delivery request notification from a recipient of a package, the vehicle is driven to the recipient's delivery destination.","The recipient is notified that their package has arrived or will be arriving.","The package is delivered at the recipient's delivery destination.","The vehicle may then return to the same waiting area or go to a different waiting area.","In some embodiments, the method further comprises: sending an access code to the recipient for accessing the package; accepting the correct access code entered by the recipient; and allowing access to the package.","Another embodiment of our invention is a system for delivering tangible goods.","The system comprises a regional distribution facility and a local distribution facility that receives packages from the regional distribution facility.","The packages received by the local distribution facility are destined for multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses.","The system further comprises an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivering the packages to the delivery destinations and an operations hub having equipment to communicate with the unmanned vehicle and the recipients of the packages.","In another embodiment, the system comprises: a distribution facility that receives packages that are destined for multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses; an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivering the packages to the delivery destinations; an operations hub having equipment to communicate with the unmanned vehicle and the recipients of the packages; and a waiting area where the unmanned ground vehicle can park while awaiting a delivery request.","Another embodiment of our invention is a method of transporting packages that are destined for multiple delivery destinations using an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle.","The packages are transported from a first location to a second (intermediate) location.","The recipients of the packages are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.","After receiving a delivery request notification from a recipient of a package, the unmanned ground vehicle that is loaded with the recipient's package is driven from the intermediate location to the recipient's delivery destination.","The recipient is notified that their package has arrived or will be arriving.","After delivering the package, the vehicle is driven back to the intermediate location.","Another embodiment of our invention is a method of delivering retail goods to customers on-demand.","The method comprises receiving a purchase order from a customer for delivery to a delivery destination (the purchase order comprising a purchased item).","At a local retail facility located within a 6 mile radius of the delivery destination, the purchased item is put into delivery packaging.","A message is sent to the customer that their purchase order is ready for delivery.","The customer's delivery request is received at a time after the purchase order is received.","After receiving this delivery request, the delivery packaging containing the customer's purchased item is loaded into an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle, which is driven to the customer's delivery destination.","The customer is notified that their purchase order has arrived or will be arriving.","The purchased item is delivered at the customer's delivery destination.","In some cases, the purchase order includes a cold food item that is put into a separate delivery packaging.","In some cases, while awaiting the delivery request, the delivery packaging holding the cold food item is kept in a refrigerated space at the local retail facility.","In some cases, the vehicle has a cold compartment that is thermally insulated and/or cooled, and the container holding the cold food item is loaded into the cold compartment.","In some cases, the container for the cold food item is reusable, and after making the delivery, the vehicle stands by and waits until the container is returned to the vehicle, and departs afterwards.","In some cases, the purchased item is held in a cargo compartment in the unmanned ground vehicle, and the method further comprises: sending an access code to the customer for accessing the cargo compartment; accepting the entry of a correct access code; and allowing access to the cargo compartment.","Another embodiment of our invention is a delivery system for delivering retail goods to customers.","The system comprises a local retail facility that has an inventory of retail goods and is located within a 6 mile radius of the customers' residences.","The delivery system further comprises a computer system for receiving purchase orders of retail goods from customers and an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivering the purchase orders to the customers' residences.","The delivery system further comprises an operations hub having equipment to communicate with the unmanned vehicle and the customers.","In some cases, the local retail facility operates both as a walk-in retail store and a delivery service of retail goods.","In some cases, the delivery service is operated out of one or more back rooms/areas of the local retail facility.","Another embodiment of our invention is another method for transporting tangible goods.","The method uses a home base facility that has a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles.","After receiving a request from a sender for delivery of an item from the sender's designated location to a recipient at the recipient's location, an unmanned vehicle is selected for the sender's request.","The selected vehicle may or may not be located at the home base facility.","The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the sender's designated location.","The sender is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.","At the sender's designated location, the item is received into the unmanned ground vehicle.","The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the recipient's location.","The recipient is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.","The item is delivered at the recipient's location.","Another embodiment of our invention is another system for transporting tangible goods.","The system comprises a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles and a home base facility where the unmanned ground vehicles are kept.","The system further comprises an operations hub for coordinating the use of the unmanned ground vehicles.","The unmanned ground vehicles operate only in an area that is contained within a 15 mile radius around the home base facility.","Another embodiment of our invention is a method for transporting tangible goods over a regional area.","The method uses a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles and multiple home base facilities that are geographically separated in an area contained within a circle having a radius of 64 miles.","After receiving a request from a sender for delivery of an item from the sender's designated location to a recipient at the recipient's location, an unmanned vehicle is selected for the sender's request.","The selected vehicle may or may not be located at a home base facility.","The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the sender's designated location.","The sender is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.","At the sender's designated location, the item is received into the unmanned ground vehicle.","The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the recipient's location.","The recipient is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.","The item is delivered at the recipient's location.","The overall area in which the vehicle operates is contained within two or more adjoining or overlapping circles that each have a radius of 9 miles around a home base facility.","Another embodiment of our invention is a system for transporting tangible goods over a regional area.","The system comprises a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles and a network of multiple home base facilities geographically separated in an area contained within a circle having a radius of 64 miles.","The system further comprises an operations hub for coordinating the use of the unmanned ground vehicles.","The unmanned ground vehicles operate only in an area that is contained within two or more adjoining or overlapping circles that each have a radius of 9 miles around a home base facility."],["RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S.","Provisional Applications Ser.","No.","61/841,912 (filed 1 Jul.","2013), No.","61/893,281 (filed 20 Oct. 2013), No.","61/909,227 (filed 26 Nov. 2013), No.","61/916,261 (filed 15 Dec. 2013), No.","61/921,464 (filed 28 Dec. 2013), and No.","61/970,881 (filed 26 Mar.","2014), all of which are incorporated by reference herein.","TECHNICAL FIELD Our invention relates to using autonomous (e.g.","driverless or self-driving) vehicles for making deliveries.","BACKGROUND In the transportation and logistics industry, the “last mile” problem refers to the delivery of goods to the final destination.","There are many challenges to making delivery to the final destination.","Some examples include theft of packages if they are left on the doorstep of the recipient's home, having to schedule a delivery time with the recipient, having to skip the delivery and return another day, leaving the package with an unreliable concierge or roommate, requiring the presence of the recipient at an inconvenient time, or requiring the recipient to travel to a special locker or other designated location to pickup their package.","We propose using an autonomous unmanned road vehicle for an improved delivery service.","SUMMARY Our invention relates to autonomous unmanned road vehicles and how they can be used to make deliveries.","In one embodiment, our invention is a method of transporting tangible goods.","The method comprises loading multiple packages onto a transport vehicle at a regional distribution facility.","The packages are destined for multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses.","The packages are transported to a local distribution facility via the transport vehicle.","The recipients are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.","After receiving a delivery request notification from a recipient, the package is loaded onto an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle.","The unmanned ground vehicle is driven on a paved roadway to the recipient's delivery destination.","The recipient is notified that their package has arrived or will be arriving.","The package is then delivered to the recipient's delivery destination.","In some embodiments, the method further comprises: sending an access code to the recipient for accessing the package; accepting the correct access code entered by the recipient; and allowing access to the package.","Another method for transporting tangible goods comprises loading multiple packages onto an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivery to multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses.","The unmanned vehicle is driven on a paved roadway to a waiting area.","At least 85% of the delivery destinations are within a 6 mile radius of the waiting area.","The recipients are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.","After receiving a delivery request notification from a recipient of a package, the vehicle is driven to the recipient's delivery destination.","The recipient is notified that their package has arrived or will be arriving.","The package is delivered at the recipient's delivery destination.","The vehicle may then return to the same waiting area or go to a different waiting area.","In some embodiments, the method further comprises: sending an access code to the recipient for accessing the package; accepting the correct access code entered by the recipient; and allowing access to the package.","Another embodiment of our invention is a system for delivering tangible goods.","The system comprises a regional distribution facility and a local distribution facility that receives packages from the regional distribution facility.","The packages received by the local distribution facility are destined for multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses.","The system further comprises an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivering the packages to the delivery destinations and an operations hub having equipment to communicate with the unmanned vehicle and the recipients of the packages.","In another embodiment, the system comprises: a distribution facility that receives packages that are destined for multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses; an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivering the packages to the delivery destinations; an operations hub having equipment to communicate with the unmanned vehicle and the recipients of the packages; and a waiting area where the unmanned ground vehicle can park while awaiting a delivery request.","Another embodiment of our invention is a method of transporting packages that are destined for multiple delivery destinations using an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle.","The packages are transported from a first location to a second (intermediate) location.","The recipients of the packages are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.","After receiving a delivery request notification from a recipient of a package, the unmanned ground vehicle that is loaded with the recipient's package is driven from the intermediate location to the recipient's delivery destination.","The recipient is notified that their package has arrived or will be arriving.","After delivering the package, the vehicle is driven back to the intermediate location.","Another embodiment of our invention is a method of delivering retail goods to customers on-demand.","The method comprises receiving a purchase order from a customer for delivery to a delivery destination (the purchase order comprising a purchased item).","At a local retail facility located within a 6 mile radius of the delivery destination, the purchased item is put into delivery packaging.","A message is sent to the customer that their purchase order is ready for delivery.","The customer's delivery request is received at a time after the purchase order is received.","After receiving this delivery request, the delivery packaging containing the customer's purchased item is loaded into an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle, which is driven to the customer's delivery destination.","The customer is notified that their purchase order has arrived or will be arriving.","The purchased item is delivered at the customer's delivery destination.","In some cases, the purchase order includes a cold food item that is put into a separate delivery packaging.","In some cases, while awaiting the delivery request, the delivery packaging holding the cold food item is kept in a refrigerated space at the local retail facility.","In some cases, the vehicle has a cold compartment that is thermally insulated and/or cooled, and the container holding the cold food item is loaded into the cold compartment.","In some cases, the container for the cold food item is reusable, and after making the delivery, the vehicle stands by and waits until the container is returned to the vehicle, and departs afterwards.","In some cases, the purchased item is held in a cargo compartment in the unmanned ground vehicle, and the method further comprises: sending an access code to the customer for accessing the cargo compartment; accepting the entry of a correct access code; and allowing access to the cargo compartment.","Another embodiment of our invention is a delivery system for delivering retail goods to customers.","The system comprises a local retail facility that has an inventory of retail goods and is located within a 6 mile radius of the customers' residences.","The delivery system further comprises a computer system for receiving purchase orders of retail goods from customers and an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivering the purchase orders to the customers' residences.","The delivery system further comprises an operations hub having equipment to communicate with the unmanned vehicle and the customers.","In some cases, the local retail facility operates both as a walk-in retail store and a delivery service of retail goods.","In some cases, the delivery service is operated out of one or more back rooms/areas of the local retail facility.","Another embodiment of our invention is another method for transporting tangible goods.","The method uses a home base facility that has a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles.","After receiving a request from a sender for delivery of an item from the sender's designated location to a recipient at the recipient's location, an unmanned vehicle is selected for the sender's request.","The selected vehicle may or may not be located at the home base facility.","The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the sender's designated location.","The sender is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.","At the sender's designated location, the item is received into the unmanned ground vehicle.","The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the recipient's location.","The recipient is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.","The item is delivered at the recipient's location.","Another embodiment of our invention is another system for transporting tangible goods.","The system comprises a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles and a home base facility where the unmanned ground vehicles are kept.","The system further comprises an operations hub for coordinating the use of the unmanned ground vehicles.","The unmanned ground vehicles operate only in an area that is contained within a 15 mile radius around the home base facility.","Another embodiment of our invention is a method for transporting tangible goods over a regional area.","The method uses a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles and multiple home base facilities that are geographically separated in an area contained within a circle having a radius of 64 miles.","After receiving a request from a sender for delivery of an item from the sender's designated location to a recipient at the recipient's location, an unmanned vehicle is selected for the sender's request.","The selected vehicle may or may not be located at a home base facility.","The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the sender's designated location.","The sender is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.","At the sender's designated location, the item is received into the unmanned ground vehicle.","The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the recipient's location.","The recipient is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.","The item is delivered at the recipient's location.","The overall area in which the vehicle operates is contained within two or more adjoining or overlapping circles that each have a radius of 9 miles around a home base facility.","Another embodiment of our invention is a system for transporting tangible goods over a regional area.","The system comprises a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles and a network of multiple home base facilities geographically separated in an area contained within a circle having a radius of 64 miles.","The system further comprises an operations hub for coordinating the use of the unmanned ground vehicles.","The unmanned ground vehicles operate only in an area that is contained within two or more adjoining or overlapping circles that each have a radius of 9 miles around a home base facility.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS.","1A-1C show different views of an autonomous unmanned road vehicle as an example of our invention.","FIG.","2A shows a lidar apparatus in operating mode when the vehicle is traveling.","FIG.","2B shows the lidar apparatus in protected mode inside of a metal shield when the vehicle is parked.","FIG.","3A shows a lidar apparatus in operating mode when the vehicle is traveling.","FIG.","3B shows the lidar apparatus lowered into the mounting base and body of the vehicle when the vehicle is parked.","FIG.","4A shows a side view of a light beacon and perception apparatus integrated into a rotating cylinder; FIG.","4B shows an overhead view.","FIG.","5A shows a front view of a perception apparatus mounted on a stalk such that the sensor eye is elevated above the level of the flashing light beacon; FIG.","5B shows an overhead view.","FIG.","6 shows an example of how an autonomous unmanned road vehicle can be used to make deliveries from a distribution facility.","FIG.","7 shows another example of how an autonomous unmanned road vehicle can be used to make deliveries from a distribution facility and waiting area.","FIGS.","8-10 show an example of how an autonomous unmanned road vehicle can be used to make deliveries from a supermarket store.","FIGS.","8 and 9 show different views of the back of the supermarket store.","FIG.","10 shows the delivery vehicle loaded with a customer order.","FIG.","11 shows examples of how operating areas may appear in regards to shape.","FIG.","12 shows an example of how an autonomous unmanned road vehicle can be used to make deliveries from a home base facility.","FIG.","13 shows another example of an operating area for an autonomous unmanned road vehicle in a regional delivery network.","FIG.","14 shows an example of a regional delivery network.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION Our invention contemplates the use of the unmanned ground vehicle for transporting tangible goods, such as packages, retail goods, or other items.","An example of the unmanned ground vehicle is shown in FIGS.","1A-1C, which will be explained in further detail below.","The unmanned vehicle is designed to be capable of operating autonomously (e.g.","navigating and driving) on paved roadways (e.g.","paved with asphalt, concrete, or composites) that are ordinarily used for motor vehicle traffic.","Examples of paved roadways include streets, roads, highways, freeways, avenues, boulevards, bridges, tunnels, etc.","The paved roadways may be public or private.","The paved roadways may have traffic lanes, pavement markings, traffic signals or traffic signs, speed limits, median dividers between opposite-direction traffic, or other typical features of roadways.","The paved roadways may be designated with identifying names (e.g.","Main Street) or numbers (e.g.","Route 101) by a government authority (e.g.","municipal government).","For operating on paved roadways, the autonomous driving capabilities of the unmanned vehicle may include obeying traffic signals and/or signs; obeying speed limits; making turns at intersections; observing pavement line markings and staying within travel lanes; changing lanes; avoiding other vehicles on the roadway and maintaining a safe distance with the vehicle ahead; avoiding pedestrians and stopping for pedestrians crossing the roadway or school buses; giving signals (e.g.","braking light, turn signal, etc.)","to other vehicles or other drivers; reducing speed for shopping centers, parking lots, downtown areas, vicinity of schools, vicinity of playgrounds, in vicinity of pedestrians, and/or residential roadways; parking in designated areas or according to parking rules or regulations; entering and exiting limited access highways (e.g.","interstate highways), and/or other such capabilities.","The vehicle's control system may include a navigation system that is capable of autonomously driving the vehicle to specific coordinates, landmarks, or street address locations (e.g.","1250 Main Street, Anytown, Mass.","90210, a fictitious address).","The vehicle's navigation system may use a map that, in addition to the conventional roadway and navigational information, further contains specific information about traffic or roadway infrastructure features.","Examples of such specific information include location of off-site parking spaces; location of curbside parking spaces; which lanes to use during travel or making turns; locations and orientations of traffic signals (such as signal lights and stop signs); speed limits; location of residential, commercial, and/or industrial areas; traffic patterns; road conditions such as the location speed bumps or potholes; location of intersections; location of pedestrian crossings and areas frequented by pedestrians; location of road construction sites, etc.","In addition to location information, other types of information that may be associated include timing, orientation, tolls/fees, times of availability, etc.","This information may be acquired in any suitable manner, such as by additional pre-navigation and mapping of the area in which the vehicle will be operated.","Perception System The vehicle has a computer control system for its autonomous driving capability and has a perception system for detecting objects in its surroundings.","The “perception system” includes a perception apparatus to collect image information and other components for processing the image information, such as associated computer hardware and software.","The “perception apparatus” includes the sensor eye and other associated components, such as sensors, detectors, emitters (e.g.","radio, conventional light, laser), drive motors and mechanical parts, mirrors, etc.","Examples of perception apparatus include cameras, lidar, radar, sonar, etc.","The sensor eye is the part of the perception apparatus where it directly receives its “point-of-view” of the environment (e.g.","the opening, lens, or window through which light enters the perception apparatus).","The perception apparatus may use any of various types of sensors, including photodetectors (e.g.","in a camera or lidar), radar receiver, or sonar receiver.","The vehicle's perception system may use a single or multiple different modalities.","In some embodiments, the perception apparatus uses a photodetector, such as an optical image sensor in a camera or photodiodes in a lidar.","The perception apparatus may be one of the more expensive components of the vehicle.","Moreover, the perception apparatus may be vulnerable to potentially damaging external forces, such as vandalism, weather conditions, debris, etc.","Thus, in some embodiments, the perception apparatus may be enclosed in a protective housing that is at least partially transparent, such as a polycarbonate or poly(methyl-methacrylate) dome.","In some embodiments, the perception apparatus can be put into a protected mode in which it is shielded or otherwise protected from these potentially damaging external forces.","The perception apparatus can be put into the protected mode in appropriate circumstances such as when the vehicle is not driving, when a threat is detected, when parked, when under attack, when the vehicle is disabled, etc.","The perception apparatus can be switched from the operational mode to the protected mode and vice versa.","This protected mode can be provided by any suitable mechanism such as a shield being raised around the perception apparatus or it being retracted into an internal part of the vehicle.","For example, FIG.","2A shows the lidar apparatus 50 (with sensor eye 52 and mounted on a stalk 54) in operating mode when the vehicle is driving.","But as shown in FIG.","2B, when the vehicle is parked, the lidar apparatus 50 is put in protected mode with a metal shield 56 being raised around the lidar apparatus 50.In another example, FIGS.","3A and 3B show the lidar apparatus 50 put into protected mode by retracting it into the mounting base 58 and the body of the vehicle when parked.","We consider that this particular feature of the perception apparatus having a protected mode can be used with any autonomous ground vehicle, such as self-driving passenger vehicles, and not necessarily limited to the passengerless delivery vehicles described herein.","Light Beacon In some embodiments, the vehicle has a flashing light beacon (e.g.","on the roof of the vehicle) that operates while traveling on a roadway.","This may be useful to increase the conspicuousness of the vehicle.","The flashing may be produced in any suitable manner, including electrically-produced (e.g.","strobing as a burst-like flash or pulsing) or mechanically-produced (e.g.","rotating light beam or reflective shield).","Since the unmanned vehicle does not pose a danger to anyone, the light beacon may be designed to operate in a manner that avoids causing annoyance, distraction, alarm, fright, or sense of potential danger or urgency, such as causing other drivers to pull over to the side of the road or causing pedestrians to be afraid of crossing the street when an unmanned vehicle approaches.","This can be achieved by using a slower flash rate, lower luminous intensity, selecting the color of the light, selecting the type of flashing, or reducing the number of flashing lamps in the light beacon.","In some embodiments, none of the light beacon(s) on the vehicle produce a strobing-type flash, which can be unnecessarily annoying, distracting, or alarming to people.","In some embodiments, only mechanically-produced flashing is used for light beacon(s) on the vehicle.","In some embodiments, no strobing-type flashing is used for any light beacon(s) on the vehicle.","In some embodiments, the flash rate of the light beacon is relatively slow.","In some cases, the flash rate of the light beacon is slower than 120 per minute; in some cases, slower than 105 per minute; in some cases, slower than 90 per minute; in some cases, slower than 75 per minute; in some cases, slower than 60 per minute; in some cases, slower than 45 per minute.","As used herein, “flash rate” means the rate as discerned by ordinary, unassisted human perception.","For example, some conventional warning lights emit double flashes or quad flashes (i.e.","two quick flashes or four quick flashes that are perceived as a single flash).","In such a case, each double flash or quad flash would be counted as a single flash.","The light beacon may have one or more flashing lamps.","If the light beacon has multiple flashing lamps, in some cases, the lamps may flash synchronously, alternately, or some other pattern.","If the light beacon has multiple flashing lamps, in some cases, the multiple lamps flash only in an alternating pattern.","In some cases, the light beacon has only a single or at most two flashing lamps.","This may be useful because having too many flashing lamps can be unnecessarily annoying, distracting, or alarming to people.","In some embodiments, each flash of the light beacon has relatively lower luminous intensity (candela) than beacons used on emergency or hazard vehicles.","In some cases, the light beacon is designed to operate such that each flash has a luminous intensity of less than 800 cd (candela) in full daylight conditions; in some cases, less than 600 cd; in some cases, less than 500 cd; and in some cases, less than 400 cd.","This feature does not exclude the possibility that there may be other intensities used for operating in other or intermediate lighting conditions, such as night, dawn/dusk, rain, fog, etc.","The luminous intensity can be measured using conventional instruments such as a photometer.","For the light beacon, it may be desirable to avoid colors that are associated with emergencies or hazard vehicles.","In some embodiments, the vehicle has one or more light beacons, but none are blue.","In some embodiments, the vehicle has one or more light beacons, but none are red.","In some embodiments, the vehicle has one or more light beacons, but none are amber.","Combinations of the preceding are also possible (e.g.","not blue nor red).","In some embodiments, the light beacon uses only non-emergency colors, such as white, amber, yellow, yellow-orange, orange, green, green-yellow, purple, or violet.","In order to avoid interfering with the perception system, in some embodiments, the light spectrum emitted by the light beacon is different from the light spectrum emitted (if it does so) by the perception apparatus.","In order to avoid interfering with the perception apparatus, in some embodiments, the light beacon may be positioned at an elevation that is different from the sensor eye of the perception apparatus.","For example, the light beacon may be positioned at an elevation above or below that of the sensor eye.","Setting the sensor eye of the perception apparatus at an elevation higher than the light beacon can improve the field of perception, especially if the vehicle has a relatively lower height.","In some embodiments, the light beacon and the perception apparatus are mounted above or below each other with at least some part of the perception apparatus vertically overlapping with at least some part of the light beacon.","For example, FIG.","5A shows the perception apparatus 50 mounted on a stalk 54 such that the sensor eye 52 is elevated above the level of the flashing light beacon 34.Moreover, as shown in FIG.","5B, there is vertical overlap of the perception apparatus 50 and the flashing light beacon 34 from the overhead view.","In some cases, both the light beacon and the perception apparatus are mounted on the same upwardly protruding structure on top of the vehicle (e.g.","on a stalk or mounting base).","In some cases, both the light beacon and the perception apparatus are positioned on the same vertically-extending axis.","In some cases, both the light beacon and the perception apparatus are made to spin on the same vertically-extending axis.","In such cases, the light beacon and the perception apparatus may rotate synchronously.","For example, FIGS.","4A and 4B show the light beacon and perception apparatus being integrated into a rotating cylinder and housed within a protective glass dome 24.There are three lamps 32 on the cylinder that spins in the direction shown by the arrow.","The sensor eye 22 (i.e.","a window in the cylinder) of the perception apparatus is positioned between two of the lamps 32 and rotates together with the lamps 32.Vehicle Color & Graphics In some embodiments, at least some part of the vehicle is given a feminine color.","This may be useful in deterring hostile physical actions (e.g.","vandalism) against the vehicle.","The term “feminine color” as used herein means a color that is generally considered by Americans to be more feminine than being masculine or neutral.","This can be determined by a market research survery asking people whether they believe that a particular color is feminine, masculine, or neutral.","The survey would be on a sample of adults in America who received their entire K-12 (kindergarten through grade 12) schooling in America, and the survey group composition being equally male and female in number.","Examples of feminine colors include pink and pastel colors.","The feminine color may be the predominant color of the vehicle (e.g.","the base paint color) or may play a lesser role (e.g.","part of the graphics).","In some embodiments, the exterior of the vehicle displays an image of a female person (e.g.","photo or illustration) or female character (e.g.","cartoon drawing or figure, such as Tinker Bell).","In some cases, the female person or character in the image is smiling.","This may be useful in deterring hostile physical actions (e.g.","vandalism) against the vehicle.","In some embodiments, the vehicle has an anti-graffiti surface provided by a specialized anti-graffiti coating, paint, film, etc.","Speed Limit Because the vehicle may have a relatively smaller size, relatively weaker motor power, and/or relatively more unstable aerodynamics, the vehicle may travel at a relatively slower speed as compared to conventional passenger cars.","In some embodiments, the speed of the vehicle is limited to a maximum allowable speed V (e.g.","having a speed governor), with V being a value of 65 mph or less (e.g.","V=57 mph or V=48 mph); in some cases, V being a value of 60 mph or less; in some cases, V being a value of 55 mph or less; in some cases, V being a value of 50 mph or less; in some cases, V being a value of 45 mph or less.","In some embodiments, the vehicle does not operate on roadways having a speed limit of 50 mph or greater; in some cases, on roadways having a speed limit of 55 mph or greater; in some cases, on roadways having a speed limit of 65 mph or greater (e.g.","does not operate on interstate highways).","However, because the vehicle is designed for traveling on conventional roadways, the vehicle is capable of maintaining speeds to keep pace with traffic.","As such, in some cases, the vehicle is capable of traveling at speeds faster than 25 mph; and in some cases, faster than 35 mph; and in some cases, faster than 45 mph.","Technical Problems The unmanned vehicle's control system may be programmed to monitor the condition of the vehicle.","In some embodiments, the control system assesses technical problems being experienced by the vehicle, and if needed, the control system drives the vehicle to travel to a base facility (such as the nearest distribution facility, retail facility, or home base facility as will be described below) or to park itself (preferably at a safe place away from the flow of traffic).","The vehicle may park at any suitable place, such as on the side of the road (e.g.","on the shoulder), at an on-street parking site, or off-street parking site.","Afterwards, the vehicle may standby and await the arrival of a recovery truck.","The technical problems that can trigger this response may include one or more of: mechanical problem (e.g.","flat tire), electrical problem (e.g.","light beacon not working), electromechanical problem (e.g.","electric motor malfunction), communication problem (e.g.","loss of communication link), low battery charge, or low fuel.","Detection and/or response to the problem may be performed autonomously or semi-autonomously (i.e.","under a combination of human and autonomous control).","For example, the vehicle may detect and assess the technical problem on its own and find safe parking on its own; or the problem may be assessed at the operations hub and the operations hub commands or guides the vehicle to a safe parking area; or some combination of these actions.","In some embodiments, this response is triggered by the remaining battery charge falling below some threshold P, wherein P has a value in the range of 20% to zero (e.g.","triggered when less than 17% battery charge remaining); in some cases, P has a value in the range of 15% to zero; in some cases, P has a value in the range of 10% to zero.","In some embodiments, this response is triggered by the remaining amount of fuel falling below some threshold F, wherein F has a value in the range of 20% to zero (e.g.","triggered when less than 18% fuel remaining); in some cases, F has a value in the range of 15% to zero; in some cases, F has a value in the range of 10% to zero.","Surveillance System In some embodiments, the vehicle has a surveillance system that operates separately or in conjunction with the perception system.","The surveillance system may share the same components as the perception system, such as using the same camera(s).","The surveillance system is designed to counter hostile physical actions against the vehicle, such as vandalism.","As such, the surveillance system may be operating during a time when the vehicle is not traveling or when the driving perception system is not active.","For example, the surveillance system may be operating when the vehicle is parked.","The surveillance system includes a multidirectional camera system that has one or more cameras for imaging in multiple directions.","A variety of different configurations are possible for the camera system.","For example, the camera system may have a single camera that can turn to different directions, or multiple cameras that are pointed in different directions.","The cameras used may be the same or different from any cameras used in the perception system.","The camera can be made to be easily visible or conspicuous to deter hostile physical actions against the vehicle (e.g.","vandalism, theft, or aggressive driving against the vehicle).","Warning Sign The vehicle may be the target of hostile physical actions, such as vandalism or other drivers on the road interfering with the operation of the vehicle (e.g.","bump into it, nudge it, push if off the road, block its path, etc.).","To deter this kind of hostile action, the vehicle may display an externally visible written warning notice.","Examples of such warning notices include: “Vehicle Under Video Surveillance” or “Do Not Interfere with this Vehicle/Violators Will be Prosecuted.” Other methods for countering against hostile physical actions are also described herein.","Communications Equipment The vehicle is equipped with radio communications equipment such as a receiver, transmitter, transceiver (e.g.","cellular radio transceiver), and/or antenna.","The radio communications equipment may be used for communicating with the operations hub and/or the customers.","The radio communications equipment may operate via any suitable radio link such as a cellular network, WiFi, satellite, or combinations thereof.","The radio communications equipment may be integrated with or in connection with the control system, surveillance system, and/or perception system of the vehicle.","The vehicle may have audio and/or visual equipment to communicate with people standing near the vehicle.","In some embodiments, the vehicle has an external loudspeaker, external microphone, and/or external video display screen.","These can be useful in a variety of circumstances.","For example, the external loudspeaker can be used to talk with the delivery recipient or passerby, or to ward off vandals (e.g.","“please step away from the vehicle”), or make requests (e.g.","“please move out of the way”).","The microphone can allow the delivery recipient or passerby to speak with someone at the operations hub for the vehicle.","For example, if the vehicle is improperly parked, a policeman can speak into the microphone to ask the operations hub to move the vehicle; or for example, a bystander can ask the operations hub to move the vehicle because it is blocking the way.","In some embodiments, the vehicle has an electronic payment device (e.g.","credit card reader, smartphone payment processor, etc.).","In some cases, the electronic payment device is involved in unlocking or opening a cargo compartment door of the vehicle.","For example, when the recipient makes a payment with the electronic payment device, the compartment door is unlocked so that the recipient can access the delivered item.","Vehicle Suspension & Body Since the vehicle is not designed to carry passengers, the suspension design can be different from those typically used in contemporary passenger cars.","In some embodiments, the vehicle has a suspension that uses springs (e.g.","coil, leaf, etc.","), but no damping mechanism (e.g.","no shock absorbers).","In some embodiments, the vehicle does not have a fully independent suspension system on all wheels.","In such cases, only the front wheels, or only the rear wheels, or neither have an independent suspension.","That is, the vehicle can have a suspension configuration with: (1) the front wheels are independently linked, but the rear wheels are dependently linked; (2) the rear wheels are independently linked, but the front wheels are dependently linked; (3) both the front and rear wheels are dependently linked.","The vehicle may have 3-6 wheels.","In some embodiments, the vehicle is steered at both the front and rear wheels (e.g.","4-wheel steering).","This can allow crab steering to facilitate parallel parking curbside.","In some embodiments, the vehicle has wheels without separate tires, or has tires that are non-pneumatic (e.g.","solid rubber tires or the Tweel made by Michelin) or semi-pneumatic.","Semi-pneumatic tires have a hollow air-filled center, but the air is not pressurized.","This feature can be useful in making the vehicle more resistant to vandalism (e.g.","tire slashing).","This feature can also be useful for reducing the maintenance cost of the vehicle.","Also, since the vehicle is not designed to carry passengers, not being constrained by personal comfort considerations can lower the cost of the vehicle.","Because the vehicle may be relatively lightweight, it may experience instability at higher travel speeds.","Vehicle stability can be enhanced by aerodynamic design of the vehicle for reducing air turbulence around the vehicle, reducing aerodynamic lift, and/or produce downforce on the vehicle.","Such designs can include shaping the vehicle body appropriately (e.g.","a wedge shaped front), giving the vehicle a spoiler (to reduce turbulence and aerodynamic lift), and/or giving the vehicle a wing to produce downforce.","Operations Hub Coordination of the delivery operations may be performed by an operations hub.","To perform this, the operations hub may have personnel and equipment to remotely operate the vehicle, communicate with the vehicle (e.g.","for sending commands, receiving monitoring information from the vehicle, etc.","), and/or remotely monitor the vehicle.","The operations hub can also communicate with any of the facilities described below (e.g.","distribution facility, home base facility, local retail facility).","Communications with the customer or recipient (sending and receiving) can be performed by operations hub or by the vehicle itself, and can be made via any suitable medium, such as through wired or wireless communication devices such as mobile phones, desktop computers, home control panel (for a home automation system), etc.","The communications with the customer or recipient may be in the form of phone calls, voice messages, emails, text messages, message alerts, or any other suitable means of notification.","The operations hub may be a single physical location or multiple physical locations that functionally work together.","The operations hub may be physically and/or functionally combined or integrated with any of the facilities described below (e.g.","distribution facility, home base facility, local retail facility), or it may be separate functionally and/or physically.","In some embodiments, the person who remotely operates the unmanned vehicle has a driver's license in the state where the vehicle is being operated.","The operations hub may be handling the operation of multiple unmanned ground vehicles.","In some cases, the operations hub is in command of 10 or more vehicles; in some cases, 15 or more vehicles; in some cases, 25 or more vehicles.","Vehicle Dimensions Because the vehicle should be large enough to carry cargo, the unmanned vehicle may have a dry (empty) weight of at least 450 lbs; in some cases, at least 550 lbs; in some cases, at least 700 lbs.","But because the vehicle does not carry passengers, typical human comfort and safety features can be omitted, thus reducing the weight of the vehicle.","As such, the unmanned vehicle may have a dry (empty) weight of less than 7,000 lbs; in some cases, less than 5,000 lbs.","; in some cases, less than 3,000 lbs.","; in some cases, less than 2,000 lbs.","; in some cases, less than 1,500 lbs.","In some embodiments, the unmanned vehicle has a wheelbase of at least 30 inches; in some cases, at least 40 inches; in some cases, at least 60 inches; in some cases, at least 75 inches.","In some embodiments, the unmanned vehicle has a wheelbase of less than 210 inches; in some cases, less than 170 inches; in some cases, less than 150 inches; in some cases, less than 130 inches; in some cases, less than 105 inches.","In some embodiments, the unmanned vehicle has a maximum payload capacity of at least 75 lbs; in some cases, at least 150 lbs; in some cases, at least 200 lbs; in some cases, at least 300 lbs; in some cases, at least 400 lbs; in some cases, at least 600 lbs; in some cases, at least 800 lbs.","In some embodiments, the unmanned vehicle has a maximum payload capacity that is less than 2,000 lbs; in some cases, less than 1,500 lbs; in some cases, less than 1,200 lbs; in some cases, less than 900 lbs.","In some embodiments, the unmanned vehicle has a total cargo volume of at least 20 cu ft; in some cases, at least 40 cu ft; in some cases, at least 60 cu ft; in some cases, at least 90 cu ft.","In some embodiments, the vehicle has a total cargo volume of less than 600 cu ft; in some cases, less than 400 cu ft; in some cases, less than 200 cu ft; in some cases, less than 100 cu ft.","Examples of vehicle dimensions that may be suitable include those similar to the Smart™ electric minicar, 4-wheel all-terrain or sport utility vehicles (ATV), or golf carts.","Since the unmanned ground vehicle is not designed to carry passengers, it can have a relatively narrower width.","In some embodiments, both the front and rear track widths of the vehicle are narrower than 80 inches; in some cases, narrower than 75 inches; in some cases, narrower than 70 inches; in some cases, narrower than 65 inches; in some cases, narrower than 60 inches; in some cases, narrower than 55 inches; in some cases, narrower than 50 inches; in some cases, narrower than 45 inches; in some cases, narrower than 40 inches.","In some embodiments, the main body of the unmanned vehicle has a height of less than 8 feet (not including projecting elements such as antennas, cameras, signal lights, perception apparatus, light beacons, or other accessory elements, etc.","); in some cases, less than 7 feet; in some cases, less than 6 feet; in some cases, less than 5 feet 6 inches; in some cases, less than 5 feet.","However, because the vehicle may be designed to allow recipients to easily access the delivered items without the need for special equipment, the height should not be too low.","In some embodiments, the main body of the unmanned vehicle has a height of greater than 4 feet; in some cases, greater than 5 feet.","Low Center of Gravity The vehicle can be made to have a relatively lower center of gravity (CoG) height.","This feature can be useful for a variety of reasons, including improving vehicle stability while traveling or resisting tipping-over by vandals.","In some embodiments, the vehicle (unloaded and empty of fuel, if any required) has a CoG height of lower than 25 inches from the ground; in some cases, lower than 24 inches; in some cases, lower than 23 inches; in some cases, lower than 22 inches; in some cases, lower than 21 inches; in some cases, lower than 20 inches; in some cases, lower than 19 inches; in some cases, lower than 18 inches; in some cases, lower than 17 inches; in some cases, lower than 16 inches from the ground.","The CoG height can be lowered by placement of batteries, electric drive motors, and other equipment closer to the ground level, or reducing the height of the vehicle.","As such, in some embodiments, any batteries and/or electric drive motors of the vehicle are positioned beneath a cargo compartment or located at a level beneath a cargo compartment of the vehicle.","Road Operating Equipment The unmanned vehicle also has equipment for operating on roadways.","For example, the unmanned vehicle may have a signal light (e.g.","turn signal light); brake light (on the rear); forward facing light (e.g.","headlights or beam lights) for illumination when operating during nighttime or reduced visibility conditions; exterior light (e.g.","navigation light, emergency light, hazard light, strobe light, flashing light, spinning light, etc.)","and/or reflector to enhance the conspicuousness of the unmanned vehicle to others; illuminated license plate; etc.","The unmanned vehicle may also be covered under liability insurance for personal injury and/or property damage.","Cargo Compartment The unmanned vehicle has one or more compartments for holding delivery cargo.","The compartments may be closed/locked and be opened/unlocked in a secure manner.","For example, the compartments may be opened/unlocked remotely by the operations hub upon request by the recipient.","In another example, the recipient may be given an access code (e.g.","via a smartphone) and the vehicle has an external keypad for entering the access code.","Entry of the correct access code will open/unlock the compartment.","In another example, the compartments may be unlocked/opened by the recipient's personal electronic device such as a smartphone.","In some embodiments, one or more of the compartments are designed for holding cold food items.","For example, such cold compartments could be thermally-insulated (specifically designed for thermal insulation) and/or cooled.","Temperature cooling can be provided in any suitable manner.","For example, cooling could be provided by using refrigerant materials such as water ice, dry ice, or reusable cold packs (e.g.","gel bags or bricks).","In another example, cooling could be provided by electrical refrigeration.","In some embodiments, the vehicle has multiple separate cargo compartments that are individually accessible and/or lockable.","This can allow the vehicle to make multiple deliveries to different recipients.","For example, the vehicle can travel to one destination and deliver an item contained in one compartment, and then travel to another destination and deliver another item contained in a different compartment.","The cargo compartment may also have lighting to enhance visibility for the user, which may be particularly useful for nighttime deliveries.","The lighting may be activated by opening of the compartment door.","The vehicle may also have a camera for monitoring inside the compartment(s).","This can be useful for preventing theft or monitoring the security of the contents.","For safety reasons, access to the cargo compartment (e.g.","cargo door) may be located away from the side facing the street.","For example, the cargo compartment access may be located only on the right side (with respect to the forward direction), top side, front side, and/or back side of the vehicle.","In some cases, access to the cargo compartment is not located on the left side of the vehicle.","Vehicle Power Source The unmanned vehicle may be propelled by any suitable power source, including conventional power sources such as gasoline or diesel, or alternative power sources such as battery-electric, natural gas, fuel cell, hybrid-electric, etc., or any combination thereof.","Because the unmanned vehicle may be making mostly short trips, the unmanned vehicle may be powered by range-limited power sources, such as by electricity accumulator apparatus (e.g.","batteries or capacitors).","In some cases, the vehicle may be hybrid-powered, i.e.","electrically-powered in combination with a fuel engine.","In some cases, such electrically-powered vehicles may not have (omit) any apparatus for generating electricity from fuel (e.g.","fuel cell or gasoline-powered generator).","For example, the unmanned vehicle may draw all its motive power from electricity accumulators only (e.g.","battery-only) and has no other source of motive power or electricity generation.","The vehicle is propelled by one or more motors, which can be electric or fuel powered.","Because the unmanned vehicle does not carry passengers and because it may be designed to be relatively lighter and relatively slower, the motor power of the vehicle may be relatively weaker compared to passenger cars.","In this regard, the following embodiments are possible.","In embodiments where the vehicle is propelled by electric motor(s) only and if the vehicle has only a single electric motor, in some cases, the rated maximum horsepower of the electric motor may be less than 90 hp; and in some cases, less than 75 hp; and in some cases, less than 60 hp.","However, because the vehicle is designed for traveling on conventional roadways, the vehicle should have sufficient power to maintain a speed that keeps pace with traffic.","As such, the rated maximum horsepower of the electric motor may be greater than 25 hp; and in some cases, greater than 35 hp.","In embodiments where the vehicle is propelled by electric motor(s) only and if the vehicle has multiple electric motors (e.g.","one on each of the front wheels), in some cases, the rated maximum horsepower of each electric motor may be less than 75 hp; and in some cases, less than 60 hp; and in some cases, less than 45 hp.","However, because the vehicle is designed for traveling on conventional roadways, the vehicle should have sufficient power to maintain a speed that keeps pace with traffic.","As such, the rated maximum horsepower of each electric motor may be greater than 15 hp; and in some cases, greater than 20 hp.","In embodiments where the vehicle is propelled by a combination of an internal combustion motor and electric motor(s) (i.e.","a hybrid-powered vehicle) and if the vehicle has only a single electric motor, in some cases, the rated maximum horsepower of the electric motor may be less than 60 hp; and in some cases, less than 45 hp; and in some cases, less than 30 hp.","In embodiments where the vehicle is propelled by a combination of an internal combustion motor and electric motor(s) (i.e.","a hybrid-powered vehicle) and if the vehicle has multiple electric motors, in some cases, the rated maximum horsepower of each electric motor may be less than 45 hp; and in some cases, less than 30 hp; and in some cases, less than 20 hp.","In embodiments where the vehicle is propelled by an internal combustion motor (exclusively or in conjunction with an electric motor), a relatively smaller motor may be used as compared to passenger cars.","In some cases, the internal combustion motor has only three cylinders, in some cases only two cylinders, in some cases only a single cylinder.","The relatively smaller motor can also be characterized by its displacement volume.","In some cases, the displacement volume of the internal combustion motor may be less than 900 cc; in some cases, less than 750 cc; in some cases, less than 600 cc.","Unmanned Operation Not having a human operator on board, the unmanned vehicle is able to operate on roadways in ordinary conditions without any human control, i.e.","autonomously.","The unmanned vehicle operates fully autonomously or partly autonomously, i.e.","under a combination of human and autonomous control.","For example, although the vehicle may be fully capable of driving autonomously, this autonomous control may be supplemented by human control via remote-operation on a as-needed basis, such as for vehicle breakdown, changes in traffic patterns, road construction, road or lane closures, detours, traffic accidents, severe weather conditions, or some other unexpected disruption to roadway traveling conditions.","Thus, any reference made herein about the unmanned vehicle traveling to various places means that the vehicle is driven at least partly in an autonomous manner.","The unmanned vehicle is designed to carry cargo but not human passengers.","Because the unmanned vehicle is not designed for onboard human presence, the vehicle may not have one or more of the following: seats for passengers, windows, seatbelts, airbags, climate control (e.g.","heating or air conditioning), audio entertainment system, passenger doors, etc.","Because the autonomous vehicle is designed to operate without a human driver inside the vehicle, the vehicle may not have (omit) one or more of the following: steering wheel, gear lever or selector, accelerator pedal, foot brake, speedometer, side view mirror, rear view mirror, glass windshield, windshield wiper, etc.","Example Vehicle FIGS.","1A-1C show an example of the unmanned ground vehicle of our invention.","A flashing light beacon 30 is mounted on the roof of the main body 10.A perception apparatus 20 (here, a lidar apparatus) is mounted on top of the light beacon 30.The vehicle has a cargo compartment which can be accessed by opening the cargo door 12 (having hinges 15 and door handle 14).","To unlock the cargo door 12, the customer enters the correct access code into the keypad 42.To improve visibility and safety, the vehicle also has a reflector stripe 16 and rear brake lights 44.The vehicle is also equipped with an audio loudspeaker 40 so that someone in the operations hub can speak with the delivery customer or bystanders.","Uses of the Autonomous Unmanned Road Vehicle The autonomous unmanned road vehicle of our invention can be used in a variety of ways for making deliveries.","The delivery destinations can be designated in any suitable manner to identify its location, such as GPS (global positioning system) coordinates, cellular network, and/or postal address as recognized by the postal service, emergency services (fire, ambulance, etc.","), mapping agencies or firms, or courier services, etc.","For example, a delivery destination may be designated as 1250 Main Street, Anytown, Mass.","90210 (fictitious address).","The delivery destinations can be specified in even more detail (e.g.","a specific side of a corner or a specific side of a building).","Non-limiting examples of delivery destinations include residences and businesses, such as restaurants, offices, retail stores, etc.","The delivery is received by the recipient or customer, or someone on their behalf, such as a family member, friend, roommate, doorman, receptionist, etc.","Because the items may be delivered without assistance, in some embodiments, the weight of each single item (e.g.","a parcel) or bundled item (e.g.","a shopping bag or box filled with grocery items), which is intended to be carried as a unit, may be relatively light such that they can be lifted or picked-up without assistance.","In some cases, each single or bundled item being delivered weighs less than 90 lbs; in some cases, less than 75 lbs; in some cases, less than 50 lbs; in some cases, less than 25 lbs; in some cases, less than 20 lbs.","A.","Delivery of Packages In one embodiment, the unmanned vehicle can be used for delivering packages (e.g.","boxes, parcels, envelopes, shipments, mail items, letters, etc.)","that are destined for multiple (two or more) delivery destinations.","This can be useful in situations where the recipient is not present at the delivery destination when the delivery is ready to be made.","As such, the recipient can request delivery upon demand.","Our invention can be particularly useful in making deliveries to residences (i.e.","the delivery destinations are peoples' homes).","For example, the recipient may not be able to receive their package until they return home from work, but can request delivery after they arrive home from work.","The residences may be located in an area that is zoned for residential use.","Because the packages may be delivered to the recipient without assistance, in some embodiments, the packages for delivery may be limited to those that are relatively lighter such that they can be lifted or picked-up without assistance.","In some cases, each of the packages are less than 90 lbs in weight; in some cases, less than 75 lbs in weight; in some cases, less than 50 lbs in weight.","Distribution Facility At a distribution facility, one or more packages for delivery are loaded onto the unmanned vehicle.","The distribution facility can be any facility that provides a place to receive packages and load them onto the unmanned vehicle.","Non-limiting examples of distribution facilities include warehouses, distribution centers, sorting facilities, loading facilities, processing facilities, transportation facilities, etc.","Other examples of distribution facilities that can be used by our invention are further described below.","The distribution facility may further be involved in receiving, sorting, storing, and/or processing packages.","The distribution facility may be combined or integrated with an operations hub.","The distribution facilities referred to herein can be part of a larger distribution network.","Regional and Local Distribution Facilities In certain embodiments, our invention uses one or more regional distribution facilities that each distribute packages to multiple (two or more) local distribution facilities, each of which serves a delivery zone with multiple delivery destinations.","At a regional distribution facility, the packages are loaded onto a transport vehicle for delivery to a local distribution facility.","The vehicle used in this transport phase may be any conventional ground vehicle and does not have to be an unmanned vehicle.","The transport vehicle then travels to the local distribution facility, which is responsible for delivering the packages to their delivery destinations.","At the local distribution facility, the transport vehicle may wait without unloading or unload the packages destined for the delivery destinations served by the local distribution facility.","The local distribution facility is connected to the delivery destinations via paved roadways.","To provide timely on-demand delivery, the local distribution facility is generally located close to the delivery destinations.","In some embodiments, all the delivery destinations served by the local distribution facility are within a 10 mile radius of the local distribution facility; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.","In some embodiments, at least 85% of the delivery destinations served by the local distribution facility are within a 10 mile radius of the local distribution facility; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.","In some cases, the local distribution facility is dedicated solely for the delivery service.","But in other cases, the local distribution facility may be located at a business facility that operates a different type of business (other than the delivery service), such as a retail store, office building, gas station, parking garage or parking lot, or school.","For example, the delivery service may be operated out of a back room, on the parking lot, or from the back alley of the business facility.","Examples of retail stores where the local distribution facility could be located include grocery store, supermarket, warehouse store, department store, convenience store, variety store, drug or pharmacy store, electronics store, restaurant, office supply store, hardware or building supply store, etc.","This is a useful feature because many retail stores already exist in close proximity to residential areas (e.g.","neighborhood grocery stores).","In some embodiments, the local distribution facility is located at an already-established business facility that has been modified to also operate the delivery service but continues to operate the already-existing business (e.g.","by remodeling, renovation, or other modification of the premises such that it can continue the already-operating business).","For example, a back room or area of a retail store (e.g.","grocery store or convenience store) could be converted or renovated to operate the delivery service.","In another example, the parking lot of a shopping center could be equipped to hold and maintain a fleet of unmanned vehicles, along with other equipment, personnel, and/or housing to operate the delivery service.","In cases where the local distribution facility is located at a business facility that also operates a different type of business, there may be some employee staff who are dedicated to the delivery service (e.g.","maintaining or operating the vehicles).","However, it may also be possible to have employee(s) who work both the other business operations and also the delivery service.","As such, in some cases, the business facility operates with at least one employee in at least one work shift working in both the other business operation and the delivery service; and in some cases, at least three employees in at least one work shift who work in this manner.","In some embodiments, the local distribution facility is located in an area that is zoned for commercial, industrial, and/or mixed residential-commercial use.","In some embodiments, there is a residential area or an area that is zoned for residential use located within a 6 mile radius of the local distribution facility; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.","This can be a useful feature because many deliveries may be made to residences.","In some cases, the local distribution facility has a covered garage for storing the vehicle(s) when not in use (e.g.","during idle time or overnight).","Because the regional distribution facility does not necessarily provide on-demand delivery, it can generally be located farther away from the delivery destinations served by the local distribution facility.","In some embodiments, all the delivery destinations served by the local distribution facility are outside a 1 mile radius of the regional distribution facility; in some cases, outside a 3 mile radius; in some cases, outside a 6 mile radius.","In some embodiments, at least 85% of the delivery destinations served by the local distribution facility are outside a 1 mile radius of the regional distribution facility; in some cases, outside a 3 mile radius; in some cases, outside a 6 mile radius.","These statistical parameters may be applicable to a particular regional distribution facility, a particular local distribution facility, or system-wide.","That is, infringement of our patent may occur at the level of the particular regional distribution facility, local distribution facility, or system-wide.","The recipients are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.","This notification may occur at any suitable time point, such as after the packages arrive at the local distribution facility.","This notification to the recipients may be performed by the operations hub.","After receiving this notification, a recipient can request delivery of their package(s) (e.g.","by replying back to the ready notification).","This delivery request is received at the local distribution facility (e.g.","via the operations hub) and the requested package(s) is loaded onto an unmanned ground vehicle.","If multiple delivery requests are received, the packages for the multiple requests may be loaded.","The unmanned vehicle is then sent to the recipient's delivery destination.","The unmanned ground vehicle travels, being driven at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the recipient's delivery destination via a paved roadway.","To confirm the recipient's request, the recipient may be notified (e.g.","by the operations hub) that the requested package(s) is on its way.","This notification may occur at any suitable time point, such as when the package(s) is loaded onto the unmanned vehicle or when the vehicle is in transit to the delivery destination.","Because the unmanned vehicle is expected to make deliveries through multiple round trips as demanded, for each excursion from the local distribution facility, the vehicle carries less than the total number of packages to be delivered for all the delivery destinations being served by that local distribution facility.","For example, considering a hypothetical situation in which the local distribution facility has to deliver a total of 28 packages for delivery to 25 delivery destinations, the vehicle may end up making 20 round trips to make these deliveries, and for each round trip, carry the package(s) for only one or two delivery destinations.","In some embodiments, for each excursion from the local distribution facility to make a delivery(s), the vehicle visits only two delivery destinations or fewer before returning back to the local distribution facility; in some cases, visits only three delivery destinations or fewer; in some cases, visits only four delivery destinations or fewer.","FIG.","6 shows an example of how the our invention can be implemented.","At a regional distribution facility 60, a conventional delivery truck 62 is loaded with packages that are destined for multiple residential delivery destinations (▴).","After loading, the truck 62 travels to local distribution facility 70.Here, the packages destined for delivery zone X are unloaded.","All the delivery destinations in delivery zone X are within a 6 mile radius of the local distribution facility 70.After unloading the packages at local distribution facility 70, the truck 62 then travels to local distribution facility 72 to drop-off their packages.","The operations hub notifies the package recipients that their packages are ready for delivery to their delivery destinations.","When a recipient in delivery zone X requests a delivery (e.g.","upon returning home from work), the recipient's package(s) is loaded into an unmanned ground vehicle 74 at local distribution facility 70.On command, the unmanned vehicle 74 then travels to the recipient's delivery destination in delivery zone X.","In transit, the operations hub notifies the recipient that the package is on its way.","When the unmanned delivery vehicle 74 arrives at the delivery destination, the operations hub notifies the recipient that the package has arrived and provides an access code for opening the cargo compartment of the unmanned delivery vehicle.","When the recipient enters the correct access code (e.g.","on an external keypad on the unmanned vehicle), the cargo door is unlocked.","The recipient picks-up the package and closes the cargo door.","The recipient presses a button on the unmanned vehicle indicating that the package delivery is completed.","With this, the unmanned vehicle 74 makes another delivery or returns to the local distribution facility 70.Delivery to a recipient in delivery zone Y can be made in the same manner, using an unmanned ground vehicle 76 sent from local distribution facility 72.Waiting Areas In certain embodiments, our invention uses a waiting area where the unmanned vehicle can park while it awaits its next delivery request (e.g.","in between deliveries).","At a base distribution facility (e.g.","a local distribution facility), the unmanned ground vehicle is loaded with multiple packages to be delivered to multiple delivery destinations.","With the packages loaded, the unmanned vehicle leaves the base distribution facility and drives, at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the waiting area (although it may first make a delivery(s) before arriving at the waiting area).","The unmanned vehicle parks at the waiting area and awaits a command to make the next delivery.","The waiting area is a location that is a short distance away from the delivery destinations so that deliveries can be made on-demand.","In some embodiments, all the delivery destinations being served by the unmanned vehicle are within a 10 mile radius of the waiting area; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.","In some embodiments, at least 85% of the delivery destinations being served by the unmanned vehicle are within a 10 mile radius of the waiting area; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.","These statistical parameters may be applicable to a particular base facility or system-wide.","That is, infringement of our patent may occur at the level of the particular base facility or system-wide.","Any suitable location where the unmanned vehicle can temporarily park can serve as the waiting area.","In some embodiments, the waiting area can be an on-street parking site (e.g.","curbside parking) and/or an off-street parking site such as a parking structure, surface parking lot, or even a residential garage or driveway (with the owner's authorization).","In some embodiments, the waiting area is located at a business facility that operates a different type of business (other than the delivery service) as explained above, such as a retail store.","For example, the waiting area can be in the parking lot of a grocery store.","In cases where the waiting area is located at a business facility, there may be some employee staff who are dedicated to the delivery service (e.g.","maintaining or operating the vehicles).","However, it may also be possible to have employee(s) who work both the other business operations and also the delivery service.","As such, in some cases, the business facility operates with at least one employee in at least one work shift working in both the other business operation and the delivery service; and in some cases, at least three employees in at least one work shift who work in this manner.","In some embodiments, the waiting area has equipment and/or personnel for maintaining the unmanned vehicle (e.g.","recharging equipment, refueling equipment, repair equipment, tow truck or recovery truck, security guards to guard over the vehicles, repair personnel, etc.).","In some embodiments, the waiting area is located in an area that is zoned for commercial, industrial, and/or mixed residential-commercial use.","There may be more than one waiting area available for serving the delivery destinations.","For example, after making a delivery, the closest of several predetermined waiting areas may be selected.","But the waiting area(s) does not necessarily have to be pre-determined.","For example, a waiting area may be found on an ad hoc basis (e.g.","if the usual waiting area is not available).","In another example, after making a delivery, that delivery destination or somewhere close may be made as the current waiting area.","The recipients are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.","This notification may occur at any suitable time point, such as after the packages are loaded onto the unmanned delivery vehicle or when the unmanned vehicle arrives at the waiting area.","This notification to the recipients may be performed by the operations hub.","After receiving this notification, a recipient can request delivery of the package(s) (e.g.","by replying back to the ready notification).","The operations hub sends a command to the unmanned vehicle to make the requested delivery.","The unmanned ground vehicle then travels, being driven at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the recipient's delivery destination via a paved roadway.","To confirm the recipient's request, the recipient may be notified (e.g.","by the operations hub) that the requested package(s) is on its way.","This notification may occur at any suitable time point, such as when the vehicle is in transit to the delivery destination.","FIG.","7 shows another example of how the our invention can be implemented.","At a base distribution facility 80, unmanned ground vehicles 82 and 84 are loaded with packages that are destined for multiple residential delivery destinations (▴) within their assigned delivery zones A and B.","After loading, the unmanned vehicles are sent on their way to their respective delivery zones A and B.","Each vehicle travels to its respective waiting area (X) and parks there, awaiting a command to make a delivery.","Alternatively, the vehicle may make a delivery(s) before traveling to the waiting area.","All the delivery destinations being served by the unmanned vehicle for that particular excursion are within a 6 mile radius of the waiting area (X).","Although FIG.","7 shows the waiting area being within the delivery zone, this does not have to be the case.","For example, the delivery zone may be a residential area, but the waiting area may be located in a commercial zone that is adjacent to the residential area.","In transit, the operations hub notifies the package recipients that their packages are ready for delivery to their delivery destinations.","When a recipient in delivery zone A requests a delivery (e.g.","upon returning home from work), the operations hub sends a command to the unmanned vehicle 82 for delivery zone A to make that delivery.","The unmanned vehicle 82 departs from the waiting area and travels to the delivery destination.","In transit to the recipient's delivery destination, the operations hub notifies the recipient that the package is on its way.","When the unmanned delivery vehicle 82 arrives at the delivery destination, the operations hub notifies the recipient that the package has arrived and provides an access code for opening the cargo compartment of the unmanned delivery vehicle.","When the recipient enters the correct access code (e.g.","on an external keypad on the unmanned vehicle), the cargo door is unlocked.","The recipient picks-up the package and closes the cargo door.","The recipient presses a button on the unmanned vehicle indicating that the package delivery is completed.","With this, the unmanned vehicle 82 makes another delivery or returns to the waiting area.","Delivery to a recipient in delivery zone B can be made in the same manner using unmanned ground vehicle 84.General Embodiment In certain embodiments, our invention may be considered more generally as a method of transporting packages that are destined for multiple delivery destinations using an unmanned ground vehicle.","The packages are transported from a first location to a second (intermediate) location.","Examples of first locations include regional distribution facilities and base distribution facilities as described above (e.g.","a local distribution facility); examples of intermediate locations include local distribution facilities and waiting areas as described above.","(Note that a local distribution facility can be considered a first location or an intermediate location, depending upon the overall configuration of the delivery network.)","The intermediate location is connected with the delivery destinations via paved roadways.","In some embodiments, all the delivery destinations are within a 10 mile radius of the intermediate location; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.","In some embodiments, at least 85% of the delivery destinations are within a 10 mile radius of the intermediate location; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.","These statistical parameters may be applicable to a particular first location, particular intermediate location, or system-wide.","That is, infringement of our patent may occur at the level of the particular first location, particular intermediate location, or system-wide.","In some embodiments, all the delivery destinations are outside a 1 mile radius of the first location; in some cases, outside a 3 mile radius; in some cases, outside a 6 mile radius.","In some embodiments, at least 85% of the delivery destinations are outside a 1 mile radius of the first location; in some cases, outside a 3 mile radius; in some cases, outside a 6 mile radius.","These statistical parameters may be applicable to a particular first location or system-wide.","That is, infringement of our patent may occur at the level of the particular first location or system-wide.","The method comprises notifying the recipients that their packages are ready for delivery.","After receiving this notification, a recipient may communicate a request notification requesting delivery of their package to the delivery destination.","In response to the delivery request, an unmanned ground vehicle that is loaded with the package(s) is sent from an intermediate location to the recipient's delivery destination on a paved roadway.","The unmanned ground vehicle travels, being driven at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the recipient's delivery destination via a paved roadway.","The recipient is notified that their package has arrived or will be arriving.","After making the delivery, the unmanned ground vehicle makes another delivery or is driven, at least partly in an autonomous manner, on a paved roadway back to the intermediate location.","Delivery Performance Because the second (intermediate) location is located close to the recipient's delivery destination, our invention can provide on-demand delivery in a timely manner.","In some embodiments, greater than 50% of the deliveries arrive at the recipient's delivery destination within 45 minutes of the delivery request; and in some cases, greater than 75% (as applied to a particular first location and/or system-wide).","Whereas in conventional delivery methods the recipient often must accommodate to the delivery schedule, our delivery method allows the deliveries to be made at a time convenient for the recipient.","For example, many working people are not at home during the workday.","Our invention can offer the convenience of receiving a package during after-work hours.","While at work, the recipient may receive a notification that a package has arrived and is ready for delivery.","When the recipient returns home, they can request delivery of the package to their home.","As such, in some embodiments, at least 50% of the weekday deliveries to residences are made between the hours of 3 pm to 11 pm (as applied to a particular first location and/or system-wide); in some cases, at least 70% of the weekday deliveries as aforementioned.","B.","Delivery of Retail Goods In this embodiment, our invention provides another method of delivering retail goods to customers using an unmanned ground vehicle.","A variety of different types of retail goods can be delivered using our method.","For example, the retail goods may be food products (e.g.","groceries or prepared meals); consumables (e.g.","baby care, medicines, personal care products, health care products, beauty care products, household products, cleaning supplies, clothing/apparel, etc.","); and/or durable goods (e.g.","electronics, appliances, hardware supplies, etc.).","Such retail goods may be found in retail stores such as grocery stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, warehouse stores, department stores, convenience stores, variety stores, drug or pharmacy stores, electronics stores, restaurants, etc.","Purchase Order A purchase order is received from a customer.","The purchase order includes one or more purchased items to be delivered to the customer at a designated delivery destination.","The customer can make the purchase order in any suitable manner, such using a wired or wireless communication devices (e.g.","mobile phones), desktop computers, home control panel (for a home automation system), etc.","The purchase order can be made through any suitable type of interface, such as website with a browser, specialized programs (e.g.","smartphone apps), telephone menu, an automated home inventory system, etc.","For example, the purchase order can be placed through the Internet using a smartphone.","Local Retail Facility The purchase order is received by and/or transmitted to a local retail facility that serves end-user/consumer customers, i.e.","stocks products that are packaged in a manner intended for the end-user/consumer.","The local retail facility is connected to the customer's delivery destination via paved roadways.","To provide timely on-demand delivery, the local retail facility is generally located close to the customer's delivery destination.","In some embodiments, the local retail facility is located within a 10 mile radius of the customer's delivery destination; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.","In some embodiments, there is a residential area or an area that is zoned for residential use located within a 6 mile radius of the local retail facility; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.","This can be a useful feature because many deliveries may be made to residences.","Delivery Packaging At the local retail facility, the item(s) in the customer's purchase order are collected and placed into one or more delivery packaging that are designated for that customer's purchase order.","The delivery packaging may be disposable or reusable, and may take any suitable form such as paper or plastic bags, cardboard boxes, cartons, plastic containers, etc.","There may be delivery packaging of different types, shapes, sizes, etc., to accommodate different types of merchandise or different quantities of merchandise.","For example, non-perishable goods may be put into disposable paper bags and perishable food products may be put into reusable insulated plastic containers.","Depending upon the type and quantity of merchandise in the purchase order, the purchased items may be held in multiple delivery packaging.","Different packaging may used together.","For example, multiple paper bags may be put into a larger plastic container.","Some purchased items may be too large or bulky to place into a delivery packaging.","Such items may be held as loose items while waiting to be loaded onto the delivery vehicle.","Because the purchased items may be delivered without assistance, in some embodiments, the total weight of each packaging holding the purchased item(s) may be relatively light such that they can be lifted or picked-up without assistance.","In some cases, each of the loaded delivery packaging weighs less than 50 lbs; in some cases, less than 25 lbs; in some cases, less than 20 lbs.","The customer's purchase order may include cold food products (e.g.","cooled, refrigerated, frozen, or perishable), such as produce, frozen foods, milk, fruit juices, meats, cheese, dairy, eggs, etc.","To maintain freshness while waiting to be loaded onto the delivery vehicle, packaging holding cold food items could be stored in a cooled space at the local retail facility, such as a refrigerator or freezer.","For example, they could be stored in a large commercial refrigerator or a refrigerated room such as a walk-in cooler, refrigerator, or freezer.","Alternatively or in combination, cold food items could be placed into special delivery containers that are thermally-insulated (specifically designed for thermal insulation) and/or cooled.","Temperature cooling can be provided in any suitable manner.","For example, cooling could be provided by using refrigerant materials such as water ice, dry ice, or reusable cold packs (e.g.","gel bags or bricks).","In another example, cooling could be provided by electrical refrigeration.","Walk-In Retail Store In some cases, the local retail facility is specialized solely for delivery service of the retail goods (similar to a warehouse).","But in other cases, the local retail facility may operate as both a conventional walk-in retail store and a delivery service.","Examples of walk-in retail stores include grocery stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, warehouse stores, department stores, convenience stores, variety stores, drug or pharmacy stores, electronics stores, restaurants, office supply store, hardware or building supply store, etc.","For example, the delivery service may be operated out of one or more back rooms or areas of the walk-in retail store.","The inventory of merchandise for the walk-in retail store may also be used to supply the delivery service.","In some cases, the local retail facility is an already-established conventional walk-in retail store that has been modified to also operate the delivery service but continues to operate the already-existing business (e.g.","by remodeling, renovation, or other modification of the premises such that it can continue the already-operating business).","For example, one or more back rooms or areas of the walk-in retail store could be converted or renovated to operate the delivery service.","This is a useful feature because many retail stores already exist in close proximity to residential areas (e.g.","neighborhood grocery stores).","In cases where the local retail facility operates as both a conventional walk-in retail store and a delivery service, there may be some employee staff who are dedicated to the delivery service (e.g.","maintaining or operating the vehicles).","However, it may also be possible to have employee(s) who work both the walk-in retail store and also the delivery service.","As such, in some cases, the local retail facility operates with at least one employee in at least one work shift working in both the walk-in retail store and the delivery service; and in some cases, at least three employees in at least one work shift who work in this manner.","Delivery The customer is notified when their purchase order is ready for delivery.","The purchase order is ready for delivery and now awaits a delivery request from the customer.","When the customer's delivery request is received, the package(s) containing the customer's purchase order are loaded into an unmanned ground vehicle.","The unmanned ground vehicle is not the possession of the customer.","Some other party, such as the local retail facility, has legal possession of the unmanned ground vehicle (e.g.","owns, leases, or through other contractual arrangement).","In some cases, the local retail facility has a vehicle bay where the unmanned ground vehicle(s) is parked while being loaded.","Because the unmanned vehicle may have a lower height than conventional delivery trucks, in some cases, the vehicle bay has a clearance height (e.g.","ceiling height) of less than 15 feet; in some cases, less than 12 feet; in some cases, less than 10 feet of clearance height.","In some cases, the local retail facility has a covered garage for storing the vehicle(s) when not in use (e.g.","during idle time or overnight).","The unmanned vehicle is then sent to the customer's delivery destination.","The unmanned vehicle travels, being driven at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the delivery destination via a paved roadway.","To confirm the customer's delivery request, the customer may be notified (e.g.","by the operations hub) that the delivery is on its way.","This notification may occur at any suitable time point, such as when the goods are loaded onto the unmanned vehicle or when the vehicle is in transit to the delivery destination.","In some cases, one or more of the packaging used for making the delivery is reusable and intended to be returned to the local retail facility.","For example, the container holding the cold food items may be designed for reuse.","The recipient removes the container from the vehicle and unpacks it (e.g.","move the cold food items into the refrigerator).","During this time, the vehicle will stand-by until the container is returned to the vehicle.","Delivery Performance Because the local retail facility is located close to the customer's delivery destination and the customer's purchase order is prepared before the delivery request, our invention can provide on-demand delivery in a timely manner.","In some embodiments, greater than 50% of the purchase orders made by the customers arrive at the delivery destination within 45 minutes of the customers' delivery request; and in some cases, greater than 75% (as applied to a particular local retail facility and/or system-wide).","Whereas in conventional delivery methods the customer often must accommodate to the delivery schedule, our delivery method allows the deliveries to be made at a time convenient for the customer.","For example, for many customers, receiving deliveries at home after work hours is more convenient.","In some embodiments of our invention, greater than 50% of the weekday (Monday-Friday) deliveries are made in the hours of 3 pm to 11 pm; in some cases, greater than 70% (as applied to a particular local retail facility and/or system-wide).","Our method can provide same day delivery with high reliability.","In some cases, greater than 75% of the purchase orders received between the hours of 7 am to 3 pm are delivered the same day; in some cases, greater than 90% of the purchase orders received between the hours of 7 am to 3 pm are delivered the same day (as applied to a particular local retail facility and/or system-wide).","Because our method uses unmanned delivery vehicles, a high volume of deliveries can be made.","In some cases, a local retail facility makes an average of 25 purchase order deliveries per day; in some cases, an average of 60 per day; in some cases, an average of 125 per day.","Our invention can be useful in situations where the customer will not be present at the delivery destination when the delivery is ready to be sent.","For example, many working people are not at home during the workday.","Our invention can offer the convenience of making a purchase order in the morning or afternoon hours (e.g.","at their workplace).","When they return home, they can request delivery of the purchased goods to their homes.","As such, in some embodiments, at least 35% of the weekday purchase orders for delivery to residences are made between the hours of 7 am to 5 pm, and at least 50% of the weekday deliveries to residences (same day as purchase order) are made between the hours of 3 pm to 11 pm (as applied to a particular local retail facility and/or system-wide); in some cases, at least 50% of the weekday purchase orders and at least 70% of the weekday deliveries as aforementioned.","Our invention can offer the convenience of making a purchase order on the night prior for on-demand delivery the next day.","As such, in some embodiments, at least 15% of the purchase orders for delivery to residences the next day are made between the overnight hours of 5 pm to 12 midnight (as applied to a particular local retail facility and/or system-wide); in some cases, at least 25% of the purchase orders as aforementioned.","Example Embodiment FIGS.","8-10 show an example of how our invention might be implemented.","FIG.","8 shows the back of a supermarket store (perspective view).","The front of the store is a conventional walk-in supermarket store.","There is a vehicle bay 90 where the unmanned delivery vehicle can be parked.","Employees load the delivery vehicle through the service doors 92.FIG.","9 shows another view of the back of the supermarket (elevation view with see-through).","Multiple customer purchase orders have been received.","The employees have collected the purchased items and put them into delivery packaging (for customer order #1, #2, and so on).","Some of the purchased items are cold food items.","These are put into thermally-insulated plastic containers 102 and stored in a refrigerated room 100 (e.g.","walk-in refrigerator).","Non-perishable items are put into disposable cardboard boxes 104 and kept at ambient temperatures.","The customers have been notified that their purchase orders are ready for delivery to the designated destinations.","The unmanned delivery vehicle 96 is parked in the vehicle bay 90 awaiting a delivery request.","In FIG.","10, the customer for purchase order #4 has requested delivery to the customer's home.","Store employees load purchase order #4 into the delivery vehicle 96.The insulated container for order #4 is loaded into the cold compartment 106 of the vehicle (bottom), which itself is thermally-insulated and electrically refrigerated.","The cardboard boxes holding the non-perishable items are loaded into the top compartment (no temperature control).","After loading, the delivery vehicle 96 is sent on its way to the customer's home.","In transit to the delivery destination, the customer is notified that the delivery is on its way.","When the unmanned delivery vehicle 96 arrives at the delivery destination, the customer is notified that the delivery vehicle has arrived and is given an access code for opening the cargo compartment of the unmanned delivery vehicle.","When the customer enters the correct access code (e.g.","on an external keypad on the unmanned vehicle), the cargo door is unlocked.","The customer picks-up the delivery packaging and takes them inside home.","After unpacking the cold food items in the insulated container, the customer returns the insulated container into the cold compartment of the vehicle and closes the cargo door.","The customer then presses a button on the unmanned vehicle indicating that the delivery is completed.","With this, the unmanned vehicle returns to the supermarket or makes more deliveries.","C. Taxi Delivery Service This embodiment of our invention contemplates the use of an autonomous unmanned road vehicle to transport items from a sender to a recipient.","The sender makes a request for a delivery vehicle (like a request for a taxi) to pick-up an item for delivery to a recipient at a designated delivery location.","Home Base Facility In this embodiment, the invention uses a home base facility that serves as a place where a fleet of unmanned ground vehicles is kept and maintained.","The home base facility can be any suitable facility where the vehicles can be maintained, stored, house equipment or personnel involved in the delivery service, and/or house communication equipment for operating the delivery service, etc.","The home base facility may have personnel and equipment for maintaining the unmanned vehicles, such as battery recharging equipment, replacement batteries, replacement parts, fuel and fueling equipment, repair tools and equipment, etc.","The home base facility may also have a recovery truck (e.g.","tow truck or carrier truck) to be dispatched to recover or repair an unmanned vehicle if it experiences problems (e.g.","loss of battery power, breakdown, traffic collision, vandalism, etc.).","In some cases, the home base facility is dedicated solely for the taxi delivery service.","But in other cases, the home base may be located at a business facility that operates a different type of business (other than the delivery service), such as a retail store, office building, gas station, parking garage or parking lot, or school.","For example, the delivery service may be operated out of a back room, on the parking lot, or from the back alley of the business facility.","Examples of retail stores where the home base facility could be located include grocery store, supermarket, warehouse store, department store, convenience store, variety store, drug or pharmacy store, electronics store, restaurant, office supply store, hardware or building supply store, etc.","This is a useful feature because many retail stores already exist in close proximity to residential areas (e.g.","neighborhood grocery stores).","The facility for the home base does not have to be newly constructed.","In some embodiments, the home base is located at an already-established business facility that has been modified to also operate the delivery service but continues to operate the already-existing business (e.g.","by remodeling, renovation, or other modification of the premises such that it can continue the already-operating business).","For example, a back room or area of a retail store (e.g.","grocery store or convenience store) could be converted or renovated to operate the delivery service.","In another example, the parking lot of a shopping center could be equipped to hold and maintain a fleet of unmanned vehicles, along with other equipment, personnel, and/or housing to operate the delivery service.","In cases where the home base facility is located at a business facility that also operates a different type of business, there may be some employee staff who are dedicated to the delivery service (e.g.","maintaining or operating the vehicles).","However, it may also be possible to have employee(s) who work both the other business operations and also the delivery service.","As such, in some cases, the business facility operates with at least one employee in at least one work shift working in both the other business operation and the delivery service; and in some cases, at least three employees in at least one work shift who work in this manner.","In some embodiments, the home base facility is located in an area that is zoned for commercial, industrial, and/or mixed residential-commercial use.","In some embodiments, the home base facility is located within 6 miles from a residential area, or land that is zoned for residential use, or a residential building (e.g.","condominium, apartment building, townhouse, rowhouse, detached single-family house, etc.).","This is a useful feature because many requests may involve delivery to residences.","In some cases, the home base facility has a covered garage for storing the vehicle(s) when not in use (e.g.","during idle time or overnight).","Delivery Request The sender makes a request for transporting one or more items from a location designated by the sender (which may be the sender's own location or another location) to a recipient's location, i.e.","delivery destination.","The delivery service of our invention receives the request and assigns one or more of the unmanned ground vehicles for the transportation job.","The selected vehicle is one that is in relative close proximity to the sender's designated location to provide timely on-demand delivery service.","Proximity to the sender's designated location may be determined based on any suitable parameter, such as straight-line distance, travel distance, and/or travel time.","Estimates of proximity may vary depending upon various external factors such as road and traffic conditions, time of day, weather conditions, traffic signal patterns, number of turns required, availability of highways or expressways on the way, etc.","The selected vehicle may be idle or traveling.","For example, the selected vehicle may be at the home base facility, parked at a temporary waiting area, or in transit (e.g.","returning to home base, going to a temporary waiting area, finishing a delivery job, roaming, etc.).","The selected vehicle is one that is in relative close proximity to the sender's designated location to provide timely on-demand delivery.","As such, in some embodiments, for greater than 60% of all accepted taxi requests made by senders, the selected vehicle arrives at the sender's designated location within 45 minutes of the sender's taxi request; in some cases, for greater than 75% of all accepted taxi requests.","These statistical parameters may be applicable to a particular home base facility, particular regional network, and/or system-wide.","That is, infringement of our patent may occur at the level of particular home base facility(s), particular region(s), or system-wide.","Here, “all accepted requests” means not counting denied requests (such as prank calls) but encompassing the possibility of delaying incidents, whether expected or unexpected, such as traffic collision, vandalism, road closure, heavy traffic conditions, incorrect or non-existent sender location, inability to access the sender's location (e.g.","gated community), etc.","In some embodiments, the sender is a business entity and the recipient is a customer (which may be another business entity or an individual).","Many types of businesses may be able to use our invention for delivering items to customers, including retail businesses (as described above).","Many types of items can be delivered using our invention, including consumer and commercial items.","Examples of consumer items (i.e.","products that are packaged in a manner intended for the end-user/consumer) that can be delivered include foods, groceries, medical supplies and drugs, propane gas, drinking water, postal packages, office supplies, household products, personal care products, electronic goods, baby care products, clothing/apparel, etc.","The sender does not have to be a business.","Our invention can also be used by individuals for delivering personal items (e.g.","for sending a gift package to a friend).","In some embodiments, the taxi request includes the recipient's contact information, such as phone number, messaging interface (e.g.","texting app), email, etc.","The taxi request can be made in any suitable manner, such as using wired or wireless communication devices (e.g.","mobile phones), desktop computers, home control panel (for a home automation system), etc.","The request can be made through any suitable type of interface, such as website with a browser, specialized programs (e.g.","smartphone apps), telephone menu, an automated system, etc.","In some cases, the taxi request further includes information about the item being delivered.","This information can be useful in assigning a suitable vehicle for the delivery task.","Examples of such useful information include the dimensions of the item, weight of the item, whether it is hot food that needs a heated compartment, or cold food that needs a cooled compartment, etc.","For example, if the item is a hot food item, a vehicle having a heated compartment can be assigned.","Or for example, if the item is a cold food item, then a vehicle having a refrigerated compartment can be assigned.","If the item is relatively small, a smaller vehicle can be assigned, and other such accommodations or optimizations for using the fleet of available vehicles.","Drive to Sender The unmanned vehicle travels, being driven at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the sender's designated location via a paved roadway.","The sender may be notified (e.g.","by the operations hub) that the vehicle is on its way and/or has arrived.","Upon arrival at the sender's designated location, the vehicle is loaded with the item(s) to be sent.","After loading the vehicle, the vehicle is made to proceed to the recipient's location.","This may be accomplished in any suitable manner, such as closing the cargo compartment door and pressing a button indicating that the item has been loaded.","Drive to Recipient The unmanned vehicle travels, being driven at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the recipient's location via a paved roadway.","The recipient may be notified that the vehicle is on its way and/or has arrived.","In some cases, one or more of the packaging used for making the delivery is reusable and intended to be returned to the sender or the home base facility.","For example, the container holding the cold food items may be designed for reuse.","The recipient removes the container from the vehicle and unpacks it (e.g.","move the cold food items into the refrigerator).","During this time, the vehicle will stand-by until the container is returned to the vehicle.","After making the delivery, the vehicle may then (1) return to a home base facility; (2) travel to another recipient's location to make another delivery; (3) travel back to the sender's designated location to pick-up another item for delivery; (4) travel to another sender's designated location; or (5) travel to a waiting area as described above.","Service Operating Area As the vehicle travels from place to place, having the vehicle stay within relatively close proximity to the home base facility can be a useful feature in case the unmanned vehicle experiences problems.","If the unmanned vehicle becomes disabled, a recovery truck can be dispatched from the home base facility to reach the disabled vehicle quickly.","As such, in some embodiments, as the unmanned vehicle travels from place to place, the area in which the vehicle operates (operating area) is contained within a 15 mile radius around the home base facility; in some cases, within a 12 mile radius; in some cases, within a 9 mile radius; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius.","In addition to proximity to the home base facility, the operating area may be planned in consideration of many factors such as the local geography, road layouts, population density, natural and man-made obstacles, traffic patterns, etc.","Examples of operating areas are shown in FIG.","11 (A, B, and C), drawn as polygonal shapes.","In each case, the vehicle's operating area is contained within a radius R around the home base facility HB.","FIG.","12 shows an example of how our invention might be implemented.","The delivery service provider has a fleet of unmanned ground vehicles at the home base facility (HB) that are ready to receive requests for making deliveries.","Someone at an office building calls a pizza restaurant and places an order for a pizza for delivery to the office location.","The pizza restaurant begins preparing the pizza and requests a taxi delivery vehicle from the delivery service indicating the office building as the delivery destination and the customer's contact information (e.g.","cell phone number).","The delivery service assigns one of the unmanned ground vehicles for this delivery job and is sent to the pizza restaurant.","The delivery vehicle self-drives to the pizza restaurant and the delivery service notifies the pizza restaurant that the vehicle is on its way.","When the vehicle arrives at the sender's location, the pizza restaurant may be notified of its arrival.","One of the pizza restaurant staff loads the customer's pizza into the vehicle's cargo compartment.","The staff person presses a button on the vehicle indicating that the delivery item is loaded.","The vehicle then self-drives to the designated office building.","The delivery service notifies the customer that the vehicle is on its way and/or has arrived (e.g.","by a text message).","The delivery service also gives the customer an access code for unlocking the cargo door on the vehicle.","The customer goes to meet the vehicle and enters the correct access code to open the cargo door to take delivery of the pizza.","The vehicle then leaves and returns to the home base or proceeds to its next task.","In this instance, the delivery service has also received a request from a pharmacy to deliver medications to an elderly patient at her residence.","This same vehicle is determined to be the one in closest proximity and is therefore selected for this next delivery task.","As instructed, the vehicle self-drives from the office building to the pharmacy and the delivery service notifies the pharmacy that the vehicle is on its way.","When the vehicle arrives at the pharmacy, the pharmacy may be notified of its arrival.","One of the pharmacy staff loads the medication into the vehicle's cargo compartment.","The staff person presses a button on the vehicle indicating that the delivery item is loaded.","The vehicle then self-drives to the designated customer residence.","The delivery service notifies the customer that the vehicle is on its way and/or has arrived (e.g.","by a phone call).","The delivery service also gives the customer an access code for unlocking the cargo door on the vehicle.","When the vehicle arrives, the customer (or someone on her behalf) enters the access code and takes the medication.","The vehicle then leaves and returns to the home base, goes to a waiting area, or proceeds to its next task.","As the vehicle travels from the home base facility to the pizza restaurant, to the office building, to the pharmacy, and to the patient's residence, the vehicle stays in an operating area that is contained within a 15 mile radius around the home base.","Regional Delivery Network Our invention can also be implemented over a wider region using multiple home base facilities distributed over a geographic area.","This feature may be useful for implementing our invention in a metropolitan area (such as the Maryland/Virginia/DC metro area).","The vehicle may travel from place to place throughout the delivery region while being kept in relatively close proximity to a home base facility.","As explained above, this can be a useful feature in case the vehicle experiences problems on the road.","As such, in some embodiments, our invention uses a network of multiple home base facilities in a delivery region.","The network of home base facilities allows the vehicle to roam throughout the delivery region.","As such, in some embodiments, each home base facility in the delivery region is within a 9 mile radius of at least one other home base facility; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.","In some embodiments, all the home base facilities of the regional network are contained within a circle (e.g.","as drawn on a map) having a radius of 64 miles; in some cases, 48 miles radius; in some cases, 36 miles radius; in some cases, 24 miles radius; in some cases, 18 miles radius; in some cases, 12 miles radius.","To keep the vehicle in close proximity to a home base facility, in some embodiments, the overall area in which the vehicle operates is contained within two or more adjoining or overlapping circles that each have a radius of 9 miles around a home base facility; in some cases, each having a radius of 6 miles; in some cases, each having a radius of 3 miles.","FIG.","13 shows an example of an operating area for a vehicle.","The operating area for a particular unmanned vehicle is shown in gray shading.","The regional delivery network has four home base facilities HB.","The drawing figure also shows a circle of 9 mile radius centered around each home base facility.","As shown here, the vehicle's operating area is contained within the four overlapping circles.","FIG.","14 shows an example of a regional delivery network.","The delivery region is defined by the outer dashed line 110 around a geographic region that includes a river and a forest area.","There are four service areas (designated as numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4) in the region.","Each service area has one or more home base facilities HB.","Each home base facility in the delivery region is within a 9 mile radius of at least one other home base facility.","Moreover, for this regional network, all the home base facilities are contained within a circle having a radius of R. The dashed line inside the delivery region shows an example of a route 112 taken by an unmanned ground vehicle as it takes multiple service calls throughout the day.","These service calls take the unmanned vehicle from the home base facility in service area 1 into service area 3 and ultimately ends at the home base facility for service area 4.The foregoing description and examples have been set forth merely to illustrate our invention and are not intended to be limiting.","Each of the disclosed aspects and embodiments of our invention may be considered individually or in combination with other aspects, embodiments, and variations of our invention.","Modifications of the disclosed embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of our invention may occur to persons skilled in the art, and such modifications are within the scope of our invention."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"Autonomous Unmanned Road Vehicle for Making Deliveries\",\n \"An autonomous unmanned road vehicle and how it can be used to make deliveries.\",\n \"The unmanned vehicle is capable of operating autonomously on paved roadways.\",\n \"The vehicle has a control system for autonomous driving and a perception system for detecting objects in its surroundings.\",\n \"The vehicle also has one or more cargo compartments for carrying the delivery items.\",\n \"The vehicle may have a flashing light beacon to increase the conspicuousness of the vehicle.\",\n \"In consideration that the vehicle does not carry passengers, the size and/or motor power of the vehicle may be reduced as compared to conventional passenger vehicles.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A method of transporting an item from a sender to a recipient using an autonomous unmanned road vehicle that comprises a cargo compartment but does not have any passenger seats, the method comprising: receiving from the sender, a request for transporting an item from a location designated by the sender to a location designated by the recipient, wherein the request includes the recipient's contact information; from a fleet of multiple autonomous unmanned road vehicles, assigning a vehicle for transporting the item; driving the assigned vehicle, at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the sender's designated location via a paved roadway; receiving into the cargo compartment, an item to be sent to the recipient; driving the assigned vehicle, at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the recipient's designated location; notifying the recipient that the assigned vehicle is on its way or has arrived.\",\n \"2.The transportation method of claim 1, wherein the fleet of vehicles operates from a home base facility.\",\n \"3.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the assigned vehicle travels within an operating area that is within a 15 miles radius around the home base facility.\",\n \"4.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the home base facility is located in an area that is zoned for commercial, industrial, or mixed residential-commercial use.\",\n \"5.The transportation method of claim 4, wherein the home base facility is located within 6 miles from a residential area, or area that is zoned for residential use, or a residential building.\",\n \"6.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the home base facility is located within 6 miles from a residential area, or area that is zoned for residential use, or a residential building.\",\n \"7.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the home base facility has a recovery truck.\",\n \"8.The transportation method of claim 7, wherein the home base facility has a covered garage for vehicle storage.\",\n \"9.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the home base facility has a covered garage for vehicle storage.\",\n \"10.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the transportation method is implemented in a delivery service and the home base facility is dedicated solely for the delivery service.\",\n \"11.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the transportation method is implemented in a delivery service and the home base facility is located at a business facility that operates a different type of business, other than the delivery service.\",\n \"12.The transportation method of claim 2, wherein the home base facility has personnel and equipment for maintaining the fleet of vehicles.\",\n \"13.The transportation method of claim 12, wherein the home base facility has a recovery truck.\",\n \"14.The transportation method of claim 1, wherein the assigned vehicle comprises radio communications equipment, and further comprising remotely monitoring the assigned vehicle through its radio communications equipment while driving the assigned vehicle.\",\n \"15.The transportation method of claim 14, wherein the driving of the assigned vehicle is performed by a combination of human control via remote operation and autonomous control.\",\n \"16.The transportation method of claim 1, further comprising, on a street at the recipient's designated location, parking the assigned vehicle such that access to the cargo compartment is not positioned on the side facing the street.\",\n \"17.The transportation method of claim 1, wherein the assigned vehicle is neither the sender's or the recipient's possession.\",\n \"18.The transportation method of claim 1, further comprising notifying the sender that the assigned vehicle is on its way or has arrived.\",\n \"19.The transportation method of claim 1, wherein the sender's request further includes information about the item being delivered.\",\n \"20.The transportation method of claim 15, wherein the assigned vehicle further comprises an external loudspeaker and an external microphone.\",\n \"21.The transportation method of claim 1, the assigned vehicle further comprises an external loudspeaker and an external microphone.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND In the transportation and logistics industry, the “last mile” problem refers to the delivery of goods to the final destination.\",\n \"There are many challenges to making delivery to the final destination.\",\n \"Some examples include theft of packages if they are left on the doorstep of the recipient's home, having to schedule a delivery time with the recipient, having to skip the delivery and return another day, leaving the package with an unreliable concierge or roommate, requiring the presence of the recipient at an inconvenient time, or requiring the recipient to travel to a special locker or other designated location to pickup their package.\",\n \"We propose using an autonomous unmanned road vehicle for an improved delivery service.\"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY Our invention relates to autonomous unmanned road vehicles and how they can be used to make deliveries.\",\n \"In one embodiment, our invention is a method of transporting tangible goods.\",\n \"The method comprises loading multiple packages onto a transport vehicle at a regional distribution facility.\",\n \"The packages are destined for multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses.\",\n \"The packages are transported to a local distribution facility via the transport vehicle.\",\n \"The recipients are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.\",\n \"After receiving a delivery request notification from a recipient, the package is loaded onto an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicle is driven on a paved roadway to the recipient's delivery destination.\",\n \"The recipient is notified that their package has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"The package is then delivered to the recipient's delivery destination.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the method further comprises: sending an access code to the recipient for accessing the package; accepting the correct access code entered by the recipient; and allowing access to the package.\",\n \"Another method for transporting tangible goods comprises loading multiple packages onto an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivery to multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses.\",\n \"The unmanned vehicle is driven on a paved roadway to a waiting area.\",\n \"At least 85% of the delivery destinations are within a 6 mile radius of the waiting area.\",\n \"The recipients are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.\",\n \"After receiving a delivery request notification from a recipient of a package, the vehicle is driven to the recipient's delivery destination.\",\n \"The recipient is notified that their package has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"The package is delivered at the recipient's delivery destination.\",\n \"The vehicle may then return to the same waiting area or go to a different waiting area.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the method further comprises: sending an access code to the recipient for accessing the package; accepting the correct access code entered by the recipient; and allowing access to the package.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is a system for delivering tangible goods.\",\n \"The system comprises a regional distribution facility and a local distribution facility that receives packages from the regional distribution facility.\",\n \"The packages received by the local distribution facility are destined for multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses.\",\n \"The system further comprises an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivering the packages to the delivery destinations and an operations hub having equipment to communicate with the unmanned vehicle and the recipients of the packages.\",\n \"In another embodiment, the system comprises: a distribution facility that receives packages that are destined for multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses; an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivering the packages to the delivery destinations; an operations hub having equipment to communicate with the unmanned vehicle and the recipients of the packages; and a waiting area where the unmanned ground vehicle can park while awaiting a delivery request.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is a method of transporting packages that are destined for multiple delivery destinations using an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle.\",\n \"The packages are transported from a first location to a second (intermediate) location.\",\n \"The recipients of the packages are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.\",\n \"After receiving a delivery request notification from a recipient of a package, the unmanned ground vehicle that is loaded with the recipient's package is driven from the intermediate location to the recipient's delivery destination.\",\n \"The recipient is notified that their package has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"After delivering the package, the vehicle is driven back to the intermediate location.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is a method of delivering retail goods to customers on-demand.\",\n \"The method comprises receiving a purchase order from a customer for delivery to a delivery destination (the purchase order comprising a purchased item).\",\n \"At a local retail facility located within a 6 mile radius of the delivery destination, the purchased item is put into delivery packaging.\",\n \"A message is sent to the customer that their purchase order is ready for delivery.\",\n \"The customer's delivery request is received at a time after the purchase order is received.\",\n \"After receiving this delivery request, the delivery packaging containing the customer's purchased item is loaded into an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle, which is driven to the customer's delivery destination.\",\n \"The customer is notified that their purchase order has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"The purchased item is delivered at the customer's delivery destination.\",\n \"In some cases, the purchase order includes a cold food item that is put into a separate delivery packaging.\",\n \"In some cases, while awaiting the delivery request, the delivery packaging holding the cold food item is kept in a refrigerated space at the local retail facility.\",\n \"In some cases, the vehicle has a cold compartment that is thermally insulated and/or cooled, and the container holding the cold food item is loaded into the cold compartment.\",\n \"In some cases, the container for the cold food item is reusable, and after making the delivery, the vehicle stands by and waits until the container is returned to the vehicle, and departs afterwards.\",\n \"In some cases, the purchased item is held in a cargo compartment in the unmanned ground vehicle, and the method further comprises: sending an access code to the customer for accessing the cargo compartment; accepting the entry of a correct access code; and allowing access to the cargo compartment.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is a delivery system for delivering retail goods to customers.\",\n \"The system comprises a local retail facility that has an inventory of retail goods and is located within a 6 mile radius of the customers' residences.\",\n \"The delivery system further comprises a computer system for receiving purchase orders of retail goods from customers and an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivering the purchase orders to the customers' residences.\",\n \"The delivery system further comprises an operations hub having equipment to communicate with the unmanned vehicle and the customers.\",\n \"In some cases, the local retail facility operates both as a walk-in retail store and a delivery service of retail goods.\",\n \"In some cases, the delivery service is operated out of one or more back rooms/areas of the local retail facility.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is another method for transporting tangible goods.\",\n \"The method uses a home base facility that has a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles.\",\n \"After receiving a request from a sender for delivery of an item from the sender's designated location to a recipient at the recipient's location, an unmanned vehicle is selected for the sender's request.\",\n \"The selected vehicle may or may not be located at the home base facility.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the sender's designated location.\",\n \"The sender is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"At the sender's designated location, the item is received into the unmanned ground vehicle.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the recipient's location.\",\n \"The recipient is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"The item is delivered at the recipient's location.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is another system for transporting tangible goods.\",\n \"The system comprises a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles and a home base facility where the unmanned ground vehicles are kept.\",\n \"The system further comprises an operations hub for coordinating the use of the unmanned ground vehicles.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicles operate only in an area that is contained within a 15 mile radius around the home base facility.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is a method for transporting tangible goods over a regional area.\",\n \"The method uses a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles and multiple home base facilities that are geographically separated in an area contained within a circle having a radius of 64 miles.\",\n \"After receiving a request from a sender for delivery of an item from the sender's designated location to a recipient at the recipient's location, an unmanned vehicle is selected for the sender's request.\",\n \"The selected vehicle may or may not be located at a home base facility.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the sender's designated location.\",\n \"The sender is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"At the sender's designated location, the item is received into the unmanned ground vehicle.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the recipient's location.\",\n \"The recipient is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"The item is delivered at the recipient's location.\",\n \"The overall area in which the vehicle operates is contained within two or more adjoining or overlapping circles that each have a radius of 9 miles around a home base facility.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is a system for transporting tangible goods over a regional area.\",\n \"The system comprises a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles and a network of multiple home base facilities geographically separated in an area contained within a circle having a radius of 64 miles.\",\n \"The system further comprises an operations hub for coordinating the use of the unmanned ground vehicles.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicles operate only in an area that is contained within two or more adjoining or overlapping circles that each have a radius of 9 miles around a home base facility.\"\n ],\n [\n \"RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S.\",\n \"Provisional Applications Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"61/841,912 (filed 1 Jul.\",\n \"2013), No.\",\n \"61/893,281 (filed 20 Oct. 2013), No.\",\n \"61/909,227 (filed 26 Nov. 2013), No.\",\n \"61/916,261 (filed 15 Dec. 2013), No.\",\n \"61/921,464 (filed 28 Dec. 2013), and No.\",\n \"61/970,881 (filed 26 Mar.\",\n \"2014), all of which are incorporated by reference herein.\",\n \"TECHNICAL FIELD Our invention relates to using autonomous (e.g.\",\n \"driverless or self-driving) vehicles for making deliveries.\",\n \"BACKGROUND In the transportation and logistics industry, the “last mile” problem refers to the delivery of goods to the final destination.\",\n \"There are many challenges to making delivery to the final destination.\",\n \"Some examples include theft of packages if they are left on the doorstep of the recipient's home, having to schedule a delivery time with the recipient, having to skip the delivery and return another day, leaving the package with an unreliable concierge or roommate, requiring the presence of the recipient at an inconvenient time, or requiring the recipient to travel to a special locker or other designated location to pickup their package.\",\n \"We propose using an autonomous unmanned road vehicle for an improved delivery service.\",\n \"SUMMARY Our invention relates to autonomous unmanned road vehicles and how they can be used to make deliveries.\",\n \"In one embodiment, our invention is a method of transporting tangible goods.\",\n \"The method comprises loading multiple packages onto a transport vehicle at a regional distribution facility.\",\n \"The packages are destined for multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses.\",\n \"The packages are transported to a local distribution facility via the transport vehicle.\",\n \"The recipients are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.\",\n \"After receiving a delivery request notification from a recipient, the package is loaded onto an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicle is driven on a paved roadway to the recipient's delivery destination.\",\n \"The recipient is notified that their package has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"The package is then delivered to the recipient's delivery destination.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the method further comprises: sending an access code to the recipient for accessing the package; accepting the correct access code entered by the recipient; and allowing access to the package.\",\n \"Another method for transporting tangible goods comprises loading multiple packages onto an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivery to multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses.\",\n \"The unmanned vehicle is driven on a paved roadway to a waiting area.\",\n \"At least 85% of the delivery destinations are within a 6 mile radius of the waiting area.\",\n \"The recipients are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.\",\n \"After receiving a delivery request notification from a recipient of a package, the vehicle is driven to the recipient's delivery destination.\",\n \"The recipient is notified that their package has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"The package is delivered at the recipient's delivery destination.\",\n \"The vehicle may then return to the same waiting area or go to a different waiting area.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the method further comprises: sending an access code to the recipient for accessing the package; accepting the correct access code entered by the recipient; and allowing access to the package.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is a system for delivering tangible goods.\",\n \"The system comprises a regional distribution facility and a local distribution facility that receives packages from the regional distribution facility.\",\n \"The packages received by the local distribution facility are destined for multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses.\",\n \"The system further comprises an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivering the packages to the delivery destinations and an operations hub having equipment to communicate with the unmanned vehicle and the recipients of the packages.\",\n \"In another embodiment, the system comprises: a distribution facility that receives packages that are destined for multiple delivery destinations that are designated by different postal addresses; an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivering the packages to the delivery destinations; an operations hub having equipment to communicate with the unmanned vehicle and the recipients of the packages; and a waiting area where the unmanned ground vehicle can park while awaiting a delivery request.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is a method of transporting packages that are destined for multiple delivery destinations using an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle.\",\n \"The packages are transported from a first location to a second (intermediate) location.\",\n \"The recipients of the packages are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.\",\n \"After receiving a delivery request notification from a recipient of a package, the unmanned ground vehicle that is loaded with the recipient's package is driven from the intermediate location to the recipient's delivery destination.\",\n \"The recipient is notified that their package has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"After delivering the package, the vehicle is driven back to the intermediate location.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is a method of delivering retail goods to customers on-demand.\",\n \"The method comprises receiving a purchase order from a customer for delivery to a delivery destination (the purchase order comprising a purchased item).\",\n \"At a local retail facility located within a 6 mile radius of the delivery destination, the purchased item is put into delivery packaging.\",\n \"A message is sent to the customer that their purchase order is ready for delivery.\",\n \"The customer's delivery request is received at a time after the purchase order is received.\",\n \"After receiving this delivery request, the delivery packaging containing the customer's purchased item is loaded into an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle, which is driven to the customer's delivery destination.\",\n \"The customer is notified that their purchase order has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"The purchased item is delivered at the customer's delivery destination.\",\n \"In some cases, the purchase order includes a cold food item that is put into a separate delivery packaging.\",\n \"In some cases, while awaiting the delivery request, the delivery packaging holding the cold food item is kept in a refrigerated space at the local retail facility.\",\n \"In some cases, the vehicle has a cold compartment that is thermally insulated and/or cooled, and the container holding the cold food item is loaded into the cold compartment.\",\n \"In some cases, the container for the cold food item is reusable, and after making the delivery, the vehicle stands by and waits until the container is returned to the vehicle, and departs afterwards.\",\n \"In some cases, the purchased item is held in a cargo compartment in the unmanned ground vehicle, and the method further comprises: sending an access code to the customer for accessing the cargo compartment; accepting the entry of a correct access code; and allowing access to the cargo compartment.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is a delivery system for delivering retail goods to customers.\",\n \"The system comprises a local retail facility that has an inventory of retail goods and is located within a 6 mile radius of the customers' residences.\",\n \"The delivery system further comprises a computer system for receiving purchase orders of retail goods from customers and an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle for delivering the purchase orders to the customers' residences.\",\n \"The delivery system further comprises an operations hub having equipment to communicate with the unmanned vehicle and the customers.\",\n \"In some cases, the local retail facility operates both as a walk-in retail store and a delivery service of retail goods.\",\n \"In some cases, the delivery service is operated out of one or more back rooms/areas of the local retail facility.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is another method for transporting tangible goods.\",\n \"The method uses a home base facility that has a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles.\",\n \"After receiving a request from a sender for delivery of an item from the sender's designated location to a recipient at the recipient's location, an unmanned vehicle is selected for the sender's request.\",\n \"The selected vehicle may or may not be located at the home base facility.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the sender's designated location.\",\n \"The sender is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"At the sender's designated location, the item is received into the unmanned ground vehicle.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the recipient's location.\",\n \"The recipient is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"The item is delivered at the recipient's location.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is another system for transporting tangible goods.\",\n \"The system comprises a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles and a home base facility where the unmanned ground vehicles are kept.\",\n \"The system further comprises an operations hub for coordinating the use of the unmanned ground vehicles.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicles operate only in an area that is contained within a 15 mile radius around the home base facility.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is a method for transporting tangible goods over a regional area.\",\n \"The method uses a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles and multiple home base facilities that are geographically separated in an area contained within a circle having a radius of 64 miles.\",\n \"After receiving a request from a sender for delivery of an item from the sender's designated location to a recipient at the recipient's location, an unmanned vehicle is selected for the sender's request.\",\n \"The selected vehicle may or may not be located at a home base facility.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the sender's designated location.\",\n \"The sender is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"At the sender's designated location, the item is received into the unmanned ground vehicle.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicle is driven to the recipient's location.\",\n \"The recipient is notified that the unmanned ground vehicle has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"The item is delivered at the recipient's location.\",\n \"The overall area in which the vehicle operates is contained within two or more adjoining or overlapping circles that each have a radius of 9 miles around a home base facility.\",\n \"Another embodiment of our invention is a system for transporting tangible goods over a regional area.\",\n \"The system comprises a fleet of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles and a network of multiple home base facilities geographically separated in an area contained within a circle having a radius of 64 miles.\",\n \"The system further comprises an operations hub for coordinating the use of the unmanned ground vehicles.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicles operate only in an area that is contained within two or more adjoining or overlapping circles that each have a radius of 9 miles around a home base facility.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1C show different views of an autonomous unmanned road vehicle as an example of our invention.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2A shows a lidar apparatus in operating mode when the vehicle is traveling.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2B shows the lidar apparatus in protected mode inside of a metal shield when the vehicle is parked.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3A shows a lidar apparatus in operating mode when the vehicle is traveling.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3B shows the lidar apparatus lowered into the mounting base and body of the vehicle when the vehicle is parked.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4A shows a side view of a light beacon and perception apparatus integrated into a rotating cylinder; FIG.\",\n \"4B shows an overhead view.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5A shows a front view of a perception apparatus mounted on a stalk such that the sensor eye is elevated above the level of the flashing light beacon; FIG.\",\n \"5B shows an overhead view.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 shows an example of how an autonomous unmanned road vehicle can be used to make deliveries from a distribution facility.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7 shows another example of how an autonomous unmanned road vehicle can be used to make deliveries from a distribution facility and waiting area.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"8-10 show an example of how an autonomous unmanned road vehicle can be used to make deliveries from a supermarket store.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"8 and 9 show different views of the back of the supermarket store.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10 shows the delivery vehicle loaded with a customer order.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11 shows examples of how operating areas may appear in regards to shape.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"12 shows an example of how an autonomous unmanned road vehicle can be used to make deliveries from a home base facility.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"13 shows another example of an operating area for an autonomous unmanned road vehicle in a regional delivery network.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14 shows an example of a regional delivery network.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION Our invention contemplates the use of the unmanned ground vehicle for transporting tangible goods, such as packages, retail goods, or other items.\",\n \"An example of the unmanned ground vehicle is shown in FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1C, which will be explained in further detail below.\",\n \"The unmanned vehicle is designed to be capable of operating autonomously (e.g.\",\n \"navigating and driving) on paved roadways (e.g.\",\n \"paved with asphalt, concrete, or composites) that are ordinarily used for motor vehicle traffic.\",\n \"Examples of paved roadways include streets, roads, highways, freeways, avenues, boulevards, bridges, tunnels, etc.\",\n \"The paved roadways may be public or private.\",\n \"The paved roadways may have traffic lanes, pavement markings, traffic signals or traffic signs, speed limits, median dividers between opposite-direction traffic, or other typical features of roadways.\",\n \"The paved roadways may be designated with identifying names (e.g.\",\n \"Main Street) or numbers (e.g.\",\n \"Route 101) by a government authority (e.g.\",\n \"municipal government).\",\n \"For operating on paved roadways, the autonomous driving capabilities of the unmanned vehicle may include obeying traffic signals and/or signs; obeying speed limits; making turns at intersections; observing pavement line markings and staying within travel lanes; changing lanes; avoiding other vehicles on the roadway and maintaining a safe distance with the vehicle ahead; avoiding pedestrians and stopping for pedestrians crossing the roadway or school buses; giving signals (e.g.\",\n \"braking light, turn signal, etc.)\",\n \"to other vehicles or other drivers; reducing speed for shopping centers, parking lots, downtown areas, vicinity of schools, vicinity of playgrounds, in vicinity of pedestrians, and/or residential roadways; parking in designated areas or according to parking rules or regulations; entering and exiting limited access highways (e.g.\",\n \"interstate highways), and/or other such capabilities.\",\n \"The vehicle's control system may include a navigation system that is capable of autonomously driving the vehicle to specific coordinates, landmarks, or street address locations (e.g.\",\n \"1250 Main Street, Anytown, Mass.\",\n \"90210, a fictitious address).\",\n \"The vehicle's navigation system may use a map that, in addition to the conventional roadway and navigational information, further contains specific information about traffic or roadway infrastructure features.\",\n \"Examples of such specific information include location of off-site parking spaces; location of curbside parking spaces; which lanes to use during travel or making turns; locations and orientations of traffic signals (such as signal lights and stop signs); speed limits; location of residential, commercial, and/or industrial areas; traffic patterns; road conditions such as the location speed bumps or potholes; location of intersections; location of pedestrian crossings and areas frequented by pedestrians; location of road construction sites, etc.\",\n \"In addition to location information, other types of information that may be associated include timing, orientation, tolls/fees, times of availability, etc.\",\n \"This information may be acquired in any suitable manner, such as by additional pre-navigation and mapping of the area in which the vehicle will be operated.\",\n \"Perception System The vehicle has a computer control system for its autonomous driving capability and has a perception system for detecting objects in its surroundings.\",\n \"The “perception system” includes a perception apparatus to collect image information and other components for processing the image information, such as associated computer hardware and software.\",\n \"The “perception apparatus” includes the sensor eye and other associated components, such as sensors, detectors, emitters (e.g.\",\n \"radio, conventional light, laser), drive motors and mechanical parts, mirrors, etc.\",\n \"Examples of perception apparatus include cameras, lidar, radar, sonar, etc.\",\n \"The sensor eye is the part of the perception apparatus where it directly receives its “point-of-view” of the environment (e.g.\",\n \"the opening, lens, or window through which light enters the perception apparatus).\",\n \"The perception apparatus may use any of various types of sensors, including photodetectors (e.g.\",\n \"in a camera or lidar), radar receiver, or sonar receiver.\",\n \"The vehicle's perception system may use a single or multiple different modalities.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the perception apparatus uses a photodetector, such as an optical image sensor in a camera or photodiodes in a lidar.\",\n \"The perception apparatus may be one of the more expensive components of the vehicle.\",\n \"Moreover, the perception apparatus may be vulnerable to potentially damaging external forces, such as vandalism, weather conditions, debris, etc.\",\n \"Thus, in some embodiments, the perception apparatus may be enclosed in a protective housing that is at least partially transparent, such as a polycarbonate or poly(methyl-methacrylate) dome.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the perception apparatus can be put into a protected mode in which it is shielded or otherwise protected from these potentially damaging external forces.\",\n \"The perception apparatus can be put into the protected mode in appropriate circumstances such as when the vehicle is not driving, when a threat is detected, when parked, when under attack, when the vehicle is disabled, etc.\",\n \"The perception apparatus can be switched from the operational mode to the protected mode and vice versa.\",\n \"This protected mode can be provided by any suitable mechanism such as a shield being raised around the perception apparatus or it being retracted into an internal part of the vehicle.\",\n \"For example, FIG.\",\n \"2A shows the lidar apparatus 50 (with sensor eye 52 and mounted on a stalk 54) in operating mode when the vehicle is driving.\",\n \"But as shown in FIG.\",\n \"2B, when the vehicle is parked, the lidar apparatus 50 is put in protected mode with a metal shield 56 being raised around the lidar apparatus 50.In another example, FIGS.\",\n \"3A and 3B show the lidar apparatus 50 put into protected mode by retracting it into the mounting base 58 and the body of the vehicle when parked.\",\n \"We consider that this particular feature of the perception apparatus having a protected mode can be used with any autonomous ground vehicle, such as self-driving passenger vehicles, and not necessarily limited to the passengerless delivery vehicles described herein.\",\n \"Light Beacon In some embodiments, the vehicle has a flashing light beacon (e.g.\",\n \"on the roof of the vehicle) that operates while traveling on a roadway.\",\n \"This may be useful to increase the conspicuousness of the vehicle.\",\n \"The flashing may be produced in any suitable manner, including electrically-produced (e.g.\",\n \"strobing as a burst-like flash or pulsing) or mechanically-produced (e.g.\",\n \"rotating light beam or reflective shield).\",\n \"Since the unmanned vehicle does not pose a danger to anyone, the light beacon may be designed to operate in a manner that avoids causing annoyance, distraction, alarm, fright, or sense of potential danger or urgency, such as causing other drivers to pull over to the side of the road or causing pedestrians to be afraid of crossing the street when an unmanned vehicle approaches.\",\n \"This can be achieved by using a slower flash rate, lower luminous intensity, selecting the color of the light, selecting the type of flashing, or reducing the number of flashing lamps in the light beacon.\",\n \"In some embodiments, none of the light beacon(s) on the vehicle produce a strobing-type flash, which can be unnecessarily annoying, distracting, or alarming to people.\",\n \"In some embodiments, only mechanically-produced flashing is used for light beacon(s) on the vehicle.\",\n \"In some embodiments, no strobing-type flashing is used for any light beacon(s) on the vehicle.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the flash rate of the light beacon is relatively slow.\",\n \"In some cases, the flash rate of the light beacon is slower than 120 per minute; in some cases, slower than 105 per minute; in some cases, slower than 90 per minute; in some cases, slower than 75 per minute; in some cases, slower than 60 per minute; in some cases, slower than 45 per minute.\",\n \"As used herein, “flash rate” means the rate as discerned by ordinary, unassisted human perception.\",\n \"For example, some conventional warning lights emit double flashes or quad flashes (i.e.\",\n \"two quick flashes or four quick flashes that are perceived as a single flash).\",\n \"In such a case, each double flash or quad flash would be counted as a single flash.\",\n \"The light beacon may have one or more flashing lamps.\",\n \"If the light beacon has multiple flashing lamps, in some cases, the lamps may flash synchronously, alternately, or some other pattern.\",\n \"If the light beacon has multiple flashing lamps, in some cases, the multiple lamps flash only in an alternating pattern.\",\n \"In some cases, the light beacon has only a single or at most two flashing lamps.\",\n \"This may be useful because having too many flashing lamps can be unnecessarily annoying, distracting, or alarming to people.\",\n \"In some embodiments, each flash of the light beacon has relatively lower luminous intensity (candela) than beacons used on emergency or hazard vehicles.\",\n \"In some cases, the light beacon is designed to operate such that each flash has a luminous intensity of less than 800 cd (candela) in full daylight conditions; in some cases, less than 600 cd; in some cases, less than 500 cd; and in some cases, less than 400 cd.\",\n \"This feature does not exclude the possibility that there may be other intensities used for operating in other or intermediate lighting conditions, such as night, dawn/dusk, rain, fog, etc.\",\n \"The luminous intensity can be measured using conventional instruments such as a photometer.\",\n \"For the light beacon, it may be desirable to avoid colors that are associated with emergencies or hazard vehicles.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vehicle has one or more light beacons, but none are blue.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vehicle has one or more light beacons, but none are red.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vehicle has one or more light beacons, but none are amber.\",\n \"Combinations of the preceding are also possible (e.g.\",\n \"not blue nor red).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the light beacon uses only non-emergency colors, such as white, amber, yellow, yellow-orange, orange, green, green-yellow, purple, or violet.\",\n \"In order to avoid interfering with the perception system, in some embodiments, the light spectrum emitted by the light beacon is different from the light spectrum emitted (if it does so) by the perception apparatus.\",\n \"In order to avoid interfering with the perception apparatus, in some embodiments, the light beacon may be positioned at an elevation that is different from the sensor eye of the perception apparatus.\",\n \"For example, the light beacon may be positioned at an elevation above or below that of the sensor eye.\",\n \"Setting the sensor eye of the perception apparatus at an elevation higher than the light beacon can improve the field of perception, especially if the vehicle has a relatively lower height.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the light beacon and the perception apparatus are mounted above or below each other with at least some part of the perception apparatus vertically overlapping with at least some part of the light beacon.\",\n \"For example, FIG.\",\n \"5A shows the perception apparatus 50 mounted on a stalk 54 such that the sensor eye 52 is elevated above the level of the flashing light beacon 34.Moreover, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"5B, there is vertical overlap of the perception apparatus 50 and the flashing light beacon 34 from the overhead view.\",\n \"In some cases, both the light beacon and the perception apparatus are mounted on the same upwardly protruding structure on top of the vehicle (e.g.\",\n \"on a stalk or mounting base).\",\n \"In some cases, both the light beacon and the perception apparatus are positioned on the same vertically-extending axis.\",\n \"In some cases, both the light beacon and the perception apparatus are made to spin on the same vertically-extending axis.\",\n \"In such cases, the light beacon and the perception apparatus may rotate synchronously.\",\n \"For example, FIGS.\",\n \"4A and 4B show the light beacon and perception apparatus being integrated into a rotating cylinder and housed within a protective glass dome 24.There are three lamps 32 on the cylinder that spins in the direction shown by the arrow.\",\n \"The sensor eye 22 (i.e.\",\n \"a window in the cylinder) of the perception apparatus is positioned between two of the lamps 32 and rotates together with the lamps 32.Vehicle Color & Graphics In some embodiments, at least some part of the vehicle is given a feminine color.\",\n \"This may be useful in deterring hostile physical actions (e.g.\",\n \"vandalism) against the vehicle.\",\n \"The term “feminine color” as used herein means a color that is generally considered by Americans to be more feminine than being masculine or neutral.\",\n \"This can be determined by a market research survery asking people whether they believe that a particular color is feminine, masculine, or neutral.\",\n \"The survey would be on a sample of adults in America who received their entire K-12 (kindergarten through grade 12) schooling in America, and the survey group composition being equally male and female in number.\",\n \"Examples of feminine colors include pink and pastel colors.\",\n \"The feminine color may be the predominant color of the vehicle (e.g.\",\n \"the base paint color) or may play a lesser role (e.g.\",\n \"part of the graphics).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the exterior of the vehicle displays an image of a female person (e.g.\",\n \"photo or illustration) or female character (e.g.\",\n \"cartoon drawing or figure, such as Tinker Bell).\",\n \"In some cases, the female person or character in the image is smiling.\",\n \"This may be useful in deterring hostile physical actions (e.g.\",\n \"vandalism) against the vehicle.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vehicle has an anti-graffiti surface provided by a specialized anti-graffiti coating, paint, film, etc.\",\n \"Speed Limit Because the vehicle may have a relatively smaller size, relatively weaker motor power, and/or relatively more unstable aerodynamics, the vehicle may travel at a relatively slower speed as compared to conventional passenger cars.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the speed of the vehicle is limited to a maximum allowable speed V (e.g.\",\n \"having a speed governor), with V being a value of 65 mph or less (e.g.\",\n \"V=57 mph or V=48 mph); in some cases, V being a value of 60 mph or less; in some cases, V being a value of 55 mph or less; in some cases, V being a value of 50 mph or less; in some cases, V being a value of 45 mph or less.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vehicle does not operate on roadways having a speed limit of 50 mph or greater; in some cases, on roadways having a speed limit of 55 mph or greater; in some cases, on roadways having a speed limit of 65 mph or greater (e.g.\",\n \"does not operate on interstate highways).\",\n \"However, because the vehicle is designed for traveling on conventional roadways, the vehicle is capable of maintaining speeds to keep pace with traffic.\",\n \"As such, in some cases, the vehicle is capable of traveling at speeds faster than 25 mph; and in some cases, faster than 35 mph; and in some cases, faster than 45 mph.\",\n \"Technical Problems The unmanned vehicle's control system may be programmed to monitor the condition of the vehicle.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the control system assesses technical problems being experienced by the vehicle, and if needed, the control system drives the vehicle to travel to a base facility (such as the nearest distribution facility, retail facility, or home base facility as will be described below) or to park itself (preferably at a safe place away from the flow of traffic).\",\n \"The vehicle may park at any suitable place, such as on the side of the road (e.g.\",\n \"on the shoulder), at an on-street parking site, or off-street parking site.\",\n \"Afterwards, the vehicle may standby and await the arrival of a recovery truck.\",\n \"The technical problems that can trigger this response may include one or more of: mechanical problem (e.g.\",\n \"flat tire), electrical problem (e.g.\",\n \"light beacon not working), electromechanical problem (e.g.\",\n \"electric motor malfunction), communication problem (e.g.\",\n \"loss of communication link), low battery charge, or low fuel.\",\n \"Detection and/or response to the problem may be performed autonomously or semi-autonomously (i.e.\",\n \"under a combination of human and autonomous control).\",\n \"For example, the vehicle may detect and assess the technical problem on its own and find safe parking on its own; or the problem may be assessed at the operations hub and the operations hub commands or guides the vehicle to a safe parking area; or some combination of these actions.\",\n \"In some embodiments, this response is triggered by the remaining battery charge falling below some threshold P, wherein P has a value in the range of 20% to zero (e.g.\",\n \"triggered when less than 17% battery charge remaining); in some cases, P has a value in the range of 15% to zero; in some cases, P has a value in the range of 10% to zero.\",\n \"In some embodiments, this response is triggered by the remaining amount of fuel falling below some threshold F, wherein F has a value in the range of 20% to zero (e.g.\",\n \"triggered when less than 18% fuel remaining); in some cases, F has a value in the range of 15% to zero; in some cases, F has a value in the range of 10% to zero.\",\n \"Surveillance System In some embodiments, the vehicle has a surveillance system that operates separately or in conjunction with the perception system.\",\n \"The surveillance system may share the same components as the perception system, such as using the same camera(s).\",\n \"The surveillance system is designed to counter hostile physical actions against the vehicle, such as vandalism.\",\n \"As such, the surveillance system may be operating during a time when the vehicle is not traveling or when the driving perception system is not active.\",\n \"For example, the surveillance system may be operating when the vehicle is parked.\",\n \"The surveillance system includes a multidirectional camera system that has one or more cameras for imaging in multiple directions.\",\n \"A variety of different configurations are possible for the camera system.\",\n \"For example, the camera system may have a single camera that can turn to different directions, or multiple cameras that are pointed in different directions.\",\n \"The cameras used may be the same or different from any cameras used in the perception system.\",\n \"The camera can be made to be easily visible or conspicuous to deter hostile physical actions against the vehicle (e.g.\",\n \"vandalism, theft, or aggressive driving against the vehicle).\",\n \"Warning Sign The vehicle may be the target of hostile physical actions, such as vandalism or other drivers on the road interfering with the operation of the vehicle (e.g.\",\n \"bump into it, nudge it, push if off the road, block its path, etc.).\",\n \"To deter this kind of hostile action, the vehicle may display an externally visible written warning notice.\",\n \"Examples of such warning notices include: “Vehicle Under Video Surveillance” or “Do Not Interfere with this Vehicle/Violators Will be Prosecuted.” Other methods for countering against hostile physical actions are also described herein.\",\n \"Communications Equipment The vehicle is equipped with radio communications equipment such as a receiver, transmitter, transceiver (e.g.\",\n \"cellular radio transceiver), and/or antenna.\",\n \"The radio communications equipment may be used for communicating with the operations hub and/or the customers.\",\n \"The radio communications equipment may operate via any suitable radio link such as a cellular network, WiFi, satellite, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"The radio communications equipment may be integrated with or in connection with the control system, surveillance system, and/or perception system of the vehicle.\",\n \"The vehicle may have audio and/or visual equipment to communicate with people standing near the vehicle.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vehicle has an external loudspeaker, external microphone, and/or external video display screen.\",\n \"These can be useful in a variety of circumstances.\",\n \"For example, the external loudspeaker can be used to talk with the delivery recipient or passerby, or to ward off vandals (e.g.\",\n \"“please step away from the vehicle”), or make requests (e.g.\",\n \"“please move out of the way”).\",\n \"The microphone can allow the delivery recipient or passerby to speak with someone at the operations hub for the vehicle.\",\n \"For example, if the vehicle is improperly parked, a policeman can speak into the microphone to ask the operations hub to move the vehicle; or for example, a bystander can ask the operations hub to move the vehicle because it is blocking the way.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vehicle has an electronic payment device (e.g.\",\n \"credit card reader, smartphone payment processor, etc.).\",\n \"In some cases, the electronic payment device is involved in unlocking or opening a cargo compartment door of the vehicle.\",\n \"For example, when the recipient makes a payment with the electronic payment device, the compartment door is unlocked so that the recipient can access the delivered item.\",\n \"Vehicle Suspension & Body Since the vehicle is not designed to carry passengers, the suspension design can be different from those typically used in contemporary passenger cars.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vehicle has a suspension that uses springs (e.g.\",\n \"coil, leaf, etc.\",\n \"), but no damping mechanism (e.g.\",\n \"no shock absorbers).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vehicle does not have a fully independent suspension system on all wheels.\",\n \"In such cases, only the front wheels, or only the rear wheels, or neither have an independent suspension.\",\n \"That is, the vehicle can have a suspension configuration with: (1) the front wheels are independently linked, but the rear wheels are dependently linked; (2) the rear wheels are independently linked, but the front wheels are dependently linked; (3) both the front and rear wheels are dependently linked.\",\n \"The vehicle may have 3-6 wheels.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vehicle is steered at both the front and rear wheels (e.g.\",\n \"4-wheel steering).\",\n \"This can allow crab steering to facilitate parallel parking curbside.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vehicle has wheels without separate tires, or has tires that are non-pneumatic (e.g.\",\n \"solid rubber tires or the Tweel made by Michelin) or semi-pneumatic.\",\n \"Semi-pneumatic tires have a hollow air-filled center, but the air is not pressurized.\",\n \"This feature can be useful in making the vehicle more resistant to vandalism (e.g.\",\n \"tire slashing).\",\n \"This feature can also be useful for reducing the maintenance cost of the vehicle.\",\n \"Also, since the vehicle is not designed to carry passengers, not being constrained by personal comfort considerations can lower the cost of the vehicle.\",\n \"Because the vehicle may be relatively lightweight, it may experience instability at higher travel speeds.\",\n \"Vehicle stability can be enhanced by aerodynamic design of the vehicle for reducing air turbulence around the vehicle, reducing aerodynamic lift, and/or produce downforce on the vehicle.\",\n \"Such designs can include shaping the vehicle body appropriately (e.g.\",\n \"a wedge shaped front), giving the vehicle a spoiler (to reduce turbulence and aerodynamic lift), and/or giving the vehicle a wing to produce downforce.\",\n \"Operations Hub Coordination of the delivery operations may be performed by an operations hub.\",\n \"To perform this, the operations hub may have personnel and equipment to remotely operate the vehicle, communicate with the vehicle (e.g.\",\n \"for sending commands, receiving monitoring information from the vehicle, etc.\",\n \"), and/or remotely monitor the vehicle.\",\n \"The operations hub can also communicate with any of the facilities described below (e.g.\",\n \"distribution facility, home base facility, local retail facility).\",\n \"Communications with the customer or recipient (sending and receiving) can be performed by operations hub or by the vehicle itself, and can be made via any suitable medium, such as through wired or wireless communication devices such as mobile phones, desktop computers, home control panel (for a home automation system), etc.\",\n \"The communications with the customer or recipient may be in the form of phone calls, voice messages, emails, text messages, message alerts, or any other suitable means of notification.\",\n \"The operations hub may be a single physical location or multiple physical locations that functionally work together.\",\n \"The operations hub may be physically and/or functionally combined or integrated with any of the facilities described below (e.g.\",\n \"distribution facility, home base facility, local retail facility), or it may be separate functionally and/or physically.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the person who remotely operates the unmanned vehicle has a driver's license in the state where the vehicle is being operated.\",\n \"The operations hub may be handling the operation of multiple unmanned ground vehicles.\",\n \"In some cases, the operations hub is in command of 10 or more vehicles; in some cases, 15 or more vehicles; in some cases, 25 or more vehicles.\",\n \"Vehicle Dimensions Because the vehicle should be large enough to carry cargo, the unmanned vehicle may have a dry (empty) weight of at least 450 lbs; in some cases, at least 550 lbs; in some cases, at least 700 lbs.\",\n \"But because the vehicle does not carry passengers, typical human comfort and safety features can be omitted, thus reducing the weight of the vehicle.\",\n \"As such, the unmanned vehicle may have a dry (empty) weight of less than 7,000 lbs; in some cases, less than 5,000 lbs.\",\n \"; in some cases, less than 3,000 lbs.\",\n \"; in some cases, less than 2,000 lbs.\",\n \"; in some cases, less than 1,500 lbs.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the unmanned vehicle has a wheelbase of at least 30 inches; in some cases, at least 40 inches; in some cases, at least 60 inches; in some cases, at least 75 inches.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the unmanned vehicle has a wheelbase of less than 210 inches; in some cases, less than 170 inches; in some cases, less than 150 inches; in some cases, less than 130 inches; in some cases, less than 105 inches.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the unmanned vehicle has a maximum payload capacity of at least 75 lbs; in some cases, at least 150 lbs; in some cases, at least 200 lbs; in some cases, at least 300 lbs; in some cases, at least 400 lbs; in some cases, at least 600 lbs; in some cases, at least 800 lbs.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the unmanned vehicle has a maximum payload capacity that is less than 2,000 lbs; in some cases, less than 1,500 lbs; in some cases, less than 1,200 lbs; in some cases, less than 900 lbs.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the unmanned vehicle has a total cargo volume of at least 20 cu ft; in some cases, at least 40 cu ft; in some cases, at least 60 cu ft; in some cases, at least 90 cu ft.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vehicle has a total cargo volume of less than 600 cu ft; in some cases, less than 400 cu ft; in some cases, less than 200 cu ft; in some cases, less than 100 cu ft.\",\n \"Examples of vehicle dimensions that may be suitable include those similar to the Smart™ electric minicar, 4-wheel all-terrain or sport utility vehicles (ATV), or golf carts.\",\n \"Since the unmanned ground vehicle is not designed to carry passengers, it can have a relatively narrower width.\",\n \"In some embodiments, both the front and rear track widths of the vehicle are narrower than 80 inches; in some cases, narrower than 75 inches; in some cases, narrower than 70 inches; in some cases, narrower than 65 inches; in some cases, narrower than 60 inches; in some cases, narrower than 55 inches; in some cases, narrower than 50 inches; in some cases, narrower than 45 inches; in some cases, narrower than 40 inches.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the main body of the unmanned vehicle has a height of less than 8 feet (not including projecting elements such as antennas, cameras, signal lights, perception apparatus, light beacons, or other accessory elements, etc.\",\n \"); in some cases, less than 7 feet; in some cases, less than 6 feet; in some cases, less than 5 feet 6 inches; in some cases, less than 5 feet.\",\n \"However, because the vehicle may be designed to allow recipients to easily access the delivered items without the need for special equipment, the height should not be too low.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the main body of the unmanned vehicle has a height of greater than 4 feet; in some cases, greater than 5 feet.\",\n \"Low Center of Gravity The vehicle can be made to have a relatively lower center of gravity (CoG) height.\",\n \"This feature can be useful for a variety of reasons, including improving vehicle stability while traveling or resisting tipping-over by vandals.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vehicle (unloaded and empty of fuel, if any required) has a CoG height of lower than 25 inches from the ground; in some cases, lower than 24 inches; in some cases, lower than 23 inches; in some cases, lower than 22 inches; in some cases, lower than 21 inches; in some cases, lower than 20 inches; in some cases, lower than 19 inches; in some cases, lower than 18 inches; in some cases, lower than 17 inches; in some cases, lower than 16 inches from the ground.\",\n \"The CoG height can be lowered by placement of batteries, electric drive motors, and other equipment closer to the ground level, or reducing the height of the vehicle.\",\n \"As such, in some embodiments, any batteries and/or electric drive motors of the vehicle are positioned beneath a cargo compartment or located at a level beneath a cargo compartment of the vehicle.\",\n \"Road Operating Equipment The unmanned vehicle also has equipment for operating on roadways.\",\n \"For example, the unmanned vehicle may have a signal light (e.g.\",\n \"turn signal light); brake light (on the rear); forward facing light (e.g.\",\n \"headlights or beam lights) for illumination when operating during nighttime or reduced visibility conditions; exterior light (e.g.\",\n \"navigation light, emergency light, hazard light, strobe light, flashing light, spinning light, etc.)\",\n \"and/or reflector to enhance the conspicuousness of the unmanned vehicle to others; illuminated license plate; etc.\",\n \"The unmanned vehicle may also be covered under liability insurance for personal injury and/or property damage.\",\n \"Cargo Compartment The unmanned vehicle has one or more compartments for holding delivery cargo.\",\n \"The compartments may be closed/locked and be opened/unlocked in a secure manner.\",\n \"For example, the compartments may be opened/unlocked remotely by the operations hub upon request by the recipient.\",\n \"In another example, the recipient may be given an access code (e.g.\",\n \"via a smartphone) and the vehicle has an external keypad for entering the access code.\",\n \"Entry of the correct access code will open/unlock the compartment.\",\n \"In another example, the compartments may be unlocked/opened by the recipient's personal electronic device such as a smartphone.\",\n \"In some embodiments, one or more of the compartments are designed for holding cold food items.\",\n \"For example, such cold compartments could be thermally-insulated (specifically designed for thermal insulation) and/or cooled.\",\n \"Temperature cooling can be provided in any suitable manner.\",\n \"For example, cooling could be provided by using refrigerant materials such as water ice, dry ice, or reusable cold packs (e.g.\",\n \"gel bags or bricks).\",\n \"In another example, cooling could be provided by electrical refrigeration.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vehicle has multiple separate cargo compartments that are individually accessible and/or lockable.\",\n \"This can allow the vehicle to make multiple deliveries to different recipients.\",\n \"For example, the vehicle can travel to one destination and deliver an item contained in one compartment, and then travel to another destination and deliver another item contained in a different compartment.\",\n \"The cargo compartment may also have lighting to enhance visibility for the user, which may be particularly useful for nighttime deliveries.\",\n \"The lighting may be activated by opening of the compartment door.\",\n \"The vehicle may also have a camera for monitoring inside the compartment(s).\",\n \"This can be useful for preventing theft or monitoring the security of the contents.\",\n \"For safety reasons, access to the cargo compartment (e.g.\",\n \"cargo door) may be located away from the side facing the street.\",\n \"For example, the cargo compartment access may be located only on the right side (with respect to the forward direction), top side, front side, and/or back side of the vehicle.\",\n \"In some cases, access to the cargo compartment is not located on the left side of the vehicle.\",\n \"Vehicle Power Source The unmanned vehicle may be propelled by any suitable power source, including conventional power sources such as gasoline or diesel, or alternative power sources such as battery-electric, natural gas, fuel cell, hybrid-electric, etc., or any combination thereof.\",\n \"Because the unmanned vehicle may be making mostly short trips, the unmanned vehicle may be powered by range-limited power sources, such as by electricity accumulator apparatus (e.g.\",\n \"batteries or capacitors).\",\n \"In some cases, the vehicle may be hybrid-powered, i.e.\",\n \"electrically-powered in combination with a fuel engine.\",\n \"In some cases, such electrically-powered vehicles may not have (omit) any apparatus for generating electricity from fuel (e.g.\",\n \"fuel cell or gasoline-powered generator).\",\n \"For example, the unmanned vehicle may draw all its motive power from electricity accumulators only (e.g.\",\n \"battery-only) and has no other source of motive power or electricity generation.\",\n \"The vehicle is propelled by one or more motors, which can be electric or fuel powered.\",\n \"Because the unmanned vehicle does not carry passengers and because it may be designed to be relatively lighter and relatively slower, the motor power of the vehicle may be relatively weaker compared to passenger cars.\",\n \"In this regard, the following embodiments are possible.\",\n \"In embodiments where the vehicle is propelled by electric motor(s) only and if the vehicle has only a single electric motor, in some cases, the rated maximum horsepower of the electric motor may be less than 90 hp; and in some cases, less than 75 hp; and in some cases, less than 60 hp.\",\n \"However, because the vehicle is designed for traveling on conventional roadways, the vehicle should have sufficient power to maintain a speed that keeps pace with traffic.\",\n \"As such, the rated maximum horsepower of the electric motor may be greater than 25 hp; and in some cases, greater than 35 hp.\",\n \"In embodiments where the vehicle is propelled by electric motor(s) only and if the vehicle has multiple electric motors (e.g.\",\n \"one on each of the front wheels), in some cases, the rated maximum horsepower of each electric motor may be less than 75 hp; and in some cases, less than 60 hp; and in some cases, less than 45 hp.\",\n \"However, because the vehicle is designed for traveling on conventional roadways, the vehicle should have sufficient power to maintain a speed that keeps pace with traffic.\",\n \"As such, the rated maximum horsepower of each electric motor may be greater than 15 hp; and in some cases, greater than 20 hp.\",\n \"In embodiments where the vehicle is propelled by a combination of an internal combustion motor and electric motor(s) (i.e.\",\n \"a hybrid-powered vehicle) and if the vehicle has only a single electric motor, in some cases, the rated maximum horsepower of the electric motor may be less than 60 hp; and in some cases, less than 45 hp; and in some cases, less than 30 hp.\",\n \"In embodiments where the vehicle is propelled by a combination of an internal combustion motor and electric motor(s) (i.e.\",\n \"a hybrid-powered vehicle) and if the vehicle has multiple electric motors, in some cases, the rated maximum horsepower of each electric motor may be less than 45 hp; and in some cases, less than 30 hp; and in some cases, less than 20 hp.\",\n \"In embodiments where the vehicle is propelled by an internal combustion motor (exclusively or in conjunction with an electric motor), a relatively smaller motor may be used as compared to passenger cars.\",\n \"In some cases, the internal combustion motor has only three cylinders, in some cases only two cylinders, in some cases only a single cylinder.\",\n \"The relatively smaller motor can also be characterized by its displacement volume.\",\n \"In some cases, the displacement volume of the internal combustion motor may be less than 900 cc; in some cases, less than 750 cc; in some cases, less than 600 cc.\",\n \"Unmanned Operation Not having a human operator on board, the unmanned vehicle is able to operate on roadways in ordinary conditions without any human control, i.e.\",\n \"autonomously.\",\n \"The unmanned vehicle operates fully autonomously or partly autonomously, i.e.\",\n \"under a combination of human and autonomous control.\",\n \"For example, although the vehicle may be fully capable of driving autonomously, this autonomous control may be supplemented by human control via remote-operation on a as-needed basis, such as for vehicle breakdown, changes in traffic patterns, road construction, road or lane closures, detours, traffic accidents, severe weather conditions, or some other unexpected disruption to roadway traveling conditions.\",\n \"Thus, any reference made herein about the unmanned vehicle traveling to various places means that the vehicle is driven at least partly in an autonomous manner.\",\n \"The unmanned vehicle is designed to carry cargo but not human passengers.\",\n \"Because the unmanned vehicle is not designed for onboard human presence, the vehicle may not have one or more of the following: seats for passengers, windows, seatbelts, airbags, climate control (e.g.\",\n \"heating or air conditioning), audio entertainment system, passenger doors, etc.\",\n \"Because the autonomous vehicle is designed to operate without a human driver inside the vehicle, the vehicle may not have (omit) one or more of the following: steering wheel, gear lever or selector, accelerator pedal, foot brake, speedometer, side view mirror, rear view mirror, glass windshield, windshield wiper, etc.\",\n \"Example Vehicle FIGS.\",\n \"1A-1C show an example of the unmanned ground vehicle of our invention.\",\n \"A flashing light beacon 30 is mounted on the roof of the main body 10.A perception apparatus 20 (here, a lidar apparatus) is mounted on top of the light beacon 30.The vehicle has a cargo compartment which can be accessed by opening the cargo door 12 (having hinges 15 and door handle 14).\",\n \"To unlock the cargo door 12, the customer enters the correct access code into the keypad 42.To improve visibility and safety, the vehicle also has a reflector stripe 16 and rear brake lights 44.The vehicle is also equipped with an audio loudspeaker 40 so that someone in the operations hub can speak with the delivery customer or bystanders.\",\n \"Uses of the Autonomous Unmanned Road Vehicle The autonomous unmanned road vehicle of our invention can be used in a variety of ways for making deliveries.\",\n \"The delivery destinations can be designated in any suitable manner to identify its location, such as GPS (global positioning system) coordinates, cellular network, and/or postal address as recognized by the postal service, emergency services (fire, ambulance, etc.\",\n \"), mapping agencies or firms, or courier services, etc.\",\n \"For example, a delivery destination may be designated as 1250 Main Street, Anytown, Mass.\",\n \"90210 (fictitious address).\",\n \"The delivery destinations can be specified in even more detail (e.g.\",\n \"a specific side of a corner or a specific side of a building).\",\n \"Non-limiting examples of delivery destinations include residences and businesses, such as restaurants, offices, retail stores, etc.\",\n \"The delivery is received by the recipient or customer, or someone on their behalf, such as a family member, friend, roommate, doorman, receptionist, etc.\",\n \"Because the items may be delivered without assistance, in some embodiments, the weight of each single item (e.g.\",\n \"a parcel) or bundled item (e.g.\",\n \"a shopping bag or box filled with grocery items), which is intended to be carried as a unit, may be relatively light such that they can be lifted or picked-up without assistance.\",\n \"In some cases, each single or bundled item being delivered weighs less than 90 lbs; in some cases, less than 75 lbs; in some cases, less than 50 lbs; in some cases, less than 25 lbs; in some cases, less than 20 lbs.\",\n \"A.\",\n \"Delivery of Packages In one embodiment, the unmanned vehicle can be used for delivering packages (e.g.\",\n \"boxes, parcels, envelopes, shipments, mail items, letters, etc.)\",\n \"that are destined for multiple (two or more) delivery destinations.\",\n \"This can be useful in situations where the recipient is not present at the delivery destination when the delivery is ready to be made.\",\n \"As such, the recipient can request delivery upon demand.\",\n \"Our invention can be particularly useful in making deliveries to residences (i.e.\",\n \"the delivery destinations are peoples' homes).\",\n \"For example, the recipient may not be able to receive their package until they return home from work, but can request delivery after they arrive home from work.\",\n \"The residences may be located in an area that is zoned for residential use.\",\n \"Because the packages may be delivered to the recipient without assistance, in some embodiments, the packages for delivery may be limited to those that are relatively lighter such that they can be lifted or picked-up without assistance.\",\n \"In some cases, each of the packages are less than 90 lbs in weight; in some cases, less than 75 lbs in weight; in some cases, less than 50 lbs in weight.\",\n \"Distribution Facility At a distribution facility, one or more packages for delivery are loaded onto the unmanned vehicle.\",\n \"The distribution facility can be any facility that provides a place to receive packages and load them onto the unmanned vehicle.\",\n \"Non-limiting examples of distribution facilities include warehouses, distribution centers, sorting facilities, loading facilities, processing facilities, transportation facilities, etc.\",\n \"Other examples of distribution facilities that can be used by our invention are further described below.\",\n \"The distribution facility may further be involved in receiving, sorting, storing, and/or processing packages.\",\n \"The distribution facility may be combined or integrated with an operations hub.\",\n \"The distribution facilities referred to herein can be part of a larger distribution network.\",\n \"Regional and Local Distribution Facilities In certain embodiments, our invention uses one or more regional distribution facilities that each distribute packages to multiple (two or more) local distribution facilities, each of which serves a delivery zone with multiple delivery destinations.\",\n \"At a regional distribution facility, the packages are loaded onto a transport vehicle for delivery to a local distribution facility.\",\n \"The vehicle used in this transport phase may be any conventional ground vehicle and does not have to be an unmanned vehicle.\",\n \"The transport vehicle then travels to the local distribution facility, which is responsible for delivering the packages to their delivery destinations.\",\n \"At the local distribution facility, the transport vehicle may wait without unloading or unload the packages destined for the delivery destinations served by the local distribution facility.\",\n \"The local distribution facility is connected to the delivery destinations via paved roadways.\",\n \"To provide timely on-demand delivery, the local distribution facility is generally located close to the delivery destinations.\",\n \"In some embodiments, all the delivery destinations served by the local distribution facility are within a 10 mile radius of the local distribution facility; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.\",\n \"In some embodiments, at least 85% of the delivery destinations served by the local distribution facility are within a 10 mile radius of the local distribution facility; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.\",\n \"In some cases, the local distribution facility is dedicated solely for the delivery service.\",\n \"But in other cases, the local distribution facility may be located at a business facility that operates a different type of business (other than the delivery service), such as a retail store, office building, gas station, parking garage or parking lot, or school.\",\n \"For example, the delivery service may be operated out of a back room, on the parking lot, or from the back alley of the business facility.\",\n \"Examples of retail stores where the local distribution facility could be located include grocery store, supermarket, warehouse store, department store, convenience store, variety store, drug or pharmacy store, electronics store, restaurant, office supply store, hardware or building supply store, etc.\",\n \"This is a useful feature because many retail stores already exist in close proximity to residential areas (e.g.\",\n \"neighborhood grocery stores).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the local distribution facility is located at an already-established business facility that has been modified to also operate the delivery service but continues to operate the already-existing business (e.g.\",\n \"by remodeling, renovation, or other modification of the premises such that it can continue the already-operating business).\",\n \"For example, a back room or area of a retail store (e.g.\",\n \"grocery store or convenience store) could be converted or renovated to operate the delivery service.\",\n \"In another example, the parking lot of a shopping center could be equipped to hold and maintain a fleet of unmanned vehicles, along with other equipment, personnel, and/or housing to operate the delivery service.\",\n \"In cases where the local distribution facility is located at a business facility that also operates a different type of business, there may be some employee staff who are dedicated to the delivery service (e.g.\",\n \"maintaining or operating the vehicles).\",\n \"However, it may also be possible to have employee(s) who work both the other business operations and also the delivery service.\",\n \"As such, in some cases, the business facility operates with at least one employee in at least one work shift working in both the other business operation and the delivery service; and in some cases, at least three employees in at least one work shift who work in this manner.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the local distribution facility is located in an area that is zoned for commercial, industrial, and/or mixed residential-commercial use.\",\n \"In some embodiments, there is a residential area or an area that is zoned for residential use located within a 6 mile radius of the local distribution facility; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.\",\n \"This can be a useful feature because many deliveries may be made to residences.\",\n \"In some cases, the local distribution facility has a covered garage for storing the vehicle(s) when not in use (e.g.\",\n \"during idle time or overnight).\",\n \"Because the regional distribution facility does not necessarily provide on-demand delivery, it can generally be located farther away from the delivery destinations served by the local distribution facility.\",\n \"In some embodiments, all the delivery destinations served by the local distribution facility are outside a 1 mile radius of the regional distribution facility; in some cases, outside a 3 mile radius; in some cases, outside a 6 mile radius.\",\n \"In some embodiments, at least 85% of the delivery destinations served by the local distribution facility are outside a 1 mile radius of the regional distribution facility; in some cases, outside a 3 mile radius; in some cases, outside a 6 mile radius.\",\n \"These statistical parameters may be applicable to a particular regional distribution facility, a particular local distribution facility, or system-wide.\",\n \"That is, infringement of our patent may occur at the level of the particular regional distribution facility, local distribution facility, or system-wide.\",\n \"The recipients are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.\",\n \"This notification may occur at any suitable time point, such as after the packages arrive at the local distribution facility.\",\n \"This notification to the recipients may be performed by the operations hub.\",\n \"After receiving this notification, a recipient can request delivery of their package(s) (e.g.\",\n \"by replying back to the ready notification).\",\n \"This delivery request is received at the local distribution facility (e.g.\",\n \"via the operations hub) and the requested package(s) is loaded onto an unmanned ground vehicle.\",\n \"If multiple delivery requests are received, the packages for the multiple requests may be loaded.\",\n \"The unmanned vehicle is then sent to the recipient's delivery destination.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicle travels, being driven at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the recipient's delivery destination via a paved roadway.\",\n \"To confirm the recipient's request, the recipient may be notified (e.g.\",\n \"by the operations hub) that the requested package(s) is on its way.\",\n \"This notification may occur at any suitable time point, such as when the package(s) is loaded onto the unmanned vehicle or when the vehicle is in transit to the delivery destination.\",\n \"Because the unmanned vehicle is expected to make deliveries through multiple round trips as demanded, for each excursion from the local distribution facility, the vehicle carries less than the total number of packages to be delivered for all the delivery destinations being served by that local distribution facility.\",\n \"For example, considering a hypothetical situation in which the local distribution facility has to deliver a total of 28 packages for delivery to 25 delivery destinations, the vehicle may end up making 20 round trips to make these deliveries, and for each round trip, carry the package(s) for only one or two delivery destinations.\",\n \"In some embodiments, for each excursion from the local distribution facility to make a delivery(s), the vehicle visits only two delivery destinations or fewer before returning back to the local distribution facility; in some cases, visits only three delivery destinations or fewer; in some cases, visits only four delivery destinations or fewer.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 shows an example of how the our invention can be implemented.\",\n \"At a regional distribution facility 60, a conventional delivery truck 62 is loaded with packages that are destined for multiple residential delivery destinations (▴).\",\n \"After loading, the truck 62 travels to local distribution facility 70.Here, the packages destined for delivery zone X are unloaded.\",\n \"All the delivery destinations in delivery zone X are within a 6 mile radius of the local distribution facility 70.After unloading the packages at local distribution facility 70, the truck 62 then travels to local distribution facility 72 to drop-off their packages.\",\n \"The operations hub notifies the package recipients that their packages are ready for delivery to their delivery destinations.\",\n \"When a recipient in delivery zone X requests a delivery (e.g.\",\n \"upon returning home from work), the recipient's package(s) is loaded into an unmanned ground vehicle 74 at local distribution facility 70.On command, the unmanned vehicle 74 then travels to the recipient's delivery destination in delivery zone X.\",\n \"In transit, the operations hub notifies the recipient that the package is on its way.\",\n \"When the unmanned delivery vehicle 74 arrives at the delivery destination, the operations hub notifies the recipient that the package has arrived and provides an access code for opening the cargo compartment of the unmanned delivery vehicle.\",\n \"When the recipient enters the correct access code (e.g.\",\n \"on an external keypad on the unmanned vehicle), the cargo door is unlocked.\",\n \"The recipient picks-up the package and closes the cargo door.\",\n \"The recipient presses a button on the unmanned vehicle indicating that the package delivery is completed.\",\n \"With this, the unmanned vehicle 74 makes another delivery or returns to the local distribution facility 70.Delivery to a recipient in delivery zone Y can be made in the same manner, using an unmanned ground vehicle 76 sent from local distribution facility 72.Waiting Areas In certain embodiments, our invention uses a waiting area where the unmanned vehicle can park while it awaits its next delivery request (e.g.\",\n \"in between deliveries).\",\n \"At a base distribution facility (e.g.\",\n \"a local distribution facility), the unmanned ground vehicle is loaded with multiple packages to be delivered to multiple delivery destinations.\",\n \"With the packages loaded, the unmanned vehicle leaves the base distribution facility and drives, at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the waiting area (although it may first make a delivery(s) before arriving at the waiting area).\",\n \"The unmanned vehicle parks at the waiting area and awaits a command to make the next delivery.\",\n \"The waiting area is a location that is a short distance away from the delivery destinations so that deliveries can be made on-demand.\",\n \"In some embodiments, all the delivery destinations being served by the unmanned vehicle are within a 10 mile radius of the waiting area; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.\",\n \"In some embodiments, at least 85% of the delivery destinations being served by the unmanned vehicle are within a 10 mile radius of the waiting area; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.\",\n \"These statistical parameters may be applicable to a particular base facility or system-wide.\",\n \"That is, infringement of our patent may occur at the level of the particular base facility or system-wide.\",\n \"Any suitable location where the unmanned vehicle can temporarily park can serve as the waiting area.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the waiting area can be an on-street parking site (e.g.\",\n \"curbside parking) and/or an off-street parking site such as a parking structure, surface parking lot, or even a residential garage or driveway (with the owner's authorization).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the waiting area is located at a business facility that operates a different type of business (other than the delivery service) as explained above, such as a retail store.\",\n \"For example, the waiting area can be in the parking lot of a grocery store.\",\n \"In cases where the waiting area is located at a business facility, there may be some employee staff who are dedicated to the delivery service (e.g.\",\n \"maintaining or operating the vehicles).\",\n \"However, it may also be possible to have employee(s) who work both the other business operations and also the delivery service.\",\n \"As such, in some cases, the business facility operates with at least one employee in at least one work shift working in both the other business operation and the delivery service; and in some cases, at least three employees in at least one work shift who work in this manner.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the waiting area has equipment and/or personnel for maintaining the unmanned vehicle (e.g.\",\n \"recharging equipment, refueling equipment, repair equipment, tow truck or recovery truck, security guards to guard over the vehicles, repair personnel, etc.).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the waiting area is located in an area that is zoned for commercial, industrial, and/or mixed residential-commercial use.\",\n \"There may be more than one waiting area available for serving the delivery destinations.\",\n \"For example, after making a delivery, the closest of several predetermined waiting areas may be selected.\",\n \"But the waiting area(s) does not necessarily have to be pre-determined.\",\n \"For example, a waiting area may be found on an ad hoc basis (e.g.\",\n \"if the usual waiting area is not available).\",\n \"In another example, after making a delivery, that delivery destination or somewhere close may be made as the current waiting area.\",\n \"The recipients are notified that their packages are ready for delivery.\",\n \"This notification may occur at any suitable time point, such as after the packages are loaded onto the unmanned delivery vehicle or when the unmanned vehicle arrives at the waiting area.\",\n \"This notification to the recipients may be performed by the operations hub.\",\n \"After receiving this notification, a recipient can request delivery of the package(s) (e.g.\",\n \"by replying back to the ready notification).\",\n \"The operations hub sends a command to the unmanned vehicle to make the requested delivery.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicle then travels, being driven at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the recipient's delivery destination via a paved roadway.\",\n \"To confirm the recipient's request, the recipient may be notified (e.g.\",\n \"by the operations hub) that the requested package(s) is on its way.\",\n \"This notification may occur at any suitable time point, such as when the vehicle is in transit to the delivery destination.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7 shows another example of how the our invention can be implemented.\",\n \"At a base distribution facility 80, unmanned ground vehicles 82 and 84 are loaded with packages that are destined for multiple residential delivery destinations (▴) within their assigned delivery zones A and B.\",\n \"After loading, the unmanned vehicles are sent on their way to their respective delivery zones A and B.\",\n \"Each vehicle travels to its respective waiting area (X) and parks there, awaiting a command to make a delivery.\",\n \"Alternatively, the vehicle may make a delivery(s) before traveling to the waiting area.\",\n \"All the delivery destinations being served by the unmanned vehicle for that particular excursion are within a 6 mile radius of the waiting area (X).\",\n \"Although FIG.\",\n \"7 shows the waiting area being within the delivery zone, this does not have to be the case.\",\n \"For example, the delivery zone may be a residential area, but the waiting area may be located in a commercial zone that is adjacent to the residential area.\",\n \"In transit, the operations hub notifies the package recipients that their packages are ready for delivery to their delivery destinations.\",\n \"When a recipient in delivery zone A requests a delivery (e.g.\",\n \"upon returning home from work), the operations hub sends a command to the unmanned vehicle 82 for delivery zone A to make that delivery.\",\n \"The unmanned vehicle 82 departs from the waiting area and travels to the delivery destination.\",\n \"In transit to the recipient's delivery destination, the operations hub notifies the recipient that the package is on its way.\",\n \"When the unmanned delivery vehicle 82 arrives at the delivery destination, the operations hub notifies the recipient that the package has arrived and provides an access code for opening the cargo compartment of the unmanned delivery vehicle.\",\n \"When the recipient enters the correct access code (e.g.\",\n \"on an external keypad on the unmanned vehicle), the cargo door is unlocked.\",\n \"The recipient picks-up the package and closes the cargo door.\",\n \"The recipient presses a button on the unmanned vehicle indicating that the package delivery is completed.\",\n \"With this, the unmanned vehicle 82 makes another delivery or returns to the waiting area.\",\n \"Delivery to a recipient in delivery zone B can be made in the same manner using unmanned ground vehicle 84.General Embodiment In certain embodiments, our invention may be considered more generally as a method of transporting packages that are destined for multiple delivery destinations using an unmanned ground vehicle.\",\n \"The packages are transported from a first location to a second (intermediate) location.\",\n \"Examples of first locations include regional distribution facilities and base distribution facilities as described above (e.g.\",\n \"a local distribution facility); examples of intermediate locations include local distribution facilities and waiting areas as described above.\",\n \"(Note that a local distribution facility can be considered a first location or an intermediate location, depending upon the overall configuration of the delivery network.)\",\n \"The intermediate location is connected with the delivery destinations via paved roadways.\",\n \"In some embodiments, all the delivery destinations are within a 10 mile radius of the intermediate location; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.\",\n \"In some embodiments, at least 85% of the delivery destinations are within a 10 mile radius of the intermediate location; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.\",\n \"These statistical parameters may be applicable to a particular first location, particular intermediate location, or system-wide.\",\n \"That is, infringement of our patent may occur at the level of the particular first location, particular intermediate location, or system-wide.\",\n \"In some embodiments, all the delivery destinations are outside a 1 mile radius of the first location; in some cases, outside a 3 mile radius; in some cases, outside a 6 mile radius.\",\n \"In some embodiments, at least 85% of the delivery destinations are outside a 1 mile radius of the first location; in some cases, outside a 3 mile radius; in some cases, outside a 6 mile radius.\",\n \"These statistical parameters may be applicable to a particular first location or system-wide.\",\n \"That is, infringement of our patent may occur at the level of the particular first location or system-wide.\",\n \"The method comprises notifying the recipients that their packages are ready for delivery.\",\n \"After receiving this notification, a recipient may communicate a request notification requesting delivery of their package to the delivery destination.\",\n \"In response to the delivery request, an unmanned ground vehicle that is loaded with the package(s) is sent from an intermediate location to the recipient's delivery destination on a paved roadway.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicle travels, being driven at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the recipient's delivery destination via a paved roadway.\",\n \"The recipient is notified that their package has arrived or will be arriving.\",\n \"After making the delivery, the unmanned ground vehicle makes another delivery or is driven, at least partly in an autonomous manner, on a paved roadway back to the intermediate location.\",\n \"Delivery Performance Because the second (intermediate) location is located close to the recipient's delivery destination, our invention can provide on-demand delivery in a timely manner.\",\n \"In some embodiments, greater than 50% of the deliveries arrive at the recipient's delivery destination within 45 minutes of the delivery request; and in some cases, greater than 75% (as applied to a particular first location and/or system-wide).\",\n \"Whereas in conventional delivery methods the recipient often must accommodate to the delivery schedule, our delivery method allows the deliveries to be made at a time convenient for the recipient.\",\n \"For example, many working people are not at home during the workday.\",\n \"Our invention can offer the convenience of receiving a package during after-work hours.\",\n \"While at work, the recipient may receive a notification that a package has arrived and is ready for delivery.\",\n \"When the recipient returns home, they can request delivery of the package to their home.\",\n \"As such, in some embodiments, at least 50% of the weekday deliveries to residences are made between the hours of 3 pm to 11 pm (as applied to a particular first location and/or system-wide); in some cases, at least 70% of the weekday deliveries as aforementioned.\",\n \"B.\",\n \"Delivery of Retail Goods In this embodiment, our invention provides another method of delivering retail goods to customers using an unmanned ground vehicle.\",\n \"A variety of different types of retail goods can be delivered using our method.\",\n \"For example, the retail goods may be food products (e.g.\",\n \"groceries or prepared meals); consumables (e.g.\",\n \"baby care, medicines, personal care products, health care products, beauty care products, household products, cleaning supplies, clothing/apparel, etc.\",\n \"); and/or durable goods (e.g.\",\n \"electronics, appliances, hardware supplies, etc.).\",\n \"Such retail goods may be found in retail stores such as grocery stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, warehouse stores, department stores, convenience stores, variety stores, drug or pharmacy stores, electronics stores, restaurants, etc.\",\n \"Purchase Order A purchase order is received from a customer.\",\n \"The purchase order includes one or more purchased items to be delivered to the customer at a designated delivery destination.\",\n \"The customer can make the purchase order in any suitable manner, such using a wired or wireless communication devices (e.g.\",\n \"mobile phones), desktop computers, home control panel (for a home automation system), etc.\",\n \"The purchase order can be made through any suitable type of interface, such as website with a browser, specialized programs (e.g.\",\n \"smartphone apps), telephone menu, an automated home inventory system, etc.\",\n \"For example, the purchase order can be placed through the Internet using a smartphone.\",\n \"Local Retail Facility The purchase order is received by and/or transmitted to a local retail facility that serves end-user/consumer customers, i.e.\",\n \"stocks products that are packaged in a manner intended for the end-user/consumer.\",\n \"The local retail facility is connected to the customer's delivery destination via paved roadways.\",\n \"To provide timely on-demand delivery, the local retail facility is generally located close to the customer's delivery destination.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the local retail facility is located within a 10 mile radius of the customer's delivery destination; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.\",\n \"In some embodiments, there is a residential area or an area that is zoned for residential use located within a 6 mile radius of the local retail facility; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.\",\n \"This can be a useful feature because many deliveries may be made to residences.\",\n \"Delivery Packaging At the local retail facility, the item(s) in the customer's purchase order are collected and placed into one or more delivery packaging that are designated for that customer's purchase order.\",\n \"The delivery packaging may be disposable or reusable, and may take any suitable form such as paper or plastic bags, cardboard boxes, cartons, plastic containers, etc.\",\n \"There may be delivery packaging of different types, shapes, sizes, etc., to accommodate different types of merchandise or different quantities of merchandise.\",\n \"For example, non-perishable goods may be put into disposable paper bags and perishable food products may be put into reusable insulated plastic containers.\",\n \"Depending upon the type and quantity of merchandise in the purchase order, the purchased items may be held in multiple delivery packaging.\",\n \"Different packaging may used together.\",\n \"For example, multiple paper bags may be put into a larger plastic container.\",\n \"Some purchased items may be too large or bulky to place into a delivery packaging.\",\n \"Such items may be held as loose items while waiting to be loaded onto the delivery vehicle.\",\n \"Because the purchased items may be delivered without assistance, in some embodiments, the total weight of each packaging holding the purchased item(s) may be relatively light such that they can be lifted or picked-up without assistance.\",\n \"In some cases, each of the loaded delivery packaging weighs less than 50 lbs; in some cases, less than 25 lbs; in some cases, less than 20 lbs.\",\n \"The customer's purchase order may include cold food products (e.g.\",\n \"cooled, refrigerated, frozen, or perishable), such as produce, frozen foods, milk, fruit juices, meats, cheese, dairy, eggs, etc.\",\n \"To maintain freshness while waiting to be loaded onto the delivery vehicle, packaging holding cold food items could be stored in a cooled space at the local retail facility, such as a refrigerator or freezer.\",\n \"For example, they could be stored in a large commercial refrigerator or a refrigerated room such as a walk-in cooler, refrigerator, or freezer.\",\n \"Alternatively or in combination, cold food items could be placed into special delivery containers that are thermally-insulated (specifically designed for thermal insulation) and/or cooled.\",\n \"Temperature cooling can be provided in any suitable manner.\",\n \"For example, cooling could be provided by using refrigerant materials such as water ice, dry ice, or reusable cold packs (e.g.\",\n \"gel bags or bricks).\",\n \"In another example, cooling could be provided by electrical refrigeration.\",\n \"Walk-In Retail Store In some cases, the local retail facility is specialized solely for delivery service of the retail goods (similar to a warehouse).\",\n \"But in other cases, the local retail facility may operate as both a conventional walk-in retail store and a delivery service.\",\n \"Examples of walk-in retail stores include grocery stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, warehouse stores, department stores, convenience stores, variety stores, drug or pharmacy stores, electronics stores, restaurants, office supply store, hardware or building supply store, etc.\",\n \"For example, the delivery service may be operated out of one or more back rooms or areas of the walk-in retail store.\",\n \"The inventory of merchandise for the walk-in retail store may also be used to supply the delivery service.\",\n \"In some cases, the local retail facility is an already-established conventional walk-in retail store that has been modified to also operate the delivery service but continues to operate the already-existing business (e.g.\",\n \"by remodeling, renovation, or other modification of the premises such that it can continue the already-operating business).\",\n \"For example, one or more back rooms or areas of the walk-in retail store could be converted or renovated to operate the delivery service.\",\n \"This is a useful feature because many retail stores already exist in close proximity to residential areas (e.g.\",\n \"neighborhood grocery stores).\",\n \"In cases where the local retail facility operates as both a conventional walk-in retail store and a delivery service, there may be some employee staff who are dedicated to the delivery service (e.g.\",\n \"maintaining or operating the vehicles).\",\n \"However, it may also be possible to have employee(s) who work both the walk-in retail store and also the delivery service.\",\n \"As such, in some cases, the local retail facility operates with at least one employee in at least one work shift working in both the walk-in retail store and the delivery service; and in some cases, at least three employees in at least one work shift who work in this manner.\",\n \"Delivery The customer is notified when their purchase order is ready for delivery.\",\n \"The purchase order is ready for delivery and now awaits a delivery request from the customer.\",\n \"When the customer's delivery request is received, the package(s) containing the customer's purchase order are loaded into an unmanned ground vehicle.\",\n \"The unmanned ground vehicle is not the possession of the customer.\",\n \"Some other party, such as the local retail facility, has legal possession of the unmanned ground vehicle (e.g.\",\n \"owns, leases, or through other contractual arrangement).\",\n \"In some cases, the local retail facility has a vehicle bay where the unmanned ground vehicle(s) is parked while being loaded.\",\n \"Because the unmanned vehicle may have a lower height than conventional delivery trucks, in some cases, the vehicle bay has a clearance height (e.g.\",\n \"ceiling height) of less than 15 feet; in some cases, less than 12 feet; in some cases, less than 10 feet of clearance height.\",\n \"In some cases, the local retail facility has a covered garage for storing the vehicle(s) when not in use (e.g.\",\n \"during idle time or overnight).\",\n \"The unmanned vehicle is then sent to the customer's delivery destination.\",\n \"The unmanned vehicle travels, being driven at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the delivery destination via a paved roadway.\",\n \"To confirm the customer's delivery request, the customer may be notified (e.g.\",\n \"by the operations hub) that the delivery is on its way.\",\n \"This notification may occur at any suitable time point, such as when the goods are loaded onto the unmanned vehicle or when the vehicle is in transit to the delivery destination.\",\n \"In some cases, one or more of the packaging used for making the delivery is reusable and intended to be returned to the local retail facility.\",\n \"For example, the container holding the cold food items may be designed for reuse.\",\n \"The recipient removes the container from the vehicle and unpacks it (e.g.\",\n \"move the cold food items into the refrigerator).\",\n \"During this time, the vehicle will stand-by until the container is returned to the vehicle.\",\n \"Delivery Performance Because the local retail facility is located close to the customer's delivery destination and the customer's purchase order is prepared before the delivery request, our invention can provide on-demand delivery in a timely manner.\",\n \"In some embodiments, greater than 50% of the purchase orders made by the customers arrive at the delivery destination within 45 minutes of the customers' delivery request; and in some cases, greater than 75% (as applied to a particular local retail facility and/or system-wide).\",\n \"Whereas in conventional delivery methods the customer often must accommodate to the delivery schedule, our delivery method allows the deliveries to be made at a time convenient for the customer.\",\n \"For example, for many customers, receiving deliveries at home after work hours is more convenient.\",\n \"In some embodiments of our invention, greater than 50% of the weekday (Monday-Friday) deliveries are made in the hours of 3 pm to 11 pm; in some cases, greater than 70% (as applied to a particular local retail facility and/or system-wide).\",\n \"Our method can provide same day delivery with high reliability.\",\n \"In some cases, greater than 75% of the purchase orders received between the hours of 7 am to 3 pm are delivered the same day; in some cases, greater than 90% of the purchase orders received between the hours of 7 am to 3 pm are delivered the same day (as applied to a particular local retail facility and/or system-wide).\",\n \"Because our method uses unmanned delivery vehicles, a high volume of deliveries can be made.\",\n \"In some cases, a local retail facility makes an average of 25 purchase order deliveries per day; in some cases, an average of 60 per day; in some cases, an average of 125 per day.\",\n \"Our invention can be useful in situations where the customer will not be present at the delivery destination when the delivery is ready to be sent.\",\n \"For example, many working people are not at home during the workday.\",\n \"Our invention can offer the convenience of making a purchase order in the morning or afternoon hours (e.g.\",\n \"at their workplace).\",\n \"When they return home, they can request delivery of the purchased goods to their homes.\",\n \"As such, in some embodiments, at least 35% of the weekday purchase orders for delivery to residences are made between the hours of 7 am to 5 pm, and at least 50% of the weekday deliveries to residences (same day as purchase order) are made between the hours of 3 pm to 11 pm (as applied to a particular local retail facility and/or system-wide); in some cases, at least 50% of the weekday purchase orders and at least 70% of the weekday deliveries as aforementioned.\",\n \"Our invention can offer the convenience of making a purchase order on the night prior for on-demand delivery the next day.\",\n \"As such, in some embodiments, at least 15% of the purchase orders for delivery to residences the next day are made between the overnight hours of 5 pm to 12 midnight (as applied to a particular local retail facility and/or system-wide); in some cases, at least 25% of the purchase orders as aforementioned.\",\n \"Example Embodiment FIGS.\",\n \"8-10 show an example of how our invention might be implemented.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8 shows the back of a supermarket store (perspective view).\",\n \"The front of the store is a conventional walk-in supermarket store.\",\n \"There is a vehicle bay 90 where the unmanned delivery vehicle can be parked.\",\n \"Employees load the delivery vehicle through the service doors 92.FIG.\",\n \"9 shows another view of the back of the supermarket (elevation view with see-through).\",\n \"Multiple customer purchase orders have been received.\",\n \"The employees have collected the purchased items and put them into delivery packaging (for customer order #1, #2, and so on).\",\n \"Some of the purchased items are cold food items.\",\n \"These are put into thermally-insulated plastic containers 102 and stored in a refrigerated room 100 (e.g.\",\n \"walk-in refrigerator).\",\n \"Non-perishable items are put into disposable cardboard boxes 104 and kept at ambient temperatures.\",\n \"The customers have been notified that their purchase orders are ready for delivery to the designated destinations.\",\n \"The unmanned delivery vehicle 96 is parked in the vehicle bay 90 awaiting a delivery request.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"10, the customer for purchase order #4 has requested delivery to the customer's home.\",\n \"Store employees load purchase order #4 into the delivery vehicle 96.The insulated container for order #4 is loaded into the cold compartment 106 of the vehicle (bottom), which itself is thermally-insulated and electrically refrigerated.\",\n \"The cardboard boxes holding the non-perishable items are loaded into the top compartment (no temperature control).\",\n \"After loading, the delivery vehicle 96 is sent on its way to the customer's home.\",\n \"In transit to the delivery destination, the customer is notified that the delivery is on its way.\",\n \"When the unmanned delivery vehicle 96 arrives at the delivery destination, the customer is notified that the delivery vehicle has arrived and is given an access code for opening the cargo compartment of the unmanned delivery vehicle.\",\n \"When the customer enters the correct access code (e.g.\",\n \"on an external keypad on the unmanned vehicle), the cargo door is unlocked.\",\n \"The customer picks-up the delivery packaging and takes them inside home.\",\n \"After unpacking the cold food items in the insulated container, the customer returns the insulated container into the cold compartment of the vehicle and closes the cargo door.\",\n \"The customer then presses a button on the unmanned vehicle indicating that the delivery is completed.\",\n \"With this, the unmanned vehicle returns to the supermarket or makes more deliveries.\",\n \"C. Taxi Delivery Service This embodiment of our invention contemplates the use of an autonomous unmanned road vehicle to transport items from a sender to a recipient.\",\n \"The sender makes a request for a delivery vehicle (like a request for a taxi) to pick-up an item for delivery to a recipient at a designated delivery location.\",\n \"Home Base Facility In this embodiment, the invention uses a home base facility that serves as a place where a fleet of unmanned ground vehicles is kept and maintained.\",\n \"The home base facility can be any suitable facility where the vehicles can be maintained, stored, house equipment or personnel involved in the delivery service, and/or house communication equipment for operating the delivery service, etc.\",\n \"The home base facility may have personnel and equipment for maintaining the unmanned vehicles, such as battery recharging equipment, replacement batteries, replacement parts, fuel and fueling equipment, repair tools and equipment, etc.\",\n \"The home base facility may also have a recovery truck (e.g.\",\n \"tow truck or carrier truck) to be dispatched to recover or repair an unmanned vehicle if it experiences problems (e.g.\",\n \"loss of battery power, breakdown, traffic collision, vandalism, etc.).\",\n \"In some cases, the home base facility is dedicated solely for the taxi delivery service.\",\n \"But in other cases, the home base may be located at a business facility that operates a different type of business (other than the delivery service), such as a retail store, office building, gas station, parking garage or parking lot, or school.\",\n \"For example, the delivery service may be operated out of a back room, on the parking lot, or from the back alley of the business facility.\",\n \"Examples of retail stores where the home base facility could be located include grocery store, supermarket, warehouse store, department store, convenience store, variety store, drug or pharmacy store, electronics store, restaurant, office supply store, hardware or building supply store, etc.\",\n \"This is a useful feature because many retail stores already exist in close proximity to residential areas (e.g.\",\n \"neighborhood grocery stores).\",\n \"The facility for the home base does not have to be newly constructed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the home base is located at an already-established business facility that has been modified to also operate the delivery service but continues to operate the already-existing business (e.g.\",\n \"by remodeling, renovation, or other modification of the premises such that it can continue the already-operating business).\",\n \"For example, a back room or area of a retail store (e.g.\",\n \"grocery store or convenience store) could be converted or renovated to operate the delivery service.\",\n \"In another example, the parking lot of a shopping center could be equipped to hold and maintain a fleet of unmanned vehicles, along with other equipment, personnel, and/or housing to operate the delivery service.\",\n \"In cases where the home base facility is located at a business facility that also operates a different type of business, there may be some employee staff who are dedicated to the delivery service (e.g.\",\n \"maintaining or operating the vehicles).\",\n \"However, it may also be possible to have employee(s) who work both the other business operations and also the delivery service.\",\n \"As such, in some cases, the business facility operates with at least one employee in at least one work shift working in both the other business operation and the delivery service; and in some cases, at least three employees in at least one work shift who work in this manner.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the home base facility is located in an area that is zoned for commercial, industrial, and/or mixed residential-commercial use.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the home base facility is located within 6 miles from a residential area, or land that is zoned for residential use, or a residential building (e.g.\",\n \"condominium, apartment building, townhouse, rowhouse, detached single-family house, etc.).\",\n \"This is a useful feature because many requests may involve delivery to residences.\",\n \"In some cases, the home base facility has a covered garage for storing the vehicle(s) when not in use (e.g.\",\n \"during idle time or overnight).\",\n \"Delivery Request The sender makes a request for transporting one or more items from a location designated by the sender (which may be the sender's own location or another location) to a recipient's location, i.e.\",\n \"delivery destination.\",\n \"The delivery service of our invention receives the request and assigns one or more of the unmanned ground vehicles for the transportation job.\",\n \"The selected vehicle is one that is in relative close proximity to the sender's designated location to provide timely on-demand delivery service.\",\n \"Proximity to the sender's designated location may be determined based on any suitable parameter, such as straight-line distance, travel distance, and/or travel time.\",\n \"Estimates of proximity may vary depending upon various external factors such as road and traffic conditions, time of day, weather conditions, traffic signal patterns, number of turns required, availability of highways or expressways on the way, etc.\",\n \"The selected vehicle may be idle or traveling.\",\n \"For example, the selected vehicle may be at the home base facility, parked at a temporary waiting area, or in transit (e.g.\",\n \"returning to home base, going to a temporary waiting area, finishing a delivery job, roaming, etc.).\",\n \"The selected vehicle is one that is in relative close proximity to the sender's designated location to provide timely on-demand delivery.\",\n \"As such, in some embodiments, for greater than 60% of all accepted taxi requests made by senders, the selected vehicle arrives at the sender's designated location within 45 minutes of the sender's taxi request; in some cases, for greater than 75% of all accepted taxi requests.\",\n \"These statistical parameters may be applicable to a particular home base facility, particular regional network, and/or system-wide.\",\n \"That is, infringement of our patent may occur at the level of particular home base facility(s), particular region(s), or system-wide.\",\n \"Here, “all accepted requests” means not counting denied requests (such as prank calls) but encompassing the possibility of delaying incidents, whether expected or unexpected, such as traffic collision, vandalism, road closure, heavy traffic conditions, incorrect or non-existent sender location, inability to access the sender's location (e.g.\",\n \"gated community), etc.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the sender is a business entity and the recipient is a customer (which may be another business entity or an individual).\",\n \"Many types of businesses may be able to use our invention for delivering items to customers, including retail businesses (as described above).\",\n \"Many types of items can be delivered using our invention, including consumer and commercial items.\",\n \"Examples of consumer items (i.e.\",\n \"products that are packaged in a manner intended for the end-user/consumer) that can be delivered include foods, groceries, medical supplies and drugs, propane gas, drinking water, postal packages, office supplies, household products, personal care products, electronic goods, baby care products, clothing/apparel, etc.\",\n \"The sender does not have to be a business.\",\n \"Our invention can also be used by individuals for delivering personal items (e.g.\",\n \"for sending a gift package to a friend).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the taxi request includes the recipient's contact information, such as phone number, messaging interface (e.g.\",\n \"texting app), email, etc.\",\n \"The taxi request can be made in any suitable manner, such as using wired or wireless communication devices (e.g.\",\n \"mobile phones), desktop computers, home control panel (for a home automation system), etc.\",\n \"The request can be made through any suitable type of interface, such as website with a browser, specialized programs (e.g.\",\n \"smartphone apps), telephone menu, an automated system, etc.\",\n \"In some cases, the taxi request further includes information about the item being delivered.\",\n \"This information can be useful in assigning a suitable vehicle for the delivery task.\",\n \"Examples of such useful information include the dimensions of the item, weight of the item, whether it is hot food that needs a heated compartment, or cold food that needs a cooled compartment, etc.\",\n \"For example, if the item is a hot food item, a vehicle having a heated compartment can be assigned.\",\n \"Or for example, if the item is a cold food item, then a vehicle having a refrigerated compartment can be assigned.\",\n \"If the item is relatively small, a smaller vehicle can be assigned, and other such accommodations or optimizations for using the fleet of available vehicles.\",\n \"Drive to Sender The unmanned vehicle travels, being driven at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the sender's designated location via a paved roadway.\",\n \"The sender may be notified (e.g.\",\n \"by the operations hub) that the vehicle is on its way and/or has arrived.\",\n \"Upon arrival at the sender's designated location, the vehicle is loaded with the item(s) to be sent.\",\n \"After loading the vehicle, the vehicle is made to proceed to the recipient's location.\",\n \"This may be accomplished in any suitable manner, such as closing the cargo compartment door and pressing a button indicating that the item has been loaded.\",\n \"Drive to Recipient The unmanned vehicle travels, being driven at least partly in an autonomous manner, to the recipient's location via a paved roadway.\",\n \"The recipient may be notified that the vehicle is on its way and/or has arrived.\",\n \"In some cases, one or more of the packaging used for making the delivery is reusable and intended to be returned to the sender or the home base facility.\",\n \"For example, the container holding the cold food items may be designed for reuse.\",\n \"The recipient removes the container from the vehicle and unpacks it (e.g.\",\n \"move the cold food items into the refrigerator).\",\n \"During this time, the vehicle will stand-by until the container is returned to the vehicle.\",\n \"After making the delivery, the vehicle may then (1) return to a home base facility; (2) travel to another recipient's location to make another delivery; (3) travel back to the sender's designated location to pick-up another item for delivery; (4) travel to another sender's designated location; or (5) travel to a waiting area as described above.\",\n \"Service Operating Area As the vehicle travels from place to place, having the vehicle stay within relatively close proximity to the home base facility can be a useful feature in case the unmanned vehicle experiences problems.\",\n \"If the unmanned vehicle becomes disabled, a recovery truck can be dispatched from the home base facility to reach the disabled vehicle quickly.\",\n \"As such, in some embodiments, as the unmanned vehicle travels from place to place, the area in which the vehicle operates (operating area) is contained within a 15 mile radius around the home base facility; in some cases, within a 12 mile radius; in some cases, within a 9 mile radius; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius.\",\n \"In addition to proximity to the home base facility, the operating area may be planned in consideration of many factors such as the local geography, road layouts, population density, natural and man-made obstacles, traffic patterns, etc.\",\n \"Examples of operating areas are shown in FIG.\",\n \"11 (A, B, and C), drawn as polygonal shapes.\",\n \"In each case, the vehicle's operating area is contained within a radius R around the home base facility HB.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"12 shows an example of how our invention might be implemented.\",\n \"The delivery service provider has a fleet of unmanned ground vehicles at the home base facility (HB) that are ready to receive requests for making deliveries.\",\n \"Someone at an office building calls a pizza restaurant and places an order for a pizza for delivery to the office location.\",\n \"The pizza restaurant begins preparing the pizza and requests a taxi delivery vehicle from the delivery service indicating the office building as the delivery destination and the customer's contact information (e.g.\",\n \"cell phone number).\",\n \"The delivery service assigns one of the unmanned ground vehicles for this delivery job and is sent to the pizza restaurant.\",\n \"The delivery vehicle self-drives to the pizza restaurant and the delivery service notifies the pizza restaurant that the vehicle is on its way.\",\n \"When the vehicle arrives at the sender's location, the pizza restaurant may be notified of its arrival.\",\n \"One of the pizza restaurant staff loads the customer's pizza into the vehicle's cargo compartment.\",\n \"The staff person presses a button on the vehicle indicating that the delivery item is loaded.\",\n \"The vehicle then self-drives to the designated office building.\",\n \"The delivery service notifies the customer that the vehicle is on its way and/or has arrived (e.g.\",\n \"by a text message).\",\n \"The delivery service also gives the customer an access code for unlocking the cargo door on the vehicle.\",\n \"The customer goes to meet the vehicle and enters the correct access code to open the cargo door to take delivery of the pizza.\",\n \"The vehicle then leaves and returns to the home base or proceeds to its next task.\",\n \"In this instance, the delivery service has also received a request from a pharmacy to deliver medications to an elderly patient at her residence.\",\n \"This same vehicle is determined to be the one in closest proximity and is therefore selected for this next delivery task.\",\n \"As instructed, the vehicle self-drives from the office building to the pharmacy and the delivery service notifies the pharmacy that the vehicle is on its way.\",\n \"When the vehicle arrives at the pharmacy, the pharmacy may be notified of its arrival.\",\n \"One of the pharmacy staff loads the medication into the vehicle's cargo compartment.\",\n \"The staff person presses a button on the vehicle indicating that the delivery item is loaded.\",\n \"The vehicle then self-drives to the designated customer residence.\",\n \"The delivery service notifies the customer that the vehicle is on its way and/or has arrived (e.g.\",\n \"by a phone call).\",\n \"The delivery service also gives the customer an access code for unlocking the cargo door on the vehicle.\",\n \"When the vehicle arrives, the customer (or someone on her behalf) enters the access code and takes the medication.\",\n \"The vehicle then leaves and returns to the home base, goes to a waiting area, or proceeds to its next task.\",\n \"As the vehicle travels from the home base facility to the pizza restaurant, to the office building, to the pharmacy, and to the patient's residence, the vehicle stays in an operating area that is contained within a 15 mile radius around the home base.\",\n \"Regional Delivery Network Our invention can also be implemented over a wider region using multiple home base facilities distributed over a geographic area.\",\n \"This feature may be useful for implementing our invention in a metropolitan area (such as the Maryland/Virginia/DC metro area).\",\n \"The vehicle may travel from place to place throughout the delivery region while being kept in relatively close proximity to a home base facility.\",\n \"As explained above, this can be a useful feature in case the vehicle experiences problems on the road.\",\n \"As such, in some embodiments, our invention uses a network of multiple home base facilities in a delivery region.\",\n \"The network of home base facilities allows the vehicle to roam throughout the delivery region.\",\n \"As such, in some embodiments, each home base facility in the delivery region is within a 9 mile radius of at least one other home base facility; in some cases, within a 6 mile radius; in some cases, within a 3 mile radius.\",\n \"In some embodiments, all the home base facilities of the regional network are contained within a circle (e.g.\",\n \"as drawn on a map) having a radius of 64 miles; in some cases, 48 miles radius; in some cases, 36 miles radius; in some cases, 24 miles radius; in some cases, 18 miles radius; in some cases, 12 miles radius.\",\n \"To keep the vehicle in close proximity to a home base facility, in some embodiments, the overall area in which the vehicle operates is contained within two or more adjoining or overlapping circles that each have a radius of 9 miles around a home base facility; in some cases, each having a radius of 6 miles; in some cases, each having a radius of 3 miles.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"13 shows an example of an operating area for a vehicle.\",\n \"The operating area for a particular unmanned vehicle is shown in gray shading.\",\n \"The regional delivery network has four home base facilities HB.\",\n \"The drawing figure also shows a circle of 9 mile radius centered around each home base facility.\",\n \"As shown here, the vehicle's operating area is contained within the four overlapping circles.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14 shows an example of a regional delivery network.\",\n \"The delivery region is defined by the outer dashed line 110 around a geographic region that includes a river and a forest area.\",\n \"There are four service areas (designated as numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4) in the region.\",\n \"Each service area has one or more home base facilities HB.\",\n \"Each home base facility in the delivery region is within a 9 mile radius of at least one other home base facility.\",\n \"Moreover, for this regional network, all the home base facilities are contained within a circle having a radius of R. The dashed line inside the delivery region shows an example of a route 112 taken by an unmanned ground vehicle as it takes multiple service calls throughout the day.\",\n \"These service calls take the unmanned vehicle from the home base facility in service area 1 into service area 3 and ultimately ends at the home base facility for service area 4.The foregoing description and examples have been set forth merely to illustrate our invention and are not intended to be limiting.\",\n \"Each of the disclosed aspects and embodiments of our invention may be considered individually or in combination with other aspects, embodiments, and variations of our invention.\",\n \"Modifications of the disclosed embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of our invention may occur to persons skilled in the art, and such modifications are within the scope of our invention.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872723"}}},{"rowIdx":4494150,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["Spray-Dried Blood Products and Methods of Making Same","The present invention is directed to a method of preparing dehydrated blood products, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a hydrated blood product; (b) spray-drying the hydrated blood product to produce a dehydrated blood product, as well as dehydrated blood products made by the method.","The present invention is directed to a method of treating a patient suffering from a blood-related disorder, comprising the steps of: (a) rehydrating a therapeutic amount of the dehydrated blood products to produce a rehydrated therapeutic composition; and (b) administering the rehydrated therapeutic composition to the patient.","The present invention is directed to a bandage or surgical aid comprising the dehydrated blood products described above."],["1.A method of preparing dehydrated plasma, comprising the steps of: a. providing hydrated plasma; and b. spray-drying said hydrated plasma to produce dehydrated plasma wherein clotting factors are preserved after spray drying.","2.The method of claim 1, wherein said hydrated plasma is physically or chemically modified.","3.The method of claim 2, wherein said modification is chemical fixation.","4.The method of claim 2, wherein said modification comprises additional diagnostic or therapeutic reagents.","5.The method of claim 4, wherein said diagnostic or therapeutic reagents are selected from the group consisting of imaging agents, concentration factors, performance enhancement drugs, antimicrobial and antiviral reagents, universal donor solutions, and combinations thereof.","6.Dehydrated plasma made by the method of claim 1.7.A method of treating a patient suffering from a blood-related disorder, comprising the steps of: a. rehydrating a therapeutic amount of the dehydrated plasma blood products of claim 6 to produce a rehydrated therapeutic composition; and b. administering said rehydrated therapeutic composition to said patient.","8.A bandage or surgical aid comprising the dehydrated plasma of claim 6.9.Spray dried plasma, wherein when said spray dried plasma is rehydrated to form a rehydrated plasma composition, said composition has a turbidity (A500) value less than that of a comparable rehydrated lyophilized composition of plasma."],[" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION "],[" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of preparing dehydrated blood products, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a hydrated blood product; (b) spray-drying the hydrated blood product to produce a dehydrated blood product, as well as dehydrated blood products made by the method.","In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of treating a patient suffering from a blood-related disorder, comprising the steps of: (a) rehydrating a therapeutic amount of the dehydrated blood products to produce a rehydrated therapeutic composition; and (b) administering the rehydrated therapeutic composition to the patient.","In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a bandage or surgical aid comprising the dehydrated blood products described above.","In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of preparing dehydrated fixed blood platelets, comprising the steps of: (a) providing hydrated fixed blood platelets; and (b) spray-drying the hydrated fixed blood platelets to produce a dehydrated fixed blood platelets, as well as dehydrated fixed blood platelets made by the method.","In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of treating a patient suffering from a blood-related disorder, comprising the steps of: (a) rehydrating a therapeutic amount of the dehydrated fixed blood platelets to produce a rehydrated therapeutic composition; and (b) administering the rehydrated therapeutic composition to the patient.","In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a bandage or surgical aid comprising the dehydrated fixed blood platelets described above.","In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to spray dried fixed blood platelets having spherical-dimpled geometry, wherein when said spray dried fixed blood platelets are rehydrated to form a rehydrated fixed blood platelet composition, the composition has a turbidity (A 500 ) value less than that of a comparable rehydrated lyophilized composition of fixed blood platelets.","These and other embodiments will become evident on reading the following detailed description of the invention."],["BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention is directed to methods of preparing dried blood products using spray-drying as an alternative to conventional lyophilization (freeze-drying), and products made by the method.","Using the method of the invention, increased recovery rates of dried product are possible.","The final product displays at least three-fold concentration over native plasma, as well as increased reconstitution rates when mixed with liquids.","Brief Description of the Related Art Spray-drying is a technology in which a solution is atomized in a stream of flowing gas for rapid solvent vaporization (e.g., dehydration).","The result is the formation on a sub-second timescale of microparticles composed of the residual solute.","Spray-drying has been used as a industrial process in the material,4 food5 and pharmaceutical6,7 industries for decades.","(e.g., see Bergsoe8 for an earlier review).","More recently, spray-drying has facilitated the preparation of protein therapeutics as microparticles for inhalation,9 the formulation of advanced carrier-therapeutic microstructures,10-12 and new classes of micromaterials.13-15 The role of kinetic, phase transition, mass transfer, heat transfer, and other physical processes in determining ultimate particle size and composition are well-understood (e.g., see Vehring16 for a recent review), and research in spray-drying is an extremely active area in materials science research.","An important finding from this body of research is that in aqueous systems the heat of vaporization reduces the temperature of the particles during the volatilization process.","Thus, thermal denaturation of proteins can be minimized for preservation of protein activities.","During World War II, the benefits of whole blood transfusion were appreciated, but logistical difficulties related to collection, transport, outdating and typing mismatch for transfusion reactions limited widespread utilization17.Dried plasma was thus developed as a surrogate for whole blood18.American, British and Canadian military transfusion services extensively utilized dried plasma1 during World War II with a very favorable safety profile.","The methods for preparing U.S. Army-Navy dried plasma were originally scaled to commercial volumes by Sharp and Dohme, Inc. (and later by a larger industrial consortium) with lyophilization technologies analogous to today's freeze-drying protocols19.The dried U.S. Army-Navy plasma was anticoagulated with 0.67% (w/v) sodium citrate, and after 1942 was rehydrated with 0.1% (w/v) citric acid.","Rehydration with citric acid was found to result in a final product pH of 7.4-7.6 for a more favorable preservation of thrombin generation20.Dried U.S. Army-Navy plasma was placed in widespread civilian use after 1945, and used in the initial phases of the Korean War.","However, despite nascent development of ultraviolet irradiation microbial decontamination methods21, the production of dried plasma was suspended in 1953, the stated reason being hepatitis contamination.","However, civilian use of plasma, mostly as fresh frozen plasma, has greatly expanded, with over 13 million units being collected in 200522.In current medical practice plasma is used for a variety of indications, one of the most important being as a component of resuscitation mixtures in trauma with massive blood loss.","Plasma contains components, such as the coagulation factors and fibrinogen, which are frequently diminished in hemorrhagic shock-related coagulopathies (e.g., see Hardy et al.23).","Several medical findings point towards the utility of a hyper-concentrated plasma product.","The desirability of low volume resuscitation, as facilitated by products such as hyper-concentrated plasma, is becoming increasingly accepted since the initial observations of adverse outcomes related to standard resuscitation.24-26 Incidences of transfusion associated cardiac overload and fluid overload-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome might be avoided with low volume resuscitation.27,28 Administration of reduced volumes can also be desirable if ongoing hemorrhage is exacerbating dilutional coagulopathies (e.g.","see Stern for a review29).","The development of advanced resuscitation products, such as hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs),30 facilitate the ability to achieve adequate tissue oxygenation without infusion of large volumes of fluids.","However, the introduction of HBOCs is anticipated to create a need for low volume products to supplement hemostatic systems, such as concentrated plasma.","Dried blood products are known in the art, and the predominant technique for achieving the dried product is lyophilization (freeze-drying).","For example, U.S. Pat.","Nos.","4,287,087 and 4,145,185 to Brinkhous et al.","disclose dried blood platelets that have been fixed with a crosslinking reagent such as formaldehyde.","U.S. Pat.","Nos.","5,656,498, 5,651,966; 5,891,393; 5,902,608; and 5,993,804 disclose additional dried blood products.","Such products are useful for therapeutic purposes because they are stable, have long shelf life, and can be used potentially in powder form to arrest bleeding in patients undergoing severe trauma.","However, such products must be manufactured under strict sterile conditions in order to avoid contamination.","With current transfusion practices, plasma is frequently provided as a thawed single donor “fresh frozen” product.","However, since refrigeration is difficult to provide in forward military applications, underdeveloped countries, and in wilderness medicine situations, this form factor can be logistically problematic.","Thus, the elimination of freezing (lyophilization) via a dried plasma product would be a significant advantage.","In addition, the dried plasma product is significantly easier to pathogen reduce than is fresh frozen plasma.","The present invention is believed to be an answer to that need.","SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of preparing dehydrated blood products, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a hydrated blood product; (b) spray-drying the hydrated blood product to produce a dehydrated blood product, as well as dehydrated blood products made by the method.","In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of treating a patient suffering from a blood-related disorder, comprising the steps of: (a) rehydrating a therapeutic amount of the dehydrated blood products to produce a rehydrated therapeutic composition; and (b) administering the rehydrated therapeutic composition to the patient.","In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a bandage or surgical aid comprising the dehydrated blood products described above.","In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of preparing dehydrated fixed blood platelets, comprising the steps of: (a) providing hydrated fixed blood platelets; and (b) spray-drying the hydrated fixed blood platelets to produce a dehydrated fixed blood platelets, as well as dehydrated fixed blood platelets made by the method.","In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of treating a patient suffering from a blood-related disorder, comprising the steps of: (a) rehydrating a therapeutic amount of the dehydrated fixed blood platelets to produce a rehydrated therapeutic composition; and (b) administering the rehydrated therapeutic composition to the patient.","In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a bandage or surgical aid comprising the dehydrated fixed blood platelets described above.","In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to spray dried fixed blood platelets having spherical-dimpled geometry, wherein when said spray dried fixed blood platelets are rehydrated to form a rehydrated fixed blood platelet composition, the composition has a turbidity (A500) value less than that of a comparable rehydrated lyophilized composition of fixed blood platelets.","These and other embodiments will become evident on reading the following detailed description of the invention.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.","1 is an electron micrograph of microspheres of spray-dried plasma produced according to the present invention; FIG.","2 is a graph showing coagulation factor levels in various samples; FIG.","3 depicts graphs showing native coagulation pathway turnover with spray dried plasma produced according to the method of the invention; FIG.","4 is an electron micrograph showing fibrin ultrastructure from spray dried plasma produced according to the method of the invention; FIG.","5 is a graph depicting the turbidity and rehydration rate of spray-dried vs. lyophilized plasma at several concentrations; FIG.","6 is an electron micrograph of rehydrated spray-dried derivatized blood platelets; FIG.","7 is another electron micrograph of rehydrated spray-dried derivatized blood platelets; and FIG.","8 are electron micrographs illustrating ristocetin agglutination of spray-dried rehydrated platelets made according to the method of the invention.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As indicated above, the present invention is directed to methods of preparing dehydrated blood products, and dehydrated blood products made by the method.","Useful hydrated blood products that may be dehydrated by the method of the invention include, but are not limited to, whole blood, blood plasma, blood platelets, red blood cells, blood serum, plasma, and combinations of these.","One particularly useful blood product that is suitable for the method of the present invention is blood platelets that have been fixed with a fixative agent, such as formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde.","Additionally, the blood products may be modified with additional diagnostic or therapeutic agents, such as imaging agents, concentration factors, performance enhancement drugs, antimicrobial and antiviral reagents, universal donor solutions, and the like, as well as combinations of these.","One example of a useful modified product is STASIX (derivatized dried blood platelets) available from Entegrion, Inc. (Research Triangle Park, NC).","The technique of spray-drying is used in the method of the invention as an alternative to conventional drying techniques known in the art, such as lyophilization (freeze drying).","Spray drying is a method of transforming material in a fluid state into a dried particulate form by spraying a feed of a material into a warm drying medium.","Spray drying involves evaporation of moisture from an atomized feed by mixing the spray and the drying medium in a controlled fashion.","The drying medium is typically air, although other gases such as nitrogen may also be used.","The drying proceeds until the desired moisture content is reached in the sprayed particles and the product is then separated from the drying medium.","The complete process of spray drying basically consists of a sequence of four processes.","The dispersion can be achieved with a pressure nozzle, a two fluid nozzle, a rotary disk atomizer or an ultrasonic nozzle.","Selection upon the atomizer type depends upon the nature and amount of feed and the desired characteristics of the dried product.","The higher the energy for the dispersion, the smaller are the generated droplets.","The manner in which spray contacts the drying air is an important factor in spray dryer design, as this has great bearing on dried product properties by influencing droplet behavior during drying.","In one embodiment, the material is sprayed in the same direction as the flow of hot air through the apparatus.","The droplets come into contact with the hot drying gas when they are the most moist.","In another embodiment, the material is sprayed in the opposite direction of the flow of hot gas.","The hot gas flows upwards and the product falls through increasingly hot air into the collection tray.","The residual moisture is eliminated, and the product becomes very hot.","This method is suitable only for thermally stabile products.","In yet another embodiment, the advantages of both spraying methods are combined.","The product is sprayed upwards and only remains in the hot zone for a short time to eliminate the residual moisture.","Gravity then pulls the product into the cooler zone.","This embodiment is particularly advantageous because the product is only in the hot zone for a short time, and is less likely to be affected by heat.","In the spray drying method, air is mostly used as drying medium, but other gases such as nitrogen may also be used.","The gas stream is heated electrically or in a burner and after the process exhausted to atmosphere.","If the heating medium is recycled and reused, typically an inert gas such as nitrogen, is used instead of air.","Use of nitrogen is advantageous when flammable solvents, toxic products or oxygen sensitive products are processed.","During the spray drying process, as soon as droplets of the spray come into contact with the drying gas, evaporation takes place from the saturated vapor film which is quickly established at the droplet surface.","Due to the high specific surface area and the existing temperature and moisture gradients, heat and mass transfer results in efficient drying.","The evaporation leads to a cooling of the droplet and thus to a small thermal load.","Drying chamber design and air flow rate provide a droplet residence time in the chamber, so that the desired droplet moisture removal is completed and product removed from the dryer before product temperatures can rise to the outlet drying air temperature.","Hence, there is little likelihood of heat damage to the product.","Two systems are used to separate the product from the drying medium.","First, primary separation of the drying product takes place at the base of the drying chamber, and second, total recovery of the dried product in the separation equipment.","In one embodiment, a cyclone is used to collect the material.","Based on inertial forces, the particles are separated to the cyclone wall as a down-going strain and removed.","Other systems such as electrostatic precipitators, textile (bag) filters or wet collectors like scrubbers, may also be used to collect the dried product.","As used in the present invention, spray drying offers advantages over other drying methods such as lyophilization (freeze drying).","Use of spray drying produces a product that is more consistent, less clumpy, and better dispersed than freeze drying methods.","The highly dispersed particles produced by spray drying also allow for a rapid rehydration rate, which is likely a result of a larger available surface area.","By contrast, the clumped nature of a freeze dried product, results in substantially longer rehydration times for the blood products that are dried in the method of the invention.","Since many transfusions and other uses of blood products can be highly time-sensitive, this higher rate of rehydration can be a significant advantage in battlefield or emergency treatment situations.","As explained in more detail below, spray dried fixed blood platelets of the invention can be rehydrated to form a rehydrated fixed blood platelet composition, and the composition has a turbidity (A500) value less than that of a comparable rehydrated lyophilized composition of fixed blood platelets.","The spray-dried products of the method of the invention may be used as topical treatments in treating wounds.","In one embodiment, the products may be used directly on a wound to assist clotting, or may be applied to a bandage or surgical aid or covering to assist in wound healing.","In an alternative embodiment, the rehydrated forms of the spray-dried products of the method of the invention may be administered via intravenous injection as therapeutic treatments to patients afflicted with blood-related disorders such as thrombocytopenia (including washout thrombocytopenia), hemorrhagic platelet dysfunction, and trauma victims experiencing severe bleeding.","EXAMPLES General Design and Methods Spray-dried Plasma Concentration.","Human pooled solvent-detergent treated plasma (Kedrion S.p.A., Barga, Italy) and porcine plasma from a pool of ten animals (donated by the Francis Owen Blood Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) can be spray-dried over a range of instrumental run parameters or freeze-dried with a standard lyophilization cycle to obtain different sized dehydrated microparticles.","The products are then rehydrated with different volumes of sterile water that contain a low concentration of glycine at pH=2.4 to compensate for the loss of protons during the dehydration process and compared to establish the upper limit for concentration.","Details of the experiments follow: Plasma dehydration.","Porcine and human plasma can be spray-dried in a Buchi B-270 research spray-dryer at a flow rate of 415 liters N2 per hour at 140° C., 130° C., 120° C., 110° C., and lower if dehydration can be obtained.","Runs are preferably performed three times at each temperature and with each type (i.e., porcine and human) plasma.","The final product can be analyzed for moisture content and microparticles imaged with scanning electron microscopy.","Portions of pig and human plasma may also be lyophilized at −20° C. for three days from a 4 mm layer to obtain a “lyophilization control” cake.","As shown in the accompanying Figures, spray-dried material is observed to be a fine powder, and appear as microspheres under the microscope, while lyophilized material forms a cake.","Plasma rehydration.","Spray-dried and lyophilization control lots (each in triplicate) are rehydrated with the appropriate volume of sterile water with glycine for 1×, 2×, 3×, 4× and possibly higher hyper-concentration of the plasma.","Rehydration can be with glycine solutions at pH=2.4 for a product with a final rehydrated pH=7.4 as follows: 1×-20 mM glycine, 2×-40 mM glycine, 3×-60 mM glycine, 4×-80 mM glycine, etc.","Physical and chemical analysis.","The following analysis may be performed with each triplicate sample of starting plasma (pre-spray dry), each lot spray-dried material and the lyophilized control plasma.","Comparisons can be made with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and directionality will be assessed using the Sign test.","Turbidity and rate of solubilization—Optical measurement of the light absorption at 700 nm can assess turbidity as a function of time after initiation of the rehydration reaction.","Viscosity can be estimated with a falling ball viscometer.","Coagulation factor levels (including FII, FV, FVII, FVIII, FIX, FX, FXII, FXII, FXIII, protein S, protein C, von Willebrand factor) are measured with ELISA analysis.","Coagulation pathway turnover—Prothrombin times and activated partial thromboplastin times are measured with concentrated plasmas after dilution of the hyper-concentrated solutions to 1×.","Final clots are examined with scanning electron microscopy to assess fiber thickness and density.","A concentrated solution preferably will have the appropriate rheology for standard transfusion practice in which coagulation factor levels and activities are within normal intra- and inter-individual ranges of variation.","This solution can be utilized for the “most concentrated” infusions in porcine studies described below.","Safety evaluation of concentrated plasma products in pigs.","The goal of these studies is to identify a maximum tolerated dose for hyper-concentrated plasma preparations in injured pigs.","Animals are subjected to hepatic injuries for blood loss and induction of compensated hemorrhagic shock.","Animals are then be infused with hyper-concentrated plasma porcine preparations until an adverse hemodynamic response is noted.","At the termination of the experiment animals is sacrificed and subjected to post-mortem analysis for histological evidence of prothrombotic complications.","The endpoint of this analysis will be the definition of the relationship between maximum tolerated dose and degree of plasma concentration.","Induction of Shock in Pigs and Infusion of hyper-concentrated plasma.","40 to 50 kg pigs (obtained from the Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine (UNC) breeding colony) are anesthetized.","Analysis of hemodynamic and vasoactive processes.","Several sensors are placed to follow hemodynamic and vasoactive processes: a pulmonary artery thermo dilution catheter is inserted via the external jugular vein into a pulmonary artery; micromanometer-tipped catheters are positioned via the left femoral vessels into the right atrium and thoracic aorta; a 0.22 gauge catheter is inserted into the left femoral artery and connected to a withdrawal pump.","Patterns of blood flow are measured by placing Doppler flow probes on the cephalic and mesenteric arteries; this procedure can be supported by carotid artery cut down and laparotomy.","Induction of shock and infusion of hyper-concentrated plasma.","Hemorrhagic shock can be induced by withdrawing 40% of total blood volume over a one-hour period.","After withdrawal of blood and verification of hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial blood pressure <40 mm Hg, shift in cephalic, splanchnic blood flow pattern), the animals are infused with multiple doses of 1× spray-dried plasma or hyper-concentrated spray-dried plasma at an intermediate and high level of concentration (to be determined as described above).","Each infusion is preferably a volume equivalent to 1/10th of the animal's blood volume, and is preferably performed over a three minute period with a Harvard syringe pump.","Hemodynamic and other physiological parameters can be measured, and infusions can be stopped when two successive boluses result in worsening hemodynamic stability.","Animals are then be sacrificed for autopsy and histological analysis.","The number of animals and the infused products used in this Example are shown in Table 1.TABLE 1 Infused Product Number of Animals 1x Plasma 3 Intermediate Concentration (e.g., 2x) 3 High Concentration (e.g., 4x) 3 Total Animals 9 Microvasculopathologies and hemolytic disorders.","After sacrifice, selected renal, hepatic, pulmonary, splenic, lung and other tissue are prepared for light microscopic analysis.","The histological analysis focuses on identifying signs of macroscopic or disseminated intravascular coagulation or premature induction of selected organ failure.","Data analysis.","Comparisons between plasma groups are made with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and directionality assessed using the Sign test.","Example 1: Spray-Drying of Plasma and Preservation of Coagulation Protein Activities The following series of experiments demonstrate that plasma can be spray-dried to obtain dehydrated microparticles, and then rehydrated to the original volume for plasma with native coagulation factor levels and coagulation parameters.","Solvent-detergent pooled plasma was subjected to standard spray-drying (415 liters N2 per hour at 120° C. in Butchi, Inc. B-270) to obtain the product depicted in FIG.","1.The spherical-dimpled geometry of the resulting microparticles is similar to the shapes obtained when other proteins are spray-dried, indicating that a protein surface shell forms as a result of the initial kinetics of water removal and concentration (e.g., see Vehring16).","However, this geometry is distinctive over lyophilized plasma which displays a jagged surface texture.","Upon rehydration with 20 mM glycine, pH=2.4 to compensate for proton loss during the drying process for the original protein concentration, the coagulation factor levels were found to be essentially the same as in the original plasma before spray drying as shown in FIG.","2.Spray-drying also had an insignificant effect on the kinetics of plasma coagulation (FIG.","3).","There was a statistical trend (that was not significant in this analysis) towards enhanced coagulation protein molecular turnover after spray-drying, an effect that might be related to differences in the association states of proteins in plasma samples.","The fibrin strands after spray-dried plasma fibrinogen polymerization had normal morphology (FIG.","4).","In contrast to the methods of the present invention, freezing and lyophilized plasma results in a product that contains microscopic and macroscopic domains of varying composition due to phase separation.","The result is that rehydration at super-physiological concentrations is time consuming and results in a turbid suspension.","This point is demonstrated by the data presented in FIG.","5 which shows A500 (turbidity) for several concentrations of rehydrated plasma.","The solvent-detergent treated plasma product was subjected to spray-drying or lyophilization, then rehydrated for native (1×), 2×, 3× or 4× final concentration.","Rehydration times, based on the time for macroscopic dissolution to occur, was dramatically faster with the spray-dried material due to the massive surface area of the microparticle formulation, and results in a significantly less turbid suspension as shown by lower A500 values in FIG.","5.In addition to the plasma described above, other blood products may be dried and rehydrated in accordance with the description above.","Virtually any treated or untreated blood product may be used in the method of the invention.","Examples of blood products include whole blood, blood plasma, blood platelets, red blood cells, blood serum, as well as combinations of these.","The blood products may be used in the method of the invention in their naturally occurring state, or may be modified in any way.","Examples of modifications of these blood products include fixation with a fixing agent such as formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde as described in U.S. Pat.","Nos.","5,651,966; 5,891,393; 5,902,608; and 5,993,804; addition of imaging agents, concentration factors, performance enhancement drugs, antimicrobial and antiviral reagents and universal donor solutions.","One example of a useful modified product is STASIX (derivatized dried blood platelets) available from Entegrion, Inc. (Research Triangle Park, NC).","The following is a general protocol for rehydration of spray-dried STASIX particles.","Example 2: Rehydration of Spray Dried Derivatized Blood Platelets The goal of this example is to rehydrate spray-dried derivatized blood platelets (sold under the tradename STASIX and available from Entegrion, Inc., NC) so that the concentration of all components (platelet particles, buffer salts, bulking agents (e.g., human serum albumin)) are the same as the suspension that went into the spray-drier.","This was achieved in three stages.","First, a “reference A280 value” for the bulking medium used for the pre-spray-dried suspension is obtained.","This is an A280 nm value for the pre-spray-dry after the platelets are spun out, reflecting the supernatant protein concentration, which is largely human serum albumin bulking agent.","Second, a trial rehydration with the post-spray-dried powder is performed at 10% (w/v), then the optical density at 280 nm (A280) of the bulking agent (human serum albumin) is measured.","Third, the pre-spray-dried supernatant A280 and 10% supernatant A280 values are compared (ratioed) to determine how far off the 10% rehydration approximation was.","This ratio is then used to calculate the exact weight percentage of dried powder that is needed to match the bulking agent protein concentration of the pre-spray dried suspension.","The platelet count of the post-rehydration particles are then measured two ways.","First with a Hiska cell counter and second by measuring the optical turbidity.","These values, and related rehydration volumes, form the starting point for all the particle characterization assays.","Procedure 1.Measure the optical density of the pre-spray dry to obtain the reference A280 value.","a) Thaw the liquid pre-spray dry sample and spin out the particles by centrifuging on a desktop microfuge at a setting of five for two minutes.","Retain the supernatant.","b) Dilute the supernatant 1/10 into citrated saline in triplicate and measure A280 values with the nanodrop spectrometer.","2.Measure protein optical density of 10% (w/v) suspension a) Weigh out several (approximately 4) 20-50 mg particle portions in microfuge tubes.","Record the mass.","Rehydrate one tube with distilled water for a 10% (w/v) suspension.","Save the remaining tubes for future analysis.","b) Spin out particles as above and retain supernatant.","c) Dilute each rehydrated sample supernatant 1/10 into citrated saline in triplicate and measure the A280 values.","3.Calculate the rehydration weight percentage to match the pre-spray dried value as follows.","a) Divide the A280 values from the diluted pre-spray dry supernatant by the dilution factor (1/10) and average the three values to obtain a theoretical reference A280 value or A280, ref.","b) Divide the A280 values form the 10% rehydration supernatant by the dilution factor (1/10) and average the three values to obtain a theoretical undiluted A280 value, referred to as A280, 10%.","c) Ratio A280, 10% to the A280, ref value according to Equation 1 to obtain the proper rehydration mass (w/v) of post spray-dry powder so that the rehydrated sample will have the same A280 value as the reference A280 value.","Weight percentage (w/v)*=10% (w/v)×A280,ref/A250,10% (Equation 1) weight percentage can be in units of mg/ml, e.g., 8.9% (w/v) is equivalent to 89 mg/ml.","Measurement of STASIX Particle Counts a) Dilute the 10% rehydration suspension (don't perform the cell spin out) 1/10 with citrated saline in triplicate.","b) Measure the turbidity at A500 of each sample.","c) Measure the direct cell count with the Hiska hematological analyzer.","d) Calculate and factor in yield loss.","Electron micrographs of rehydrated spray-dried derivatized blood platelets (rehydrated STASIX) are shown in FIG.","6 and FIG.","7.Example 3: Single Dose Range-Finding Intravenous Toxicity Study in Cynomolgus Monkeys A study was designed to assess the toxicity of spray-dried derivatized dried blood platelets (spray-dried Stasix as described above, then rehydrated) when administered via intravenous infusion (over approximately 5 minutes) to monkeys as a single dose.","A recovery subgroup of the animals was observed for 7 days.","Five groups of monkeys were used—Group 1—vehicle (buffer) control; Group 2—1× therapeutic STASIX dose; Group 3—5× therapeutic STASIX dose; Group 4-10× therapeutic STASIX dose; and Group 5—human serum albumin (500 mg/kg).","Dosages were respectively 0.0, 2.1×109, 1.05×1010, 2.1×1010, and 0.0 platelets/kg in group 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.A 1× dose is the estimated therapeutic STASIX dose in a human patient, i.e., an additional 30,000 platelet particles per microliter of blood.","No adverse effects either symptomatic or micro-pathologic were seen in any of the monkeys used in this experiment.","Since 2 male monkeys and 2 female monkeys all tolerated a 10× therapeutic dose of STASIX infused over the very brief time period of only 5 minutes, the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) is at least 10× the therapeutic dose.","In a human clinical setting, STASIX doses would be infused at a much slower time rate of 20 minutes.","Necropsy of the 14 study monkeys comprising the 5 dosing groups was conducted at either Day 2 or Day 8 following infusion, and showed no evidence of the development of microthrombi in either the heart or lungs.","In summary, in a detailed animal study conducted by a major outside research laboratory under all appropriate animal use and handling regulations, STASIX was shown to display no harmful effects at either a macroscopic or microscopic level at doses up to 10 times the intended human therapeutic dose.","Example 4: Spray-Drying of Aldehyde Stabilized Platelets The utility of spray-drying as an alternative to lyophilization for the dehydration of aldehyde-stabilized platelets is examined in this example.","Human apheresis platelets were stabilized using the procedure of Read et al.","described in U.S. Pat.","No.","5,651,966, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.","Spray-drying (415 liters N2 per hour at 120° C.) of the final aldehyde-stabilized platelet suspension at 2.0 million platelets/microliter in 5% (w/v) human serum albumin as described above resulted in a fine powder that, upon examination, consisted of spherical particles with 3 to 30 micron diameters similar to those shown in FIGS.","6 and 7.Seventeen independent dried platelet preparations were prepared with spray-drying and then rehydrated for the original pre-dehydration volumes.","The yield (post-rehydration/pre-spray drying) of countable platelets was 96.8%+/−7.0% (standard deviation) for these seventeen runs.","FIG.","8 depicts spray-dried platelets after rehydration, exchange into normal human plasma (as a von Willebrand factor source) and addition of ristocetin to 1 mg/ml (Panel B) or a corresponding volume of control buffer (Panel A).","Large aggregates were noted with ristocetin addition, indicating that spray-drying preserved glycoprotein 1B—von Willebrand factor receptor functions.","Cynomolgus monkeys (1 or 2/sex/group) received a single 5-minute intravenous infusion of the spray-dried platelets at doses of 2.1×109, 1.05×1010, or 2.1×1010 platelets/kg.","Control animals (2/sex) received vehicle (5.375 mM sodium citrate and 2 mM cysteine in physiological saline) and an additional group received 500 mg/kg human serum albumin (HSA).","The dose volume was 2 mL/kg/min for all groups.","Animals were observed for 1 or 7 days post-dose.","One day after dose administration, 1 animal/sex/group was euthanized and necropsied.","One animal per sex from the control and high-dose (2.1×1010 platelets/kg) groups were held for 7 days prior to necropsy.","Parameters evaluated during the study were viability, clinical observations, body weights, clinical pathology (pretest, day 2 and day 8), organ weights, macroscopic observations and microscopic pathology.","Administration of all doses of spray-dried platelets (up to 2.1×1010 platelets/kg) was well tolerated.","Hematology changes were limited to a decrease in the number of platelets and an increase in mean platelet volume in one of the two high-dose (2.1×1010 platelets/kg) animals (the female) on the day following dose administration.","There were no observed changes in coagulation or clinical pathology parameters.","Increases in spleen weight, relative to control values, were seen in all test article- and HSA-treated animals.","Microscopic observations showed slight to moderate increases in the size of germinal centers in the spleen in mid- and high-dose (1.05×1010 or 2.1×1010 platelets/kg) females and the HSA-treated female on day 2 and the high-dose female (only group necropsied) on day 8 that correlated with macroscopic observations of tan discoloration and surface abnormalities of the spleen in some animals.","Germinal center enlargement in females was considered a possible response to HSA.","Similar findings were not seen in the vehicle treated control, which had smaller germinal centers.","However, because active germinal centers are a common finding in monkey spleens, and because the sample size was small, this finding may be within normal background range.","The persistence of splenic germinal center enlargement after 7 days in one animal suggests lack of recovery, which would be consistent with germinal center reaction to antigenic stimulation, but this finding may also reflect normal background variation.","Example 5—Spray-Drying of Plasma and Testing in Pigs— Plasma separated from fresh porcine blood was either stored as fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or preserved as freeze dried plasma (FDP) or spray-dried plasma (SDP, prepared as detailed in previous examples).","For in-vitro testing: SDP was reconstituted in distilled water which was either equal (1×SDP) or one-third (3×SDP) the original volume of FFP.","Analysis included measurements of prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen levels, and activity of selected clotting factors.","For in-vivo testing swine were subjected to polytrauma (femur fracture, grade V liver injury) and hemorrhagic shock (60% arterial hemorrhage, with the “lethal triad” of acidosis, coagulopathy and hypothermia), and treated with FFP, FDP, or 3×SDP (n=4-5/group).","Coagulation profiles (PT, PTT, thromboelastography) were measured at baseline (BL), post-shock (PS), post crystalloid (PC), treatment (MO), and during 4 hours of monitoring (M 1-4).","In-vitro testing revealed that clotting factors were preserved after spray-drying.","The coagulation of FFP and 1×SDP were similar, with 3×SDP showing a prolonged PT/PTT.","Polytrauma/hemorrhagic shock produced significant coagulopathy, and 3×SDP infusion was as effective as FFP and FDP in reversing it.","These results show that plasma can be spray-dried, and reconstituted to one-third its original volume without compromising the coagulation properties in-vivo.","This shelf-stable, low-volume, hyperoncotic, hyperosmotic plasma is a logistically attractive option for the treatment of trauma-associated and other coagulopathies.","REFERENCES 1.Kendrick, B. G. D. B.","Blood Program in World War II.","U.S. Government Printing Office Library of Cong.","Cat.","No.","64-60006, http://amedd.mil/booksdoc/wwii/blood/default.htm (1964).","2.Ketchum, L., Hess, J. R. & Hiippala, S. Indications for early fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelet transfusion in trauma.","The Journal of trauma 60, S51-58 (2006).","3.Erber, W. N. & Perry, D. J.","Plasma and plasma products in the treatment of massive haemorrhage.","Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 19, 97-112 (2006).","4.Smith, M. W. Spray-drying synthetic detergents.","Manufacturing chemist and aerosol news 22, 186-187 (1951).","5.Heldman, D. R., Hall, C. W. & Hedrick, T. I.","Air filtration for the spray drying of dairy products.","Journal of dairy science 51, 466-470 (1968).","6.Raff, A. M., Robinson, M. J.","& Svedres, E. V. Spray-drying of tablet granulations.","I.","A preliminary report.","Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 50, 76-79 (1961).","7.Riegelman, S., Swintosky, J. V., Hiquchi, T. & Busse, L. W. Studies on pharmaceutical powders and the state of subdivision.","IV.","The application of spray-drying techniques to pharmaceutical powders.","Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 39, 444-450 (1950).","8.Bergsoe, C. Progress in spray-drying.","Manufacturing chemist and aerosol news 20, 72-75 (1949).","9.Maltesen, M. J., Bjerregaard, S., Hovgaard, L., Havelund, S. & van de Weert, M. Quality by design—Spray drying of insulin intended for inhalation.","Eur J Pharm Biopharm 70, 828-838 (2008).","10.Borghetti, G. S., Lula, I. S., Sinisterra, R. D. & Bassani, V. L. Quercetin/beta-Cyclodextrin Solid Complexes Prepared in Aqueous Solution Followed by Spray-drying or by Physical Mixture.","AAPS PharmSciTech (2009).","11.Mohammed, G. A., Puri, V. & Bansal, A. K. Coprocessing of nevirapine and stavudine by spray drying.","Pharmaceutical development and technology 13, 299-310 (2008).","12.Ochiuz, L. & Peris, J. E. Preparation and characterisation of alendronate-loaded chitosan microparticles obtained through the spray drying technique.","Medicinal chemistry (Shariqah (United Arab Emirates)) 5, 191-196 (2009).","13.Iskandar, F. et al.","Production of morphology-controllable porous hyaluronic acid particles using a spray-drying method.","Acta biomaterialia (2008).","14.Sen, D. et al.","Evaporation Driven Self-Assembly of a Colloidal Dispersion during Spray Drying: Volume Fraction Dependent Morphological Transition.","Langmuir (2009).","15.Zhang, X. et al.","Preparation of a dispersible PEGylate nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) loaded with 10-hydroxycamptothecin by spray-drying.","Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 56, 1645-1650 (2008).","16.Vehring, R. Pharmaceutical particle engineering via spray drying.","Pharmaceutical research 25, 999-1022 (2008).","17.Churchhill, C. Surgery in World War II.","The physiologic effects of wounds.","U.S. Government Printing Office (1952).","18.Blalock, A.","Report on Committee on Transfusion, National Research Council.","(1940).","19.Harper, S. B.","The preparation and experimental use of dried blood plasma.","Proceedings of Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic 15, 689-694 (1940).","20.Strumia, D. Minutes, meeting of subcommittee on blood substitutes.","Division of Medical Sciences, National Research Council (1942).","21.Allen, J., Enerson, D., Barron, E. and Sykes, C. Pooled plasma with little or no risk of homologous serum Jaundice.","J.","A. M. A.","152, 1421-1423 (1954).","22.Whitaker, B. a. S., M. The 2005 Nationwide Blood Collection and Utilization Survey Report.","AABB and US Dept.","HHS http://www.aabb.org./apps/docs/05nbcursrpt.pdf (2005).","23.Hardy, J. F., De Moerloose, P. & Samama, M. Massive transfusion and coagulopathy: pathophysiology and implications for clinical management.","Can J Anaesth 51, 293-310 (2004).","24.Baxter, C. R. & Shires, T. Physiological response to crystalloid resuscitation of severe burns.","Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 150, 874-894 (1968).","25.Shires, T. Initial care of the injured patient.","The Journal of trauma 10, 940-948 (1970).","26.Shires, T., Coln, D., Carrico, J.","& Lightfoot, S. Fluid Therapy in Hemorrhagic Shock.","Arch Surg 88, 688-693 (1964).","27.Skeate, R. C. & Eastlund, T. Distinguishing between transfusion related acute lung injury and transfusion associated circulatory overload.","Current opinion in hematology 14, 682-687 (2007).","28.Triulzi, D. J. Transfusion-related acute lung injury: current concepts for the clinician.","Anesthesia and analgesia 108, 770-776 (2009).","29.Stern, S. A. Low-volume fluid resuscitation for presumed hemorrhagic shock: helpful or harmful?","Current opinion in critical care 7, 422-430 (2001).","30.Reynolds, P. S., Barbee, R. W., Skaflen, M. D. & Ward, K. R. Low-volume resuscitation cocktail extends survival after severe hemorrhagic shock.","Shock (Augusta, Ga. 28, 45-52 (2007).","31.Fischer, T. H., Merricks, E., Raymer, R., Nichols, T., Hayes, P., Bode, A., Pearce, L. and Manning, J.","The co-infusion of rehydrated lyopholized platelets wth HBOC-201 for hemostasis in dilutional thrombocytopenia.","Blood 98, 2250 (2001).","32.Manning, J. E. et al.","Selective aortic arch perfusion using serial infusions of perflubron emulsion.","Acad Emerg Med 4, 883-890 (1997).","33.Manning, J. E. et al.","Selective aortic arch perfusion during cardiac arrest: enhanced resuscitation using oxygenated perflubron emulsion, with and without aortic arch epinephrine.","Ann Emerg Med 29, 580-587 (1997).","34.Manning, J. E. et al.","Selective aortic arch perfusion with hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier-201 for resuscitation from exsanguinating cardiac arrest in swine.","Critical care medicine 29, 2067-2074 (2001).","35.Toung, T., Reilly, P. M., Fuh, K. C., Ferris, R. & Bulkley, G. B. Mesenteric vasoconstriction in response to hemorrhagic shock.","Shock (Augusta, Ga. 13, 267-273 (2000).","36.Brummel-Ziedins, K., Vossen, C. Y., Rosendaal, F. R., Umezaki, K. & Mann, K. G. The plasma hemostatic proteome: thrombin generation in healthy individuals.","J Thromb Haemost 3, 1472-1481 (2005).","37.Budowsky, E., Ackerman, S., Purmal, A., Edson, C., Williams, M. Methods and compositions for inactivating viruses.","U.S. Pat.","No.","6,369,048 (2002).","38.Burnouf, T. et al.","Nanofiltration of single plasma donations: feasibility study.","Vox Sang 84, 111-119 (2003).","39.Burnouf-Radosevich, M., Appourchaux, P., Huart, J. J.","& Burnouf, T. Nanofiltration, a new specific virus elimination method applied to high-purity factor IX and factor XI concentrates.","Vox Sang 67, 132-138 (1994).","40.Horowitz, B. a. C., S. Removal of antibodies from blood-derived compositions while retaining coagulation factors.","U.S. Pat.","No.","5,541,294 (1996).","41.Bakaltcheva, I., O'Sullivan, A. M., Hmel, P. & Ogbu, H. Freeze-dried whole plasma: evaluating sucrose, trehalose, sorbitol, mannitol and glycine as stabilizers.","Thrombosis research 120, 105-116 (2007).","42.MacLennan, S. & Williamson, L. M. Risks of fresh frozen plasma and platelets.","The Journal of trauma 60, S46-50 (2006).","43.Solheim, B. G. Universal pathogen-reduced plasma in elective open-heart surgery and liver resection.","Clin Med Res 4, 209-217 (2006).","44.Noddeland, H. et al.","Universal solvent/detergent-treated fresh frozen plasma (Uniplas-rationale and clinical properties.","Thrombosis research 107 Suppl 1, S33-37 (2002).","45.Medwatch, F. Imporrtant safety information regarding Plas+SD.","http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/safety/2002/plassd_deardoc.pdf (2002).","46.Monroe, D. M., Hoffman, M., Allen, G. A.","& Roberts, H. R. The factor VII-platelet interplay: effectiveness of recombinant factor VIIa in the treatment of bleeding in severe thrombocytopathia.","Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis 26, 373-377 (2000).","47.Monroe, D. M., Hoffman, M. & Roberts, H. R. Platelets and thrombin generation.","Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22, 1381-1389 (2002).","48.Deveras, R. A.","& Kessler, C. M. Reversal of warfarin-induced excessive anticoagulation with recombinant human factor Vila concentrate.","Annals of internal medicine 137, 884-888 (2002).","49.Freeman, W. D. et al.","Recombinant factor VIIa for rapid reversal of warfarin anticoagulation in acute intracranial hemorrhage.","Mayo Clin Proc 79, 1495-1500 (2004).","50.Sorensen, B., Johansen, P., Nielsen, G. L., Sorensen, J. C. & Ingerslev, J.","Reversal of the International Normalized Ratio with recombinant activated factor VII in central nervous system bleeding during warfarin thromboprophylaxis: clinical and biochemical aspects.","Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 14, 469-477 (2003).","51.Talkad, A., Mathews, M., Honings, D., Jahnel, J.","& Wang, D. Reversal of warfarin-induced anticoagulation with factor Vila prior to rt-PA in acute stroke.","Neurology 64, 1480-1481 (2005)."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"Spray-Dried Blood Products and Methods of Making Same\",\n \"The present invention is directed to a method of preparing dehydrated blood products, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a hydrated blood product; (b) spray-drying the hydrated blood product to produce a dehydrated blood product, as well as dehydrated blood products made by the method.\",\n \"The present invention is directed to a method of treating a patient suffering from a blood-related disorder, comprising the steps of: (a) rehydrating a therapeutic amount of the dehydrated blood products to produce a rehydrated therapeutic composition; and (b) administering the rehydrated therapeutic composition to the patient.\",\n \"The present invention is directed to a bandage or surgical aid comprising the dehydrated blood products described above.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A method of preparing dehydrated plasma, comprising the steps of: a. providing hydrated plasma; and b. spray-drying said hydrated plasma to produce dehydrated plasma wherein clotting factors are preserved after spray drying.\",\n \"2.The method of claim 1, wherein said hydrated plasma is physically or chemically modified.\",\n \"3.The method of claim 2, wherein said modification is chemical fixation.\",\n \"4.The method of claim 2, wherein said modification comprises additional diagnostic or therapeutic reagents.\",\n \"5.The method of claim 4, wherein said diagnostic or therapeutic reagents are selected from the group consisting of imaging agents, concentration factors, performance enhancement drugs, antimicrobial and antiviral reagents, universal donor solutions, and combinations thereof.\",\n \"6.Dehydrated plasma made by the method of claim 1.7.A method of treating a patient suffering from a blood-related disorder, comprising the steps of: a. rehydrating a therapeutic amount of the dehydrated plasma blood products of claim 6 to produce a rehydrated therapeutic composition; and b. administering said rehydrated therapeutic composition to said patient.\",\n \"8.A bandage or surgical aid comprising the dehydrated plasma of claim 6.9.Spray dried plasma, wherein when said spray dried plasma is rehydrated to form a rehydrated plasma composition, said composition has a turbidity (A500) value less than that of a comparable rehydrated lyophilized composition of plasma.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION \"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of preparing dehydrated blood products, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a hydrated blood product; (b) spray-drying the hydrated blood product to produce a dehydrated blood product, as well as dehydrated blood products made by the method.\",\n \"In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of treating a patient suffering from a blood-related disorder, comprising the steps of: (a) rehydrating a therapeutic amount of the dehydrated blood products to produce a rehydrated therapeutic composition; and (b) administering the rehydrated therapeutic composition to the patient.\",\n \"In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a bandage or surgical aid comprising the dehydrated blood products described above.\",\n \"In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of preparing dehydrated fixed blood platelets, comprising the steps of: (a) providing hydrated fixed blood platelets; and (b) spray-drying the hydrated fixed blood platelets to produce a dehydrated fixed blood platelets, as well as dehydrated fixed blood platelets made by the method.\",\n \"In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of treating a patient suffering from a blood-related disorder, comprising the steps of: (a) rehydrating a therapeutic amount of the dehydrated fixed blood platelets to produce a rehydrated therapeutic composition; and (b) administering the rehydrated therapeutic composition to the patient.\",\n \"In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a bandage or surgical aid comprising the dehydrated fixed blood platelets described above.\",\n \"In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to spray dried fixed blood platelets having spherical-dimpled geometry, wherein when said spray dried fixed blood platelets are rehydrated to form a rehydrated fixed blood platelet composition, the composition has a turbidity (A 500 ) value less than that of a comparable rehydrated lyophilized composition of fixed blood platelets.\",\n \"These and other embodiments will become evident on reading the following detailed description of the invention.\"\n ],\n [\n \"BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention is directed to methods of preparing dried blood products using spray-drying as an alternative to conventional lyophilization (freeze-drying), and products made by the method.\",\n \"Using the method of the invention, increased recovery rates of dried product are possible.\",\n \"The final product displays at least three-fold concentration over native plasma, as well as increased reconstitution rates when mixed with liquids.\",\n \"Brief Description of the Related Art Spray-drying is a technology in which a solution is atomized in a stream of flowing gas for rapid solvent vaporization (e.g., dehydration).\",\n \"The result is the formation on a sub-second timescale of microparticles composed of the residual solute.\",\n \"Spray-drying has been used as a industrial process in the material,4 food5 and pharmaceutical6,7 industries for decades.\",\n \"(e.g., see Bergsoe8 for an earlier review).\",\n \"More recently, spray-drying has facilitated the preparation of protein therapeutics as microparticles for inhalation,9 the formulation of advanced carrier-therapeutic microstructures,10-12 and new classes of micromaterials.13-15 The role of kinetic, phase transition, mass transfer, heat transfer, and other physical processes in determining ultimate particle size and composition are well-understood (e.g., see Vehring16 for a recent review), and research in spray-drying is an extremely active area in materials science research.\",\n \"An important finding from this body of research is that in aqueous systems the heat of vaporization reduces the temperature of the particles during the volatilization process.\",\n \"Thus, thermal denaturation of proteins can be minimized for preservation of protein activities.\",\n \"During World War II, the benefits of whole blood transfusion were appreciated, but logistical difficulties related to collection, transport, outdating and typing mismatch for transfusion reactions limited widespread utilization17.Dried plasma was thus developed as a surrogate for whole blood18.American, British and Canadian military transfusion services extensively utilized dried plasma1 during World War II with a very favorable safety profile.\",\n \"The methods for preparing U.S. Army-Navy dried plasma were originally scaled to commercial volumes by Sharp and Dohme, Inc. (and later by a larger industrial consortium) with lyophilization technologies analogous to today's freeze-drying protocols19.The dried U.S. Army-Navy plasma was anticoagulated with 0.67% (w/v) sodium citrate, and after 1942 was rehydrated with 0.1% (w/v) citric acid.\",\n \"Rehydration with citric acid was found to result in a final product pH of 7.4-7.6 for a more favorable preservation of thrombin generation20.Dried U.S. Army-Navy plasma was placed in widespread civilian use after 1945, and used in the initial phases of the Korean War.\",\n \"However, despite nascent development of ultraviolet irradiation microbial decontamination methods21, the production of dried plasma was suspended in 1953, the stated reason being hepatitis contamination.\",\n \"However, civilian use of plasma, mostly as fresh frozen plasma, has greatly expanded, with over 13 million units being collected in 200522.In current medical practice plasma is used for a variety of indications, one of the most important being as a component of resuscitation mixtures in trauma with massive blood loss.\",\n \"Plasma contains components, such as the coagulation factors and fibrinogen, which are frequently diminished in hemorrhagic shock-related coagulopathies (e.g., see Hardy et al.23).\",\n \"Several medical findings point towards the utility of a hyper-concentrated plasma product.\",\n \"The desirability of low volume resuscitation, as facilitated by products such as hyper-concentrated plasma, is becoming increasingly accepted since the initial observations of adverse outcomes related to standard resuscitation.24-26 Incidences of transfusion associated cardiac overload and fluid overload-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome might be avoided with low volume resuscitation.27,28 Administration of reduced volumes can also be desirable if ongoing hemorrhage is exacerbating dilutional coagulopathies (e.g.\",\n \"see Stern for a review29).\",\n \"The development of advanced resuscitation products, such as hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs),30 facilitate the ability to achieve adequate tissue oxygenation without infusion of large volumes of fluids.\",\n \"However, the introduction of HBOCs is anticipated to create a need for low volume products to supplement hemostatic systems, such as concentrated plasma.\",\n \"Dried blood products are known in the art, and the predominant technique for achieving the dried product is lyophilization (freeze-drying).\",\n \"For example, U.S. Pat.\",\n \"Nos.\",\n \"4,287,087 and 4,145,185 to Brinkhous et al.\",\n \"disclose dried blood platelets that have been fixed with a crosslinking reagent such as formaldehyde.\",\n \"U.S. Pat.\",\n \"Nos.\",\n \"5,656,498, 5,651,966; 5,891,393; 5,902,608; and 5,993,804 disclose additional dried blood products.\",\n \"Such products are useful for therapeutic purposes because they are stable, have long shelf life, and can be used potentially in powder form to arrest bleeding in patients undergoing severe trauma.\",\n \"However, such products must be manufactured under strict sterile conditions in order to avoid contamination.\",\n \"With current transfusion practices, plasma is frequently provided as a thawed single donor “fresh frozen” product.\",\n \"However, since refrigeration is difficult to provide in forward military applications, underdeveloped countries, and in wilderness medicine situations, this form factor can be logistically problematic.\",\n \"Thus, the elimination of freezing (lyophilization) via a dried plasma product would be a significant advantage.\",\n \"In addition, the dried plasma product is significantly easier to pathogen reduce than is fresh frozen plasma.\",\n \"The present invention is believed to be an answer to that need.\",\n \"SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of preparing dehydrated blood products, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a hydrated blood product; (b) spray-drying the hydrated blood product to produce a dehydrated blood product, as well as dehydrated blood products made by the method.\",\n \"In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of treating a patient suffering from a blood-related disorder, comprising the steps of: (a) rehydrating a therapeutic amount of the dehydrated blood products to produce a rehydrated therapeutic composition; and (b) administering the rehydrated therapeutic composition to the patient.\",\n \"In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a bandage or surgical aid comprising the dehydrated blood products described above.\",\n \"In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of preparing dehydrated fixed blood platelets, comprising the steps of: (a) providing hydrated fixed blood platelets; and (b) spray-drying the hydrated fixed blood platelets to produce a dehydrated fixed blood platelets, as well as dehydrated fixed blood platelets made by the method.\",\n \"In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of treating a patient suffering from a blood-related disorder, comprising the steps of: (a) rehydrating a therapeutic amount of the dehydrated fixed blood platelets to produce a rehydrated therapeutic composition; and (b) administering the rehydrated therapeutic composition to the patient.\",\n \"In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a bandage or surgical aid comprising the dehydrated fixed blood platelets described above.\",\n \"In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to spray dried fixed blood platelets having spherical-dimpled geometry, wherein when said spray dried fixed blood platelets are rehydrated to form a rehydrated fixed blood platelet composition, the composition has a turbidity (A500) value less than that of a comparable rehydrated lyophilized composition of fixed blood platelets.\",\n \"These and other embodiments will become evident on reading the following detailed description of the invention.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.\",\n \"1 is an electron micrograph of microspheres of spray-dried plasma produced according to the present invention; FIG.\",\n \"2 is a graph showing coagulation factor levels in various samples; FIG.\",\n \"3 depicts graphs showing native coagulation pathway turnover with spray dried plasma produced according to the method of the invention; FIG.\",\n \"4 is an electron micrograph showing fibrin ultrastructure from spray dried plasma produced according to the method of the invention; FIG.\",\n \"5 is a graph depicting the turbidity and rehydration rate of spray-dried vs. lyophilized plasma at several concentrations; FIG.\",\n \"6 is an electron micrograph of rehydrated spray-dried derivatized blood platelets; FIG.\",\n \"7 is another electron micrograph of rehydrated spray-dried derivatized blood platelets; and FIG.\",\n \"8 are electron micrographs illustrating ristocetin agglutination of spray-dried rehydrated platelets made according to the method of the invention.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As indicated above, the present invention is directed to methods of preparing dehydrated blood products, and dehydrated blood products made by the method.\",\n \"Useful hydrated blood products that may be dehydrated by the method of the invention include, but are not limited to, whole blood, blood plasma, blood platelets, red blood cells, blood serum, plasma, and combinations of these.\",\n \"One particularly useful blood product that is suitable for the method of the present invention is blood platelets that have been fixed with a fixative agent, such as formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde.\",\n \"Additionally, the blood products may be modified with additional diagnostic or therapeutic agents, such as imaging agents, concentration factors, performance enhancement drugs, antimicrobial and antiviral reagents, universal donor solutions, and the like, as well as combinations of these.\",\n \"One example of a useful modified product is STASIX (derivatized dried blood platelets) available from Entegrion, Inc. (Research Triangle Park, NC).\",\n \"The technique of spray-drying is used in the method of the invention as an alternative to conventional drying techniques known in the art, such as lyophilization (freeze drying).\",\n \"Spray drying is a method of transforming material in a fluid state into a dried particulate form by spraying a feed of a material into a warm drying medium.\",\n \"Spray drying involves evaporation of moisture from an atomized feed by mixing the spray and the drying medium in a controlled fashion.\",\n \"The drying medium is typically air, although other gases such as nitrogen may also be used.\",\n \"The drying proceeds until the desired moisture content is reached in the sprayed particles and the product is then separated from the drying medium.\",\n \"The complete process of spray drying basically consists of a sequence of four processes.\",\n \"The dispersion can be achieved with a pressure nozzle, a two fluid nozzle, a rotary disk atomizer or an ultrasonic nozzle.\",\n \"Selection upon the atomizer type depends upon the nature and amount of feed and the desired characteristics of the dried product.\",\n \"The higher the energy for the dispersion, the smaller are the generated droplets.\",\n \"The manner in which spray contacts the drying air is an important factor in spray dryer design, as this has great bearing on dried product properties by influencing droplet behavior during drying.\",\n \"In one embodiment, the material is sprayed in the same direction as the flow of hot air through the apparatus.\",\n \"The droplets come into contact with the hot drying gas when they are the most moist.\",\n \"In another embodiment, the material is sprayed in the opposite direction of the flow of hot gas.\",\n \"The hot gas flows upwards and the product falls through increasingly hot air into the collection tray.\",\n \"The residual moisture is eliminated, and the product becomes very hot.\",\n \"This method is suitable only for thermally stabile products.\",\n \"In yet another embodiment, the advantages of both spraying methods are combined.\",\n \"The product is sprayed upwards and only remains in the hot zone for a short time to eliminate the residual moisture.\",\n \"Gravity then pulls the product into the cooler zone.\",\n \"This embodiment is particularly advantageous because the product is only in the hot zone for a short time, and is less likely to be affected by heat.\",\n \"In the spray drying method, air is mostly used as drying medium, but other gases such as nitrogen may also be used.\",\n \"The gas stream is heated electrically or in a burner and after the process exhausted to atmosphere.\",\n \"If the heating medium is recycled and reused, typically an inert gas such as nitrogen, is used instead of air.\",\n \"Use of nitrogen is advantageous when flammable solvents, toxic products or oxygen sensitive products are processed.\",\n \"During the spray drying process, as soon as droplets of the spray come into contact with the drying gas, evaporation takes place from the saturated vapor film which is quickly established at the droplet surface.\",\n \"Due to the high specific surface area and the existing temperature and moisture gradients, heat and mass transfer results in efficient drying.\",\n \"The evaporation leads to a cooling of the droplet and thus to a small thermal load.\",\n \"Drying chamber design and air flow rate provide a droplet residence time in the chamber, so that the desired droplet moisture removal is completed and product removed from the dryer before product temperatures can rise to the outlet drying air temperature.\",\n \"Hence, there is little likelihood of heat damage to the product.\",\n \"Two systems are used to separate the product from the drying medium.\",\n \"First, primary separation of the drying product takes place at the base of the drying chamber, and second, total recovery of the dried product in the separation equipment.\",\n \"In one embodiment, a cyclone is used to collect the material.\",\n \"Based on inertial forces, the particles are separated to the cyclone wall as a down-going strain and removed.\",\n \"Other systems such as electrostatic precipitators, textile (bag) filters or wet collectors like scrubbers, may also be used to collect the dried product.\",\n \"As used in the present invention, spray drying offers advantages over other drying methods such as lyophilization (freeze drying).\",\n \"Use of spray drying produces a product that is more consistent, less clumpy, and better dispersed than freeze drying methods.\",\n \"The highly dispersed particles produced by spray drying also allow for a rapid rehydration rate, which is likely a result of a larger available surface area.\",\n \"By contrast, the clumped nature of a freeze dried product, results in substantially longer rehydration times for the blood products that are dried in the method of the invention.\",\n \"Since many transfusions and other uses of blood products can be highly time-sensitive, this higher rate of rehydration can be a significant advantage in battlefield or emergency treatment situations.\",\n \"As explained in more detail below, spray dried fixed blood platelets of the invention can be rehydrated to form a rehydrated fixed blood platelet composition, and the composition has a turbidity (A500) value less than that of a comparable rehydrated lyophilized composition of fixed blood platelets.\",\n \"The spray-dried products of the method of the invention may be used as topical treatments in treating wounds.\",\n \"In one embodiment, the products may be used directly on a wound to assist clotting, or may be applied to a bandage or surgical aid or covering to assist in wound healing.\",\n \"In an alternative embodiment, the rehydrated forms of the spray-dried products of the method of the invention may be administered via intravenous injection as therapeutic treatments to patients afflicted with blood-related disorders such as thrombocytopenia (including washout thrombocytopenia), hemorrhagic platelet dysfunction, and trauma victims experiencing severe bleeding.\",\n \"EXAMPLES General Design and Methods Spray-dried Plasma Concentration.\",\n \"Human pooled solvent-detergent treated plasma (Kedrion S.p.A., Barga, Italy) and porcine plasma from a pool of ten animals (donated by the Francis Owen Blood Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) can be spray-dried over a range of instrumental run parameters or freeze-dried with a standard lyophilization cycle to obtain different sized dehydrated microparticles.\",\n \"The products are then rehydrated with different volumes of sterile water that contain a low concentration of glycine at pH=2.4 to compensate for the loss of protons during the dehydration process and compared to establish the upper limit for concentration.\",\n \"Details of the experiments follow: Plasma dehydration.\",\n \"Porcine and human plasma can be spray-dried in a Buchi B-270 research spray-dryer at a flow rate of 415 liters N2 per hour at 140° C., 130° C., 120° C., 110° C., and lower if dehydration can be obtained.\",\n \"Runs are preferably performed three times at each temperature and with each type (i.e., porcine and human) plasma.\",\n \"The final product can be analyzed for moisture content and microparticles imaged with scanning electron microscopy.\",\n \"Portions of pig and human plasma may also be lyophilized at −20° C. for three days from a 4 mm layer to obtain a “lyophilization control” cake.\",\n \"As shown in the accompanying Figures, spray-dried material is observed to be a fine powder, and appear as microspheres under the microscope, while lyophilized material forms a cake.\",\n \"Plasma rehydration.\",\n \"Spray-dried and lyophilization control lots (each in triplicate) are rehydrated with the appropriate volume of sterile water with glycine for 1×, 2×, 3×, 4× and possibly higher hyper-concentration of the plasma.\",\n \"Rehydration can be with glycine solutions at pH=2.4 for a product with a final rehydrated pH=7.4 as follows: 1×-20 mM glycine, 2×-40 mM glycine, 3×-60 mM glycine, 4×-80 mM glycine, etc.\",\n \"Physical and chemical analysis.\",\n \"The following analysis may be performed with each triplicate sample of starting plasma (pre-spray dry), each lot spray-dried material and the lyophilized control plasma.\",\n \"Comparisons can be made with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and directionality will be assessed using the Sign test.\",\n \"Turbidity and rate of solubilization—Optical measurement of the light absorption at 700 nm can assess turbidity as a function of time after initiation of the rehydration reaction.\",\n \"Viscosity can be estimated with a falling ball viscometer.\",\n \"Coagulation factor levels (including FII, FV, FVII, FVIII, FIX, FX, FXII, FXII, FXIII, protein S, protein C, von Willebrand factor) are measured with ELISA analysis.\",\n \"Coagulation pathway turnover—Prothrombin times and activated partial thromboplastin times are measured with concentrated plasmas after dilution of the hyper-concentrated solutions to 1×.\",\n \"Final clots are examined with scanning electron microscopy to assess fiber thickness and density.\",\n \"A concentrated solution preferably will have the appropriate rheology for standard transfusion practice in which coagulation factor levels and activities are within normal intra- and inter-individual ranges of variation.\",\n \"This solution can be utilized for the “most concentrated” infusions in porcine studies described below.\",\n \"Safety evaluation of concentrated plasma products in pigs.\",\n \"The goal of these studies is to identify a maximum tolerated dose for hyper-concentrated plasma preparations in injured pigs.\",\n \"Animals are subjected to hepatic injuries for blood loss and induction of compensated hemorrhagic shock.\",\n \"Animals are then be infused with hyper-concentrated plasma porcine preparations until an adverse hemodynamic response is noted.\",\n \"At the termination of the experiment animals is sacrificed and subjected to post-mortem analysis for histological evidence of prothrombotic complications.\",\n \"The endpoint of this analysis will be the definition of the relationship between maximum tolerated dose and degree of plasma concentration.\",\n \"Induction of Shock in Pigs and Infusion of hyper-concentrated plasma.\",\n \"40 to 50 kg pigs (obtained from the Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine (UNC) breeding colony) are anesthetized.\",\n \"Analysis of hemodynamic and vasoactive processes.\",\n \"Several sensors are placed to follow hemodynamic and vasoactive processes: a pulmonary artery thermo dilution catheter is inserted via the external jugular vein into a pulmonary artery; micromanometer-tipped catheters are positioned via the left femoral vessels into the right atrium and thoracic aorta; a 0.22 gauge catheter is inserted into the left femoral artery and connected to a withdrawal pump.\",\n \"Patterns of blood flow are measured by placing Doppler flow probes on the cephalic and mesenteric arteries; this procedure can be supported by carotid artery cut down and laparotomy.\",\n \"Induction of shock and infusion of hyper-concentrated plasma.\",\n \"Hemorrhagic shock can be induced by withdrawing 40% of total blood volume over a one-hour period.\",\n \"After withdrawal of blood and verification of hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial blood pressure <40 mm Hg, shift in cephalic, splanchnic blood flow pattern), the animals are infused with multiple doses of 1× spray-dried plasma or hyper-concentrated spray-dried plasma at an intermediate and high level of concentration (to be determined as described above).\",\n \"Each infusion is preferably a volume equivalent to 1/10th of the animal's blood volume, and is preferably performed over a three minute period with a Harvard syringe pump.\",\n \"Hemodynamic and other physiological parameters can be measured, and infusions can be stopped when two successive boluses result in worsening hemodynamic stability.\",\n \"Animals are then be sacrificed for autopsy and histological analysis.\",\n \"The number of animals and the infused products used in this Example are shown in Table 1.TABLE 1 Infused Product Number of Animals 1x Plasma 3 Intermediate Concentration (e.g., 2x) 3 High Concentration (e.g., 4x) 3 Total Animals 9 Microvasculopathologies and hemolytic disorders.\",\n \"After sacrifice, selected renal, hepatic, pulmonary, splenic, lung and other tissue are prepared for light microscopic analysis.\",\n \"The histological analysis focuses on identifying signs of macroscopic or disseminated intravascular coagulation or premature induction of selected organ failure.\",\n \"Data analysis.\",\n \"Comparisons between plasma groups are made with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and directionality assessed using the Sign test.\",\n \"Example 1: Spray-Drying of Plasma and Preservation of Coagulation Protein Activities The following series of experiments demonstrate that plasma can be spray-dried to obtain dehydrated microparticles, and then rehydrated to the original volume for plasma with native coagulation factor levels and coagulation parameters.\",\n \"Solvent-detergent pooled plasma was subjected to standard spray-drying (415 liters N2 per hour at 120° C. in Butchi, Inc. B-270) to obtain the product depicted in FIG.\",\n \"1.The spherical-dimpled geometry of the resulting microparticles is similar to the shapes obtained when other proteins are spray-dried, indicating that a protein surface shell forms as a result of the initial kinetics of water removal and concentration (e.g., see Vehring16).\",\n \"However, this geometry is distinctive over lyophilized plasma which displays a jagged surface texture.\",\n \"Upon rehydration with 20 mM glycine, pH=2.4 to compensate for proton loss during the drying process for the original protein concentration, the coagulation factor levels were found to be essentially the same as in the original plasma before spray drying as shown in FIG.\",\n \"2.Spray-drying also had an insignificant effect on the kinetics of plasma coagulation (FIG.\",\n \"3).\",\n \"There was a statistical trend (that was not significant in this analysis) towards enhanced coagulation protein molecular turnover after spray-drying, an effect that might be related to differences in the association states of proteins in plasma samples.\",\n \"The fibrin strands after spray-dried plasma fibrinogen polymerization had normal morphology (FIG.\",\n \"4).\",\n \"In contrast to the methods of the present invention, freezing and lyophilized plasma results in a product that contains microscopic and macroscopic domains of varying composition due to phase separation.\",\n \"The result is that rehydration at super-physiological concentrations is time consuming and results in a turbid suspension.\",\n \"This point is demonstrated by the data presented in FIG.\",\n \"5 which shows A500 (turbidity) for several concentrations of rehydrated plasma.\",\n \"The solvent-detergent treated plasma product was subjected to spray-drying or lyophilization, then rehydrated for native (1×), 2×, 3× or 4× final concentration.\",\n \"Rehydration times, based on the time for macroscopic dissolution to occur, was dramatically faster with the spray-dried material due to the massive surface area of the microparticle formulation, and results in a significantly less turbid suspension as shown by lower A500 values in FIG.\",\n \"5.In addition to the plasma described above, other blood products may be dried and rehydrated in accordance with the description above.\",\n \"Virtually any treated or untreated blood product may be used in the method of the invention.\",\n \"Examples of blood products include whole blood, blood plasma, blood platelets, red blood cells, blood serum, as well as combinations of these.\",\n \"The blood products may be used in the method of the invention in their naturally occurring state, or may be modified in any way.\",\n \"Examples of modifications of these blood products include fixation with a fixing agent such as formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde as described in U.S. Pat.\",\n \"Nos.\",\n \"5,651,966; 5,891,393; 5,902,608; and 5,993,804; addition of imaging agents, concentration factors, performance enhancement drugs, antimicrobial and antiviral reagents and universal donor solutions.\",\n \"One example of a useful modified product is STASIX (derivatized dried blood platelets) available from Entegrion, Inc. (Research Triangle Park, NC).\",\n \"The following is a general protocol for rehydration of spray-dried STASIX particles.\",\n \"Example 2: Rehydration of Spray Dried Derivatized Blood Platelets The goal of this example is to rehydrate spray-dried derivatized blood platelets (sold under the tradename STASIX and available from Entegrion, Inc., NC) so that the concentration of all components (platelet particles, buffer salts, bulking agents (e.g., human serum albumin)) are the same as the suspension that went into the spray-drier.\",\n \"This was achieved in three stages.\",\n \"First, a “reference A280 value” for the bulking medium used for the pre-spray-dried suspension is obtained.\",\n \"This is an A280 nm value for the pre-spray-dry after the platelets are spun out, reflecting the supernatant protein concentration, which is largely human serum albumin bulking agent.\",\n \"Second, a trial rehydration with the post-spray-dried powder is performed at 10% (w/v), then the optical density at 280 nm (A280) of the bulking agent (human serum albumin) is measured.\",\n \"Third, the pre-spray-dried supernatant A280 and 10% supernatant A280 values are compared (ratioed) to determine how far off the 10% rehydration approximation was.\",\n \"This ratio is then used to calculate the exact weight percentage of dried powder that is needed to match the bulking agent protein concentration of the pre-spray dried suspension.\",\n \"The platelet count of the post-rehydration particles are then measured two ways.\",\n \"First with a Hiska cell counter and second by measuring the optical turbidity.\",\n \"These values, and related rehydration volumes, form the starting point for all the particle characterization assays.\",\n \"Procedure 1.Measure the optical density of the pre-spray dry to obtain the reference A280 value.\",\n \"a) Thaw the liquid pre-spray dry sample and spin out the particles by centrifuging on a desktop microfuge at a setting of five for two minutes.\",\n \"Retain the supernatant.\",\n \"b) Dilute the supernatant 1/10 into citrated saline in triplicate and measure A280 values with the nanodrop spectrometer.\",\n \"2.Measure protein optical density of 10% (w/v) suspension a) Weigh out several (approximately 4) 20-50 mg particle portions in microfuge tubes.\",\n \"Record the mass.\",\n \"Rehydrate one tube with distilled water for a 10% (w/v) suspension.\",\n \"Save the remaining tubes for future analysis.\",\n \"b) Spin out particles as above and retain supernatant.\",\n \"c) Dilute each rehydrated sample supernatant 1/10 into citrated saline in triplicate and measure the A280 values.\",\n \"3.Calculate the rehydration weight percentage to match the pre-spray dried value as follows.\",\n \"a) Divide the A280 values from the diluted pre-spray dry supernatant by the dilution factor (1/10) and average the three values to obtain a theoretical reference A280 value or A280, ref.\",\n \"b) Divide the A280 values form the 10% rehydration supernatant by the dilution factor (1/10) and average the three values to obtain a theoretical undiluted A280 value, referred to as A280, 10%.\",\n \"c) Ratio A280, 10% to the A280, ref value according to Equation 1 to obtain the proper rehydration mass (w/v) of post spray-dry powder so that the rehydrated sample will have the same A280 value as the reference A280 value.\",\n \"Weight percentage (w/v)*=10% (w/v)×A280,ref/A250,10% (Equation 1) weight percentage can be in units of mg/ml, e.g., 8.9% (w/v) is equivalent to 89 mg/ml.\",\n \"Measurement of STASIX Particle Counts a) Dilute the 10% rehydration suspension (don't perform the cell spin out) 1/10 with citrated saline in triplicate.\",\n \"b) Measure the turbidity at A500 of each sample.\",\n \"c) Measure the direct cell count with the Hiska hematological analyzer.\",\n \"d) Calculate and factor in yield loss.\",\n \"Electron micrographs of rehydrated spray-dried derivatized blood platelets (rehydrated STASIX) are shown in FIG.\",\n \"6 and FIG.\",\n \"7.Example 3: Single Dose Range-Finding Intravenous Toxicity Study in Cynomolgus Monkeys A study was designed to assess the toxicity of spray-dried derivatized dried blood platelets (spray-dried Stasix as described above, then rehydrated) when administered via intravenous infusion (over approximately 5 minutes) to monkeys as a single dose.\",\n \"A recovery subgroup of the animals was observed for 7 days.\",\n \"Five groups of monkeys were used—Group 1—vehicle (buffer) control; Group 2—1× therapeutic STASIX dose; Group 3—5× therapeutic STASIX dose; Group 4-10× therapeutic STASIX dose; and Group 5—human serum albumin (500 mg/kg).\",\n \"Dosages were respectively 0.0, 2.1×109, 1.05×1010, 2.1×1010, and 0.0 platelets/kg in group 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.A 1× dose is the estimated therapeutic STASIX dose in a human patient, i.e., an additional 30,000 platelet particles per microliter of blood.\",\n \"No adverse effects either symptomatic or micro-pathologic were seen in any of the monkeys used in this experiment.\",\n \"Since 2 male monkeys and 2 female monkeys all tolerated a 10× therapeutic dose of STASIX infused over the very brief time period of only 5 minutes, the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) is at least 10× the therapeutic dose.\",\n \"In a human clinical setting, STASIX doses would be infused at a much slower time rate of 20 minutes.\",\n \"Necropsy of the 14 study monkeys comprising the 5 dosing groups was conducted at either Day 2 or Day 8 following infusion, and showed no evidence of the development of microthrombi in either the heart or lungs.\",\n \"In summary, in a detailed animal study conducted by a major outside research laboratory under all appropriate animal use and handling regulations, STASIX was shown to display no harmful effects at either a macroscopic or microscopic level at doses up to 10 times the intended human therapeutic dose.\",\n \"Example 4: Spray-Drying of Aldehyde Stabilized Platelets The utility of spray-drying as an alternative to lyophilization for the dehydration of aldehyde-stabilized platelets is examined in this example.\",\n \"Human apheresis platelets were stabilized using the procedure of Read et al.\",\n \"described in U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"5,651,966, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.\",\n \"Spray-drying (415 liters N2 per hour at 120° C.) of the final aldehyde-stabilized platelet suspension at 2.0 million platelets/microliter in 5% (w/v) human serum albumin as described above resulted in a fine powder that, upon examination, consisted of spherical particles with 3 to 30 micron diameters similar to those shown in FIGS.\",\n \"6 and 7.Seventeen independent dried platelet preparations were prepared with spray-drying and then rehydrated for the original pre-dehydration volumes.\",\n \"The yield (post-rehydration/pre-spray drying) of countable platelets was 96.8%+/−7.0% (standard deviation) for these seventeen runs.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8 depicts spray-dried platelets after rehydration, exchange into normal human plasma (as a von Willebrand factor source) and addition of ristocetin to 1 mg/ml (Panel B) or a corresponding volume of control buffer (Panel A).\",\n \"Large aggregates were noted with ristocetin addition, indicating that spray-drying preserved glycoprotein 1B—von Willebrand factor receptor functions.\",\n \"Cynomolgus monkeys (1 or 2/sex/group) received a single 5-minute intravenous infusion of the spray-dried platelets at doses of 2.1×109, 1.05×1010, or 2.1×1010 platelets/kg.\",\n \"Control animals (2/sex) received vehicle (5.375 mM sodium citrate and 2 mM cysteine in physiological saline) and an additional group received 500 mg/kg human serum albumin (HSA).\",\n \"The dose volume was 2 mL/kg/min for all groups.\",\n \"Animals were observed for 1 or 7 days post-dose.\",\n \"One day after dose administration, 1 animal/sex/group was euthanized and necropsied.\",\n \"One animal per sex from the control and high-dose (2.1×1010 platelets/kg) groups were held for 7 days prior to necropsy.\",\n \"Parameters evaluated during the study were viability, clinical observations, body weights, clinical pathology (pretest, day 2 and day 8), organ weights, macroscopic observations and microscopic pathology.\",\n \"Administration of all doses of spray-dried platelets (up to 2.1×1010 platelets/kg) was well tolerated.\",\n \"Hematology changes were limited to a decrease in the number of platelets and an increase in mean platelet volume in one of the two high-dose (2.1×1010 platelets/kg) animals (the female) on the day following dose administration.\",\n \"There were no observed changes in coagulation or clinical pathology parameters.\",\n \"Increases in spleen weight, relative to control values, were seen in all test article- and HSA-treated animals.\",\n \"Microscopic observations showed slight to moderate increases in the size of germinal centers in the spleen in mid- and high-dose (1.05×1010 or 2.1×1010 platelets/kg) females and the HSA-treated female on day 2 and the high-dose female (only group necropsied) on day 8 that correlated with macroscopic observations of tan discoloration and surface abnormalities of the spleen in some animals.\",\n \"Germinal center enlargement in females was considered a possible response to HSA.\",\n \"Similar findings were not seen in the vehicle treated control, which had smaller germinal centers.\",\n \"However, because active germinal centers are a common finding in monkey spleens, and because the sample size was small, this finding may be within normal background range.\",\n \"The persistence of splenic germinal center enlargement after 7 days in one animal suggests lack of recovery, which would be consistent with germinal center reaction to antigenic stimulation, but this finding may also reflect normal background variation.\",\n \"Example 5—Spray-Drying of Plasma and Testing in Pigs— Plasma separated from fresh porcine blood was either stored as fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or preserved as freeze dried plasma (FDP) or spray-dried plasma (SDP, prepared as detailed in previous examples).\",\n \"For in-vitro testing: SDP was reconstituted in distilled water which was either equal (1×SDP) or one-third (3×SDP) the original volume of FFP.\",\n \"Analysis included measurements of prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen levels, and activity of selected clotting factors.\",\n \"For in-vivo testing swine were subjected to polytrauma (femur fracture, grade V liver injury) and hemorrhagic shock (60% arterial hemorrhage, with the “lethal triad” of acidosis, coagulopathy and hypothermia), and treated with FFP, FDP, or 3×SDP (n=4-5/group).\",\n \"Coagulation profiles (PT, PTT, thromboelastography) were measured at baseline (BL), post-shock (PS), post crystalloid (PC), treatment (MO), and during 4 hours of monitoring (M 1-4).\",\n \"In-vitro testing revealed that clotting factors were preserved after spray-drying.\",\n \"The coagulation of FFP and 1×SDP were similar, with 3×SDP showing a prolonged PT/PTT.\",\n \"Polytrauma/hemorrhagic shock produced significant coagulopathy, and 3×SDP infusion was as effective as FFP and FDP in reversing it.\",\n \"These results show that plasma can be spray-dried, and reconstituted to one-third its original volume without compromising the coagulation properties in-vivo.\",\n \"This shelf-stable, low-volume, hyperoncotic, hyperosmotic plasma is a logistically attractive option for the treatment of trauma-associated and other coagulopathies.\",\n \"REFERENCES 1.Kendrick, B. G. D. B.\",\n \"Blood Program in World War II.\",\n \"U.S. Government Printing Office Library of Cong.\",\n \"Cat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"64-60006, http://amedd.mil/booksdoc/wwii/blood/default.htm (1964).\",\n \"2.Ketchum, L., Hess, J. R. & Hiippala, S. Indications for early fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelet transfusion in trauma.\",\n \"The Journal of trauma 60, S51-58 (2006).\",\n \"3.Erber, W. N. & Perry, D. J.\",\n \"Plasma and plasma products in the treatment of massive haemorrhage.\",\n \"Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 19, 97-112 (2006).\",\n \"4.Smith, M. W. Spray-drying synthetic detergents.\",\n \"Manufacturing chemist and aerosol news 22, 186-187 (1951).\",\n \"5.Heldman, D. R., Hall, C. W. & Hedrick, T. I.\",\n \"Air filtration for the spray drying of dairy products.\",\n \"Journal of dairy science 51, 466-470 (1968).\",\n \"6.Raff, A. M., Robinson, M. J.\",\n \"& Svedres, E. V. Spray-drying of tablet granulations.\",\n \"I.\",\n \"A preliminary report.\",\n \"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 50, 76-79 (1961).\",\n \"7.Riegelman, S., Swintosky, J. V., Hiquchi, T. & Busse, L. W. Studies on pharmaceutical powders and the state of subdivision.\",\n \"IV.\",\n \"The application of spray-drying techniques to pharmaceutical powders.\",\n \"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 39, 444-450 (1950).\",\n \"8.Bergsoe, C. Progress in spray-drying.\",\n \"Manufacturing chemist and aerosol news 20, 72-75 (1949).\",\n \"9.Maltesen, M. J., Bjerregaard, S., Hovgaard, L., Havelund, S. & van de Weert, M. Quality by design—Spray drying of insulin intended for inhalation.\",\n \"Eur J Pharm Biopharm 70, 828-838 (2008).\",\n \"10.Borghetti, G. S., Lula, I. S., Sinisterra, R. D. & Bassani, V. L. Quercetin/beta-Cyclodextrin Solid Complexes Prepared in Aqueous Solution Followed by Spray-drying or by Physical Mixture.\",\n \"AAPS PharmSciTech (2009).\",\n \"11.Mohammed, G. A., Puri, V. & Bansal, A. K. Coprocessing of nevirapine and stavudine by spray drying.\",\n \"Pharmaceutical development and technology 13, 299-310 (2008).\",\n \"12.Ochiuz, L. & Peris, J. E. Preparation and characterisation of alendronate-loaded chitosan microparticles obtained through the spray drying technique.\",\n \"Medicinal chemistry (Shariqah (United Arab Emirates)) 5, 191-196 (2009).\",\n \"13.Iskandar, F. et al.\",\n \"Production of morphology-controllable porous hyaluronic acid particles using a spray-drying method.\",\n \"Acta biomaterialia (2008).\",\n \"14.Sen, D. et al.\",\n \"Evaporation Driven Self-Assembly of a Colloidal Dispersion during Spray Drying: Volume Fraction Dependent Morphological Transition.\",\n \"Langmuir (2009).\",\n \"15.Zhang, X. et al.\",\n \"Preparation of a dispersible PEGylate nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) loaded with 10-hydroxycamptothecin by spray-drying.\",\n \"Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 56, 1645-1650 (2008).\",\n \"16.Vehring, R. Pharmaceutical particle engineering via spray drying.\",\n \"Pharmaceutical research 25, 999-1022 (2008).\",\n \"17.Churchhill, C. Surgery in World War II.\",\n \"The physiologic effects of wounds.\",\n \"U.S. Government Printing Office (1952).\",\n \"18.Blalock, A.\",\n \"Report on Committee on Transfusion, National Research Council.\",\n \"(1940).\",\n \"19.Harper, S. B.\",\n \"The preparation and experimental use of dried blood plasma.\",\n \"Proceedings of Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic 15, 689-694 (1940).\",\n \"20.Strumia, D. Minutes, meeting of subcommittee on blood substitutes.\",\n \"Division of Medical Sciences, National Research Council (1942).\",\n \"21.Allen, J., Enerson, D., Barron, E. and Sykes, C. Pooled plasma with little or no risk of homologous serum Jaundice.\",\n \"J.\",\n \"A. M. A.\",\n \"152, 1421-1423 (1954).\",\n \"22.Whitaker, B. a. S., M. The 2005 Nationwide Blood Collection and Utilization Survey Report.\",\n \"AABB and US Dept.\",\n \"HHS http://www.aabb.org./apps/docs/05nbcursrpt.pdf (2005).\",\n \"23.Hardy, J. F., De Moerloose, P. & Samama, M. Massive transfusion and coagulopathy: pathophysiology and implications for clinical management.\",\n \"Can J Anaesth 51, 293-310 (2004).\",\n \"24.Baxter, C. R. & Shires, T. Physiological response to crystalloid resuscitation of severe burns.\",\n \"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 150, 874-894 (1968).\",\n \"25.Shires, T. Initial care of the injured patient.\",\n \"The Journal of trauma 10, 940-948 (1970).\",\n \"26.Shires, T., Coln, D., Carrico, J.\",\n \"& Lightfoot, S. Fluid Therapy in Hemorrhagic Shock.\",\n \"Arch Surg 88, 688-693 (1964).\",\n \"27.Skeate, R. C. & Eastlund, T. Distinguishing between transfusion related acute lung injury and transfusion associated circulatory overload.\",\n \"Current opinion in hematology 14, 682-687 (2007).\",\n \"28.Triulzi, D. J. Transfusion-related acute lung injury: current concepts for the clinician.\",\n \"Anesthesia and analgesia 108, 770-776 (2009).\",\n \"29.Stern, S. A. Low-volume fluid resuscitation for presumed hemorrhagic shock: helpful or harmful?\",\n \"Current opinion in critical care 7, 422-430 (2001).\",\n \"30.Reynolds, P. S., Barbee, R. W., Skaflen, M. D. & Ward, K. R. Low-volume resuscitation cocktail extends survival after severe hemorrhagic shock.\",\n \"Shock (Augusta, Ga. 28, 45-52 (2007).\",\n \"31.Fischer, T. H., Merricks, E., Raymer, R., Nichols, T., Hayes, P., Bode, A., Pearce, L. and Manning, J.\",\n \"The co-infusion of rehydrated lyopholized platelets wth HBOC-201 for hemostasis in dilutional thrombocytopenia.\",\n \"Blood 98, 2250 (2001).\",\n \"32.Manning, J. E. et al.\",\n \"Selective aortic arch perfusion using serial infusions of perflubron emulsion.\",\n \"Acad Emerg Med 4, 883-890 (1997).\",\n \"33.Manning, J. E. et al.\",\n \"Selective aortic arch perfusion during cardiac arrest: enhanced resuscitation using oxygenated perflubron emulsion, with and without aortic arch epinephrine.\",\n \"Ann Emerg Med 29, 580-587 (1997).\",\n \"34.Manning, J. E. et al.\",\n \"Selective aortic arch perfusion with hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier-201 for resuscitation from exsanguinating cardiac arrest in swine.\",\n \"Critical care medicine 29, 2067-2074 (2001).\",\n \"35.Toung, T., Reilly, P. M., Fuh, K. C., Ferris, R. & Bulkley, G. B. Mesenteric vasoconstriction in response to hemorrhagic shock.\",\n \"Shock (Augusta, Ga. 13, 267-273 (2000).\",\n \"36.Brummel-Ziedins, K., Vossen, C. Y., Rosendaal, F. R., Umezaki, K. & Mann, K. G. The plasma hemostatic proteome: thrombin generation in healthy individuals.\",\n \"J Thromb Haemost 3, 1472-1481 (2005).\",\n \"37.Budowsky, E., Ackerman, S., Purmal, A., Edson, C., Williams, M. Methods and compositions for inactivating viruses.\",\n \"U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"6,369,048 (2002).\",\n \"38.Burnouf, T. et al.\",\n \"Nanofiltration of single plasma donations: feasibility study.\",\n \"Vox Sang 84, 111-119 (2003).\",\n \"39.Burnouf-Radosevich, M., Appourchaux, P., Huart, J. J.\",\n \"& Burnouf, T. Nanofiltration, a new specific virus elimination method applied to high-purity factor IX and factor XI concentrates.\",\n \"Vox Sang 67, 132-138 (1994).\",\n \"40.Horowitz, B. a. C., S. Removal of antibodies from blood-derived compositions while retaining coagulation factors.\",\n \"U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"5,541,294 (1996).\",\n \"41.Bakaltcheva, I., O'Sullivan, A. M., Hmel, P. & Ogbu, H. Freeze-dried whole plasma: evaluating sucrose, trehalose, sorbitol, mannitol and glycine as stabilizers.\",\n \"Thrombosis research 120, 105-116 (2007).\",\n \"42.MacLennan, S. & Williamson, L. M. Risks of fresh frozen plasma and platelets.\",\n \"The Journal of trauma 60, S46-50 (2006).\",\n \"43.Solheim, B. G. Universal pathogen-reduced plasma in elective open-heart surgery and liver resection.\",\n \"Clin Med Res 4, 209-217 (2006).\",\n \"44.Noddeland, H. et al.\",\n \"Universal solvent/detergent-treated fresh frozen plasma (Uniplas-rationale and clinical properties.\",\n \"Thrombosis research 107 Suppl 1, S33-37 (2002).\",\n \"45.Medwatch, F. Imporrtant safety information regarding Plas+SD.\",\n \"http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/safety/2002/plassd_deardoc.pdf (2002).\",\n \"46.Monroe, D. M., Hoffman, M., Allen, G. A.\",\n \"& Roberts, H. R. The factor VII-platelet interplay: effectiveness of recombinant factor VIIa in the treatment of bleeding in severe thrombocytopathia.\",\n \"Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis 26, 373-377 (2000).\",\n \"47.Monroe, D. M., Hoffman, M. & Roberts, H. R. Platelets and thrombin generation.\",\n \"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22, 1381-1389 (2002).\",\n \"48.Deveras, R. A.\",\n \"& Kessler, C. M. Reversal of warfarin-induced excessive anticoagulation with recombinant human factor Vila concentrate.\",\n \"Annals of internal medicine 137, 884-888 (2002).\",\n \"49.Freeman, W. D. et al.\",\n \"Recombinant factor VIIa for rapid reversal of warfarin anticoagulation in acute intracranial hemorrhage.\",\n \"Mayo Clin Proc 79, 1495-1500 (2004).\",\n \"50.Sorensen, B., Johansen, P., Nielsen, G. L., Sorensen, J. C. & Ingerslev, J.\",\n \"Reversal of the International Normalized Ratio with recombinant activated factor VII in central nervous system bleeding during warfarin thromboprophylaxis: clinical and biochemical aspects.\",\n \"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 14, 469-477 (2003).\",\n \"51.Talkad, A., Mathews, M., Honings, D., Jahnel, J.\",\n \"& Wang, D. Reversal of warfarin-induced anticoagulation with factor Vila prior to rt-PA in acute stroke.\",\n \"Neurology 64, 1480-1481 (2005).\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872727"}}},{"rowIdx":4494151,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["HIGH DENSITY OUTER LAYER OF A GOLF CLUB HEAD","Embodiments of a golf club head comprising a body having a body material density, a strike face having a strike face material density, and a coating comprising a coating material having a coating material density greater than the body material density or the strike face material density are described herein."],["1.A golf club head comprising: a body comprising a body material having a body material density, the body including: a crown, a sole opposite the crown, a heel, a toe opposite the heel, and a back end; a strike face made of a strike face material having a strike face material density; an outer surface; an inner surface; and a coating positioned directly on and in contact with the outer surface of a portion of the sole near a center region of the back end of the club head; and wherein the coating consisting of a coating material having a coating material density, wherein the coating material density is greater than the body material density, the coating material density is between 150 and 400 g/in3, and the body material comprises titanium.","2.The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the strike face material is the same as the body material, and the coating material is different than the strike face material and the body material.","3.The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the strike face material is different than the body material, and the coating material is different than the strike face material or the body material.","4.The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the coating is positioned on the outer surface of the club head on at least a portion of the crown, the sole, the heel, the toe, the strike face, the back end, or the hosel.","5.The golf club of claim 1, wherein the coating further comprises a surface area ranging from approximately 0-70 in2.6.The golf club of claim 1, wherein the coating further comprises a thickness ranging from approximately 0.00001-0.10 inches.","7.The golf club of claim 1, wherein the weight of the coating ranges from approximately 1-15 grams.","8.The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises cobalt beryllium copper, pure palladium, tungsten carbide, tungsten rhenium, or pure tungsten.","9.The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the coating covers over a weight pad or a weight member of the golf club head.","10.The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the coating material density is between 175 and 400 g/in3.11.A golf club head comprising a body comprising a body material having a body material density, the body including: a crown, a sole opposite the crown, a heel, a toe opposite the heel, and a back end; a strike face made of a strike face material having a strike face material density; an outer surface; an inner surface; and a coating positioned directly on and in contact with the outer surface of a first portion of the sole and a second portion of the sole; wherein, the first portion covers an area of the sole between the toe and the rear end, and the second portion covers an area of the sole between the heel and the rear end; and wherein the coating consisting of a coating material having a coating material density, wherein the coating material density is greater than the body material density, the coating material density is between 150 and 400 g/in3, and the body material comprises titanium.","12.The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the strike face material is the same as the body material, and the coating material is different than the strike face material and the body material.","13.The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the strike face material is different than the body material, and the coating material is different than the strike face material or the body material.","14.The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the coating is positioned on the outer surface of the club head on at least a portion of the crown, the sole, the heel, the toe, the strike face, the back end, or the hosel.","15.The golf club of claim 11, wherein the coating further comprises a surface area ranging from approximately 0-70 in2.16.The golf club of claim 11, wherein the coating further comprises a thickness ranging from approximately 0.00001-0.10 inches.","17.The golf club of claim 11, wherein the weight of the coating ranges from approximately 1-15 grams.","18.The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the coating comprises cobalt beryllium copper, pure palladium, tungsten carbide, tungsten rhenium, or pure tungsten.","19.The golf club head of claim 11, wherein a perimeter of the coating abuts a weight pad or a weight member of the golf club head.","20.The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the coating material density is between 175 and 400 g/in3."],[" BACKGROUND Golf club heads may include wood-type club heads (e.g., drivers and fairway woods), iron-type club heads (e.g., irons and wedges), and putter-type club heads.","Golf club head designs vary and generally aim to optimize head center of gravity position and increase club head moment of inertia.","The head center of gravity position affects performance characteristics of the golf club including direction, trajectory, distance, and spin of the golf ball.","Increased club head moment of inertia increases the consistency of ball trajectory and direction for off-center hits.","Many golf club heads are designed to optimize head center of gravity position and increase club head moment of inertia by using weighting ports or inserts.","These designs may require complicated manufacturing and assembly processes and do not easily allow for optimization of head center of gravity position with precision.","In addition, use of weighting ports can affect the overall aerodynamics of the club head.","Therefore, there is a need in the art for the ability to distribute weight of golf club heads more precisely to optimize center of gravity positions and increase club head moment of inertia."],[" BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.","1 illustrates a perspective view of a golf club head.","FIG.","2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG.","1 taken along line A-A.","FIG.","3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","5 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","7 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","9 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","10A illustrates a top view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","10B illustrates a bottom view of the golf club head of FIG.","10A FIG.","11 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","12 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","13 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","14 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","15 illustrates a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.","FIG.","16 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.","FIG.","17 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.","FIG.","18 illustrates a cross sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.","FIG.","19 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a surface roughness, a first coating, and a second coating.","FIG.","20 illustrates a method of manufacturing a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","21 illustrates a method of manufacturing a golf club head having a surface roughness and a coating.","detailed-description description=\"Detailed Description\" end=\"lead\"?","For illustrative purposes, the drawings described above may not represent actual scaling of the size of the coating or plurality of coatings relative to the club head size.","For example, the coating thickness to club head thickness ratio may be shown as larger in the drawings than the actual coating thickness to club head thickness ratio per the dimensions disclosed within the detailed description.","Other aspects of the disclosure will become apparent by consideration of the detailed description and accompanying drawings.","For simplicity and clarity of illustration, the drawing figures illustrate the general manner of construction, and descriptions and details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure.","Additionally, elements in the drawing figures are not necessarily drawn to scale.","For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure.","The same reference numerals in different figures denote the same elements."],["CROSS REFERENCES This claims benefit to U.S.","Provisional Patent Application No.","62/447,226, filed on Jan. 17, 2017, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","15/159,623, filed May 19, 2016, which claims benefit of U.S.","Provisional Patent Application No.","62/163,888, filed May 19, 2015, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.","FIELD OF INVENTION The present disclosure relates to golf clubs having golf club heads with a high density thin outer layer.","Specifically, the present disclosure relates to wood-type golf club heads, iron-type golf club heads, wedge-type golf club heads, and putter-type golf club heads.","BACKGROUND Golf club heads may include wood-type club heads (e.g., drivers and fairway woods), iron-type club heads (e.g., irons and wedges), and putter-type club heads.","Golf club head designs vary and generally aim to optimize head center of gravity position and increase club head moment of inertia.","The head center of gravity position affects performance characteristics of the golf club including direction, trajectory, distance, and spin of the golf ball.","Increased club head moment of inertia increases the consistency of ball trajectory and direction for off-center hits.","Many golf club heads are designed to optimize head center of gravity position and increase club head moment of inertia by using weighting ports or inserts.","These designs may require complicated manufacturing and assembly processes and do not easily allow for optimization of head center of gravity position with precision.","In addition, use of weighting ports can affect the overall aerodynamics of the club head.","Therefore, there is a need in the art for the ability to distribute weight of golf club heads more precisely to optimize center of gravity positions and increase club head moment of inertia.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.","1 illustrates a perspective view of a golf club head.","FIG.","2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG.","1 taken along line A-A.","FIG.","3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","5 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","7 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","9 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","10A illustrates a top view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","10B illustrates a bottom view of the golf club head of FIG.","10A FIG.","11 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","12 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","13 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","14 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","15 illustrates a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.","FIG.","16 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.","FIG.","17 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.","FIG.","18 illustrates a cross sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.","FIG.","19 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a surface roughness, a first coating, and a second coating.","FIG.","20 illustrates a method of manufacturing a golf club head having a coating.","FIG.","21 illustrates a method of manufacturing a golf club head having a surface roughness and a coating.","For illustrative purposes, the drawings described above may not represent actual scaling of the size of the coating or plurality of coatings relative to the club head size.","For example, the coating thickness to club head thickness ratio may be shown as larger in the drawings than the actual coating thickness to club head thickness ratio per the dimensions disclosed within the detailed description.","Other aspects of the disclosure will become apparent by consideration of the detailed description and accompanying drawings.","For simplicity and clarity of illustration, the drawing figures illustrate the general manner of construction, and descriptions and details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure.","Additionally, elements in the drawing figures are not necessarily drawn to scale.","For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure.","The same reference numerals in different figures denote the same elements.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the embodiments described below, a high density thin outer layer of material or coating is applied to a golf club head.","By distributing a high density thin outer layer of material over a portion or the entire golf club head, the weight distribution of the golf club head can be controlled.","This strategic placement of high density coating materials on the golf club head maximize distribution of the weight to the outermost perimeter of the club away from the center of gravity thereby maximizing the ability to increase the moment of inertia.","The coating of high density material may be at any thickness or depth, but is suitable for very thin layers between 0.10 inches to as thin as 0.00001 inches.","The coating of high density material can be applied to a surface of the club head by vapor deposition, plasma spray, plating, or spotting.","Therefore, greater precision can be achieved for particular weight placement on the golf club head at a desired depth or thickness using a variable set of metal alloy materials.","Being able to control these variables using high density materials can be used to optimize the head center of gravity and maximize the club head moment of inertia to achieve desired performance characteristics of the club head.","The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order.","It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments described herein are, for example, capable of operation in sequences other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein.","Furthermore, the terms “include,” and “have,” and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, device, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, system, article, device, or apparatus.","The terms “left,” “right,” “front,” “back,” “top,” “bottom,” “over,” “under,” and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used for descriptive purposes and not necessarily for describing permanent relative positions.","It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of the apparatus, methods, and/or articles of manufacture described herein are, for example, capable of operation in other orientations than those illustrated or otherwise described herein.","Discretionary weight, as described herein, refers to a portion of the total weight of the club head that can be positioned to optimize performance without impacting the structural integrity of the club head.","Before any embodiments of the disclosure are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings.","The disclosure is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways.","FIGS.","1-2 illustrate an embodiment of a golf club head 100 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 100 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46, as illustrated in the cross-sectional view of the club head 100 taken along line A-A in FIG.","2.The body 14 of the club head 100 comprises a body material having a body material density.","The body material may be any suitable material including titanium, stainless steel, tungsten, aluminum, other metals, composites, metal alloys, or any other material.","In some embodiments, the body 14 of the club head 100 comprises different materials having different densities.","For example, the crown 18 may comprise a crown material having a crown material density and the sole 24 may comprise a sole material having a sole material density, wherein the sole material and sole material density are different than the crown material and crown material density, respectively.","In this example, the crown material density may be greater than the sole material density, or the crown material density may be less than the sole material density.","In embodiments where the body 14 comprises different materials having different densities, the densities of each body material may be averaged to represent the body material density.","The strike face 10 of the club head 100 comprises a strike face material having a strike face material density.","The strike face material may be any suitable material including titanium, stainless steel, tungsten, aluminum, other metals, composites, metal alloys, or any other material.","In other embodiments, the strike face 10 may comprise different materials having different densities.","When the strike face 10 comprises different materials having different densities, the densities of each strike face material may be averaged to represent the strike face material density.","The body material may be the same as the strike face material, or the body material may be different than the strike face material.","Further, the body material density may be the same as the strike face material density, or the body material density may be different than the strike face material density.","For example, the strike face material density may be higher than the body material density, or the strike face material density may be lower than the body material density.","The club head 100 may further include a coating or plurality of coatings 50, as described in further detail in the embodiments of FIGS.","3-18 below.","In some embodiments, the club head 100 can include one coating 50 comprising a coating material having a coating material density (e.g.","the embodiments of the club head illustrated FIGS.","3-14 and described in further detail below).","In some embodiments, the club head can include more than one coating.","For example, in some embodiments the club head 100 can include a first coating 501 comprising a first coating material having a first coating density, and a second coating 502 comprising a second coating material having a second coating density (e.g.","the embodiments of the club head illustrated FIGS.","15-18 and described in further detail below).","In many embodiments, the coating 50 has a surface area, a weight, and a thickness 56 defining a thickness profile.","The surface area of the coating 50 defines a perimeter 62 (illustrated in FIGS.","10-14) when specific portions of the club head 100 are covered by the coating 50.In embodiments where the coating 50 includes a plurality of coatings 50, the plurality of coatings can include a first coating 501 and a second coating 502, the first coating 501 having a first surface area, a first weight, and a first thickness 561 defining a first thickness profile, and the second coating 502 having a second surface area, a second weight, a second thickness 562 defining a second thickness profile.","The coating or plurality of coatings 50 can be applied to the club head 100 in various positions or plurality of positions, as described further in the embodiments of FIGS.","3-14 below.","In some embodiments, the coating 50 can be applied directly onto one or both of the outer surface of the club head body 14 and the strike face 10 of the club head 100.In some embodiments, one or more of the coatings of the plurality of coatings 50 can be applied directly onto another one of the coatings of the plurality of coatings 50.FIG.","3 illustrates an embodiment of the club head 200 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 200 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 200 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.","3, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 200.Further, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over the entire outer surface 42 of the club head 200 including the strike face 10 and the body 14.Accordingly, in the illustrated embodiment, the strike face 10, the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, and the back end 38 of the club head 200 are covered by the coating 50.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is approximately constant.","For example, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 on the crown 18 is approximately the same as the thickness on the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, and the strike face 10.FIG.","4 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 300 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 300 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 300 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.","4, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 200.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 300.Specifically, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over the body 14 of the club head 300 including the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, and the back end 38.Accordingly, the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, and the back end 38 are covered by the coating 50.The strike face 10 is not covered by the coating 50.Further referring to FIG.","4, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is approximately constant.","For example, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 on the crown 18 is approximately the same as the thickness on the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, and the back end 38.Further, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 tapers or decreases near the edges of the coating 50 (e.g.","near the periphery of the strike face 10).","For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness of the coating 50 tapers or decreases near the strike face 10 of the club head 200.FIG.","5 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 400 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 400 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 400 further includes a coating 50.In the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 400.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 400.Specifically, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over the strike face 10 of the club head 400.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is approximately constant.","For example, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 on the strike face 10 near the heel 28, the toe 34, the crown 18, or the sole 24 is approximately the same.","Further, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 tapers or decreases near the edges of the coating 50.For example, the thickness of the coating 50 tapers or decreases near the periphery of the strike face 10.FIG.","6 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 500 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 500 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 500 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.","6, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 500.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 500.Specifically, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over at least a portion of the back end 38 of the club head 500.In some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along the entire back end 38 from the heel 28 to the toe 34 of the club head 500.Further, in some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along a portion of the back end 38 of the club head 500.For example, in some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along the back end 38 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 500.Further referring to FIG.","6, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is greatest near the rearward most part of the back end 38 and gradually tapers or decreases near the edges of the coating 50 toward the crown 18 and the sole 24.For example, the thickness of the coating 50 tapers or decreases near the crown 18 and the sole 24 of the club head 500.FIG.","7 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 600 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 600 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 600 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.","7, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 600.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 600.Specifically, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the back end 38 of the club head 600.In some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along the entire length of the sole 24 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 600.Further, in some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along only a portion of the sole 24.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 gradually tapers or decreases near the edges of the coating 50 toward the back end 38 and the strike face 10.FIG.","8 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 700 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 700 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 700 further includes a coating 50 having more than one discrete portion.","Referring to FIG.","8, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 700.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 700.Specifically, the coating 50 includes a first portion that covers or is positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the back end 38 of the club head 600, and a second portion that covers or is positioned over a portion of the crown 18 near the back end 38 of the club head.","In some embodiments, the first portion of the coating 50 can extend along the entire length of the sole 24 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 700.Further, in some embodiments, the second portion of the coating 50 can extend along only a portion of the crown 18 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 700.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 gradually tapers or decreases near the edges of the first portion of the coating 50 on the sole 24 and near the edges of the second portion of the coating 50 on the crown 18.FIG.","9 illustrates another embodiment of club head 800 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 800 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 800 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.","9, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 800.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 800.Specifically, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over at least a portion of the back end 38 of the club head 800.In some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along the entire back end 38 from the heel 28 to the toe 34 of the club head 800.Further, in some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along a portion of the back end 38 of the club head 800.For example, in some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along the back end 38 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 800.Further referring to FIG.","9, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 varies defining a thickness profile.","The thickness profile illustrated can be a bowtie contour of the coating 50 at the back end 38 of the club head 800.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 gradually increases and then decreases in a direction from the back end 38 toward the crown 18 of the club head 800.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 gradually increases and then decreases in a direction from the back end 38 toward the sole 24 of the club head 800.FIGS.","10A and 10B illustrate another embodiment of the club head 900 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 900 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 900 further includes a coating 50 having more than one discrete portion.","Referring to FIGS.","10A and 10B, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 900.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 700.Specifically, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 includes a first portion that covers or is positioned over the entire crown 18 (FIG.","10A) and a second portion that covers or is positioned over the entire sole 24 (FIG.","10B) of the club head 900.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the first portion of the coating 50 positioned on the crown 18 is approximately constant.","Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the second portion of the coating 50 positioned on the sole 24 is approximately constant.","FIG.","11 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 1100 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 1100 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 1100 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.","11, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 1100.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 600.Specifically, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the center region of the back end 38 of the club head 600.In some embodiments, the coating 50 covers a portion of the club head 600 having a weight pad or weight member.","In some embodiments, the coating 50 directly contacts the outer surface 42 of the club head 1100.In the illustrated embodiment, the perimeter 62 of the coating 50 defines a trapezoidal shape, corresponding to the shape of the weight pad or weight member.","The shape of the coating 50 can correspond to any weight pad or weight member that can be any shape such as a trapezoidal, square, hexagonal, circular, triangular, or any other polygon or shape with at least one curved surface.","Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is approximately constant.","FIG.","12 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 1200 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 1200 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 1200 further includes a coating 50 having more than one discrete portion.","Referring to FIG.","12, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 1200.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 1200.Specifically, the coating 50 includes a first portion that covers or is positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the toe 34 (between the toe 34 and the rear end 38) and a second portion that covers or is positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the heel 28 (between the heel 28 and the rear end 38) of the club head 1200.In some embodiments, the first portion is spaced equally between the rear end 38 and the toe 34.In some embodiments, the second portion is spaced equally between the rear end 38 and the heel 28.In the illustrated embodiment, the perimeter 62 of the first portion of the coating 50 defines a rectangular shape, and the perimeter 62 of the second portion of the coating 50 defines a rectangular shape.","In some embodiments, a section of the perimeter 62 of the first portion abuts a weight pad or weight member of the golf club head 1200.In some embodiments, a section of the perimeter 62 of the second portion abuts a weight pad or weight member of the golf club head 1200.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is approximately constant.","FIG.","13 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 1300 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 1300 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 1300 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.","13, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 1300.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 1300.Specifically, the coating 50 is positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the heel 28 of the club head 1200.In some embodiments, the coating 50 is spaced equally between the rear end 38 and the heel 28.In the illustrated embodiment, the perimeter 62 of the coating 50 defines a rectangular shape.","In some embodiments, a section of the perimeter 62 of the coating 50 abuts a weight pad or weight member of the golf club head 1200.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is approximately constant.","FIG.","14 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 1400 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 1400 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 1400 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.","14, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 1400.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 1400.Specifically, the coating 50 is positioned over the entire sole 24 of the club head 1400.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is approximately constant.","FIG.","15 illustrates an embodiment of the club head 2000 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 2000 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 2000 further includes a first coating 501 and second coating 502.Referring to FIG.","15, in the illustrated embodiment, the first coating 501 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 2000.Further, the first coating 501 covers or is positioned over the entire outer surface 42 of the club head 2000 including the strike face 10 and the body 14.Accordingly, in the illustrated embodiment, the strike face 10, the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, and the back end 38 of the club head 2000 are covered by the first coating 501.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 561 of the first coating 501 is approximately constant.","For example, the thickness 561 of the first coating 501 on the crown 18 is approximately the same as the thickness 561 on the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, and the strike face 10.Further referring to FIG.","15, in the illustrated embodiment, the second coating 502 covers or is positioned over the first coating 501 of the club head 2000.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 562 of the second coating 502 is approximately constant.","For example, the thickness 562 of the second coating 502 on the crown 18 is approximately the same as the thickness 562 on the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, and the strike face 10.FIG.","16 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 2100 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 2100 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 2100 further includes a first coating 501 and second coating 502.Referring to FIG.","16, in the illustrated embodiment, the first coating 501 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 2100.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the first coating 501 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 2100.Specifically, the first coating 501 covers or is positioned over a portion of the crown 18 near the back end 38 of the club head 2100.In some embodiments, the first coating 501 can extend along the entire length of the crown 18 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 2100.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 561 of the first coating 501 gradually tapers or decreases near the edges of the first coating 501 on the crown 18.Further referring to FIG.","16, in the illustrated embodiment, the second coating 502 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 2100.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the second coating 502 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 2100.Specifically, the second coating 502 covers or is positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the back end 38 of the club head 2100.In some embodiments, the second coating 502 can extend along the entire length of the sole 24 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 2100.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 562 of the second coating 502 gradually tapers or decreases near the edges of the second coating 502 on the sole 24.FIG.","17 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 2200 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 2200 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 2200 further includes a first coating 501 and second coating 502.Referring to FIG.","17, in the illustrated embodiment, the first coating 501 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 2200.Further, the first coating 501 covers or is positioned over the entire body 14 of the club head 2200.Accordingly, the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, and the back end 38 of the club head 2200 are covered by the first coating 501.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 561 of the first coating 501 is approximately constant.","For example, the thickness 561 of the first coating 501 on the crown 18 is approximately the same as the thickness 561 on the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, and the strike face 10.Further referring to FIG.","17, in the illustrated embodiment, the second coating 502 covers or is positioned over a portion of the first coating 501 of the club head 2200 near the back end 38.In some embodiments, the second coating 502 can extend along the entire back end 38 from the heel 28 to the toe 34 of the club head 2200.Further, in some embodiments, the second coating 502 can extend along a portion of the back end 38 of the club head 2200.For example, in some embodiments, the second coating 502 can extend along the back end 38 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 2200.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 562 of the second coating 502 is greatest near the rearward most part of the back end 38 and gradually tapers or decreases near the edges of the second coating 502.For example, the thickness of the second coating 502 tapers or decreases near the crown 18 and the sole 24 of the club head 2200.FIG.","18 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 2300 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 2300 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 2300 further includes a first coating 501 and second coating 502.Referring to FIG.","18, in the illustrated embodiment, the first coating 501 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 2300.Further, the first coating 501 covers or is positioned over a portion of the club head 2300 including the back end 38.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 561 of the first coating 501 is greatest near the rearward most part of the back end 38 and gradually tapers or decreases near the edges of the first coating 501.For example, the thickness of the first coating 501 tapers or decreases near the crown 18 and the sole 24 of the club head 2300.Further referring to FIG.","18, in the illustrated embodiment, the second coating 502 covers or is positioned over a portion of the first coating 501 and the outer surface 42 of the club head 2300.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 562 of the second coating 502 is approximately constant and tapers toward the edges of the second coating 502.Further referring to FIG.","18, in some embodiments, the first and second coatings 501, 502 can extend along the entire back end 38 from the heel 28 to the toe 34 of the club head 2300.Further, in some embodiments, the first and second coatings 501, 502 can extend along a portion of the back end 38 of the club head 2300.For example, in some embodiments, the first and second coatings 501, 502 can extend along the back end 38 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 2200.As described above, FIGS.","3-18 illustrate various embodiments of the club head having a coating or plurality of coatings 50 (e.g.","club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300).","The embodiments of the club head having the coating or plurality of coatings 50 described herein are not limited by position.","In other embodiments, the coating 50 can be positioned anywhere on the club head.","For example, the coating 50 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, or any combination thereof on the outer surface 42 of the club head.","For further example, the coating 50 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, or any combination thereof on the inner surface 46 of the club head.","Further, the embodiments of the club head having one or more coatings 50 (e.g.","club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) described herein are not limited by number of discrete coating portions.","For example, in other embodiments, each of the plurality of coatings 50 can have any number of discrete portions such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or any other number of discrete portions.","Further, the embodiments of the club head having the coating or plurality of coatings 50 (e.g.","club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) described herein are not limited by number of coatings.","For example, in other embodiments, the one or more coatings 50 can include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or any other number of coatings.","As described above, FIGS.","15-18 illustrate various embodiments of the club head 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300 having a plurality of coatings 50 including a first coating 501 and a second coating 502 positioned in various locations.","In other embodiments, the first coating 501 and the second coating 502 can be positioned anywhere on the club head.","For example, the first coating 501 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination thereof on the outer surface 42 of the club head.","For further example, the first coating 501 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination thereof on the inner surface 46 of the club head.","In addition, the second coating 502 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination thereof on the outer surface 42 of the club head.","Further, the second coating 502 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination thereof on the inner surface 46 of the club head.","The second coating 502 may be applied to the club head 200 in the same position as the first coating 501, or the second coating 502 may be applied to the club head 200 in a different position than the first coating 501.Further, the second coating 502 may be applied to at least a portion of the same position as the first coating 501.Referring to FIGS.","3-14, the embodiments of the club head having one or more coatings 50 (e.g.","club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) described herein are not limited by coating shape.","For example, in other embodiments, the perimeter 62 of the coating 50 can define any shape such as a circle, ellipse, triangle, square, rectangle, or any other polygon or shape with at least one curved surface.","As described above, FIGS.","15-18 illustrate various embodiments of the club head 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300 having a plurality of coatings 50 including a first coating 501 and a second coating 502 having various shapes.","In some embodiments, the first coating 501 and the second coating 502 have similar shapes.","In other embodiments, the first coating 501 and the second coating 502 can have different shapes.","For example, the perimeter 62 of the first coating 501 can define any shape such as a circle, ellipse, triangle, square, rectangle, or any other polygon or shape with at least one curved surface.","For further example, the perimeter 62 of the second coating 502 can define any shape such as a circle, ellipse, triangle, square, rectangle, or any other polygon or shape with at least one curved surface.","Referring to FIGS.","3-14, the embodiments of the club head having one or more coatings 50 (e.g.","club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) described herein are not limited by thickness profile.","In other embodiments, the coating can have any thickness profile, such as constant, linear, quadratic, sinusoidal, exponential, or any other suitable profile.","For example, thickness 56 of the coating 50 may increase when moving away from the perimeter 62 or the thickness 56 of the coating 50 may decrease when moving away from the perimeter 62.Further, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 may be greatest at any position or plurality of positions on the club head (e.g.","club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300), such as, for example, the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination of the described positions.","In embodiments of the club head 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300 having a plurality of coatings 50 including a first coating 501 and a second coating 502, the first thickness 561 of the first coating 501 can have the same thickness profile as the second thickness 562 of the second coating 502, or the first thickness 561 of the first coating 501 can have a different thickness profile than the second thickness 562 of the second coating 502.In many embodiments (e.g.","club head 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300), the surface area of the coating 50 may range from approximately 0-70 square inches (in2).","For example, the surface area of the coating 50 may be approximately 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70 in2.The surface area of the coating may cover any percentage (i.e.","0%-100%) of the club head surface area.","For example, the surface area may cover approximately 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100% of the surface area of the club head 100.As described above, the surface area of the coating 50 can comprise a single, discrete portion, such as, for example when the coating 50 covers the entire club head (e.g.","club head 200) or when the coating 50 covers at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, or the strike face 10 (e.g.","club head 300, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1100, 1300, 1400).","Conversely, the surface area of the coating 50 can comprise a plurality of discrete portions when the coating 50 includes more than one portion (e.g.","club head 700, 900, 1200).","For example, the surface area of the coating 50 comprises a plurality of discrete portions when the coating 50 includes a first portion that covers at least a portion of the crown 18 and a second portion that covers at least a portion of the sole 24 (e.g.","club head 900).","When the coating 50 is divided into a plurality of portions, the sum of the surface areas of each portion define the surface area of the coating 50.In these or other embodiments, the surface area of the coating 50 may range from approximately 0-70 in2.For example, the surface area of the coating 50 may be approximately 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70 in2.Further, the surface area of the coating 50 may cover any percentage (i.e.","0%-100%) of the club head surface area.","For example, the surface area of the coating 50 may cover approximately 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100% of the surface area of the club head.","As described above, FIGS.","15-18 illustrate various embodiments of a club head 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300 having a plurality of coatings 50 including a first coating 501 and a second coating 502 positioned in various locations.","In these or other embodiments, the first surface area of the first coating 501 may range from approximately 0-70 square inches (in2).","For example, the first surface area of the first coating 501 may be approximately 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70 in2.Further, the first surface area of the first coating 501 may cover any percentage (i.e.","0%-100%) of the club head surface area.","For example, the first surface area of the first coating 501 may cover approximately 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100% of the surface area of the club head.","Further, in these or other embodiments, the second surface area of the second coating 502 may range from approximately 0-70 square inches (in2).","For example, the second surface area of the second coating 502 may be approximately 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70 in2.For example, the second surface area of the second coating 502 may be approximately 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70 in2.Further, the second surface area of the second coating 502 may cover any percentage (i.e.","0%-100%) of the club head surface area.","For example, the second surface area of the second coating 502 may cover approximately 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100% of the surface area of the club head.","Further still, in these or other embodiments, the first surface area of the first coating 501 can be the same as the second surface area of the second coating 502, or the first surface area of the first coating 501 can be different than the second surface area of the second coating 502.Referring to Table 1 below, the coating material can be any material capable of being applied to the club head (e.g.","club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) in a thin layer between 0.10 inches and 0.00001 inches in thickness or depth 56.The coating material can be a particular metal alloy having a coating material density.","The density of the coating material can be between 100 g/in3 to 400 g/in3.For example, the coating material density may be 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, or 400 g/in3.In many embodiments, the coating material density is greater than at least one of the body material density or the strike face material density.","For example, in some embodiments, the coating material density is greater than the body material density.","For further example, in some embodiments, the coating material density is greater than the strike face material density.","For further example, in some embodiments, the coating material density is greater than both the body material density and the strike face material density.","The density of the coating material applied to the body 14 of the club head (e.g.","club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) can be 1.0 times, 1.25 times, 1.50 times, 2.0 times, 2.25 times, 2.50 times, 2.75 times, 3.0 times or higher than the body material density.","The density of the coating material applied to the strike face 10 of the club head (e.g.","club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) can be 1.0 times, 1.25 times, 1.50 times, 2.0 times, 2.25 times, 2.50 times, 2.75 times, 3.0 times or higher than the strike face material density.","Further referring to Table 1, the coating material may be beryllium based alloy, a copper based alloy, a palladium based alloy, a tungsten based alloy, a rhenium based alloy, a cobalt based alloy, a rhodium based alloy, a ruthenium based alloy, a molybdenum based alloy, a nickel based alloy, an iron based alloy, or cadium based alloy.","The coating material may be a pure-based metal such as pure beryllium, pure copper, pure palladium, pure tungsten, pure rhenium, pure cobalt, pure rhodium, pure ruthenium, pure molybdenum, pure nickel, pure iron, or pure cadium.","Table 1 illustrates exemplary coating materials and their densities.","The coating material may be any alloy including, but not limited to, cobalt, beryllium, copper alloy, a tungsten carbide alloy, or a tungsten, rhenium alloy.","TABLE 1 Exemplary coating materials and associated coating material densities Coating Material Exemplary Coating Materials Density (g/in3) Cobalt Beryllium Copper 144.70 Pure Palladium 199.27 Tungsten Carbide 256.13 Tungsten Rhenium 314.96 Pure Tungsten 316.27 The thickness 56 of the coating 50 applied to the body 14 of the club head (e.g.","club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) can range from approximately 0.00001-0.10 inches to add approximately 1-25 grams, 1-20 grams, 1-15 grams, or 1-10 grams of discretionary weight to the club head 100.The thickness 56 of the coating 50 can be approximately 0.00001 inches (0.254 μm), 0.000025 inches (0.635 μm), 0.00005 inches (1.27 μm), 0.000075 inches (1.905 μm), 0.0001 inches (2.54 μm), 0.00025 inches (6.35 μm), 0.0005 inches (12.7 μm), 0.00075 inches (19.05 μm), 0.001 inches (25.4 μm), 0.0025 inches (63.5 μm), 0.005 inches (127 μm), 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm), 0.01 inches (254 μm), 0.025 inches (635 μm), 0.05 inches (1270 μm), 0.075 inches (1905 μm), or 0.10 inches (2540 μm).","The thickness 56 of the coating 50 can range from approximately 0.00001 inches (0.254 μm) to 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm), 000025 inches (0.635 μm) to 0.075 inches (1905 μm), 0.00075 inches (1.905 μm) to 0.05 inches (1270 μm), 0.001 inches (25.4 μm) to 0.025 inches (635 μm), 0.0025 inches (63.5 μm) to 0.01 inches (254 μm), or 0.005 inches (127 μm) to 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm).","The thickness 56 of the coating 50 may add approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 grams of discretionary weight to the club head 100.In embodiments of the club head 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300 having a plurality of coatings 50 including a first coating 501 and a second coating 502.The first coating 501 can have the same or a different thickness than the second coating 502.The first thickness 561 of the first coating 501 may range from approximately 0.00001-0.10 inches to add approximately 1-25 grams, 1-20 grams, 1-15 grams, or 1-10 grams of discretionary weight to the club head 200.For example, the first thickness 561 of the first coating 501 can be approximately 0.00001 inches (0.254 μm), 0.000025 inches (0.635 μm), 0.00005 inches (1.27 μm), 0.000075 inches (1.905 μm), 0.0001 inches (2.54 μm), 0.00025 inches (6.35 μm), 0.0005 inches (12.7 μm), 0.00075 inches (19.05 μm), 0.001 inches (25.4 μm), 0.0025 inches (63.5 μm), 0.005 inches (127 μm), 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm), 0.01 inches (254 μm), 0.025 inches (635 μm), 0.05 inches (1270 μm), 0.075 inches (1905 μm), or 0.10 inches (2540 μm).","The thickness 56 of the first coating 501 can range from approximately 0.00001 inches (0.254 μm) to 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm), 000025 inches (0.635 μm) to 0.075 inches (1905 μm), 0.00075 inches (1.905 μm) to 0.05 inches (1270 μm), 0.001 inches (25.4 μm) to 0.025 inches (635 μm), 0.0025 inches (63.5 μm) to 0.01 inches (254 μm), or 0.005 inches (127 μm) to 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm).","For further example, the first coating 501 may add approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 grams of discretionary weight to the club head.","Further, the second thickness 562 of the second coating 502 may range from approximately 0.00001-0.10 inches to add approximately 1-25 grams, 1-20 grams, 1-15 grams, or 1-10 grams of discretionary weight to the club head 200.For example, the second thickness 562 of the second coating 502 may be approximately 0.00001 inches (0.254 μm), 0.000025 inches (0.635 μm), 0.00005 inches (1.27 μm), 0.000075 inches (1.905 μm), 0.0001 inches (2.54 μm), 0.00025 inches (6.35 μm), 0.0005 inches (12.7 μm), 0.00075 inches (19.05 μm), 0.001 inches (25.4 μm), 0.0025 inches (63.5 μm), 0.005 inches (127 μm), 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm), 0.01 inches (254 μm), 0.025 inches (635 μm), 0.05 inches (1270 μm), 0.075 inches (1905 μm), or 0.10 inches (2540 μm).","The thickness 56 of the second coating 502 can range from approximately 0.00001 inches (0.254 μm) to 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm), 000025 inches (0.635 μm) to 0.075 inches (1905 μ), 0.00075 inches (1.905 μm) to 0.05 inches (1270 μm), 0.001 inches (25.4 μm) to 0.025 inches (635 μm), 0.0025 inches (63.5 μm) to 0.01 inches (254 μm), or 0.005 inches (127 μm) to 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm).","For further example, the second coating 502 may add approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 grams of discretionary weight to the club head.","Additional layers including a third coating 503, fourth coating 504, or fifth coating 505 can have similar thicknesses and relationships to the other coating layers as the first 501 and second coating 502.In these or other embodiments, the first coating 501 and the second coating 502 may be applied to the club head (e.g.","club head 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300) such that the first weight of first coating 501 and the second weight of the second coating 502 together add a desired discretionary weight of the club head.","The total weight of the coating or plurality of coatings 50 (e.g.","sum of the first weight and the second weight) can range from approximately 1-25 grams, 1-20 grams, 1-15 grams, or 1-10 grams.","For example, the sum of the first weight and the second weight can be approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 grams.","In many embodiments, the coating or plurality of coatings 50, as described herein, may be used to position discretionary weight to achieve specific head center of gravity positions.","For example, the coating 50 may be applied to the club head (e.g.","club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) at the back end 38 to shift the center of gravity of the club head toward the back end 38.For further example, the coating 50 may be applied to the club head 100, 200 on the sole 24 to shift the center of gravity toward the sole 24.Further still, the coating 50 may be applied to the back end 38 and the sole 24 of the club head to shift the head center of gravity toward the back end 38 and the sole 24.While the examples described herein illustrate the coating 50 positioned to shift the head center of gravity toward the back end 38 and/or the sole 24 of the club head, the coating 50 may be positioned anywhere on the club head to shift the center of gravity in any direction, including toward the crown 18, toward the sole 24, toward the heel 28, toward the toe 34, toward the strike face 10, toward the back end 38, towards at least a portion of the hosel 40, or in any combination of the described directions of the club head to optimize the performance characteristics of the club head.","The ability to apply the coating 50 uniformly over the club head or in specific portions of the club head at a micro level allows for precise control of the head center of gravity position.","In many embodiments, the center of gravity of the of club head having coating 50 (e.g.","club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300), can shift by up to approximately 0.05 inches, 0.15 inches, 0.25 inches, 0.35 inches, 0.45 inches, 0.55 inches, 0.65 inches, 0.75 inches, or up to 85 inches in a direction toward the heel 28, toward the toe 34, toward the sole 24, toward the crown 18, toward the strike face 10, toward the back end 38, or any combination of the described directions, compared to a similar club head without a coating.","In many embodiments, the coating 50, as described herein, can also increase the moment of inertia of the club head about an x-axis extending through the center of gravity from the heel 28 to the toe 34, and/or about the y-axis extending through the center of gravity from the crown 18 to the sole 24.In general, club head moment of inertia increases as weight or mass is distributed farther from the head center of gravity.","Applying the coating 50 as described herein, allows for positioning of discretionary weight at increased or maximized distances from the head center of gravity.","Therefore, the coating 50 of the club head (e.g.","club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) may be used to increase and/or maximize the moment of inertia of the club head.","Increasing the moment of inertia of the club head results in increased consistency in ball direction, trajectory, and distance.","Therefore, off-center hits will behave more similarly to on-center hits for the club head having the coating 50.In many embodiments, the moment of inertia about the x-axis of the club head having the coating 50 (e.g.","club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) can be increased by up to approximately 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, or 20%, compared to a similar club head without a coating.","In other embodiments, the moment of inertia about the x-axis of the club head having the coating 50 can be increased by approximately 1% to 9%, 2.5% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, or 10% to 20%, compared to a similar club head without a coating.","In many embodiments, the moment of inertia about the y-axis of the club head 100, 200 having the coating 50 can be increased by up to approximately 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, or 20%.","In other embodiments, the moment of inertia about the y-axis of the club head having the coating 50 can be increased by approximately 1% to 11%, 2.5% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, or 10% to 20% compared to a similar club head without a coating.","Referring to Tables 2-4 below, the coating material, in combination with the surface area and thickness 56, may be designed to add a desired discretionary weight to the club head (e.g.","club head 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300).","For example, Table 2 illustrates exemplary coatings 50 having varying coating material densities, position on the club head (related to surface area), and thicknesses 56 required to add 1 gram of discretionary weight to the club head.","For a further example, Table 3 illustrates exemplary coatings 50 having varying coating material densities, positions on the club head (related to surface area), and coating thicknesses 56 required to add 5 grams of discretionary weight to the club head.","For a further example, Table 4 illustrates exemplary coatings 50 having varying coating material densities, positions on the club head (related to surface area), and thicknesses 56 required to add 10 grams of discretionary weight to the club head.","While the examples illustrated in Tables 2-4 provide exemplary discretionary weights, coating materials, positions, and thicknesses 56 of the coating 50, the same principles apply to add any amount of discretionary weight to the club head, such as, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 grams of discretionary weight.","For instance, to add 20 grams of weight to the club head, a tungsten carbide coating, having a density of 256.13, requires a coating thickness of 0.00154 inches across the entire body, 0.0134 inches across the face, 0.00170 across the body, 0.00435 across the crown, 0.00435 across the skirt/sole, or 0.01956 across a portion of the sole over a sole weight.","Further, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 may be varied for any coating position to adjust the relationship between the coating thickness 56 and coating material, position, and/or discretionary weight.","TABLE 2 Exemplary coating thicknesses for varying coating materials and positions to add 1 gram of discretionary weight to the club head Coating Position on Club Head and thickness (inches) required for a coating weight of 1 gram Coating Portion of Material Entire the sole Coating Density Club Strike over a sole Material (g/in3) Head face Body Crown Sole weight Ti 8-1-1 71.45 0.00027 0.00233 0.00030 0.00078 0.00078 0.00350 Cobalt 144.70 0.00013 0.00115 0.00015 0.00038 0.00038 0.00173 Beryllium Copper Pure 199.27 0.00010 0.00084 0.00011 0.00028 0.00028 0.00125 Palladium Tungsten 256.13 0.00008 0.00065 0.00008 0.00022 0.00022 0.00098 Carbide Tungsten 314.96 0.00006 0.00053 0.00007 0.00018 0.00018 0.00079 Rhenium Pure 316.27 0.00006 0.00053 0.00007 0.00018 0.00018 0.00079 Tungsten TABLE 3 Exemplary coating thicknesses for varying coating materials and positions to add 5 grams of discretionary weight to the club head Coating Position on Club Head and thickness (inches) required for a coating weight of 5 grams Coating Portion of Material Entire the sole Coating Density Club Strike over a sole Material (g/in3) Head face Body Crown Sole weight Ti 8-1-1 71.45 0.00135 0.01166 0.00152 0.00389 0.00389 0.01749 Cobalt 144.70 0.00066 0.00576 0.00075 0.00192 0.00192 0.00864 Beryllium Copper Pure 199.27 0.00048 0.00418 0.00055 0.00139 0.00139 0.00627 Palladium Tungsten 256.13 0.00038 0.00325 0.00042 0.00108 0.00108 0.00488 Carbide Tungsten 314.96 0.00031 0.00265 0.00035 0.00088 0.00088 0.00397 Rhenium Pure 316.27 0.00030 0.00263 0.00034 0.00088 0.00088 0.00395 Tungsten TABLE 4 Exemplary coating thicknesses for varying coating materials and positions to add 10 grams of discretionary weight to the club head Coating Position on Club Head and thickness (inches) required for a coating weight of 10 grams Coating Portion of Material Entire the sole Coating Density Club Strike over a sole Material (g/in3) Head face Body Crown Sole weight Ti 8-1-1 71.45 0.00269 0.02333 0.00304 0.00788 0.00778 0.03499 Cobalt 144.70 0.00133 0.01152 0.00150 0.00384 0.00384 0.01728 Beryllium Copper Pure 199.27 0.00097 0.00836 0.00109 0.00279 0.00279 0.01255 Palladium Tungsten 256.13 0.00075 0.00651 0.00085 0.00217 0.00217 0.00976 Carbide Tungsten 314.96 0.00061 0.00529 0.00069 0.00176 0.00176 0.00794 Rhenium Pure 316.27 0.00061 0.00527 0.00069 0.00176 0.00176 0.00790 Tungsten As illustrated in Tables 2-4, the coating 50 having a lower coating material density will require a greater thickness 56 than the coating 50 having a higher coating material density to add the same discretionary weight over the same surface area to the club head.","Similarly, the coating 50 having a higher material coating density will require less thickness 56 than the coating 50 having a lower coating material density to add the same discretionary weight over the same surface area to the club head.","In general, the coating material density, thickness 56, and/or surface area of the coating 50 may be increased to increase the amount of discretionary weight added to the club head by the coating 50.Similarly, the coating material density, thickness 56, and/or surface area of the coating 50 may be decreased to decrease the amount of discretionary weight added to the club head by the coating 50.Referring to Tables 2-4, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 may range from approximately 0.00001-0.10 inches to add approximately 1-25 grams, 1-20 grams, 1-15 grams, or 1-10 grams of discretionary weight to the club head 100.For example, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 may be approximately 0.00001, 0.000025, 0.00005, 0.000075, 0.0001, 0.00025, 0.0005, 0.00075, 0.001, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, or 0.10 inches.","For further example, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 may add approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 grams of discretionary weight to the club head 100.Golf Club Head with Surface Roughness Prior to Coating In other embodiments, the club head 2400 similar to the club heads described above (e.g.","200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300), comprises of a plurality of coatings 50 including a first coating 501 and a second coating 502.The club head in this exemplary embodiment further comprises a surface roughness 68.The surface roughness 68 of the club head 2400 is formed onto the outer surface 42 of the club head 2400.The surface roughness can be formed on at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination thereof on the outer surface 42 of the club head.","For example, the surface roughness 68 is formed on the sole 24 near the back end 38, and equidistant from the toe 34 and the heel 28 of the cub head.","In other examples, the surface roughness 68 is formed in the sole 18 near the back end 38 closer to the heel 28, or closer to the toe 34 of the club head.","The surface roughness 68 of the club head 2400 comprises a depth downward into the outer surface 42, wherein the depth ranges between 25 micro inches to 100 micro inches, 25 micro inches to 40 micro inches, 40 micro inches to 55 micro inches, 55 micro inches to 70 micro inches, 70 micro inches to 85 micro inches, or 85 micro inches to 100 micro inches.","For example, the depth of the surface roughness can be 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100 micro inches.","As described above in FIGS.","15-18, the first coating 501 of the club head 2400 can be positioned in various locations on the outer surface 42 of the club head.","For example, the first coating 501 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination thereof on the outer surface 42 of the club head.","Similarly, the first coating 501 can cover at least just a portion of the surface roughness 68 formed on any portion of the club head, at least just a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head, or any combination thereof.","For example, the first coating 501 can cover at least a portion of the surface roughness 68 formed on the crown 18, and at least a portion of the surface roughness 68 formed on a portion of the sole 24 near the back end 38.In other embodiments, the first coating 501 can cover at least a portion of the surface roughness 68 and at least a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head.","For example, the first coating 501 can cover at least a portion of the surface roughness 68 formed on the sole 24 of the club head, and cover at least a portion of the crown 18.In some embodiments, the material of the first coating 501 is a primer.","The primer can be an oil alkyd primer, a latex primer, or an organic/inorganic zinc primer such as zinc chromate, zinc rich epoxy, urethane zinc, or any other kind of material that can be applied to the body 14 of the club head.","In other embodiments, the material of the first coating 501 is a non-primer such as a beryllium based alloy, a copper based alloy, a palladium based alloy, a tungsten based alloy, a rhenium based alloy, a cobalt based alloy, a rhodium based alloy, a ruthenium based alloy, a molybdenum based alloy, a nickel based alloy, an iron based alloy, or cadium based alloy.","In other embodiments still, the material of the first coating 501 can be a pure-based metal such as pure beryllium, pure copper, pure palladium, pure tungsten, pure rhenium, pure cobalt, pure rhodium, pure ruthenium, pure molybdenum, pure nickel, pure iron, or pure cadium.","As described above in FIGS.","15-18, the second coating 502 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination thereof on the outer surface 42 of the club head.","Further, the second coating 502 can cover at least a portion of just the first coating 501, just the surface roughness 68, just the outer surface 42 of the club head, or a combination thereof.","For example, the second coating 502 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18.In another example, the second coating 502 can cover at least a portion of the first coating 501 positioned on the surface roughness 68 formed on the sole 24 of the club head.","In other examples, the second coating 502 can cover at least a portion of the surface roughness 68 formed on the sole 24 near the toe 34 of the club head.","In some embodiments, the material of the second coating 502 can be any material that can be applied to a club head.","The material of the second coating 502 can be a beryllium based alloy, a copper based alloy, a palladium based alloy, a tungsten based alloy, a rhenium based alloy, a cobalt based alloy, a rhodium based alloy, a ruthenium based alloy, a molybdenum based alloy, a nickel based alloy, an iron based alloy, or cadium based alloy.","In other embodiments, the material of the second coating 502 can be a pure-based metal such as pure beryllium, pure copper, pure palladium, pure tungsten, pure rhenium, pure cobalt, pure rhodium, pure ruthenium, pure molybdenum, pure nickel, pure iron, or pure cadium.","The first coating 501 comprises a density, and the second coating 502 comprises a density.","The density of the first coating 501 can be different from the density of the second coating 502.In some embodiments, the density of the first coating 501 is less than the density of the second coating 502, while in other embodiments, the density of the first coating 501 is greater than the density of the second coating 502.Still, in other embodiment, the density of the first coating 501 can be the same as the density of the second coating 502.In many embodiments, the plurality of coatings 50, as described above may be used to position discretionary weight to achieve specific head center of gravity positions.","Adjusting the center of gravity can affect the MOI of the club head, as well as the spin and trajectory of the ball.","For example, a lower center of gravity near the back end 38, and near the toe 34 can decrease the spin of the ball while maintain a trajectory similar to a club head 2400 having higher loft.","In one example, the plurality of coatings 50 can be applied to the sole 24 near the back end 38 to shift the center of gravity toward the sole 24 and the back end 38 of the club head.","Further upon this example, the plurality of coatings 50 can be applied more near the toe 34 to shift the center of gravity toward the toe 34 of the club head.","In some embodiments, the center of gravity of the club head 2400 can shift from 0.2 inches to 0.48 inches toward the sole 24 of the club head, from 0.01 inches to 0.26 inches toward the back end 38 of the club head, and from 0.005 inches to 0.065 inches toward the toe 34.For example, the center of gravity can shift toward the sole 24 by 0.02 inches, 0.05 inches, 0.10 inches, 0.15 inches, 0.20 inches, 0.25 inches, 0.30 inches, 0.35 inches, 0.40 inches, 0.45 inches, or 0.48 inches; while the center of gravity can further shift toward the back end 38 by 0.01 inches, 0.03 inches, 0.06 inches, 0.09 inches, 0.12 inches, 0.15 inches, 0.18 inches, 0.21 inches, or 0.26 inches; while the center of gravity can further still shift toward the toe 34 by 0.005 inches, 0.010 inches, 0.015 inches, 0.020 inches, 0.025 inches, 0.030 inches, 0.035 inches, 0.040 inches, 0.045 inches, 0.050 inches, 0.055 inches, 0.060 inches, and 0.065 inches compared to a club head 2400 with no coating.","In one example, the plurality of coatings 50 can be applied to a portion of the sole near the heel or a portion of the sole near the toe.","In another example, the plurality of coatings 50 can be applied to both a portion of the sole near the heel and a portion of the sole near the toe, as illustrated in FIG.","12.In some embodiments, the center of gravity of the club head 1200 of FIG.","12 or the club head 1300 of FIG.","13 can shift from 0.01 inches to 0.07 inches toward the sole 24 of the club head, from 0.005 inches to 0.10 inches toward the back end 38 of the club head, and from 0.005 inches to 0.055 inches toward the toe 34.For example, the center of gravity can shift toward the sole 24 by 0.01 inches, 0.02 inches, 0.03 inches, 0.04 inches, 0.05 inches, 0.06 inches, or 0.07 inches; while the center of gravity can further shift toward the back end 38 by 0.005 inches, 0.008 inches, 0.010 inches, 0.02 inches, 0.03 inches, 0.04 inches, 0.05 inches, 0.06 inches, 0.07 inches, 0.08 inches, 0.09 inches, or 0.10 inches; while the center of gravity can further still shift toward the toe 34 by 0.005 inches, 0.010 inches, 0.015 inches, 0.020 inches, 0.025 inches, 0.030 inches, 0.035 inches, 0.040 inches, 0.045 inches, 0.050 inches, or 0.055 inches, compared to a club head 1200 or 1300 with no coating.","In other embodiments of the club heads 1200 and 1300 with the plurality of coatings 50, the center of gravity of the club head 1200 or club head 1300 can shift from 0.005 inches to 0.25 inches toward the strike face 10 of the club head and 0.005 inches to 0.095 inches toward the heel 28.For example, the center of gravity can shift toward the strike face 10 by 0.005 inches, 0.01 inches, 0.03 inches, 0.06 inches, 0.09 inches, or 0.095 inches; while the center of gravity can further shift toward the heel 28 by 0.005 inches, 0.01 inches, 0.02 inches, 0.03 inches, 0.04 inches, 0.05 inches, 0.06 inches, 0.07 inches, 0.08 inches, 0.09 inches, or 0.095 inches, compared to a club head 1200 or 1300 with no coating.","In many embodiments the plurality of coatings 50 can increase the moment of inertia about the x-axis extending through the center of gravity from the heel 28 to the toe 34, and/or about the y-axis extending through the center of gravity from the crown 18 to the sole 24.Increasing the moment of inertia of the club head 2400 can increase the consistency of ball direction, trajectory, and distance.","Therefore, the club head 2400 is more forgiving for off-center shots.","In one example, the plurality of coatings 50 can be applied to the sole 24 near the back end 38, and more near the toe 34 to increase the moment of inertia about the x-axis by 7.5% to 11.0% and increase the moment of inertia about the y-axis by 2.5% to 5.5%.","For example, the moment of inertia about the x-axis can increase by 7.5%, 7.8%, 8.1%, 8.4%, 8.7%, 9.0%, 9.3%, 9.6%, 9.9%, 10.2%, 10.5%, 10.8%, or 11.0%; while the moment of inertia about the y-axis by 2.5%, 2.8%, 3.1%, 3.4%, 3.7%, 4.0%, 4.3%, 4.6%, 4.9%, 5.2%, or 5.5%, compared to a similar club head 2400 with no coating.","The plurality of coatings 50 can further affect the statistical area of the club head.","The statistical area of the club head 2400 is the area in which the ball lands consecutively with the same swing conditions (i.e.","the swing, the stance, environmental conditions).","The smaller the statistical area of the club head, the more consistent the shots in where they land.","More consistent shots allow for a player to better gauge the landing and distance of the ball.","In some embodiments, the plurality of coatings 50 applied onto the surface roughness can decrease the statistical area of the ball flight ranging from 10% to 24%.","For example, the statistical area of the ball flight can be 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22% or 24%, compared to a similar club head 2400 without a plurality of coatings 50.The plurality of coatings 50 further affects the spin rate of the ball.","A high ball spin rate increases the chance the ball will roll backwards upon landing, thus losing distance.","Likewise, the lower the ball spin rate, the lower the chance the ball will roll backwards, but instead roll forward, thus increasing distance.","The plurality of coatings 50 applied to the club head 2400 decreases the spin rate of the ball by 190 rpm to 230 rpm, while maintaining the same lauch angle as a similar club head 2400 without any coating.","For example, the plurality of coatings 50 can decrease the ball spin rate by 190 rpm, 195 rpm, 200 rpm, 205 rpm, 210 rpm, 215 rpm, 220 rpm, 225 rpm, or 230 rpm, compared to a similar club head 2400 without any coating.","FIG.","20 illustrates a method of manufacturing the club head (e.g.","club head 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300).","The method includes providing a club head having a strike face 10 and a body 14 with a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38, and applying at least one coating 50 to at least a portion of the club head 100.The coating 50 may be applied to a surface of the club head by vapor deposition, plasma spray, plating, or spotting.","The process of applying the coating 50 may involve spraying the club head with a powered material under high pressure at approximately room temperature.","Further, the coating 50 may be applied to the club head using any other process capable of applying the coating 50 to the club head in a thin layer.","FIG.","21 illustrates a method of manufacturing the club head 2400.The method is similar to the method described above of FIG.","20, but further comprises applying a surface roughness 68 to the outer surface 42 of club head provided 2400 prior to applying a plurality of coatings 50.The process of applying a surface roughness 68 to the outer surface 42 of the club head 2400 may involve grinding, sand, sand blasting, abrasive blasting, laser texturing, or any process of creating surface texture on a club head.","The outer surface 42 can be roughened using various types of blast media, including but not limited to, beaded titanium and beaded stainless steel alloy.","In some embodiments, the surface roughness 68 can range from 30 to 180 microinches (μin) deep.","For example, the surface roughness 68 can be 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, or 180 μin deep.","The methods of manufacturing and providing a club head club head of FIGS.","20 and 21 may comprise polishing the head after casting to remove excess gate material and clean the surface.","Polishing can further help remove surface porosity.","In some embodiments of the methods, before application of the coating, at least a portion of the club head's outer surface 42 is cleaned using air to remove excess media and dust.","In other embodiments of the methods, before application of the coating, at least a portion of the club head's outer surface 42 is cleaned using liquid to remove excess media and dust.","The cleaning liquid may comprise acetone, isopropyl alcohol, or any other suitable liquid.","In other embodiments of the methods, any suitable cleaning mechanism can be employed to remove excess media and dust.","Furthermore, in some embodiments of the methods of manufacturing, a target area is masked with guiding tape before the layers are applied to the target area.","The method of manufacturing club head of FIGS.","20 and 21 may also be used to manufacture club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, and 2400 by repeating the process of applying the coating for the second coating, third coating, fourth coating, and/or fifth coating of the club head.","Further, the method of manufacturing the club head is merely exemplary and is not limited to the embodiments presented herein.","The method can be employed in many different embodiments or examples not specifically depicted or described herein.","In some embodiments, the processes of the method described can be performed in any suitable order.","In other embodiments, one or more of the processes may be combined, separated, or skipped.","In the illustrated embodiments, the club heads (e.g.","club head 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400) are shown as a wood-type club head.","However, the club head may be any type of club head including a wood-type club head (e.g., driver or fairway wood), an iron-type club head (e.g., iron or wedge), or a putter-type club head.","Further, the embodiments described herein illustrate the club head having the coating on the outer surface 42 of the club head.","In other embodiments, the coating may be applied to the inner surface 46 of the club head to achieve similar results.","EXAMPLES Example 1 Referring to FIGS.","10A and 10B, an exemplary club head 900 having the coating 50 comprising tungsten carbide (density of approximately 256.13 g/in3), with a first portion positioned over the entire crown 18 and a second portion positioned over the entire sole 24, each portion having a thickness 56 of approximately 0.001 inches, and adding a total of approximately 9.9 grams of weight to the club head 900 shifted the center of gravity approximately 0.076 inches toward the toe 34, approximately 0.050 inches toward the crown 18, and approximately 0.020 inches toward the back end 38, compared to a similar club head without the coating.","Further, in this example, the coating 50 increased the moment of inertia about the x-axis by approximately 5.3%, and increased the moment of inertia about the y-axis by approximately 4.5%, compared to a similar club head without the coating.","Example 2 Referring to FIG.","11, an exemplary club head 1100 having the coating 50 comprising tungsten carbide (density of approximately 256.13 g/in3), positioned over the entire sole 24, having a thickness 56 of approximately 0.009 inches, and adding approximately 11.4 grams of weight to the club head 1100 shifted the center of gravity by approximately 0.014 inches toward the toe 34, approximately 0.055 inches toward the sole 24, and approximately 0.085 inches toward the back end 38, compared to a similar club head without the coating.","Further, in this example, the coating 50 increased moment of inertia about the x-axis by approximately 8.1%, and increased the moment of inertia about the y-axis by approximately 8.6%, compared to a similar club head without the coating.","Example 3 Referring to FIG.","12, an exemplary club head 1200 having the coating 50 comprising tungsten carbide (density of approximately 256.13 g/in3), with a first portion positioned over the a portion of the sole 24 near the toe 34 and a second portion positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the heel 28, each portion having a thickness 56 of approximately 0.006 inches, and adding a total of approximately 8.2 grams of weight to the club head shifted the center of gravity by approximately 0.045 inches toward the toe 34, approximately 0.010 inches toward the sole 24, and approximately 0.020 inches toward the back end 38, compared to a similar club head without the coating.","Further, in this example, the coating 50 increased the moment of inertia about the x-axis by approximately 2.2%, and increased the moment of inertia about the y-axis by approximately 3.5%, compared to a similar club head without the coating.","Example 4 Referring to FIG.","13, an exemplary club head 1300 having the coating 50 comprising tungsten carbide (density of approximately 256.13 g/in3), positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the heel 28, having a thickness 56 of approximately 0.009 inches, and adding approximately 9.0 grams of weight to the club head 1300 shifted the center of gravity by approximately 0.082 inches toward the heel 28, approximately 0.010 inches toward the sole 24, and approximately 0.190 inches toward the strike face 10, compared to a similar club head without the coating.","Further, in this example, the coating 50 increased the moment of inertia about the x-axis by approximately 5.5%, and increased the moment of inertia about the y-axis to approximately 2.7%, compared to a similar club head without the coating.","Example 5 Referring to FIG.","14, an exemplary club head 1400 having the coating 50 comprising tungsten carbide (density of approximately 256.13 g/in3), positioned over the entire sole 24, having a thickness 56 of approximately 0.002 inches, and adding approximately 10.3 grams of weight to the club head 1300 shifted the center of gravity by approximately 0.010 inches toward the toe 34, approximately 0.055 inches toward the sole 24, and approximately 0.050 inches toward the back end 38, compared to a similar club head without the coating.","Further, in this embodiment, the coating 50 increased the moment of inertia about the x-axis by approximately 4.2%, and increased the moment of inertia about the y-axis by approximately 4.4%, compared to a similar club head without the coating.","Example 6 Referring to FIG.","19, an exemplary club head 2400, comprising a surface roughness 68 formed on the sole 24 near the back end 38, further comprises a first coating 501 covering the surface roughness 68, and further still comprising a second coating 502, covering the first coating 502 adds approximately 10.9 grams of weight to the club head.","The added weight by the first and second coating 501 and 502 at that distinct location shifted the center of gravity of the club head by approximately 0.042 inches toward the toe 34, approximately 0.28 inches toward the sole 24, and approximately 0.11 inches toward the back end 38, compared to a similar club head 2400 with the surface roughness and coating.","Further in this embodiment, the first and second coating 501 and 502 increased the moment of inertia about the x-axis by approximately 7.7%, and increased the moment of inertia about the y-axis by approximately 4.3%, compared to a similar club head without the surface roughness and coating.","Further still in this embodiment, the first and second coating 501 and 502 comprised a 17% smaller statistic area, and a 215 rpm less spin with a similar launch angle, compared to a club head without the surface roughness, and coating.","Example 7 Referring to FIG.","11, a first exemplary embodiment of the club head 1100, further comprises a surface roughness 68 (not shown in FIG.","11) formed on the sole 24 near the back end 38.The club head 1100 further comprises a first coating 501 covering the surface roughness 68, and further still comprising a second coating 502 covering the first coating 501, together adding approximately 10.0 grams of weight to the club head.","For example, the first coating comprises a primer and the second coating comprises a high density material.","In a second exemplary embodiment of the club head 1100, only a first coating 501 is applied over the surface roughness 68, adding approximately 10.0 grams of weight to the club head.","For example, the first coating 501 comprises a high density material, and no primer is applied between the club head and the first coating 501.According to a test that compared three control heads to three heads of the first exemplary embodiment and to three heads of the second exemplary embodiment, the center of gravity of the club head was shifted further toward the toe 34, lower toward the sole 24, and further toward the back end 38.Table 5 below shows the averages of the CG locations as measured with an x-coordinate axis extending positively from the center of mass towards the heel of the club head and parallel to the ground plane, a y-coordinate axis extending positively from the center of the sole towards the crown and perpendicular to the ground plane, and a z-coordinate axis extending positively rearward from the club strike face and parallel to the ground plane.","The results show that, on average, the added weight of the first and second coating 501 and 502 of the first exemplary embodiment at the distinct rear location shifted the center of gravity of the club head by approximately 0.020 inches toward the toe 34, approximately 0.140 inches toward the sole 24, and approximately 0.076 inches toward the back end 38, compared to a similar club head 1100 with no coating.","This shift in the center of gravity improves performance characteristics of the golf club.","The test results also showed that, on average, the added weight of the first coating 501 of the second exemplary embodiment, at the distinct rear location, shifted the center of gravity of the club head by approximately 0.034 inches toward the toe 34, approximately 0.047 inches toward the sole 24, and approximately 0.080 inches toward the back end 38.Testing shows that this shift in the center of gravity increased the carry yard distance by 0.9 yards, as expected from the center of gravity data.","TABLE 5 Exemplary locations of CG position within various embodiments Type of club head X-axis CG Y-axis CG Z-axis CG First exemplary embodiment −0.0053 0.92 1.836 (with primer and high density layer) Second exemplary embodiment −0.007 1.013 1.840 (with high density layer) Control club head 0.028 1.060 1.760 The spin rate was shown to decrease by 6.7% for the second exemplary embodiment.","The second exemplary embodiment showed a spin rate of 2983 rpms as compared to a spin rate of 3198 rpms for the control club.","The lower spin rate reduces unwanted roll once the ball lands on the ground, which results in a player hitting more accurate shots.","The statistical area, representing the area within which test shots land, for the second exemplary embodiment, covers around 1009 square yards, which is 14.5% less area than is covered by a similar control club.","The statistical area for a similar control club head covers around 1180 square yards.","This test shows that a first coating on a portion of the sole 24 near the rear increases the performance precision of a golf club head, allowing a player to hit more consistent shots.","Replacement of one or more claimed elements constitutes reconstruction and not repair.","Additionally, benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described with regard to specific embodiments.","The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element or elements that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced, however, are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all of the claims.","As the rules to golf may change from time to time (e.g., new regulations may be adopted or old rules may be eliminated or modified by golf standard organizations and/or governing bodies such as the United States Golf Association (USGA), the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews (R&A), etc.","), golf equipment related to the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be conforming or non-conforming to the rules of golf at any particular time.","Accordingly, golf equipment related to the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be advertised, offered for sale, and/or sold as conforming or non-conforming golf equipment.","The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard.","While the above examples may be described in connection with a driver-type golf club, the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be applicable to other types of golf club such as a fairway wood-type golf club, a hybrid-type golf club, an iron-type golf club, a wedge-type golf club, or a putter-type golf club.","Alternatively, the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be applicable other type of sports equipment such as a hockey stick, a tennis racket, a fishing pole, a ski pole, etc.","Moreover, embodiments and limitations disclosed herein are not dedicated to the public under the doctrine of dedication if the embodiments and/or limitations: (1) are not expressly claimed in the claims; and (2) are or are potentially equivalents of express elements and/or limitations in the claims under the doctrine of equivalents.","Various features and advantages of the disclosure are set forth in the following claims."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"HIGH DENSITY OUTER LAYER OF A GOLF CLUB HEAD\",\n \"Embodiments of a golf club head comprising a body having a body material density, a strike face having a strike face material density, and a coating comprising a coating material having a coating material density greater than the body material density or the strike face material density are described herein.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A golf club head comprising: a body comprising a body material having a body material density, the body including: a crown, a sole opposite the crown, a heel, a toe opposite the heel, and a back end; a strike face made of a strike face material having a strike face material density; an outer surface; an inner surface; and a coating positioned directly on and in contact with the outer surface of a portion of the sole near a center region of the back end of the club head; and wherein the coating consisting of a coating material having a coating material density, wherein the coating material density is greater than the body material density, the coating material density is between 150 and 400 g/in3, and the body material comprises titanium.\",\n \"2.The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the strike face material is the same as the body material, and the coating material is different than the strike face material and the body material.\",\n \"3.The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the strike face material is different than the body material, and the coating material is different than the strike face material or the body material.\",\n \"4.The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the coating is positioned on the outer surface of the club head on at least a portion of the crown, the sole, the heel, the toe, the strike face, the back end, or the hosel.\",\n \"5.The golf club of claim 1, wherein the coating further comprises a surface area ranging from approximately 0-70 in2.6.The golf club of claim 1, wherein the coating further comprises a thickness ranging from approximately 0.00001-0.10 inches.\",\n \"7.The golf club of claim 1, wherein the weight of the coating ranges from approximately 1-15 grams.\",\n \"8.The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises cobalt beryllium copper, pure palladium, tungsten carbide, tungsten rhenium, or pure tungsten.\",\n \"9.The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the coating covers over a weight pad or a weight member of the golf club head.\",\n \"10.The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the coating material density is between 175 and 400 g/in3.11.A golf club head comprising a body comprising a body material having a body material density, the body including: a crown, a sole opposite the crown, a heel, a toe opposite the heel, and a back end; a strike face made of a strike face material having a strike face material density; an outer surface; an inner surface; and a coating positioned directly on and in contact with the outer surface of a first portion of the sole and a second portion of the sole; wherein, the first portion covers an area of the sole between the toe and the rear end, and the second portion covers an area of the sole between the heel and the rear end; and wherein the coating consisting of a coating material having a coating material density, wherein the coating material density is greater than the body material density, the coating material density is between 150 and 400 g/in3, and the body material comprises titanium.\",\n \"12.The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the strike face material is the same as the body material, and the coating material is different than the strike face material and the body material.\",\n \"13.The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the strike face material is different than the body material, and the coating material is different than the strike face material or the body material.\",\n \"14.The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the coating is positioned on the outer surface of the club head on at least a portion of the crown, the sole, the heel, the toe, the strike face, the back end, or the hosel.\",\n \"15.The golf club of claim 11, wherein the coating further comprises a surface area ranging from approximately 0-70 in2.16.The golf club of claim 11, wherein the coating further comprises a thickness ranging from approximately 0.00001-0.10 inches.\",\n \"17.The golf club of claim 11, wherein the weight of the coating ranges from approximately 1-15 grams.\",\n \"18.The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the coating comprises cobalt beryllium copper, pure palladium, tungsten carbide, tungsten rhenium, or pure tungsten.\",\n \"19.The golf club head of claim 11, wherein a perimeter of the coating abuts a weight pad or a weight member of the golf club head.\",\n \"20.The golf club head of claim 11, wherein the coating material density is between 175 and 400 g/in3.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND Golf club heads may include wood-type club heads (e.g., drivers and fairway woods), iron-type club heads (e.g., irons and wedges), and putter-type club heads.\",\n \"Golf club head designs vary and generally aim to optimize head center of gravity position and increase club head moment of inertia.\",\n \"The head center of gravity position affects performance characteristics of the golf club including direction, trajectory, distance, and spin of the golf ball.\",\n \"Increased club head moment of inertia increases the consistency of ball trajectory and direction for off-center hits.\",\n \"Many golf club heads are designed to optimize head center of gravity position and increase club head moment of inertia by using weighting ports or inserts.\",\n \"These designs may require complicated manufacturing and assembly processes and do not easily allow for optimization of head center of gravity position with precision.\",\n \"In addition, use of weighting ports can affect the overall aerodynamics of the club head.\",\n \"Therefore, there is a need in the art for the ability to distribute weight of golf club heads more precisely to optimize center of gravity positions and increase club head moment of inertia.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.\",\n \"1 illustrates a perspective view of a golf club head.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG.\",\n \"1 taken along line A-A.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10A illustrates a top view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10B illustrates a bottom view of the golf club head of FIG.\",\n \"10A FIG.\",\n \"11 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"12 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"13 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"15 illustrates a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"16 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"17 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"18 illustrates a cross sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"19 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a surface roughness, a first coating, and a second coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"20 illustrates a method of manufacturing a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"21 illustrates a method of manufacturing a golf club head having a surface roughness and a coating.\",\n \"detailed-description description=\\\"Detailed Description\\\" end=\\\"lead\\\"?\",\n \"For illustrative purposes, the drawings described above may not represent actual scaling of the size of the coating or plurality of coatings relative to the club head size.\",\n \"For example, the coating thickness to club head thickness ratio may be shown as larger in the drawings than the actual coating thickness to club head thickness ratio per the dimensions disclosed within the detailed description.\",\n \"Other aspects of the disclosure will become apparent by consideration of the detailed description and accompanying drawings.\",\n \"For simplicity and clarity of illustration, the drawing figures illustrate the general manner of construction, and descriptions and details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure.\",\n \"Additionally, elements in the drawing figures are not necessarily drawn to scale.\",\n \"For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure.\",\n \"The same reference numerals in different figures denote the same elements.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS REFERENCES This claims benefit to U.S.\",\n \"Provisional Patent Application No.\",\n \"62/447,226, filed on Jan. 17, 2017, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"15/159,623, filed May 19, 2016, which claims benefit of U.S.\",\n \"Provisional Patent Application No.\",\n \"62/163,888, filed May 19, 2015, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.\",\n \"FIELD OF INVENTION The present disclosure relates to golf clubs having golf club heads with a high density thin outer layer.\",\n \"Specifically, the present disclosure relates to wood-type golf club heads, iron-type golf club heads, wedge-type golf club heads, and putter-type golf club heads.\",\n \"BACKGROUND Golf club heads may include wood-type club heads (e.g., drivers and fairway woods), iron-type club heads (e.g., irons and wedges), and putter-type club heads.\",\n \"Golf club head designs vary and generally aim to optimize head center of gravity position and increase club head moment of inertia.\",\n \"The head center of gravity position affects performance characteristics of the golf club including direction, trajectory, distance, and spin of the golf ball.\",\n \"Increased club head moment of inertia increases the consistency of ball trajectory and direction for off-center hits.\",\n \"Many golf club heads are designed to optimize head center of gravity position and increase club head moment of inertia by using weighting ports or inserts.\",\n \"These designs may require complicated manufacturing and assembly processes and do not easily allow for optimization of head center of gravity position with precision.\",\n \"In addition, use of weighting ports can affect the overall aerodynamics of the club head.\",\n \"Therefore, there is a need in the art for the ability to distribute weight of golf club heads more precisely to optimize center of gravity positions and increase club head moment of inertia.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.\",\n \"1 illustrates a perspective view of a golf club head.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the golf club head of FIG.\",\n \"1 taken along line A-A.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10A illustrates a top view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10B illustrates a bottom view of the golf club head of FIG.\",\n \"10A FIG.\",\n \"11 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"12 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"13 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14 illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"15 illustrates a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"16 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"17 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"18 illustrates a cross sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a first coating and a second coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"19 illustrates a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a golf club head having a surface roughness, a first coating, and a second coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"20 illustrates a method of manufacturing a golf club head having a coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"21 illustrates a method of manufacturing a golf club head having a surface roughness and a coating.\",\n \"For illustrative purposes, the drawings described above may not represent actual scaling of the size of the coating or plurality of coatings relative to the club head size.\",\n \"For example, the coating thickness to club head thickness ratio may be shown as larger in the drawings than the actual coating thickness to club head thickness ratio per the dimensions disclosed within the detailed description.\",\n \"Other aspects of the disclosure will become apparent by consideration of the detailed description and accompanying drawings.\",\n \"For simplicity and clarity of illustration, the drawing figures illustrate the general manner of construction, and descriptions and details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure.\",\n \"Additionally, elements in the drawing figures are not necessarily drawn to scale.\",\n \"For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure.\",\n \"The same reference numerals in different figures denote the same elements.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the embodiments described below, a high density thin outer layer of material or coating is applied to a golf club head.\",\n \"By distributing a high density thin outer layer of material over a portion or the entire golf club head, the weight distribution of the golf club head can be controlled.\",\n \"This strategic placement of high density coating materials on the golf club head maximize distribution of the weight to the outermost perimeter of the club away from the center of gravity thereby maximizing the ability to increase the moment of inertia.\",\n \"The coating of high density material may be at any thickness or depth, but is suitable for very thin layers between 0.10 inches to as thin as 0.00001 inches.\",\n \"The coating of high density material can be applied to a surface of the club head by vapor deposition, plasma spray, plating, or spotting.\",\n \"Therefore, greater precision can be achieved for particular weight placement on the golf club head at a desired depth or thickness using a variable set of metal alloy materials.\",\n \"Being able to control these variables using high density materials can be used to optimize the head center of gravity and maximize the club head moment of inertia to achieve desired performance characteristics of the club head.\",\n \"The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order.\",\n \"It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments described herein are, for example, capable of operation in sequences other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein.\",\n \"Furthermore, the terms “include,” and “have,” and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, device, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, system, article, device, or apparatus.\",\n \"The terms “left,” “right,” “front,” “back,” “top,” “bottom,” “over,” “under,” and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used for descriptive purposes and not necessarily for describing permanent relative positions.\",\n \"It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of the apparatus, methods, and/or articles of manufacture described herein are, for example, capable of operation in other orientations than those illustrated or otherwise described herein.\",\n \"Discretionary weight, as described herein, refers to a portion of the total weight of the club head that can be positioned to optimize performance without impacting the structural integrity of the club head.\",\n \"Before any embodiments of the disclosure are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings.\",\n \"The disclosure is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"1-2 illustrate an embodiment of a golf club head 100 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 100 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46, as illustrated in the cross-sectional view of the club head 100 taken along line A-A in FIG.\",\n \"2.The body 14 of the club head 100 comprises a body material having a body material density.\",\n \"The body material may be any suitable material including titanium, stainless steel, tungsten, aluminum, other metals, composites, metal alloys, or any other material.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the body 14 of the club head 100 comprises different materials having different densities.\",\n \"For example, the crown 18 may comprise a crown material having a crown material density and the sole 24 may comprise a sole material having a sole material density, wherein the sole material and sole material density are different than the crown material and crown material density, respectively.\",\n \"In this example, the crown material density may be greater than the sole material density, or the crown material density may be less than the sole material density.\",\n \"In embodiments where the body 14 comprises different materials having different densities, the densities of each body material may be averaged to represent the body material density.\",\n \"The strike face 10 of the club head 100 comprises a strike face material having a strike face material density.\",\n \"The strike face material may be any suitable material including titanium, stainless steel, tungsten, aluminum, other metals, composites, metal alloys, or any other material.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the strike face 10 may comprise different materials having different densities.\",\n \"When the strike face 10 comprises different materials having different densities, the densities of each strike face material may be averaged to represent the strike face material density.\",\n \"The body material may be the same as the strike face material, or the body material may be different than the strike face material.\",\n \"Further, the body material density may be the same as the strike face material density, or the body material density may be different than the strike face material density.\",\n \"For example, the strike face material density may be higher than the body material density, or the strike face material density may be lower than the body material density.\",\n \"The club head 100 may further include a coating or plurality of coatings 50, as described in further detail in the embodiments of FIGS.\",\n \"3-18 below.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the club head 100 can include one coating 50 comprising a coating material having a coating material density (e.g.\",\n \"the embodiments of the club head illustrated FIGS.\",\n \"3-14 and described in further detail below).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the club head can include more than one coating.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments the club head 100 can include a first coating 501 comprising a first coating material having a first coating density, and a second coating 502 comprising a second coating material having a second coating density (e.g.\",\n \"the embodiments of the club head illustrated FIGS.\",\n \"15-18 and described in further detail below).\",\n \"In many embodiments, the coating 50 has a surface area, a weight, and a thickness 56 defining a thickness profile.\",\n \"The surface area of the coating 50 defines a perimeter 62 (illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"10-14) when specific portions of the club head 100 are covered by the coating 50.In embodiments where the coating 50 includes a plurality of coatings 50, the plurality of coatings can include a first coating 501 and a second coating 502, the first coating 501 having a first surface area, a first weight, and a first thickness 561 defining a first thickness profile, and the second coating 502 having a second surface area, a second weight, a second thickness 562 defining a second thickness profile.\",\n \"The coating or plurality of coatings 50 can be applied to the club head 100 in various positions or plurality of positions, as described further in the embodiments of FIGS.\",\n \"3-14 below.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the coating 50 can be applied directly onto one or both of the outer surface of the club head body 14 and the strike face 10 of the club head 100.In some embodiments, one or more of the coatings of the plurality of coatings 50 can be applied directly onto another one of the coatings of the plurality of coatings 50.FIG.\",\n \"3 illustrates an embodiment of the club head 200 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 200 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 200 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"3, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 200.Further, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over the entire outer surface 42 of the club head 200 including the strike face 10 and the body 14.Accordingly, in the illustrated embodiment, the strike face 10, the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, and the back end 38 of the club head 200 are covered by the coating 50.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is approximately constant.\",\n \"For example, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 on the crown 18 is approximately the same as the thickness on the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, and the strike face 10.FIG.\",\n \"4 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 300 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 300 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 300 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"4, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 200.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 300.Specifically, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over the body 14 of the club head 300 including the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, and the back end 38.Accordingly, the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, and the back end 38 are covered by the coating 50.The strike face 10 is not covered by the coating 50.Further referring to FIG.\",\n \"4, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is approximately constant.\",\n \"For example, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 on the crown 18 is approximately the same as the thickness on the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, and the back end 38.Further, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 tapers or decreases near the edges of the coating 50 (e.g.\",\n \"near the periphery of the strike face 10).\",\n \"For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness of the coating 50 tapers or decreases near the strike face 10 of the club head 200.FIG.\",\n \"5 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 400 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 400 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 400 further includes a coating 50.In the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 400.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 400.Specifically, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over the strike face 10 of the club head 400.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is approximately constant.\",\n \"For example, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 on the strike face 10 near the heel 28, the toe 34, the crown 18, or the sole 24 is approximately the same.\",\n \"Further, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 tapers or decreases near the edges of the coating 50.For example, the thickness of the coating 50 tapers or decreases near the periphery of the strike face 10.FIG.\",\n \"6 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 500 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 500 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 500 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"6, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 500.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 500.Specifically, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over at least a portion of the back end 38 of the club head 500.In some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along the entire back end 38 from the heel 28 to the toe 34 of the club head 500.Further, in some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along a portion of the back end 38 of the club head 500.For example, in some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along the back end 38 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 500.Further referring to FIG.\",\n \"6, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is greatest near the rearward most part of the back end 38 and gradually tapers or decreases near the edges of the coating 50 toward the crown 18 and the sole 24.For example, the thickness of the coating 50 tapers or decreases near the crown 18 and the sole 24 of the club head 500.FIG.\",\n \"7 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 600 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 600 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 600 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"7, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 600.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 600.Specifically, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the back end 38 of the club head 600.In some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along the entire length of the sole 24 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 600.Further, in some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along only a portion of the sole 24.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 gradually tapers or decreases near the edges of the coating 50 toward the back end 38 and the strike face 10.FIG.\",\n \"8 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 700 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 700 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 700 further includes a coating 50 having more than one discrete portion.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"8, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 700.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 700.Specifically, the coating 50 includes a first portion that covers or is positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the back end 38 of the club head 600, and a second portion that covers or is positioned over a portion of the crown 18 near the back end 38 of the club head.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first portion of the coating 50 can extend along the entire length of the sole 24 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 700.Further, in some embodiments, the second portion of the coating 50 can extend along only a portion of the crown 18 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 700.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 gradually tapers or decreases near the edges of the first portion of the coating 50 on the sole 24 and near the edges of the second portion of the coating 50 on the crown 18.FIG.\",\n \"9 illustrates another embodiment of club head 800 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 800 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 800 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"9, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 800.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 800.Specifically, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over at least a portion of the back end 38 of the club head 800.In some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along the entire back end 38 from the heel 28 to the toe 34 of the club head 800.Further, in some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along a portion of the back end 38 of the club head 800.For example, in some embodiments, the coating 50 can extend along the back end 38 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 800.Further referring to FIG.\",\n \"9, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 varies defining a thickness profile.\",\n \"The thickness profile illustrated can be a bowtie contour of the coating 50 at the back end 38 of the club head 800.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 gradually increases and then decreases in a direction from the back end 38 toward the crown 18 of the club head 800.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 gradually increases and then decreases in a direction from the back end 38 toward the sole 24 of the club head 800.FIGS.\",\n \"10A and 10B illustrate another embodiment of the club head 900 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 900 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 900 further includes a coating 50 having more than one discrete portion.\",\n \"Referring to FIGS.\",\n \"10A and 10B, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 900.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 700.Specifically, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 includes a first portion that covers or is positioned over the entire crown 18 (FIG.\",\n \"10A) and a second portion that covers or is positioned over the entire sole 24 (FIG.\",\n \"10B) of the club head 900.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the first portion of the coating 50 positioned on the crown 18 is approximately constant.\",\n \"Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the second portion of the coating 50 positioned on the sole 24 is approximately constant.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 1100 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 1100 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 1100 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"11, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 1100.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 600.Specifically, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the center region of the back end 38 of the club head 600.In some embodiments, the coating 50 covers a portion of the club head 600 having a weight pad or weight member.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the coating 50 directly contacts the outer surface 42 of the club head 1100.In the illustrated embodiment, the perimeter 62 of the coating 50 defines a trapezoidal shape, corresponding to the shape of the weight pad or weight member.\",\n \"The shape of the coating 50 can correspond to any weight pad or weight member that can be any shape such as a trapezoidal, square, hexagonal, circular, triangular, or any other polygon or shape with at least one curved surface.\",\n \"Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is approximately constant.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"12 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 1200 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 1200 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 1200 further includes a coating 50 having more than one discrete portion.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"12, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 1200.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 1200.Specifically, the coating 50 includes a first portion that covers or is positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the toe 34 (between the toe 34 and the rear end 38) and a second portion that covers or is positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the heel 28 (between the heel 28 and the rear end 38) of the club head 1200.In some embodiments, the first portion is spaced equally between the rear end 38 and the toe 34.In some embodiments, the second portion is spaced equally between the rear end 38 and the heel 28.In the illustrated embodiment, the perimeter 62 of the first portion of the coating 50 defines a rectangular shape, and the perimeter 62 of the second portion of the coating 50 defines a rectangular shape.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a section of the perimeter 62 of the first portion abuts a weight pad or weight member of the golf club head 1200.In some embodiments, a section of the perimeter 62 of the second portion abuts a weight pad or weight member of the golf club head 1200.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is approximately constant.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"13 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 1300 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 1300 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 1300 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"13, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 1300.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 1300.Specifically, the coating 50 is positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the heel 28 of the club head 1200.In some embodiments, the coating 50 is spaced equally between the rear end 38 and the heel 28.In the illustrated embodiment, the perimeter 62 of the coating 50 defines a rectangular shape.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a section of the perimeter 62 of the coating 50 abuts a weight pad or weight member of the golf club head 1200.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is approximately constant.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 1400 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 1400 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 1400 further includes a coating 50.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"14, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 1400.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the coating 50 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 1400.Specifically, the coating 50 is positioned over the entire sole 24 of the club head 1400.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 is approximately constant.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"15 illustrates an embodiment of the club head 2000 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 2000 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 2000 further includes a first coating 501 and second coating 502.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"15, in the illustrated embodiment, the first coating 501 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 2000.Further, the first coating 501 covers or is positioned over the entire outer surface 42 of the club head 2000 including the strike face 10 and the body 14.Accordingly, in the illustrated embodiment, the strike face 10, the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, and the back end 38 of the club head 2000 are covered by the first coating 501.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 561 of the first coating 501 is approximately constant.\",\n \"For example, the thickness 561 of the first coating 501 on the crown 18 is approximately the same as the thickness 561 on the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, and the strike face 10.Further referring to FIG.\",\n \"15, in the illustrated embodiment, the second coating 502 covers or is positioned over the first coating 501 of the club head 2000.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 562 of the second coating 502 is approximately constant.\",\n \"For example, the thickness 562 of the second coating 502 on the crown 18 is approximately the same as the thickness 562 on the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, and the strike face 10.FIG.\",\n \"16 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 2100 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 2100 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 2100 further includes a first coating 501 and second coating 502.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"16, in the illustrated embodiment, the first coating 501 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 2100.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the first coating 501 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 2100.Specifically, the first coating 501 covers or is positioned over a portion of the crown 18 near the back end 38 of the club head 2100.In some embodiments, the first coating 501 can extend along the entire length of the crown 18 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 2100.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 561 of the first coating 501 gradually tapers or decreases near the edges of the first coating 501 on the crown 18.Further referring to FIG.\",\n \"16, in the illustrated embodiment, the second coating 502 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 2100.Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the second coating 502 covers or is positioned over a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head 2100.Specifically, the second coating 502 covers or is positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the back end 38 of the club head 2100.In some embodiments, the second coating 502 can extend along the entire length of the sole 24 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 2100.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 562 of the second coating 502 gradually tapers or decreases near the edges of the second coating 502 on the sole 24.FIG.\",\n \"17 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 2200 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 2200 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 2200 further includes a first coating 501 and second coating 502.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"17, in the illustrated embodiment, the first coating 501 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 2200.Further, the first coating 501 covers or is positioned over the entire body 14 of the club head 2200.Accordingly, the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, and the back end 38 of the club head 2200 are covered by the first coating 501.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 561 of the first coating 501 is approximately constant.\",\n \"For example, the thickness 561 of the first coating 501 on the crown 18 is approximately the same as the thickness 561 on the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, and the strike face 10.Further referring to FIG.\",\n \"17, in the illustrated embodiment, the second coating 502 covers or is positioned over a portion of the first coating 501 of the club head 2200 near the back end 38.In some embodiments, the second coating 502 can extend along the entire back end 38 from the heel 28 to the toe 34 of the club head 2200.Further, in some embodiments, the second coating 502 can extend along a portion of the back end 38 of the club head 2200.For example, in some embodiments, the second coating 502 can extend along the back end 38 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 2200.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 562 of the second coating 502 is greatest near the rearward most part of the back end 38 and gradually tapers or decreases near the edges of the second coating 502.For example, the thickness of the second coating 502 tapers or decreases near the crown 18 and the sole 24 of the club head 2200.FIG.\",\n \"18 illustrates another embodiment of the club head 2300 having a strike face 10 and a body 14 including a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38.The body 14 and the strike face 10 together form the club head 2300 having an outer surface 42 and an inner surface 46.The club head 2300 further includes a first coating 501 and second coating 502.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"18, in the illustrated embodiment, the first coating 501 is positioned on the outer surface 42 of the club head 2300.Further, the first coating 501 covers or is positioned over a portion of the club head 2300 including the back end 38.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 561 of the first coating 501 is greatest near the rearward most part of the back end 38 and gradually tapers or decreases near the edges of the first coating 501.For example, the thickness of the first coating 501 tapers or decreases near the crown 18 and the sole 24 of the club head 2300.Further referring to FIG.\",\n \"18, in the illustrated embodiment, the second coating 502 covers or is positioned over a portion of the first coating 501 and the outer surface 42 of the club head 2300.In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness 562 of the second coating 502 is approximately constant and tapers toward the edges of the second coating 502.Further referring to FIG.\",\n \"18, in some embodiments, the first and second coatings 501, 502 can extend along the entire back end 38 from the heel 28 to the toe 34 of the club head 2300.Further, in some embodiments, the first and second coatings 501, 502 can extend along a portion of the back end 38 of the club head 2300.For example, in some embodiments, the first and second coatings 501, 502 can extend along the back end 38 from near the heel 28 to near the toe 34 of the club head 2200.As described above, FIGS.\",\n \"3-18 illustrate various embodiments of the club head having a coating or plurality of coatings 50 (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300).\",\n \"The embodiments of the club head having the coating or plurality of coatings 50 described herein are not limited by position.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the coating 50 can be positioned anywhere on the club head.\",\n \"For example, the coating 50 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, or any combination thereof on the outer surface 42 of the club head.\",\n \"For further example, the coating 50 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, or any combination thereof on the inner surface 46 of the club head.\",\n \"Further, the embodiments of the club head having one or more coatings 50 (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) described herein are not limited by number of discrete coating portions.\",\n \"For example, in other embodiments, each of the plurality of coatings 50 can have any number of discrete portions such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or any other number of discrete portions.\",\n \"Further, the embodiments of the club head having the coating or plurality of coatings 50 (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) described herein are not limited by number of coatings.\",\n \"For example, in other embodiments, the one or more coatings 50 can include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or any other number of coatings.\",\n \"As described above, FIGS.\",\n \"15-18 illustrate various embodiments of the club head 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300 having a plurality of coatings 50 including a first coating 501 and a second coating 502 positioned in various locations.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the first coating 501 and the second coating 502 can be positioned anywhere on the club head.\",\n \"For example, the first coating 501 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination thereof on the outer surface 42 of the club head.\",\n \"For further example, the first coating 501 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination thereof on the inner surface 46 of the club head.\",\n \"In addition, the second coating 502 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination thereof on the outer surface 42 of the club head.\",\n \"Further, the second coating 502 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination thereof on the inner surface 46 of the club head.\",\n \"The second coating 502 may be applied to the club head 200 in the same position as the first coating 501, or the second coating 502 may be applied to the club head 200 in a different position than the first coating 501.Further, the second coating 502 may be applied to at least a portion of the same position as the first coating 501.Referring to FIGS.\",\n \"3-14, the embodiments of the club head having one or more coatings 50 (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) described herein are not limited by coating shape.\",\n \"For example, in other embodiments, the perimeter 62 of the coating 50 can define any shape such as a circle, ellipse, triangle, square, rectangle, or any other polygon or shape with at least one curved surface.\",\n \"As described above, FIGS.\",\n \"15-18 illustrate various embodiments of the club head 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300 having a plurality of coatings 50 including a first coating 501 and a second coating 502 having various shapes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first coating 501 and the second coating 502 have similar shapes.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the first coating 501 and the second coating 502 can have different shapes.\",\n \"For example, the perimeter 62 of the first coating 501 can define any shape such as a circle, ellipse, triangle, square, rectangle, or any other polygon or shape with at least one curved surface.\",\n \"For further example, the perimeter 62 of the second coating 502 can define any shape such as a circle, ellipse, triangle, square, rectangle, or any other polygon or shape with at least one curved surface.\",\n \"Referring to FIGS.\",\n \"3-14, the embodiments of the club head having one or more coatings 50 (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) described herein are not limited by thickness profile.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the coating can have any thickness profile, such as constant, linear, quadratic, sinusoidal, exponential, or any other suitable profile.\",\n \"For example, thickness 56 of the coating 50 may increase when moving away from the perimeter 62 or the thickness 56 of the coating 50 may decrease when moving away from the perimeter 62.Further, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 may be greatest at any position or plurality of positions on the club head (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300), such as, for example, the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination of the described positions.\",\n \"In embodiments of the club head 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300 having a plurality of coatings 50 including a first coating 501 and a second coating 502, the first thickness 561 of the first coating 501 can have the same thickness profile as the second thickness 562 of the second coating 502, or the first thickness 561 of the first coating 501 can have a different thickness profile than the second thickness 562 of the second coating 502.In many embodiments (e.g.\",\n \"club head 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300), the surface area of the coating 50 may range from approximately 0-70 square inches (in2).\",\n \"For example, the surface area of the coating 50 may be approximately 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70 in2.The surface area of the coating may cover any percentage (i.e.\",\n \"0%-100%) of the club head surface area.\",\n \"For example, the surface area may cover approximately 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100% of the surface area of the club head 100.As described above, the surface area of the coating 50 can comprise a single, discrete portion, such as, for example when the coating 50 covers the entire club head (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200) or when the coating 50 covers at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, or the strike face 10 (e.g.\",\n \"club head 300, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1100, 1300, 1400).\",\n \"Conversely, the surface area of the coating 50 can comprise a plurality of discrete portions when the coating 50 includes more than one portion (e.g.\",\n \"club head 700, 900, 1200).\",\n \"For example, the surface area of the coating 50 comprises a plurality of discrete portions when the coating 50 includes a first portion that covers at least a portion of the crown 18 and a second portion that covers at least a portion of the sole 24 (e.g.\",\n \"club head 900).\",\n \"When the coating 50 is divided into a plurality of portions, the sum of the surface areas of each portion define the surface area of the coating 50.In these or other embodiments, the surface area of the coating 50 may range from approximately 0-70 in2.For example, the surface area of the coating 50 may be approximately 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70 in2.Further, the surface area of the coating 50 may cover any percentage (i.e.\",\n \"0%-100%) of the club head surface area.\",\n \"For example, the surface area of the coating 50 may cover approximately 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100% of the surface area of the club head.\",\n \"As described above, FIGS.\",\n \"15-18 illustrate various embodiments of a club head 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300 having a plurality of coatings 50 including a first coating 501 and a second coating 502 positioned in various locations.\",\n \"In these or other embodiments, the first surface area of the first coating 501 may range from approximately 0-70 square inches (in2).\",\n \"For example, the first surface area of the first coating 501 may be approximately 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70 in2.Further, the first surface area of the first coating 501 may cover any percentage (i.e.\",\n \"0%-100%) of the club head surface area.\",\n \"For example, the first surface area of the first coating 501 may cover approximately 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100% of the surface area of the club head.\",\n \"Further, in these or other embodiments, the second surface area of the second coating 502 may range from approximately 0-70 square inches (in2).\",\n \"For example, the second surface area of the second coating 502 may be approximately 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70 in2.For example, the second surface area of the second coating 502 may be approximately 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70 in2.Further, the second surface area of the second coating 502 may cover any percentage (i.e.\",\n \"0%-100%) of the club head surface area.\",\n \"For example, the second surface area of the second coating 502 may cover approximately 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100% of the surface area of the club head.\",\n \"Further still, in these or other embodiments, the first surface area of the first coating 501 can be the same as the second surface area of the second coating 502, or the first surface area of the first coating 501 can be different than the second surface area of the second coating 502.Referring to Table 1 below, the coating material can be any material capable of being applied to the club head (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) in a thin layer between 0.10 inches and 0.00001 inches in thickness or depth 56.The coating material can be a particular metal alloy having a coating material density.\",\n \"The density of the coating material can be between 100 g/in3 to 400 g/in3.For example, the coating material density may be 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, or 400 g/in3.In many embodiments, the coating material density is greater than at least one of the body material density or the strike face material density.\",\n \"For example, in some embodiments, the coating material density is greater than the body material density.\",\n \"For further example, in some embodiments, the coating material density is greater than the strike face material density.\",\n \"For further example, in some embodiments, the coating material density is greater than both the body material density and the strike face material density.\",\n \"The density of the coating material applied to the body 14 of the club head (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) can be 1.0 times, 1.25 times, 1.50 times, 2.0 times, 2.25 times, 2.50 times, 2.75 times, 3.0 times or higher than the body material density.\",\n \"The density of the coating material applied to the strike face 10 of the club head (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) can be 1.0 times, 1.25 times, 1.50 times, 2.0 times, 2.25 times, 2.50 times, 2.75 times, 3.0 times or higher than the strike face material density.\",\n \"Further referring to Table 1, the coating material may be beryllium based alloy, a copper based alloy, a palladium based alloy, a tungsten based alloy, a rhenium based alloy, a cobalt based alloy, a rhodium based alloy, a ruthenium based alloy, a molybdenum based alloy, a nickel based alloy, an iron based alloy, or cadium based alloy.\",\n \"The coating material may be a pure-based metal such as pure beryllium, pure copper, pure palladium, pure tungsten, pure rhenium, pure cobalt, pure rhodium, pure ruthenium, pure molybdenum, pure nickel, pure iron, or pure cadium.\",\n \"Table 1 illustrates exemplary coating materials and their densities.\",\n \"The coating material may be any alloy including, but not limited to, cobalt, beryllium, copper alloy, a tungsten carbide alloy, or a tungsten, rhenium alloy.\",\n \"TABLE 1 Exemplary coating materials and associated coating material densities Coating Material Exemplary Coating Materials Density (g/in3) Cobalt Beryllium Copper 144.70 Pure Palladium 199.27 Tungsten Carbide 256.13 Tungsten Rhenium 314.96 Pure Tungsten 316.27 The thickness 56 of the coating 50 applied to the body 14 of the club head (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) can range from approximately 0.00001-0.10 inches to add approximately 1-25 grams, 1-20 grams, 1-15 grams, or 1-10 grams of discretionary weight to the club head 100.The thickness 56 of the coating 50 can be approximately 0.00001 inches (0.254 μm), 0.000025 inches (0.635 μm), 0.00005 inches (1.27 μm), 0.000075 inches (1.905 μm), 0.0001 inches (2.54 μm), 0.00025 inches (6.35 μm), 0.0005 inches (12.7 μm), 0.00075 inches (19.05 μm), 0.001 inches (25.4 μm), 0.0025 inches (63.5 μm), 0.005 inches (127 μm), 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm), 0.01 inches (254 μm), 0.025 inches (635 μm), 0.05 inches (1270 μm), 0.075 inches (1905 μm), or 0.10 inches (2540 μm).\",\n \"The thickness 56 of the coating 50 can range from approximately 0.00001 inches (0.254 μm) to 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm), 000025 inches (0.635 μm) to 0.075 inches (1905 μm), 0.00075 inches (1.905 μm) to 0.05 inches (1270 μm), 0.001 inches (25.4 μm) to 0.025 inches (635 μm), 0.0025 inches (63.5 μm) to 0.01 inches (254 μm), or 0.005 inches (127 μm) to 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm).\",\n \"The thickness 56 of the coating 50 may add approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 grams of discretionary weight to the club head 100.In embodiments of the club head 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300 having a plurality of coatings 50 including a first coating 501 and a second coating 502.The first coating 501 can have the same or a different thickness than the second coating 502.The first thickness 561 of the first coating 501 may range from approximately 0.00001-0.10 inches to add approximately 1-25 grams, 1-20 grams, 1-15 grams, or 1-10 grams of discretionary weight to the club head 200.For example, the first thickness 561 of the first coating 501 can be approximately 0.00001 inches (0.254 μm), 0.000025 inches (0.635 μm), 0.00005 inches (1.27 μm), 0.000075 inches (1.905 μm), 0.0001 inches (2.54 μm), 0.00025 inches (6.35 μm), 0.0005 inches (12.7 μm), 0.00075 inches (19.05 μm), 0.001 inches (25.4 μm), 0.0025 inches (63.5 μm), 0.005 inches (127 μm), 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm), 0.01 inches (254 μm), 0.025 inches (635 μm), 0.05 inches (1270 μm), 0.075 inches (1905 μm), or 0.10 inches (2540 μm).\",\n \"The thickness 56 of the first coating 501 can range from approximately 0.00001 inches (0.254 μm) to 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm), 000025 inches (0.635 μm) to 0.075 inches (1905 μm), 0.00075 inches (1.905 μm) to 0.05 inches (1270 μm), 0.001 inches (25.4 μm) to 0.025 inches (635 μm), 0.0025 inches (63.5 μm) to 0.01 inches (254 μm), or 0.005 inches (127 μm) to 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm).\",\n \"For further example, the first coating 501 may add approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 grams of discretionary weight to the club head.\",\n \"Further, the second thickness 562 of the second coating 502 may range from approximately 0.00001-0.10 inches to add approximately 1-25 grams, 1-20 grams, 1-15 grams, or 1-10 grams of discretionary weight to the club head 200.For example, the second thickness 562 of the second coating 502 may be approximately 0.00001 inches (0.254 μm), 0.000025 inches (0.635 μm), 0.00005 inches (1.27 μm), 0.000075 inches (1.905 μm), 0.0001 inches (2.54 μm), 0.00025 inches (6.35 μm), 0.0005 inches (12.7 μm), 0.00075 inches (19.05 μm), 0.001 inches (25.4 μm), 0.0025 inches (63.5 μm), 0.005 inches (127 μm), 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm), 0.01 inches (254 μm), 0.025 inches (635 μm), 0.05 inches (1270 μm), 0.075 inches (1905 μm), or 0.10 inches (2540 μm).\",\n \"The thickness 56 of the second coating 502 can range from approximately 0.00001 inches (0.254 μm) to 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm), 000025 inches (0.635 μm) to 0.075 inches (1905 μ), 0.00075 inches (1.905 μm) to 0.05 inches (1270 μm), 0.001 inches (25.4 μm) to 0.025 inches (635 μm), 0.0025 inches (63.5 μm) to 0.01 inches (254 μm), or 0.005 inches (127 μm) to 0.0075 inches (190.5 μm).\",\n \"For further example, the second coating 502 may add approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 grams of discretionary weight to the club head.\",\n \"Additional layers including a third coating 503, fourth coating 504, or fifth coating 505 can have similar thicknesses and relationships to the other coating layers as the first 501 and second coating 502.In these or other embodiments, the first coating 501 and the second coating 502 may be applied to the club head (e.g.\",\n \"club head 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300) such that the first weight of first coating 501 and the second weight of the second coating 502 together add a desired discretionary weight of the club head.\",\n \"The total weight of the coating or plurality of coatings 50 (e.g.\",\n \"sum of the first weight and the second weight) can range from approximately 1-25 grams, 1-20 grams, 1-15 grams, or 1-10 grams.\",\n \"For example, the sum of the first weight and the second weight can be approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 grams.\",\n \"In many embodiments, the coating or plurality of coatings 50, as described herein, may be used to position discretionary weight to achieve specific head center of gravity positions.\",\n \"For example, the coating 50 may be applied to the club head (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) at the back end 38 to shift the center of gravity of the club head toward the back end 38.For further example, the coating 50 may be applied to the club head 100, 200 on the sole 24 to shift the center of gravity toward the sole 24.Further still, the coating 50 may be applied to the back end 38 and the sole 24 of the club head to shift the head center of gravity toward the back end 38 and the sole 24.While the examples described herein illustrate the coating 50 positioned to shift the head center of gravity toward the back end 38 and/or the sole 24 of the club head, the coating 50 may be positioned anywhere on the club head to shift the center of gravity in any direction, including toward the crown 18, toward the sole 24, toward the heel 28, toward the toe 34, toward the strike face 10, toward the back end 38, towards at least a portion of the hosel 40, or in any combination of the described directions of the club head to optimize the performance characteristics of the club head.\",\n \"The ability to apply the coating 50 uniformly over the club head or in specific portions of the club head at a micro level allows for precise control of the head center of gravity position.\",\n \"In many embodiments, the center of gravity of the of club head having coating 50 (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300), can shift by up to approximately 0.05 inches, 0.15 inches, 0.25 inches, 0.35 inches, 0.45 inches, 0.55 inches, 0.65 inches, 0.75 inches, or up to 85 inches in a direction toward the heel 28, toward the toe 34, toward the sole 24, toward the crown 18, toward the strike face 10, toward the back end 38, or any combination of the described directions, compared to a similar club head without a coating.\",\n \"In many embodiments, the coating 50, as described herein, can also increase the moment of inertia of the club head about an x-axis extending through the center of gravity from the heel 28 to the toe 34, and/or about the y-axis extending through the center of gravity from the crown 18 to the sole 24.In general, club head moment of inertia increases as weight or mass is distributed farther from the head center of gravity.\",\n \"Applying the coating 50 as described herein, allows for positioning of discretionary weight at increased or maximized distances from the head center of gravity.\",\n \"Therefore, the coating 50 of the club head (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) may be used to increase and/or maximize the moment of inertia of the club head.\",\n \"Increasing the moment of inertia of the club head results in increased consistency in ball direction, trajectory, and distance.\",\n \"Therefore, off-center hits will behave more similarly to on-center hits for the club head having the coating 50.In many embodiments, the moment of inertia about the x-axis of the club head having the coating 50 (e.g.\",\n \"club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300) can be increased by up to approximately 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, or 20%, compared to a similar club head without a coating.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the moment of inertia about the x-axis of the club head having the coating 50 can be increased by approximately 1% to 9%, 2.5% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, or 10% to 20%, compared to a similar club head without a coating.\",\n \"In many embodiments, the moment of inertia about the y-axis of the club head 100, 200 having the coating 50 can be increased by up to approximately 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, or 20%.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the moment of inertia about the y-axis of the club head having the coating 50 can be increased by approximately 1% to 11%, 2.5% to 5%, 5% to 10%, 5% to 15%, or 10% to 20% compared to a similar club head without a coating.\",\n \"Referring to Tables 2-4 below, the coating material, in combination with the surface area and thickness 56, may be designed to add a desired discretionary weight to the club head (e.g.\",\n \"club head 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300).\",\n \"For example, Table 2 illustrates exemplary coatings 50 having varying coating material densities, position on the club head (related to surface area), and thicknesses 56 required to add 1 gram of discretionary weight to the club head.\",\n \"For a further example, Table 3 illustrates exemplary coatings 50 having varying coating material densities, positions on the club head (related to surface area), and coating thicknesses 56 required to add 5 grams of discretionary weight to the club head.\",\n \"For a further example, Table 4 illustrates exemplary coatings 50 having varying coating material densities, positions on the club head (related to surface area), and thicknesses 56 required to add 10 grams of discretionary weight to the club head.\",\n \"While the examples illustrated in Tables 2-4 provide exemplary discretionary weights, coating materials, positions, and thicknesses 56 of the coating 50, the same principles apply to add any amount of discretionary weight to the club head, such as, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 grams of discretionary weight.\",\n \"For instance, to add 20 grams of weight to the club head, a tungsten carbide coating, having a density of 256.13, requires a coating thickness of 0.00154 inches across the entire body, 0.0134 inches across the face, 0.00170 across the body, 0.00435 across the crown, 0.00435 across the skirt/sole, or 0.01956 across a portion of the sole over a sole weight.\",\n \"Further, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 may be varied for any coating position to adjust the relationship between the coating thickness 56 and coating material, position, and/or discretionary weight.\",\n \"TABLE 2 Exemplary coating thicknesses for varying coating materials and positions to add 1 gram of discretionary weight to the club head Coating Position on Club Head and thickness (inches) required for a coating weight of 1 gram Coating Portion of Material Entire the sole Coating Density Club Strike over a sole Material (g/in3) Head face Body Crown Sole weight Ti 8-1-1 71.45 0.00027 0.00233 0.00030 0.00078 0.00078 0.00350 Cobalt 144.70 0.00013 0.00115 0.00015 0.00038 0.00038 0.00173 Beryllium Copper Pure 199.27 0.00010 0.00084 0.00011 0.00028 0.00028 0.00125 Palladium Tungsten 256.13 0.00008 0.00065 0.00008 0.00022 0.00022 0.00098 Carbide Tungsten 314.96 0.00006 0.00053 0.00007 0.00018 0.00018 0.00079 Rhenium Pure 316.27 0.00006 0.00053 0.00007 0.00018 0.00018 0.00079 Tungsten TABLE 3 Exemplary coating thicknesses for varying coating materials and positions to add 5 grams of discretionary weight to the club head Coating Position on Club Head and thickness (inches) required for a coating weight of 5 grams Coating Portion of Material Entire the sole Coating Density Club Strike over a sole Material (g/in3) Head face Body Crown Sole weight Ti 8-1-1 71.45 0.00135 0.01166 0.00152 0.00389 0.00389 0.01749 Cobalt 144.70 0.00066 0.00576 0.00075 0.00192 0.00192 0.00864 Beryllium Copper Pure 199.27 0.00048 0.00418 0.00055 0.00139 0.00139 0.00627 Palladium Tungsten 256.13 0.00038 0.00325 0.00042 0.00108 0.00108 0.00488 Carbide Tungsten 314.96 0.00031 0.00265 0.00035 0.00088 0.00088 0.00397 Rhenium Pure 316.27 0.00030 0.00263 0.00034 0.00088 0.00088 0.00395 Tungsten TABLE 4 Exemplary coating thicknesses for varying coating materials and positions to add 10 grams of discretionary weight to the club head Coating Position on Club Head and thickness (inches) required for a coating weight of 10 grams Coating Portion of Material Entire the sole Coating Density Club Strike over a sole Material (g/in3) Head face Body Crown Sole weight Ti 8-1-1 71.45 0.00269 0.02333 0.00304 0.00788 0.00778 0.03499 Cobalt 144.70 0.00133 0.01152 0.00150 0.00384 0.00384 0.01728 Beryllium Copper Pure 199.27 0.00097 0.00836 0.00109 0.00279 0.00279 0.01255 Palladium Tungsten 256.13 0.00075 0.00651 0.00085 0.00217 0.00217 0.00976 Carbide Tungsten 314.96 0.00061 0.00529 0.00069 0.00176 0.00176 0.00794 Rhenium Pure 316.27 0.00061 0.00527 0.00069 0.00176 0.00176 0.00790 Tungsten As illustrated in Tables 2-4, the coating 50 having a lower coating material density will require a greater thickness 56 than the coating 50 having a higher coating material density to add the same discretionary weight over the same surface area to the club head.\",\n \"Similarly, the coating 50 having a higher material coating density will require less thickness 56 than the coating 50 having a lower coating material density to add the same discretionary weight over the same surface area to the club head.\",\n \"In general, the coating material density, thickness 56, and/or surface area of the coating 50 may be increased to increase the amount of discretionary weight added to the club head by the coating 50.Similarly, the coating material density, thickness 56, and/or surface area of the coating 50 may be decreased to decrease the amount of discretionary weight added to the club head by the coating 50.Referring to Tables 2-4, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 may range from approximately 0.00001-0.10 inches to add approximately 1-25 grams, 1-20 grams, 1-15 grams, or 1-10 grams of discretionary weight to the club head 100.For example, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 may be approximately 0.00001, 0.000025, 0.00005, 0.000075, 0.0001, 0.00025, 0.0005, 0.00075, 0.001, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, or 0.10 inches.\",\n \"For further example, the thickness 56 of the coating 50 may add approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 grams of discretionary weight to the club head 100.Golf Club Head with Surface Roughness Prior to Coating In other embodiments, the club head 2400 similar to the club heads described above (e.g.\",\n \"200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, or 2300), comprises of a plurality of coatings 50 including a first coating 501 and a second coating 502.The club head in this exemplary embodiment further comprises a surface roughness 68.The surface roughness 68 of the club head 2400 is formed onto the outer surface 42 of the club head 2400.The surface roughness can be formed on at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination thereof on the outer surface 42 of the club head.\",\n \"For example, the surface roughness 68 is formed on the sole 24 near the back end 38, and equidistant from the toe 34 and the heel 28 of the cub head.\",\n \"In other examples, the surface roughness 68 is formed in the sole 18 near the back end 38 closer to the heel 28, or closer to the toe 34 of the club head.\",\n \"The surface roughness 68 of the club head 2400 comprises a depth downward into the outer surface 42, wherein the depth ranges between 25 micro inches to 100 micro inches, 25 micro inches to 40 micro inches, 40 micro inches to 55 micro inches, 55 micro inches to 70 micro inches, 70 micro inches to 85 micro inches, or 85 micro inches to 100 micro inches.\",\n \"For example, the depth of the surface roughness can be 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100 micro inches.\",\n \"As described above in FIGS.\",\n \"15-18, the first coating 501 of the club head 2400 can be positioned in various locations on the outer surface 42 of the club head.\",\n \"For example, the first coating 501 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination thereof on the outer surface 42 of the club head.\",\n \"Similarly, the first coating 501 can cover at least just a portion of the surface roughness 68 formed on any portion of the club head, at least just a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head, or any combination thereof.\",\n \"For example, the first coating 501 can cover at least a portion of the surface roughness 68 formed on the crown 18, and at least a portion of the surface roughness 68 formed on a portion of the sole 24 near the back end 38.In other embodiments, the first coating 501 can cover at least a portion of the surface roughness 68 and at least a portion of the outer surface 42 of the club head.\",\n \"For example, the first coating 501 can cover at least a portion of the surface roughness 68 formed on the sole 24 of the club head, and cover at least a portion of the crown 18.In some embodiments, the material of the first coating 501 is a primer.\",\n \"The primer can be an oil alkyd primer, a latex primer, or an organic/inorganic zinc primer such as zinc chromate, zinc rich epoxy, urethane zinc, or any other kind of material that can be applied to the body 14 of the club head.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the material of the first coating 501 is a non-primer such as a beryllium based alloy, a copper based alloy, a palladium based alloy, a tungsten based alloy, a rhenium based alloy, a cobalt based alloy, a rhodium based alloy, a ruthenium based alloy, a molybdenum based alloy, a nickel based alloy, an iron based alloy, or cadium based alloy.\",\n \"In other embodiments still, the material of the first coating 501 can be a pure-based metal such as pure beryllium, pure copper, pure palladium, pure tungsten, pure rhenium, pure cobalt, pure rhodium, pure ruthenium, pure molybdenum, pure nickel, pure iron, or pure cadium.\",\n \"As described above in FIGS.\",\n \"15-18, the second coating 502 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18, the sole 24, the heel 28, the toe 34, the back end 38, the strike face 10, the hosel 40, or any combination thereof on the outer surface 42 of the club head.\",\n \"Further, the second coating 502 can cover at least a portion of just the first coating 501, just the surface roughness 68, just the outer surface 42 of the club head, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"For example, the second coating 502 can cover at least a portion of the crown 18.In another example, the second coating 502 can cover at least a portion of the first coating 501 positioned on the surface roughness 68 formed on the sole 24 of the club head.\",\n \"In other examples, the second coating 502 can cover at least a portion of the surface roughness 68 formed on the sole 24 near the toe 34 of the club head.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the material of the second coating 502 can be any material that can be applied to a club head.\",\n \"The material of the second coating 502 can be a beryllium based alloy, a copper based alloy, a palladium based alloy, a tungsten based alloy, a rhenium based alloy, a cobalt based alloy, a rhodium based alloy, a ruthenium based alloy, a molybdenum based alloy, a nickel based alloy, an iron based alloy, or cadium based alloy.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the material of the second coating 502 can be a pure-based metal such as pure beryllium, pure copper, pure palladium, pure tungsten, pure rhenium, pure cobalt, pure rhodium, pure ruthenium, pure molybdenum, pure nickel, pure iron, or pure cadium.\",\n \"The first coating 501 comprises a density, and the second coating 502 comprises a density.\",\n \"The density of the first coating 501 can be different from the density of the second coating 502.In some embodiments, the density of the first coating 501 is less than the density of the second coating 502, while in other embodiments, the density of the first coating 501 is greater than the density of the second coating 502.Still, in other embodiment, the density of the first coating 501 can be the same as the density of the second coating 502.In many embodiments, the plurality of coatings 50, as described above may be used to position discretionary weight to achieve specific head center of gravity positions.\",\n \"Adjusting the center of gravity can affect the MOI of the club head, as well as the spin and trajectory of the ball.\",\n \"For example, a lower center of gravity near the back end 38, and near the toe 34 can decrease the spin of the ball while maintain a trajectory similar to a club head 2400 having higher loft.\",\n \"In one example, the plurality of coatings 50 can be applied to the sole 24 near the back end 38 to shift the center of gravity toward the sole 24 and the back end 38 of the club head.\",\n \"Further upon this example, the plurality of coatings 50 can be applied more near the toe 34 to shift the center of gravity toward the toe 34 of the club head.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the center of gravity of the club head 2400 can shift from 0.2 inches to 0.48 inches toward the sole 24 of the club head, from 0.01 inches to 0.26 inches toward the back end 38 of the club head, and from 0.005 inches to 0.065 inches toward the toe 34.For example, the center of gravity can shift toward the sole 24 by 0.02 inches, 0.05 inches, 0.10 inches, 0.15 inches, 0.20 inches, 0.25 inches, 0.30 inches, 0.35 inches, 0.40 inches, 0.45 inches, or 0.48 inches; while the center of gravity can further shift toward the back end 38 by 0.01 inches, 0.03 inches, 0.06 inches, 0.09 inches, 0.12 inches, 0.15 inches, 0.18 inches, 0.21 inches, or 0.26 inches; while the center of gravity can further still shift toward the toe 34 by 0.005 inches, 0.010 inches, 0.015 inches, 0.020 inches, 0.025 inches, 0.030 inches, 0.035 inches, 0.040 inches, 0.045 inches, 0.050 inches, 0.055 inches, 0.060 inches, and 0.065 inches compared to a club head 2400 with no coating.\",\n \"In one example, the plurality of coatings 50 can be applied to a portion of the sole near the heel or a portion of the sole near the toe.\",\n \"In another example, the plurality of coatings 50 can be applied to both a portion of the sole near the heel and a portion of the sole near the toe, as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"12.In some embodiments, the center of gravity of the club head 1200 of FIG.\",\n \"12 or the club head 1300 of FIG.\",\n \"13 can shift from 0.01 inches to 0.07 inches toward the sole 24 of the club head, from 0.005 inches to 0.10 inches toward the back end 38 of the club head, and from 0.005 inches to 0.055 inches toward the toe 34.For example, the center of gravity can shift toward the sole 24 by 0.01 inches, 0.02 inches, 0.03 inches, 0.04 inches, 0.05 inches, 0.06 inches, or 0.07 inches; while the center of gravity can further shift toward the back end 38 by 0.005 inches, 0.008 inches, 0.010 inches, 0.02 inches, 0.03 inches, 0.04 inches, 0.05 inches, 0.06 inches, 0.07 inches, 0.08 inches, 0.09 inches, or 0.10 inches; while the center of gravity can further still shift toward the toe 34 by 0.005 inches, 0.010 inches, 0.015 inches, 0.020 inches, 0.025 inches, 0.030 inches, 0.035 inches, 0.040 inches, 0.045 inches, 0.050 inches, or 0.055 inches, compared to a club head 1200 or 1300 with no coating.\",\n \"In other embodiments of the club heads 1200 and 1300 with the plurality of coatings 50, the center of gravity of the club head 1200 or club head 1300 can shift from 0.005 inches to 0.25 inches toward the strike face 10 of the club head and 0.005 inches to 0.095 inches toward the heel 28.For example, the center of gravity can shift toward the strike face 10 by 0.005 inches, 0.01 inches, 0.03 inches, 0.06 inches, 0.09 inches, or 0.095 inches; while the center of gravity can further shift toward the heel 28 by 0.005 inches, 0.01 inches, 0.02 inches, 0.03 inches, 0.04 inches, 0.05 inches, 0.06 inches, 0.07 inches, 0.08 inches, 0.09 inches, or 0.095 inches, compared to a club head 1200 or 1300 with no coating.\",\n \"In many embodiments the plurality of coatings 50 can increase the moment of inertia about the x-axis extending through the center of gravity from the heel 28 to the toe 34, and/or about the y-axis extending through the center of gravity from the crown 18 to the sole 24.Increasing the moment of inertia of the club head 2400 can increase the consistency of ball direction, trajectory, and distance.\",\n \"Therefore, the club head 2400 is more forgiving for off-center shots.\",\n \"In one example, the plurality of coatings 50 can be applied to the sole 24 near the back end 38, and more near the toe 34 to increase the moment of inertia about the x-axis by 7.5% to 11.0% and increase the moment of inertia about the y-axis by 2.5% to 5.5%.\",\n \"For example, the moment of inertia about the x-axis can increase by 7.5%, 7.8%, 8.1%, 8.4%, 8.7%, 9.0%, 9.3%, 9.6%, 9.9%, 10.2%, 10.5%, 10.8%, or 11.0%; while the moment of inertia about the y-axis by 2.5%, 2.8%, 3.1%, 3.4%, 3.7%, 4.0%, 4.3%, 4.6%, 4.9%, 5.2%, or 5.5%, compared to a similar club head 2400 with no coating.\",\n \"The plurality of coatings 50 can further affect the statistical area of the club head.\",\n \"The statistical area of the club head 2400 is the area in which the ball lands consecutively with the same swing conditions (i.e.\",\n \"the swing, the stance, environmental conditions).\",\n \"The smaller the statistical area of the club head, the more consistent the shots in where they land.\",\n \"More consistent shots allow for a player to better gauge the landing and distance of the ball.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the plurality of coatings 50 applied onto the surface roughness can decrease the statistical area of the ball flight ranging from 10% to 24%.\",\n \"For example, the statistical area of the ball flight can be 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22% or 24%, compared to a similar club head 2400 without a plurality of coatings 50.The plurality of coatings 50 further affects the spin rate of the ball.\",\n \"A high ball spin rate increases the chance the ball will roll backwards upon landing, thus losing distance.\",\n \"Likewise, the lower the ball spin rate, the lower the chance the ball will roll backwards, but instead roll forward, thus increasing distance.\",\n \"The plurality of coatings 50 applied to the club head 2400 decreases the spin rate of the ball by 190 rpm to 230 rpm, while maintaining the same lauch angle as a similar club head 2400 without any coating.\",\n \"For example, the plurality of coatings 50 can decrease the ball spin rate by 190 rpm, 195 rpm, 200 rpm, 205 rpm, 210 rpm, 215 rpm, 220 rpm, 225 rpm, or 230 rpm, compared to a similar club head 2400 without any coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"20 illustrates a method of manufacturing the club head (e.g.\",\n \"club head 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300).\",\n \"The method includes providing a club head having a strike face 10 and a body 14 with a crown 18, a sole 24 opposite the crown 18, a heel 28, a toe 34 opposite the heel 28, and a back end 38, and applying at least one coating 50 to at least a portion of the club head 100.The coating 50 may be applied to a surface of the club head by vapor deposition, plasma spray, plating, or spotting.\",\n \"The process of applying the coating 50 may involve spraying the club head with a powered material under high pressure at approximately room temperature.\",\n \"Further, the coating 50 may be applied to the club head using any other process capable of applying the coating 50 to the club head in a thin layer.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"21 illustrates a method of manufacturing the club head 2400.The method is similar to the method described above of FIG.\",\n \"20, but further comprises applying a surface roughness 68 to the outer surface 42 of club head provided 2400 prior to applying a plurality of coatings 50.The process of applying a surface roughness 68 to the outer surface 42 of the club head 2400 may involve grinding, sand, sand blasting, abrasive blasting, laser texturing, or any process of creating surface texture on a club head.\",\n \"The outer surface 42 can be roughened using various types of blast media, including but not limited to, beaded titanium and beaded stainless steel alloy.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the surface roughness 68 can range from 30 to 180 microinches (μin) deep.\",\n \"For example, the surface roughness 68 can be 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, or 180 μin deep.\",\n \"The methods of manufacturing and providing a club head club head of FIGS.\",\n \"20 and 21 may comprise polishing the head after casting to remove excess gate material and clean the surface.\",\n \"Polishing can further help remove surface porosity.\",\n \"In some embodiments of the methods, before application of the coating, at least a portion of the club head's outer surface 42 is cleaned using air to remove excess media and dust.\",\n \"In other embodiments of the methods, before application of the coating, at least a portion of the club head's outer surface 42 is cleaned using liquid to remove excess media and dust.\",\n \"The cleaning liquid may comprise acetone, isopropyl alcohol, or any other suitable liquid.\",\n \"In other embodiments of the methods, any suitable cleaning mechanism can be employed to remove excess media and dust.\",\n \"Furthermore, in some embodiments of the methods of manufacturing, a target area is masked with guiding tape before the layers are applied to the target area.\",\n \"The method of manufacturing club head of FIGS.\",\n \"20 and 21 may also be used to manufacture club head 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, and 2400 by repeating the process of applying the coating for the second coating, third coating, fourth coating, and/or fifth coating of the club head.\",\n \"Further, the method of manufacturing the club head is merely exemplary and is not limited to the embodiments presented herein.\",\n \"The method can be employed in many different embodiments or examples not specifically depicted or described herein.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the processes of the method described can be performed in any suitable order.\",\n \"In other embodiments, one or more of the processes may be combined, separated, or skipped.\",\n \"In the illustrated embodiments, the club heads (e.g.\",\n \"club head 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400) are shown as a wood-type club head.\",\n \"However, the club head may be any type of club head including a wood-type club head (e.g., driver or fairway wood), an iron-type club head (e.g., iron or wedge), or a putter-type club head.\",\n \"Further, the embodiments described herein illustrate the club head having the coating on the outer surface 42 of the club head.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the coating may be applied to the inner surface 46 of the club head to achieve similar results.\",\n \"EXAMPLES Example 1 Referring to FIGS.\",\n \"10A and 10B, an exemplary club head 900 having the coating 50 comprising tungsten carbide (density of approximately 256.13 g/in3), with a first portion positioned over the entire crown 18 and a second portion positioned over the entire sole 24, each portion having a thickness 56 of approximately 0.001 inches, and adding a total of approximately 9.9 grams of weight to the club head 900 shifted the center of gravity approximately 0.076 inches toward the toe 34, approximately 0.050 inches toward the crown 18, and approximately 0.020 inches toward the back end 38, compared to a similar club head without the coating.\",\n \"Further, in this example, the coating 50 increased the moment of inertia about the x-axis by approximately 5.3%, and increased the moment of inertia about the y-axis by approximately 4.5%, compared to a similar club head without the coating.\",\n \"Example 2 Referring to FIG.\",\n \"11, an exemplary club head 1100 having the coating 50 comprising tungsten carbide (density of approximately 256.13 g/in3), positioned over the entire sole 24, having a thickness 56 of approximately 0.009 inches, and adding approximately 11.4 grams of weight to the club head 1100 shifted the center of gravity by approximately 0.014 inches toward the toe 34, approximately 0.055 inches toward the sole 24, and approximately 0.085 inches toward the back end 38, compared to a similar club head without the coating.\",\n \"Further, in this example, the coating 50 increased moment of inertia about the x-axis by approximately 8.1%, and increased the moment of inertia about the y-axis by approximately 8.6%, compared to a similar club head without the coating.\",\n \"Example 3 Referring to FIG.\",\n \"12, an exemplary club head 1200 having the coating 50 comprising tungsten carbide (density of approximately 256.13 g/in3), with a first portion positioned over the a portion of the sole 24 near the toe 34 and a second portion positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the heel 28, each portion having a thickness 56 of approximately 0.006 inches, and adding a total of approximately 8.2 grams of weight to the club head shifted the center of gravity by approximately 0.045 inches toward the toe 34, approximately 0.010 inches toward the sole 24, and approximately 0.020 inches toward the back end 38, compared to a similar club head without the coating.\",\n \"Further, in this example, the coating 50 increased the moment of inertia about the x-axis by approximately 2.2%, and increased the moment of inertia about the y-axis by approximately 3.5%, compared to a similar club head without the coating.\",\n \"Example 4 Referring to FIG.\",\n \"13, an exemplary club head 1300 having the coating 50 comprising tungsten carbide (density of approximately 256.13 g/in3), positioned over a portion of the sole 24 near the heel 28, having a thickness 56 of approximately 0.009 inches, and adding approximately 9.0 grams of weight to the club head 1300 shifted the center of gravity by approximately 0.082 inches toward the heel 28, approximately 0.010 inches toward the sole 24, and approximately 0.190 inches toward the strike face 10, compared to a similar club head without the coating.\",\n \"Further, in this example, the coating 50 increased the moment of inertia about the x-axis by approximately 5.5%, and increased the moment of inertia about the y-axis to approximately 2.7%, compared to a similar club head without the coating.\",\n \"Example 5 Referring to FIG.\",\n \"14, an exemplary club head 1400 having the coating 50 comprising tungsten carbide (density of approximately 256.13 g/in3), positioned over the entire sole 24, having a thickness 56 of approximately 0.002 inches, and adding approximately 10.3 grams of weight to the club head 1300 shifted the center of gravity by approximately 0.010 inches toward the toe 34, approximately 0.055 inches toward the sole 24, and approximately 0.050 inches toward the back end 38, compared to a similar club head without the coating.\",\n \"Further, in this embodiment, the coating 50 increased the moment of inertia about the x-axis by approximately 4.2%, and increased the moment of inertia about the y-axis by approximately 4.4%, compared to a similar club head without the coating.\",\n \"Example 6 Referring to FIG.\",\n \"19, an exemplary club head 2400, comprising a surface roughness 68 formed on the sole 24 near the back end 38, further comprises a first coating 501 covering the surface roughness 68, and further still comprising a second coating 502, covering the first coating 502 adds approximately 10.9 grams of weight to the club head.\",\n \"The added weight by the first and second coating 501 and 502 at that distinct location shifted the center of gravity of the club head by approximately 0.042 inches toward the toe 34, approximately 0.28 inches toward the sole 24, and approximately 0.11 inches toward the back end 38, compared to a similar club head 2400 with the surface roughness and coating.\",\n \"Further in this embodiment, the first and second coating 501 and 502 increased the moment of inertia about the x-axis by approximately 7.7%, and increased the moment of inertia about the y-axis by approximately 4.3%, compared to a similar club head without the surface roughness and coating.\",\n \"Further still in this embodiment, the first and second coating 501 and 502 comprised a 17% smaller statistic area, and a 215 rpm less spin with a similar launch angle, compared to a club head without the surface roughness, and coating.\",\n \"Example 7 Referring to FIG.\",\n \"11, a first exemplary embodiment of the club head 1100, further comprises a surface roughness 68 (not shown in FIG.\",\n \"11) formed on the sole 24 near the back end 38.The club head 1100 further comprises a first coating 501 covering the surface roughness 68, and further still comprising a second coating 502 covering the first coating 501, together adding approximately 10.0 grams of weight to the club head.\",\n \"For example, the first coating comprises a primer and the second coating comprises a high density material.\",\n \"In a second exemplary embodiment of the club head 1100, only a first coating 501 is applied over the surface roughness 68, adding approximately 10.0 grams of weight to the club head.\",\n \"For example, the first coating 501 comprises a high density material, and no primer is applied between the club head and the first coating 501.According to a test that compared three control heads to three heads of the first exemplary embodiment and to three heads of the second exemplary embodiment, the center of gravity of the club head was shifted further toward the toe 34, lower toward the sole 24, and further toward the back end 38.Table 5 below shows the averages of the CG locations as measured with an x-coordinate axis extending positively from the center of mass towards the heel of the club head and parallel to the ground plane, a y-coordinate axis extending positively from the center of the sole towards the crown and perpendicular to the ground plane, and a z-coordinate axis extending positively rearward from the club strike face and parallel to the ground plane.\",\n \"The results show that, on average, the added weight of the first and second coating 501 and 502 of the first exemplary embodiment at the distinct rear location shifted the center of gravity of the club head by approximately 0.020 inches toward the toe 34, approximately 0.140 inches toward the sole 24, and approximately 0.076 inches toward the back end 38, compared to a similar club head 1100 with no coating.\",\n \"This shift in the center of gravity improves performance characteristics of the golf club.\",\n \"The test results also showed that, on average, the added weight of the first coating 501 of the second exemplary embodiment, at the distinct rear location, shifted the center of gravity of the club head by approximately 0.034 inches toward the toe 34, approximately 0.047 inches toward the sole 24, and approximately 0.080 inches toward the back end 38.Testing shows that this shift in the center of gravity increased the carry yard distance by 0.9 yards, as expected from the center of gravity data.\",\n \"TABLE 5 Exemplary locations of CG position within various embodiments Type of club head X-axis CG Y-axis CG Z-axis CG First exemplary embodiment −0.0053 0.92 1.836 (with primer and high density layer) Second exemplary embodiment −0.007 1.013 1.840 (with high density layer) Control club head 0.028 1.060 1.760 The spin rate was shown to decrease by 6.7% for the second exemplary embodiment.\",\n \"The second exemplary embodiment showed a spin rate of 2983 rpms as compared to a spin rate of 3198 rpms for the control club.\",\n \"The lower spin rate reduces unwanted roll once the ball lands on the ground, which results in a player hitting more accurate shots.\",\n \"The statistical area, representing the area within which test shots land, for the second exemplary embodiment, covers around 1009 square yards, which is 14.5% less area than is covered by a similar control club.\",\n \"The statistical area for a similar control club head covers around 1180 square yards.\",\n \"This test shows that a first coating on a portion of the sole 24 near the rear increases the performance precision of a golf club head, allowing a player to hit more consistent shots.\",\n \"Replacement of one or more claimed elements constitutes reconstruction and not repair.\",\n \"Additionally, benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described with regard to specific embodiments.\",\n \"The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element or elements that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced, however, are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all of the claims.\",\n \"As the rules to golf may change from time to time (e.g., new regulations may be adopted or old rules may be eliminated or modified by golf standard organizations and/or governing bodies such as the United States Golf Association (USGA), the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews (R&A), etc.\",\n \"), golf equipment related to the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be conforming or non-conforming to the rules of golf at any particular time.\",\n \"Accordingly, golf equipment related to the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be advertised, offered for sale, and/or sold as conforming or non-conforming golf equipment.\",\n \"The apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein are not limited in this regard.\",\n \"While the above examples may be described in connection with a driver-type golf club, the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be applicable to other types of golf club such as a fairway wood-type golf club, a hybrid-type golf club, an iron-type golf club, a wedge-type golf club, or a putter-type golf club.\",\n \"Alternatively, the apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein may be applicable other type of sports equipment such as a hockey stick, a tennis racket, a fishing pole, a ski pole, etc.\",\n \"Moreover, embodiments and limitations disclosed herein are not dedicated to the public under the doctrine of dedication if the embodiments and/or limitations: (1) are not expressly claimed in the claims; and (2) are or are potentially equivalents of express elements and/or limitations in the claims under the doctrine of equivalents.\",\n \"Various features and advantages of the disclosure are set forth in the following claims.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872733"}}},{"rowIdx":4494152,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["NEURAL SLEEVE FOR NEUROMUSCULAR STIMULATION, SENSING AND RECORDING","The present disclosure relates to neuromuscular stimulation and sensing cuffs.","The neuromuscular stimulation cuff has at least two fingers and a plurality of electrodes disposed on each finger.","More generally, the neuromuscular stimulation cuff includes an outer, reusable component and an inner, disposable component.","One or more electrodes are housed within the reusable component.","The neuromuscular stimulation cuff may be produced by providing an insulating substrate layer, forming a conductive circuit on the substrate layer to form a conductive circuit layer, adhering a cover layer onto the conductive circuit layer to form a flexible circuit, and cutting at least one flexible finger from the flexible circuit.","The neuromuscular stimulation cuff employs a flexible multi-electrode design which allows for reanimation of complex muscle movements in a patient, including individual finger movement."],["1.A device for neuromuscular stimulation, comprising: a reusable sleeve; and one or more electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve.","2.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises at least two flexible fingers along which the one or more electrodes are located, the flexible fingers extending in the same direction from a first connector, and one or more conductive mediums disposed on each flexible finger.","3.The device of claim 2, wherein the conductive medium comprises a hydrogel, a lotion, or a conductive polymer.","4.The device of claim 2, wherein the at least two flexible conductive pathways can be wrapped helically.","5.The device of claim 2, further comprising a fabric layer disposed on an exterior of the reusable sleeve.","6.The device of claim 2, wherein each flexible finger includes a conductive circuit layer.","7.The device of claim 6, wherein each flexible finger includes an insulating base layer upon which the conductive circuit layer is laid.","8.The device of claim 6, wherein each flexible finger includes an insulating cover layer over the conductive circuit layer.","9.The device of claim 2, wherein each flexible finger includes a plurality of hydrogel discs disposed over each electrode.","10.The device of claim 9, wherein the rigidizer interfaces with a processing device.","11.The device of claim 2, having the first connector and a second connector, wherein at least two additional flexible fingers also extend from the second connector in the same direction as the flexible fingers extending from the first connector; and at least one webbing connects a flexible finger extending from the first connector to a flexible finger extending from the second connector.","12.The device of claim 11, wherein the flexible fingers taper towards a center axis of the reusable sleeve.","13.The device of claim 11, wherein each flexible finger includes: a non-electrode-containing portion; and a scalloped, electrode-containing portion distal from the connector.","14.The device of claim 13, wherein each flexible finger further includes a non-scalloped, electrode-containing portion.","15.The device of claim 11, wherein at least one flexible finger comprises: a first portion which is transverse to a center axis of the reusable sleeve; and a second portion which is parallel to the center axis of the reusable sleeve.","16.The device of claim 1, comprising an inner disposable sleeve, the inner disposable sleeve comprising a conductive medium in contact with the multiple electrodes.","17.The device of claim 16, wherein the conductive medium comprises a hydrogel which is relatively more conductive in a z-direction than in a x-direction or a y-direction.","18.The device of claim 16, wherein: the conductive medium is less conductive in a regular state; and the conductive medium becomes more conductive upon application of external pressure in a direction of the external pressure.","19.The device of claim 18, wherein the conductive medium comprises a compressible polymer and a conductive filler dispersed in the compressible polymer.","20.The device of claim 19, wherein the conductive filler comprises carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or metallic particles.","21.The device of claim 16, wherein the conductive medium is dry in an initial state and becomes tacky upon any one of: application of an electrical current; a change in temperature; a change in pH; or a change in moisture; or wherein the conductive medium comprises a stimuli-sensitive polymer.","22.The device of claim 1, wherein each electrode of the multiple electrodes includes concentric rows of teeth about 200 μm to about 300 μm in height.","23.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises a flexible material.","24.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises: a rigid shell; and a hinge running parallel to a longitudinal axis of the reusable sleeve.","25.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises a user interface for selectively configuring electrodes and adjusting stimulation level or pattern.","26.The device of claim 25, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises buttons including light emitting diode (LED) based touchscreen displays on a back side of each of the multiple electrodes.","27.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises an accelerometer; and is configured for gesture control of devices.","28.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve is expandable.","29.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises a compression sleeve fabric on which the multiple electrodes are printed using silk-screen technology employing conductive polycellulose or silver/carbon-based ink.","30.The device of claim 29, further comprising a conductive pathway including an accelerometer.","31.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises a flexible circuit including electrodes connected by electrode traces that (i) house sensors and (ii) the electrode traces are arranged in a zig-zag pattern.","32.The device of claim 31, wherein the sensors comprise any combination of pressure sensors; strain gauges; accelerometers; a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) including a 3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis magnetometer; a capacitive sensor including a flexible insulating dielectric layer sandwiched between flexible electrodes; a stretch sensor including a material that changes electrical resistance when stretched or strained; a resonant bend sensor including a resistance-inductance-capacitance (RLC) circuit; a sensor including at least one bladder configured to hold a fluid or air; a fiber optic cable and a measurement tool configured to measure a bend in the fiber optic cable based on a frequency or attenuation change in a signal of the fiber optic cable; and a video motion tracking system configured to track a marker of the reusable sleeve.","33.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises conductive fibers and a dry fit material.","34.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve is in the form of a fingerless glove.","35.The device of claim 1, wherein the multiple electrodes are woven into the reusable sleeve using conductive threads.","36.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve is configured to: cover both a leg portion and a foot portion of a patient; and support gait-training.","37.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises a shirt configured to deliver electrical stimulation to a backside of a patient.","38.The device of claim 1, wherein the multiple electrodes are configured to both deliver electrical simulation and sense a neural signal of a patient."],[" BACKGROUND The following relates generally to systems, methods and devices for neuromuscular stimulation, sensing, and recording.","Generally, the system may be used to receive thought signals indicative of an intended action and provide electrical stimulation to nerves and/or muscles to effectuate the intended action, thereby bypassing or assisting a damaged or degenerated region/pathway of the nervous system.","The devices of the present disclosure are neuromuscular stimulation cuffs, also referred to herein as “neural sleeves,” which deliver stimulation to restore movement to parts of the body not under volitional control due to damaged or degenerated neural regions/pathways from brain or spinal cord injury, stroke, nerve damage, motor neural disease, and other conditions or injuries.","The system can also be used in a patient that has some local neural or muscle degeneration for therapeutic or rehabilitation purposes.","Subcutaneous implantable neurostimulation cuffs have been commonly used to block pain and to restore function to damaged or degenerative neural pathways.","These implantable cuffs are wrapped around a target nerve and generally include one or more electrodes arranged to stimulate the nerve.","By including more than one electrode and/or a different geometry of electrodes, implantable cuffs such as the flat interface nerve electrode (FINE) have been able to achieve stimulation selectivity at the level of individual nerve vesicles.","Transcutaneous neurostimulation cuffs behave similarly to implantable cuffs, however there are important differences.","Because the electrodes are placed on the surface of the skin, rather than below it, stimulation often can better target skeletal muscle tissue or muscle groups, rather than peripheral nerves located deeper under the skin.","Muscular stimulation may be preferable to stimulating major peripheral nerves, e.g.","ulnar, median, radial nerves, as stimulating these nerves may cause a patient to feel a tingling sensation and it is more difficult to effect the desired movement.","By increasing the number and layout of electrodes in a neuromuscular cuff, similar to the direction taken with implanted nerve cuff designs, current generation neuromuscular stimulation cuffs have been able to selectively stimulate individual muscles or muscle groups and achieve finer movements such as individual finger flexing and extension.","Flexible-like transcutaneous cuffs have been developed which fit around a human appendage such as a forearm to control the wrist or fingers.","These flexible cuffs may include sensors which record muscle activity, or electromyography (EMG) signals, and stimulate in response to the EMG signals.","Thin film technologies have also become important in the development of functional electrostimulation (FES) devices.","Devices incorporating thin film technology are often based on a polyimide substrate covered by a chromium, gold, or platinum film.","Current transcutaneous neuromuscular stimulation electrodes (or patches) present many limitations.","Such neuromuscular patches are typically large (several cm across or more) and have a single electrode (conductive surface).","This does not allow selective stimulation of small muscles segments for fine wrist and finger control.","It would be desirable to provide improved devices for neuromuscular stimulation.","Flexible sleeves with multiple small electrodes would allow programmable spatial stimulation patterns, which is highly desirable when attempting to restore complex muscular movements through neuromuscular stimulation."],[" BRIEF DESCRIPTION The present disclosure relates to systems, methods, and devices for thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation.","Included is a neuromuscular stimulation cuff (i.e.","“neural sleeve”) which receives a thought signal indicative of an intended action, and in response, stimulates a damaged region/pathway of the nervous system to effectuate the intended action.","The neuromuscular cuff may include a flexible design, e.g., including a plurality of electrodes arranged on flexible fingers.","The flexible fingers allow for variable sized neuromuscular regions, e.g.","paralyzed limbs, to fit within the neuromuscular cuff.","The fingers may also allow for increased electrode positioning choices for reanimation of complex muscle movements.","The neuromuscular cuff may further include an array of electrogel discs which provide enhanced electrical contact as well as keep the cuff adhered to the skin during stimulation-induced movement.","In yet other embodiments, a device for neuromuscular stimulation includes a flexible printed circuit board having at least one finger and a plurality of electrogel discs disposed on the at least one finger.","In additional different embodiments, a method for producing a neuromuscular cuff includes providing a layer of polyimide, etching a conductive copper circuit including a plurality of electrodes into the layer of polyimide to form an etched circuit layer, adhering a cover layer onto the etched circuit layer to form a flexible printed circuit board (PCB), and cutting at least one finger from the flexible PCB.","In other embodiments disclosed herein, devices for neuromuscular stimulation include: a reusable sleeve; and one or more electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve.","In particular embodiments, the reusable sleeve comprises at least two flexible fingers along which the one or more electrodes are located, each flexible finger extending in the same direction from a connector.","Each finger contains one or more flexible conductive pathways that lead to the electrode(s) previously described.","A plurality of conductive mediums is disposed on the flexible fingers to conduct the electrical impulses from the electrodes.","As a result, each flexible finger is able to conform to different arm profiles and accommodate twisting of the arm.","The conductive medium may comprise a hydrogel, a lotion, or a conductive polymer.","The flexible fingers may be oriented with respect to the connector so that they can be wrapped helically (e.g.","around a patient's limb).","The device may further comprise a fabric layer disposed on an exterior of the reusable sleeve.","Each flexible finger may include a conductive circuit layer, which can be arranged in the form of one or more conductive pathways.","That conductive circuit layer may be laid upon an insulating base layer, for example made of a polyimide.","The flexible finger may include an insulating cover layer over the conductive circuit layer.","The flexible finger may include a plurality of hydrogel discs disposed over each electrode, wherein each hydrogel disk is independently connected to a rigidizer.","The rigidizer may interface with a processing device, such as a computer or other electronic device.","In other embodiments, a device for neuromuscular stimulation includes: a reusable sleeve; multiple electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve; and an inner disposable sleeve, the inner disposable sleeve comprising a conductive medium in contact with the multiple electrodes.","The conductive medium may comprise a hydrogel which is relatively more conductive in a z-direction than in a x-direction or a y-direction.","The conductive medium may be less conductive in a regular state; and the conductive medium may become more conductive upon application of external pressure in a direction of the external pressure.","The conductive medium may include a compressible polymer and a conductive filler dispersed in the compressible polymer.","The conductive filler may be carbon-based and comprise carbon fibers.","The conductive filler may comprise any of: carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or metallic particles (e.g.","silver; gold; platinum; or palladium).","The conductive medium may be dry in an initial state and then become tacky upon any one of: application of an electrical current; a change in temperature; a change in pH; or a change in moisture.","The conductive medium may include a stimuli-sensitive polymer.","Each electrode of the multiple electrodes may include concentric rows of teeth about 200 μm to about 300 μm in height.","The reusable sleeve may include a flexible material.","In other embodiments, the reusable sleeve may include: a rigid shell; and a hinge running parallel to a longitudinal axis of the reusable sleeve.","Sometimes, the reusable sleeve may include a user interface for selectively configuring electrodes and adjusting stimulation level or pattern.","The reusable sleeve may be expandable.","In other embodiments, the reusable sleeve may include a compression sleeve fabric on which the multiple electrodes are printed using silk-screen technology employing conductive polycellulose or silver/carbon-based ink.","The device may further include a conductive pathway including an accelerometer.","The reusable sleeve may include a flexible circuit which may include electrodes connected by electrode traces; the electrode traces may house sensors; and the electrode traces may be arranged in a zig-zag pattern to enhance flexibility and/or durability.","The sensors may include any combination of pressure sensors; strain gauges; accelerometers; a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) including a 3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis magnetometer; a capacitive sensor including a flexible insulating dielectric layer sandwiched between flexible electrodes; a stretch sensor including a material that changes electrical resistance when stretched or strained; a resonant bend sensor including a resistance-inductance-capacitance (RLC) circuit; a sensor including at least one bladder configured to hold a fluid or air; a fiber optic cable and a measurement tool configured to measure a bend in the fiber optic cable based on a frequency or attenuation change in a signal of the fiber optic cable; and a video motion tracking system configured to track a marker of the reusable sleeve.","The reusable sleeve may include conductive/carbon fibers and a dry fit material.","The reusable sleeve may be in the form of a fingerless glove made of a stretchy material.","The multiple electrodes may be woven into the reusable sleeve using conductive threads.","The reusable sleeve may include buttons including light emitting diode (LED) based touchscreen displays on a back side of each of the multiple electrodes.","The reusable sleeve may include an accelerometer, and may be configured for gesture control of devices.","The reusable sleeve may be configured to cover both a leg portion and a foot portion of a patient; and support gait-training.","The reusable sleeve may include a shirt configured to deliver electrical stimulation to a backside of a patient.","The multiple electrodes may be configured to both deliver electrical simulation and sense a neural signal of a patient.","In another aspect, a device for neuromuscular stimulation may include: a reusable sleeve; and multiple electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve; wherein the reusable sleeve comprises at least two flexible fingers for housing the multiple electrodes, the flexible fingers extending in the same direction, and a plurality of conductive mediums disposed thereon.","In another aspect, a device for neuromuscular stimulation includes: a reusable sleeve comprising a continuous substrate; and multiple electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve; wherein the continuous substrate comprises a non-conductive portion and conductive, parallel pathways.","These and other non-limiting aspects of the present disclosure are discussed in more detail below."],["CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","14/728,512, filed Jun.","2, 2015, now U.S. Pat.","No.","//insert later//, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","14/649,025, filed on Jun.","2, 2015, now U.S. Pat.","No.","//insert later//, which was a 371 of PCT Application No.","PCT/US2013/073247, filed on Dec. 5, 2013, which claimed priority to both U.S.","Provisional Patent Application Ser.","No.","61/733,736, filed on Dec. 5, 2012, and to U.S.","Provisional Patent Application Ser.","No.","61/734,150, filed on Dec. 6, 2012.BACKGROUND The following relates generally to systems, methods and devices for neuromuscular stimulation, sensing, and recording.","Generally, the system may be used to receive thought signals indicative of an intended action and provide electrical stimulation to nerves and/or muscles to effectuate the intended action, thereby bypassing or assisting a damaged or degenerated region/pathway of the nervous system.","The devices of the present disclosure are neuromuscular stimulation cuffs, also referred to herein as “neural sleeves,” which deliver stimulation to restore movement to parts of the body not under volitional control due to damaged or degenerated neural regions/pathways from brain or spinal cord injury, stroke, nerve damage, motor neural disease, and other conditions or injuries.","The system can also be used in a patient that has some local neural or muscle degeneration for therapeutic or rehabilitation purposes.","Subcutaneous implantable neurostimulation cuffs have been commonly used to block pain and to restore function to damaged or degenerative neural pathways.","These implantable cuffs are wrapped around a target nerve and generally include one or more electrodes arranged to stimulate the nerve.","By including more than one electrode and/or a different geometry of electrodes, implantable cuffs such as the flat interface nerve electrode (FINE) have been able to achieve stimulation selectivity at the level of individual nerve vesicles.","Transcutaneous neurostimulation cuffs behave similarly to implantable cuffs, however there are important differences.","Because the electrodes are placed on the surface of the skin, rather than below it, stimulation often can better target skeletal muscle tissue or muscle groups, rather than peripheral nerves located deeper under the skin.","Muscular stimulation may be preferable to stimulating major peripheral nerves, e.g.","ulnar, median, radial nerves, as stimulating these nerves may cause a patient to feel a tingling sensation and it is more difficult to effect the desired movement.","By increasing the number and layout of electrodes in a neuromuscular cuff, similar to the direction taken with implanted nerve cuff designs, current generation neuromuscular stimulation cuffs have been able to selectively stimulate individual muscles or muscle groups and achieve finer movements such as individual finger flexing and extension.","Flexible-like transcutaneous cuffs have been developed which fit around a human appendage such as a forearm to control the wrist or fingers.","These flexible cuffs may include sensors which record muscle activity, or electromyography (EMG) signals, and stimulate in response to the EMG signals.","Thin film technologies have also become important in the development of functional electrostimulation (FES) devices.","Devices incorporating thin film technology are often based on a polyimide substrate covered by a chromium, gold, or platinum film.","Current transcutaneous neuromuscular stimulation electrodes (or patches) present many limitations.","Such neuromuscular patches are typically large (several cm across or more) and have a single electrode (conductive surface).","This does not allow selective stimulation of small muscles segments for fine wrist and finger control.","It would be desirable to provide improved devices for neuromuscular stimulation.","Flexible sleeves with multiple small electrodes would allow programmable spatial stimulation patterns, which is highly desirable when attempting to restore complex muscular movements through neuromuscular stimulation.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION The present disclosure relates to systems, methods, and devices for thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation.","Included is a neuromuscular stimulation cuff (i.e.","“neural sleeve”) which receives a thought signal indicative of an intended action, and in response, stimulates a damaged region/pathway of the nervous system to effectuate the intended action.","The neuromuscular cuff may include a flexible design, e.g., including a plurality of electrodes arranged on flexible fingers.","The flexible fingers allow for variable sized neuromuscular regions, e.g.","paralyzed limbs, to fit within the neuromuscular cuff.","The fingers may also allow for increased electrode positioning choices for reanimation of complex muscle movements.","The neuromuscular cuff may further include an array of electrogel discs which provide enhanced electrical contact as well as keep the cuff adhered to the skin during stimulation-induced movement.","In yet other embodiments, a device for neuromuscular stimulation includes a flexible printed circuit board having at least one finger and a plurality of electrogel discs disposed on the at least one finger.","In additional different embodiments, a method for producing a neuromuscular cuff includes providing a layer of polyimide, etching a conductive copper circuit including a plurality of electrodes into the layer of polyimide to form an etched circuit layer, adhering a cover layer onto the etched circuit layer to form a flexible printed circuit board (PCB), and cutting at least one finger from the flexible PCB.","In other embodiments disclosed herein, devices for neuromuscular stimulation include: a reusable sleeve; and one or more electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve.","In particular embodiments, the reusable sleeve comprises at least two flexible fingers along which the one or more electrodes are located, each flexible finger extending in the same direction from a connector.","Each finger contains one or more flexible conductive pathways that lead to the electrode(s) previously described.","A plurality of conductive mediums is disposed on the flexible fingers to conduct the electrical impulses from the electrodes.","As a result, each flexible finger is able to conform to different arm profiles and accommodate twisting of the arm.","The conductive medium may comprise a hydrogel, a lotion, or a conductive polymer.","The flexible fingers may be oriented with respect to the connector so that they can be wrapped helically (e.g.","around a patient's limb).","The device may further comprise a fabric layer disposed on an exterior of the reusable sleeve.","Each flexible finger may include a conductive circuit layer, which can be arranged in the form of one or more conductive pathways.","That conductive circuit layer may be laid upon an insulating base layer, for example made of a polyimide.","The flexible finger may include an insulating cover layer over the conductive circuit layer.","The flexible finger may include a plurality of hydrogel discs disposed over each electrode, wherein each hydrogel disk is independently connected to a rigidizer.","The rigidizer may interface with a processing device, such as a computer or other electronic device.","In other embodiments, a device for neuromuscular stimulation includes: a reusable sleeve; multiple electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve; and an inner disposable sleeve, the inner disposable sleeve comprising a conductive medium in contact with the multiple electrodes.","The conductive medium may comprise a hydrogel which is relatively more conductive in a z-direction than in a x-direction or a y-direction.","The conductive medium may be less conductive in a regular state; and the conductive medium may become more conductive upon application of external pressure in a direction of the external pressure.","The conductive medium may include a compressible polymer and a conductive filler dispersed in the compressible polymer.","The conductive filler may be carbon-based and comprise carbon fibers.","The conductive filler may comprise any of: carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or metallic particles (e.g.","silver; gold; platinum; or palladium).","The conductive medium may be dry in an initial state and then become tacky upon any one of: application of an electrical current; a change in temperature; a change in pH; or a change in moisture.","The conductive medium may include a stimuli-sensitive polymer.","Each electrode of the multiple electrodes may include concentric rows of teeth about 200 μm to about 300 μm in height.","The reusable sleeve may include a flexible material.","In other embodiments, the reusable sleeve may include: a rigid shell; and a hinge running parallel to a longitudinal axis of the reusable sleeve.","Sometimes, the reusable sleeve may include a user interface for selectively configuring electrodes and adjusting stimulation level or pattern.","The reusable sleeve may be expandable.","In other embodiments, the reusable sleeve may include a compression sleeve fabric on which the multiple electrodes are printed using silk-screen technology employing conductive polycellulose or silver/carbon-based ink.","The device may further include a conductive pathway including an accelerometer.","The reusable sleeve may include a flexible circuit which may include electrodes connected by electrode traces; the electrode traces may house sensors; and the electrode traces may be arranged in a zig-zag pattern to enhance flexibility and/or durability.","The sensors may include any combination of pressure sensors; strain gauges; accelerometers; a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) including a 3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis magnetometer; a capacitive sensor including a flexible insulating dielectric layer sandwiched between flexible electrodes; a stretch sensor including a material that changes electrical resistance when stretched or strained; a resonant bend sensor including a resistance-inductance-capacitance (RLC) circuit; a sensor including at least one bladder configured to hold a fluid or air; a fiber optic cable and a measurement tool configured to measure a bend in the fiber optic cable based on a frequency or attenuation change in a signal of the fiber optic cable; and a video motion tracking system configured to track a marker of the reusable sleeve.","The reusable sleeve may include conductive/carbon fibers and a dry fit material.","The reusable sleeve may be in the form of a fingerless glove made of a stretchy material.","The multiple electrodes may be woven into the reusable sleeve using conductive threads.","The reusable sleeve may include buttons including light emitting diode (LED) based touchscreen displays on a back side of each of the multiple electrodes.","The reusable sleeve may include an accelerometer, and may be configured for gesture control of devices.","The reusable sleeve may be configured to cover both a leg portion and a foot portion of a patient; and support gait-training.","The reusable sleeve may include a shirt configured to deliver electrical stimulation to a backside of a patient.","The multiple electrodes may be configured to both deliver electrical simulation and sense a neural signal of a patient.","In another aspect, a device for neuromuscular stimulation may include: a reusable sleeve; and multiple electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve; wherein the reusable sleeve comprises at least two flexible fingers for housing the multiple electrodes, the flexible fingers extending in the same direction, and a plurality of conductive mediums disposed thereon.","In another aspect, a device for neuromuscular stimulation includes: a reusable sleeve comprising a continuous substrate; and multiple electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve; wherein the continuous substrate comprises a non-conductive portion and conductive, parallel pathways.","These and other non-limiting aspects of the present disclosure are discussed in more detail below.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The following is a brief description of the drawings, which are presented for the purposes of illustrating the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein and not for the purposes of limiting the same.","FIG.","1 is an overview diagram of one embodiment of a system for thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation.","FIG.","2 is a block diagram for the decoding and re-encoding architecture operating within the system of FIG.","1.FIG.","3 is a flow diagram for one embodiment of a method for providing thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation.","FIG.","4 is a perspective drawing of a neural sleeve according to an exemplary embodiment, shown in place on a human arm.","FIG.","5 is a diagram for a concept design for fabricating one embodiment of the neural sleeve.","FIG.","6 is a diagram for an etched circuit layer for fabricating one embodiment of the neural sleeve.","FIG.","7 is a close-up view diagram of the etched circuit layer of FIG.","6.FIG.","8 is an alternative close-up view diagram of the etched circuit layer of FIG.","6.FIG.","9 is a diagram for a coverlay layer used in fabricating one embodiment of the neural sleeve.","FIG.","10 is a diagram for a silkscreen layer used in fabricating one embodiment of the neural sleeve.","FIG.","11 is a stack-up diagram used in fabricating one embodiment of the neural sleeve.","FIG.","12 is a flow diagram for one embodiment of a method for producing a neural sleeve.","FIG.","13 is an exemplary photograph showing individual finger movement within a system for thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation.","FIG.","14 is an exemplary photograph showing two neural sleeve devices according to one embodiment disposed on a preparation bench.","FIG.","15 is an exemplary photograph showing two neural sleeve devices according to the embodiment of FIG.","14.FIG.","16 is an exemplary photograph showing two neural sleeve devices according to a different embodiment.","FIG.","17 is an exemplary photograph showing a rigidizer and the primary side of a neural sleeve device according to yet another embodiment.","FIG.","18 is an exemplary photograph showing the positioning of a patient's arm region over two neural sleeve devices according to the embodiment of FIG.","14.FIG.","19 is an exemplary photograph showing two neural sleeve devices according to the embodiment of FIG.","14 which are wrapped around a patient's arm region in preparation for neuromuscular stimulation.","FIG.","20 is an exemplary photograph showing two neural sleeve devices according to the embodiment of FIG.","14 which are alternatively wrapped around a patient's arm region in preparation for neuromuscular stimulation.","FIG.","21 is diagram of another exemplary embodiment of a neural sleeve.","In this embodiment, conductive pathways extend from two different connectors.","The fingers extend in the same direction, and taper towards a center axis.","FIG.","22 is an exemplary illustration of a fingerless neural sleeve in the form of a glove that can reach up to the elbow.","FIG.","23 is an exemplary illustration of a variation of the neural sleeve of FIG.","22, in which the neural sleeve includes a user interface on the exterior in the form of buttons.","FIG.","24 is an exemplary illustration of a neural sleeve made of a flexible material with electrodes on the interior and implants for providing directionality to the neural sleeve.","FIG.","25 is an exemplary illustration of a neural sleeve in the form of a rigid shell having two hemicylindrical halves joined together by a hinge along the sidewall.","FIG.","26 is a cross-sectional illustration of a resuable neural sleeve, which is in the form of a flat flexible sheet that can be wrapped around the arm.","FIG.","27 is an exemplary illustration of a neural sleeve with expandable bladders for pushing the electrodes against the skin.","A handle can be included with the sleeve for proper registration/orientation of the neural sleeve.","FIG.","28 is an exemplary magnified illustration of the construction of the flexible conductive pathways of the neural sleeve.","These pathways can include electrodes as well as other components, for example strain gauges.","FIG.","29 is an illustrative diagram showing a neural sleeve applied to the arm of a user.","This particular neural sleeve is in the form of a fingerless glove that covers the palm of the hand, extends past the wrist and the through the elbow up to the shoulder of the user.","The locations of various sensors are highlighted in this diagram.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION A more complete understanding of the processes and apparatuses disclosed herein can be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings.","These figures are merely schematic representations and are not intended to indicate relative size and dimensions of the assemblies or components thereof.","Although specific terms are used in the following description for the sake of clarity, these terms are intended to refer only to the particular structure of the embodiments selected for illustration in the drawings, and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.","In the drawings and the following description below, it is to be understood that like numeric designations refer to components of like function.","With reference to FIG.","1 and FIG.","2, a system for thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation may include a cortical implant 102 implanted into the cerebral cortex region of the brain.","The cortical implant 102 in one embodiment includes a microelectrode sensing array, as depicted in FIG.","1.The microelectrode sensing array includes multiple channels (e.g.","96 channels) and may be wired to an amplifier which further amplifies signals received by the microelectrode array.","The cortical implant 102 records “brain waves,” more particularly neural signals which are representative of a varied set of mental activities.","Neural signals include electrical signals produced by neural activity in the nervous system including action potentials, multi-unit activity, local field potential, ECoG, and EEG.","These neural signals are sent wirelessly or, alternatively, through a wired connection, from the cortical implant 102 to a receiver on a neural signal processor device 104 for processing of the neural signals.","In another embodiment, a scalp based interface, headset, or other sensor 102 picks up electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and sends them to the receiver on the neural signal processor device 104.The neural signal processor 104 may include a processor including neural decoding algorithms 106 and/or control algorithms 108.These algorithms 106, 108 allow for a received neural signal input to be decoded and subsequently re-encoded for use in neuromuscular stimulation.","For example, a received neural signal may be isolated to predict arm and/or hand movements a patient is thinking about.","The neural signal processor 104 may also include an oscilloscope or other signal waveform viewing and/or manipulation device.","The neural signal processor also preferably includes an isolated pulse stimulator 111 which receives a processed signal and generates a pulse signal for use in neuromuscular stimulation by an attached neuromuscular stimulation cuff 110.With reference to FIG.","2, the system for thought control at a more complex architectural level includes the cortical implant or sensor 102 and the neural signal processor 104 which allow for the recording of neural signals and the initial processing of the signals, respectively.","Initial signal processing may include analog to digital conversion, normalization, and/or other filtering and processing methods known by one having ordinary skill in the art.","Initially processed signals are then decoded by the neural decoding algorithms 106.In exemplary embodiments, the neural decoding algorithms 106 include force-based algorithms with firing-rate estimators.","The decoded signal output of the neural decoding algorithms 106 is further processed by the stimulation control algorithms 108.In exemplary embodiments, the stimulation control algorithms 108 produce an output of peak current amplitude modulated, pulse width modulated, or frequency modulated pulse trains going to the cuff electrodes.","The pulse train can also be a non-stationary Poisson type train where average pulse rate (frequency) is modulated.","This may help reduce muscle fatigue as it more closely matches to the body's natural nervous system.","An example of using poisson-distributed impulse trains to characterize neurons in a region of the brain is disclosed in Pienkowski et al., Wiener-Volterra Characterization of Neurons in Primary Auditory Cortex Using Poisson-Distributed Impulse Train Inputs, J. Neurophysiology (March 2009).","Stimulation control algorithms 108 may be altered through input received from a training profile 107.The training profile 107 may include training profile data representative of past user training sessions, e.g.","motion demonstrations or coaching periods.","Training data may be used to alter and/or define simulation control algorithms 108 during signal processing.","Incorporating training data into stimulation control algorithms 108 through a model-based approach yields more accurate decoding, e.g.","patient thoughts accurately translated into a complex motion, than prior position-based decoding efforts have shown.","Additionally or alternatively, wrist-hand position feedback 109 may be used to alter and/or define stimulation control algorithms 108 during signal processing.","Signal control algorithm 108 output may be sent to the isolated pulse generator 111, where the signal is converted into a waveform that is suitable for neurostimulation.","Suitable waveforms may include monophasic and biphasic pulses with a voltage between 80 to 300 Volts.","However, even higher voltages may be used as long as safe current levels are maintained and proper insulation is used.","In exemplary embodiments, the waveform is a monophasic pulse with a peak current of 0-20 mA which is modulated to vary strength of muscle contraction, frequency of 50 Hz, and a pulse width duration of 500 ms.","The output of the isolated pulse generator 111 is sent to the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 110 to deliver functional electrostimulation to the patient.","With reference to the flow diagram set forth in FIG.","3, a method for providing thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation S100 starts at S101.At S102 neurological signals are received from a patient indicative of an intended action.","For example, neurological signals may be received though cortical implant 102.At S104 the neurological signals are processed, which may include analog to digital conversion or filtering.","At S106, the digitized signals are decoded by at least one neural decoding algorithm 106.At S108, the decoded signals are processed by at least one stimulation control algorithm 108.At S110, the method alternatively includes altering the stimulation control algorithms 108 by training data which is stored in the training profile 107.At S112, the method alternatively includes altering the stimulation control algorithms 108 based on movement data, e.g.","wrist-hand position feedback 109.At S114, the output of the at least one signal control algorithm 108 is converted into a re-encoded signal consisting of multiple pulse trains, each pulse train going to a corresponding electrode 114.At S114, neuromuscular stimulation is delivered to the patient by sending the re-encoded signal to the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 110.In another embodiment, the method for providing thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation S100 further includes at S117 delivering neuromuscular stimulation to the patient by selectively delivering stimulation to at least one pair of electrodes 114 within a neuromuscular cuff 110 to effectuate the intended action.","In yet another embodiment, the method S100 further includes S103 recording neurological signals from a patient.","These neurological signals may be sensed from, e.g., a forearm or wrist region with neural pathway damage.","Recording may also occur at a neurologically intact region such as a functional leg, for which stimulation pulses can be provided for stimulating commonly tied motions in damaged limbs, e.g.","arms and legs.","Commonly tied motions include hip and arm movements or pivoting movements.","In the same embodiment, method S100 at S118 may further include delivering neuromuscular stimulation to the patient by selectively stimulating to at least one pair of electrodes within the neuromuscular cuff 110 based on the re-encoded signal.","With reference to FIG.","4, an exemplary embodiment of the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 110 includes a flexible printed circuit board (PCB) 112 upon which electrodes 114 and hydrogel discs 116 are arranged in an electrogel disc array 118.The neuromuscular stimulation cuff 110 fits over a damaged or degenerative region 120 of the nervous system, e.g.","a patient's arm as illustrated.","The flexible PCB 112 acts as a substrate upon which the electrodes and other conductive materials are laid.","This flexible base layer may be comprised of a single layer of a flexible insulating material, for example a polyimide material.","Up to approximately twenty electrodes 114 may be individually etched onto each finger 124 of the flexible PCB 112 as a copper layer.","In exemplary embodiments, the flexible PCB 112 has a total of eighty electrodes 114 disposed over four fingers 124.The electrodes 114 may be subsequently plated with a conductive metal such as gold, palladium, or silver for greater conductivity.","In some embodiments, electrodes 114 both stimulate a neuromuscular region 120 by stimulating individual muscles and/or groups of muscles, as well as monitor or record skeletal muscle activity, specifically electromyography (EMG) signals.","Sensed EMG data pertaining to a sensed muscle target may be used in methods for closed or open loop stimulation of the muscle target.","Sensed EMG data may also be analyzed in deciding whether to reposition the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 110 within the neuromuscular region 120 or to turn off individual electrodes 114 within the electrogel disc array 118.Hydrogel discs 116 may be rolled over the electrodes 114 to provide enhanced electrical and mechanical coupling.","When appropriately aligned, the hydrogel discs 116 completely cover the electrodes 114 and effectively form conductive electrogel discs 117.Put another way, the electrodes are located between the base layer and the hydrogel discs.","Electrical coupling is enhanced in that hydrogel provides greater conductive contact with the skin than is achievable with a bare metal-plated electrode surface.","Additionally, a carrier signal provided to any of the electrogel discs 117 in the electrogel array 118 may conduct through the tissues of a patient and be released at any other electrogel disc 117 provided in the array 118.Enhanced mechanical coupling is provided through the exemplary adherence characteristics of hydrogel to the skin.","Hydrogel discs 116 may stay coupled to the skin even during complex patient movement.","The hydrogel discs are commercially available as a tape which may be rolled on an electrode surface.","One such example includes AmGel 2550 from AmGel Technologies.","In the exemplary embodiment of the neuromuscular cuff shown in FIG.","4, the hydrogel discs are provided through custom spaced hydrogel discs located on AmGel 2550 rolled hydrogel tape.","In the alternative, instead of hydrogel discs, a lotion or discs of a conductive polymer could be used.","The electrogel disc array 118 is spread over a plurality of fingers 124, wherein the fingers 124 are cut from the flexible PCB 112 to provide additional flexibility in the placement of electrogel discs 117.Reanimation of complex motion may require stimulating muscles which are not located directly along the dimensions of a conventionally shaped neuromuscular cuff 110.By wrapping fingers 124 around different muscular regions, e.g.","the lower wrist and thumb, complex motions such as thumb movement may be reanimated more effectively than with limited placement options.","FIGS.","5-11 are views of various layers of the neuromuscular stimulation cuff, and are separated for convenience and understanding.","With reference to FIG.","5, one embodiment of the neuromuscular stimulation cuff device 110 (or neural sleeve) may be fabricated in accordance with a concept design 500.Dimensions of and between the various components of the concept design 500 are indicated in millimeters (mm).","The concept design 500 includes, as shown here, an insulating base layer, for example made of a single layer of polyimide base material 522.In some embodiments, the polyimide base material is a DuPont AP8523E polyimide which is 50 μm (micrometers) thick and rolled-annealed copper clad at 18 μm thick.","This base material serves as a substrate for the other layers of the neuromuscular stimulation cuff.","This base material is formed, for example by cutting, into at least two flexible fingers.","As illustrated here, the base material 522 is cut into four fingers 524, where the electrodes will be located or housed.","The fingers can be attached to each other, for example by five webbings 525 which run between adjacent fingers.","The fingers 524 extend in the same direction from the rigidizer 530, which acts as a connector for one end of the fingers.","In other words, the ends of the fingers distal from the rigidizer are all located in the same direction relative to the rigidizer, or put another way the rigidizer 530 is at one end of the device.","It is noted that the fingers 524 are shown here as extending at a 90-degree angle relative to the connector/rigidizer 530.It is contemplated that the flexible fingers could extend at any angle from the connector 530.Referring back to FIG.","4, setting the flexible fingers at an angle from the rigidizer would permit the flexible fingers to be wound helically around the arm and down along the entire length of the arm.","The rigidizer 530 is used for interfacing with the neural signal processor 104.Drilled holes 531 are additionally located on the rigidizer 530 which represent connector pin insertion points.","In exemplary embodiments, eighty drilled holes 531 are approximately 1.016 mm in diameter with a tolerance of +/−0.05 mm.","As illustrated here, the fingers 524 are parallel to each other along their entire length.","As will be seen later, this is not a requirement.","If desired, an optional fork 526 can be located at the end of the fingers opposite the connector/rigidizer 530.The fork connects all of the fingers, and can be provided for structural support for design and mounting.","Drilled holes 527 are provided in the fork 526 for support and/or mounting purposes.","In some embodiments, the four drilled holes 527 are approximately 2.387 mm in diameter with a tolerance of +/0.076 mm.","Headers 528 extend between the rigidizer and the fingers.","These headers are thinner than the fingers, and connect the fingers 524 to the rigidizer 530.The headers are also part of the overall flexible finger, though they are not always required.","Though not illustrated, webbings can also be provided between adjacent headers as well if desired.","Again, as will be seen later, the fork 526 is optional, though the connector 530 is required.","With reference to FIG.","6, a conductive circuit layer 600 for fabricating the neuromuscular stimulation cuff device 110 is shown.","The conductive circuit layer 600 is located on the surface of the insulating polyimide substrate 622, upon which copper electrodes 640 and connective copper traces 642 are formed to make a conductive pathway, for example by etching, deposition, ablation, etc.","The electrodes 640 and traces 642 run along the four fingers 624 of the substrate 622.The traces 642 run longitudinally down the four headers 628 to electrically connect the electrodes 642 to the connector/rigidizer 630.Again, the connector/rigidizer 630 is used for interfacing with the neural signal processor 104.The traces 642 continue onto rigidizer 630 and end, in this exemplary embodiment, at eighty connective points 632, which represents twenty connective points 632 per finger 624.Each of the eighty connective points 632 corresponds to an individual electrode 640, electrically connected through an individual trace 642.FIG.","7 is a closer view of the conductive circuit layer 600 of FIG.","6.The substrate 622, electrodes 640, and traces 642 are more particularly seen here.","Each electrode 640 is individually connected to a single trace 642, and the trace 642 runs down header 628 to the connector/rigidizer 630 (not shown).","In some embodiments, the traces 642 are approximately 0.127 mm in width.","As illustrated here, each electrode 640 includes at least one ear 641 which is used to support the electrode 640 upon the insulating substrate 622.As seen here, each electrode includes a central area 643 and three ears 641.The central area has a circular shape, and is used as an electrical contact.","Each ear extends beyond the perimeter of the central area.","As illustrated here, two ears are separated by 60 degrees, and are separated from the third ear by 150 degrees.","Referring to FIG.","8, the conductive circuit layer illustrated in FIG.","6 may include electrodes 640 that are approximately 12 mm in diameter (not counting the ear) and spaced 15 mm apart.","This 15 mm spacing between electrodes would dictate the custom spacing required for subsequent application of hydrogel discs 114.FIG.","9 illustrates an insulating cover or “coverlay” layer 700 which would be placed over the electrodes and traces.","The coverlay layer can be made from a single layer of an insulating material such as polyimide 722, which is preferably thinner than the substrate upon which the electrodes and traces are copper-etched or otherwise formed.","In one embodiment, the coverlay layer is a DuPont LF0110 polyimide material which is a 25 μm thick coverfilm.","A further thickness of 25 μm of acrylic adhesive can be used for adhering the coverlay layer 700 to the conductive circuit layer 600.The coverlay layer also includes a fork 726, fingers 724, headers 728, and rigidizer section 730 which corresponds to these areas on the base substrate 522 and the conductive circuit layer 600.Cutouts 740 are left in the fingers to expose the central area of the electrodes, and on the rigidizer section 730 for the electrical connectors.","The insulating cover layer 700, when applied over the conductive circuit layer 600, covers the copper traces 642 formed on the fingers 724 and the headers 728.The coverlay layer 700 does not cover the central area 643 of the electrodes, but does cover the ears 641, thus fixing the electrodes in place between the substrate and the coverlay layer.","In addition, the electrical connectors in the rigidizer section 730 will remain uncovered.","The exposed central areas of the electrodes 640 are preferably plated with a conductive metal such as tin, platinum, or gold.","In one embodiment, exposed copper electrodes are plated with electroless-nickel-immersion-gold (ENIG) at the level of 3-8 μm gold over 100-150 μm nickel.","FIG.","10 is a diagram for a silkscreen layer 800 that can be used in fabricating the neuromuscular stimulation cuff device 110.The silkscreen layer 800 is applied to the combination of the conductive circuit layer 600 and coverlay layer 700 to identify individual electronic elements.","A first silkscreen identification number 850 is provided to each electrode 840 so that it may be more easily found after visual inspection.","In one embodiment, first silkscreen identification numbers 850 span from A1-A20 and D1-D20 to represent eighty individual electrodes 840.A second silkscreen identification number 852 identifies the connection ports for a rigidizer 830.In one embodiment, second silkscreen identification numbers 852 span from J1-J4.Both first and second silkscreen identification numbers 850, 852 are provided on a secondary side of the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 110, or side facing away from exposed electrodes 740.In an exemplary embodiment, silkscreen identification numbers 850, 852 are provided by white epoxy nonconductive ink.","Referring now to FIG.","11, various embodiments of the neuromuscular stimulation cuff device may be fabricated according to stack-up diagram 900.An insulating base material (e.g.","polyimide) provides a substrate 950 upon which various components are fixed.","A secondary side rigidizer 830 is laminated to a secondary surface of the substrate 950.The conductive circuit layer 600 is fabricated onto a primary surface of the substrate (opposite the secondary surface), and includes electrodes and traces that form conductive pathways on the flexible base substrate.","The coverlay layer 700 is subsequently adhered to the conductive circuit layer 600 which covers the traces and leaves exposed portions of the electrodes.","The combination of the substrate 950, conductive circuit layer 600, and coverlay layer 700 is defined as the flexible finger 912.Primary rigidizer 730 is stacked upon the coverlay layer to complete the electrical connection required to interface the flexible finger with the neural signal processor 104.With reference to the flow diagram set forth in FIG.","12, one embodiment of a method for producing a neuromuscular cuff S200 starts at S201.At S202 a single layer of polyimide base material 950 is provided.","At S204, a conductive circuit layer is fabricated onto the polyimide base material 950 by etching a conductive copper circuit into the polyimide.","At S206 a polyimide coverlay layer 700 is adhered to the conductive circuit layer 600.Adhering the coverlay layer 700 to the conductive circuit layer 600 completes the formation of a flexible PCB from which the flexible conductive pathways 912 will be formed.","At S208, a plurality of flexible fingers are formed from the flexible PCB to provide additional contact points for stimulation of muscles or sensing EMG signals.","At S210, finger webbings 725 may optionally be cut from the flexible PCB to separate the flexible fingers and provide additional flexibility, such as to accommodate limb twisting (such as the forearm) while maintaining contact.","At S212, hydrogel may optionally be rolled over the electrodes to create electrogel discs 117.At S214, a rigidizer 630, 730, 830 is attached to the flexible fingers 912 for interfacing with the neural signal processor 104.At S216, the flexible fingers 912 are interfaced with the neural signal processor 104.With reference to FIG.","13, individual finger movement within a system for thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation 1000 is demonstrated.","A neuromuscular cuff 1010 according to one embodiment is wrapped over a damaged or degenerative region 1020 of the nervous system.","The neuromuscular cuff 1010 is interfaced with a neurological signal processor 1004 through attached rigidizer 1030.The rigidizer is attached to a connection port 1005 on the neural signal processor 1004.Received neurological signals indicative of patient thinking about moving their first two digits has been decoded and re-encoded into pulse train signals transmitted to various electrodes on the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 1010.Using a specific number and spacing of electrodes/electrogel discs 1017 in neuromuscular stimulation cuff 1010 has allowed for high resolution and non-invasive neuromuscular stimulation which effectuates the intention of the patient.","Electrogel discs 1017 operate in pairs when reanimating motion.","Individual digit movement may be effectuated through the operation of two to three pairs (4 to 6 units) of electrogel discs 1017 which are stimulating in tandem.","Selecting particular pairs of electrogel discs 1017 to reanimate motion as indicated by a decoded brain signal is advantageously performed by the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 1010, as each electrogel disc 1017 is connected to the neurological signal processor 1004 individually along a single traces etched into a conductive layer of flexible polyimide material.","With reference to FIG.","14, two neuromuscular cuff devices 1010 according to one embodiment are disposed on a preparation bench 1070.The preparation bench 1070 may be used to keep cuff devices 1010 flat and roll hydrogel tape across electrodes 1016.Properly adhered hydrogel discs 116 (not shown) should fully cover the surface of electrodes 1014.With reference to FIG.","15, two neuromuscular cuff devices 1010 according to the embodiment of FIG.","14 are shown.","The cuff devices 1010 each include a fork 1026 for additional support when designing and/or placing the cuff devices 1010 over a damaged or degenerative region/pathway of the nervous system (not shown).","Again, the fork is optional.","With reference to FIG.","16, two neuromuscular cuff devices 1110 according to a different embodiment are shown.","A fork 1126 is provided at one end of each cuff for additional design and/or structural support, similar to the fork 626 in FIG.","6.Here, a second fork 1127 is also provided located along the headers 1128.Put another way, the flexible fingers 1124 are bracketed by a fork on each end.","The additional fork 1127 provides additional support in combination with fork 1126 for situations when the neuromuscular cuff 1110 must be stretched flat across a surface.","Additional fork 1127 can also maintains flexible fingers 1124 within the same damaged or degenerative region/pathway 1120 (not shown), which effectively concentrates stimulation and prevents flexibility.","With reference to FIG.","17, the primary side of another embodiment of the neuromuscular cuff 1200 is shown.","Hydrogel discs 1216 have been applied to electrodes 1214 (not shown, covered), forming an electrogel disc array 1218.Two of the four flexible fingers 1224 still include the hydrogel tape before being separated from hydrogel discs 1216.Electrogel discs 1217 are not connected to each other within the array 1218 so that the electrogel discs 1217 may be independently stimulated.","While not exposed to the air, copper traces 1242 are viewable through the polyimide cover layer 700.A secondary side rigidizer 1230 is shown by folding the primary side over at the headers 1228.Connectors 1234 on the secondary side rigidizer 1230 allow for the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 1200 to be interfaced with the neural signal processor 104 (not shown).","Each pin 1236 within connector 1234 is electrically connected with a single electrogel disc 1217.With reference to FIG.","18, a patient's arm including damaged or degenerative regions/pathways 1020 is placed over two neuromuscular cuff devices 1010 according to the embodiment of FIG.","14.Flexible headers 1028 may be used as support while positioning the device 1010 under an arm.","With reference to FIG.","19, two neuromuscular cuff devices 1010 in an exemplary embodiment are wrapped around a patient's arm region 1020 in preparation for neuromuscular stimulation.","The two cuff devices 1010 together provide 160 separate electrodes for stimulating finger or wrist movements.","The flexible fingers 1024 permit the neuromuscular cuff to fit around the arm region 1020 at points of varying circumference.","Hydrogel discs 1016 (not shown) keep both cuffs 1010 adhered to the arm.","With reference to FIG.","20, two neuromuscular cuff devices 1010 according to the embodiment of FIG.","14 are alternatively wrapped around a patient's arm region in preparation for neuromuscular stimulation.","Only two flexible fingers 1024 of one of the neuromuscular cuff devices 1010 have been applied, while all of the flexible fingers 1024 on the other cuff device 1010 are already wrapped around the patient's arm.","More or less electrodes can be used, as shown in FIG.","20, depending on the nature of the damage to a patent's nervous system region/pathway 1020 and the type of movement one wishes to reanimate through neuromuscular stimulation.","In another exemplary embodiment, the flexible fingers of a neural sleeve 2110 do not need to be straight for their entire length.","Referring now to FIG.","21, flexible fingers 2124 extend from first connector 2130, which has a rectangular shape in this illustration.","The flexible conductive pathways 2124 in this embodiment “change” directions as they extend from connector 2130.For example, an upper flexible finger 2124a first extends upwards from the connector 2130, then changes direction so that its electrodes 2140 are to the right of the connector 2130.A center flexible finger 2124b extends from the right-hand side of the connector 2130 off to the right of the connector.","A lower flexible finger 2124c first extends downwards from the connector 2130, then changes direction so that its electrodes 2140 are also to the right of the connector 2130.Notably, none of the electrodes 2140 are present to the left of the connector 2130.This embodiment of a neural sleeve 2110 also contains more than one connector/rigidizer.","As illustrated here, the neural sleeve 2110 has a first connector 2130 and a second connector 2131.Flexible fingers extend in the same direction (here, to the right) of both connectors.","Webbings 2135 connect flexible fingers extending from each connector 2130, 2131.There may be any number of webbings 2135, and the webbings 2135 may connect the flexible fingers at any portion of their length.","Here, the webbings 2135 are present along a non-electrode-containing portion 2150 of the flexible fingers (i.e.","the header portion).","Though not depicted, it is specifically contemplated that the flexible fingers of one connector 2130 may be of a different length from the flexible fingers of the other connector 2131.The electrodes 2140 may be evenly spaced apart along the length of the flexible fingers 2124, or their spacing may vary, for example becoming shorter or longer, as the distance from the connector 2130 increases.","For example, muscle segments get smaller closer to the wrist, so the electrodes need to be closer together as well.","However, the electrodes do not need to be present along the entire length of the flexible fingers.","As seen here, the flexible fingers 2124 may include a non-electrode-containing portion 2150 extending from the connector, which is similar to the header 528 of the embodiment of FIG.","5.The flexible finger may also include a non-scalloped electrode-containing portion 2160, and a scalloped electrode-containing portion 2170 at the distal end of the flexible finger (i.e.","distal from the connector).","It should be noted that none of the flexible fingers overlap with each other.","The electrode-containing portions 2160, 2170 of the flexible fingers have a different shape from each other.","One reason for this difference in shape is because, as seen here, the distal ends of the flexible fingers 2124 extend inwardly towards a center axis 2105 of the neural sleeve 2110.Put another way, the flexible fingers 2124 taper inwards towards the center axis 2105.The scalloped portions 2170 of adjacent flexible fingers permit them to fit into a smaller area while still providing a suitable number of electrodes (note the electrodes do not change in size).","However, the flexible fingers 2124 all still extend in the same direction away from the connector 2130, i.e.","to the right in this figure.","Put another way, the flexible fingers comprise a first portion which is transverse to the center axis 2105, and a second portion which is parallel to the center axis.","These portions are particularly seen in the flexible finger 2124a, which first extends upwards (i.e.","transversely to the center axis), then extends parallel to the center axis.","This particular embodiment is intended to be used on a patient's arm with the two connectors 2130, 2131 located near the shoulder, and the scalloped portions 2170 near the wrist and hand.","In other exemplary embodiments, it is contemplated that the neural sleeve will include both an outer, reusable component, and an inner, disposable component.","Advantageously, this allows for a reduced per-use cost for the outer component, while permitting multiple different persons to use the outer component without hygienic concerns.","The outer reusable sleeve contains the electrodes.","It is contemplated that the outer sleeve/reusable component, in several embodiments, could be made of a flexible, stretchy, and/or compressible fabric material which would fit snugly against the user's arm.","The material could also be a dry-fit material, i.e.","a material which can move sweat away from the user's arm and permit the sweat to evaporate.","The connector and flexible fingers would line the interior of the outer sleeve.","For example, conductive threads or fibers could be woven into the fabric material.","Alternatively, the conductive traces and electrodes could be printed onto the outer sleeve material using silk-screen technology, for example using conductive polycellulose, a silver-based ink, or carbon-based ink.","FIG.","22 and FIG.","23 show one exemplary embodiment of this neural sleeve.","FIG.","22 is an illustration of a neural sleeve 2210 which is in the form of a fingerless glove.","Not visible in FIG.","22 is an inner sleeve containing a conductive medium.","FIG.","23 is an illustration of a variation on the neuosleeve outer component.","As illustrated here, the neural sleeve 2310 has a user interface on the exterior reusable component, which can be used for control (including registration, activation, configuration and so forth) of individual electrodes or groups of electrodes, allowing a user to configure the electrodes or adjust a stimulation level or pattern.","For example, the outer component may include buttons 2311 (e.g.","in the form of LED-based touchscreens).","While only four buttons are illustrated here, the user interface can include any number of buttons, and those buttons can be of any shape.","Another aspect of the present disclosure is illustrated in FIG.","24.The neural sleeve itself may be made in a bidirectional manner, i.e.","both ends of the sleeve are of the same construction.","It is contemplated that directional implants 2402, 2404 could be used to provide directional information to the neural sleeve 2410, e.g.","which end of the neural sleeve is closer to the elbow or the wrist.","These implants may be located in the patient's limb, or located at opposite ends of the neural sleeve itself.","Only one such implant is needed to identify the orientation/direction of the neural sleeve.","It is noted that three-dimensional information can also be provided by such implants.","Also depicted are the electrodes 2420.FIG.","25 is another embodiment of the reusable outer component.","Here, the outer component is in the form of a rigid shell 2510.The shell is separated into two hemicylindrical halves 2512, 2514 which are joined together by a hinge 2511.The hinge runs parallel to the longitudinal axis 2505 of the shell.","A closing mechanism 2516 is located on opposite open ends of the halves for keeping the shell closed once it is closed around the user's limb.","Within the shell is padding for conforming the shell to the user's limb, or a bladder that can be inflated with air.","The shell houses the electrodes 2520 (which are used for both sensing and delivering neuromuscular stimulation), as well as other accompanying electronics.","It is contemplated that the disposable inner component (not shown) is first applied to the inside of the shell, or reusable dry electrodes are attached to the inside of the shell.","Then the limb is placed in the shell, the shell closes around the limb, and the soft padding conforms around the limb and applies pressure on the electrodes against the limb, or the air bladder is inflated to apply pressure to the electrodes against the limb.","Alternatively, as seen in the cross-sectional view of FIG.","26, the neural sleeve can be in the form of a flexible sheet 2610 which is wrapped around the user's limb 2601.The electrodes (not visible) are spaced throughout the flexible sheet, and a closing mechanism 2605 is present on opposite ends of the sheet.","Such a mechanism may be, for example, a hook-and-loop fastener.","FIG.","27 illustrates another potential embodiment of the neural sleeve.","Desirably, the electrodes are fitted snugly against the patient's limb.","In this embodiment, the neural sleeve 2710 contains bladders 2720 that can be filled with air or some fluid, causing the neural sleeve to expand and push the electrodes 2730 against the limb.","A pneumatic pump can be used to fill the bladders.","A directional implant 2702 is also present here at a distal end 2704 of the sleeve.","In addition, a handle 2740 is also present at the distal end of the sleeve.","This handle is intended to help with registration of the electrodes in known positions, and also provides directionality to the neural sleeve.","The neural sleeve can incorporate several different types of sensors to provide information on data and feedback on the position and movements of the limb and other body parts.","For example, desired position information from the sensors can include a 3-dimensional location (X, Y, Z coordinates) of various points on the hand and arm relative to the body and to each other, and rotation information of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder relative to the body.","Orientation of various body parts with respect to gravity can also be measured with an accelerometer (or inclinometer).","Motions of the hand and arm may be derived from position sensors or from independent sensors.","Other desired information includes joint angles at the elbow, wrist, thumb and fingers (or other body joints).","A variety of concepts for sensors may be used to measure one or more of these data items.","Broad categories of sensors include accelerometers, micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS), electronic (based on resistance, capacitance, or resonance), fluid bladders, optical fiber bend sensors, and video tracking systems.","Again, these concepts can be generally applied to a neural sleeve on any body part or limb (e.g.","arm, hand, leg, foot, etc.).","FIG.","28 illustrates some aspects which can be used for sensing.","This is a magnified picture of a flexible conductive pathway 2810.Electrodes 2820 are present on the flexible conductive pathway.","Here, four electrodes 2820, 2822, 2824, 2826 are illustrated.","Electrode traces 2830 are present between the electrodes.","As seen here, the trace have a zig-zag pattern, which can be used as a strain gauge.","In a first sensor aspect, integrated 6-axis MEMS (3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis magnetometer) sensors can be used to measure the position and orientation of the elbow and wrist relative to the location of the shoulder (e.g.","the top of the humerus bone).","When combined, these sensors can provide a reference frame utilizing the Earth's local gravitational (center of Earth) and magnetic (magnetic north) fields.","Using this reference frame in conjunction with a defined 3-axis Cartesian coordinate system, different joints can be located in both position (X, Y, Z) and orientation (Ψ (yaw), θ (pitch), φ (roll)) relative to the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system at the shoulder using these same MEMS sensors.","Adjacent MEMS sensors can be placed at strategic locations where the length between sensors does not change (or the change is a sufficiently small amount) when the joints are bent or rotated.","For example, sensors can be placed at locations on the shoulder, elbow, and wrist where the distance between adjacent sensors remains fixed due to fixed bone lengths.","The calculation of position and orientation of each joint may use the 3-axis Cartesian coordinate system and reference frame, the fixed distance between adjacent sensors, and the 3-axis output signals from the accelerometers or magnetometers.","Calculations may involve direction cosine matrices, Euler transformations, or matrix multiplication.","For sensors that are not adjacent to the origin, their coordinates may be transformed back to the coordinate system origin through intermediate transformations between adjacent sensors.","For example, if there are sensors at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist then the elbow coordinates can be calculated directly relative to the origin (shoulder), but the wrist coordinates must first be calculated relative to the elbow coordinates and then calculated again relative to the origin.","The reason for this is because the path lengths must be known for each sensor location and the only way to do this is by coordinate transformations along fixed length paths (e.g., wrist to elbow and elbow to shoulder).","A wide range of MEMS sensors with integrated 3-axis accelerometers and magnetometers may be used.","Examples of manufacturers of these devices include Analog Devices, Bosch, Freescale, Honeywell, and ST Microelectronics.","Also, 9-axis sensors available with integrated 3-axis, accelerometers, magnetomers, and gyros may be used.","Additional solutions may exist for joint locations where a fixed bone length cannot be counted on such as the hand and fingers.","In a second sensor aspect, a capacitive sensor may comprise a flexible insulating dielectric layer with thin flexible electrodes on either side.","A voltage differential is applied between the electrodes, creating a capacitor.","When the dielectric changes shape (e.g.","due to pressure or bending), the capacitance of the sensor changes and can be detected by electronic measuring techniques.","Capacitive pressure sensors may be used in a variety of mechanical systems to measure barometric pressure or pressures inside equipment.","Such sensors may be incorporated into the sleeve at joints (e.g.","wrist, elbow) such that bending of the joint stretches or bends the dielectric layer.","The sensors may also be applied away from joints (e.g.","middle of the forearm) to measure the pressure of the sleeve against the arm.","In a third sensor aspect, resistive bend or stretch sensors (e.g.","strain gauges) may be used.","These sensors may be made from any material that changes electrical resistance when stretched or strained.","This change in resistance is measured with a standard electrical circuit.","Strain gauges may use metal, either alone or applied to a flexible thin film substrate.","Resistive bend sensors or strain gauges also can be made from the following three general classes of materials.","First, elastomers (such as silicone rubber) or polymers containing electrically conductive fillers may be used.","Fillers can include carbon black, graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, silver nanoparticles, silver nanowires.","Second, inherently conductive polymers may be used.","Third, piezoelectric polymers may be used.","Resistive sensors may also be applied at joints.","Bending of the joint will stretch the sensor, causing a measurable change in resistance.","Pronation and supination of the wrist can be measured by using sensors in the form of long elastic bands that stretch at an angle from the wrist to the elbow.","Each motion (e.g.","pronation and supination) will create opposite effects in the bands, causing one to lengthen and the other to shorten.","In a fourth sensor aspect, resonant bend sensors may be used.","Resonant bend sensors comprise RLC circuits that change resonance frequency when one of the three components changes its value.","Rather than having a separate circuit to measure the resistance of each resistive sensor element, the resistive sensors may be wired in parallel at appropriate locations in the neural sleeve.","Each sensor may have a different resistance to produce a different resonant frequency in the circuit.","A sweep of voltage or current may be used to test each sensor in rapid succession; this measures changes in resonant frequency to determine changes in resistance and thus in strain of that specific sensor.","In a fifth sensor aspect, a sensor may comprise numerous trapped volumes (e.g.","fluid bladders) containing air or liquid that respond to changes in motion.","For each motion to be detected, a fluid bladder of a specifically designed shape would be placed at an appropriate location such that the pressure in the bladder would change only in response to that motion.","For example, there may be one bladder at the wrist in a position and shape to detect wrist flexion, while a different bladder at the wrist detects pronation.","Sensing elements, such as pressure transducers or strain gauges, would respond to the pressure changes.","In a sixth sensor aspect, bend sensors also can be made from fiber optics rather than electrical components.","The principle is similar to the electronic bend sensors in that when the fiber is bent, a measurable property such as frequency or attenuation changes and this change can be measured.","The usage would be similar to the bend sensors described above, with fiber optic bend sensors integrated into the sleeve at joints such as the wrist, such that the sensor bends with bending of the joint.","In a seventh sensor aspect, a variety of video motion tracking systems may be used to measure and track the position of the limb while using the neural sleeve.","These systems are similar to the ones used for motion capture in movies and video games.","One or more cameras may focus on the sleeve during use.","To provide the best accuracy, these systems would include markers at key locations on the sleeve to be tracked.","Depending on the type of marker selected, the camera may operate in visible light or infrared.","A number of options are available for markers, including: (i) dots in a contrasting color or multiple distinct colors that can be tracked by the external camera(s) (similar to typical movie motion capture); (ii) colored light emitting diodes (LEDs); (iii) Infrared (IR) LEDs at various frequencies in the near-IR range; and (iv) thermal elements such as electrically resistive heaters that create localized warm spots to be tracked by a camera sensitive to long wavelength infrared (LWIR).","FIG.","29 is a perspective illustration of a neural sleeve 2910 showing how various sensors could be placed thereon and implemented.","The neural sleeve extends from the shoulder down to the wrist.","First, a trio of MEMS sensors 2920, 2922, 2924 are located at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist, respectively.","These can be used to measure position and orientation relative to each other.","Next, a capacitive sensor 2930 is located at the elbow.","Resistive bend sensors 2940, 2942 stretch at an angle from the wrist to the elbow.","Motion will create opposite effects in these sensors, causing one to lengthen and the other to shorten.","As discussed above, it is contemplated that the neural sleeve will be made of a reusable outer component and an inner component that can be easily disposed of.","The inner component comprises a conductive medium that contacts the electrodes present in the outer component and provides a conductive interface/medium between the electrode and the user's skin.","In particular embodiments, the conductive medium can be a hydrogel, or a lotion, or a conductive polymer.","In some embodiments, the conductive medium is more conductive in a z-direction and less conductive in either of a x-direction or a y-direction.","Put another way, the conductive medium may become more conductive upon application of external pressure, in the direction of external pressure.","This property can be obtained from a compressible polymer and a conductive filler dispersed in the compressible polymer.","The conductive filler can be in the form of carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or metallic particles such as silver, gold, platinum, or palladium.","The conductive filler is sparsely distributed in the polymer so that when pressure is applied, the conductive fillers make contact with each other and provide a conductive path from the electrode to the skin.","Other conductive hydrogels include a cross-linked alginate polymer or a cross-linked polymeric hydrogel.","In alternative embodiments, to facilitate attachment to a patient, the conductive medium may be selected such that it becomes more tacky or sticky upon application of an electrical current, a change in temperature, a change in pH, or a change in moisture.","The conductive medium may be a stimuli-sensitive polymer.","To further facilitate attachment and/or delivery of electrical simulation, the electrodes may include concentric rows of teeth about 200 μm to about 300 μm in height.","If desired, the neural sleeve may be configured for gesture control of various devices.","Examples of devices that may be controlled are: a computer cursor; an automatic remote; and a haptic interface.","The gesture control aspects are also used in virtual reality applications.","Gesture control is facilitated by the addition of sensors on the neuromuscular stimulation device/neural sleeve.","It is noted that the electrodes present in the neural sleeve for stimulation can also be used for sensing.","In another aspect, a neural sleeve device is used to support gait-training.","To facilitate this, the neural sleeve would be adapted to cover both a leg portion and a foot portion of the patient.","This allows the neural sleeve to cover both the muscles and the joint of a patient, and advantageously allows for sensing of a foot flexing.","A hip portion may also be covered; this allows for stimulation of additional areas to promote recovery following surgery.","In yet another aspect, neuromuscular stimulation may be delivered to the backside of the patient.","To facilitate this, the neuromuscular stimulation device may be in the form of a shirt, vest, garment, belt, or so forth, with the electrodes appropriately placed to contact the backside.","The neuromuscular sleeve/neural sleeve could be operated in a wireless, battery-operated mode.","In this case, the battery pack and the electronics module can be strapped on the upper arm of the subject in the form of an arm band.","The device can be connected to the user's mobile device and/or PC for data transfer and real time tracking/monitoring.","It will further be appreciated that the disclosed techniques may be embodied as a non-transitory storage medium storing instructions readable and executable by a computer, (microprocessor or microcontroller of an) embedded system, or various combinations thereof.","The non-transitory storage medium may, for example, comprise a hard disk drive, RAID or the like of a computer; an electronic, magnetic, optical, or other memory of an embedded system, or so forth.","The present disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments.","Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description.","It is intended that the present disclosure be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"NEURAL SLEEVE FOR NEUROMUSCULAR STIMULATION, SENSING AND RECORDING\",\n \"The present disclosure relates to neuromuscular stimulation and sensing cuffs.\",\n \"The neuromuscular stimulation cuff has at least two fingers and a plurality of electrodes disposed on each finger.\",\n \"More generally, the neuromuscular stimulation cuff includes an outer, reusable component and an inner, disposable component.\",\n \"One or more electrodes are housed within the reusable component.\",\n \"The neuromuscular stimulation cuff may be produced by providing an insulating substrate layer, forming a conductive circuit on the substrate layer to form a conductive circuit layer, adhering a cover layer onto the conductive circuit layer to form a flexible circuit, and cutting at least one flexible finger from the flexible circuit.\",\n \"The neuromuscular stimulation cuff employs a flexible multi-electrode design which allows for reanimation of complex muscle movements in a patient, including individual finger movement.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A device for neuromuscular stimulation, comprising: a reusable sleeve; and one or more electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve.\",\n \"2.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises at least two flexible fingers along which the one or more electrodes are located, the flexible fingers extending in the same direction from a first connector, and one or more conductive mediums disposed on each flexible finger.\",\n \"3.The device of claim 2, wherein the conductive medium comprises a hydrogel, a lotion, or a conductive polymer.\",\n \"4.The device of claim 2, wherein the at least two flexible conductive pathways can be wrapped helically.\",\n \"5.The device of claim 2, further comprising a fabric layer disposed on an exterior of the reusable sleeve.\",\n \"6.The device of claim 2, wherein each flexible finger includes a conductive circuit layer.\",\n \"7.The device of claim 6, wherein each flexible finger includes an insulating base layer upon which the conductive circuit layer is laid.\",\n \"8.The device of claim 6, wherein each flexible finger includes an insulating cover layer over the conductive circuit layer.\",\n \"9.The device of claim 2, wherein each flexible finger includes a plurality of hydrogel discs disposed over each electrode.\",\n \"10.The device of claim 9, wherein the rigidizer interfaces with a processing device.\",\n \"11.The device of claim 2, having the first connector and a second connector, wherein at least two additional flexible fingers also extend from the second connector in the same direction as the flexible fingers extending from the first connector; and at least one webbing connects a flexible finger extending from the first connector to a flexible finger extending from the second connector.\",\n \"12.The device of claim 11, wherein the flexible fingers taper towards a center axis of the reusable sleeve.\",\n \"13.The device of claim 11, wherein each flexible finger includes: a non-electrode-containing portion; and a scalloped, electrode-containing portion distal from the connector.\",\n \"14.The device of claim 13, wherein each flexible finger further includes a non-scalloped, electrode-containing portion.\",\n \"15.The device of claim 11, wherein at least one flexible finger comprises: a first portion which is transverse to a center axis of the reusable sleeve; and a second portion which is parallel to the center axis of the reusable sleeve.\",\n \"16.The device of claim 1, comprising an inner disposable sleeve, the inner disposable sleeve comprising a conductive medium in contact with the multiple electrodes.\",\n \"17.The device of claim 16, wherein the conductive medium comprises a hydrogel which is relatively more conductive in a z-direction than in a x-direction or a y-direction.\",\n \"18.The device of claim 16, wherein: the conductive medium is less conductive in a regular state; and the conductive medium becomes more conductive upon application of external pressure in a direction of the external pressure.\",\n \"19.The device of claim 18, wherein the conductive medium comprises a compressible polymer and a conductive filler dispersed in the compressible polymer.\",\n \"20.The device of claim 19, wherein the conductive filler comprises carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or metallic particles.\",\n \"21.The device of claim 16, wherein the conductive medium is dry in an initial state and becomes tacky upon any one of: application of an electrical current; a change in temperature; a change in pH; or a change in moisture; or wherein the conductive medium comprises a stimuli-sensitive polymer.\",\n \"22.The device of claim 1, wherein each electrode of the multiple electrodes includes concentric rows of teeth about 200 μm to about 300 μm in height.\",\n \"23.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises a flexible material.\",\n \"24.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises: a rigid shell; and a hinge running parallel to a longitudinal axis of the reusable sleeve.\",\n \"25.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises a user interface for selectively configuring electrodes and adjusting stimulation level or pattern.\",\n \"26.The device of claim 25, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises buttons including light emitting diode (LED) based touchscreen displays on a back side of each of the multiple electrodes.\",\n \"27.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises an accelerometer; and is configured for gesture control of devices.\",\n \"28.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve is expandable.\",\n \"29.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises a compression sleeve fabric on which the multiple electrodes are printed using silk-screen technology employing conductive polycellulose or silver/carbon-based ink.\",\n \"30.The device of claim 29, further comprising a conductive pathway including an accelerometer.\",\n \"31.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises a flexible circuit including electrodes connected by electrode traces that (i) house sensors and (ii) the electrode traces are arranged in a zig-zag pattern.\",\n \"32.The device of claim 31, wherein the sensors comprise any combination of pressure sensors; strain gauges; accelerometers; a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) including a 3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis magnetometer; a capacitive sensor including a flexible insulating dielectric layer sandwiched between flexible electrodes; a stretch sensor including a material that changes electrical resistance when stretched or strained; a resonant bend sensor including a resistance-inductance-capacitance (RLC) circuit; a sensor including at least one bladder configured to hold a fluid or air; a fiber optic cable and a measurement tool configured to measure a bend in the fiber optic cable based on a frequency or attenuation change in a signal of the fiber optic cable; and a video motion tracking system configured to track a marker of the reusable sleeve.\",\n \"33.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises conductive fibers and a dry fit material.\",\n \"34.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve is in the form of a fingerless glove.\",\n \"35.The device of claim 1, wherein the multiple electrodes are woven into the reusable sleeve using conductive threads.\",\n \"36.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve is configured to: cover both a leg portion and a foot portion of a patient; and support gait-training.\",\n \"37.The device of claim 1, wherein the reusable sleeve comprises a shirt configured to deliver electrical stimulation to a backside of a patient.\",\n \"38.The device of claim 1, wherein the multiple electrodes are configured to both deliver electrical simulation and sense a neural signal of a patient.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND The following relates generally to systems, methods and devices for neuromuscular stimulation, sensing, and recording.\",\n \"Generally, the system may be used to receive thought signals indicative of an intended action and provide electrical stimulation to nerves and/or muscles to effectuate the intended action, thereby bypassing or assisting a damaged or degenerated region/pathway of the nervous system.\",\n \"The devices of the present disclosure are neuromuscular stimulation cuffs, also referred to herein as “neural sleeves,” which deliver stimulation to restore movement to parts of the body not under volitional control due to damaged or degenerated neural regions/pathways from brain or spinal cord injury, stroke, nerve damage, motor neural disease, and other conditions or injuries.\",\n \"The system can also be used in a patient that has some local neural or muscle degeneration for therapeutic or rehabilitation purposes.\",\n \"Subcutaneous implantable neurostimulation cuffs have been commonly used to block pain and to restore function to damaged or degenerative neural pathways.\",\n \"These implantable cuffs are wrapped around a target nerve and generally include one or more electrodes arranged to stimulate the nerve.\",\n \"By including more than one electrode and/or a different geometry of electrodes, implantable cuffs such as the flat interface nerve electrode (FINE) have been able to achieve stimulation selectivity at the level of individual nerve vesicles.\",\n \"Transcutaneous neurostimulation cuffs behave similarly to implantable cuffs, however there are important differences.\",\n \"Because the electrodes are placed on the surface of the skin, rather than below it, stimulation often can better target skeletal muscle tissue or muscle groups, rather than peripheral nerves located deeper under the skin.\",\n \"Muscular stimulation may be preferable to stimulating major peripheral nerves, e.g.\",\n \"ulnar, median, radial nerves, as stimulating these nerves may cause a patient to feel a tingling sensation and it is more difficult to effect the desired movement.\",\n \"By increasing the number and layout of electrodes in a neuromuscular cuff, similar to the direction taken with implanted nerve cuff designs, current generation neuromuscular stimulation cuffs have been able to selectively stimulate individual muscles or muscle groups and achieve finer movements such as individual finger flexing and extension.\",\n \"Flexible-like transcutaneous cuffs have been developed which fit around a human appendage such as a forearm to control the wrist or fingers.\",\n \"These flexible cuffs may include sensors which record muscle activity, or electromyography (EMG) signals, and stimulate in response to the EMG signals.\",\n \"Thin film technologies have also become important in the development of functional electrostimulation (FES) devices.\",\n \"Devices incorporating thin film technology are often based on a polyimide substrate covered by a chromium, gold, or platinum film.\",\n \"Current transcutaneous neuromuscular stimulation electrodes (or patches) present many limitations.\",\n \"Such neuromuscular patches are typically large (several cm across or more) and have a single electrode (conductive surface).\",\n \"This does not allow selective stimulation of small muscles segments for fine wrist and finger control.\",\n \"It would be desirable to provide improved devices for neuromuscular stimulation.\",\n \"Flexible sleeves with multiple small electrodes would allow programmable spatial stimulation patterns, which is highly desirable when attempting to restore complex muscular movements through neuromuscular stimulation.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BRIEF DESCRIPTION The present disclosure relates to systems, methods, and devices for thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation.\",\n \"Included is a neuromuscular stimulation cuff (i.e.\",\n \"“neural sleeve”) which receives a thought signal indicative of an intended action, and in response, stimulates a damaged region/pathway of the nervous system to effectuate the intended action.\",\n \"The neuromuscular cuff may include a flexible design, e.g., including a plurality of electrodes arranged on flexible fingers.\",\n \"The flexible fingers allow for variable sized neuromuscular regions, e.g.\",\n \"paralyzed limbs, to fit within the neuromuscular cuff.\",\n \"The fingers may also allow for increased electrode positioning choices for reanimation of complex muscle movements.\",\n \"The neuromuscular cuff may further include an array of electrogel discs which provide enhanced electrical contact as well as keep the cuff adhered to the skin during stimulation-induced movement.\",\n \"In yet other embodiments, a device for neuromuscular stimulation includes a flexible printed circuit board having at least one finger and a plurality of electrogel discs disposed on the at least one finger.\",\n \"In additional different embodiments, a method for producing a neuromuscular cuff includes providing a layer of polyimide, etching a conductive copper circuit including a plurality of electrodes into the layer of polyimide to form an etched circuit layer, adhering a cover layer onto the etched circuit layer to form a flexible printed circuit board (PCB), and cutting at least one finger from the flexible PCB.\",\n \"In other embodiments disclosed herein, devices for neuromuscular stimulation include: a reusable sleeve; and one or more electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the reusable sleeve comprises at least two flexible fingers along which the one or more electrodes are located, each flexible finger extending in the same direction from a connector.\",\n \"Each finger contains one or more flexible conductive pathways that lead to the electrode(s) previously described.\",\n \"A plurality of conductive mediums is disposed on the flexible fingers to conduct the electrical impulses from the electrodes.\",\n \"As a result, each flexible finger is able to conform to different arm profiles and accommodate twisting of the arm.\",\n \"The conductive medium may comprise a hydrogel, a lotion, or a conductive polymer.\",\n \"The flexible fingers may be oriented with respect to the connector so that they can be wrapped helically (e.g.\",\n \"around a patient's limb).\",\n \"The device may further comprise a fabric layer disposed on an exterior of the reusable sleeve.\",\n \"Each flexible finger may include a conductive circuit layer, which can be arranged in the form of one or more conductive pathways.\",\n \"That conductive circuit layer may be laid upon an insulating base layer, for example made of a polyimide.\",\n \"The flexible finger may include an insulating cover layer over the conductive circuit layer.\",\n \"The flexible finger may include a plurality of hydrogel discs disposed over each electrode, wherein each hydrogel disk is independently connected to a rigidizer.\",\n \"The rigidizer may interface with a processing device, such as a computer or other electronic device.\",\n \"In other embodiments, a device for neuromuscular stimulation includes: a reusable sleeve; multiple electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve; and an inner disposable sleeve, the inner disposable sleeve comprising a conductive medium in contact with the multiple electrodes.\",\n \"The conductive medium may comprise a hydrogel which is relatively more conductive in a z-direction than in a x-direction or a y-direction.\",\n \"The conductive medium may be less conductive in a regular state; and the conductive medium may become more conductive upon application of external pressure in a direction of the external pressure.\",\n \"The conductive medium may include a compressible polymer and a conductive filler dispersed in the compressible polymer.\",\n \"The conductive filler may be carbon-based and comprise carbon fibers.\",\n \"The conductive filler may comprise any of: carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or metallic particles (e.g.\",\n \"silver; gold; platinum; or palladium).\",\n \"The conductive medium may be dry in an initial state and then become tacky upon any one of: application of an electrical current; a change in temperature; a change in pH; or a change in moisture.\",\n \"The conductive medium may include a stimuli-sensitive polymer.\",\n \"Each electrode of the multiple electrodes may include concentric rows of teeth about 200 μm to about 300 μm in height.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may include a flexible material.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the reusable sleeve may include: a rigid shell; and a hinge running parallel to a longitudinal axis of the reusable sleeve.\",\n \"Sometimes, the reusable sleeve may include a user interface for selectively configuring electrodes and adjusting stimulation level or pattern.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may be expandable.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the reusable sleeve may include a compression sleeve fabric on which the multiple electrodes are printed using silk-screen technology employing conductive polycellulose or silver/carbon-based ink.\",\n \"The device may further include a conductive pathway including an accelerometer.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may include a flexible circuit which may include electrodes connected by electrode traces; the electrode traces may house sensors; and the electrode traces may be arranged in a zig-zag pattern to enhance flexibility and/or durability.\",\n \"The sensors may include any combination of pressure sensors; strain gauges; accelerometers; a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) including a 3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis magnetometer; a capacitive sensor including a flexible insulating dielectric layer sandwiched between flexible electrodes; a stretch sensor including a material that changes electrical resistance when stretched or strained; a resonant bend sensor including a resistance-inductance-capacitance (RLC) circuit; a sensor including at least one bladder configured to hold a fluid or air; a fiber optic cable and a measurement tool configured to measure a bend in the fiber optic cable based on a frequency or attenuation change in a signal of the fiber optic cable; and a video motion tracking system configured to track a marker of the reusable sleeve.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may include conductive/carbon fibers and a dry fit material.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may be in the form of a fingerless glove made of a stretchy material.\",\n \"The multiple electrodes may be woven into the reusable sleeve using conductive threads.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may include buttons including light emitting diode (LED) based touchscreen displays on a back side of each of the multiple electrodes.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may include an accelerometer, and may be configured for gesture control of devices.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may be configured to cover both a leg portion and a foot portion of a patient; and support gait-training.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may include a shirt configured to deliver electrical stimulation to a backside of a patient.\",\n \"The multiple electrodes may be configured to both deliver electrical simulation and sense a neural signal of a patient.\",\n \"In another aspect, a device for neuromuscular stimulation may include: a reusable sleeve; and multiple electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve; wherein the reusable sleeve comprises at least two flexible fingers for housing the multiple electrodes, the flexible fingers extending in the same direction, and a plurality of conductive mediums disposed thereon.\",\n \"In another aspect, a device for neuromuscular stimulation includes: a reusable sleeve comprising a continuous substrate; and multiple electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve; wherein the continuous substrate comprises a non-conductive portion and conductive, parallel pathways.\",\n \"These and other non-limiting aspects of the present disclosure are discussed in more detail below.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/728,512, filed Jun.\",\n \"2, 2015, now U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"//insert later//, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/649,025, filed on Jun.\",\n \"2, 2015, now U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"//insert later//, which was a 371 of PCT Application No.\",\n \"PCT/US2013/073247, filed on Dec. 5, 2013, which claimed priority to both U.S.\",\n \"Provisional Patent Application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"61/733,736, filed on Dec. 5, 2012, and to U.S.\",\n \"Provisional Patent Application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"61/734,150, filed on Dec. 6, 2012.BACKGROUND The following relates generally to systems, methods and devices for neuromuscular stimulation, sensing, and recording.\",\n \"Generally, the system may be used to receive thought signals indicative of an intended action and provide electrical stimulation to nerves and/or muscles to effectuate the intended action, thereby bypassing or assisting a damaged or degenerated region/pathway of the nervous system.\",\n \"The devices of the present disclosure are neuromuscular stimulation cuffs, also referred to herein as “neural sleeves,” which deliver stimulation to restore movement to parts of the body not under volitional control due to damaged or degenerated neural regions/pathways from brain or spinal cord injury, stroke, nerve damage, motor neural disease, and other conditions or injuries.\",\n \"The system can also be used in a patient that has some local neural or muscle degeneration for therapeutic or rehabilitation purposes.\",\n \"Subcutaneous implantable neurostimulation cuffs have been commonly used to block pain and to restore function to damaged or degenerative neural pathways.\",\n \"These implantable cuffs are wrapped around a target nerve and generally include one or more electrodes arranged to stimulate the nerve.\",\n \"By including more than one electrode and/or a different geometry of electrodes, implantable cuffs such as the flat interface nerve electrode (FINE) have been able to achieve stimulation selectivity at the level of individual nerve vesicles.\",\n \"Transcutaneous neurostimulation cuffs behave similarly to implantable cuffs, however there are important differences.\",\n \"Because the electrodes are placed on the surface of the skin, rather than below it, stimulation often can better target skeletal muscle tissue or muscle groups, rather than peripheral nerves located deeper under the skin.\",\n \"Muscular stimulation may be preferable to stimulating major peripheral nerves, e.g.\",\n \"ulnar, median, radial nerves, as stimulating these nerves may cause a patient to feel a tingling sensation and it is more difficult to effect the desired movement.\",\n \"By increasing the number and layout of electrodes in a neuromuscular cuff, similar to the direction taken with implanted nerve cuff designs, current generation neuromuscular stimulation cuffs have been able to selectively stimulate individual muscles or muscle groups and achieve finer movements such as individual finger flexing and extension.\",\n \"Flexible-like transcutaneous cuffs have been developed which fit around a human appendage such as a forearm to control the wrist or fingers.\",\n \"These flexible cuffs may include sensors which record muscle activity, or electromyography (EMG) signals, and stimulate in response to the EMG signals.\",\n \"Thin film technologies have also become important in the development of functional electrostimulation (FES) devices.\",\n \"Devices incorporating thin film technology are often based on a polyimide substrate covered by a chromium, gold, or platinum film.\",\n \"Current transcutaneous neuromuscular stimulation electrodes (or patches) present many limitations.\",\n \"Such neuromuscular patches are typically large (several cm across or more) and have a single electrode (conductive surface).\",\n \"This does not allow selective stimulation of small muscles segments for fine wrist and finger control.\",\n \"It would be desirable to provide improved devices for neuromuscular stimulation.\",\n \"Flexible sleeves with multiple small electrodes would allow programmable spatial stimulation patterns, which is highly desirable when attempting to restore complex muscular movements through neuromuscular stimulation.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION The present disclosure relates to systems, methods, and devices for thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation.\",\n \"Included is a neuromuscular stimulation cuff (i.e.\",\n \"“neural sleeve”) which receives a thought signal indicative of an intended action, and in response, stimulates a damaged region/pathway of the nervous system to effectuate the intended action.\",\n \"The neuromuscular cuff may include a flexible design, e.g., including a plurality of electrodes arranged on flexible fingers.\",\n \"The flexible fingers allow for variable sized neuromuscular regions, e.g.\",\n \"paralyzed limbs, to fit within the neuromuscular cuff.\",\n \"The fingers may also allow for increased electrode positioning choices for reanimation of complex muscle movements.\",\n \"The neuromuscular cuff may further include an array of electrogel discs which provide enhanced electrical contact as well as keep the cuff adhered to the skin during stimulation-induced movement.\",\n \"In yet other embodiments, a device for neuromuscular stimulation includes a flexible printed circuit board having at least one finger and a plurality of electrogel discs disposed on the at least one finger.\",\n \"In additional different embodiments, a method for producing a neuromuscular cuff includes providing a layer of polyimide, etching a conductive copper circuit including a plurality of electrodes into the layer of polyimide to form an etched circuit layer, adhering a cover layer onto the etched circuit layer to form a flexible printed circuit board (PCB), and cutting at least one finger from the flexible PCB.\",\n \"In other embodiments disclosed herein, devices for neuromuscular stimulation include: a reusable sleeve; and one or more electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the reusable sleeve comprises at least two flexible fingers along which the one or more electrodes are located, each flexible finger extending in the same direction from a connector.\",\n \"Each finger contains one or more flexible conductive pathways that lead to the electrode(s) previously described.\",\n \"A plurality of conductive mediums is disposed on the flexible fingers to conduct the electrical impulses from the electrodes.\",\n \"As a result, each flexible finger is able to conform to different arm profiles and accommodate twisting of the arm.\",\n \"The conductive medium may comprise a hydrogel, a lotion, or a conductive polymer.\",\n \"The flexible fingers may be oriented with respect to the connector so that they can be wrapped helically (e.g.\",\n \"around a patient's limb).\",\n \"The device may further comprise a fabric layer disposed on an exterior of the reusable sleeve.\",\n \"Each flexible finger may include a conductive circuit layer, which can be arranged in the form of one or more conductive pathways.\",\n \"That conductive circuit layer may be laid upon an insulating base layer, for example made of a polyimide.\",\n \"The flexible finger may include an insulating cover layer over the conductive circuit layer.\",\n \"The flexible finger may include a plurality of hydrogel discs disposed over each electrode, wherein each hydrogel disk is independently connected to a rigidizer.\",\n \"The rigidizer may interface with a processing device, such as a computer or other electronic device.\",\n \"In other embodiments, a device for neuromuscular stimulation includes: a reusable sleeve; multiple electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve; and an inner disposable sleeve, the inner disposable sleeve comprising a conductive medium in contact with the multiple electrodes.\",\n \"The conductive medium may comprise a hydrogel which is relatively more conductive in a z-direction than in a x-direction or a y-direction.\",\n \"The conductive medium may be less conductive in a regular state; and the conductive medium may become more conductive upon application of external pressure in a direction of the external pressure.\",\n \"The conductive medium may include a compressible polymer and a conductive filler dispersed in the compressible polymer.\",\n \"The conductive filler may be carbon-based and comprise carbon fibers.\",\n \"The conductive filler may comprise any of: carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or metallic particles (e.g.\",\n \"silver; gold; platinum; or palladium).\",\n \"The conductive medium may be dry in an initial state and then become tacky upon any one of: application of an electrical current; a change in temperature; a change in pH; or a change in moisture.\",\n \"The conductive medium may include a stimuli-sensitive polymer.\",\n \"Each electrode of the multiple electrodes may include concentric rows of teeth about 200 μm to about 300 μm in height.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may include a flexible material.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the reusable sleeve may include: a rigid shell; and a hinge running parallel to a longitudinal axis of the reusable sleeve.\",\n \"Sometimes, the reusable sleeve may include a user interface for selectively configuring electrodes and adjusting stimulation level or pattern.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may be expandable.\",\n \"In other embodiments, the reusable sleeve may include a compression sleeve fabric on which the multiple electrodes are printed using silk-screen technology employing conductive polycellulose or silver/carbon-based ink.\",\n \"The device may further include a conductive pathway including an accelerometer.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may include a flexible circuit which may include electrodes connected by electrode traces; the electrode traces may house sensors; and the electrode traces may be arranged in a zig-zag pattern to enhance flexibility and/or durability.\",\n \"The sensors may include any combination of pressure sensors; strain gauges; accelerometers; a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) including a 3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis magnetometer; a capacitive sensor including a flexible insulating dielectric layer sandwiched between flexible electrodes; a stretch sensor including a material that changes electrical resistance when stretched or strained; a resonant bend sensor including a resistance-inductance-capacitance (RLC) circuit; a sensor including at least one bladder configured to hold a fluid or air; a fiber optic cable and a measurement tool configured to measure a bend in the fiber optic cable based on a frequency or attenuation change in a signal of the fiber optic cable; and a video motion tracking system configured to track a marker of the reusable sleeve.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may include conductive/carbon fibers and a dry fit material.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may be in the form of a fingerless glove made of a stretchy material.\",\n \"The multiple electrodes may be woven into the reusable sleeve using conductive threads.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may include buttons including light emitting diode (LED) based touchscreen displays on a back side of each of the multiple electrodes.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may include an accelerometer, and may be configured for gesture control of devices.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may be configured to cover both a leg portion and a foot portion of a patient; and support gait-training.\",\n \"The reusable sleeve may include a shirt configured to deliver electrical stimulation to a backside of a patient.\",\n \"The multiple electrodes may be configured to both deliver electrical simulation and sense a neural signal of a patient.\",\n \"In another aspect, a device for neuromuscular stimulation may include: a reusable sleeve; and multiple electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve; wherein the reusable sleeve comprises at least two flexible fingers for housing the multiple electrodes, the flexible fingers extending in the same direction, and a plurality of conductive mediums disposed thereon.\",\n \"In another aspect, a device for neuromuscular stimulation includes: a reusable sleeve comprising a continuous substrate; and multiple electrodes housed within the reusable sleeve; wherein the continuous substrate comprises a non-conductive portion and conductive, parallel pathways.\",\n \"These and other non-limiting aspects of the present disclosure are discussed in more detail below.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The following is a brief description of the drawings, which are presented for the purposes of illustrating the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein and not for the purposes of limiting the same.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1 is an overview diagram of one embodiment of a system for thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is a block diagram for the decoding and re-encoding architecture operating within the system of FIG.\",\n \"1.FIG.\",\n \"3 is a flow diagram for one embodiment of a method for providing thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4 is a perspective drawing of a neural sleeve according to an exemplary embodiment, shown in place on a human arm.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5 is a diagram for a concept design for fabricating one embodiment of the neural sleeve.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 is a diagram for an etched circuit layer for fabricating one embodiment of the neural sleeve.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7 is a close-up view diagram of the etched circuit layer of FIG.\",\n \"6.FIG.\",\n \"8 is an alternative close-up view diagram of the etched circuit layer of FIG.\",\n \"6.FIG.\",\n \"9 is a diagram for a coverlay layer used in fabricating one embodiment of the neural sleeve.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10 is a diagram for a silkscreen layer used in fabricating one embodiment of the neural sleeve.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11 is a stack-up diagram used in fabricating one embodiment of the neural sleeve.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"12 is a flow diagram for one embodiment of a method for producing a neural sleeve.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"13 is an exemplary photograph showing individual finger movement within a system for thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14 is an exemplary photograph showing two neural sleeve devices according to one embodiment disposed on a preparation bench.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"15 is an exemplary photograph showing two neural sleeve devices according to the embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"14.FIG.\",\n \"16 is an exemplary photograph showing two neural sleeve devices according to a different embodiment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"17 is an exemplary photograph showing a rigidizer and the primary side of a neural sleeve device according to yet another embodiment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"18 is an exemplary photograph showing the positioning of a patient's arm region over two neural sleeve devices according to the embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"14.FIG.\",\n \"19 is an exemplary photograph showing two neural sleeve devices according to the embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"14 which are wrapped around a patient's arm region in preparation for neuromuscular stimulation.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"20 is an exemplary photograph showing two neural sleeve devices according to the embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"14 which are alternatively wrapped around a patient's arm region in preparation for neuromuscular stimulation.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"21 is diagram of another exemplary embodiment of a neural sleeve.\",\n \"In this embodiment, conductive pathways extend from two different connectors.\",\n \"The fingers extend in the same direction, and taper towards a center axis.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"22 is an exemplary illustration of a fingerless neural sleeve in the form of a glove that can reach up to the elbow.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23 is an exemplary illustration of a variation of the neural sleeve of FIG.\",\n \"22, in which the neural sleeve includes a user interface on the exterior in the form of buttons.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"24 is an exemplary illustration of a neural sleeve made of a flexible material with electrodes on the interior and implants for providing directionality to the neural sleeve.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"25 is an exemplary illustration of a neural sleeve in the form of a rigid shell having two hemicylindrical halves joined together by a hinge along the sidewall.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"26 is a cross-sectional illustration of a resuable neural sleeve, which is in the form of a flat flexible sheet that can be wrapped around the arm.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"27 is an exemplary illustration of a neural sleeve with expandable bladders for pushing the electrodes against the skin.\",\n \"A handle can be included with the sleeve for proper registration/orientation of the neural sleeve.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"28 is an exemplary magnified illustration of the construction of the flexible conductive pathways of the neural sleeve.\",\n \"These pathways can include electrodes as well as other components, for example strain gauges.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"29 is an illustrative diagram showing a neural sleeve applied to the arm of a user.\",\n \"This particular neural sleeve is in the form of a fingerless glove that covers the palm of the hand, extends past the wrist and the through the elbow up to the shoulder of the user.\",\n \"The locations of various sensors are highlighted in this diagram.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION A more complete understanding of the processes and apparatuses disclosed herein can be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings.\",\n \"These figures are merely schematic representations and are not intended to indicate relative size and dimensions of the assemblies or components thereof.\",\n \"Although specific terms are used in the following description for the sake of clarity, these terms are intended to refer only to the particular structure of the embodiments selected for illustration in the drawings, and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.\",\n \"In the drawings and the following description below, it is to be understood that like numeric designations refer to components of like function.\",\n \"With reference to FIG.\",\n \"1 and FIG.\",\n \"2, a system for thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation may include a cortical implant 102 implanted into the cerebral cortex region of the brain.\",\n \"The cortical implant 102 in one embodiment includes a microelectrode sensing array, as depicted in FIG.\",\n \"1.The microelectrode sensing array includes multiple channels (e.g.\",\n \"96 channels) and may be wired to an amplifier which further amplifies signals received by the microelectrode array.\",\n \"The cortical implant 102 records “brain waves,” more particularly neural signals which are representative of a varied set of mental activities.\",\n \"Neural signals include electrical signals produced by neural activity in the nervous system including action potentials, multi-unit activity, local field potential, ECoG, and EEG.\",\n \"These neural signals are sent wirelessly or, alternatively, through a wired connection, from the cortical implant 102 to a receiver on a neural signal processor device 104 for processing of the neural signals.\",\n \"In another embodiment, a scalp based interface, headset, or other sensor 102 picks up electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and sends them to the receiver on the neural signal processor device 104.The neural signal processor 104 may include a processor including neural decoding algorithms 106 and/or control algorithms 108.These algorithms 106, 108 allow for a received neural signal input to be decoded and subsequently re-encoded for use in neuromuscular stimulation.\",\n \"For example, a received neural signal may be isolated to predict arm and/or hand movements a patient is thinking about.\",\n \"The neural signal processor 104 may also include an oscilloscope or other signal waveform viewing and/or manipulation device.\",\n \"The neural signal processor also preferably includes an isolated pulse stimulator 111 which receives a processed signal and generates a pulse signal for use in neuromuscular stimulation by an attached neuromuscular stimulation cuff 110.With reference to FIG.\",\n \"2, the system for thought control at a more complex architectural level includes the cortical implant or sensor 102 and the neural signal processor 104 which allow for the recording of neural signals and the initial processing of the signals, respectively.\",\n \"Initial signal processing may include analog to digital conversion, normalization, and/or other filtering and processing methods known by one having ordinary skill in the art.\",\n \"Initially processed signals are then decoded by the neural decoding algorithms 106.In exemplary embodiments, the neural decoding algorithms 106 include force-based algorithms with firing-rate estimators.\",\n \"The decoded signal output of the neural decoding algorithms 106 is further processed by the stimulation control algorithms 108.In exemplary embodiments, the stimulation control algorithms 108 produce an output of peak current amplitude modulated, pulse width modulated, or frequency modulated pulse trains going to the cuff electrodes.\",\n \"The pulse train can also be a non-stationary Poisson type train where average pulse rate (frequency) is modulated.\",\n \"This may help reduce muscle fatigue as it more closely matches to the body's natural nervous system.\",\n \"An example of using poisson-distributed impulse trains to characterize neurons in a region of the brain is disclosed in Pienkowski et al., Wiener-Volterra Characterization of Neurons in Primary Auditory Cortex Using Poisson-Distributed Impulse Train Inputs, J. Neurophysiology (March 2009).\",\n \"Stimulation control algorithms 108 may be altered through input received from a training profile 107.The training profile 107 may include training profile data representative of past user training sessions, e.g.\",\n \"motion demonstrations or coaching periods.\",\n \"Training data may be used to alter and/or define simulation control algorithms 108 during signal processing.\",\n \"Incorporating training data into stimulation control algorithms 108 through a model-based approach yields more accurate decoding, e.g.\",\n \"patient thoughts accurately translated into a complex motion, than prior position-based decoding efforts have shown.\",\n \"Additionally or alternatively, wrist-hand position feedback 109 may be used to alter and/or define stimulation control algorithms 108 during signal processing.\",\n \"Signal control algorithm 108 output may be sent to the isolated pulse generator 111, where the signal is converted into a waveform that is suitable for neurostimulation.\",\n \"Suitable waveforms may include monophasic and biphasic pulses with a voltage between 80 to 300 Volts.\",\n \"However, even higher voltages may be used as long as safe current levels are maintained and proper insulation is used.\",\n \"In exemplary embodiments, the waveform is a monophasic pulse with a peak current of 0-20 mA which is modulated to vary strength of muscle contraction, frequency of 50 Hz, and a pulse width duration of 500 ms.\",\n \"The output of the isolated pulse generator 111 is sent to the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 110 to deliver functional electrostimulation to the patient.\",\n \"With reference to the flow diagram set forth in FIG.\",\n \"3, a method for providing thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation S100 starts at S101.At S102 neurological signals are received from a patient indicative of an intended action.\",\n \"For example, neurological signals may be received though cortical implant 102.At S104 the neurological signals are processed, which may include analog to digital conversion or filtering.\",\n \"At S106, the digitized signals are decoded by at least one neural decoding algorithm 106.At S108, the decoded signals are processed by at least one stimulation control algorithm 108.At S110, the method alternatively includes altering the stimulation control algorithms 108 by training data which is stored in the training profile 107.At S112, the method alternatively includes altering the stimulation control algorithms 108 based on movement data, e.g.\",\n \"wrist-hand position feedback 109.At S114, the output of the at least one signal control algorithm 108 is converted into a re-encoded signal consisting of multiple pulse trains, each pulse train going to a corresponding electrode 114.At S114, neuromuscular stimulation is delivered to the patient by sending the re-encoded signal to the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 110.In another embodiment, the method for providing thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation S100 further includes at S117 delivering neuromuscular stimulation to the patient by selectively delivering stimulation to at least one pair of electrodes 114 within a neuromuscular cuff 110 to effectuate the intended action.\",\n \"In yet another embodiment, the method S100 further includes S103 recording neurological signals from a patient.\",\n \"These neurological signals may be sensed from, e.g., a forearm or wrist region with neural pathway damage.\",\n \"Recording may also occur at a neurologically intact region such as a functional leg, for which stimulation pulses can be provided for stimulating commonly tied motions in damaged limbs, e.g.\",\n \"arms and legs.\",\n \"Commonly tied motions include hip and arm movements or pivoting movements.\",\n \"In the same embodiment, method S100 at S118 may further include delivering neuromuscular stimulation to the patient by selectively stimulating to at least one pair of electrodes within the neuromuscular cuff 110 based on the re-encoded signal.\",\n \"With reference to FIG.\",\n \"4, an exemplary embodiment of the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 110 includes a flexible printed circuit board (PCB) 112 upon which electrodes 114 and hydrogel discs 116 are arranged in an electrogel disc array 118.The neuromuscular stimulation cuff 110 fits over a damaged or degenerative region 120 of the nervous system, e.g.\",\n \"a patient's arm as illustrated.\",\n \"The flexible PCB 112 acts as a substrate upon which the electrodes and other conductive materials are laid.\",\n \"This flexible base layer may be comprised of a single layer of a flexible insulating material, for example a polyimide material.\",\n \"Up to approximately twenty electrodes 114 may be individually etched onto each finger 124 of the flexible PCB 112 as a copper layer.\",\n \"In exemplary embodiments, the flexible PCB 112 has a total of eighty electrodes 114 disposed over four fingers 124.The electrodes 114 may be subsequently plated with a conductive metal such as gold, palladium, or silver for greater conductivity.\",\n \"In some embodiments, electrodes 114 both stimulate a neuromuscular region 120 by stimulating individual muscles and/or groups of muscles, as well as monitor or record skeletal muscle activity, specifically electromyography (EMG) signals.\",\n \"Sensed EMG data pertaining to a sensed muscle target may be used in methods for closed or open loop stimulation of the muscle target.\",\n \"Sensed EMG data may also be analyzed in deciding whether to reposition the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 110 within the neuromuscular region 120 or to turn off individual electrodes 114 within the electrogel disc array 118.Hydrogel discs 116 may be rolled over the electrodes 114 to provide enhanced electrical and mechanical coupling.\",\n \"When appropriately aligned, the hydrogel discs 116 completely cover the electrodes 114 and effectively form conductive electrogel discs 117.Put another way, the electrodes are located between the base layer and the hydrogel discs.\",\n \"Electrical coupling is enhanced in that hydrogel provides greater conductive contact with the skin than is achievable with a bare metal-plated electrode surface.\",\n \"Additionally, a carrier signal provided to any of the electrogel discs 117 in the electrogel array 118 may conduct through the tissues of a patient and be released at any other electrogel disc 117 provided in the array 118.Enhanced mechanical coupling is provided through the exemplary adherence characteristics of hydrogel to the skin.\",\n \"Hydrogel discs 116 may stay coupled to the skin even during complex patient movement.\",\n \"The hydrogel discs are commercially available as a tape which may be rolled on an electrode surface.\",\n \"One such example includes AmGel 2550 from AmGel Technologies.\",\n \"In the exemplary embodiment of the neuromuscular cuff shown in FIG.\",\n \"4, the hydrogel discs are provided through custom spaced hydrogel discs located on AmGel 2550 rolled hydrogel tape.\",\n \"In the alternative, instead of hydrogel discs, a lotion or discs of a conductive polymer could be used.\",\n \"The electrogel disc array 118 is spread over a plurality of fingers 124, wherein the fingers 124 are cut from the flexible PCB 112 to provide additional flexibility in the placement of electrogel discs 117.Reanimation of complex motion may require stimulating muscles which are not located directly along the dimensions of a conventionally shaped neuromuscular cuff 110.By wrapping fingers 124 around different muscular regions, e.g.\",\n \"the lower wrist and thumb, complex motions such as thumb movement may be reanimated more effectively than with limited placement options.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"5-11 are views of various layers of the neuromuscular stimulation cuff, and are separated for convenience and understanding.\",\n \"With reference to FIG.\",\n \"5, one embodiment of the neuromuscular stimulation cuff device 110 (or neural sleeve) may be fabricated in accordance with a concept design 500.Dimensions of and between the various components of the concept design 500 are indicated in millimeters (mm).\",\n \"The concept design 500 includes, as shown here, an insulating base layer, for example made of a single layer of polyimide base material 522.In some embodiments, the polyimide base material is a DuPont AP8523E polyimide which is 50 μm (micrometers) thick and rolled-annealed copper clad at 18 μm thick.\",\n \"This base material serves as a substrate for the other layers of the neuromuscular stimulation cuff.\",\n \"This base material is formed, for example by cutting, into at least two flexible fingers.\",\n \"As illustrated here, the base material 522 is cut into four fingers 524, where the electrodes will be located or housed.\",\n \"The fingers can be attached to each other, for example by five webbings 525 which run between adjacent fingers.\",\n \"The fingers 524 extend in the same direction from the rigidizer 530, which acts as a connector for one end of the fingers.\",\n \"In other words, the ends of the fingers distal from the rigidizer are all located in the same direction relative to the rigidizer, or put another way the rigidizer 530 is at one end of the device.\",\n \"It is noted that the fingers 524 are shown here as extending at a 90-degree angle relative to the connector/rigidizer 530.It is contemplated that the flexible fingers could extend at any angle from the connector 530.Referring back to FIG.\",\n \"4, setting the flexible fingers at an angle from the rigidizer would permit the flexible fingers to be wound helically around the arm and down along the entire length of the arm.\",\n \"The rigidizer 530 is used for interfacing with the neural signal processor 104.Drilled holes 531 are additionally located on the rigidizer 530 which represent connector pin insertion points.\",\n \"In exemplary embodiments, eighty drilled holes 531 are approximately 1.016 mm in diameter with a tolerance of +/−0.05 mm.\",\n \"As illustrated here, the fingers 524 are parallel to each other along their entire length.\",\n \"As will be seen later, this is not a requirement.\",\n \"If desired, an optional fork 526 can be located at the end of the fingers opposite the connector/rigidizer 530.The fork connects all of the fingers, and can be provided for structural support for design and mounting.\",\n \"Drilled holes 527 are provided in the fork 526 for support and/or mounting purposes.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the four drilled holes 527 are approximately 2.387 mm in diameter with a tolerance of +/0.076 mm.\",\n \"Headers 528 extend between the rigidizer and the fingers.\",\n \"These headers are thinner than the fingers, and connect the fingers 524 to the rigidizer 530.The headers are also part of the overall flexible finger, though they are not always required.\",\n \"Though not illustrated, webbings can also be provided between adjacent headers as well if desired.\",\n \"Again, as will be seen later, the fork 526 is optional, though the connector 530 is required.\",\n \"With reference to FIG.\",\n \"6, a conductive circuit layer 600 for fabricating the neuromuscular stimulation cuff device 110 is shown.\",\n \"The conductive circuit layer 600 is located on the surface of the insulating polyimide substrate 622, upon which copper electrodes 640 and connective copper traces 642 are formed to make a conductive pathway, for example by etching, deposition, ablation, etc.\",\n \"The electrodes 640 and traces 642 run along the four fingers 624 of the substrate 622.The traces 642 run longitudinally down the four headers 628 to electrically connect the electrodes 642 to the connector/rigidizer 630.Again, the connector/rigidizer 630 is used for interfacing with the neural signal processor 104.The traces 642 continue onto rigidizer 630 and end, in this exemplary embodiment, at eighty connective points 632, which represents twenty connective points 632 per finger 624.Each of the eighty connective points 632 corresponds to an individual electrode 640, electrically connected through an individual trace 642.FIG.\",\n \"7 is a closer view of the conductive circuit layer 600 of FIG.\",\n \"6.The substrate 622, electrodes 640, and traces 642 are more particularly seen here.\",\n \"Each electrode 640 is individually connected to a single trace 642, and the trace 642 runs down header 628 to the connector/rigidizer 630 (not shown).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the traces 642 are approximately 0.127 mm in width.\",\n \"As illustrated here, each electrode 640 includes at least one ear 641 which is used to support the electrode 640 upon the insulating substrate 622.As seen here, each electrode includes a central area 643 and three ears 641.The central area has a circular shape, and is used as an electrical contact.\",\n \"Each ear extends beyond the perimeter of the central area.\",\n \"As illustrated here, two ears are separated by 60 degrees, and are separated from the third ear by 150 degrees.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"8, the conductive circuit layer illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"6 may include electrodes 640 that are approximately 12 mm in diameter (not counting the ear) and spaced 15 mm apart.\",\n \"This 15 mm spacing between electrodes would dictate the custom spacing required for subsequent application of hydrogel discs 114.FIG.\",\n \"9 illustrates an insulating cover or “coverlay” layer 700 which would be placed over the electrodes and traces.\",\n \"The coverlay layer can be made from a single layer of an insulating material such as polyimide 722, which is preferably thinner than the substrate upon which the electrodes and traces are copper-etched or otherwise formed.\",\n \"In one embodiment, the coverlay layer is a DuPont LF0110 polyimide material which is a 25 μm thick coverfilm.\",\n \"A further thickness of 25 μm of acrylic adhesive can be used for adhering the coverlay layer 700 to the conductive circuit layer 600.The coverlay layer also includes a fork 726, fingers 724, headers 728, and rigidizer section 730 which corresponds to these areas on the base substrate 522 and the conductive circuit layer 600.Cutouts 740 are left in the fingers to expose the central area of the electrodes, and on the rigidizer section 730 for the electrical connectors.\",\n \"The insulating cover layer 700, when applied over the conductive circuit layer 600, covers the copper traces 642 formed on the fingers 724 and the headers 728.The coverlay layer 700 does not cover the central area 643 of the electrodes, but does cover the ears 641, thus fixing the electrodes in place between the substrate and the coverlay layer.\",\n \"In addition, the electrical connectors in the rigidizer section 730 will remain uncovered.\",\n \"The exposed central areas of the electrodes 640 are preferably plated with a conductive metal such as tin, platinum, or gold.\",\n \"In one embodiment, exposed copper electrodes are plated with electroless-nickel-immersion-gold (ENIG) at the level of 3-8 μm gold over 100-150 μm nickel.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10 is a diagram for a silkscreen layer 800 that can be used in fabricating the neuromuscular stimulation cuff device 110.The silkscreen layer 800 is applied to the combination of the conductive circuit layer 600 and coverlay layer 700 to identify individual electronic elements.\",\n \"A first silkscreen identification number 850 is provided to each electrode 840 so that it may be more easily found after visual inspection.\",\n \"In one embodiment, first silkscreen identification numbers 850 span from A1-A20 and D1-D20 to represent eighty individual electrodes 840.A second silkscreen identification number 852 identifies the connection ports for a rigidizer 830.In one embodiment, second silkscreen identification numbers 852 span from J1-J4.Both first and second silkscreen identification numbers 850, 852 are provided on a secondary side of the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 110, or side facing away from exposed electrodes 740.In an exemplary embodiment, silkscreen identification numbers 850, 852 are provided by white epoxy nonconductive ink.\",\n \"Referring now to FIG.\",\n \"11, various embodiments of the neuromuscular stimulation cuff device may be fabricated according to stack-up diagram 900.An insulating base material (e.g.\",\n \"polyimide) provides a substrate 950 upon which various components are fixed.\",\n \"A secondary side rigidizer 830 is laminated to a secondary surface of the substrate 950.The conductive circuit layer 600 is fabricated onto a primary surface of the substrate (opposite the secondary surface), and includes electrodes and traces that form conductive pathways on the flexible base substrate.\",\n \"The coverlay layer 700 is subsequently adhered to the conductive circuit layer 600 which covers the traces and leaves exposed portions of the electrodes.\",\n \"The combination of the substrate 950, conductive circuit layer 600, and coverlay layer 700 is defined as the flexible finger 912.Primary rigidizer 730 is stacked upon the coverlay layer to complete the electrical connection required to interface the flexible finger with the neural signal processor 104.With reference to the flow diagram set forth in FIG.\",\n \"12, one embodiment of a method for producing a neuromuscular cuff S200 starts at S201.At S202 a single layer of polyimide base material 950 is provided.\",\n \"At S204, a conductive circuit layer is fabricated onto the polyimide base material 950 by etching a conductive copper circuit into the polyimide.\",\n \"At S206 a polyimide coverlay layer 700 is adhered to the conductive circuit layer 600.Adhering the coverlay layer 700 to the conductive circuit layer 600 completes the formation of a flexible PCB from which the flexible conductive pathways 912 will be formed.\",\n \"At S208, a plurality of flexible fingers are formed from the flexible PCB to provide additional contact points for stimulation of muscles or sensing EMG signals.\",\n \"At S210, finger webbings 725 may optionally be cut from the flexible PCB to separate the flexible fingers and provide additional flexibility, such as to accommodate limb twisting (such as the forearm) while maintaining contact.\",\n \"At S212, hydrogel may optionally be rolled over the electrodes to create electrogel discs 117.At S214, a rigidizer 630, 730, 830 is attached to the flexible fingers 912 for interfacing with the neural signal processor 104.At S216, the flexible fingers 912 are interfaced with the neural signal processor 104.With reference to FIG.\",\n \"13, individual finger movement within a system for thought-controlled neuromuscular stimulation 1000 is demonstrated.\",\n \"A neuromuscular cuff 1010 according to one embodiment is wrapped over a damaged or degenerative region 1020 of the nervous system.\",\n \"The neuromuscular cuff 1010 is interfaced with a neurological signal processor 1004 through attached rigidizer 1030.The rigidizer is attached to a connection port 1005 on the neural signal processor 1004.Received neurological signals indicative of patient thinking about moving their first two digits has been decoded and re-encoded into pulse train signals transmitted to various electrodes on the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 1010.Using a specific number and spacing of electrodes/electrogel discs 1017 in neuromuscular stimulation cuff 1010 has allowed for high resolution and non-invasive neuromuscular stimulation which effectuates the intention of the patient.\",\n \"Electrogel discs 1017 operate in pairs when reanimating motion.\",\n \"Individual digit movement may be effectuated through the operation of two to three pairs (4 to 6 units) of electrogel discs 1017 which are stimulating in tandem.\",\n \"Selecting particular pairs of electrogel discs 1017 to reanimate motion as indicated by a decoded brain signal is advantageously performed by the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 1010, as each electrogel disc 1017 is connected to the neurological signal processor 1004 individually along a single traces etched into a conductive layer of flexible polyimide material.\",\n \"With reference to FIG.\",\n \"14, two neuromuscular cuff devices 1010 according to one embodiment are disposed on a preparation bench 1070.The preparation bench 1070 may be used to keep cuff devices 1010 flat and roll hydrogel tape across electrodes 1016.Properly adhered hydrogel discs 116 (not shown) should fully cover the surface of electrodes 1014.With reference to FIG.\",\n \"15, two neuromuscular cuff devices 1010 according to the embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"14 are shown.\",\n \"The cuff devices 1010 each include a fork 1026 for additional support when designing and/or placing the cuff devices 1010 over a damaged or degenerative region/pathway of the nervous system (not shown).\",\n \"Again, the fork is optional.\",\n \"With reference to FIG.\",\n \"16, two neuromuscular cuff devices 1110 according to a different embodiment are shown.\",\n \"A fork 1126 is provided at one end of each cuff for additional design and/or structural support, similar to the fork 626 in FIG.\",\n \"6.Here, a second fork 1127 is also provided located along the headers 1128.Put another way, the flexible fingers 1124 are bracketed by a fork on each end.\",\n \"The additional fork 1127 provides additional support in combination with fork 1126 for situations when the neuromuscular cuff 1110 must be stretched flat across a surface.\",\n \"Additional fork 1127 can also maintains flexible fingers 1124 within the same damaged or degenerative region/pathway 1120 (not shown), which effectively concentrates stimulation and prevents flexibility.\",\n \"With reference to FIG.\",\n \"17, the primary side of another embodiment of the neuromuscular cuff 1200 is shown.\",\n \"Hydrogel discs 1216 have been applied to electrodes 1214 (not shown, covered), forming an electrogel disc array 1218.Two of the four flexible fingers 1224 still include the hydrogel tape before being separated from hydrogel discs 1216.Electrogel discs 1217 are not connected to each other within the array 1218 so that the electrogel discs 1217 may be independently stimulated.\",\n \"While not exposed to the air, copper traces 1242 are viewable through the polyimide cover layer 700.A secondary side rigidizer 1230 is shown by folding the primary side over at the headers 1228.Connectors 1234 on the secondary side rigidizer 1230 allow for the neuromuscular stimulation cuff 1200 to be interfaced with the neural signal processor 104 (not shown).\",\n \"Each pin 1236 within connector 1234 is electrically connected with a single electrogel disc 1217.With reference to FIG.\",\n \"18, a patient's arm including damaged or degenerative regions/pathways 1020 is placed over two neuromuscular cuff devices 1010 according to the embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"14.Flexible headers 1028 may be used as support while positioning the device 1010 under an arm.\",\n \"With reference to FIG.\",\n \"19, two neuromuscular cuff devices 1010 in an exemplary embodiment are wrapped around a patient's arm region 1020 in preparation for neuromuscular stimulation.\",\n \"The two cuff devices 1010 together provide 160 separate electrodes for stimulating finger or wrist movements.\",\n \"The flexible fingers 1024 permit the neuromuscular cuff to fit around the arm region 1020 at points of varying circumference.\",\n \"Hydrogel discs 1016 (not shown) keep both cuffs 1010 adhered to the arm.\",\n \"With reference to FIG.\",\n \"20, two neuromuscular cuff devices 1010 according to the embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"14 are alternatively wrapped around a patient's arm region in preparation for neuromuscular stimulation.\",\n \"Only two flexible fingers 1024 of one of the neuromuscular cuff devices 1010 have been applied, while all of the flexible fingers 1024 on the other cuff device 1010 are already wrapped around the patient's arm.\",\n \"More or less electrodes can be used, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"20, depending on the nature of the damage to a patent's nervous system region/pathway 1020 and the type of movement one wishes to reanimate through neuromuscular stimulation.\",\n \"In another exemplary embodiment, the flexible fingers of a neural sleeve 2110 do not need to be straight for their entire length.\",\n \"Referring now to FIG.\",\n \"21, flexible fingers 2124 extend from first connector 2130, which has a rectangular shape in this illustration.\",\n \"The flexible conductive pathways 2124 in this embodiment “change” directions as they extend from connector 2130.For example, an upper flexible finger 2124a first extends upwards from the connector 2130, then changes direction so that its electrodes 2140 are to the right of the connector 2130.A center flexible finger 2124b extends from the right-hand side of the connector 2130 off to the right of the connector.\",\n \"A lower flexible finger 2124c first extends downwards from the connector 2130, then changes direction so that its electrodes 2140 are also to the right of the connector 2130.Notably, none of the electrodes 2140 are present to the left of the connector 2130.This embodiment of a neural sleeve 2110 also contains more than one connector/rigidizer.\",\n \"As illustrated here, the neural sleeve 2110 has a first connector 2130 and a second connector 2131.Flexible fingers extend in the same direction (here, to the right) of both connectors.\",\n \"Webbings 2135 connect flexible fingers extending from each connector 2130, 2131.There may be any number of webbings 2135, and the webbings 2135 may connect the flexible fingers at any portion of their length.\",\n \"Here, the webbings 2135 are present along a non-electrode-containing portion 2150 of the flexible fingers (i.e.\",\n \"the header portion).\",\n \"Though not depicted, it is specifically contemplated that the flexible fingers of one connector 2130 may be of a different length from the flexible fingers of the other connector 2131.The electrodes 2140 may be evenly spaced apart along the length of the flexible fingers 2124, or their spacing may vary, for example becoming shorter or longer, as the distance from the connector 2130 increases.\",\n \"For example, muscle segments get smaller closer to the wrist, so the electrodes need to be closer together as well.\",\n \"However, the electrodes do not need to be present along the entire length of the flexible fingers.\",\n \"As seen here, the flexible fingers 2124 may include a non-electrode-containing portion 2150 extending from the connector, which is similar to the header 528 of the embodiment of FIG.\",\n \"5.The flexible finger may also include a non-scalloped electrode-containing portion 2160, and a scalloped electrode-containing portion 2170 at the distal end of the flexible finger (i.e.\",\n \"distal from the connector).\",\n \"It should be noted that none of the flexible fingers overlap with each other.\",\n \"The electrode-containing portions 2160, 2170 of the flexible fingers have a different shape from each other.\",\n \"One reason for this difference in shape is because, as seen here, the distal ends of the flexible fingers 2124 extend inwardly towards a center axis 2105 of the neural sleeve 2110.Put another way, the flexible fingers 2124 taper inwards towards the center axis 2105.The scalloped portions 2170 of adjacent flexible fingers permit them to fit into a smaller area while still providing a suitable number of electrodes (note the electrodes do not change in size).\",\n \"However, the flexible fingers 2124 all still extend in the same direction away from the connector 2130, i.e.\",\n \"to the right in this figure.\",\n \"Put another way, the flexible fingers comprise a first portion which is transverse to the center axis 2105, and a second portion which is parallel to the center axis.\",\n \"These portions are particularly seen in the flexible finger 2124a, which first extends upwards (i.e.\",\n \"transversely to the center axis), then extends parallel to the center axis.\",\n \"This particular embodiment is intended to be used on a patient's arm with the two connectors 2130, 2131 located near the shoulder, and the scalloped portions 2170 near the wrist and hand.\",\n \"In other exemplary embodiments, it is contemplated that the neural sleeve will include both an outer, reusable component, and an inner, disposable component.\",\n \"Advantageously, this allows for a reduced per-use cost for the outer component, while permitting multiple different persons to use the outer component without hygienic concerns.\",\n \"The outer reusable sleeve contains the electrodes.\",\n \"It is contemplated that the outer sleeve/reusable component, in several embodiments, could be made of a flexible, stretchy, and/or compressible fabric material which would fit snugly against the user's arm.\",\n \"The material could also be a dry-fit material, i.e.\",\n \"a material which can move sweat away from the user's arm and permit the sweat to evaporate.\",\n \"The connector and flexible fingers would line the interior of the outer sleeve.\",\n \"For example, conductive threads or fibers could be woven into the fabric material.\",\n \"Alternatively, the conductive traces and electrodes could be printed onto the outer sleeve material using silk-screen technology, for example using conductive polycellulose, a silver-based ink, or carbon-based ink.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"22 and FIG.\",\n \"23 show one exemplary embodiment of this neural sleeve.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"22 is an illustration of a neural sleeve 2210 which is in the form of a fingerless glove.\",\n \"Not visible in FIG.\",\n \"22 is an inner sleeve containing a conductive medium.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23 is an illustration of a variation on the neuosleeve outer component.\",\n \"As illustrated here, the neural sleeve 2310 has a user interface on the exterior reusable component, which can be used for control (including registration, activation, configuration and so forth) of individual electrodes or groups of electrodes, allowing a user to configure the electrodes or adjust a stimulation level or pattern.\",\n \"For example, the outer component may include buttons 2311 (e.g.\",\n \"in the form of LED-based touchscreens).\",\n \"While only four buttons are illustrated here, the user interface can include any number of buttons, and those buttons can be of any shape.\",\n \"Another aspect of the present disclosure is illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"24.The neural sleeve itself may be made in a bidirectional manner, i.e.\",\n \"both ends of the sleeve are of the same construction.\",\n \"It is contemplated that directional implants 2402, 2404 could be used to provide directional information to the neural sleeve 2410, e.g.\",\n \"which end of the neural sleeve is closer to the elbow or the wrist.\",\n \"These implants may be located in the patient's limb, or located at opposite ends of the neural sleeve itself.\",\n \"Only one such implant is needed to identify the orientation/direction of the neural sleeve.\",\n \"It is noted that three-dimensional information can also be provided by such implants.\",\n \"Also depicted are the electrodes 2420.FIG.\",\n \"25 is another embodiment of the reusable outer component.\",\n \"Here, the outer component is in the form of a rigid shell 2510.The shell is separated into two hemicylindrical halves 2512, 2514 which are joined together by a hinge 2511.The hinge runs parallel to the longitudinal axis 2505 of the shell.\",\n \"A closing mechanism 2516 is located on opposite open ends of the halves for keeping the shell closed once it is closed around the user's limb.\",\n \"Within the shell is padding for conforming the shell to the user's limb, or a bladder that can be inflated with air.\",\n \"The shell houses the electrodes 2520 (which are used for both sensing and delivering neuromuscular stimulation), as well as other accompanying electronics.\",\n \"It is contemplated that the disposable inner component (not shown) is first applied to the inside of the shell, or reusable dry electrodes are attached to the inside of the shell.\",\n \"Then the limb is placed in the shell, the shell closes around the limb, and the soft padding conforms around the limb and applies pressure on the electrodes against the limb, or the air bladder is inflated to apply pressure to the electrodes against the limb.\",\n \"Alternatively, as seen in the cross-sectional view of FIG.\",\n \"26, the neural sleeve can be in the form of a flexible sheet 2610 which is wrapped around the user's limb 2601.The electrodes (not visible) are spaced throughout the flexible sheet, and a closing mechanism 2605 is present on opposite ends of the sheet.\",\n \"Such a mechanism may be, for example, a hook-and-loop fastener.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"27 illustrates another potential embodiment of the neural sleeve.\",\n \"Desirably, the electrodes are fitted snugly against the patient's limb.\",\n \"In this embodiment, the neural sleeve 2710 contains bladders 2720 that can be filled with air or some fluid, causing the neural sleeve to expand and push the electrodes 2730 against the limb.\",\n \"A pneumatic pump can be used to fill the bladders.\",\n \"A directional implant 2702 is also present here at a distal end 2704 of the sleeve.\",\n \"In addition, a handle 2740 is also present at the distal end of the sleeve.\",\n \"This handle is intended to help with registration of the electrodes in known positions, and also provides directionality to the neural sleeve.\",\n \"The neural sleeve can incorporate several different types of sensors to provide information on data and feedback on the position and movements of the limb and other body parts.\",\n \"For example, desired position information from the sensors can include a 3-dimensional location (X, Y, Z coordinates) of various points on the hand and arm relative to the body and to each other, and rotation information of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder relative to the body.\",\n \"Orientation of various body parts with respect to gravity can also be measured with an accelerometer (or inclinometer).\",\n \"Motions of the hand and arm may be derived from position sensors or from independent sensors.\",\n \"Other desired information includes joint angles at the elbow, wrist, thumb and fingers (or other body joints).\",\n \"A variety of concepts for sensors may be used to measure one or more of these data items.\",\n \"Broad categories of sensors include accelerometers, micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS), electronic (based on resistance, capacitance, or resonance), fluid bladders, optical fiber bend sensors, and video tracking systems.\",\n \"Again, these concepts can be generally applied to a neural sleeve on any body part or limb (e.g.\",\n \"arm, hand, leg, foot, etc.).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"28 illustrates some aspects which can be used for sensing.\",\n \"This is a magnified picture of a flexible conductive pathway 2810.Electrodes 2820 are present on the flexible conductive pathway.\",\n \"Here, four electrodes 2820, 2822, 2824, 2826 are illustrated.\",\n \"Electrode traces 2830 are present between the electrodes.\",\n \"As seen here, the trace have a zig-zag pattern, which can be used as a strain gauge.\",\n \"In a first sensor aspect, integrated 6-axis MEMS (3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis magnetometer) sensors can be used to measure the position and orientation of the elbow and wrist relative to the location of the shoulder (e.g.\",\n \"the top of the humerus bone).\",\n \"When combined, these sensors can provide a reference frame utilizing the Earth's local gravitational (center of Earth) and magnetic (magnetic north) fields.\",\n \"Using this reference frame in conjunction with a defined 3-axis Cartesian coordinate system, different joints can be located in both position (X, Y, Z) and orientation (Ψ (yaw), θ (pitch), φ (roll)) relative to the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system at the shoulder using these same MEMS sensors.\",\n \"Adjacent MEMS sensors can be placed at strategic locations where the length between sensors does not change (or the change is a sufficiently small amount) when the joints are bent or rotated.\",\n \"For example, sensors can be placed at locations on the shoulder, elbow, and wrist where the distance between adjacent sensors remains fixed due to fixed bone lengths.\",\n \"The calculation of position and orientation of each joint may use the 3-axis Cartesian coordinate system and reference frame, the fixed distance between adjacent sensors, and the 3-axis output signals from the accelerometers or magnetometers.\",\n \"Calculations may involve direction cosine matrices, Euler transformations, or matrix multiplication.\",\n \"For sensors that are not adjacent to the origin, their coordinates may be transformed back to the coordinate system origin through intermediate transformations between adjacent sensors.\",\n \"For example, if there are sensors at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist then the elbow coordinates can be calculated directly relative to the origin (shoulder), but the wrist coordinates must first be calculated relative to the elbow coordinates and then calculated again relative to the origin.\",\n \"The reason for this is because the path lengths must be known for each sensor location and the only way to do this is by coordinate transformations along fixed length paths (e.g., wrist to elbow and elbow to shoulder).\",\n \"A wide range of MEMS sensors with integrated 3-axis accelerometers and magnetometers may be used.\",\n \"Examples of manufacturers of these devices include Analog Devices, Bosch, Freescale, Honeywell, and ST Microelectronics.\",\n \"Also, 9-axis sensors available with integrated 3-axis, accelerometers, magnetomers, and gyros may be used.\",\n \"Additional solutions may exist for joint locations where a fixed bone length cannot be counted on such as the hand and fingers.\",\n \"In a second sensor aspect, a capacitive sensor may comprise a flexible insulating dielectric layer with thin flexible electrodes on either side.\",\n \"A voltage differential is applied between the electrodes, creating a capacitor.\",\n \"When the dielectric changes shape (e.g.\",\n \"due to pressure or bending), the capacitance of the sensor changes and can be detected by electronic measuring techniques.\",\n \"Capacitive pressure sensors may be used in a variety of mechanical systems to measure barometric pressure or pressures inside equipment.\",\n \"Such sensors may be incorporated into the sleeve at joints (e.g.\",\n \"wrist, elbow) such that bending of the joint stretches or bends the dielectric layer.\",\n \"The sensors may also be applied away from joints (e.g.\",\n \"middle of the forearm) to measure the pressure of the sleeve against the arm.\",\n \"In a third sensor aspect, resistive bend or stretch sensors (e.g.\",\n \"strain gauges) may be used.\",\n \"These sensors may be made from any material that changes electrical resistance when stretched or strained.\",\n \"This change in resistance is measured with a standard electrical circuit.\",\n \"Strain gauges may use metal, either alone or applied to a flexible thin film substrate.\",\n \"Resistive bend sensors or strain gauges also can be made from the following three general classes of materials.\",\n \"First, elastomers (such as silicone rubber) or polymers containing electrically conductive fillers may be used.\",\n \"Fillers can include carbon black, graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, silver nanoparticles, silver nanowires.\",\n \"Second, inherently conductive polymers may be used.\",\n \"Third, piezoelectric polymers may be used.\",\n \"Resistive sensors may also be applied at joints.\",\n \"Bending of the joint will stretch the sensor, causing a measurable change in resistance.\",\n \"Pronation and supination of the wrist can be measured by using sensors in the form of long elastic bands that stretch at an angle from the wrist to the elbow.\",\n \"Each motion (e.g.\",\n \"pronation and supination) will create opposite effects in the bands, causing one to lengthen and the other to shorten.\",\n \"In a fourth sensor aspect, resonant bend sensors may be used.\",\n \"Resonant bend sensors comprise RLC circuits that change resonance frequency when one of the three components changes its value.\",\n \"Rather than having a separate circuit to measure the resistance of each resistive sensor element, the resistive sensors may be wired in parallel at appropriate locations in the neural sleeve.\",\n \"Each sensor may have a different resistance to produce a different resonant frequency in the circuit.\",\n \"A sweep of voltage or current may be used to test each sensor in rapid succession; this measures changes in resonant frequency to determine changes in resistance and thus in strain of that specific sensor.\",\n \"In a fifth sensor aspect, a sensor may comprise numerous trapped volumes (e.g.\",\n \"fluid bladders) containing air or liquid that respond to changes in motion.\",\n \"For each motion to be detected, a fluid bladder of a specifically designed shape would be placed at an appropriate location such that the pressure in the bladder would change only in response to that motion.\",\n \"For example, there may be one bladder at the wrist in a position and shape to detect wrist flexion, while a different bladder at the wrist detects pronation.\",\n \"Sensing elements, such as pressure transducers or strain gauges, would respond to the pressure changes.\",\n \"In a sixth sensor aspect, bend sensors also can be made from fiber optics rather than electrical components.\",\n \"The principle is similar to the electronic bend sensors in that when the fiber is bent, a measurable property such as frequency or attenuation changes and this change can be measured.\",\n \"The usage would be similar to the bend sensors described above, with fiber optic bend sensors integrated into the sleeve at joints such as the wrist, such that the sensor bends with bending of the joint.\",\n \"In a seventh sensor aspect, a variety of video motion tracking systems may be used to measure and track the position of the limb while using the neural sleeve.\",\n \"These systems are similar to the ones used for motion capture in movies and video games.\",\n \"One or more cameras may focus on the sleeve during use.\",\n \"To provide the best accuracy, these systems would include markers at key locations on the sleeve to be tracked.\",\n \"Depending on the type of marker selected, the camera may operate in visible light or infrared.\",\n \"A number of options are available for markers, including: (i) dots in a contrasting color or multiple distinct colors that can be tracked by the external camera(s) (similar to typical movie motion capture); (ii) colored light emitting diodes (LEDs); (iii) Infrared (IR) LEDs at various frequencies in the near-IR range; and (iv) thermal elements such as electrically resistive heaters that create localized warm spots to be tracked by a camera sensitive to long wavelength infrared (LWIR).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"29 is a perspective illustration of a neural sleeve 2910 showing how various sensors could be placed thereon and implemented.\",\n \"The neural sleeve extends from the shoulder down to the wrist.\",\n \"First, a trio of MEMS sensors 2920, 2922, 2924 are located at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist, respectively.\",\n \"These can be used to measure position and orientation relative to each other.\",\n \"Next, a capacitive sensor 2930 is located at the elbow.\",\n \"Resistive bend sensors 2940, 2942 stretch at an angle from the wrist to the elbow.\",\n \"Motion will create opposite effects in these sensors, causing one to lengthen and the other to shorten.\",\n \"As discussed above, it is contemplated that the neural sleeve will be made of a reusable outer component and an inner component that can be easily disposed of.\",\n \"The inner component comprises a conductive medium that contacts the electrodes present in the outer component and provides a conductive interface/medium between the electrode and the user's skin.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the conductive medium can be a hydrogel, or a lotion, or a conductive polymer.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the conductive medium is more conductive in a z-direction and less conductive in either of a x-direction or a y-direction.\",\n \"Put another way, the conductive medium may become more conductive upon application of external pressure, in the direction of external pressure.\",\n \"This property can be obtained from a compressible polymer and a conductive filler dispersed in the compressible polymer.\",\n \"The conductive filler can be in the form of carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, or metallic particles such as silver, gold, platinum, or palladium.\",\n \"The conductive filler is sparsely distributed in the polymer so that when pressure is applied, the conductive fillers make contact with each other and provide a conductive path from the electrode to the skin.\",\n \"Other conductive hydrogels include a cross-linked alginate polymer or a cross-linked polymeric hydrogel.\",\n \"In alternative embodiments, to facilitate attachment to a patient, the conductive medium may be selected such that it becomes more tacky or sticky upon application of an electrical current, a change in temperature, a change in pH, or a change in moisture.\",\n \"The conductive medium may be a stimuli-sensitive polymer.\",\n \"To further facilitate attachment and/or delivery of electrical simulation, the electrodes may include concentric rows of teeth about 200 μm to about 300 μm in height.\",\n \"If desired, the neural sleeve may be configured for gesture control of various devices.\",\n \"Examples of devices that may be controlled are: a computer cursor; an automatic remote; and a haptic interface.\",\n \"The gesture control aspects are also used in virtual reality applications.\",\n \"Gesture control is facilitated by the addition of sensors on the neuromuscular stimulation device/neural sleeve.\",\n \"It is noted that the electrodes present in the neural sleeve for stimulation can also be used for sensing.\",\n \"In another aspect, a neural sleeve device is used to support gait-training.\",\n \"To facilitate this, the neural sleeve would be adapted to cover both a leg portion and a foot portion of the patient.\",\n \"This allows the neural sleeve to cover both the muscles and the joint of a patient, and advantageously allows for sensing of a foot flexing.\",\n \"A hip portion may also be covered; this allows for stimulation of additional areas to promote recovery following surgery.\",\n \"In yet another aspect, neuromuscular stimulation may be delivered to the backside of the patient.\",\n \"To facilitate this, the neuromuscular stimulation device may be in the form of a shirt, vest, garment, belt, or so forth, with the electrodes appropriately placed to contact the backside.\",\n \"The neuromuscular sleeve/neural sleeve could be operated in a wireless, battery-operated mode.\",\n \"In this case, the battery pack and the electronics module can be strapped on the upper arm of the subject in the form of an arm band.\",\n \"The device can be connected to the user's mobile device and/or PC for data transfer and real time tracking/monitoring.\",\n \"It will further be appreciated that the disclosed techniques may be embodied as a non-transitory storage medium storing instructions readable and executable by a computer, (microprocessor or microcontroller of an) embedded system, or various combinations thereof.\",\n \"The non-transitory storage medium may, for example, comprise a hard disk drive, RAID or the like of a computer; an electronic, magnetic, optical, or other memory of an embedded system, or so forth.\",\n \"The present disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments.\",\n \"Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description.\",\n \"It is intended that the present disclosure be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872734"}}},{"rowIdx":4494153,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["Mattress","A foam mattress in which a layer of latex or latex-like foam placed above a layer of memory foam is described.","This construction of the mattress provides the contouring pressure relief that a visco-elastic foam provides with a top surface with quick recovery (a latex-like “bounce”) that prevents people from getting “stuck” in the visco-elastic foam and improves the springiness of the mattress.","The mattress may also include straps and cinches to aid in transportation of the mattress.","The mattress may also include removable covers that aid in keeping the mattress clean."],["1-20.","(canceled) 21.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a rebound of at least 40%.","22.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute.","23.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2.24.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.","25.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","26.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2.27.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.","28.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","29.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.","30.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","31.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","32.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute; wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.","33.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute; wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","34.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute; wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","35.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","36.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute; wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","37.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute.","38.The apparatus as in claim 37, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2.39.The apparatus as in claim 37, wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.","40.The apparatus as in claim 37, wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","41.The apparatus as in claim 37, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.","42.The apparatus as in claim 37, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","43.The apparatus as in claim 37, wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","44.The apparatus as in claim 37, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","45.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2.46.The apparatus as in claim 45, wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.","47.The apparatus as in claim 45, wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","48.The apparatus as in claim 45, wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","49.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.","50.The apparatus as in claim 49, wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","51.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.","52.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the second horizontal layer has a recovery of at least 1 second.","53.The apparatus as in claim 52, wherein the second horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 1 cubic feet per minute.","54.The apparatus as in claim 52, wherein the second horizontal layer has a support factor of less than 2.6.55.The apparatus as in claim 52, wherein the second horizontal layer has a glass transition temperature of between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.","56.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the second horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 and 18 pounds.","57.The apparatus as in claim 56, wherein the second horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 1 cubic feet per minute.","58.The apparatus as in claim 56, wherein the second horizontal layer has a support factor of less than 2.6.59.The apparatus as in claim 56, wherein the second horizontal layer has a glass transition temperature of between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.","60.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the second horizontal layer has a density of between 2 and 6 pounds per cubic foot.","61.The apparatus as in claim 60, wherein the second horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 1 cubic feet per minute.","62.The apparatus as in claim 60, wherein the second horizontal layer has a support factor of less than 2.6.63.The apparatus as in claim 60, wherein the second horizontal layer has a glass transition temperature of between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.","64.The apparatus as in claim 52, wherein the second horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 and 18 pounds.","65.The apparatus as in claim 64, wherein the second horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 1 cubic feet per minute.","66.The apparatus as in claim 64, wherein the second horizontal layer has a support factor of less than 2.6.67.The apparatus as in claim 64, wherein the second horizontal layer has a glass transition temperature of between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.","68.The apparatus as in claim 52, wherein the second horizontal layer has a density of between 2 and 6 pounds per cubic foot.","69.The apparatus as in claim 68, wherein the second horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 1 cubic feet per minute.","70.The apparatus as in claim 68, wherein the second horizontal layer has a support factor of less than 2.6.71.The apparatus as in claim 68, wherein the second horizontal layer has a glass transition temperature of between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.","72.The apparatus as in claim 56, wherein the second horizontal layer has a density of between 2 and 6 pounds per cubic foot.","73.The apparatus as in claim 72, wherein the second horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 1 cubic feet per minute.","74.The apparatus as in claim 72, wherein the second horizontal layer has a support factor of less than 2.6.75.The apparatus as in claim 72, wherein the second horizontal layer has a glass transition temperature of between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.","76.The apparatus as in claim 52, wherein the second horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 and 18 pounds; and the second horizontal layer has a density of between 2 and 6 pounds per cubic foot.","77.The apparatus as in claim 76, wherein the second horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 1 cubic feet per minute.","78.The apparatus as in claim 76, wherein the second horizontal layer has a support factor of less than 2.6.79.The apparatus as in claim 76, wherein the second horizontal layer has a glass transition temperature of between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.","80.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the third horizontal layer has a density of between 1 and 4 pounds per cubic foot.","81.The apparatus as in claim 80, wherein the third horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 15 to 50 pounds.","82.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the third horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 15 to 50 pounds."],[" BACKGROUND Although the traditional spring mattress is the dominant category of mattresses sold within the United States, both latex foam mattresses and visco-elastic (memory) foam mattresses have been sold in the U.S. as specialty-category mattresses.","Both latex and memory foams have benefits and drawbacks in mattress construction and design.","Latex foam has a very quick recovery rate (i.e., is “bouncy”), is highly breathable and can be produced using natural or synthetic materials.","If natural materials are used, the mattress can be marketed as such, adding to its desirability in the marketplace.","Nonetheless, latex foam mattresses have the highest average return rate of any type of mattress sold in the U.S.—usually due to the resonant “bouncing” that the user feels on a latex foam mattress and/or inadequate pressure relief The market for memory foam mattresses was built nearly single-handedly by Tempur-Pedic through novel marketing techniques, such as an association with space-age technology and the image of a handprint “stuck” in the foam top layer after the hand is removed.","Due to its slow recovery (or memory), visco-elastic memory foam was marketed as an aid for pressure relief and to enable isolation of one sleeper from another because the foam does not translate vibration.","But memory foam mattresses also have a somewhat high return rate, often due to complaints such as: 1) “getting stuck” (i.e., not being able to turn over when changing sleeping positions); 2) overheating (the foam is not highly breathable and the contouring causes the foam to closely hug large portions of the body limiting air flow); and 3) not being conducive for comfort during sex because of the tendency to “get stuck.” Further, both latex and memory foam are expensive materials.","Manufacturers often use them only for the top layer(s) of a mattress, often referred to as the comfort layer(s).","The comfort layer(s) are usually 1-5″ thick and typically consist of 1-3 different foam types laminated together.","Beneath these layer(s), regular polyurethane foam is typically used to provide some support and to increase mattress thickness.","Some newer “hybrid” mattresses use pocketed spring coils instead of polyurethane foam.","To combat the “stuck” feeling of memory foam, some manufacturers have developed quick-response memory foam.","Other manufacturers use thinner layers of memory foam (atop poly foam) to limit the depth that user can sink into the foam.","A few manufacturers have put latex foam underneath the memory foam to benefit from the quick return (i.e.","bounce) that the latex foam provides.","But this solution may not solve the problems noted above where memory foam is the top layer of the mattress.","Accordingly, there is a need for a novel foam mattress construction that couples the contouring pressure relief of memory foam with quick-recovery of latex foam that prevents users from getting “stuck” in the memory foam and improves the springiness of the mattress.","Such an arrangement will benefit from the breathability and bounciness of latex foam while mitigating the resonant bouncing and poorer pressure relief characteristics of latex foam."],[" BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, together with the detailed description below, are incorporated in and form part of the specification, and serve to further illustrate embodiments of concepts that include the claimed invention, and explain various principles and advantages of those embodiments.","FIG.","1 is a cross-section view of a three-layer mattress in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","2 is a cross-section view of a four-layer mattress in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","3 is a cross-section view of a five-layer mattress in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","4A and 4B are perspective views of a rolled-up mattress in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","5A and 5B are perspective views of a mattress with a removable cover in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","6A and 6B are perspective views of a mattress with a removable cover in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","7A, 7B and 7C are perspective views of a mattress with a button-down cover in accordance with some embodiments.","detailed-description description=\"Detailed Description\" end=\"lead\"?","Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale.","For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.","The apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein."],["RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of the U.S.","Provisional Patent Application Ser.","No.","61/982,235 filed on Apr.","21, 2014.FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure is directed to a foam mattress with improved features related to its construction, transportation and cleaning.","BACKGROUND Although the traditional spring mattress is the dominant category of mattresses sold within the United States, both latex foam mattresses and visco-elastic (memory) foam mattresses have been sold in the U.S. as specialty-category mattresses.","Both latex and memory foams have benefits and drawbacks in mattress construction and design.","Latex foam has a very quick recovery rate (i.e., is “bouncy”), is highly breathable and can be produced using natural or synthetic materials.","If natural materials are used, the mattress can be marketed as such, adding to its desirability in the marketplace.","Nonetheless, latex foam mattresses have the highest average return rate of any type of mattress sold in the U.S.—usually due to the resonant “bouncing” that the user feels on a latex foam mattress and/or inadequate pressure relief The market for memory foam mattresses was built nearly single-handedly by Tempur-Pedic through novel marketing techniques, such as an association with space-age technology and the image of a handprint “stuck” in the foam top layer after the hand is removed.","Due to its slow recovery (or memory), visco-elastic memory foam was marketed as an aid for pressure relief and to enable isolation of one sleeper from another because the foam does not translate vibration.","But memory foam mattresses also have a somewhat high return rate, often due to complaints such as: 1) “getting stuck” (i.e., not being able to turn over when changing sleeping positions); 2) overheating (the foam is not highly breathable and the contouring causes the foam to closely hug large portions of the body limiting air flow); and 3) not being conducive for comfort during sex because of the tendency to “get stuck.” Further, both latex and memory foam are expensive materials.","Manufacturers often use them only for the top layer(s) of a mattress, often referred to as the comfort layer(s).","The comfort layer(s) are usually 1-5″ thick and typically consist of 1-3 different foam types laminated together.","Beneath these layer(s), regular polyurethane foam is typically used to provide some support and to increase mattress thickness.","Some newer “hybrid” mattresses use pocketed spring coils instead of polyurethane foam.","To combat the “stuck” feeling of memory foam, some manufacturers have developed quick-response memory foam.","Other manufacturers use thinner layers of memory foam (atop poly foam) to limit the depth that user can sink into the foam.","A few manufacturers have put latex foam underneath the memory foam to benefit from the quick return (i.e.","bounce) that the latex foam provides.","But this solution may not solve the problems noted above where memory foam is the top layer of the mattress.","Accordingly, there is a need for a novel foam mattress construction that couples the contouring pressure relief of memory foam with quick-recovery of latex foam that prevents users from getting “stuck” in the memory foam and improves the springiness of the mattress.","Such an arrangement will benefit from the breathability and bounciness of latex foam while mitigating the resonant bouncing and poorer pressure relief characteristics of latex foam.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, together with the detailed description below, are incorporated in and form part of the specification, and serve to further illustrate embodiments of concepts that include the claimed invention, and explain various principles and advantages of those embodiments.","FIG.","1 is a cross-section view of a three-layer mattress in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","2 is a cross-section view of a four-layer mattress in accordance with some embodiments.","FIG.","3 is a cross-section view of a five-layer mattress in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","4A and 4B are perspective views of a rolled-up mattress in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","5A and 5B are perspective views of a mattress with a removable cover in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","6A and 6B are perspective views of a mattress with a removable cover in accordance with some embodiments.","FIGS.","7A, 7B and 7C are perspective views of a mattress with a button-down cover in accordance with some embodiments.","Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale.","For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.","The apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Definitions In this disclosure, the listed terms will be defined as follows: Density of a foam is its mass per unit volume.","Density may be measured in pounds per cubic foot (pcf).","IFD is Indentation Force Deflection, which is a method for determining the firmness, and load bearing capacity of foam.","IFD measures the load required to depress a 50 square inch compression platen into a foam specimen.","IFD is usually reported at 25% deflection of the specimen's height and is measured in pounds.","IFD may be measured with ASTM D3574-11 Test B1.Airflow is a measure of the air permeability of a foam and is measured in cubic feet per minute (cfm).","Airflow may be measured with ASTM D3574-11 Test G. Recovery is a measure of how quickly a foam returns to original shape after being displaced and is measured in seconds.","Recovery is typically used to measure the memory effect of visco-elastic foams.","Recovery may be measured with ASTM D3574-11 Test M. Rebound is measure of the elasticity of a foam and is measured as a percentage.","A steel ball is dropped on a foam specimen, and the percentage height it rebounds (relative to drop height) is measured.","Rebound may be measured with ASTM D3574-11 Test H. Support Factor (SF) is the ratio of 65% IFD over 25% IFD and is a unitless measurement.","SF is a measure of the “deeper” support of a foam, and is an indicator as to whether a foam will bottom out or not.","SF may be measured with ASTM D3574-11 Test B1.Tg is the glass transition temperature of the foam.","It is a property of all foams but is most relevant with memory foams because memory foams have a Tg within the range of normal ambient temperature (40° F.-80° F.).","Tg is the point at which a foam transitions from stiff to pliable.","Below Tg, a foam is stiff.","Above Tg, a foam is pliable.","The transition in mechanical properties can be dramatic, even with but a few degrees change in temperature.","Tg, may be measured with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) or thermal stress analysis (TSA).","Latex foam is any high resilience foam where: i) a rebound may be greater than 40%; ii) airflow may be greater than 3.5 cfm; and iii) recovery may be less than 0.5 seconds.","Latex foam may be natural latex, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polyurethane or any blend of the above foams.","Latex-like foam is any foam intended to simulate the mechanical properties of latex foam—(i) a rebound may be greater than 40%; ii) airflow may be greater than 3.5 cfm; and iii) recovery may be less than 0.5 seconds—but with polyurethane, polyethylene or other non-natural or non-SBR resins or any blend of the above foams.","Memory foam is any polyurethane foam with a low rebound, delayed recovery and a temperature-sensitive response.","More specifically: i) the rebound may be from 1-2%; ii) the recovery may be greater than 1 second; and iii) the temperature-sensitive response may be the foam softening in response to body heat and having a Tg between 40° F. and 80° F. II.","Mattress Length and Width The mattresses described herein may be of any suitable length and width, including without limitation U.S. or non-U.S. standard sizes such as King, Queen, Full, Twin, Extra Long, California King, Youth and Crib.","III.","The Three-Layer Mattress Turing to FIG.","1, shown is cross-section of a three-layer mattress 100 with a cover 110.The cross-section of the depth of the mattress 100 includes a first layer 120, a second layer 130 and a third layer 140.A.","First Embodiment In a first embodiment, the total depth 180 of the mattress 100 may be 9.5 inches.","The first layer depth 150 of the mattress 100 may be 1.5 inches.","The second layer depth 160 of the mattress may be 1.5 inches.","The third layer depth 170 of the mattress may be 6.5 inches.","In this first embodiment, the first layer 120 is a layer of latex foam.","The first layer 120 may consist of C1 latex from Mountain Top Foam and may have the physical properties shown in Table 1.TABLE 1 Test Potential Target Tolerance Unit Method Range Unit Density 3.3 ±0.2 pcf n/a 2 to 4 pcf 25% IFD 12 ±1 lb ASTM 6 to 18 lb D3574-11 Test B1 Airflow >4 minimum cfm ASTM >2 cfm D3574-11 Test G Recovery <0.5 maximum seconds ASTM <1 seconds D3574-11 Test M Rebound 65 ±5 % ASTM >40 % D3574-11 Test H Support 3 ±0.1 n/a ASTM >2 n/a Factor D3574-11 Test B1 Tg n/a In Table 1, the rightmost two columns demonstrate potential ranges of physical properties related to the first layer 120.The second layer 130 is a layer of memory foam.","The second layer 130 may consist of 4 lb Visco memory foam and may have the physical properties shown in Table 2.TABLE 2 Test Potential Target Tolerance Unit Method Range Unit Density 4.0 ±0.1 pcf n/a 2 to 6 pcf 25% IFD 10 ±1 lb ASTM 6 to 18 lb D3574-11 Test B1 Airflow >2 minimum cfm ASTM >1 cfm D3574-11 Test G Recovery 3 ±1 seconds ASTM >1 seconds D3574-11 Test M Rebound 2 maximum % ASTM <5 % D3574-11 Test H Support 2.2 ±0.1 n/a ASTM <2.6 n/a Factor D3574-11 Test B1 Tg 60 ±2 ° F. DMA 40 to 80 ° F. In Table 2, the rightmost two columns demonstrate potential ranges of physical properties related to the second layer 130.In the mattress industry, two important parameters used to describe a foam are IFD and SF.","Standard test protocols specify the test specimen size and loading regime for these parameters, which creates measurement consistency.","Such test protocols may be found in ASTM D3574-11.IFD is an indication of foam firmness and indicates how much force a foam pushes back with when a user pushes into it.","Industry norms use 25% IFD numbers as a basis for comparison—so an IFD 8 foam (8 pounds of push-back) feels softer than a IFD 20 foam (20 pounds of push-back).","SF represents the “deeper” support of a foam, and is an indicator as to whether a foam will bottom out or not.","SF is the ratio of the 65% IFD to the 25% IFD—the ratio of the force required to depress a sample to 65% of its original height to the force required to depress a sample to 25% of its original height (the standard IFD measurement).","SF illustrates how much a single type of foam pushes back the more the user pushes into it.","Thus, a foam with a SF of 3 and an IFD of 8 pushes back with 24 pounds force upon 65% compression, while an IFD 8 foam with a SF of 2 only pushes back with 16 pounds at 65% compression.","A linear “spring” foam generally has a SF of 2.6.Latex and latex-like foam typically have a higher SF (approximately 3.0-3.3).","Memory foam typically has a lower SF (approximately 2.0-2.2).","These differences are quite significant in the overall feel of the mattress.","In the mattress industry, it has been a widely accepted rule of thumb that the top layers of foam should have the lowest SF to reduce pressure points, and that the SF should increase as one moves down into the layers.","By having the first layer 120 being comprised of a latex or latex-like foam and placed on top of the second layer 130 being comprised of memory foam, the commonly-held rule regarding SF is inverted.","Nonetheless, a successful experience for the mattress user is achieved because the foam layers of the bed act as a series of springs.","This arrangement eliminates the “stuckness” of memory foam while retaining the pressure relief and motion isolation of the memory foam.","At the same time, this arrangement benefits from the breathability and bounciness of latex or latex-like foam while mitigating the resonant bouncing and poorer pressure relief characteristics of latex or latex-like foam.","The third layer 140 adds overall support and depth for the mattress and may consist of 1.8 pcf conventional polyurethane foam and may have the physical properties shown in Table 3.TABLE 3 Test Potential Target Tolerance Unit Method Range Unit Density 1.8 ±0.1 Pcf n/a 1 to 4 pcf 25% IFD 32 ±3 Lb ASTM 15 to lb D3574-11 50 Test B1 Airflow >4 minimum Cfm ASTM >2 cfm D3574-11 Test G Recovery <0.5 maximum Seconds ASTM <1 seconds D3574-11 Test M Rebound 50 ±5 % ASTM >40 % D3574-11 Test H Support 1.9 ±0.1 n/a ASTM 1.5 to n/a Factor D3574-11 3.5 Test B1 Tg n/a In Table 3, the rightmost two columns demonstrate potential ranges of physical properties related to the third layer 140.B.","The Second Embodiment In a second embodiment, the total depth 180 of the mattress 100 may range from 1 to 22 inches.","The first layer depth 150 of the mattress 100 may range from 0.25 to 5 inches.","The second layer depth 160 of the mattress may range from 0.25 inches to 5 inches.","The third layer depth 170 of the mattress may range from 0.5 to 12 inches.","The second embodiment is similar to the first embodiment in that the first layer 120 is latex or latex-like foam and the second layer 130 is memory foam.","The third layer 140 may be any of the following: i) latex foam; ii) latex-like foam; iii) polyurethane visco-elastic “memory” foam; iv) conventional polyurethane foam; v) HR (high resilience) polyurethane foam; or vi) any other polyurethane, polyethylene or polyester Foam.","IV.","The Four-Layer Mattress Turing to FIG.","2, shown is cross-section of a four-layer mattress 200 with a cover 210.The cross-section of the depth of the mattress 200 includes a first layer 220, a second layer 230, a third layer 240 and a fourth layer 250.The total depth 295 of the mattress 200 may range from 1 to 22 inches.","The first layer depth 260 of the mattress 200 may range from 0.25 to 5 inches.","The second layer depth 270 of the mattress may range from 0.25 inches to 5 inches.","The third layer depth 280 of the mattress may range from 0.25 to 5 inches.","The fourth layer depth 290 of the mattress may range from 0.25 to 12 inches.","The first layer 220 may be latex or latex-like foam.","The second layer 230, third layer 240 and fourth layer 250 may be any of the following: i) latex foam; ii) latex-like foam; iii) polyurethane visco-elastic “memory” foam; iv) conventional polyurethane foam; v) HR (high resilience) polyurethane foam; or vi) any other polyurethane, polyethylene or polyester foam.","In one embodiment, at least one of the second layer 230, third layer 240 and fourth layer 250 is memory foam.","In one embodiment, at least one upper layer has a SF higher than a layer below that upper layer.","V. The Five-Layer Mattress Turing to FIG.","3, shown is cross-section of a five-layer mattress 300 with a cover 305.The cross-section of the depth of the mattress 300 includes a first layer 310, a second layer 315, a third layer 320, a fourth layer 325 and a fifth layer 330.The total depth 360 of the mattress 300 may range from 1.25 to 22 inches.","The first layer depth 335 of the mattress 300 may range from 0.25 to 5 inches.","The second layer depth 340 of the mattress may range from 0.25 inches to 5 inches.","The third layer depth 345 of the mattress may range from 0.25 to 5 inches.","The fourth layer depth 350 of the mattress may range from 0.25 to 5 inches.","The fifth layer depth 355 of the mattress may range from 0.25 to 12 inches.","The first layer 310 may be latex or latex-like foam.","The second layer 315, third layer 320, fourth layer 325 and fifth layer 330 may be any of the following: i) latex foam; ii) latex-like foam; iii) polyurethane visco-elastic “memory” foam; iv) conventional polyurethane foam; v) HR (high resilience) polyurethane foam; or vi) any other polyurethane, polyethylene or polyester Foam.","In one embodiment, at least one of the second layer 315, third layer 320, fourth layer 325 and fifth layer 330 is memory foam.","In one embodiment, at least one upper layer has a SF higher than a layer below that upper layer.","VI.","Mattress Transportation Moving a mattress is a cumbersome task.","For example, queen-sized mattresses can weigh up to 100 pounds, and are typically floppy with poor affordance for carrying.","They are difficult to get through doorways, down stairs and into cars.","As such, many people will discard mattresses when they move because the burdens and costs of moving a mattress are too great.","Turing to FIG.","4A, shown is a mattress system 400 with two features that facilitate moving so that mattresses are not discarded and have greater long-term value to their owner.","The mattress body 405 incorporates straps 410, 412, 414 integrated into the design that hold the mattress in an easily transportable shape once rolled up or folded.","The straps may be webbing, string or any other material with high tensile strength.","The straps may tie, have buckles or incorporate any other fasteners 420, 422, 424 that enable the straps to hold the mattress together.","The user manually rolls up and/or folds the mattress, and the straps are located in a convenient place such that once rolled, the mattress may easily be strapped together.","By integrating the straps, the rolling and strapping process is easier and ensures that all users have the proper materials at hand to roll the mattress for transport.","Turing to FIG.","4B, shown is another view of the mattress system 400.In addition to the straps 410, 412, 44, the mattress body 405 has integrated backpack, shoulder and/or hand straps 420, 430 installed via a securing mechanism 440 that allow the mattress body 405 to be readily carried by one or more people on their shoulders and/or back.","This greatly facilitates portability, increasing the odds that an owner will take their mattress with them to their new home and be able to do so with minimal hassle.","In another embodiment, the cinch straps and carrying straps are part of a separate “wrap” or bag rather than integrated into the mattress.","VII.","Integrated Mattress Washable Pad Mattresses are expensive investments that often become stained with sweat and/or other bodily fluids.","Even when used with sheets and a mattress pad (a separately-purchased cover that is used to protect the mattress), mattresses become stained.","In nearly all cases, the cover of the mattress itself is not washable other than through spot cleaning.","A limited number of mattresses (often futon-style) may have a cover that completely zips off and can be laundered, but this is often a cumbersome process because it requires a lot of manipulation of the heavy mattress.","Staining of mattresses limits their resale value and can prevent people from giving a mattress to friends when they decide to move town or upgrade to a different mattress.","Turing to FIG.","5A, shown is a mattress system 500 including a mattress body 510 and of a removable section of a detachable mattress cover 520 that protects the primary mattress cover from stains and that can be washed or replaced with a new one in order to “refresh” the mattress.","In this embodiment, the mattress cover 520 covers the entire top of the mattress body 510 and is secured to the mattress body 510 by a securing mechanism 530.It may be reversible to quickly provide a clean top surface, and it may have different colors from the mattress body 510 in order to better hide stains.","The securing mechanism 530 may be secured at approximately the same depth all around the mattress body 510 and may consist of hook and loop fasteners, zippers, buttons, snaps, ties or any combination thereof Turing to FIG.","5B, shown is a mattress system 505 including a mattress body 510 and a removable section of a detachable mattress cover 550 that protects the primary mattress cover from stains and that can be washed or replaced with a new one in order to “refresh” the mattress.","In this embodiment, the mattress cover 550 covers a portion of the top of the mattress body 510 and is secured to the mattress body 510 by a securing mechanism 540.The mattress cover 550 may be located in the area most likely to absorb bodily fluids (in the region from the head to the upper thigh).","It may cover just the top of the mattress body 510 so it can be easily removed and laundered.","It may be reversible to quickly provide a clean top surface, and it may have different colors from the primary mattress in order to better hide stains.","The securing mechanism 540 may be secured at approximately the same depth around the mattress body 510 to best secure the mattress cover 550 The securing mechanism 540 may consist of hook and loop fasteners, zippers, buttons, snaps, ties or any combination thereof Turing to FIGS.","6A and 6B, shown is a mattress system 600 with a removable mattress pad 610 that surrounds a portion of the mattress body 510.The mattress pad 610 may be placed in the area most likely to absorb bodily fluids (in the region from the head to the upper thigh).","It may cover just the top of the mattress body 510 so it can be easily removed and laundered.","It may be reversible to quickly provide a clean top surface, and it may have different colors from the primary mattress in order to better hide stains.","Turing to FIG.","7A, shown is a mattress system 700 with a removable mattress pad 730.It is secured to the mattress body 510 via a button 710 attached to the mattress body 510 and a button hole 720 installed in the mattress pad 730.Turning to FIG.","7B, shown is a mattress system 704 where the mattress pad 730 is attached to the mattress body (not shown) by means of the button 710 attached to the mattress.","Turning to FIG.","7C, shown is a mattress system 706 where the mattress pad 750 is attached to a portion of the mattress body 760 via a button 710 attached to the mattress body 760.The mattress pads 730, 750 may be reversible to quickly provide a clean top surface, and may have different colors from the primary mattress in order to better hide stains.","In the foregoing specification, specific embodiments have been described.","However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below.","Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of present teachings.","The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims.","The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.","Moreover in this document, relational terms such as first and second, top and bottom, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions.","The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “has”, “having,” “includes”, “including,” “contains”, “containing” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.","An element proceeded by “comprises .",".",".","a”, “has .",".",".","a”, “includes .",".",".","a”, “contains .",".",".","a” does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains the element.","The terms “a” and “an” are defined as one or more unless explicitly stated otherwise herein.","The terms “substantially”, “essentially”, “approximately”, “about” or any other version thereof, are defined as being close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.","The term “coupled” as used herein is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly and not necessarily mechanically.","A device or structure that is “configured” in a certain way is configured in at least that way, but may also be configured in ways that are not listed.","The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure.","It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.","In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in various embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure.","This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim.","Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment.","Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"Mattress\",\n \"A foam mattress in which a layer of latex or latex-like foam placed above a layer of memory foam is described.\",\n \"This construction of the mattress provides the contouring pressure relief that a visco-elastic foam provides with a top surface with quick recovery (a latex-like “bounce”) that prevents people from getting “stuck” in the visco-elastic foam and improves the springiness of the mattress.\",\n \"The mattress may also include straps and cinches to aid in transportation of the mattress.\",\n \"The mattress may also include removable covers that aid in keeping the mattress clean.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1-20.\",\n \"(canceled) 21.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a rebound of at least 40%.\",\n \"22.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute.\",\n \"23.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2.24.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.\",\n \"25.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"26.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2.27.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.\",\n \"28.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"29.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.\",\n \"30.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"31.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"32.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute; wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.\",\n \"33.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute; wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"34.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute; wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"35.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"36.The apparatus as in claim 21, wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute; wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"37.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the first horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 2 cubic feet per minute.\",\n \"38.The apparatus as in claim 37, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2.39.The apparatus as in claim 37, wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.\",\n \"40.The apparatus as in claim 37, wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"41.The apparatus as in claim 37, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.\",\n \"42.The apparatus as in claim 37, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"43.The apparatus as in claim 37, wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"44.The apparatus as in claim 37, wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2; wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"45.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a support factor of at least 2.46.The apparatus as in claim 45, wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.\",\n \"47.The apparatus as in claim 45, wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"48.The apparatus as in claim 45, wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"49.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 to 18 pounds.\",\n \"50.The apparatus as in claim 49, wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"51.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the first horizontal layer has a density of between 2 to 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"52.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the second horizontal layer has a recovery of at least 1 second.\",\n \"53.The apparatus as in claim 52, wherein the second horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 1 cubic feet per minute.\",\n \"54.The apparatus as in claim 52, wherein the second horizontal layer has a support factor of less than 2.6.55.The apparatus as in claim 52, wherein the second horizontal layer has a glass transition temperature of between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.\",\n \"56.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the second horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 and 18 pounds.\",\n \"57.The apparatus as in claim 56, wherein the second horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 1 cubic feet per minute.\",\n \"58.The apparatus as in claim 56, wherein the second horizontal layer has a support factor of less than 2.6.59.The apparatus as in claim 56, wherein the second horizontal layer has a glass transition temperature of between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.\",\n \"60.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the second horizontal layer has a density of between 2 and 6 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"61.The apparatus as in claim 60, wherein the second horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 1 cubic feet per minute.\",\n \"62.The apparatus as in claim 60, wherein the second horizontal layer has a support factor of less than 2.6.63.The apparatus as in claim 60, wherein the second horizontal layer has a glass transition temperature of between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.\",\n \"64.The apparatus as in claim 52, wherein the second horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 and 18 pounds.\",\n \"65.The apparatus as in claim 64, wherein the second horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 1 cubic feet per minute.\",\n \"66.The apparatus as in claim 64, wherein the second horizontal layer has a support factor of less than 2.6.67.The apparatus as in claim 64, wherein the second horizontal layer has a glass transition temperature of between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.\",\n \"68.The apparatus as in claim 52, wherein the second horizontal layer has a density of between 2 and 6 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"69.The apparatus as in claim 68, wherein the second horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 1 cubic feet per minute.\",\n \"70.The apparatus as in claim 68, wherein the second horizontal layer has a support factor of less than 2.6.71.The apparatus as in claim 68, wherein the second horizontal layer has a glass transition temperature of between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.\",\n \"72.The apparatus as in claim 56, wherein the second horizontal layer has a density of between 2 and 6 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"73.The apparatus as in claim 72, wherein the second horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 1 cubic feet per minute.\",\n \"74.The apparatus as in claim 72, wherein the second horizontal layer has a support factor of less than 2.6.75.The apparatus as in claim 72, wherein the second horizontal layer has a glass transition temperature of between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.\",\n \"76.The apparatus as in claim 52, wherein the second horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 6 and 18 pounds; and the second horizontal layer has a density of between 2 and 6 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"77.The apparatus as in claim 76, wherein the second horizontal layer has an airflow of at least 1 cubic feet per minute.\",\n \"78.The apparatus as in claim 76, wherein the second horizontal layer has a support factor of less than 2.6.79.The apparatus as in claim 76, wherein the second horizontal layer has a glass transition temperature of between 40 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.\",\n \"80.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the third horizontal layer has a density of between 1 and 4 pounds per cubic foot.\",\n \"81.The apparatus as in claim 80, wherein the third horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 15 to 50 pounds.\",\n \"82.An apparatus comprising: a mattress, the mattress comprising a first horizontal layer, a second horizontal layer positioned below the first horizontal layer, and a third horizontal layer positioned below the second horizontal layer; wherein the first horizontal layer comprises latex foam; wherein the second horizontal layer comprises memory foam; wherein the third horizontal layer comprises polyurethane foam; and wherein the third horizontal layer has a 25% IFD of between 15 to 50 pounds.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND Although the traditional spring mattress is the dominant category of mattresses sold within the United States, both latex foam mattresses and visco-elastic (memory) foam mattresses have been sold in the U.S. as specialty-category mattresses.\",\n \"Both latex and memory foams have benefits and drawbacks in mattress construction and design.\",\n \"Latex foam has a very quick recovery rate (i.e., is “bouncy”), is highly breathable and can be produced using natural or synthetic materials.\",\n \"If natural materials are used, the mattress can be marketed as such, adding to its desirability in the marketplace.\",\n \"Nonetheless, latex foam mattresses have the highest average return rate of any type of mattress sold in the U.S.—usually due to the resonant “bouncing” that the user feels on a latex foam mattress and/or inadequate pressure relief The market for memory foam mattresses was built nearly single-handedly by Tempur-Pedic through novel marketing techniques, such as an association with space-age technology and the image of a handprint “stuck” in the foam top layer after the hand is removed.\",\n \"Due to its slow recovery (or memory), visco-elastic memory foam was marketed as an aid for pressure relief and to enable isolation of one sleeper from another because the foam does not translate vibration.\",\n \"But memory foam mattresses also have a somewhat high return rate, often due to complaints such as: 1) “getting stuck” (i.e., not being able to turn over when changing sleeping positions); 2) overheating (the foam is not highly breathable and the contouring causes the foam to closely hug large portions of the body limiting air flow); and 3) not being conducive for comfort during sex because of the tendency to “get stuck.” Further, both latex and memory foam are expensive materials.\",\n \"Manufacturers often use them only for the top layer(s) of a mattress, often referred to as the comfort layer(s).\",\n \"The comfort layer(s) are usually 1-5″ thick and typically consist of 1-3 different foam types laminated together.\",\n \"Beneath these layer(s), regular polyurethane foam is typically used to provide some support and to increase mattress thickness.\",\n \"Some newer “hybrid” mattresses use pocketed spring coils instead of polyurethane foam.\",\n \"To combat the “stuck” feeling of memory foam, some manufacturers have developed quick-response memory foam.\",\n \"Other manufacturers use thinner layers of memory foam (atop poly foam) to limit the depth that user can sink into the foam.\",\n \"A few manufacturers have put latex foam underneath the memory foam to benefit from the quick return (i.e.\",\n \"bounce) that the latex foam provides.\",\n \"But this solution may not solve the problems noted above where memory foam is the top layer of the mattress.\",\n \"Accordingly, there is a need for a novel foam mattress construction that couples the contouring pressure relief of memory foam with quick-recovery of latex foam that prevents users from getting “stuck” in the memory foam and improves the springiness of the mattress.\",\n \"Such an arrangement will benefit from the breathability and bounciness of latex foam while mitigating the resonant bouncing and poorer pressure relief characteristics of latex foam.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, together with the detailed description below, are incorporated in and form part of the specification, and serve to further illustrate embodiments of concepts that include the claimed invention, and explain various principles and advantages of those embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1 is a cross-section view of a three-layer mattress in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is a cross-section view of a four-layer mattress in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 is a cross-section view of a five-layer mattress in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"4A and 4B are perspective views of a rolled-up mattress in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"5A and 5B are perspective views of a mattress with a removable cover in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"6A and 6B are perspective views of a mattress with a removable cover in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"7A, 7B and 7C are perspective views of a mattress with a button-down cover in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"detailed-description description=\\\"Detailed Description\\\" end=\\\"lead\\\"?\",\n \"Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale.\",\n \"For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.\",\n \"The apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.\"\n ],\n [\n \"RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of the U.S.\",\n \"Provisional Patent Application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"61/982,235 filed on Apr.\",\n \"21, 2014.FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure is directed to a foam mattress with improved features related to its construction, transportation and cleaning.\",\n \"BACKGROUND Although the traditional spring mattress is the dominant category of mattresses sold within the United States, both latex foam mattresses and visco-elastic (memory) foam mattresses have been sold in the U.S. as specialty-category mattresses.\",\n \"Both latex and memory foams have benefits and drawbacks in mattress construction and design.\",\n \"Latex foam has a very quick recovery rate (i.e., is “bouncy”), is highly breathable and can be produced using natural or synthetic materials.\",\n \"If natural materials are used, the mattress can be marketed as such, adding to its desirability in the marketplace.\",\n \"Nonetheless, latex foam mattresses have the highest average return rate of any type of mattress sold in the U.S.—usually due to the resonant “bouncing” that the user feels on a latex foam mattress and/or inadequate pressure relief The market for memory foam mattresses was built nearly single-handedly by Tempur-Pedic through novel marketing techniques, such as an association with space-age technology and the image of a handprint “stuck” in the foam top layer after the hand is removed.\",\n \"Due to its slow recovery (or memory), visco-elastic memory foam was marketed as an aid for pressure relief and to enable isolation of one sleeper from another because the foam does not translate vibration.\",\n \"But memory foam mattresses also have a somewhat high return rate, often due to complaints such as: 1) “getting stuck” (i.e., not being able to turn over when changing sleeping positions); 2) overheating (the foam is not highly breathable and the contouring causes the foam to closely hug large portions of the body limiting air flow); and 3) not being conducive for comfort during sex because of the tendency to “get stuck.” Further, both latex and memory foam are expensive materials.\",\n \"Manufacturers often use them only for the top layer(s) of a mattress, often referred to as the comfort layer(s).\",\n \"The comfort layer(s) are usually 1-5″ thick and typically consist of 1-3 different foam types laminated together.\",\n \"Beneath these layer(s), regular polyurethane foam is typically used to provide some support and to increase mattress thickness.\",\n \"Some newer “hybrid” mattresses use pocketed spring coils instead of polyurethane foam.\",\n \"To combat the “stuck” feeling of memory foam, some manufacturers have developed quick-response memory foam.\",\n \"Other manufacturers use thinner layers of memory foam (atop poly foam) to limit the depth that user can sink into the foam.\",\n \"A few manufacturers have put latex foam underneath the memory foam to benefit from the quick return (i.e.\",\n \"bounce) that the latex foam provides.\",\n \"But this solution may not solve the problems noted above where memory foam is the top layer of the mattress.\",\n \"Accordingly, there is a need for a novel foam mattress construction that couples the contouring pressure relief of memory foam with quick-recovery of latex foam that prevents users from getting “stuck” in the memory foam and improves the springiness of the mattress.\",\n \"Such an arrangement will benefit from the breathability and bounciness of latex foam while mitigating the resonant bouncing and poorer pressure relief characteristics of latex foam.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views, together with the detailed description below, are incorporated in and form part of the specification, and serve to further illustrate embodiments of concepts that include the claimed invention, and explain various principles and advantages of those embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1 is a cross-section view of a three-layer mattress in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is a cross-section view of a four-layer mattress in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 is a cross-section view of a five-layer mattress in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"4A and 4B are perspective views of a rolled-up mattress in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"5A and 5B are perspective views of a mattress with a removable cover in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"6A and 6B are perspective views of a mattress with a removable cover in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"7A, 7B and 7C are perspective views of a mattress with a button-down cover in accordance with some embodiments.\",\n \"Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale.\",\n \"For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.\",\n \"The apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Definitions In this disclosure, the listed terms will be defined as follows: Density of a foam is its mass per unit volume.\",\n \"Density may be measured in pounds per cubic foot (pcf).\",\n \"IFD is Indentation Force Deflection, which is a method for determining the firmness, and load bearing capacity of foam.\",\n \"IFD measures the load required to depress a 50 square inch compression platen into a foam specimen.\",\n \"IFD is usually reported at 25% deflection of the specimen's height and is measured in pounds.\",\n \"IFD may be measured with ASTM D3574-11 Test B1.Airflow is a measure of the air permeability of a foam and is measured in cubic feet per minute (cfm).\",\n \"Airflow may be measured with ASTM D3574-11 Test G. Recovery is a measure of how quickly a foam returns to original shape after being displaced and is measured in seconds.\",\n \"Recovery is typically used to measure the memory effect of visco-elastic foams.\",\n \"Recovery may be measured with ASTM D3574-11 Test M. Rebound is measure of the elasticity of a foam and is measured as a percentage.\",\n \"A steel ball is dropped on a foam specimen, and the percentage height it rebounds (relative to drop height) is measured.\",\n \"Rebound may be measured with ASTM D3574-11 Test H. Support Factor (SF) is the ratio of 65% IFD over 25% IFD and is a unitless measurement.\",\n \"SF is a measure of the “deeper” support of a foam, and is an indicator as to whether a foam will bottom out or not.\",\n \"SF may be measured with ASTM D3574-11 Test B1.Tg is the glass transition temperature of the foam.\",\n \"It is a property of all foams but is most relevant with memory foams because memory foams have a Tg within the range of normal ambient temperature (40° F.-80° F.).\",\n \"Tg is the point at which a foam transitions from stiff to pliable.\",\n \"Below Tg, a foam is stiff.\",\n \"Above Tg, a foam is pliable.\",\n \"The transition in mechanical properties can be dramatic, even with but a few degrees change in temperature.\",\n \"Tg, may be measured with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) or thermal stress analysis (TSA).\",\n \"Latex foam is any high resilience foam where: i) a rebound may be greater than 40%; ii) airflow may be greater than 3.5 cfm; and iii) recovery may be less than 0.5 seconds.\",\n \"Latex foam may be natural latex, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polyurethane or any blend of the above foams.\",\n \"Latex-like foam is any foam intended to simulate the mechanical properties of latex foam—(i) a rebound may be greater than 40%; ii) airflow may be greater than 3.5 cfm; and iii) recovery may be less than 0.5 seconds—but with polyurethane, polyethylene or other non-natural or non-SBR resins or any blend of the above foams.\",\n \"Memory foam is any polyurethane foam with a low rebound, delayed recovery and a temperature-sensitive response.\",\n \"More specifically: i) the rebound may be from 1-2%; ii) the recovery may be greater than 1 second; and iii) the temperature-sensitive response may be the foam softening in response to body heat and having a Tg between 40° F. and 80° F. II.\",\n \"Mattress Length and Width The mattresses described herein may be of any suitable length and width, including without limitation U.S. or non-U.S. standard sizes such as King, Queen, Full, Twin, Extra Long, California King, Youth and Crib.\",\n \"III.\",\n \"The Three-Layer Mattress Turing to FIG.\",\n \"1, shown is cross-section of a three-layer mattress 100 with a cover 110.The cross-section of the depth of the mattress 100 includes a first layer 120, a second layer 130 and a third layer 140.A.\",\n \"First Embodiment In a first embodiment, the total depth 180 of the mattress 100 may be 9.5 inches.\",\n \"The first layer depth 150 of the mattress 100 may be 1.5 inches.\",\n \"The second layer depth 160 of the mattress may be 1.5 inches.\",\n \"The third layer depth 170 of the mattress may be 6.5 inches.\",\n \"In this first embodiment, the first layer 120 is a layer of latex foam.\",\n \"The first layer 120 may consist of C1 latex from Mountain Top Foam and may have the physical properties shown in Table 1.TABLE 1 Test Potential Target Tolerance Unit Method Range Unit Density 3.3 ±0.2 pcf n/a 2 to 4 pcf 25% IFD 12 ±1 lb ASTM 6 to 18 lb D3574-11 Test B1 Airflow >4 minimum cfm ASTM >2 cfm D3574-11 Test G Recovery <0.5 maximum seconds ASTM <1 seconds D3574-11 Test M Rebound 65 ±5 % ASTM >40 % D3574-11 Test H Support 3 ±0.1 n/a ASTM >2 n/a Factor D3574-11 Test B1 Tg n/a In Table 1, the rightmost two columns demonstrate potential ranges of physical properties related to the first layer 120.The second layer 130 is a layer of memory foam.\",\n \"The second layer 130 may consist of 4 lb Visco memory foam and may have the physical properties shown in Table 2.TABLE 2 Test Potential Target Tolerance Unit Method Range Unit Density 4.0 ±0.1 pcf n/a 2 to 6 pcf 25% IFD 10 ±1 lb ASTM 6 to 18 lb D3574-11 Test B1 Airflow >2 minimum cfm ASTM >1 cfm D3574-11 Test G Recovery 3 ±1 seconds ASTM >1 seconds D3574-11 Test M Rebound 2 maximum % ASTM <5 % D3574-11 Test H Support 2.2 ±0.1 n/a ASTM <2.6 n/a Factor D3574-11 Test B1 Tg 60 ±2 ° F. DMA 40 to 80 ° F. In Table 2, the rightmost two columns demonstrate potential ranges of physical properties related to the second layer 130.In the mattress industry, two important parameters used to describe a foam are IFD and SF.\",\n \"Standard test protocols specify the test specimen size and loading regime for these parameters, which creates measurement consistency.\",\n \"Such test protocols may be found in ASTM D3574-11.IFD is an indication of foam firmness and indicates how much force a foam pushes back with when a user pushes into it.\",\n \"Industry norms use 25% IFD numbers as a basis for comparison—so an IFD 8 foam (8 pounds of push-back) feels softer than a IFD 20 foam (20 pounds of push-back).\",\n \"SF represents the “deeper” support of a foam, and is an indicator as to whether a foam will bottom out or not.\",\n \"SF is the ratio of the 65% IFD to the 25% IFD—the ratio of the force required to depress a sample to 65% of its original height to the force required to depress a sample to 25% of its original height (the standard IFD measurement).\",\n \"SF illustrates how much a single type of foam pushes back the more the user pushes into it.\",\n \"Thus, a foam with a SF of 3 and an IFD of 8 pushes back with 24 pounds force upon 65% compression, while an IFD 8 foam with a SF of 2 only pushes back with 16 pounds at 65% compression.\",\n \"A linear “spring” foam generally has a SF of 2.6.Latex and latex-like foam typically have a higher SF (approximately 3.0-3.3).\",\n \"Memory foam typically has a lower SF (approximately 2.0-2.2).\",\n \"These differences are quite significant in the overall feel of the mattress.\",\n \"In the mattress industry, it has been a widely accepted rule of thumb that the top layers of foam should have the lowest SF to reduce pressure points, and that the SF should increase as one moves down into the layers.\",\n \"By having the first layer 120 being comprised of a latex or latex-like foam and placed on top of the second layer 130 being comprised of memory foam, the commonly-held rule regarding SF is inverted.\",\n \"Nonetheless, a successful experience for the mattress user is achieved because the foam layers of the bed act as a series of springs.\",\n \"This arrangement eliminates the “stuckness” of memory foam while retaining the pressure relief and motion isolation of the memory foam.\",\n \"At the same time, this arrangement benefits from the breathability and bounciness of latex or latex-like foam while mitigating the resonant bouncing and poorer pressure relief characteristics of latex or latex-like foam.\",\n \"The third layer 140 adds overall support and depth for the mattress and may consist of 1.8 pcf conventional polyurethane foam and may have the physical properties shown in Table 3.TABLE 3 Test Potential Target Tolerance Unit Method Range Unit Density 1.8 ±0.1 Pcf n/a 1 to 4 pcf 25% IFD 32 ±3 Lb ASTM 15 to lb D3574-11 50 Test B1 Airflow >4 minimum Cfm ASTM >2 cfm D3574-11 Test G Recovery <0.5 maximum Seconds ASTM <1 seconds D3574-11 Test M Rebound 50 ±5 % ASTM >40 % D3574-11 Test H Support 1.9 ±0.1 n/a ASTM 1.5 to n/a Factor D3574-11 3.5 Test B1 Tg n/a In Table 3, the rightmost two columns demonstrate potential ranges of physical properties related to the third layer 140.B.\",\n \"The Second Embodiment In a second embodiment, the total depth 180 of the mattress 100 may range from 1 to 22 inches.\",\n \"The first layer depth 150 of the mattress 100 may range from 0.25 to 5 inches.\",\n \"The second layer depth 160 of the mattress may range from 0.25 inches to 5 inches.\",\n \"The third layer depth 170 of the mattress may range from 0.5 to 12 inches.\",\n \"The second embodiment is similar to the first embodiment in that the first layer 120 is latex or latex-like foam and the second layer 130 is memory foam.\",\n \"The third layer 140 may be any of the following: i) latex foam; ii) latex-like foam; iii) polyurethane visco-elastic “memory” foam; iv) conventional polyurethane foam; v) HR (high resilience) polyurethane foam; or vi) any other polyurethane, polyethylene or polyester Foam.\",\n \"IV.\",\n \"The Four-Layer Mattress Turing to FIG.\",\n \"2, shown is cross-section of a four-layer mattress 200 with a cover 210.The cross-section of the depth of the mattress 200 includes a first layer 220, a second layer 230, a third layer 240 and a fourth layer 250.The total depth 295 of the mattress 200 may range from 1 to 22 inches.\",\n \"The first layer depth 260 of the mattress 200 may range from 0.25 to 5 inches.\",\n \"The second layer depth 270 of the mattress may range from 0.25 inches to 5 inches.\",\n \"The third layer depth 280 of the mattress may range from 0.25 to 5 inches.\",\n \"The fourth layer depth 290 of the mattress may range from 0.25 to 12 inches.\",\n \"The first layer 220 may be latex or latex-like foam.\",\n \"The second layer 230, third layer 240 and fourth layer 250 may be any of the following: i) latex foam; ii) latex-like foam; iii) polyurethane visco-elastic “memory” foam; iv) conventional polyurethane foam; v) HR (high resilience) polyurethane foam; or vi) any other polyurethane, polyethylene or polyester foam.\",\n \"In one embodiment, at least one of the second layer 230, third layer 240 and fourth layer 250 is memory foam.\",\n \"In one embodiment, at least one upper layer has a SF higher than a layer below that upper layer.\",\n \"V. The Five-Layer Mattress Turing to FIG.\",\n \"3, shown is cross-section of a five-layer mattress 300 with a cover 305.The cross-section of the depth of the mattress 300 includes a first layer 310, a second layer 315, a third layer 320, a fourth layer 325 and a fifth layer 330.The total depth 360 of the mattress 300 may range from 1.25 to 22 inches.\",\n \"The first layer depth 335 of the mattress 300 may range from 0.25 to 5 inches.\",\n \"The second layer depth 340 of the mattress may range from 0.25 inches to 5 inches.\",\n \"The third layer depth 345 of the mattress may range from 0.25 to 5 inches.\",\n \"The fourth layer depth 350 of the mattress may range from 0.25 to 5 inches.\",\n \"The fifth layer depth 355 of the mattress may range from 0.25 to 12 inches.\",\n \"The first layer 310 may be latex or latex-like foam.\",\n \"The second layer 315, third layer 320, fourth layer 325 and fifth layer 330 may be any of the following: i) latex foam; ii) latex-like foam; iii) polyurethane visco-elastic “memory” foam; iv) conventional polyurethane foam; v) HR (high resilience) polyurethane foam; or vi) any other polyurethane, polyethylene or polyester Foam.\",\n \"In one embodiment, at least one of the second layer 315, third layer 320, fourth layer 325 and fifth layer 330 is memory foam.\",\n \"In one embodiment, at least one upper layer has a SF higher than a layer below that upper layer.\",\n \"VI.\",\n \"Mattress Transportation Moving a mattress is a cumbersome task.\",\n \"For example, queen-sized mattresses can weigh up to 100 pounds, and are typically floppy with poor affordance for carrying.\",\n \"They are difficult to get through doorways, down stairs and into cars.\",\n \"As such, many people will discard mattresses when they move because the burdens and costs of moving a mattress are too great.\",\n \"Turing to FIG.\",\n \"4A, shown is a mattress system 400 with two features that facilitate moving so that mattresses are not discarded and have greater long-term value to their owner.\",\n \"The mattress body 405 incorporates straps 410, 412, 414 integrated into the design that hold the mattress in an easily transportable shape once rolled up or folded.\",\n \"The straps may be webbing, string or any other material with high tensile strength.\",\n \"The straps may tie, have buckles or incorporate any other fasteners 420, 422, 424 that enable the straps to hold the mattress together.\",\n \"The user manually rolls up and/or folds the mattress, and the straps are located in a convenient place such that once rolled, the mattress may easily be strapped together.\",\n \"By integrating the straps, the rolling and strapping process is easier and ensures that all users have the proper materials at hand to roll the mattress for transport.\",\n \"Turing to FIG.\",\n \"4B, shown is another view of the mattress system 400.In addition to the straps 410, 412, 44, the mattress body 405 has integrated backpack, shoulder and/or hand straps 420, 430 installed via a securing mechanism 440 that allow the mattress body 405 to be readily carried by one or more people on their shoulders and/or back.\",\n \"This greatly facilitates portability, increasing the odds that an owner will take their mattress with them to their new home and be able to do so with minimal hassle.\",\n \"In another embodiment, the cinch straps and carrying straps are part of a separate “wrap” or bag rather than integrated into the mattress.\",\n \"VII.\",\n \"Integrated Mattress Washable Pad Mattresses are expensive investments that often become stained with sweat and/or other bodily fluids.\",\n \"Even when used with sheets and a mattress pad (a separately-purchased cover that is used to protect the mattress), mattresses become stained.\",\n \"In nearly all cases, the cover of the mattress itself is not washable other than through spot cleaning.\",\n \"A limited number of mattresses (often futon-style) may have a cover that completely zips off and can be laundered, but this is often a cumbersome process because it requires a lot of manipulation of the heavy mattress.\",\n \"Staining of mattresses limits their resale value and can prevent people from giving a mattress to friends when they decide to move town or upgrade to a different mattress.\",\n \"Turing to FIG.\",\n \"5A, shown is a mattress system 500 including a mattress body 510 and of a removable section of a detachable mattress cover 520 that protects the primary mattress cover from stains and that can be washed or replaced with a new one in order to “refresh” the mattress.\",\n \"In this embodiment, the mattress cover 520 covers the entire top of the mattress body 510 and is secured to the mattress body 510 by a securing mechanism 530.It may be reversible to quickly provide a clean top surface, and it may have different colors from the mattress body 510 in order to better hide stains.\",\n \"The securing mechanism 530 may be secured at approximately the same depth all around the mattress body 510 and may consist of hook and loop fasteners, zippers, buttons, snaps, ties or any combination thereof Turing to FIG.\",\n \"5B, shown is a mattress system 505 including a mattress body 510 and a removable section of a detachable mattress cover 550 that protects the primary mattress cover from stains and that can be washed or replaced with a new one in order to “refresh” the mattress.\",\n \"In this embodiment, the mattress cover 550 covers a portion of the top of the mattress body 510 and is secured to the mattress body 510 by a securing mechanism 540.The mattress cover 550 may be located in the area most likely to absorb bodily fluids (in the region from the head to the upper thigh).\",\n \"It may cover just the top of the mattress body 510 so it can be easily removed and laundered.\",\n \"It may be reversible to quickly provide a clean top surface, and it may have different colors from the primary mattress in order to better hide stains.\",\n \"The securing mechanism 540 may be secured at approximately the same depth around the mattress body 510 to best secure the mattress cover 550 The securing mechanism 540 may consist of hook and loop fasteners, zippers, buttons, snaps, ties or any combination thereof Turing to FIGS.\",\n \"6A and 6B, shown is a mattress system 600 with a removable mattress pad 610 that surrounds a portion of the mattress body 510.The mattress pad 610 may be placed in the area most likely to absorb bodily fluids (in the region from the head to the upper thigh).\",\n \"It may cover just the top of the mattress body 510 so it can be easily removed and laundered.\",\n \"It may be reversible to quickly provide a clean top surface, and it may have different colors from the primary mattress in order to better hide stains.\",\n \"Turing to FIG.\",\n \"7A, shown is a mattress system 700 with a removable mattress pad 730.It is secured to the mattress body 510 via a button 710 attached to the mattress body 510 and a button hole 720 installed in the mattress pad 730.Turning to FIG.\",\n \"7B, shown is a mattress system 704 where the mattress pad 730 is attached to the mattress body (not shown) by means of the button 710 attached to the mattress.\",\n \"Turning to FIG.\",\n \"7C, shown is a mattress system 706 where the mattress pad 750 is attached to a portion of the mattress body 760 via a button 710 attached to the mattress body 760.The mattress pads 730, 750 may be reversible to quickly provide a clean top surface, and may have different colors from the primary mattress in order to better hide stains.\",\n \"In the foregoing specification, specific embodiments have been described.\",\n \"However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below.\",\n \"Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of present teachings.\",\n \"The benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims.\",\n \"The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.\",\n \"Moreover in this document, relational terms such as first and second, top and bottom, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions.\",\n \"The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “has”, “having,” “includes”, “including,” “contains”, “containing” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.\",\n \"An element proceeded by “comprises .\",\n \".\",\n \".\",\n \"a”, “has .\",\n \".\",\n \".\",\n \"a”, “includes .\",\n \".\",\n \".\",\n \"a”, “contains .\",\n \".\",\n \".\",\n \"a” does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises, has, includes, contains the element.\",\n \"The terms “a” and “an” are defined as one or more unless explicitly stated otherwise herein.\",\n \"The terms “substantially”, “essentially”, “approximately”, “about” or any other version thereof, are defined as being close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.\",\n \"The term “coupled” as used herein is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly and not necessarily mechanically.\",\n \"A device or structure that is “configured” in a certain way is configured in at least that way, but may also be configured in ways that are not listed.\",\n \"The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure.\",\n \"It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.\",\n \"In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in various embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure.\",\n \"This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim.\",\n \"Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment.\",\n \"Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872737"}}},{"rowIdx":4494154,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["PNEUMATIC VEHICLE TIRE","A pneumatic vehicle tire has a nominal tire cross-sectional height H of at most 110 mm, bead regions with bead cores, a radial carcass which runs around the bead cores in the bead regions axially on the inside to axially on the outside forming carcass turn-ups, and side wall regions, which each have a wing profile and a side wall profile.","The wing profiles are the only rubber components extending in contact with the radial carcass in the radially outer region of the side wall region.","The carcass turn-ups end at a radial height (h1), determined from a base line, of 15 mm to 65 mm.","At least in a region between a radial height (h2) of 29% of the nominal side wall height and a radial height (h3) of at least 80% of the height H, the wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend outside the radial carcass."],["1.A pneumatic vehicle tire comprising: a tread including tread edge regions; the pneumatic vehicle tire having a nominal tire cross-sectional height (H) of at most 110 mm; a belt assembly; bead regions each having a bead core and horn profile; a radial carcass running around each bead core in each bead region axially on the inside to axially on the outside forming carcass turn-ups; side wall regions each having a wing profile and a side wall profile; said wing profiles being the only rubber components extending in contact with said radial carcass in radially outer regions of said side wall regions; said wing profiles each having a radially inner end section which runs out in a tapered manner in the direction of said bead regions and which overlaps corresponding side wall profiles on the outside; said wing profiles each further having respective radially outer end sections, which run out at corresponding ones of said tread edge regions; said side wall profiles each being, in cross section, a substantially strip-shaped rubber component arranged between corresponding ones of said wing profiles and horn profiles; said carcass turn-ups ending at a radial height (h1) of 15 mm to 65 mm determined from a base line (BL); said wing profiles being, at least in respective regions between a radial height (h2) determined from said base line (BL) of 29% of a nominal side wall height, and a radial height (h3) determined from said base line (BL) of at least 80% of said tire cross-sectional height (H), the only rubber components that extend outside said radial carcass; and, said base line (BL) extending in the axial direction and being configured to intersect a rim where an outer end of a rim radius is situated.","2.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said wing profiles, from a height (h2) of 25% of the nominal side wall height, are the only rubber components that extend outside said radial carcass.","3.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein, in the direction of said tread up to said height (h3) of up to 90% of said tire cross-sectional height (H), said wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend outside said radial carcass.","4.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein: said wing profiles have a thickness (d) perpendicular to the extent of said radial carcass in said side wall regions in which said wing profiles are the only rubber components extending outside the radial carcass; and, said sidewall thickness (d) lies in a range from 1.0 mm to 3.5 mm.","5.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein: said wing profiles have a thickness (d) perpendicular to the extent of said radial carcass in said side wall regions in which they are the only rubber components extending outside the radial carcass; and, said sidewall thickness (d) is 2.5 mm.","6.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein: said wing profiles have a thickness (d) perpendicular to the extent of said radial carcass in said side wall regions in which they are the only rubber components extending outside the radial carcass; and, said sidewall thickness (d) is at least 1.5 mm.","7.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein: said wing profiles have a thickness (d) perpendicular to the extent of said radial carcass in said side wall regions in which they are the only rubber components extending outside the radial carcass; and, said sidewall thickness (d) is at most 1.8 mm.","8.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein: said wing profiles have a thickness (d) perpendicular to the extent of said radial carcass in said side wall regions in which they are the only rubber components extending outside the radial carcass; and, said sidewall thickness (d) is substantially constant.","9.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein: said horn profiles each have a radially outer horn profile end section; corresponding ones of said side wall profiles, said radially outer horn profile end sections and said wing profiles each form a rim protection rib in said side wall regions; and, said rim protection ribs each having, perpendicularly to the extent of the radial carcass, a maximum thickness lying in a range from 4 mm to 14 mm."],[" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Such a pneumatic vehicle tire is known from US2014/0027034.In the case of this pneumatic vehicle tire, the wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend in the radially outer regions of the side walls, and therefore the rubber thickness in these regions can be kept less than in embodiments in which the side wall profiles and wing profiles overlap in this region.","In the case of this known tire, provision is furthermore made for the turn-ups of the radial carcass to be folded back so as to extend under the belt assembly.","However, this known tire has such a high radial stiffness in the side wall regions that it is in need of improvement in respect especially of its handling characteristics and of the road noise transmitted into the interior of the vehicle."],[" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to eliminate the above mentioned disadvantages and furthermore to enable the pneumatic vehicle tire to be made even slimmer in the side wall regions.","The object can, for example, be achieved by virtue of the fact that the carcass turn-ups end at a radial height, determined from a base line, of 15 mm to 65 mm, and that, at least in a region between a radial height, determined from the base line, of 29% of the nominal side wall height and a radial height, determined from the base line, of at least 80% of the tire cross-sectional height, the wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend outside the radial carcass, wherein the base line extends in the axial direction and intersects the rim where the outer end of the rim radius is situated.","In the case of a tire embodied in accordance with the invention, the head region of the tire is to a large extent mechanically decoupled from the bead regions of the tire, especially as a result of the lower radial stiffness that can be achieved in the side wall regions.","The carcass turn-ups ending at a relatively low height and the relatively large region within which only the wing profiles extend as rubber components are responsible for the decoupling.","The folding back of the carcass turn-ups under the belt assembly—the term “C ply” being used here—which is provided in the embodiment known from US2014/0027034, results in increased shoulder pressure of the tire in the ground contact area in the sensitive shoulder regions.","This increased shoulder pressure can also result in increased shoulder abrasion.","In the case of tires embodied in accordance with the invention, the wing profiles can furthermore be made very thin, thus further reducing the radial side wall stiffness.","Pneumatic vehicle tires with a low side wall thickness have better handling characteristics since they can deflect to a greater extent.","This increases, in particular, the dynamic ground contact area of the tire, this being associated with better power transmission and therefore improved handling characteristics.","The mechanical decoupling already mentioned furthermore has the effect of reducing tire noise in the interior of the vehicle.","By virtue of the possibility of reducing the rubber thickness in the side wall regions even further, it is additionally possible to achieve a weight saving, which results in a significant improvement in the rolling resistance of the tire.","An embodiment of the invention in which, from a height of 25% of the nominal side wall height, the wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend outside the radial carcass, is particularly preferred.","In the direction of the tread up to a height of up to 90% of the tire cross-sectional height, the wing profiles are in this case preferably the only rubber components that extend outside the radial carcass.","This embodiment is advantageous for particularly effective reduction of the radial side wall stiffness.","According to another advantageous embodiment, the thickness of the wing profiles perpendicularly to the extent of the radial carcass in those side wall regions in which they are the only rubber components extending outside the radial carcass is 1.0 mm to 3.5 mm, in particular up to 2.5 mm.","A thickness of the wing profiles in these regions of 1.5 mm to 1.8 mm is particularly advantageous.","In this case, the thickness of the wing profiles in these side wall regions should be substantially constant.","In each side wall region, the side wall profile, the radially outer end section of the horn profile and the wing profile can furthermore advantageously form a rim protection rib, the maximum thickness of which perpendicularly to the extent of the radial carcass is 4.0 mm to 14.0 mm."],["CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation application of international patent application PCT/EP2016/052677, filed Feb. 9, 2016 designating the United States and claiming priority from German application 10 2015 213 403.2, filed Jul.","16, 2015, and the entire content of both applications is incorporated herein by reference.","FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a pneumatic vehicle tire having a nominal tire cross-sectional height of at most 110 mm, having a tread, a belt assembly, bead regions with bead cores and horn profiles, a radial carcass, which runs around the bead cores in the bead regions axially on the inside to axially on the outside, forming carcass turn-ups, and having side wall regions, which each have a wing profile and a side wall profile, wherein the wing profile is the only rubber component extending in contact with the radial carcass in the radially outer region of the side wall region and has a radially inner end section which runs out in a tapered manner in the direction of the bead region and which overlaps the side wall profile on the outside, and has a radially outer end section, which runs out at the tread edge region, and wherein, in cross section, the side wall profile is a substantially strip-shaped rubber component arranged between the wing profile and the horn profile.","BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Such a pneumatic vehicle tire is known from US2014/0027034.In the case of this pneumatic vehicle tire, the wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend in the radially outer regions of the side walls, and therefore the rubber thickness in these regions can be kept less than in embodiments in which the side wall profiles and wing profiles overlap in this region.","In the case of this known tire, provision is furthermore made for the turn-ups of the radial carcass to be folded back so as to extend under the belt assembly.","However, this known tire has such a high radial stiffness in the side wall regions that it is in need of improvement in respect especially of its handling characteristics and of the road noise transmitted into the interior of the vehicle.","SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to eliminate the above mentioned disadvantages and furthermore to enable the pneumatic vehicle tire to be made even slimmer in the side wall regions.","The object can, for example, be achieved by virtue of the fact that the carcass turn-ups end at a radial height, determined from a base line, of 15 mm to 65 mm, and that, at least in a region between a radial height, determined from the base line, of 29% of the nominal side wall height and a radial height, determined from the base line, of at least 80% of the tire cross-sectional height, the wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend outside the radial carcass, wherein the base line extends in the axial direction and intersects the rim where the outer end of the rim radius is situated.","In the case of a tire embodied in accordance with the invention, the head region of the tire is to a large extent mechanically decoupled from the bead regions of the tire, especially as a result of the lower radial stiffness that can be achieved in the side wall regions.","The carcass turn-ups ending at a relatively low height and the relatively large region within which only the wing profiles extend as rubber components are responsible for the decoupling.","The folding back of the carcass turn-ups under the belt assembly—the term “C ply” being used here—which is provided in the embodiment known from US2014/0027034, results in increased shoulder pressure of the tire in the ground contact area in the sensitive shoulder regions.","This increased shoulder pressure can also result in increased shoulder abrasion.","In the case of tires embodied in accordance with the invention, the wing profiles can furthermore be made very thin, thus further reducing the radial side wall stiffness.","Pneumatic vehicle tires with a low side wall thickness have better handling characteristics since they can deflect to a greater extent.","This increases, in particular, the dynamic ground contact area of the tire, this being associated with better power transmission and therefore improved handling characteristics.","The mechanical decoupling already mentioned furthermore has the effect of reducing tire noise in the interior of the vehicle.","By virtue of the possibility of reducing the rubber thickness in the side wall regions even further, it is additionally possible to achieve a weight saving, which results in a significant improvement in the rolling resistance of the tire.","An embodiment of the invention in which, from a height of 25% of the nominal side wall height, the wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend outside the radial carcass, is particularly preferred.","In the direction of the tread up to a height of up to 90% of the tire cross-sectional height, the wing profiles are in this case preferably the only rubber components that extend outside the radial carcass.","This embodiment is advantageous for particularly effective reduction of the radial side wall stiffness.","According to another advantageous embodiment, the thickness of the wing profiles perpendicularly to the extent of the radial carcass in those side wall regions in which they are the only rubber components extending outside the radial carcass is 1.0 mm to 3.5 mm, in particular up to 2.5 mm.","A thickness of the wing profiles in these regions of 1.5 mm to 1.8 mm is particularly advantageous.","In this case, the thickness of the wing profiles in these side wall regions should be substantially constant.","In each side wall region, the side wall profile, the radially outer end section of the horn profile and the wing profile can furthermore advantageously form a rim protection rib, the maximum thickness of which perpendicularly to the extent of the radial carcass is 4.0 mm to 14.0 mm.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The invention will now be described with reference to the single FIG.","of the drawing (FIG.","1) which shows a cross section of half of a pneumatic vehicle tire.","DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION The size and dimension figures given herein refer to a tire mounted on a standard rim under a standard internal pressure but in the no-load state in accordance with E.T.R.T.O.","standards in the current version.","The radial distances or heights are determined from a base line BL, which extends in the axial direction and intersects the rim where the outer end of the rim radius is situated.","The nominal width should be understood to be the nominal width in millimeters given in the tire dimension figures in accordance with the E.T.R.T.O.","standards.","Thus, in the tire dimension “235/35R19”, for example, the number 235 is the nominal width in millimeters and the number 35 is the nominal aspect ratio.","According to this example, 35% of the nominal width of the tire therefore corresponds to the nominal side wall height, and this is therefore 82.25 mm in this example.","Pneumatic vehicle tires embodied in accordance with the invention are passenger car tires of radial configuration with nominal side wall heights of up to 110 mm.","The pneumatic vehicle tire shown in section in FIG.","1 has a tread 1, bead regions 2 with bead cores 3, a one- or multi-part apex (core profile) 4 and a horn profile 5, and furthermore side wall profiles 6, a belt assembly 7, a radial carcass 8 and an airtight inner layer 9.As will be described below in detail, a wing profile 10 extends over each of the side wall regions of the pneumatic vehicle tire.","The apex 4, the horn profile 5, the side wall profile 6 and the wing profile 10 are rubber profiles, which can be produced from the usual rubber compounds for these components.","The tread 1, which is not the subject matter of the invention, can be embodied or constructed in a known manner, for example, in a single layer or in two layers with a tread base and a tread cap.","The tread 1 is furthermore provided in a manner which is known but not shown with tread profiling and is produced by coextrusion together with the two wing profiles 10, which overlap with the tread edge regions.","Generally, the wing profiles 10 are composed of the same rubber compound as the side wall profiles 6.However, the rubber compound of the wing profiles 10 can also differ from that of the side wall profiles 6.In a known manner, the radial carcass 8 has at least one ply composed of rubberized cords, in particular rubberized textile cords, which extend at least substantially in a radial direction.","The carcass 8, which in each case extends from axially on the inside to axially on the outside around the bead cores 3, extends with its turned-over sections, the turn-ups 8a, to a height h1 of 15 mm to 65 mm.","The bead assembly 7 has at least two belt plies 7a, 7b with strengthening members, in particular steel cords, which cross each other but run parallel in each ply.","The belt plies 7a, 7b can be covered by a single- or multi-ply bandage (not shown), which consists in a known manner of bandage cords, for example, nylon cords, embedded in rubber and extending substantially in the circumferential direction.","Together with the side wall profile 6 and the wing profile 10, that section of the horn profile 5 which extends axially outside the carcass turn-up 8a or carcass ply 8 forms a rim protection rib 11 having an edge K running around in a ring shape along the side wall region at the thickest point of the protection rib 11.The side wall region radially outside the edge K has a concavely rounded outer contour and, radially inside the edge K, a convexly curved section along the radially outer region of the horn profile 5.The greatest rubber thickness in the region of the rim protection rib 11, determined perpendicularly to the extent of the carcass 8, is between 4 mm and 14 mm.","The wing profile 10 extends from the tread 1, via the shoulder region of the tire, along the side wall region and has two end sections 10a, 10b, which externally overlap the adjoining components.","End section 10a overlaps the tread edge region, and end section 10b overlaps the side wall profile 6.At least between a height h2 of 29% of the nominal side wall height of the pneumatic vehicle tire concerned and the boundary 12, situated on the carcass 8, between the wing profile 10 and the tread 1, the wing profile 10 is the only rubber component extending outside the carcass 8.The wing profiles 10 are preferably the only rubber components from a height h2 of 25% of the nominal side wall height.","The boundary 12 is situated at a height h3 of 80% to 90% of the cross-sectional height H. Radially outside this boundary 12, end section 10a runs out along the tread 1 with a substantially continuous reduction in its thickness but does not protrude into the region of the ground contact area of the tread 1.Starting at height h2, end section 10b of the wing profile 10 extends in the direction of the bead region 2, wherein end section 10b has a decreasing thickness on the outside of the side wall profile 6 and runs out along the side wall profile 6.The radially inner end of end section 10b of the wing profile 10 is situated at a height h4 of 20% to 25% of the nominal side wall height and radially outside the edge K. The side wall profile 6 is of substantially strip-shaped configuration in cross section, is situated between the horn profile 5 and end section 10b of the wing profile 10 and likewise has two relatively narrow tapering end sections, an end section running out along end section 10b of the wing profile 10 and an end section running out between the horn profile 5 and along the protection rib 11 as far as the edge K. In each side wall region in which the wing profile 10 is the only rubber components extending outside the carcass ply 8, it has a thickness d of 1.0 mm to 3.5 mm, preferably up to 2.5 mm, in particular at least 1.5 mm and, in particular, at most 1.8 mm, at each point perpendicularly to the extent of the radial carcass 8.In this region, the thickness d of the wing profile 10 is largely constant but can also vary slightly, in particular by up to 0.2 mm.","Tires embodied in accordance with the invention have a lower radial stiffness in the side wall regions, this being associated with a number of advantageous effects, which are mentioned at the outset.","It is understood that the foregoing description is that of the preferred embodiments of the invention and that various changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.","LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS 1 Tread 2 Bead region 3 Bead core 4 Apex 5 Horn profile 6 Side wall profile 6a, 6b End section 7 Belt assembly 7a, 7b Belt ply 8 Radial carcass 8a Carcass turn-up 9 Inner layer 10 Wing profile 10a, 10b End section 11 Protective rib 12 Boundary BL Base line d Thickness H Cross-sectional height h1, h2, h3, h4 Height K Edge"]],"string":"[\n [\n \"PNEUMATIC VEHICLE TIRE\",\n \"A pneumatic vehicle tire has a nominal tire cross-sectional height H of at most 110 mm, bead regions with bead cores, a radial carcass which runs around the bead cores in the bead regions axially on the inside to axially on the outside forming carcass turn-ups, and side wall regions, which each have a wing profile and a side wall profile.\",\n \"The wing profiles are the only rubber components extending in contact with the radial carcass in the radially outer region of the side wall region.\",\n \"The carcass turn-ups end at a radial height (h1), determined from a base line, of 15 mm to 65 mm.\",\n \"At least in a region between a radial height (h2) of 29% of the nominal side wall height and a radial height (h3) of at least 80% of the height H, the wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend outside the radial carcass.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A pneumatic vehicle tire comprising: a tread including tread edge regions; the pneumatic vehicle tire having a nominal tire cross-sectional height (H) of at most 110 mm; a belt assembly; bead regions each having a bead core and horn profile; a radial carcass running around each bead core in each bead region axially on the inside to axially on the outside forming carcass turn-ups; side wall regions each having a wing profile and a side wall profile; said wing profiles being the only rubber components extending in contact with said radial carcass in radially outer regions of said side wall regions; said wing profiles each having a radially inner end section which runs out in a tapered manner in the direction of said bead regions and which overlaps corresponding side wall profiles on the outside; said wing profiles each further having respective radially outer end sections, which run out at corresponding ones of said tread edge regions; said side wall profiles each being, in cross section, a substantially strip-shaped rubber component arranged between corresponding ones of said wing profiles and horn profiles; said carcass turn-ups ending at a radial height (h1) of 15 mm to 65 mm determined from a base line (BL); said wing profiles being, at least in respective regions between a radial height (h2) determined from said base line (BL) of 29% of a nominal side wall height, and a radial height (h3) determined from said base line (BL) of at least 80% of said tire cross-sectional height (H), the only rubber components that extend outside said radial carcass; and, said base line (BL) extending in the axial direction and being configured to intersect a rim where an outer end of a rim radius is situated.\",\n \"2.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein said wing profiles, from a height (h2) of 25% of the nominal side wall height, are the only rubber components that extend outside said radial carcass.\",\n \"3.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein, in the direction of said tread up to said height (h3) of up to 90% of said tire cross-sectional height (H), said wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend outside said radial carcass.\",\n \"4.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein: said wing profiles have a thickness (d) perpendicular to the extent of said radial carcass in said side wall regions in which said wing profiles are the only rubber components extending outside the radial carcass; and, said sidewall thickness (d) lies in a range from 1.0 mm to 3.5 mm.\",\n \"5.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein: said wing profiles have a thickness (d) perpendicular to the extent of said radial carcass in said side wall regions in which they are the only rubber components extending outside the radial carcass; and, said sidewall thickness (d) is 2.5 mm.\",\n \"6.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein: said wing profiles have a thickness (d) perpendicular to the extent of said radial carcass in said side wall regions in which they are the only rubber components extending outside the radial carcass; and, said sidewall thickness (d) is at least 1.5 mm.\",\n \"7.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein: said wing profiles have a thickness (d) perpendicular to the extent of said radial carcass in said side wall regions in which they are the only rubber components extending outside the radial carcass; and, said sidewall thickness (d) is at most 1.8 mm.\",\n \"8.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein: said wing profiles have a thickness (d) perpendicular to the extent of said radial carcass in said side wall regions in which they are the only rubber components extending outside the radial carcass; and, said sidewall thickness (d) is substantially constant.\",\n \"9.The pneumatic vehicle tire of claim 1, wherein: said horn profiles each have a radially outer horn profile end section; corresponding ones of said side wall profiles, said radially outer horn profile end sections and said wing profiles each form a rim protection rib in said side wall regions; and, said rim protection ribs each having, perpendicularly to the extent of the radial carcass, a maximum thickness lying in a range from 4 mm to 14 mm.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Such a pneumatic vehicle tire is known from US2014/0027034.In the case of this pneumatic vehicle tire, the wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend in the radially outer regions of the side walls, and therefore the rubber thickness in these regions can be kept less than in embodiments in which the side wall profiles and wing profiles overlap in this region.\",\n \"In the case of this known tire, provision is furthermore made for the turn-ups of the radial carcass to be folded back so as to extend under the belt assembly.\",\n \"However, this known tire has such a high radial stiffness in the side wall regions that it is in need of improvement in respect especially of its handling characteristics and of the road noise transmitted into the interior of the vehicle.\"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to eliminate the above mentioned disadvantages and furthermore to enable the pneumatic vehicle tire to be made even slimmer in the side wall regions.\",\n \"The object can, for example, be achieved by virtue of the fact that the carcass turn-ups end at a radial height, determined from a base line, of 15 mm to 65 mm, and that, at least in a region between a radial height, determined from the base line, of 29% of the nominal side wall height and a radial height, determined from the base line, of at least 80% of the tire cross-sectional height, the wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend outside the radial carcass, wherein the base line extends in the axial direction and intersects the rim where the outer end of the rim radius is situated.\",\n \"In the case of a tire embodied in accordance with the invention, the head region of the tire is to a large extent mechanically decoupled from the bead regions of the tire, especially as a result of the lower radial stiffness that can be achieved in the side wall regions.\",\n \"The carcass turn-ups ending at a relatively low height and the relatively large region within which only the wing profiles extend as rubber components are responsible for the decoupling.\",\n \"The folding back of the carcass turn-ups under the belt assembly—the term “C ply” being used here—which is provided in the embodiment known from US2014/0027034, results in increased shoulder pressure of the tire in the ground contact area in the sensitive shoulder regions.\",\n \"This increased shoulder pressure can also result in increased shoulder abrasion.\",\n \"In the case of tires embodied in accordance with the invention, the wing profiles can furthermore be made very thin, thus further reducing the radial side wall stiffness.\",\n \"Pneumatic vehicle tires with a low side wall thickness have better handling characteristics since they can deflect to a greater extent.\",\n \"This increases, in particular, the dynamic ground contact area of the tire, this being associated with better power transmission and therefore improved handling characteristics.\",\n \"The mechanical decoupling already mentioned furthermore has the effect of reducing tire noise in the interior of the vehicle.\",\n \"By virtue of the possibility of reducing the rubber thickness in the side wall regions even further, it is additionally possible to achieve a weight saving, which results in a significant improvement in the rolling resistance of the tire.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention in which, from a height of 25% of the nominal side wall height, the wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend outside the radial carcass, is particularly preferred.\",\n \"In the direction of the tread up to a height of up to 90% of the tire cross-sectional height, the wing profiles are in this case preferably the only rubber components that extend outside the radial carcass.\",\n \"This embodiment is advantageous for particularly effective reduction of the radial side wall stiffness.\",\n \"According to another advantageous embodiment, the thickness of the wing profiles perpendicularly to the extent of the radial carcass in those side wall regions in which they are the only rubber components extending outside the radial carcass is 1.0 mm to 3.5 mm, in particular up to 2.5 mm.\",\n \"A thickness of the wing profiles in these regions of 1.5 mm to 1.8 mm is particularly advantageous.\",\n \"In this case, the thickness of the wing profiles in these side wall regions should be substantially constant.\",\n \"In each side wall region, the side wall profile, the radially outer end section of the horn profile and the wing profile can furthermore advantageously form a rim protection rib, the maximum thickness of which perpendicularly to the extent of the radial carcass is 4.0 mm to 14.0 mm.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation application of international patent application PCT/EP2016/052677, filed Feb. 9, 2016 designating the United States and claiming priority from German application 10 2015 213 403.2, filed Jul.\",\n \"16, 2015, and the entire content of both applications is incorporated herein by reference.\",\n \"FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a pneumatic vehicle tire having a nominal tire cross-sectional height of at most 110 mm, having a tread, a belt assembly, bead regions with bead cores and horn profiles, a radial carcass, which runs around the bead cores in the bead regions axially on the inside to axially on the outside, forming carcass turn-ups, and having side wall regions, which each have a wing profile and a side wall profile, wherein the wing profile is the only rubber component extending in contact with the radial carcass in the radially outer region of the side wall region and has a radially inner end section which runs out in a tapered manner in the direction of the bead region and which overlaps the side wall profile on the outside, and has a radially outer end section, which runs out at the tread edge region, and wherein, in cross section, the side wall profile is a substantially strip-shaped rubber component arranged between the wing profile and the horn profile.\",\n \"BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Such a pneumatic vehicle tire is known from US2014/0027034.In the case of this pneumatic vehicle tire, the wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend in the radially outer regions of the side walls, and therefore the rubber thickness in these regions can be kept less than in embodiments in which the side wall profiles and wing profiles overlap in this region.\",\n \"In the case of this known tire, provision is furthermore made for the turn-ups of the radial carcass to be folded back so as to extend under the belt assembly.\",\n \"However, this known tire has such a high radial stiffness in the side wall regions that it is in need of improvement in respect especially of its handling characteristics and of the road noise transmitted into the interior of the vehicle.\",\n \"SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to eliminate the above mentioned disadvantages and furthermore to enable the pneumatic vehicle tire to be made even slimmer in the side wall regions.\",\n \"The object can, for example, be achieved by virtue of the fact that the carcass turn-ups end at a radial height, determined from a base line, of 15 mm to 65 mm, and that, at least in a region between a radial height, determined from the base line, of 29% of the nominal side wall height and a radial height, determined from the base line, of at least 80% of the tire cross-sectional height, the wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend outside the radial carcass, wherein the base line extends in the axial direction and intersects the rim where the outer end of the rim radius is situated.\",\n \"In the case of a tire embodied in accordance with the invention, the head region of the tire is to a large extent mechanically decoupled from the bead regions of the tire, especially as a result of the lower radial stiffness that can be achieved in the side wall regions.\",\n \"The carcass turn-ups ending at a relatively low height and the relatively large region within which only the wing profiles extend as rubber components are responsible for the decoupling.\",\n \"The folding back of the carcass turn-ups under the belt assembly—the term “C ply” being used here—which is provided in the embodiment known from US2014/0027034, results in increased shoulder pressure of the tire in the ground contact area in the sensitive shoulder regions.\",\n \"This increased shoulder pressure can also result in increased shoulder abrasion.\",\n \"In the case of tires embodied in accordance with the invention, the wing profiles can furthermore be made very thin, thus further reducing the radial side wall stiffness.\",\n \"Pneumatic vehicle tires with a low side wall thickness have better handling characteristics since they can deflect to a greater extent.\",\n \"This increases, in particular, the dynamic ground contact area of the tire, this being associated with better power transmission and therefore improved handling characteristics.\",\n \"The mechanical decoupling already mentioned furthermore has the effect of reducing tire noise in the interior of the vehicle.\",\n \"By virtue of the possibility of reducing the rubber thickness in the side wall regions even further, it is additionally possible to achieve a weight saving, which results in a significant improvement in the rolling resistance of the tire.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention in which, from a height of 25% of the nominal side wall height, the wing profiles are the only rubber components that extend outside the radial carcass, is particularly preferred.\",\n \"In the direction of the tread up to a height of up to 90% of the tire cross-sectional height, the wing profiles are in this case preferably the only rubber components that extend outside the radial carcass.\",\n \"This embodiment is advantageous for particularly effective reduction of the radial side wall stiffness.\",\n \"According to another advantageous embodiment, the thickness of the wing profiles perpendicularly to the extent of the radial carcass in those side wall regions in which they are the only rubber components extending outside the radial carcass is 1.0 mm to 3.5 mm, in particular up to 2.5 mm.\",\n \"A thickness of the wing profiles in these regions of 1.5 mm to 1.8 mm is particularly advantageous.\",\n \"In this case, the thickness of the wing profiles in these side wall regions should be substantially constant.\",\n \"In each side wall region, the side wall profile, the radially outer end section of the horn profile and the wing profile can furthermore advantageously form a rim protection rib, the maximum thickness of which perpendicularly to the extent of the radial carcass is 4.0 mm to 14.0 mm.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The invention will now be described with reference to the single FIG.\",\n \"of the drawing (FIG.\",\n \"1) which shows a cross section of half of a pneumatic vehicle tire.\",\n \"DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION The size and dimension figures given herein refer to a tire mounted on a standard rim under a standard internal pressure but in the no-load state in accordance with E.T.R.T.O.\",\n \"standards in the current version.\",\n \"The radial distances or heights are determined from a base line BL, which extends in the axial direction and intersects the rim where the outer end of the rim radius is situated.\",\n \"The nominal width should be understood to be the nominal width in millimeters given in the tire dimension figures in accordance with the E.T.R.T.O.\",\n \"standards.\",\n \"Thus, in the tire dimension “235/35R19”, for example, the number 235 is the nominal width in millimeters and the number 35 is the nominal aspect ratio.\",\n \"According to this example, 35% of the nominal width of the tire therefore corresponds to the nominal side wall height, and this is therefore 82.25 mm in this example.\",\n \"Pneumatic vehicle tires embodied in accordance with the invention are passenger car tires of radial configuration with nominal side wall heights of up to 110 mm.\",\n \"The pneumatic vehicle tire shown in section in FIG.\",\n \"1 has a tread 1, bead regions 2 with bead cores 3, a one- or multi-part apex (core profile) 4 and a horn profile 5, and furthermore side wall profiles 6, a belt assembly 7, a radial carcass 8 and an airtight inner layer 9.As will be described below in detail, a wing profile 10 extends over each of the side wall regions of the pneumatic vehicle tire.\",\n \"The apex 4, the horn profile 5, the side wall profile 6 and the wing profile 10 are rubber profiles, which can be produced from the usual rubber compounds for these components.\",\n \"The tread 1, which is not the subject matter of the invention, can be embodied or constructed in a known manner, for example, in a single layer or in two layers with a tread base and a tread cap.\",\n \"The tread 1 is furthermore provided in a manner which is known but not shown with tread profiling and is produced by coextrusion together with the two wing profiles 10, which overlap with the tread edge regions.\",\n \"Generally, the wing profiles 10 are composed of the same rubber compound as the side wall profiles 6.However, the rubber compound of the wing profiles 10 can also differ from that of the side wall profiles 6.In a known manner, the radial carcass 8 has at least one ply composed of rubberized cords, in particular rubberized textile cords, which extend at least substantially in a radial direction.\",\n \"The carcass 8, which in each case extends from axially on the inside to axially on the outside around the bead cores 3, extends with its turned-over sections, the turn-ups 8a, to a height h1 of 15 mm to 65 mm.\",\n \"The bead assembly 7 has at least two belt plies 7a, 7b with strengthening members, in particular steel cords, which cross each other but run parallel in each ply.\",\n \"The belt plies 7a, 7b can be covered by a single- or multi-ply bandage (not shown), which consists in a known manner of bandage cords, for example, nylon cords, embedded in rubber and extending substantially in the circumferential direction.\",\n \"Together with the side wall profile 6 and the wing profile 10, that section of the horn profile 5 which extends axially outside the carcass turn-up 8a or carcass ply 8 forms a rim protection rib 11 having an edge K running around in a ring shape along the side wall region at the thickest point of the protection rib 11.The side wall region radially outside the edge K has a concavely rounded outer contour and, radially inside the edge K, a convexly curved section along the radially outer region of the horn profile 5.The greatest rubber thickness in the region of the rim protection rib 11, determined perpendicularly to the extent of the carcass 8, is between 4 mm and 14 mm.\",\n \"The wing profile 10 extends from the tread 1, via the shoulder region of the tire, along the side wall region and has two end sections 10a, 10b, which externally overlap the adjoining components.\",\n \"End section 10a overlaps the tread edge region, and end section 10b overlaps the side wall profile 6.At least between a height h2 of 29% of the nominal side wall height of the pneumatic vehicle tire concerned and the boundary 12, situated on the carcass 8, between the wing profile 10 and the tread 1, the wing profile 10 is the only rubber component extending outside the carcass 8.The wing profiles 10 are preferably the only rubber components from a height h2 of 25% of the nominal side wall height.\",\n \"The boundary 12 is situated at a height h3 of 80% to 90% of the cross-sectional height H. Radially outside this boundary 12, end section 10a runs out along the tread 1 with a substantially continuous reduction in its thickness but does not protrude into the region of the ground contact area of the tread 1.Starting at height h2, end section 10b of the wing profile 10 extends in the direction of the bead region 2, wherein end section 10b has a decreasing thickness on the outside of the side wall profile 6 and runs out along the side wall profile 6.The radially inner end of end section 10b of the wing profile 10 is situated at a height h4 of 20% to 25% of the nominal side wall height and radially outside the edge K. The side wall profile 6 is of substantially strip-shaped configuration in cross section, is situated between the horn profile 5 and end section 10b of the wing profile 10 and likewise has two relatively narrow tapering end sections, an end section running out along end section 10b of the wing profile 10 and an end section running out between the horn profile 5 and along the protection rib 11 as far as the edge K. In each side wall region in which the wing profile 10 is the only rubber components extending outside the carcass ply 8, it has a thickness d of 1.0 mm to 3.5 mm, preferably up to 2.5 mm, in particular at least 1.5 mm and, in particular, at most 1.8 mm, at each point perpendicularly to the extent of the radial carcass 8.In this region, the thickness d of the wing profile 10 is largely constant but can also vary slightly, in particular by up to 0.2 mm.\",\n \"Tires embodied in accordance with the invention have a lower radial stiffness in the side wall regions, this being associated with a number of advantageous effects, which are mentioned at the outset.\",\n \"It is understood that the foregoing description is that of the preferred embodiments of the invention and that various changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.\",\n \"LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS 1 Tread 2 Bead region 3 Bead core 4 Apex 5 Horn profile 6 Side wall profile 6a, 6b End section 7 Belt assembly 7a, 7b Belt ply 8 Radial carcass 8a Carcass turn-up 9 Inner layer 10 Wing profile 10a, 10b End section 11 Protective rib 12 Boundary BL Base line d Thickness H Cross-sectional height h1, h2, h3, h4 Height K Edge\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872738"}}},{"rowIdx":4494155,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF","A semiconductor device and a manufacturing method thereof are provided.","The semiconductor device includes: a deep trench in a substrate; a sidewall insulating film on a side surface of the deep trench; an interlayer insulating film on the sidewall insulating film; and an air gap in the interlayer insulating film."],["1.A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate; a second conductivity type buried layer disposed in the substrate; a second conductivity type low dopant density well region disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer; high dopant density well regions of a second conductivity type disposed at left and right sides of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, wherein each of the high dopant density well regions has a dopant density higher than that of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region, and the high dopant density well regions are in direct contact with the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and the second conductivity type buried layer; a first conductivity type body region in the second conductivity type low dopant density well region; a second conductivity type source region in direct contact with the first conductivity body region; a first gate electrode and a second gate electrode on the substrate, wherein both the first and second gate electrodes overlap with the first conductivity type body region; and a deep trench in the substrate.","2.The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: a sidewall insulating film on a side surface of the deep trench; an interlayer insulating film on the sidewall insulating film, wherein the interlayer insulating film extends to a bottom of the deep trench.","3.The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the sidewall insulating film includes a first sidewall insulating film and a second sidewall insulating film, and the second sidewall insulating film is formed on the first sidewall insulating film and in direct contact with the first sidewall insulating film.","4.The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the sidewall insulating film comprises a HLD film, a TEOS film, a SOG film or a BPSG film, and the interlayer insulating film comprises a BPSG film.","5.The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the sidewall insulation film contacts a thermal oxide film formed on the deep trench.","6.The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: a second conductivity type first well region and a second conductivity type second well region in the substrate; a second conductivity type first drain region in the second conductivity type first well region; a second conductivity type second drain region in the second conductivity type second well region; and a first conductivity type contact region in the first conductivity type body region.","7.The semiconductor device according to claim 6, further comprising: an isolation region formed between the first conductivity type contact region and the deep trench.","8.The semiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein the isolation region comprises a local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) or a shallow trench.","9.The semiconductor device according to claim 6, further comprising: a protection layer comprising an insulating film and an etching stopper film formed over the substrate, the insulating film and the etching stopper film comprising an oxide or a nitride.","10.The semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein a depth of the deep trench is greater than a depth of the first well region or the second well region.","11.The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising a channel stop implantation region at a bottom of the deep trench, wherein the deep trench is tapered in shape so that an upper end of the deep trench has a greater width than a lower end of the deep trench.","12.The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first conductivity body region is formed between the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode, and wherein the first conductivity type body region is in direct contact with the second conductivity type low dopant density well region.","13.The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first conductivity body region is spaced apart from the second conductivity type buried layer via the second conductivity type low dopant density well region.","14.The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: a second conductivity type first well region and a second conductivity type second well region in the substrate, wherein the second conductivity type low dopant density well region is disposed between the second conductivity type first well region and the second conductivity type second well region.","15.A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate; a second conductivity type buried layer disposed in the substrate; a second conductivity type low dopant density well region disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer; high dopant density well regions of a second conductivity type disposed at left and right sides of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, wherein the second conductivity type low dopant density well region has a dopant density lower than that of the high dopant density well regions which are in direct contact with the low dopant density well region and the second conductivity type buried layer; a gate electrode disposed on the second conductivity type low dopant density well region; field oxide regions on the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and high dopant density well regions; a deep trench disposed adjacent to at least one of the field oxide regions and between two of the field oxide regions; a sidewall insulating film disposed on a side surface of the deep trench; an interlayer insulating film formed in the deep trench region and on the gate electrode; and an air gap within the deep trench, wherein the air gap has a sharp pointed cross-sectional shape toward a bottom of the deep trench.","16.The semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the sidewall insulating film contacts a thermal oxide film formed on the deep trench.","17.A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate of a first conductivity type; a second conductivity type buried layer disposed in the substrate; a second conductivity type low dopant density well region disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, and high dopant density well regions of a second conductivity type disposed at left and right sides of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region, wherein each of the high dopant density well regions has a dopant density higher than that of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region, and the high dopant density well regions are in direct contact with the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and the second conductivity type buried layer; a body region in the second conductivity type low dopant density well region; a source region in direct contact with the body region, wherein the body region has a first conductivity type and the source region has a second conductivity type; a gate electrode on the substrate, wherein the gate electrode overlaps with the body region; and a deep trench in the substrate, wherein the deep trench is in direct contact with the high dopant density well regions and the second conductivity type buried layer.","18.The semiconductor device according to claim 17, further comprising: a sidewall insulating film on a side surface of the deep trench; and a second conductivity type first well region and a second conductivity type second well region in the substrate, wherein sidewall insulating film contacts a thermal oxide film formed on the deep trench.","19.The semiconductor device according to claim 18, wherein a depth of the deep trench is greater than a depth of the first well region or the second well region.","20.The semiconductor device according to claim 18, wherein the sidewall insulating film includes a first sidewall insulating film and a second sidewall insulating film, and the second sidewall insulating film is formed on the first sidewall insulating film and in direct contact with the first sidewall insulating film."],[" BACKGROUND "],[" SUMMARY In one general aspect, there is provided a semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate, a second conductivity type buried layer disposed in the substrate, a second conductivity type low dopant density well region disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, high dopant density well regions of a second conductivity type disposed at left and right sides of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, wherein each of the high dopant density well regions has a dopant density higher than that of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region, and the high dopant density well regions are in direct contact with the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and the second conductivity type buried layer, a first conductivity type body region in the second conductivity type low dopant density well region; a second conductivity type source region in direct contact with the first conductivity body region, a first gate electrode and a second gate electrode on the substrate, a deep trench in the substrate, a sidewall insulating film on a side surface of the deep trench, and an interlayer insulating film on the sidewall insulating film, wherein both the first and second gate electrodes overlap with the first conductivity type body region.","The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include: a well region in the substrate; a body region and a drain region in the well region; and a gate electrode region on the substrate.","The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include a shallow trench formed between the drain region and the deep trench.","The shallow trench may be a LOCOS trench, and the deep trench may be a DTI structure.","The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include: an insulating film on the substrate; and a hard mask film on the insulating film, in which the interlayer insulating film is formed on the hard mask film.","A depth of the deep trench may be greater than a depth of the well region.","The sidewall insulating film may include a first sidewall insulating film and a second sidewall insulating film.","A height of the sidewall insulating film may be greater than a height of the gate electrode region, and may be equal to a height of the hard mask film.","The interlayer insulating film may extend to a bottom of the deep trench.","The sidewall insulating film may include a HLD film, a TEOS film, a SOG film or a BPSG film, and the interlayer insulating film may include a BPSG film.","An upper end of the air gap may be located lower than an upper surface of the substrate.","An upper end of the air gap may be located less than or equal to 0.5 μm below an upper surface of the substrate.","A total thickness of the sidewall insulating film formed within the deep trench may be in a range of 1% to 70% of a width of an upper end of the deep trench.","A total thickness of the sidewall insulating film and the interlayer insulating film formed within the deep trench may be in a range of 1% to 80% of a width of an upper end of the deep trench.","The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include: a support formed between the air gap and another air gap adjacent to the air gap.","In another general aspect, there is provided a semiconductor device comprising: a substrate, a second conductivity type buried layer disposed in the substrate, a second conductivity type low dopant density well region disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, high dopant density well regions of a second conductivity type disposed at left and right sides of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, wherein the second conductivity type low dopant density well region has a dopant density lower than that of the high dopant density well regions which are in direct contact with the low dopant density well region and the second conductivity type buried layer, a gate electrode disposed on the second conductivity type low dopant density well region, field oxide regions on the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and high dopant density well regions, a deep trench disposed adjacent to at least one of the field oxide regions and between two of the field oxide regions, a sidewall insulating film disposed on a side surface of the deep trench, an interlayer insulating film formed in the deep trench region and on the gate electrode, and an air gap within the deep trench, wherein the air gap has a sharp pointed cross-sectional shape toward a bottom of the deep trench.","The air gap may be located within the trench, and an upper end of the air gap may be formed at a position lower than an upper surface of the substrate.","Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, unless otherwise described, the same drawing reference numerals will be understood to refer to the same elements, features, and structures.","The relative size and depiction of these elements may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration, and convenience."],["CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","14/067,335 filed on Oct. 30, 2013, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C.","§ 119(a) of Korean Patent Application 10-2013-0034805 filed on Mar.","29, 2013, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purpose.","BACKGROUND 1.Field The following description relates to a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the same, and to a semiconductor device manufactured by performing a Deep Trench Isolation (DTI) process on a semiconductor substrate after device structures such as a source, a drain, and a gate are formed on the semiconductor substrate by a silicide process and a method of manufacturing such a semiconductor device.","2.Description of Related Art The development of electronic technology resulted in an increased demand for compact multi-functional electronic devices.","For this reason, System on Chip (SoC) technology emerged.","System on chip technology refers to a technology for implementing a single system that integrates a plurality of devices into a single chip.","With the recent development of MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) technology and NEMS (Nano-Electro-Mechanical System) technology, attempts to implement various devices as a single chip have taken place.","However, when a plurality of devices is integrated into a single substrate, interference is prone to occur between the devices.","For instance, heat generated in driving of one device may transfer to another device through the substrate, and the heat may influence an operation of the second device.","Thus, the interference between the devices may result in malfunction of the overall product.","In order to prevent the occurrence of malfunctions, a device isolation structure may be utilized to electrically isolate each of the devices on the single substrate from other devices.","Examples of technologies used for forming device isolation structures include a local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) process, a trench isolation process and the like.","The LOCOS process is an isolation method that involves masking a surface of a substrate with a relatively hard material such that a silicon nitride layer, and thermally growing a thick oxide layer in an opening of a mask.","The trench isolation process is a method that involves forming a trench having an appropriate depth in a silicon substrate and filling the inside of the trench with an insulating film to electrically isolate devices from each other.","Another kind of trench isolation process is the Deep Trench Isolation (DTI) process used for isolating wells.","Among the various technologies for forming device isolation structures, the deep trench isolation process is often applied to satisfy the requirement of high-integration of semiconductor devices.","By using a deep trench isolation structure (DTI structure), it is possible to reduce a pitch of the transistor and to improve latch-up leading to a decrease in device characteristics due to current leakage and overcurrent.","As a result, the DTI structure has characteristics suitable for reducing the size of chips and for improving the performance of devices.","In manufacturing processes for producing semiconductor devices in which a DTI structure is formed, the DTI process is generally performed before a process of forming a LOCOS or a shallow trench (STI) in the semiconductor substrate.","Incidentally, in manufacturing a semiconductor device such as a Lateral Double-diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor (LDMOS) used as a high voltage power device, when the DTI process is performed before the LOCOS process or a process of forming a gate electrode, various issues may occur.","For example, in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device, a plurality of annealing processes are performed as processes subsequent to the DTI process.","Accordingly, the thermal stress resulting from the processes may affect a trench structure formed in the semiconductor substrate by the DTI process.","In order to reduce the problems resulting from the thermal stress, many additional processes for releasing the thermal stress may be performed, and the additional processes may in turn impose other challenges or problems.","Patent Document: Korean Laid-Open Publication No.","2011-0030356 SUMMARY In one general aspect, there is provided a semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate, a second conductivity type buried layer disposed in the substrate, a second conductivity type low dopant density well region disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, high dopant density well regions of a second conductivity type disposed at left and right sides of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, wherein each of the high dopant density well regions has a dopant density higher than that of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region, and the high dopant density well regions are in direct contact with the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and the second conductivity type buried layer, a first conductivity type body region in the second conductivity type low dopant density well region; a second conductivity type source region in direct contact with the first conductivity body region, a first gate electrode and a second gate electrode on the substrate, a deep trench in the substrate, a sidewall insulating film on a side surface of the deep trench, and an interlayer insulating film on the sidewall insulating film, wherein both the first and second gate electrodes overlap with the first conductivity type body region.","The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include: a well region in the substrate; a body region and a drain region in the well region; and a gate electrode region on the substrate.","The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include a shallow trench formed between the drain region and the deep trench.","The shallow trench may be a LOCOS trench, and the deep trench may be a DTI structure.","The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include: an insulating film on the substrate; and a hard mask film on the insulating film, in which the interlayer insulating film is formed on the hard mask film.","A depth of the deep trench may be greater than a depth of the well region.","The sidewall insulating film may include a first sidewall insulating film and a second sidewall insulating film.","A height of the sidewall insulating film may be greater than a height of the gate electrode region, and may be equal to a height of the hard mask film.","The interlayer insulating film may extend to a bottom of the deep trench.","The sidewall insulating film may include a HLD film, a TEOS film, a SOG film or a BPSG film, and the interlayer insulating film may include a BPSG film.","An upper end of the air gap may be located lower than an upper surface of the substrate.","An upper end of the air gap may be located less than or equal to 0.5 μm below an upper surface of the substrate.","A total thickness of the sidewall insulating film formed within the deep trench may be in a range of 1% to 70% of a width of an upper end of the deep trench.","A total thickness of the sidewall insulating film and the interlayer insulating film formed within the deep trench may be in a range of 1% to 80% of a width of an upper end of the deep trench.","The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include: a support formed between the air gap and another air gap adjacent to the air gap.","In another general aspect, there is provided a semiconductor device comprising: a substrate, a second conductivity type buried layer disposed in the substrate, a second conductivity type low dopant density well region disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, high dopant density well regions of a second conductivity type disposed at left and right sides of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, wherein the second conductivity type low dopant density well region has a dopant density lower than that of the high dopant density well regions which are in direct contact with the low dopant density well region and the second conductivity type buried layer, a gate electrode disposed on the second conductivity type low dopant density well region, field oxide regions on the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and high dopant density well regions, a deep trench disposed adjacent to at least one of the field oxide regions and between two of the field oxide regions, a sidewall insulating film disposed on a side surface of the deep trench, an interlayer insulating film formed in the deep trench region and on the gate electrode, and an air gap within the deep trench, wherein the air gap has a sharp pointed cross-sectional shape toward a bottom of the deep trench.","The air gap may be located within the trench, and an upper end of the air gap may be formed at a position lower than an upper surface of the substrate.","Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, unless otherwise described, the same drawing reference numerals will be understood to refer to the same elements, features, and structures.","The relative size and depiction of these elements may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration, and convenience.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS.","1 to 12B are cross-sectional views for describing an example of a method for fabricating a semiconductor device according to the present disclosure.","FIG.","13 is a photograph depicting an air gap formed after the process is finished in an example of a semiconductor device formed according to the present disclosure.","FIG.","14 is a photograph depicting an example of a semiconductor substrate in which two semiconductor devices are provided with air gaps 200 in a horizontal direction.","FIG.","15 is an enlarged view of an example of a trench region illustrated in FIGS.","12A and 12B.","FIG.","16 is an enlarged view of a semiconductor substrate in which two semiconductor devices are brought into contact with each other, as illustrated in FIG.","12B.","FIG.","17 is a cumulative curve illustrating current leakage characteristics of an example of a semiconductor device according to the present disclosure.","Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, unless otherwise described, the same drawing reference numerals will be understood to refer to the same elements, features, and structures.","The relative size and depiction of these elements may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration, and convenience.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following detailed description is provided to assist the reader in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the methods, apparatuses, and/or systems described herein.","However, various changes, modifications, and equivalents of the systems, apparatuses and/or methods described herein will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.","Also, descriptions of functions and constructions that are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be omitted for increased clarity and conciseness.","Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, the same reference numerals refer to the same elements.","The drawings may not be to scale, and the relative size, proportions, and depiction of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration, and convenience.","The features described herein may be embodied in different forms, and are not to be construed as being limited to the examples described herein.","Rather, the examples described herein have been provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will convey the full scope of the disclosure to one of ordinary skill in the art.","Unless indicated otherwise, a statement that a first layer is “on” a second layer or a substrate is to be interpreted as covering both a case where the first layer is directly contacts the second layer or the substrate, and a case where one or more other layers are disposed between the first layer and the second layer or the substrate.","The spatially-relative expressions such as “below”, “beneath”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, and the like may be used to conveniently describe relationships of one device or elements with other devices or among elements.","The spatially-relative expressions should be understood as encompassing the direction illustrated in the drawings, added with other directions of the device in use or operation.","Further, the device may be oriented to other directions and accordingly, the interpretation of the spatially-relative expressions is based on the orientation.","The expression such as “first conductivity type” and “second conductivity type” as used herein may refer to the conductivity types such as N or P types which are opposed to each other, and an example explained and exemplified herein encompasses complementary examples thereof.","According to the present disclosure, there is provided an example of a manufacturing process in which a DTI process is performed on a semiconductor device.","The DTI process for isolating devices may be performed immediately after a gate electrode or a silicide structure is formed during the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device.","Hereinafter, a semiconductor device and a manufacturing method of producing the semiconductor device according to an example of the present disclosure will be described with reference to FIGS.","1 to 12.FIGS.","1 to 12 are cross-sectional views for describing an example of a manufacturing method of a semiconductor device according to the present disclosure.","In the example of the manufacturing method, the process of forming an N-type LDMOS (Lateral Double diffused MOS) device will be described as an example of a lateral DMOS; however, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.","FIG.","1 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device before the DTI process is performed in accordance with an example of a manufacturing method according to the present disclosure.","The illustrated cross-sectional view is a cross-sectional view of an NLDMOS device as an integrated power device constituting a BCD (Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS) device.","Referring to FIG.","1, the NLDMOS device is in a state in which device structures such as a source, a drain, and a gate are already formed.","A structure of the NLDMOS device will be briefly described below.","In the NLDMOS device, an n-type buried layer (NBL) 112 is formed inside a p-type silicon substrate 110 as a high doped region.","A p-epitaxial layer 114 is formed on the buried layer 112, and high density n-well (HDNW) regions 116 are formed at left and right sides of the p-epitaxial layer 114.As explained later, the p-epitaxial layer 114 may be changed to an n-type region after the process of forming a DTI structure.","The p-epitaxial layer 114 is a region in which impurities doped into the high density n-well (HDNW) regions 116 are diffused through an annealing process during the manufacture process of the semiconductor device.","After the conversion into an n-type region, this region is an n-well region (i.e., a low density n-well region) doped at a density relatively lower than those of the high density n-well (HDNW) regions 116.The low density n-well region is formed to have a depth shallower than that of a trench to be described below.","Gate electrodes 126 are formed above the silicon substrate 110 with a gate oxidation film 125 disposed therebetween for insulation.","A p-body region 118 in which a p+ contact region 118a and n+ source regions 118b are provided is formed in a predetermined region of the p-epitaxial layer 114 or the low density n-well region.","High density n+ drain regions 122 surrounded by low concentration doped regions (NW) 120 are formed in the high density n-well (HDNW) regions 116.In this example, the p-body region 118 may be initially formed on the p-epitaxial layer 114 or the low density n-well region.","The p-body region 118 may be subsequently formed in the p-epitaxial layer 114 before the semiconductor device is manufactured and/or formed in the low density n-well region after the annealing processes are all finished.","Thus, the p+ contact region 118a and n+ source regions 118b are subsequently disposed within the p-body region.","Referring to FIG.","1, a silicide layer 124 is formed on the p-body region 118 and on the gate electrodes 126.The silicide layer 124 includes, for example, TiSi2 or CoSi2.A LOCOS trench or a shallow trench (STI) region 128 is formed in order to reduce an electric field between the gate electrode 126 and the n+drain region 122.In an example of a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, the process of forming the trench starts after the silicide layer 124 is formed.","Referring to FIG.","1, an insulating film 130 is deposited on the entire surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110, including the top surfaces of the p-body region 118, the n+ drain regions 122, and the gate electrodes 126.The insulating film 13 may be deposited by a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) method or a high temperature low pressure deposition (HLD) method.","In this example, the insulating film 130 is deposited to have a thickness of about 1,000 angstroms to about 2,000 angstroms.","Examples of the insulation film 130 may include an oxidation film or a nitride film.","The nitride film may more effectively serve as an etching stopper film so as not to expose the gate electrode 126.Subsequently, referring to FIG.","2, a Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silicate (TEOS) layer 140 is deposited on the insulation film 130 as a silicon oxidation film.","The TEOS layer 140 may have a thickness of about 5,000 angstroms to about 15,000 angstroms.","The TEOS layer 140 may serve as a hard mask used as a blocking layer in a subsequent trench forming process.","Referring to FIG.","3, after the TEOS layer 140 is formed as the hard mask, a patterned photo resist 150 is coated on the TEOS layer 140.The photo resist 150 is used to remove the TEOS layer 140 as oxides for the hard mask by a photo-lithography method.","Further, the photo resist is patterned such that regions corresponding to regions of the p-type silicon substrate 110 where trenches are formed are not coated.","Otherwise, a separate process for patterning the photo resist 150 may be performed.","Thereafter, referring to FIG.","4, the TEOS layer 140 is etched by using the photo resist 150 as a mask.","Then, parts of the TEOS layer 140 corresponding to the uncoated regions of the photo resist 150 are etched to a surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110.As a result, portions of top surfaces of the high density n-well (HDNW) regions 116 are partially exposed.","For instance, referring to FIG.","4, the TEOS layer 140 is etched to correspond to the pattern of the photo resist 150.In FIG.","4, the portions of the TEOS layer 140 that are etched is marked with reference label “A.” When a part of the TEOS layer 140 is etched, the photo resist 150, which has been used as the mask, may be removed.","The photo resist 150 may be removed by a dry ashing process and a cleaning process.","FIG.","5 illustrates a state in which a part of the TEOS layer 140 is etched and the photo resist 150 is removed.","Subsequently, a process of forming a trench in the p-type silicon substrate 110 is performed.","Referring to FIG.","6, the p-type silicon substrate 110 is etched, and trench regions B are formed.","Here, the trench regions B are formed in the p-type silicon substrate 110 by a dry etching method, and are formed to correspond to the etched regions A of the TEOS layer 140.An etching gas used in the dry etching method does not influence the TEOS layer 140 but etches only the p-type silicon substrate 110.In this example, a side surface of the trench region B is not at a right angle with the upper surface of the semiconductor substrate; rather, the side surface of the trench region B is a slightly inclined surface.","The inclined surface results due to the weakening of the intensity of the etching gas along the depth of the trench.","In one example, the trench formed by such an etching method has a depth of about 2 μm to about 30 μm.","In another example, the trench region B formed in the p-type silicon substrate 110 has a depth of about one and a half to about three times a depth of the p-epitaxial layer 114 formed in the p-type silicon substrate 110.Referring to FIG.","6, when the etching process for forming the trench region B is performed, polymers are also formed.","Since such polymers cause a decrease in performance of the semiconductor device, the polymers need to be removed.","Accordingly, after the etching process is finished, it is necessary to perform a post cleaning process for removing the polymers.","A cleaning solution that contains a Buffered Oxide Etchant (BOE) is used as a cleaning solution during the post cleaning process.","Also, after the post cleaning process is completed, an oxidation process may be performed.","The oxidation process may be performed to remove various defects generated on a surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110 during the etching process performed to form the trench region B.","As described above, when the trench region B is formed in the p-type silicon substrate 110, a dry oxidation process is performed to form a thermal oxide film 160 on a boundary of the trench region B as illustrated in FIG.","7.This thermal oxide film is formed in order to block electric leaking components occurring along the boundary of the trench region B.","In addition, channel stop implantation is performed on a bottom surface 162 of the trench region B to block leakage current to prevent the formation of channels other than predetermined channels.","Referring to FIGS.","12A and 12B, a gap-fill process is subsequently performed to form a void or an air gap 200 within the trench region B.","The air gap serves as an insulating member.","Accordingly, when the air gap is formed, it is possible to insulate devices formed in the p-type silicon substrate 110 in a horizontal direction in addition to a trench structure to be electrically stabilized.","A height of the air gap formed within the trench region B contributes significantly to the ability of the trench to prevent interferences.","According to one example, an upper end of the air gap is located at a position lower than the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110.If the height of the air gap is higher than the surface of the silicon substrate 110, the inside of the air gap may be exposed to the outside in a deposition process of a HLD oxidation film as oxides and an etch-back process of removing a part of the deposited HLD oxidation film, which will be described below.","Thus, the inside of the air gap may be contaminated by foreign substances, so that a decrease in performance of the semiconductor device may result.","Hereinafter, a process for forming the air gap will be described in detail.","In this example, the deposition process and the etch-back process of the HLD oxidation film, which form a sidewall insulating film, are repeatedly performed twice.","However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.","In other examples, the deposition process and the etch-back process of the HLD oxidation film may be performed one time as long as the air gap is formed at a position lower than the top surface of the silicon substrate.","Alternatively, the deposition process and the etch-back process may be performed again, for the third time, if the air gap is not appropriately formed even though the deposition process and the etch-back process are performed twice.","However, in this example, the deposition process and the etch-back process may be performed twice in order to simplify the manufacturing process.","Accordingly, the deposited HLD oxidation film needs to have an appropriate thickness in consideration of the subsequent process.","Referring to FIG.","8, the deposition process of the HLD oxidation film is performed to form a first sidewall insulating film of the air gap.","Hereinafter, this process is referred to as a “first DTI HLD deposition process.” During the first DTI HLD deposition process, a HLD oxidation film 170 is deposited on a top surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110 and on the side surface of the trench region B.","The HLD oxidation film 170 includes an oxidation film material.","During the first DTI HLD depositing process, the HLD oxidation film 170 needs to be deposited to have an appropriate thickness such that after the subsequent two etch-back processes and one deposition process, the air gap is formed at a position lower than the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110.The thickness to be used may be determined based on an experiment result value obtained through multiple experiments.","Further, referring to FIG.","8, the HLD oxidation film 170 is formed with a greater height than the gate electrode 126, and is formed to be approximately equal or similar to the TEOS layer 140 in height.","The TEOS layer may serve as a hard mask.","In one example, a deposition temperature of the HLD oxidation film 170 used as a gap-fill material for the trench region B may range between about 550° C. to about 750° C. In the event it is necessary to avoid high deposition temperature during the manufacturing process, a material such as TEOS, SOG, or BPSG that have a low deposition temperature may be deposited instead of the HLD oxidation film 170.The deposition temperature of the TEOS is approximately 400° C. lower than the HLD oxidation film 170.The HLD oxidation film 170 is deposited by a HLD method.","The HLD method results in the formation of a LPCVD oxidation film, and the thickness of the HLD oxidation film 170 deposited on the top surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110 is slightly different from the thickness of the HLD oxidation film 170 deposited on the side surface of the trench region B.","Accordingly, referring to FIG.","8, an edge C of an upper edge of the side surface of the trench region B and the top surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110 are formed in a thick overhang shape by the different thicknesses of the HLD oxidation films 170 along the depth of the trench region B.","That is, the width of the void within the trench region B may be broader at the middle portion of the trench region B than at the upper portion of the trench region B.","After the first DTI HLD deposition process is finished, a first etch-back process of removing a part of the HLD oxidation film 170 is performed.","The first etch-back process is performed by the dry etching method.","Referring to FIG.","9, during the first etch-back process, the HLD oxidation film 170 formed on the p-type silicon substrate 110 and a portion of the TEOS layer 140 are removed.","In other words, as illustrated in FIG.","9, the TEOS layer 140 is removed until a part of the oxidation film or the nitride film 130 formed on the gate electrode 126 is exposed.","In this example, the etch-back process is performed with care so as not to damage a structure of the gate electrode 126.Referring back to FIG.","9, a certain amount of HLD oxidation film 170 formed on the side surface of the trench region B remains after the first etch-back process.","After the completion of the first DTI HLD deposition process and the first etch-back process, as illustrated in FIG.","9, a distance between the upper edges of the trench region B is enlarged.","Thus, it is difficult to form an air gap of appropriate thickness within the p-type silicon substrate 110.For this reason, as illustrated in FIG.","10, a second DTI HLD deposition process is performed.","The second DTI deposition process is performed in a similar manner to the first DTI HLD deposition process.","FIG.","10 illustrates a state of the semiconductor device after the second DTI HLD deposition process is performed.","Referring to FIG.","10, a distance between the two upper edges of the trench region B decreases due to the second DTI deposition process, and the upper edges D of the trench region B again have an overhang shape.","In this example, the distance between the side walls of the trench region B is greater in a middle region of the trench region B than the distance between the two upper edges D of the trench region B.","Referring to FIG.","11, subsequently, a second etch-back process is performed to remove the HLD oxidation film 170.The second etch-back process needs to be performed so as not to damage structures of the device such as the gate electrode 126.The structure that results after the second etch-back process is illustrated in FIG.","11.As illustrated in FIG.","11, the overhang shape of the trench B is preserved.","In addition, a distance between the upper edges of the trench region B is smaller after the second etch-back process than the distance between the upper edges after the first etch-back process.","As demonstrated by this example, in order to form the air gap in the trench region B at a position lower than the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110, the deposition process and the etch-back process of the HLD oxidation film may be performed twice.","In this example, performing the deposition process and the etch-back process twice as illustrated facilitate forming the overhang structure along the edges of the upper portions of the trench region B.","For instance, in this example, the overhang structure found in the final product is formed during the second deposition process of the HLD oxidation film.","Although the HLD oxidation film 170 is largely etched during the etch-back process to decrease the height of the air gap, the etch-back process is performed so as not to influence structures of the device such as the gate electrode 126 as described above.","Lastly, after the deposition process and the etch-back process of the HLD oxidation film are performed twice, a BPSG (boron phosphorus silicate glass) material 180 used as an interlayer insulating material (ILD) may be deposited on the entire area of the p-type silicon substrate 110 and may seal the opening along the upper edges of the trench region B in an upper portion of the trench region B, forming an air gap within a middle region of the trench region B.","Referring to FIGS.","12A and 12B, in one example, the BPSG 180 is deposited within the trench and fills a portion of the trench.","A film of the BPSG 180 used during the process needs to have flow properties that are more favorable than the HLD oxidation film during the high-temperature annealing process.","With suitable flow properties, the BPSG may pass through a narrow entrance between the upper edges of the trench region B.","As a result, the BPSG may be deposited on the HLD oxidation film formed on the side surfaces of the trench.","In addition, some of the BPSG may be deposited on the lower portion of the trench.","Referring to FIG.","12A, after the gap-fill process is performed, the BPSG 180 is deposited over the entire surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110 as an interlayer insulating film.","The BPSG 180 also seals the opening to the trench region B, so that the air gap 200 is formed within the trench region B.","FIG.","12B illustrates two semiconductor devices that are arranged in repetition in a horizontal direction.","Further, a support is formed between the two semiconductor devices.","The support will be further described below with reference to FIG.","16.Meanwhile, referring to FIGS.","13 and 14, an air gap formed in a silicon substrate through the example of manufacturing process described above is illustrated in photographs.","FIG.","13 depicts an air gap formed after the trench producing process described above.","FIG.","13(a) demonstrate the overhang shape of the trench formed by the above described process.","As depicted in FIG.","13(b), the air gap is formed at a position lower than a surface of the silicon substrate.","According to one example, an upper edge of the air gap may be formed at a position that is less than or equal to 0.5 μm upwards from a surface of the semiconductor substrate.","FIG.","14 depicts a semiconductor substrate in which two semiconductor devices are formed in a horizontal direction.","A plurality of air gaps 200 is disposed between the semiconductor devices.","With such a configuration, it is possible to effectively prevent interference between the semiconductor devices by the air gaps.","FIG.","15 illustrates an enlarged cross-sectional view of the trench region of the semiconductor device illustrated in FIGS.","12A and 12B.","FIG.","15 further describes various dimensions of the trench region B.","Referring to FIG.","15, in one example, a critical diameter D1 or a width of the upper end portion of the trench region B is in a range of 1.2 μm to 3.0 μm, and a thickness (D2+D3) of the HLD oxidation film 170 formed on the side surface of the air gap 200 in a middle portion of the trench region B is in a range of 0.30 μm to 0.8 μm.","In one example, the HLD oxidation film 170 is formed to have a total thickness (D2+D3) in a range of about 1% to about 70% of the width or the critical diameter D1.By setting the thickness in this range, it is possible to minimize stress and to easily form the air gap 200 in the trench region B.","When the thickness of the HLD oxidation film 170 is thinner than 1% of the width of the upper end of the trench, it is difficult to easily form the air gap 200.Further, when the thickness of the HLD oxidation 170 is thicker than 70% of the width of the upper end of the trench, stress may occur on the silicon substrate due to a difference in coefficients of thermal expansion between the HLD oxidation film 170 and the n-well region 116 of the silicon substrate.","In addition, the HLD oxidation film 170 and the BPSG 180 may be formed to have the total thickness in a range of about 1% to about 80% of the width of the upper end of the trench.","With the provided dimension, it is possible to facilitate the formation of the air gap and reduce the occurrence of stress.","FIG.","16 is an enlarged view of a portion of the semiconductor substrate of FIG.","12B in which the two semiconductor devices are provided in contact with each other.","Referring to FIG.","16, a support 210 is formed between the air gaps 200 provided around the peripheries of two adjacent semiconductor devices.","The support 210 serves to maintain a shape of the air gap 200.In the example depicted in FIG.","16, the support 210 has a width w of approximately 0.5 μm to approximately 3 μm.","In a semiconductor device manufactured by the process described above, current leakage characteristics are considerably improved in comparison to the conventional semiconductor devices.","The above conventional semiconductor devices herein refers to a semiconductor device manufactured by being formed of DTI structure before forming device structures e.g.","a source and drain, etc.","FIG.","17 is a cumulative curve illustrating current leakage characteristics according to the example described above.","The X-axis represents measuring leakage current of each device and Y-axis represents cumulative percent at each level of the leakage current level.","For comparison, vertical dot line is inserted at leakage current level at 1 uA.","The curve “L” corresponds to the example according to the present disclosure.","The curve “L” shows the higher cumulative percent at 1 uA than other curves “M”, which means that the leakage current level more decreased by fabricating DTI structure after forming device structures e.g.","a source and drain.","It can be seen from FIG.","17 that the current leakage characteristics are significantly improved in comparison to the conventional semiconductor devices.","Here, the current leakage characteristics in FIG.","17 result from one semiconductor device as illustrated in FIG.","12A and the curves other than curve L represent values of the current leakage characteristics to the above conventional semiconductor devices.","As stated above, in the examples of semiconductor device according to the present disclosure, by performing the DTI process after a transistor structure such as a source or a drain is formed in the semiconductor substrate, it is possible to reduce a manufacturing time and cost of the semiconductor device.","An aspect of the present disclosure provides a semiconductor device and a manufacturing method thereof, with which it is possible to simplify a manufacturing process and to solve issues occurring in an annealing process subsequent to a DTI process by improving the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device that performs an insulating operation between devices by using a DTI structure.","In this example, the semiconductor device may be manufactured as a final product through multiple steps of a manufacturing process, and the present disclosure provides, as an example, a semiconductor device with performance and effect equivalent to or even superior to existing semiconductor devices by improving the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device.","There are also provided a semiconductor device and a manufacturing method thereof, with which a manufacturing process of the semiconductor device may be improved such that a deep trench isolation (DTI) process for isolating a device is performed immediately after a gate electrode or a silicide structure is formed in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device.","Since the process of forming a DTI structure is performed after the silicide process, it is possible to prevent various defects caused by an annealing process performed after the DTI process and to reduce the number of steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device in which the DTI structure is formed.","As a result, with this example, it is possible to reduce a manufacturing time and cost.","Although the present disclosure has been described in connection with a number of examples, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, and equivalent examples can be made without departing from the scope and sprit of the present disclosure.","Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by these examples.","For instance, although various examples of the present disclosure have been described with respect to an NLDMOS (Lateral Double diffused MOS) device, the present disclosure is applicable to other types of semiconductor devices, including semiconductor devices having a p-type LDMOS device and a Deep trench Isolation structure (DTI structure).","Further, while various examples of manufacturing methods have been described in which the deposition process and the etch-back process of the HLD oxidation film are performed twice, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.","For example, the deposition process and the etch-back process of the HLD oxidation film may be performed only one time.","Moreover, after a DTI structure is formed, when the DTI etching process is finished, the forming process of the LPCVD oxidation film, the deposition process of the BPSG (boron phosphorus silicate glass), the etch-back process, and the deposition process of the BPSG (boron phosphorus silicate glass) may be performed instead of the gap-fill process of the trench region, so that the air-gap of the trench region may be filled.","Examples of semiconductor devices and manufacturing methods thereof may exhibit the following effects.","During the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device in which a DTI structure is formed, a process of forming the DTI structure that is generally performed before the existing LOCOS process, may be performed after a silicide process in which transistor structures such as a source and a drain are all formed.","Accordingly, it is possible to prevent occurrence of various defects in a substrate or a trench structure that results during an annealing process.","In one example, the defects of the trench structure are prevented, so that current leakage characteristics of the semiconductor device may be improved.","Conventionally, in order to manufacture the semiconductor device to which the DTI structure is formed, an additional process is required for controlling the defects of the semiconductor substrate.","However, with the method described in the present disclosure, by changing an order of the DTI process, it is possible to reduce the number of steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device in which the DTI structure is formed.","As a result, it is possible to reduce a manufacturing time and cost.","For example, seventy one (71) steps are substantially required for the existing process for manufacturing the semiconductor device through the DTI step.","However, in the present disclosure, it is possible to reduce the number of steps to be thirty (30) steps.","While this disclosure includes specific examples, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made in these examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims and their equivalents.","The examples described herein are to be considered in a descriptive sense only, and not for purposes of limitation.","Descriptions of features or aspects in each example are to be considered as being applicable to similar features or aspects in other examples.","Suitable results may be achieved if the described techniques are performed in a different order, and/or if components in a described system, architecture, device, or circuit are combined in a different manner and/or replaced or supplemented by other components or their equivalents.","Therefore, the scope of the disclosure is defined not by the detailed description, but by the claims and their equivalents, and all variations within the scope of the claims and their equivalents are to be construed as being included in the disclosure."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF\",\n \"A semiconductor device and a manufacturing method thereof are provided.\",\n \"The semiconductor device includes: a deep trench in a substrate; a sidewall insulating film on a side surface of the deep trench; an interlayer insulating film on the sidewall insulating film; and an air gap in the interlayer insulating film.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate; a second conductivity type buried layer disposed in the substrate; a second conductivity type low dopant density well region disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer; high dopant density well regions of a second conductivity type disposed at left and right sides of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, wherein each of the high dopant density well regions has a dopant density higher than that of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region, and the high dopant density well regions are in direct contact with the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and the second conductivity type buried layer; a first conductivity type body region in the second conductivity type low dopant density well region; a second conductivity type source region in direct contact with the first conductivity body region; a first gate electrode and a second gate electrode on the substrate, wherein both the first and second gate electrodes overlap with the first conductivity type body region; and a deep trench in the substrate.\",\n \"2.The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: a sidewall insulating film on a side surface of the deep trench; an interlayer insulating film on the sidewall insulating film, wherein the interlayer insulating film extends to a bottom of the deep trench.\",\n \"3.The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the sidewall insulating film includes a first sidewall insulating film and a second sidewall insulating film, and the second sidewall insulating film is formed on the first sidewall insulating film and in direct contact with the first sidewall insulating film.\",\n \"4.The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the sidewall insulating film comprises a HLD film, a TEOS film, a SOG film or a BPSG film, and the interlayer insulating film comprises a BPSG film.\",\n \"5.The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the sidewall insulation film contacts a thermal oxide film formed on the deep trench.\",\n \"6.The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: a second conductivity type first well region and a second conductivity type second well region in the substrate; a second conductivity type first drain region in the second conductivity type first well region; a second conductivity type second drain region in the second conductivity type second well region; and a first conductivity type contact region in the first conductivity type body region.\",\n \"7.The semiconductor device according to claim 6, further comprising: an isolation region formed between the first conductivity type contact region and the deep trench.\",\n \"8.The semiconductor device according to claim 7, wherein the isolation region comprises a local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) or a shallow trench.\",\n \"9.The semiconductor device according to claim 6, further comprising: a protection layer comprising an insulating film and an etching stopper film formed over the substrate, the insulating film and the etching stopper film comprising an oxide or a nitride.\",\n \"10.The semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein a depth of the deep trench is greater than a depth of the first well region or the second well region.\",\n \"11.The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising a channel stop implantation region at a bottom of the deep trench, wherein the deep trench is tapered in shape so that an upper end of the deep trench has a greater width than a lower end of the deep trench.\",\n \"12.The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first conductivity body region is formed between the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode, and wherein the first conductivity type body region is in direct contact with the second conductivity type low dopant density well region.\",\n \"13.The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first conductivity body region is spaced apart from the second conductivity type buried layer via the second conductivity type low dopant density well region.\",\n \"14.The semiconductor device according to claim 1, further comprising: a second conductivity type first well region and a second conductivity type second well region in the substrate, wherein the second conductivity type low dopant density well region is disposed between the second conductivity type first well region and the second conductivity type second well region.\",\n \"15.A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate; a second conductivity type buried layer disposed in the substrate; a second conductivity type low dopant density well region disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer; high dopant density well regions of a second conductivity type disposed at left and right sides of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, wherein the second conductivity type low dopant density well region has a dopant density lower than that of the high dopant density well regions which are in direct contact with the low dopant density well region and the second conductivity type buried layer; a gate electrode disposed on the second conductivity type low dopant density well region; field oxide regions on the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and high dopant density well regions; a deep trench disposed adjacent to at least one of the field oxide regions and between two of the field oxide regions; a sidewall insulating film disposed on a side surface of the deep trench; an interlayer insulating film formed in the deep trench region and on the gate electrode; and an air gap within the deep trench, wherein the air gap has a sharp pointed cross-sectional shape toward a bottom of the deep trench.\",\n \"16.The semiconductor device according to claim 15, wherein the sidewall insulating film contacts a thermal oxide film formed on the deep trench.\",\n \"17.A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate of a first conductivity type; a second conductivity type buried layer disposed in the substrate; a second conductivity type low dopant density well region disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, and high dopant density well regions of a second conductivity type disposed at left and right sides of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region, wherein each of the high dopant density well regions has a dopant density higher than that of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region, and the high dopant density well regions are in direct contact with the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and the second conductivity type buried layer; a body region in the second conductivity type low dopant density well region; a source region in direct contact with the body region, wherein the body region has a first conductivity type and the source region has a second conductivity type; a gate electrode on the substrate, wherein the gate electrode overlaps with the body region; and a deep trench in the substrate, wherein the deep trench is in direct contact with the high dopant density well regions and the second conductivity type buried layer.\",\n \"18.The semiconductor device according to claim 17, further comprising: a sidewall insulating film on a side surface of the deep trench; and a second conductivity type first well region and a second conductivity type second well region in the substrate, wherein sidewall insulating film contacts a thermal oxide film formed on the deep trench.\",\n \"19.The semiconductor device according to claim 18, wherein a depth of the deep trench is greater than a depth of the first well region or the second well region.\",\n \"20.The semiconductor device according to claim 18, wherein the sidewall insulating film includes a first sidewall insulating film and a second sidewall insulating film, and the second sidewall insulating film is formed on the first sidewall insulating film and in direct contact with the first sidewall insulating film.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND \"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY In one general aspect, there is provided a semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate, a second conductivity type buried layer disposed in the substrate, a second conductivity type low dopant density well region disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, high dopant density well regions of a second conductivity type disposed at left and right sides of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, wherein each of the high dopant density well regions has a dopant density higher than that of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region, and the high dopant density well regions are in direct contact with the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and the second conductivity type buried layer, a first conductivity type body region in the second conductivity type low dopant density well region; a second conductivity type source region in direct contact with the first conductivity body region, a first gate electrode and a second gate electrode on the substrate, a deep trench in the substrate, a sidewall insulating film on a side surface of the deep trench, and an interlayer insulating film on the sidewall insulating film, wherein both the first and second gate electrodes overlap with the first conductivity type body region.\",\n \"The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include: a well region in the substrate; a body region and a drain region in the well region; and a gate electrode region on the substrate.\",\n \"The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include a shallow trench formed between the drain region and the deep trench.\",\n \"The shallow trench may be a LOCOS trench, and the deep trench may be a DTI structure.\",\n \"The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include: an insulating film on the substrate; and a hard mask film on the insulating film, in which the interlayer insulating film is formed on the hard mask film.\",\n \"A depth of the deep trench may be greater than a depth of the well region.\",\n \"The sidewall insulating film may include a first sidewall insulating film and a second sidewall insulating film.\",\n \"A height of the sidewall insulating film may be greater than a height of the gate electrode region, and may be equal to a height of the hard mask film.\",\n \"The interlayer insulating film may extend to a bottom of the deep trench.\",\n \"The sidewall insulating film may include a HLD film, a TEOS film, a SOG film or a BPSG film, and the interlayer insulating film may include a BPSG film.\",\n \"An upper end of the air gap may be located lower than an upper surface of the substrate.\",\n \"An upper end of the air gap may be located less than or equal to 0.5 μm below an upper surface of the substrate.\",\n \"A total thickness of the sidewall insulating film formed within the deep trench may be in a range of 1% to 70% of a width of an upper end of the deep trench.\",\n \"A total thickness of the sidewall insulating film and the interlayer insulating film formed within the deep trench may be in a range of 1% to 80% of a width of an upper end of the deep trench.\",\n \"The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include: a support formed between the air gap and another air gap adjacent to the air gap.\",\n \"In another general aspect, there is provided a semiconductor device comprising: a substrate, a second conductivity type buried layer disposed in the substrate, a second conductivity type low dopant density well region disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, high dopant density well regions of a second conductivity type disposed at left and right sides of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, wherein the second conductivity type low dopant density well region has a dopant density lower than that of the high dopant density well regions which are in direct contact with the low dopant density well region and the second conductivity type buried layer, a gate electrode disposed on the second conductivity type low dopant density well region, field oxide regions on the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and high dopant density well regions, a deep trench disposed adjacent to at least one of the field oxide regions and between two of the field oxide regions, a sidewall insulating film disposed on a side surface of the deep trench, an interlayer insulating film formed in the deep trench region and on the gate electrode, and an air gap within the deep trench, wherein the air gap has a sharp pointed cross-sectional shape toward a bottom of the deep trench.\",\n \"The air gap may be located within the trench, and an upper end of the air gap may be formed at a position lower than an upper surface of the substrate.\",\n \"Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, unless otherwise described, the same drawing reference numerals will be understood to refer to the same elements, features, and structures.\",\n \"The relative size and depiction of these elements may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration, and convenience.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/067,335 filed on Oct. 30, 2013, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C.\",\n \"§ 119(a) of Korean Patent Application 10-2013-0034805 filed on Mar.\",\n \"29, 2013, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purpose.\",\n \"BACKGROUND 1.Field The following description relates to a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the same, and to a semiconductor device manufactured by performing a Deep Trench Isolation (DTI) process on a semiconductor substrate after device structures such as a source, a drain, and a gate are formed on the semiconductor substrate by a silicide process and a method of manufacturing such a semiconductor device.\",\n \"2.Description of Related Art The development of electronic technology resulted in an increased demand for compact multi-functional electronic devices.\",\n \"For this reason, System on Chip (SoC) technology emerged.\",\n \"System on chip technology refers to a technology for implementing a single system that integrates a plurality of devices into a single chip.\",\n \"With the recent development of MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) technology and NEMS (Nano-Electro-Mechanical System) technology, attempts to implement various devices as a single chip have taken place.\",\n \"However, when a plurality of devices is integrated into a single substrate, interference is prone to occur between the devices.\",\n \"For instance, heat generated in driving of one device may transfer to another device through the substrate, and the heat may influence an operation of the second device.\",\n \"Thus, the interference between the devices may result in malfunction of the overall product.\",\n \"In order to prevent the occurrence of malfunctions, a device isolation structure may be utilized to electrically isolate each of the devices on the single substrate from other devices.\",\n \"Examples of technologies used for forming device isolation structures include a local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) process, a trench isolation process and the like.\",\n \"The LOCOS process is an isolation method that involves masking a surface of a substrate with a relatively hard material such that a silicon nitride layer, and thermally growing a thick oxide layer in an opening of a mask.\",\n \"The trench isolation process is a method that involves forming a trench having an appropriate depth in a silicon substrate and filling the inside of the trench with an insulating film to electrically isolate devices from each other.\",\n \"Another kind of trench isolation process is the Deep Trench Isolation (DTI) process used for isolating wells.\",\n \"Among the various technologies for forming device isolation structures, the deep trench isolation process is often applied to satisfy the requirement of high-integration of semiconductor devices.\",\n \"By using a deep trench isolation structure (DTI structure), it is possible to reduce a pitch of the transistor and to improve latch-up leading to a decrease in device characteristics due to current leakage and overcurrent.\",\n \"As a result, the DTI structure has characteristics suitable for reducing the size of chips and for improving the performance of devices.\",\n \"In manufacturing processes for producing semiconductor devices in which a DTI structure is formed, the DTI process is generally performed before a process of forming a LOCOS or a shallow trench (STI) in the semiconductor substrate.\",\n \"Incidentally, in manufacturing a semiconductor device such as a Lateral Double-diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor (LDMOS) used as a high voltage power device, when the DTI process is performed before the LOCOS process or a process of forming a gate electrode, various issues may occur.\",\n \"For example, in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device, a plurality of annealing processes are performed as processes subsequent to the DTI process.\",\n \"Accordingly, the thermal stress resulting from the processes may affect a trench structure formed in the semiconductor substrate by the DTI process.\",\n \"In order to reduce the problems resulting from the thermal stress, many additional processes for releasing the thermal stress may be performed, and the additional processes may in turn impose other challenges or problems.\",\n \"Patent Document: Korean Laid-Open Publication No.\",\n \"2011-0030356 SUMMARY In one general aspect, there is provided a semiconductor device, comprising: a substrate, a second conductivity type buried layer disposed in the substrate, a second conductivity type low dopant density well region disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, high dopant density well regions of a second conductivity type disposed at left and right sides of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, wherein each of the high dopant density well regions has a dopant density higher than that of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region, and the high dopant density well regions are in direct contact with the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and the second conductivity type buried layer, a first conductivity type body region in the second conductivity type low dopant density well region; a second conductivity type source region in direct contact with the first conductivity body region, a first gate electrode and a second gate electrode on the substrate, a deep trench in the substrate, a sidewall insulating film on a side surface of the deep trench, and an interlayer insulating film on the sidewall insulating film, wherein both the first and second gate electrodes overlap with the first conductivity type body region.\",\n \"The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include: a well region in the substrate; a body region and a drain region in the well region; and a gate electrode region on the substrate.\",\n \"The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include a shallow trench formed between the drain region and the deep trench.\",\n \"The shallow trench may be a LOCOS trench, and the deep trench may be a DTI structure.\",\n \"The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include: an insulating film on the substrate; and a hard mask film on the insulating film, in which the interlayer insulating film is formed on the hard mask film.\",\n \"A depth of the deep trench may be greater than a depth of the well region.\",\n \"The sidewall insulating film may include a first sidewall insulating film and a second sidewall insulating film.\",\n \"A height of the sidewall insulating film may be greater than a height of the gate electrode region, and may be equal to a height of the hard mask film.\",\n \"The interlayer insulating film may extend to a bottom of the deep trench.\",\n \"The sidewall insulating film may include a HLD film, a TEOS film, a SOG film or a BPSG film, and the interlayer insulating film may include a BPSG film.\",\n \"An upper end of the air gap may be located lower than an upper surface of the substrate.\",\n \"An upper end of the air gap may be located less than or equal to 0.5 μm below an upper surface of the substrate.\",\n \"A total thickness of the sidewall insulating film formed within the deep trench may be in a range of 1% to 70% of a width of an upper end of the deep trench.\",\n \"A total thickness of the sidewall insulating film and the interlayer insulating film formed within the deep trench may be in a range of 1% to 80% of a width of an upper end of the deep trench.\",\n \"The general aspect of the semiconductor device may further include: a support formed between the air gap and another air gap adjacent to the air gap.\",\n \"In another general aspect, there is provided a semiconductor device comprising: a substrate, a second conductivity type buried layer disposed in the substrate, a second conductivity type low dopant density well region disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, high dopant density well regions of a second conductivity type disposed at left and right sides of the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and disposed on the second conductivity type buried layer, wherein the second conductivity type low dopant density well region has a dopant density lower than that of the high dopant density well regions which are in direct contact with the low dopant density well region and the second conductivity type buried layer, a gate electrode disposed on the second conductivity type low dopant density well region, field oxide regions on the second conductivity type low dopant density well region and high dopant density well regions, a deep trench disposed adjacent to at least one of the field oxide regions and between two of the field oxide regions, a sidewall insulating film disposed on a side surface of the deep trench, an interlayer insulating film formed in the deep trench region and on the gate electrode, and an air gap within the deep trench, wherein the air gap has a sharp pointed cross-sectional shape toward a bottom of the deep trench.\",\n \"The air gap may be located within the trench, and an upper end of the air gap may be formed at a position lower than an upper surface of the substrate.\",\n \"Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, unless otherwise described, the same drawing reference numerals will be understood to refer to the same elements, features, and structures.\",\n \"The relative size and depiction of these elements may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration, and convenience.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS.\",\n \"1 to 12B are cross-sectional views for describing an example of a method for fabricating a semiconductor device according to the present disclosure.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"13 is a photograph depicting an air gap formed after the process is finished in an example of a semiconductor device formed according to the present disclosure.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14 is a photograph depicting an example of a semiconductor substrate in which two semiconductor devices are provided with air gaps 200 in a horizontal direction.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"15 is an enlarged view of an example of a trench region illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"12A and 12B.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"16 is an enlarged view of a semiconductor substrate in which two semiconductor devices are brought into contact with each other, as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"12B.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"17 is a cumulative curve illustrating current leakage characteristics of an example of a semiconductor device according to the present disclosure.\",\n \"Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, unless otherwise described, the same drawing reference numerals will be understood to refer to the same elements, features, and structures.\",\n \"The relative size and depiction of these elements may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration, and convenience.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following detailed description is provided to assist the reader in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the methods, apparatuses, and/or systems described herein.\",\n \"However, various changes, modifications, and equivalents of the systems, apparatuses and/or methods described herein will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.\",\n \"Also, descriptions of functions and constructions that are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be omitted for increased clarity and conciseness.\",\n \"Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, the same reference numerals refer to the same elements.\",\n \"The drawings may not be to scale, and the relative size, proportions, and depiction of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration, and convenience.\",\n \"The features described herein may be embodied in different forms, and are not to be construed as being limited to the examples described herein.\",\n \"Rather, the examples described herein have been provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will convey the full scope of the disclosure to one of ordinary skill in the art.\",\n \"Unless indicated otherwise, a statement that a first layer is “on” a second layer or a substrate is to be interpreted as covering both a case where the first layer is directly contacts the second layer or the substrate, and a case where one or more other layers are disposed between the first layer and the second layer or the substrate.\",\n \"The spatially-relative expressions such as “below”, “beneath”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, and the like may be used to conveniently describe relationships of one device or elements with other devices or among elements.\",\n \"The spatially-relative expressions should be understood as encompassing the direction illustrated in the drawings, added with other directions of the device in use or operation.\",\n \"Further, the device may be oriented to other directions and accordingly, the interpretation of the spatially-relative expressions is based on the orientation.\",\n \"The expression such as “first conductivity type” and “second conductivity type” as used herein may refer to the conductivity types such as N or P types which are opposed to each other, and an example explained and exemplified herein encompasses complementary examples thereof.\",\n \"According to the present disclosure, there is provided an example of a manufacturing process in which a DTI process is performed on a semiconductor device.\",\n \"The DTI process for isolating devices may be performed immediately after a gate electrode or a silicide structure is formed during the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device.\",\n \"Hereinafter, a semiconductor device and a manufacturing method of producing the semiconductor device according to an example of the present disclosure will be described with reference to FIGS.\",\n \"1 to 12.FIGS.\",\n \"1 to 12 are cross-sectional views for describing an example of a manufacturing method of a semiconductor device according to the present disclosure.\",\n \"In the example of the manufacturing method, the process of forming an N-type LDMOS (Lateral Double diffused MOS) device will be described as an example of a lateral DMOS; however, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device before the DTI process is performed in accordance with an example of a manufacturing method according to the present disclosure.\",\n \"The illustrated cross-sectional view is a cross-sectional view of an NLDMOS device as an integrated power device constituting a BCD (Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS) device.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"1, the NLDMOS device is in a state in which device structures such as a source, a drain, and a gate are already formed.\",\n \"A structure of the NLDMOS device will be briefly described below.\",\n \"In the NLDMOS device, an n-type buried layer (NBL) 112 is formed inside a p-type silicon substrate 110 as a high doped region.\",\n \"A p-epitaxial layer 114 is formed on the buried layer 112, and high density n-well (HDNW) regions 116 are formed at left and right sides of the p-epitaxial layer 114.As explained later, the p-epitaxial layer 114 may be changed to an n-type region after the process of forming a DTI structure.\",\n \"The p-epitaxial layer 114 is a region in which impurities doped into the high density n-well (HDNW) regions 116 are diffused through an annealing process during the manufacture process of the semiconductor device.\",\n \"After the conversion into an n-type region, this region is an n-well region (i.e., a low density n-well region) doped at a density relatively lower than those of the high density n-well (HDNW) regions 116.The low density n-well region is formed to have a depth shallower than that of a trench to be described below.\",\n \"Gate electrodes 126 are formed above the silicon substrate 110 with a gate oxidation film 125 disposed therebetween for insulation.\",\n \"A p-body region 118 in which a p+ contact region 118a and n+ source regions 118b are provided is formed in a predetermined region of the p-epitaxial layer 114 or the low density n-well region.\",\n \"High density n+ drain regions 122 surrounded by low concentration doped regions (NW) 120 are formed in the high density n-well (HDNW) regions 116.In this example, the p-body region 118 may be initially formed on the p-epitaxial layer 114 or the low density n-well region.\",\n \"The p-body region 118 may be subsequently formed in the p-epitaxial layer 114 before the semiconductor device is manufactured and/or formed in the low density n-well region after the annealing processes are all finished.\",\n \"Thus, the p+ contact region 118a and n+ source regions 118b are subsequently disposed within the p-body region.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"1, a silicide layer 124 is formed on the p-body region 118 and on the gate electrodes 126.The silicide layer 124 includes, for example, TiSi2 or CoSi2.A LOCOS trench or a shallow trench (STI) region 128 is formed in order to reduce an electric field between the gate electrode 126 and the n+drain region 122.In an example of a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, the process of forming the trench starts after the silicide layer 124 is formed.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"1, an insulating film 130 is deposited on the entire surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110, including the top surfaces of the p-body region 118, the n+ drain regions 122, and the gate electrodes 126.The insulating film 13 may be deposited by a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) method or a high temperature low pressure deposition (HLD) method.\",\n \"In this example, the insulating film 130 is deposited to have a thickness of about 1,000 angstroms to about 2,000 angstroms.\",\n \"Examples of the insulation film 130 may include an oxidation film or a nitride film.\",\n \"The nitride film may more effectively serve as an etching stopper film so as not to expose the gate electrode 126.Subsequently, referring to FIG.\",\n \"2, a Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silicate (TEOS) layer 140 is deposited on the insulation film 130 as a silicon oxidation film.\",\n \"The TEOS layer 140 may have a thickness of about 5,000 angstroms to about 15,000 angstroms.\",\n \"The TEOS layer 140 may serve as a hard mask used as a blocking layer in a subsequent trench forming process.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"3, after the TEOS layer 140 is formed as the hard mask, a patterned photo resist 150 is coated on the TEOS layer 140.The photo resist 150 is used to remove the TEOS layer 140 as oxides for the hard mask by a photo-lithography method.\",\n \"Further, the photo resist is patterned such that regions corresponding to regions of the p-type silicon substrate 110 where trenches are formed are not coated.\",\n \"Otherwise, a separate process for patterning the photo resist 150 may be performed.\",\n \"Thereafter, referring to FIG.\",\n \"4, the TEOS layer 140 is etched by using the photo resist 150 as a mask.\",\n \"Then, parts of the TEOS layer 140 corresponding to the uncoated regions of the photo resist 150 are etched to a surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110.As a result, portions of top surfaces of the high density n-well (HDNW) regions 116 are partially exposed.\",\n \"For instance, referring to FIG.\",\n \"4, the TEOS layer 140 is etched to correspond to the pattern of the photo resist 150.In FIG.\",\n \"4, the portions of the TEOS layer 140 that are etched is marked with reference label “A.” When a part of the TEOS layer 140 is etched, the photo resist 150, which has been used as the mask, may be removed.\",\n \"The photo resist 150 may be removed by a dry ashing process and a cleaning process.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5 illustrates a state in which a part of the TEOS layer 140 is etched and the photo resist 150 is removed.\",\n \"Subsequently, a process of forming a trench in the p-type silicon substrate 110 is performed.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"6, the p-type silicon substrate 110 is etched, and trench regions B are formed.\",\n \"Here, the trench regions B are formed in the p-type silicon substrate 110 by a dry etching method, and are formed to correspond to the etched regions A of the TEOS layer 140.An etching gas used in the dry etching method does not influence the TEOS layer 140 but etches only the p-type silicon substrate 110.In this example, a side surface of the trench region B is not at a right angle with the upper surface of the semiconductor substrate; rather, the side surface of the trench region B is a slightly inclined surface.\",\n \"The inclined surface results due to the weakening of the intensity of the etching gas along the depth of the trench.\",\n \"In one example, the trench formed by such an etching method has a depth of about 2 μm to about 30 μm.\",\n \"In another example, the trench region B formed in the p-type silicon substrate 110 has a depth of about one and a half to about three times a depth of the p-epitaxial layer 114 formed in the p-type silicon substrate 110.Referring to FIG.\",\n \"6, when the etching process for forming the trench region B is performed, polymers are also formed.\",\n \"Since such polymers cause a decrease in performance of the semiconductor device, the polymers need to be removed.\",\n \"Accordingly, after the etching process is finished, it is necessary to perform a post cleaning process for removing the polymers.\",\n \"A cleaning solution that contains a Buffered Oxide Etchant (BOE) is used as a cleaning solution during the post cleaning process.\",\n \"Also, after the post cleaning process is completed, an oxidation process may be performed.\",\n \"The oxidation process may be performed to remove various defects generated on a surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110 during the etching process performed to form the trench region B.\",\n \"As described above, when the trench region B is formed in the p-type silicon substrate 110, a dry oxidation process is performed to form a thermal oxide film 160 on a boundary of the trench region B as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"7.This thermal oxide film is formed in order to block electric leaking components occurring along the boundary of the trench region B.\",\n \"In addition, channel stop implantation is performed on a bottom surface 162 of the trench region B to block leakage current to prevent the formation of channels other than predetermined channels.\",\n \"Referring to FIGS.\",\n \"12A and 12B, a gap-fill process is subsequently performed to form a void or an air gap 200 within the trench region B.\",\n \"The air gap serves as an insulating member.\",\n \"Accordingly, when the air gap is formed, it is possible to insulate devices formed in the p-type silicon substrate 110 in a horizontal direction in addition to a trench structure to be electrically stabilized.\",\n \"A height of the air gap formed within the trench region B contributes significantly to the ability of the trench to prevent interferences.\",\n \"According to one example, an upper end of the air gap is located at a position lower than the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110.If the height of the air gap is higher than the surface of the silicon substrate 110, the inside of the air gap may be exposed to the outside in a deposition process of a HLD oxidation film as oxides and an etch-back process of removing a part of the deposited HLD oxidation film, which will be described below.\",\n \"Thus, the inside of the air gap may be contaminated by foreign substances, so that a decrease in performance of the semiconductor device may result.\",\n \"Hereinafter, a process for forming the air gap will be described in detail.\",\n \"In this example, the deposition process and the etch-back process of the HLD oxidation film, which form a sidewall insulating film, are repeatedly performed twice.\",\n \"However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.\",\n \"In other examples, the deposition process and the etch-back process of the HLD oxidation film may be performed one time as long as the air gap is formed at a position lower than the top surface of the silicon substrate.\",\n \"Alternatively, the deposition process and the etch-back process may be performed again, for the third time, if the air gap is not appropriately formed even though the deposition process and the etch-back process are performed twice.\",\n \"However, in this example, the deposition process and the etch-back process may be performed twice in order to simplify the manufacturing process.\",\n \"Accordingly, the deposited HLD oxidation film needs to have an appropriate thickness in consideration of the subsequent process.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"8, the deposition process of the HLD oxidation film is performed to form a first sidewall insulating film of the air gap.\",\n \"Hereinafter, this process is referred to as a “first DTI HLD deposition process.” During the first DTI HLD deposition process, a HLD oxidation film 170 is deposited on a top surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110 and on the side surface of the trench region B.\",\n \"The HLD oxidation film 170 includes an oxidation film material.\",\n \"During the first DTI HLD depositing process, the HLD oxidation film 170 needs to be deposited to have an appropriate thickness such that after the subsequent two etch-back processes and one deposition process, the air gap is formed at a position lower than the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110.The thickness to be used may be determined based on an experiment result value obtained through multiple experiments.\",\n \"Further, referring to FIG.\",\n \"8, the HLD oxidation film 170 is formed with a greater height than the gate electrode 126, and is formed to be approximately equal or similar to the TEOS layer 140 in height.\",\n \"The TEOS layer may serve as a hard mask.\",\n \"In one example, a deposition temperature of the HLD oxidation film 170 used as a gap-fill material for the trench region B may range between about 550° C. to about 750° C. In the event it is necessary to avoid high deposition temperature during the manufacturing process, a material such as TEOS, SOG, or BPSG that have a low deposition temperature may be deposited instead of the HLD oxidation film 170.The deposition temperature of the TEOS is approximately 400° C. lower than the HLD oxidation film 170.The HLD oxidation film 170 is deposited by a HLD method.\",\n \"The HLD method results in the formation of a LPCVD oxidation film, and the thickness of the HLD oxidation film 170 deposited on the top surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110 is slightly different from the thickness of the HLD oxidation film 170 deposited on the side surface of the trench region B.\",\n \"Accordingly, referring to FIG.\",\n \"8, an edge C of an upper edge of the side surface of the trench region B and the top surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110 are formed in a thick overhang shape by the different thicknesses of the HLD oxidation films 170 along the depth of the trench region B.\",\n \"That is, the width of the void within the trench region B may be broader at the middle portion of the trench region B than at the upper portion of the trench region B.\",\n \"After the first DTI HLD deposition process is finished, a first etch-back process of removing a part of the HLD oxidation film 170 is performed.\",\n \"The first etch-back process is performed by the dry etching method.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"9, during the first etch-back process, the HLD oxidation film 170 formed on the p-type silicon substrate 110 and a portion of the TEOS layer 140 are removed.\",\n \"In other words, as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"9, the TEOS layer 140 is removed until a part of the oxidation film or the nitride film 130 formed on the gate electrode 126 is exposed.\",\n \"In this example, the etch-back process is performed with care so as not to damage a structure of the gate electrode 126.Referring back to FIG.\",\n \"9, a certain amount of HLD oxidation film 170 formed on the side surface of the trench region B remains after the first etch-back process.\",\n \"After the completion of the first DTI HLD deposition process and the first etch-back process, as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"9, a distance between the upper edges of the trench region B is enlarged.\",\n \"Thus, it is difficult to form an air gap of appropriate thickness within the p-type silicon substrate 110.For this reason, as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"10, a second DTI HLD deposition process is performed.\",\n \"The second DTI deposition process is performed in a similar manner to the first DTI HLD deposition process.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10 illustrates a state of the semiconductor device after the second DTI HLD deposition process is performed.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"10, a distance between the two upper edges of the trench region B decreases due to the second DTI deposition process, and the upper edges D of the trench region B again have an overhang shape.\",\n \"In this example, the distance between the side walls of the trench region B is greater in a middle region of the trench region B than the distance between the two upper edges D of the trench region B.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"11, subsequently, a second etch-back process is performed to remove the HLD oxidation film 170.The second etch-back process needs to be performed so as not to damage structures of the device such as the gate electrode 126.The structure that results after the second etch-back process is illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"11.As illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"11, the overhang shape of the trench B is preserved.\",\n \"In addition, a distance between the upper edges of the trench region B is smaller after the second etch-back process than the distance between the upper edges after the first etch-back process.\",\n \"As demonstrated by this example, in order to form the air gap in the trench region B at a position lower than the surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110, the deposition process and the etch-back process of the HLD oxidation film may be performed twice.\",\n \"In this example, performing the deposition process and the etch-back process twice as illustrated facilitate forming the overhang structure along the edges of the upper portions of the trench region B.\",\n \"For instance, in this example, the overhang structure found in the final product is formed during the second deposition process of the HLD oxidation film.\",\n \"Although the HLD oxidation film 170 is largely etched during the etch-back process to decrease the height of the air gap, the etch-back process is performed so as not to influence structures of the device such as the gate electrode 126 as described above.\",\n \"Lastly, after the deposition process and the etch-back process of the HLD oxidation film are performed twice, a BPSG (boron phosphorus silicate glass) material 180 used as an interlayer insulating material (ILD) may be deposited on the entire area of the p-type silicon substrate 110 and may seal the opening along the upper edges of the trench region B in an upper portion of the trench region B, forming an air gap within a middle region of the trench region B.\",\n \"Referring to FIGS.\",\n \"12A and 12B, in one example, the BPSG 180 is deposited within the trench and fills a portion of the trench.\",\n \"A film of the BPSG 180 used during the process needs to have flow properties that are more favorable than the HLD oxidation film during the high-temperature annealing process.\",\n \"With suitable flow properties, the BPSG may pass through a narrow entrance between the upper edges of the trench region B.\",\n \"As a result, the BPSG may be deposited on the HLD oxidation film formed on the side surfaces of the trench.\",\n \"In addition, some of the BPSG may be deposited on the lower portion of the trench.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"12A, after the gap-fill process is performed, the BPSG 180 is deposited over the entire surface of the p-type silicon substrate 110 as an interlayer insulating film.\",\n \"The BPSG 180 also seals the opening to the trench region B, so that the air gap 200 is formed within the trench region B.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"12B illustrates two semiconductor devices that are arranged in repetition in a horizontal direction.\",\n \"Further, a support is formed between the two semiconductor devices.\",\n \"The support will be further described below with reference to FIG.\",\n \"16.Meanwhile, referring to FIGS.\",\n \"13 and 14, an air gap formed in a silicon substrate through the example of manufacturing process described above is illustrated in photographs.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"13 depicts an air gap formed after the trench producing process described above.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"13(a) demonstrate the overhang shape of the trench formed by the above described process.\",\n \"As depicted in FIG.\",\n \"13(b), the air gap is formed at a position lower than a surface of the silicon substrate.\",\n \"According to one example, an upper edge of the air gap may be formed at a position that is less than or equal to 0.5 μm upwards from a surface of the semiconductor substrate.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14 depicts a semiconductor substrate in which two semiconductor devices are formed in a horizontal direction.\",\n \"A plurality of air gaps 200 is disposed between the semiconductor devices.\",\n \"With such a configuration, it is possible to effectively prevent interference between the semiconductor devices by the air gaps.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"15 illustrates an enlarged cross-sectional view of the trench region of the semiconductor device illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"12A and 12B.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"15 further describes various dimensions of the trench region B.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"15, in one example, a critical diameter D1 or a width of the upper end portion of the trench region B is in a range of 1.2 μm to 3.0 μm, and a thickness (D2+D3) of the HLD oxidation film 170 formed on the side surface of the air gap 200 in a middle portion of the trench region B is in a range of 0.30 μm to 0.8 μm.\",\n \"In one example, the HLD oxidation film 170 is formed to have a total thickness (D2+D3) in a range of about 1% to about 70% of the width or the critical diameter D1.By setting the thickness in this range, it is possible to minimize stress and to easily form the air gap 200 in the trench region B.\",\n \"When the thickness of the HLD oxidation film 170 is thinner than 1% of the width of the upper end of the trench, it is difficult to easily form the air gap 200.Further, when the thickness of the HLD oxidation 170 is thicker than 70% of the width of the upper end of the trench, stress may occur on the silicon substrate due to a difference in coefficients of thermal expansion between the HLD oxidation film 170 and the n-well region 116 of the silicon substrate.\",\n \"In addition, the HLD oxidation film 170 and the BPSG 180 may be formed to have the total thickness in a range of about 1% to about 80% of the width of the upper end of the trench.\",\n \"With the provided dimension, it is possible to facilitate the formation of the air gap and reduce the occurrence of stress.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"16 is an enlarged view of a portion of the semiconductor substrate of FIG.\",\n \"12B in which the two semiconductor devices are provided in contact with each other.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"16, a support 210 is formed between the air gaps 200 provided around the peripheries of two adjacent semiconductor devices.\",\n \"The support 210 serves to maintain a shape of the air gap 200.In the example depicted in FIG.\",\n \"16, the support 210 has a width w of approximately 0.5 μm to approximately 3 μm.\",\n \"In a semiconductor device manufactured by the process described above, current leakage characteristics are considerably improved in comparison to the conventional semiconductor devices.\",\n \"The above conventional semiconductor devices herein refers to a semiconductor device manufactured by being formed of DTI structure before forming device structures e.g.\",\n \"a source and drain, etc.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"17 is a cumulative curve illustrating current leakage characteristics according to the example described above.\",\n \"The X-axis represents measuring leakage current of each device and Y-axis represents cumulative percent at each level of the leakage current level.\",\n \"For comparison, vertical dot line is inserted at leakage current level at 1 uA.\",\n \"The curve “L” corresponds to the example according to the present disclosure.\",\n \"The curve “L” shows the higher cumulative percent at 1 uA than other curves “M”, which means that the leakage current level more decreased by fabricating DTI structure after forming device structures e.g.\",\n \"a source and drain.\",\n \"It can be seen from FIG.\",\n \"17 that the current leakage characteristics are significantly improved in comparison to the conventional semiconductor devices.\",\n \"Here, the current leakage characteristics in FIG.\",\n \"17 result from one semiconductor device as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"12A and the curves other than curve L represent values of the current leakage characteristics to the above conventional semiconductor devices.\",\n \"As stated above, in the examples of semiconductor device according to the present disclosure, by performing the DTI process after a transistor structure such as a source or a drain is formed in the semiconductor substrate, it is possible to reduce a manufacturing time and cost of the semiconductor device.\",\n \"An aspect of the present disclosure provides a semiconductor device and a manufacturing method thereof, with which it is possible to simplify a manufacturing process and to solve issues occurring in an annealing process subsequent to a DTI process by improving the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device that performs an insulating operation between devices by using a DTI structure.\",\n \"In this example, the semiconductor device may be manufactured as a final product through multiple steps of a manufacturing process, and the present disclosure provides, as an example, a semiconductor device with performance and effect equivalent to or even superior to existing semiconductor devices by improving the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device.\",\n \"There are also provided a semiconductor device and a manufacturing method thereof, with which a manufacturing process of the semiconductor device may be improved such that a deep trench isolation (DTI) process for isolating a device is performed immediately after a gate electrode or a silicide structure is formed in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device.\",\n \"Since the process of forming a DTI structure is performed after the silicide process, it is possible to prevent various defects caused by an annealing process performed after the DTI process and to reduce the number of steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device in which the DTI structure is formed.\",\n \"As a result, with this example, it is possible to reduce a manufacturing time and cost.\",\n \"Although the present disclosure has been described in connection with a number of examples, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, and equivalent examples can be made without departing from the scope and sprit of the present disclosure.\",\n \"Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by these examples.\",\n \"For instance, although various examples of the present disclosure have been described with respect to an NLDMOS (Lateral Double diffused MOS) device, the present disclosure is applicable to other types of semiconductor devices, including semiconductor devices having a p-type LDMOS device and a Deep trench Isolation structure (DTI structure).\",\n \"Further, while various examples of manufacturing methods have been described in which the deposition process and the etch-back process of the HLD oxidation film are performed twice, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.\",\n \"For example, the deposition process and the etch-back process of the HLD oxidation film may be performed only one time.\",\n \"Moreover, after a DTI structure is formed, when the DTI etching process is finished, the forming process of the LPCVD oxidation film, the deposition process of the BPSG (boron phosphorus silicate glass), the etch-back process, and the deposition process of the BPSG (boron phosphorus silicate glass) may be performed instead of the gap-fill process of the trench region, so that the air-gap of the trench region may be filled.\",\n \"Examples of semiconductor devices and manufacturing methods thereof may exhibit the following effects.\",\n \"During the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device in which a DTI structure is formed, a process of forming the DTI structure that is generally performed before the existing LOCOS process, may be performed after a silicide process in which transistor structures such as a source and a drain are all formed.\",\n \"Accordingly, it is possible to prevent occurrence of various defects in a substrate or a trench structure that results during an annealing process.\",\n \"In one example, the defects of the trench structure are prevented, so that current leakage characteristics of the semiconductor device may be improved.\",\n \"Conventionally, in order to manufacture the semiconductor device to which the DTI structure is formed, an additional process is required for controlling the defects of the semiconductor substrate.\",\n \"However, with the method described in the present disclosure, by changing an order of the DTI process, it is possible to reduce the number of steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device in which the DTI structure is formed.\",\n \"As a result, it is possible to reduce a manufacturing time and cost.\",\n \"For example, seventy one (71) steps are substantially required for the existing process for manufacturing the semiconductor device through the DTI step.\",\n \"However, in the present disclosure, it is possible to reduce the number of steps to be thirty (30) steps.\",\n \"While this disclosure includes specific examples, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made in these examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims and their equivalents.\",\n \"The examples described herein are to be considered in a descriptive sense only, and not for purposes of limitation.\",\n \"Descriptions of features or aspects in each example are to be considered as being applicable to similar features or aspects in other examples.\",\n \"Suitable results may be achieved if the described techniques are performed in a different order, and/or if components in a described system, architecture, device, or circuit are combined in a different manner and/or replaced or supplemented by other components or their equivalents.\",\n \"Therefore, the scope of the disclosure is defined not by the detailed description, but by the claims and their equivalents, and all variations within the scope of the claims and their equivalents are to be construed as being included in the disclosure.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872747"}}},{"rowIdx":4494156,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["Fabrication Method for Emissive Display with Light Management System","A method is provided for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system.","The method provides a transparent first substrate with a top surface and forms a plurality of emissive element wells.","The well sidewalls are formed from a light absorbing material or a light reflector material.","In one aspect, a light blocking material film layer is formed overlying the first substrate top surface, and the emissive element sidewalls are formed in the light blocking material film layer.","In another aspect, a transparent second substrate is formed overlying the first substrate top surface.","Then, the emissive element wells are formed in the second substrate with via surfaces, and the light blocking material is deposited overlying the well via surfaces.","Additionally, the light blocking material may be formed on the bottom surface of each well.","An emissive display substrate with light management system is provided below."],["1-13.","(canceled) 14.A method for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system, the method comprising: providing a transparent first substrate with a top surface; forming a transparent second substrate overlying the first substrate top surface; forming a plurality of emissive element wells in the second substrate with via surfaces; depositing a light blocking material overlying the well via surfaces: forming emissive element well sidewalls from the light blocking material; and, using a fluidic assembly process to populate the wells with emissive elements.","15.The method of claim 14 wherein the light blocking material is selected from the group consisting of a light absorbing material and a light reflector material.","16-18.","(canceled) 19.The method of claim 14 wherein providing the first substrate includes providing a substrate with a first plurality of electrical interfaces formed on the top surface; and, wherein forming the emissive element wells includes etching the second substrate to expose the first plurality of electrical interfaces, forming an electrical interface on each well bottom surface.","20.The method of claim 18 wherein forming well sidewalls from the light blocking material includes: conformally depositing the light absorbing blocking material overlying the second substrate top surface and filling the wells; patterning the light blocking material to avoid the electrical interface formed on the well bottom surface; and, etching the light absorbing blocking material to expose the electric interface on each well bottom surface.","21.","(canceled) 22.The method of claim 15 wherein the light absorber material is selected from a group consisting of a black polymer resin, a black photoresist, a material comprising carbon black, and a material comprising graphene oxide.","23.The method of claim 15 wherein the light reflector material is selected from a group consisting of aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, and gold.","24.The method of claim 14 wherein forming the emissive element wells includes forming emissive wells with sloped via surfaces; and, wherein forming emissive element well sidewalls includes forming sloped emissive element well sidewalls 25.","(canceled) 26.A method for managing the direction of light emitted from an emissive display substrate, the method comprising: providing a transparent substrate and a plurality of emissive element wells; forming light blocking material well sidewalls; populating the wells with emissive elements using a fluidic assembly process; and, in response to the light blocking material sidewalls, preventing the propagation of light between adjacent wells.","27.A method for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system, the method comprising: providing a transparent first substrate with a top surface; forming a light blocking material film layer overlying the first substrate top surface; forming a plurality of emissive element wells in the light blocking material film layer; and, using a fluidic assembly process, populating the emissive element wells with emissive elements.","28.The method of claim 27 wherein the light blocking material is selected from the group consisting of a light absorbing material and a light reflector material.","29.The method of claim 27 wherein forming the plurality of emissive element wells in the light blocking material film layer includes forming the light blocking material on a bottom surface of each well.","30.The method of claim 29 wherein providing the first substrate includes providing a substrate with a plurality of electrical interfaces formed on the top surface; the method further comprising: patterning the light blocking material to avoid the electrical interface formed on the well bottom surface; and, etching the light blocking film layer to expose the first plurality of electrical interfaces, forming an electrical interface on each well bottom surface.","31.The method of claim 28 wherein the light absorber material is selected from a group consisting of a black polymer resin, a black photoresist, a material comprising carbon black, and a material comprising graphene oxide.","32.The method of claim 28 wherein the light reflector material is selected from a group consisting of aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, and gold.","33.The method of claim 27 wherein forming the emissive element wells includes forming emissive element wells with sloped via surfaces; and, wherein forming emissive element well sidewalls includes forming sloped emissive element well sidewalls 34.A method for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system, the method comprising: providing a transparent first substrate with a top surface; forming emissive element wells in the first substrate with via surfaces; depositing a light blocking material overlying the well via surfaces; and, using a fluidic assembly process, populating the emissive element wells with emissive elements.","35.The method of claim 34 wherein the light blocking material is selected from the group consisting of a light absorbing material and a light reflector material.","36.The method of claim 34 further comprising: forming the light blocking material on a bottom surface of each well.","37.The method of claim 34 wherein depositing the light blocking material overlying the well via surfaces includes: conformally depositing a light blocking material film layer; patterning the light blocking material to avoid an electrical interface formed on each well bottom surface; and, etching the light blocking film layer to expose the first plurality of electrical interfaces, forming an electrical interface on each well bottom surface.","38.The method of claim 35 wherein the light absorber material is selected from a group consisting of a black polymer resin, a black photoresist, a material comprising carbon black, and a material comprising graphene oxide.","39.The method of claim 35 wherein the light reflector material is selected from a group consisting of aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, and gold.","40.The method of claim 34 wherein forming the emissive element wells includes forming emissive element wells with sloped via surfaces; and, wherein forming emissive element well sidewalls includes forming sloped emissive element well sidewalls."],[" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION "],[" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Described herein are structural features used with direct emitting emissive elements, such as micro light emitting diodes (uLEDs), which control the directionality of light emitted.","An emissive display may be composed of a multitude of uLED pixels; each one addressed individually.","It is important that the direction of the light emitted by each uLED is controlled to reduce light leakage between pixels to ensure color quality and contrast.","The light from each uLED is emitted from all surfaces including the faces and the sides and is thus emitted in directions perpendicular and parallel to the surface of the display.","Unless controlled, the light emitted along the direction nominally parallel to a transparent display substrate surface will propagate to adjacent pixels.","The structure features described herein are used to reflect or absorb this light.","Reflective materials may include metals already incorporated into the backplane manufacturing, including aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, gold, or other reflective metals.","Absorptive materials may include black polymer resin and black photoresist materials containing carbon black or graphene oxide.","Accordingly, a method is provided for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system.","The method provides a transparent first substrate with a top surface and forms a plurality of emissive element wells.","The well sidewalls are formed from a light blocking material.","In the simplest case, the wells are formed in the first substrate.","As mentioned above, the light blocking material may be a light absorbing material or a light reflector material.","In one aspect, a light blocking material film layer is formed overlying the first substrate top surface, and the emissive element sidewalls are formed in the light blocking material film layer.","In another aspect, a transparent second substrate is formed overlying the first substrate top surface.","Then, the emissive element wells are formed in the second substrate with via surfaces, and the light blocking material is deposited overlying the well via surfaces.","Additionally, the light blocking material may be formed on the bottom surface of each well.","If the first substrate includes electrical interfaces formed on the top surface, the emissive element wells formed in the second substrate are etched to expose an electrical interface formed on each well bottom surface.","Then, the light blocking material on the well bottom surface is patterned to avoid the electrical interface formed on the well bottom surface.","In another aspect, prior to depositing the light blocking material, a fluidic assembly process is used to populate the wells with emissive elements.","Note, the wells can also be populated using a pick-and-place process, which is inherently more time consuming.","The well sidewall light blocking material is then formed by conformally depositing the light absorbing blocking material overlying the second substrate top surface and filling the wells, and etching the light absorbing blocking material to expose the emissive elements.","Additional details of the above-described method and an emissive display substrate with light management system are provided below."],["RELATED APPLICATIONS Any and all applications, if any, for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet of the present application are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1.Field of the Invention This invention generally relates to emissive displays and, more particularly, to a light management system for an emissive display made using the micro-size emissive elements.","2.Description of the Related Art A red-green-blue (RGB) display can be made with micro-sized emissive elements, such as a micro light emitting diode (μLED).","Such a display might be used in a television, computer monitor, or handheld device.","Micro-sized emissive elements may have a diameter or cross-section of less than 100 microns.","The emissive elements are aligned in some manner into pixel arrays.","Conventional processing and integration steps following the placement of emissive elements include metallization to connect the emissive elements to a matrix of control lines.","If the display is fabricated using a fluidic fabrication process, the display substrate is formed with an array of wells to capture the emissive elements.","Typically, the display substrate is made of a transparent material such as glass.","As a result, light can leak propagate through the transparent substrate between adjacent wells, which degrades color quality and contrast.","It would be advantageous if the light emission from each emissive substrate well could be controlled such that light from the emissive elements in wells is only directed to the top surface of a transparent surface, and prevented from propagating into adjacent wells.","SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Described herein are structural features used with direct emitting emissive elements, such as micro light emitting diodes (uLEDs), which control the directionality of light emitted.","An emissive display may be composed of a multitude of uLED pixels; each one addressed individually.","It is important that the direction of the light emitted by each uLED is controlled to reduce light leakage between pixels to ensure color quality and contrast.","The light from each uLED is emitted from all surfaces including the faces and the sides and is thus emitted in directions perpendicular and parallel to the surface of the display.","Unless controlled, the light emitted along the direction nominally parallel to a transparent display substrate surface will propagate to adjacent pixels.","The structure features described herein are used to reflect or absorb this light.","Reflective materials may include metals already incorporated into the backplane manufacturing, including aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, gold, or other reflective metals.","Absorptive materials may include black polymer resin and black photoresist materials containing carbon black or graphene oxide.","Accordingly, a method is provided for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system.","The method provides a transparent first substrate with a top surface and forms a plurality of emissive element wells.","The well sidewalls are formed from a light blocking material.","In the simplest case, the wells are formed in the first substrate.","As mentioned above, the light blocking material may be a light absorbing material or a light reflector material.","In one aspect, a light blocking material film layer is formed overlying the first substrate top surface, and the emissive element sidewalls are formed in the light blocking material film layer.","In another aspect, a transparent second substrate is formed overlying the first substrate top surface.","Then, the emissive element wells are formed in the second substrate with via surfaces, and the light blocking material is deposited overlying the well via surfaces.","Additionally, the light blocking material may be formed on the bottom surface of each well.","If the first substrate includes electrical interfaces formed on the top surface, the emissive element wells formed in the second substrate are etched to expose an electrical interface formed on each well bottom surface.","Then, the light blocking material on the well bottom surface is patterned to avoid the electrical interface formed on the well bottom surface.","In another aspect, prior to depositing the light blocking material, a fluidic assembly process is used to populate the wells with emissive elements.","Note, the wells can also be populated using a pick-and-place process, which is inherently more time consuming.","The well sidewall light blocking material is then formed by conformally depositing the light absorbing blocking material overlying the second substrate top surface and filling the wells, and etching the light absorbing blocking material to expose the emissive elements.","Additional details of the above-described method and an emissive display substrate with light management system are provided below.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.","1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an emissive display substrate with a light management system.","FIG.","2 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a first variation of the light management system.","FIG.","3 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a second variation of the light management system.","FIGS.","4A and 4B are, respectively, partial cross-sectional and plan views related to the second variation of light management system present in FIG.","3.FIGS.","5A and 5B are partial cross-sectional views depicting the display light management system subsequent to the addition of emissive elements.","FIG.","6 is a partial cross-sectional diagram of the light management feature enabled as a well structure created from a reflective material.","FIG.","7 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a light management feature enabled as a well structure created from a light absorbing material.","FIG.","8 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting the light management feature enabled as a well structure coated with a light reflecting material.","FIG.","9 is a partial cross-sectional view of the light management feature enabled a well structure coated with a light absorbing material.","FIG.","10 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting the light management feature enabled as a well structure, with emissive elements overcoated with a light absorbing layer.","FIG.","11 is a flowchart illustrating a method for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system.","FIG.","12 is a flowchart illustrating a method for managing the direction of light emitted from an emissive display substrate.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.","1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an emissive display substrate with a light management system.","The display 100 comprises a first substrate 102 with a first substrate top surface 104.For example, the first substrate 102 may be a transparent material such as glass or plastic, but alternatively the material be a non-transparent plastic, metal, or silicon material.","A plurality of emissive element wells 106 exists (one well is shown), with well sidewalls formed from a light blocking material 108.In one simple aspect as shown, the wells 106 are formed directly in the first substrate 102.The light blocking material may be either a light absorbing material or a light reflector material.","Some examples of a light absorber material include a black polymer resin, a black photoresist, a material comprising carbon black, or a material comprising graphene oxide.","Some examples of a light reflector material include aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, and gold.","Advantageously, these materials are commonly used in thin-film display and integrated circuit (IC) fabrication processes.","In one aspect, for example see FIG.","8, the well via surfaces and sidewalls are sloped.","FIG.","2 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a first variation of the light management system.","In this aspect, the light blocking material forms a film layer 108 overlying the first substrate top surface 104.The wells 106 are formed in the light blocking material film layer 108.Although not shown, the light blocking film layer need not necessary be etched to expose the first substrate top surface when the well is formed.","FIG.","3 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a second variation of the light management system.","In this aspect, a transparent second substrate 300 with a top surface 302 overlies the first substrate top surface 104.The wells 106 are formed in the second substrate 300 with well via surfaces 302, and light blocking material sidewalls 108 overlie the well via surfaces.","Although not shown, the second substrate need not necessary be etched to expose the first substrate top surface when the well is formed.","FIGS.","4A and 4B are, respectively, partial cross-sectional and plan views related to the second variation of light management system present in FIG.","3.In this aspect, the light blocking material 402 is formed on a bottom surface 400 of each well 106.Note, light blocking material 402 and 108 are typically the same material formed in the same process, but have been given different reference designators for the purpose of clarity.","Although not shown, the second substrate need not necessary be etched to expose the first substrate top surface when the well is formed.","If an electrical interface 404 is formed on each well bottom surface 400, as shown in FIG.","4B, the light blocking material 402 on the bottom surface 400 of each well is patterned to avoid the electrical interface formed on the well bottom surface.","In this example the well is shown as having a circular shape, but other shapes (e.g., square, rectangular, oval, etc.)","are also possible.","Although not shown, each well may include an additional electrical interface that would be exposed by the patterning of the light blocking material 402.FIGS.","5A and 5B are partial cross-sectional views depicting the display light management system subsequent to the addition of emissive elements.","In this aspect, the display 100 further comprises emissive elements 500 populating the wells 106.Optionally, as shown in FIG.","5A, if the wells 106 include an electrical interface 404 formed on each well bottom surface 400, the emissive elements 500 each have an electrical contact 502 connected to the electrical interface formed on the well bottom surfaces.","In some aspects not shown, the well bottom surface includes two electrical interfaces and the emissive element includes two electrical contacts.","Although a second transparent substrate 300 is used in this example, with light blocking sidewalls 108, alternatively, the light blocking sidewalls can be formed from a light blocking film layer, as shown in FIG.","2.As shown in FIG.","5B, wells 106 are formed in the top surface 504 of second substrate 300.Absorbing type light blocking material 506 overlies the second substrate top surface 504 and forms the well sidewalls.","Absorbing type light blocking material 506 is patterned to expose a top surface 508 of each emissive element 500.The variations presented above describe structural elements employed within a direct emitting emissive element display to control the directionality of the light emitted by the emissive element.","One example of an emissive element is a micro light emitting diode (uLED).","The display is comprised of a multitude of uLED pixels; each one addressed individually.","It is important that the direction of the light emitted by each uLED is controlled to reduce light leakage between pixels to ensure color quality and contrast.","The light from each uLED is emitted from all surfaces including the faces and the sides and is thus emitted in directions perpendicular and parallel to the surface of the display substrate.","The light emitted along the direction nominally parallel to the surface would propagate to adjacent pixels without a structure to reflect or absorb this light.","These structural elements are either an absorbing or reflecting type.","Reflective materials that can be used include metals already incorporated into the backplane manufacturing including aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, gold or other reflective metals.","Absorptive materials include black polymer resin and black photoresist materials containing carbon black or graphene oxide.","FIG.","6 is a partial cross-sectional diagram of the light management feature enabled as a well structure created from a reflective material.","Shown are wells 106-0 and 106-n.","This reflective material could be metal for example.","A substrate 102 such as glass is supplied onto which a metal electrode may be patterned (not shown) by standard photolithographic methods.","A reflective well layer 600 is deposited several microns in thickness with exact thickness determined by the thickness of the emissive elements (500-0 and 500-n).","The reflective well layer 600 is patterned by photolithographic methods forming wells 106-0 and 106-n. Emissive elements 500-0 and 500-n may be fluidically assembled into the well structure, and if electrical interfaces exist on the well bottom layer (not shown), they are connected to the emissive elements through a solder process.","FIG.","7 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a light management feature enabled as a well structure created from a light absorbing material.","This absorbing material could be black matrix material for example.","A substrate 102 such as glass is supplied onto which a metal electrode (not shown) may be patterned by standard photolithographic methods.","An absorbing well layer 700 is deposited several microns in thickness with the exact thickness determined by the thickness of the emissive element.","The absorbing well layer 700 is patterned by photolithographic methods to form wells 106-0 and 106-n. Emissive elements 500-0 and 500-n are fluidically assembled into the well structures 106-0 and 106-n, respectively, and if electrical interfaces exist on the well bottom layer (not shown), they are connected to the emissive elements through a solder process.","FIG.","8 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting the light management feature enabled as a well structure coated with a light reflecting material.","This reflecting material could be a metal for example.","A substrate such as glass 102 is supplied onto which a metal electrode (not shown) may be patterned by standard photolithographic methods.","Well pattern layer 300, typically made from a transparent material, is deposited to be several microns in thickness with the exact thickness determined by the thickness of the emissive element.","The well pattern layer 300 is patterned by photolithographic methods to form wells 106-0 and 106-n. A reflective coating 800-0 and 800-n is respectively deposited on well structures 106-0 and 106-n through an evaporation or sputter process for example.","The reflective coatings 800-0 and 800-n are patterned by photolithographic methods.","Emissive elements 500-0 and 500-n are fluidlically assembled into the well structures 106-0 and 106-n, and if electrical interfaces exist on the well bottom layer (not shown), they are connected to the emissive elements through a solder process.","FIG.","9 is a partial cross-sectional view of the light management feature enabled a well structure coated with a light absorbing material.","This absorbing material may be a black matrix material for example.","A substrate 102 such as glass is supplied onto which a metal electrode (not shown) is optionally patterned by standard photolithographic methods.","A transparent well pattern layer 300 is deposited several microns in thickness with the exact thickness determined by the thickness of the emissive element.","The well layer 300 is patterned by photolithographic methods to form wells 106-0 and 106-n. An absorbing coating 900-0 and 900-n is deposited, respectively on well structures 106-0 and 106-n.","The absorbing coating is patterned by photolithographic methods.","Emissive elements 500-0 and 500-n are fluidically assembled, respectively, into the well structures 106-0 and 106-n, and if electrical interfaces exist on the well bottom layer (not shown), they are connected to the emissive elements through a solder process.","FIG.","10 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting the light management feature enabled as a well structure, with emissive elements overcoated with a light absorbing layer.","This absorbing material 1000 can be a black matrix material for example.","A substrate 102 such as glass is supplied onto which a metal electrode (not shown) is optionally patterned by standard photolithographic methods.","A transparent well pattern layer 300 is deposited several microns in thickness with the exact thickness determined by the thickness of the emissive element.","The well layer 300 is patterned by photolithographic methods to form wells 106-0 and 106-n. Emissive elements 500-0 and 500-n are fluidically assembled, respectively into the well structures 106-0 and 106-n, and if electrical interfaces exist on the well bottom layer (not shown), they are connected to the emissive elements through a solder process.","The absorbing coating 1000 is deposited on a well structure.","The absorbing coating 1000 is patterned by photolithographic methods.","FIG.","11 is a flowchart illustrating a method for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system.","Although the method is depicted as a sequence of numbered steps for clarity, the numbering does not necessarily dictate the order of the steps.","It should be understood that some of these steps may be skipped, performed in parallel, or performed without the requirement of maintaining a strict order of sequence.","Generally however, the method follows the numeric order of the depicted steps.","The method starts at Step 1100.Step 1102 provides a transparent first substrate with a top surface.","Step 1104 forms a plurality of emissive element wells, and Step 1106 forms well sidewalls from a light blocking material.","As noted above, the blocking material may be a light absorbing material such as a black polymer resin, a black photoresist, a material comprising carbon black, or a material comprising graphene oxide.","Otherwise, the light blocking material is a light reflector material such as aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, and gold.","In one aspect, the wells are formed directly in the first substrate.","In another aspect, forming the emissive element wells in Step 1104 includes forming wells with sloped via surfaces, and forming well sidewalls in Step 1106 includes forming sloped well sidewalls.","In one aspect, Step 1103a forms a light blocking material film layer overlying the first substrate top surface.","Then, forming well sidewalls in Step 1106 includes forming the emissive element sidewalls in the light blocking material film layer.","In this aspect, Step 1108 may use a fluidic assembly process to populate the emissive element wells with emissive elements.","Alternatively, a pick-and-place process can be used to populate the wells.","In another aspect, Step 1103b forms a transparent second substrate overlying the first substrate top surface.","Then, forming the emissive element wells in Step 1104 includes forming the emissive element wells in the second substrate with via surfaces, and forming the well sidewalls in Step 1106 includes depositing the light blocking material overlying the well via surfaces.","Optionally, Step 1106 may form the light blocking material on a bottom surface of each well.","If Step 1102 provides the first substrate with electrical interfaces formed on the first substrate top surface, then forming the emissive element wells in Step 1104 includes etching the second substrate to expose an electrical interface formed on each well bottom surface.","Similarly, forming the light blocking material on the bottom surface of each well in Step 1106 would then include patterning the light blocking material to avoid the electrical interface formed on the well bottom surface.","In this aspect, Step 1108 uses a fluidic assembly process to populate the emissive element wells with emissive elements.","Alternatively, a pick-and-place process can be used to populate the wells.","In another aspect using the transparent second substrate, Step 1105 uses a fluidic assembly process to populate the wells with emissive elements prior to depositing the light blocking material.","Then, forming well sidewalls from a light blocking material includes substeps.","Step 1106a conformally deposits a light absorbing blocking material overlying the second substrate top surface and filling the wells, and Step 1106b etches the light absorbing blocking material to expose the emissive elements.","FIG.","12 is a flowchart illustrating a method for managing the direction of light emitted from an emissive display substrate.","The method begins at Step 1200.Step 1202 provides a transparent substrate and a plurality of emissive element wells.","Step 1204 forms light blocking material well sidewalls and Step 1206 populates the wells with emissive elements using a fluidic (or pick-and-place) assembly process.","As noted in the explanation of FIG.","11, in some aspects Step 1206 may be performed before Step 1204.In response to the light blocking material sidewalls, Step 1208 prevents the propagation of light between adjacent wells.","An emissive display light management system has been provided.","Examples of particular material, circuit layouts, and process steps have been presented to illustrate the invention.","However, the invention is not limited to merely these examples.","Other variations and embodiments of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"Fabrication Method for Emissive Display with Light Management System\",\n \"A method is provided for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system.\",\n \"The method provides a transparent first substrate with a top surface and forms a plurality of emissive element wells.\",\n \"The well sidewalls are formed from a light absorbing material or a light reflector material.\",\n \"In one aspect, a light blocking material film layer is formed overlying the first substrate top surface, and the emissive element sidewalls are formed in the light blocking material film layer.\",\n \"In another aspect, a transparent second substrate is formed overlying the first substrate top surface.\",\n \"Then, the emissive element wells are formed in the second substrate with via surfaces, and the light blocking material is deposited overlying the well via surfaces.\",\n \"Additionally, the light blocking material may be formed on the bottom surface of each well.\",\n \"An emissive display substrate with light management system is provided below.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1-13.\",\n \"(canceled) 14.A method for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system, the method comprising: providing a transparent first substrate with a top surface; forming a transparent second substrate overlying the first substrate top surface; forming a plurality of emissive element wells in the second substrate with via surfaces; depositing a light blocking material overlying the well via surfaces: forming emissive element well sidewalls from the light blocking material; and, using a fluidic assembly process to populate the wells with emissive elements.\",\n \"15.The method of claim 14 wherein the light blocking material is selected from the group consisting of a light absorbing material and a light reflector material.\",\n \"16-18.\",\n \"(canceled) 19.The method of claim 14 wherein providing the first substrate includes providing a substrate with a first plurality of electrical interfaces formed on the top surface; and, wherein forming the emissive element wells includes etching the second substrate to expose the first plurality of electrical interfaces, forming an electrical interface on each well bottom surface.\",\n \"20.The method of claim 18 wherein forming well sidewalls from the light blocking material includes: conformally depositing the light absorbing blocking material overlying the second substrate top surface and filling the wells; patterning the light blocking material to avoid the electrical interface formed on the well bottom surface; and, etching the light absorbing blocking material to expose the electric interface on each well bottom surface.\",\n \"21.\",\n \"(canceled) 22.The method of claim 15 wherein the light absorber material is selected from a group consisting of a black polymer resin, a black photoresist, a material comprising carbon black, and a material comprising graphene oxide.\",\n \"23.The method of claim 15 wherein the light reflector material is selected from a group consisting of aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, and gold.\",\n \"24.The method of claim 14 wherein forming the emissive element wells includes forming emissive wells with sloped via surfaces; and, wherein forming emissive element well sidewalls includes forming sloped emissive element well sidewalls 25.\",\n \"(canceled) 26.A method for managing the direction of light emitted from an emissive display substrate, the method comprising: providing a transparent substrate and a plurality of emissive element wells; forming light blocking material well sidewalls; populating the wells with emissive elements using a fluidic assembly process; and, in response to the light blocking material sidewalls, preventing the propagation of light between adjacent wells.\",\n \"27.A method for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system, the method comprising: providing a transparent first substrate with a top surface; forming a light blocking material film layer overlying the first substrate top surface; forming a plurality of emissive element wells in the light blocking material film layer; and, using a fluidic assembly process, populating the emissive element wells with emissive elements.\",\n \"28.The method of claim 27 wherein the light blocking material is selected from the group consisting of a light absorbing material and a light reflector material.\",\n \"29.The method of claim 27 wherein forming the plurality of emissive element wells in the light blocking material film layer includes forming the light blocking material on a bottom surface of each well.\",\n \"30.The method of claim 29 wherein providing the first substrate includes providing a substrate with a plurality of electrical interfaces formed on the top surface; the method further comprising: patterning the light blocking material to avoid the electrical interface formed on the well bottom surface; and, etching the light blocking film layer to expose the first plurality of electrical interfaces, forming an electrical interface on each well bottom surface.\",\n \"31.The method of claim 28 wherein the light absorber material is selected from a group consisting of a black polymer resin, a black photoresist, a material comprising carbon black, and a material comprising graphene oxide.\",\n \"32.The method of claim 28 wherein the light reflector material is selected from a group consisting of aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, and gold.\",\n \"33.The method of claim 27 wherein forming the emissive element wells includes forming emissive element wells with sloped via surfaces; and, wherein forming emissive element well sidewalls includes forming sloped emissive element well sidewalls 34.A method for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system, the method comprising: providing a transparent first substrate with a top surface; forming emissive element wells in the first substrate with via surfaces; depositing a light blocking material overlying the well via surfaces; and, using a fluidic assembly process, populating the emissive element wells with emissive elements.\",\n \"35.The method of claim 34 wherein the light blocking material is selected from the group consisting of a light absorbing material and a light reflector material.\",\n \"36.The method of claim 34 further comprising: forming the light blocking material on a bottom surface of each well.\",\n \"37.The method of claim 34 wherein depositing the light blocking material overlying the well via surfaces includes: conformally depositing a light blocking material film layer; patterning the light blocking material to avoid an electrical interface formed on each well bottom surface; and, etching the light blocking film layer to expose the first plurality of electrical interfaces, forming an electrical interface on each well bottom surface.\",\n \"38.The method of claim 35 wherein the light absorber material is selected from a group consisting of a black polymer resin, a black photoresist, a material comprising carbon black, and a material comprising graphene oxide.\",\n \"39.The method of claim 35 wherein the light reflector material is selected from a group consisting of aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, and gold.\",\n \"40.The method of claim 34 wherein forming the emissive element wells includes forming emissive element wells with sloped via surfaces; and, wherein forming emissive element well sidewalls includes forming sloped emissive element well sidewalls.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION \"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Described herein are structural features used with direct emitting emissive elements, such as micro light emitting diodes (uLEDs), which control the directionality of light emitted.\",\n \"An emissive display may be composed of a multitude of uLED pixels; each one addressed individually.\",\n \"It is important that the direction of the light emitted by each uLED is controlled to reduce light leakage between pixels to ensure color quality and contrast.\",\n \"The light from each uLED is emitted from all surfaces including the faces and the sides and is thus emitted in directions perpendicular and parallel to the surface of the display.\",\n \"Unless controlled, the light emitted along the direction nominally parallel to a transparent display substrate surface will propagate to adjacent pixels.\",\n \"The structure features described herein are used to reflect or absorb this light.\",\n \"Reflective materials may include metals already incorporated into the backplane manufacturing, including aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, gold, or other reflective metals.\",\n \"Absorptive materials may include black polymer resin and black photoresist materials containing carbon black or graphene oxide.\",\n \"Accordingly, a method is provided for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system.\",\n \"The method provides a transparent first substrate with a top surface and forms a plurality of emissive element wells.\",\n \"The well sidewalls are formed from a light blocking material.\",\n \"In the simplest case, the wells are formed in the first substrate.\",\n \"As mentioned above, the light blocking material may be a light absorbing material or a light reflector material.\",\n \"In one aspect, a light blocking material film layer is formed overlying the first substrate top surface, and the emissive element sidewalls are formed in the light blocking material film layer.\",\n \"In another aspect, a transparent second substrate is formed overlying the first substrate top surface.\",\n \"Then, the emissive element wells are formed in the second substrate with via surfaces, and the light blocking material is deposited overlying the well via surfaces.\",\n \"Additionally, the light blocking material may be formed on the bottom surface of each well.\",\n \"If the first substrate includes electrical interfaces formed on the top surface, the emissive element wells formed in the second substrate are etched to expose an electrical interface formed on each well bottom surface.\",\n \"Then, the light blocking material on the well bottom surface is patterned to avoid the electrical interface formed on the well bottom surface.\",\n \"In another aspect, prior to depositing the light blocking material, a fluidic assembly process is used to populate the wells with emissive elements.\",\n \"Note, the wells can also be populated using a pick-and-place process, which is inherently more time consuming.\",\n \"The well sidewall light blocking material is then formed by conformally depositing the light absorbing blocking material overlying the second substrate top surface and filling the wells, and etching the light absorbing blocking material to expose the emissive elements.\",\n \"Additional details of the above-described method and an emissive display substrate with light management system are provided below.\"\n ],\n [\n \"RELATED APPLICATIONS Any and all applications, if any, for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet of the present application are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1.Field of the Invention This invention generally relates to emissive displays and, more particularly, to a light management system for an emissive display made using the micro-size emissive elements.\",\n \"2.Description of the Related Art A red-green-blue (RGB) display can be made with micro-sized emissive elements, such as a micro light emitting diode (μLED).\",\n \"Such a display might be used in a television, computer monitor, or handheld device.\",\n \"Micro-sized emissive elements may have a diameter or cross-section of less than 100 microns.\",\n \"The emissive elements are aligned in some manner into pixel arrays.\",\n \"Conventional processing and integration steps following the placement of emissive elements include metallization to connect the emissive elements to a matrix of control lines.\",\n \"If the display is fabricated using a fluidic fabrication process, the display substrate is formed with an array of wells to capture the emissive elements.\",\n \"Typically, the display substrate is made of a transparent material such as glass.\",\n \"As a result, light can leak propagate through the transparent substrate between adjacent wells, which degrades color quality and contrast.\",\n \"It would be advantageous if the light emission from each emissive substrate well could be controlled such that light from the emissive elements in wells is only directed to the top surface of a transparent surface, and prevented from propagating into adjacent wells.\",\n \"SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Described herein are structural features used with direct emitting emissive elements, such as micro light emitting diodes (uLEDs), which control the directionality of light emitted.\",\n \"An emissive display may be composed of a multitude of uLED pixels; each one addressed individually.\",\n \"It is important that the direction of the light emitted by each uLED is controlled to reduce light leakage between pixels to ensure color quality and contrast.\",\n \"The light from each uLED is emitted from all surfaces including the faces and the sides and is thus emitted in directions perpendicular and parallel to the surface of the display.\",\n \"Unless controlled, the light emitted along the direction nominally parallel to a transparent display substrate surface will propagate to adjacent pixels.\",\n \"The structure features described herein are used to reflect or absorb this light.\",\n \"Reflective materials may include metals already incorporated into the backplane manufacturing, including aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, gold, or other reflective metals.\",\n \"Absorptive materials may include black polymer resin and black photoresist materials containing carbon black or graphene oxide.\",\n \"Accordingly, a method is provided for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system.\",\n \"The method provides a transparent first substrate with a top surface and forms a plurality of emissive element wells.\",\n \"The well sidewalls are formed from a light blocking material.\",\n \"In the simplest case, the wells are formed in the first substrate.\",\n \"As mentioned above, the light blocking material may be a light absorbing material or a light reflector material.\",\n \"In one aspect, a light blocking material film layer is formed overlying the first substrate top surface, and the emissive element sidewalls are formed in the light blocking material film layer.\",\n \"In another aspect, a transparent second substrate is formed overlying the first substrate top surface.\",\n \"Then, the emissive element wells are formed in the second substrate with via surfaces, and the light blocking material is deposited overlying the well via surfaces.\",\n \"Additionally, the light blocking material may be formed on the bottom surface of each well.\",\n \"If the first substrate includes electrical interfaces formed on the top surface, the emissive element wells formed in the second substrate are etched to expose an electrical interface formed on each well bottom surface.\",\n \"Then, the light blocking material on the well bottom surface is patterned to avoid the electrical interface formed on the well bottom surface.\",\n \"In another aspect, prior to depositing the light blocking material, a fluidic assembly process is used to populate the wells with emissive elements.\",\n \"Note, the wells can also be populated using a pick-and-place process, which is inherently more time consuming.\",\n \"The well sidewall light blocking material is then formed by conformally depositing the light absorbing blocking material overlying the second substrate top surface and filling the wells, and etching the light absorbing blocking material to expose the emissive elements.\",\n \"Additional details of the above-described method and an emissive display substrate with light management system are provided below.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.\",\n \"1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an emissive display substrate with a light management system.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a first variation of the light management system.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a second variation of the light management system.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"4A and 4B are, respectively, partial cross-sectional and plan views related to the second variation of light management system present in FIG.\",\n \"3.FIGS.\",\n \"5A and 5B are partial cross-sectional views depicting the display light management system subsequent to the addition of emissive elements.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 is a partial cross-sectional diagram of the light management feature enabled as a well structure created from a reflective material.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a light management feature enabled as a well structure created from a light absorbing material.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting the light management feature enabled as a well structure coated with a light reflecting material.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 is a partial cross-sectional view of the light management feature enabled a well structure coated with a light absorbing material.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting the light management feature enabled as a well structure, with emissive elements overcoated with a light absorbing layer.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11 is a flowchart illustrating a method for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"12 is a flowchart illustrating a method for managing the direction of light emitted from an emissive display substrate.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.\",\n \"1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an emissive display substrate with a light management system.\",\n \"The display 100 comprises a first substrate 102 with a first substrate top surface 104.For example, the first substrate 102 may be a transparent material such as glass or plastic, but alternatively the material be a non-transparent plastic, metal, or silicon material.\",\n \"A plurality of emissive element wells 106 exists (one well is shown), with well sidewalls formed from a light blocking material 108.In one simple aspect as shown, the wells 106 are formed directly in the first substrate 102.The light blocking material may be either a light absorbing material or a light reflector material.\",\n \"Some examples of a light absorber material include a black polymer resin, a black photoresist, a material comprising carbon black, or a material comprising graphene oxide.\",\n \"Some examples of a light reflector material include aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, and gold.\",\n \"Advantageously, these materials are commonly used in thin-film display and integrated circuit (IC) fabrication processes.\",\n \"In one aspect, for example see FIG.\",\n \"8, the well via surfaces and sidewalls are sloped.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a first variation of the light management system.\",\n \"In this aspect, the light blocking material forms a film layer 108 overlying the first substrate top surface 104.The wells 106 are formed in the light blocking material film layer 108.Although not shown, the light blocking film layer need not necessary be etched to expose the first substrate top surface when the well is formed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a second variation of the light management system.\",\n \"In this aspect, a transparent second substrate 300 with a top surface 302 overlies the first substrate top surface 104.The wells 106 are formed in the second substrate 300 with well via surfaces 302, and light blocking material sidewalls 108 overlie the well via surfaces.\",\n \"Although not shown, the second substrate need not necessary be etched to expose the first substrate top surface when the well is formed.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"4A and 4B are, respectively, partial cross-sectional and plan views related to the second variation of light management system present in FIG.\",\n \"3.In this aspect, the light blocking material 402 is formed on a bottom surface 400 of each well 106.Note, light blocking material 402 and 108 are typically the same material formed in the same process, but have been given different reference designators for the purpose of clarity.\",\n \"Although not shown, the second substrate need not necessary be etched to expose the first substrate top surface when the well is formed.\",\n \"If an electrical interface 404 is formed on each well bottom surface 400, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"4B, the light blocking material 402 on the bottom surface 400 of each well is patterned to avoid the electrical interface formed on the well bottom surface.\",\n \"In this example the well is shown as having a circular shape, but other shapes (e.g., square, rectangular, oval, etc.)\",\n \"are also possible.\",\n \"Although not shown, each well may include an additional electrical interface that would be exposed by the patterning of the light blocking material 402.FIGS.\",\n \"5A and 5B are partial cross-sectional views depicting the display light management system subsequent to the addition of emissive elements.\",\n \"In this aspect, the display 100 further comprises emissive elements 500 populating the wells 106.Optionally, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"5A, if the wells 106 include an electrical interface 404 formed on each well bottom surface 400, the emissive elements 500 each have an electrical contact 502 connected to the electrical interface formed on the well bottom surfaces.\",\n \"In some aspects not shown, the well bottom surface includes two electrical interfaces and the emissive element includes two electrical contacts.\",\n \"Although a second transparent substrate 300 is used in this example, with light blocking sidewalls 108, alternatively, the light blocking sidewalls can be formed from a light blocking film layer, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"2.As shown in FIG.\",\n \"5B, wells 106 are formed in the top surface 504 of second substrate 300.Absorbing type light blocking material 506 overlies the second substrate top surface 504 and forms the well sidewalls.\",\n \"Absorbing type light blocking material 506 is patterned to expose a top surface 508 of each emissive element 500.The variations presented above describe structural elements employed within a direct emitting emissive element display to control the directionality of the light emitted by the emissive element.\",\n \"One example of an emissive element is a micro light emitting diode (uLED).\",\n \"The display is comprised of a multitude of uLED pixels; each one addressed individually.\",\n \"It is important that the direction of the light emitted by each uLED is controlled to reduce light leakage between pixels to ensure color quality and contrast.\",\n \"The light from each uLED is emitted from all surfaces including the faces and the sides and is thus emitted in directions perpendicular and parallel to the surface of the display substrate.\",\n \"The light emitted along the direction nominally parallel to the surface would propagate to adjacent pixels without a structure to reflect or absorb this light.\",\n \"These structural elements are either an absorbing or reflecting type.\",\n \"Reflective materials that can be used include metals already incorporated into the backplane manufacturing including aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, gold or other reflective metals.\",\n \"Absorptive materials include black polymer resin and black photoresist materials containing carbon black or graphene oxide.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 is a partial cross-sectional diagram of the light management feature enabled as a well structure created from a reflective material.\",\n \"Shown are wells 106-0 and 106-n.\",\n \"This reflective material could be metal for example.\",\n \"A substrate 102 such as glass is supplied onto which a metal electrode may be patterned (not shown) by standard photolithographic methods.\",\n \"A reflective well layer 600 is deposited several microns in thickness with exact thickness determined by the thickness of the emissive elements (500-0 and 500-n).\",\n \"The reflective well layer 600 is patterned by photolithographic methods forming wells 106-0 and 106-n. Emissive elements 500-0 and 500-n may be fluidically assembled into the well structure, and if electrical interfaces exist on the well bottom layer (not shown), they are connected to the emissive elements through a solder process.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a light management feature enabled as a well structure created from a light absorbing material.\",\n \"This absorbing material could be black matrix material for example.\",\n \"A substrate 102 such as glass is supplied onto which a metal electrode (not shown) may be patterned by standard photolithographic methods.\",\n \"An absorbing well layer 700 is deposited several microns in thickness with the exact thickness determined by the thickness of the emissive element.\",\n \"The absorbing well layer 700 is patterned by photolithographic methods to form wells 106-0 and 106-n. Emissive elements 500-0 and 500-n are fluidically assembled into the well structures 106-0 and 106-n, respectively, and if electrical interfaces exist on the well bottom layer (not shown), they are connected to the emissive elements through a solder process.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting the light management feature enabled as a well structure coated with a light reflecting material.\",\n \"This reflecting material could be a metal for example.\",\n \"A substrate such as glass 102 is supplied onto which a metal electrode (not shown) may be patterned by standard photolithographic methods.\",\n \"Well pattern layer 300, typically made from a transparent material, is deposited to be several microns in thickness with the exact thickness determined by the thickness of the emissive element.\",\n \"The well pattern layer 300 is patterned by photolithographic methods to form wells 106-0 and 106-n. A reflective coating 800-0 and 800-n is respectively deposited on well structures 106-0 and 106-n through an evaporation or sputter process for example.\",\n \"The reflective coatings 800-0 and 800-n are patterned by photolithographic methods.\",\n \"Emissive elements 500-0 and 500-n are fluidlically assembled into the well structures 106-0 and 106-n, and if electrical interfaces exist on the well bottom layer (not shown), they are connected to the emissive elements through a solder process.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 is a partial cross-sectional view of the light management feature enabled a well structure coated with a light absorbing material.\",\n \"This absorbing material may be a black matrix material for example.\",\n \"A substrate 102 such as glass is supplied onto which a metal electrode (not shown) is optionally patterned by standard photolithographic methods.\",\n \"A transparent well pattern layer 300 is deposited several microns in thickness with the exact thickness determined by the thickness of the emissive element.\",\n \"The well layer 300 is patterned by photolithographic methods to form wells 106-0 and 106-n. An absorbing coating 900-0 and 900-n is deposited, respectively on well structures 106-0 and 106-n.\",\n \"The absorbing coating is patterned by photolithographic methods.\",\n \"Emissive elements 500-0 and 500-n are fluidically assembled, respectively, into the well structures 106-0 and 106-n, and if electrical interfaces exist on the well bottom layer (not shown), they are connected to the emissive elements through a solder process.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting the light management feature enabled as a well structure, with emissive elements overcoated with a light absorbing layer.\",\n \"This absorbing material 1000 can be a black matrix material for example.\",\n \"A substrate 102 such as glass is supplied onto which a metal electrode (not shown) is optionally patterned by standard photolithographic methods.\",\n \"A transparent well pattern layer 300 is deposited several microns in thickness with the exact thickness determined by the thickness of the emissive element.\",\n \"The well layer 300 is patterned by photolithographic methods to form wells 106-0 and 106-n. Emissive elements 500-0 and 500-n are fluidically assembled, respectively into the well structures 106-0 and 106-n, and if electrical interfaces exist on the well bottom layer (not shown), they are connected to the emissive elements through a solder process.\",\n \"The absorbing coating 1000 is deposited on a well structure.\",\n \"The absorbing coating 1000 is patterned by photolithographic methods.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11 is a flowchart illustrating a method for fabricating an emissive display substrate with a light management system.\",\n \"Although the method is depicted as a sequence of numbered steps for clarity, the numbering does not necessarily dictate the order of the steps.\",\n \"It should be understood that some of these steps may be skipped, performed in parallel, or performed without the requirement of maintaining a strict order of sequence.\",\n \"Generally however, the method follows the numeric order of the depicted steps.\",\n \"The method starts at Step 1100.Step 1102 provides a transparent first substrate with a top surface.\",\n \"Step 1104 forms a plurality of emissive element wells, and Step 1106 forms well sidewalls from a light blocking material.\",\n \"As noted above, the blocking material may be a light absorbing material such as a black polymer resin, a black photoresist, a material comprising carbon black, or a material comprising graphene oxide.\",\n \"Otherwise, the light blocking material is a light reflector material such as aluminum, titanium, silver, tin, indium, nickel, and gold.\",\n \"In one aspect, the wells are formed directly in the first substrate.\",\n \"In another aspect, forming the emissive element wells in Step 1104 includes forming wells with sloped via surfaces, and forming well sidewalls in Step 1106 includes forming sloped well sidewalls.\",\n \"In one aspect, Step 1103a forms a light blocking material film layer overlying the first substrate top surface.\",\n \"Then, forming well sidewalls in Step 1106 includes forming the emissive element sidewalls in the light blocking material film layer.\",\n \"In this aspect, Step 1108 may use a fluidic assembly process to populate the emissive element wells with emissive elements.\",\n \"Alternatively, a pick-and-place process can be used to populate the wells.\",\n \"In another aspect, Step 1103b forms a transparent second substrate overlying the first substrate top surface.\",\n \"Then, forming the emissive element wells in Step 1104 includes forming the emissive element wells in the second substrate with via surfaces, and forming the well sidewalls in Step 1106 includes depositing the light blocking material overlying the well via surfaces.\",\n \"Optionally, Step 1106 may form the light blocking material on a bottom surface of each well.\",\n \"If Step 1102 provides the first substrate with electrical interfaces formed on the first substrate top surface, then forming the emissive element wells in Step 1104 includes etching the second substrate to expose an electrical interface formed on each well bottom surface.\",\n \"Similarly, forming the light blocking material on the bottom surface of each well in Step 1106 would then include patterning the light blocking material to avoid the electrical interface formed on the well bottom surface.\",\n \"In this aspect, Step 1108 uses a fluidic assembly process to populate the emissive element wells with emissive elements.\",\n \"Alternatively, a pick-and-place process can be used to populate the wells.\",\n \"In another aspect using the transparent second substrate, Step 1105 uses a fluidic assembly process to populate the wells with emissive elements prior to depositing the light blocking material.\",\n \"Then, forming well sidewalls from a light blocking material includes substeps.\",\n \"Step 1106a conformally deposits a light absorbing blocking material overlying the second substrate top surface and filling the wells, and Step 1106b etches the light absorbing blocking material to expose the emissive elements.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"12 is a flowchart illustrating a method for managing the direction of light emitted from an emissive display substrate.\",\n \"The method begins at Step 1200.Step 1202 provides a transparent substrate and a plurality of emissive element wells.\",\n \"Step 1204 forms light blocking material well sidewalls and Step 1206 populates the wells with emissive elements using a fluidic (or pick-and-place) assembly process.\",\n \"As noted in the explanation of FIG.\",\n \"11, in some aspects Step 1206 may be performed before Step 1204.In response to the light blocking material sidewalls, Step 1208 prevents the propagation of light between adjacent wells.\",\n \"An emissive display light management system has been provided.\",\n \"Examples of particular material, circuit layouts, and process steps have been presented to illustrate the invention.\",\n \"However, the invention is not limited to merely these examples.\",\n \"Other variations and embodiments of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872749"}}},{"rowIdx":4494157,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["SALMONELLA-BASED VECTORS FOR CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY TARGETING WILMS' TUMOR GENE WT1","The present invention relates to an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising a recombinant DNA molecule encoding Wilms' tumor Protein I.","In particular, the present invention relates to the use of said attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella in cancer immunotherapy."],["1.A method of treating cancer comprising administering to a subject an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding Wilms' Tumor Protein (WT1) in cancer immunotherapy.","2.The method of claim 1, wherein the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is Salmonella enterica typhi Ty21a.","3.The method claim 1, wherein the expression cassette is a eukaryotic expression cassette.","4.The method of claim 1, wherein WT1 is selected from the group consisting of human WT1 and a protein that shares at least 80% sequence identity therewith.","5.The method of claim 1, wherein the recombinant DNA molecule comprises a kanamycin antibiotic resistance gene, a pMB1 ori, and a eukaryotic expression cassette encoding human WT1 or a protein that shares at least 80% sequence identity therewith, under the control of a CMV promoter.","6.","(canceled) 7.","(canceled) 8.","(canceled) 9.The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer immunotherapy further comprises administration of one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding a tumor antigen and/or a tumor stroma antigen.","10.The method of claim 9, wherein the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is co-administered with said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella.","11.The method of claim 1, wherein cancer immunotherapy is accompanied by chemotherapy, radiotherapy or biological cancer therapy.","12.The method of claim 1, wherein the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered orally.","13.The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is selected from leukemia and solid tumors.","14.The method of claim 1, wherein the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered as a the single dose comprising from about 105 to about 1011 colony forming units (CFU).","15.The method of claim 1, for individualized cancer immunotherapy comprising a step of assessing the tumor antigen expression pattern and/or stroma antigen expression pattern of the subject.","16.The method of claim 1, wherein WT1 is truncated.","17.The method of claim 16, wherein the truncated WT1 has the amino acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 1.18.The method of claim 9, wherein said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella is/are Salmonella typhi Ty21a comprising a eukaryotic expression cassette.","19.The method of claim 18, wherein said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella comprise(s) an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella encoding human VEGFR-2.20.The method of claim 13, wherein the leukemia is selected from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL).","21.The method of claim 13, wherein the solid tumor is selected from lung cancer, breast cancer, esophageal, colon, colorectal, gastric, cholangioductal, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, synovial sarcoma, angiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, thyroid cancer, cervical, endometrial, ovarian cancer, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and prostate cancer."],[" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT1) encodes a zinc finger transcription factor involved in cell proliferation and differentiation.","It is highly expressed in a wide variety of malignancies including several types of hematological malignancies and various solid tumors.","In contrast, normal tissue expression of WT1 in adults is restricted to gonads, uterus, kidney, mesothelium and CD34 + progenitor cells in various types of tissues.","WT1 was originally proposed as a tumor suppressor gene.","However, more recent evidence points to oncogenic functions of this transcription factor; Wt-1 negatively affects differentiation and promotes proliferation of progenitor cells.","Furthermore, overexpressed WT1 is immunogenic; WT1 specific T cells as well as IgG anti-WT1 antibodies have been observed in cancer patients.","Thus, WT-1 is a promising candidate for the development of cancer vaccines.","Human clinical trials with WT1 vaccines based on HLA (human leukocyte antigen)-restricted WT1 peptide fragments have been reported.","Osada et al., Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2789-2796, discloses a WT1-encoding Adenovirus Vaccine.","To the inventor's knowledge, no live bacterial cancer vaccine targeting WT1 has been reported.","Furthermore, no oral cancer vaccine targeting WT1 has been described.","Attenuated derivatives of Salmonella enterica are attractive vehicles for the delivery of heterologous antigens to the mammalian immune system, since S. enterica strains can potentially be delivered via mucosal routes of immunization, i.e.","orally or nasally, which offers advantages of simplicity and safety compared to parenteral administration.","Furthermore, Salmonella strains elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses at the level of both systemic and mucosal compartments.","Batch preparation costs are relatively low and formulations of live bacterial vaccines are highly stable.","Attenuation can be accomplished by deletion of various genes, including virulence, regulatory, and metabolic genes.","Several Salmonella typhimurium strains attenuated by aro mutations have been shown to be safe and effective delivery vehicles for heterologous antigens in animal models.","Approaches of delivering DNA constructs encoding antigens, in particular VEGF receptor proteins, via live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strains into mouse target cells are described in WO 03/073995.Niethammer et al., (Nature Medicine 2002, 8(12), 1369) demonstrated that the attenuated S. typhimurium aroA strain SL7207 harboring an expression vector encoding the murine vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2 or FLK-1), which is essential for tumor angiogenesis, is functional as a cancer vaccine.","There is however only one attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar strain, namely Salmonella enterica serovar typhi Ty21a (short: S. typhi Ty21a), which has been accepted for use in humans and is distributed under the trade name of Vivotif® (Berna Biotech Ltd., a Crucell Company, Switzerland; marketing authorization number PL 15747/0001 dated 16 Dec. 1996).","This well-tolerated, live oral vaccine against typhoid fever was derived by chemical mutagenesis of the wild-type virulent bacterial isolate S. typhi Ty2 and harbors a loss-of-function mutation in the galE gene, as well as other less defined mutations.","It has been licensed as typhoid vaccine in many countries after it was shown to be efficacious and safe in field trials.","WT1 is a promising tumor antigen for the development of cancer vaccines.","Major limitations of previously available WT1 peptide vaccines are HLA-restriction and parenteral administration.","The great need for improved cancer therapy approaches based on targeting WT1 has not been met so far."],[" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one aspect, the present invention relates to an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding Wilms' Tumor Protein (WT1).","The attenuated Salmonella strain of the present invention was shown to exhibit antitumor activity in a mouse model challenged with murine leukemia cells.","To the inventor's knowledge, this novel attenuated Salmonella strain is the first live bacterial cancer vaccine targeting WT1.In addition, the attenuated.","Salmonella strain of the present invention is the first oral cancer vaccine targeting WT1.Since WT1 is overexpressed in a wide variety of hematological malignancies and solid tumor, the attenuated Salmonella strain of the present invention has great potential as universal cancer vaccine.","In a first study, the vaccine according to the present invention (VXM06) has been demonstrated to efficiently prolong survival of mice bearing intraperitoneally implanted leukemia cells.","These results indicate that vaccination with VXM06 may lead to an immune response and the development of an immune memory against tumor cells overexpressing WT1.It is remarkable and surprising that the novel vaccine VXM06 is effective at relatively low doses.","The attenuated Salmonella mutant strain of the present invention may be applied in monotherapy or in combination with a second attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising a DNA molecule encoding a second tumor antigen.","Furthermore, the attenuated mutant strain of the present invention may be administered in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or biological cancer therapy.","Treatment with VXM06 may also be effective, if the patient has developed a resistance to chemotherapy (chemo-refractory patients).","The novel attenuated Salmonella strain of the present invention might therefore be useful in novel, greatly improved cancer therapy approaches.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is of the species Salmonella enterica .","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is Salmonella typhi Ty21a.","In particular embodiments, the expression cassette is a eukaryotic expression cassette.","In particular embodiments, WT1 is selected from the group consisting of human WT1 and a protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity therewith.","In particular embodiments, WT1 is truncated.","In particular embodiments, the zinc finger domain of WT1 is deleted.","In particular embodiments, the truncated WT1 has the amino acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 1.In particular embodiments, the recombinant DNA molecule comprises the kanamycin antibiotic resistance gene, the pMB1 ori, and a eukaryotic expression cassette encoding human WT1 or a protein that shares at least 80% sequence identity therewith, particularly truncated human WT1, under the control of a CMV promoter.","In particular embodiments, the recombinant DNA molecule is a plasmid designated pVAX10.hWT1 and has the nucleic acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 2.In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use as a medicament.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use as a vaccine.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use in cancer immunotherapy.","In particular embodiments, cancer immunotherapy further comprises administration of one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding a tumor antigen and/or a tumor stroma antigen.","In particular embodiments, said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella is/are Salmonella typhi Ty21a comprising a eukaryotic expression cassette.","In particular embodiments, said one or more further strain(s) of Salmonella comprise(s) an attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella encoding human VEGFR-2.In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is co-administered with said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella.","In particular embodiments, cancer immunotherapy is accompanied by chemotherapy, radiotherapy or biological cancer therapy.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered during the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or during biological cancer therapy.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered before the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or before biological cancer therapy.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered after the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or after biological cancer therapy.","In further embodiments the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered before and during at least one of the chemotherapy, the radiotherapy treatment cycle and the biological cancer therapy.","In cases where more than one of the chemotherapy, the radiotherapy and the biological cancer therapy are carried out the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella may be administered before or during or before and during at least one of these therapies, particularly during at least two of these therapies.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered orally.","In particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from leukemia, particularly from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and from solid tumors, particularly from lung cancer, breast cancer, esophageal, colon, colorectal, gastric, cholangioductal, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, synovial sarcoma, angiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, thyroid cancer, cervical, endometrial, ovarian cancer, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, prostate cancer.","In particular embodiments, the single dose is from about 10 5 to about 10 11 , particularly from about 10 6 to about 10 10 , more particularly from about 10 6 to about 10 9 , more particularly from about 10 6 to about 10 8 , most particularly from about 10 6 to about 10 7 colony forming units (CFU).","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use in personalized cancer immunotherapy comprising the step of assessing the tumor antigen expression pattern and/or stroma antigen expression pattern of a patient."],["FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising a recombinant DNA molecule encoding Wilms' tumor Protein 1.In particular, the present invention relates to the use of said attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella in cancer immunotherapy.","BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT1) encodes a zinc finger transcription factor involved in cell proliferation and differentiation.","It is highly expressed in a wide variety of malignancies including several types of hematological malignancies and various solid tumors.","In contrast, normal tissue expression of WT1 in adults is restricted to gonads, uterus, kidney, mesothelium and CD34+ progenitor cells in various types of tissues.","WT1 was originally proposed as a tumor suppressor gene.","However, more recent evidence points to oncogenic functions of this transcription factor; Wt-1 negatively affects differentiation and promotes proliferation of progenitor cells.","Furthermore, overexpressed WT1 is immunogenic; WT1 specific T cells as well as IgG anti-WT1 antibodies have been observed in cancer patients.","Thus, WT-1 is a promising candidate for the development of cancer vaccines.","Human clinical trials with WT1 vaccines based on HLA (human leukocyte antigen)-restricted WT1 peptide fragments have been reported.","Osada et al., Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2789-2796, discloses a WT1-encoding Adenovirus Vaccine.","To the inventor's knowledge, no live bacterial cancer vaccine targeting WT1 has been reported.","Furthermore, no oral cancer vaccine targeting WT1 has been described.","Attenuated derivatives of Salmonella enterica are attractive vehicles for the delivery of heterologous antigens to the mammalian immune system, since S. enterica strains can potentially be delivered via mucosal routes of immunization, i.e.","orally or nasally, which offers advantages of simplicity and safety compared to parenteral administration.","Furthermore, Salmonella strains elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses at the level of both systemic and mucosal compartments.","Batch preparation costs are relatively low and formulations of live bacterial vaccines are highly stable.","Attenuation can be accomplished by deletion of various genes, including virulence, regulatory, and metabolic genes.","Several Salmonella typhimurium strains attenuated by aro mutations have been shown to be safe and effective delivery vehicles for heterologous antigens in animal models.","Approaches of delivering DNA constructs encoding antigens, in particular VEGF receptor proteins, via live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strains into mouse target cells are described in WO 03/073995.Niethammer et al., (Nature Medicine 2002, 8(12), 1369) demonstrated that the attenuated S. typhimurium aroA strain SL7207 harboring an expression vector encoding the murine vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2 or FLK-1), which is essential for tumor angiogenesis, is functional as a cancer vaccine.","There is however only one attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar strain, namely Salmonella enterica serovar typhi Ty21a (short: S. typhi Ty21a), which has been accepted for use in humans and is distributed under the trade name of Vivotif® (Berna Biotech Ltd., a Crucell Company, Switzerland; marketing authorization number PL 15747/0001 dated 16 Dec. 1996).","This well-tolerated, live oral vaccine against typhoid fever was derived by chemical mutagenesis of the wild-type virulent bacterial isolate S. typhi Ty2 and harbors a loss-of-function mutation in the galE gene, as well as other less defined mutations.","It has been licensed as typhoid vaccine in many countries after it was shown to be efficacious and safe in field trials.","WT1 is a promising tumor antigen for the development of cancer vaccines.","Major limitations of previously available WT1 peptide vaccines are HLA-restriction and parenteral administration.","The great need for improved cancer therapy approaches based on targeting WT1 has not been met so far.","OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION In view of the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide a novel oral WT1 targeting cancer vaccine.","Such a WT1 targeting cancer vaccine would offer major advantages for improving the treatment options for cancer patients.","SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one aspect, the present invention relates to an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding Wilms' Tumor Protein (WT1).","The attenuated Salmonella strain of the present invention was shown to exhibit antitumor activity in a mouse model challenged with murine leukemia cells.","To the inventor's knowledge, this novel attenuated Salmonella strain is the first live bacterial cancer vaccine targeting WT1.In addition, the attenuated.","Salmonella strain of the present invention is the first oral cancer vaccine targeting WT1.Since WT1 is overexpressed in a wide variety of hematological malignancies and solid tumor, the attenuated Salmonella strain of the present invention has great potential as universal cancer vaccine.","In a first study, the vaccine according to the present invention (VXM06) has been demonstrated to efficiently prolong survival of mice bearing intraperitoneally implanted leukemia cells.","These results indicate that vaccination with VXM06 may lead to an immune response and the development of an immune memory against tumor cells overexpressing WT1.It is remarkable and surprising that the novel vaccine VXM06 is effective at relatively low doses.","The attenuated Salmonella mutant strain of the present invention may be applied in monotherapy or in combination with a second attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising a DNA molecule encoding a second tumor antigen.","Furthermore, the attenuated mutant strain of the present invention may be administered in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or biological cancer therapy.","Treatment with VXM06 may also be effective, if the patient has developed a resistance to chemotherapy (chemo-refractory patients).","The novel attenuated Salmonella strain of the present invention might therefore be useful in novel, greatly improved cancer therapy approaches.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is of the species Salmonella enterica.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is Salmonella typhi Ty21a.","In particular embodiments, the expression cassette is a eukaryotic expression cassette.","In particular embodiments, WT1 is selected from the group consisting of human WT1 and a protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity therewith.","In particular embodiments, WT1 is truncated.","In particular embodiments, the zinc finger domain of WT1 is deleted.","In particular embodiments, the truncated WT1 has the amino acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 1.In particular embodiments, the recombinant DNA molecule comprises the kanamycin antibiotic resistance gene, the pMB1 ori, and a eukaryotic expression cassette encoding human WT1 or a protein that shares at least 80% sequence identity therewith, particularly truncated human WT1, under the control of a CMV promoter.","In particular embodiments, the recombinant DNA molecule is a plasmid designated pVAX10.hWT1 and has the nucleic acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 2.In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use as a medicament.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use as a vaccine.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use in cancer immunotherapy.","In particular embodiments, cancer immunotherapy further comprises administration of one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding a tumor antigen and/or a tumor stroma antigen.","In particular embodiments, said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella is/are Salmonella typhi Ty21a comprising a eukaryotic expression cassette.","In particular embodiments, said one or more further strain(s) of Salmonella comprise(s) an attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella encoding human VEGFR-2.In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is co-administered with said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella.","In particular embodiments, cancer immunotherapy is accompanied by chemotherapy, radiotherapy or biological cancer therapy.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered during the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or during biological cancer therapy.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered before the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or before biological cancer therapy.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered after the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or after biological cancer therapy.","In further embodiments the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered before and during at least one of the chemotherapy, the radiotherapy treatment cycle and the biological cancer therapy.","In cases where more than one of the chemotherapy, the radiotherapy and the biological cancer therapy are carried out the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella may be administered before or during or before and during at least one of these therapies, particularly during at least two of these therapies.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered orally.","In particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from leukemia, particularly from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and from solid tumors, particularly from lung cancer, breast cancer, esophageal, colon, colorectal, gastric, cholangioductal, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, synovial sarcoma, angiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, thyroid cancer, cervical, endometrial, ovarian cancer, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, prostate cancer.","In particular embodiments, the single dose is from about 105 to about 1011, particularly from about 106 to about 1010, more particularly from about 106 to about 109, more particularly from about 106 to about 108, most particularly from about 106 to about 107 colony forming units (CFU).","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use in personalized cancer immunotherapy comprising the step of assessing the tumor antigen expression pattern and/or stroma antigen expression pattern of a patient.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of the invention and the examples included therein.","In one aspect, the present invention relates to an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding Wilms' Tumor Protein (WT1).","According to the invention, the attenuated Salmonella strain functions as the bacterial carrier of the recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding Wilms' Tumor Protein (WT1) for the delivery of said recombinant DNA molecule into a target cell.","In the context of the present invention, the term “attenuated” refers to a bacterial strain of reduced virulence compared to the parental bacterial strain, not harboring the attenuating mutation.","Attenuated bacterial strains have preferably lost their virulence but retained their ability to induce protective immunity.","Attenuation can be accomplished by deletion of various genes, including virulence, regulatory, and metabolic genes.","Attenuated bacteria may be found naturally or they may be produced artificially in the laboratory, for example by adaptation to a new medium or cell culture or they may be produced by recombinant DNA technology.","In the context of the present invention, the term “mutant strain” refers to a bacterial strain harboring a mutation in its genome.","In this context, the term “mutation” refers to a change in a nucleic acid sequence, including point mutations, insertions, deletions, translocations and inversions.","In the context of the present invention, the term “comprises” or “comprising” means “including, but not limited to”.","The term is intended to be open-ended, to specify the presence of any stated features, elements, integers, steps or components, but not to preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, integers, steps, components or groups thereof.","The term “comprising” thus includes the more restrictive terms “consisting of” and “essentially consisting of”.","In one embodiment the term “comprising” as used throughout the application and in particular within the claims may be replaced by the term “consisting of”.","In the context of the present invention, the term “recombinant DNA molecule” refers to an engineered DNA construct, preferably composed of DNA pieces of different origin.","The recombinant DNA molecule can be a linear nucleic acid, or preferably, a circular recombinant DNA plasmid generated by introducing an open reading frame encoding WT1 into an expression vector plasmid.","In the context of the present invention, the term “expression cassette” refers to a nucleic acid unit comprising at least the WT1 gene under the control of regulatory sequences controlling its expression.","The expression cassette comprised in the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella can preferably mediate transcription of the included open reading frame encoding WT1 in a target cell.","Expression cassettes typically comprise a promoter, at least one open reading frame and a transcription termination signal.","The zinc finger transcription factor Wilms' tumor protein 1 is encoded by the WT1 gene.","It contains four zinc finger motifs at the C-terminus and a proline/glutamine-rich DNA-binding domain at the N-terminus.","Multiple transcript variants, resulting from alternative splicing at two coding exons, have been well characterized.","WT1 plays an essential role in the development of the urogenital system and is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation.","The WT1 gene was isolated as the gene responsible for a childhood renal neoplasm, Wilms' tumor.","It is highly expressed in a wide variety of malignancies including several types of hematological malignancies and various solid tumors.","In contrast, normal tissue expression of WT1 in adults is restricted to gonads, uterus, kidney, mesothelium and progenitor cells in various types of tissues.","Due to its expression profile, its oncogenic functions and its immunogenic potential, the tumor antigen WT1 is a promising candidate for the development of cancer vaccines.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is of the species Salmonella enterica.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is Salmonella typhi Ty21a.","The attenuated S. typhi Ty21a strain is the active component of Typhoral L®, also known as Vivotif® (manufactured by Berna Biotech Ltd., a Crucell Company, Switzerland).","It is currently the only licensed live oral vaccine against typhoid fever.","This vaccine has been extensively tested and has proved to be safe regarding patient toxicity as well as transmission to third parties (Wandan et al., J.","Infectious Diseases 1982, 145:292-295).","The vaccine is licensed in more than 40 countries.","The Marketing Authorization number of Typhoral L® is PL 15747/0001 dated 16 Dec. 1996.One dose of vaccine contains at least 2×109 viable S. typhi Ty21a colony forming units and at least 5×109 non-viable S. typhi Ty21a cells.","One of the biochemical properties of the Salmonella typhi Ty21a bacterial strain is its inability to metabolize galactose.","The attenuated bacterial strain is also not able to reduce sulfate to sulfide which differentiates it from the wild-type Salmonella typhi Ty2 strain.","With regard to its serological characteristics, the Salmonella typhi Ty21a strain contains the O9-antigen which is a polysaccharide of the outer membrane of the bacteria and lacks the O5-antigen which is in turn a characteristic component of Salmonella typhimurium.","This serological characteristic supports the rationale for including the respective test in a panel of identity tests for batch release.","In particular embodiments, the expression cassette is a eukaryotic expression cassette.","In the context of the present invention, the term “eukaryotic expression cassette” refers to an expression cassette which allows for expression of the open reading frame in a eukaryotic cell.","It has been shown that the amount of heterologous antigen required to induce an adequate immune response may be toxic for the bacterium and result in cell death, over-attenuation or loss of expression of the heterologous antigen.","Using a eukaryotic expression cassette that is not expressed in the bacterial vector but only in the target cell may overcome this toxicity problem and the protein expressed may exhibit a eukaryotic glycosylation pattern.","A eukaryotic expression cassette comprises regulatory sequences that are able to control the expression of an open reading frame in a eukaryotic cell, preferably a promoter and a polyadenylation signal.","Promoters and polyadenylation signals included in the recombinant DNA molecules comprised by the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella of the present invention are preferably selected to be functional within the cells of the subject to be immunized.","Examples of suitable promoters, especially for the production of a DNA vaccine for humans, include but are not limited to promoters from Cytomegalovirus (CMV), such as the strong CMV immediate early promoter, Simian Virus 40 (SV40), Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), such as the HIV Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) promoter, Moloney virus, Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), and from Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) as well as promoters from human genes such as human actin, human myosin, human hemoglobin, human muscle creatine, and human metallothionein.","In a particular embodiment, the eukaryotic expression cassette contains the CMV promoter.","In the context of the present invention, the term “CMV promoter” refers to the strong immediate-early cytomegalovirus promoter.","Examples of suitable polyadenylation signals, especially for the production of a DNA vaccine for humans, include but are not limited to the bovine growth hormone (BGH) polyadenylation site, SV40 polyadenylation signals and LTR polyadenylation signals.","In a particular embodiment, the eukaryotic expression cassette included in the recombinant DNA molecule comprised by the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella of the present invention comprises the BGH polyadenylation site.","In addition to the regulatory elements required for expression of the heterologous WT1 gene, like a promoter and a polyadenylation signal, other elements can also be included in the recombinant DNA molecule.","Such additional elements include enhancers.","The enhancer can be, for example, the enhancer of human actin, human myosin, human hemoglobin, human muscle creatine and viral enhancers such as those from CMV, RSV and EBV.","Regulatory sequences and codons are generally species dependent, so in order to maximize protein production, the regulatory sequences and codons are preferably selected to be effective in the species to be immunized.","The person skilled in the art can produce recombinant DNA molecules that are functional in a given subject species.","In particular embodiments, WT1 is selected from the group consisting of human WT1 and a protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity therewith.","In this context, the term “about” or “approximately” means within 80% to 120%, alternatively within 90% to 110%, including within 95% to 105% of a given value or range.","In the context of the present invention, the term “protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity with human WT1” refers to a protein that differs in the amino acid sequence and/or the nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of human WT1.The protein may be of natural origin, e.g.","a homolog of WT1 of a different species, or an engineered protein, e.g.","an engineered WT1 derivative.","It is known that the usage of codons is different between species.","Thus, when expressing a heterologous protein in a target cell, it may be necessary, or at least helpful, to adapt the nucleic acid sequence to the codon usage of the target cell.","Methods for designing and constructing derivatives of a given protein are well known to anyone of ordinary skill in the art.","The protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity with human WT1 may contain one or more mutations comprising an addition, a deletion and/or a substitution of one or more amino acids.","According to the teaching of the present invention, said deleted, added and/or substituted amino acids may be consecutive amino acids or may be interspersed over the length of the amino acid sequence of the protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity with human WT1.According to the teaching of the present invention, any number of amino acids may be added, deleted, and/or substitutes, as long as the sequence identity with human WT1 is at least about 80%.","In particular embodiments, the sequence identity with human WT1 is at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or most particularly at least about 95%.","Methods and algorithms for determining sequence identity including the comparison of a parental protein and its derivative having deletions, additions and/or substitutions relative to a parental sequence, are well known to the practitioner of ordinary skill in the art.","On the DNA level, the nucleic acid sequences encoding the protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity with human WT1 may differ to a larger extent due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.","In particular embodiments, WT1 is truncated.","In particular embodiments, the zinc finger domain of WT1 is deleted.","In particular embodiments, the truncated WT1 has the amino acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 1.The zinc finger domain at the C-terminus of WT1 comprises four zinc finger motifs.","Truncated WT1 of the amino acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 1 represents amino acids 1 to 371 of UniProt ref P19544-7.Deletion of the zinc finger domain minimizes the risk of immunological cross reactivity with other zinc finger containing transcription factors.","Furthermore, truncated WT1 lacking the zinc finger domain has greater immunogenic potential than full-length WT1.In addition, deletion of the zinc finger motifs, which are essential for DNA binding, abrogates the oncogenic potential of WT1, thus minimizing the risk of oncogenesis.","In particular embodiments, the recombinant DNA molecule comprises the kanamycin antibiotic resistance gene, the pMB1 ori, and a eukaryotic expression cassette encoding human WT1 or a protein that shares at least 80% sequence identity therewith, particularly truncated human WT1, under the control of a CMV promoter.","In particular embodiments, the recombinant DNA molecule is a plasmid designated pVAX10.hWT1 and has the nucleic acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 2.In particular embodiments, the recombinant DNA molecule is derived from commercially available pVAX1™ expression plasmid (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.).","This expression vector was modified by replacing the high copy pUC origin of replication by the low copy pMB1 origin of replication of pBR322.The low copy modification was made in order to reduce the metabolic burden and to render the construct more stable.","The generated expression vector backbone was designated pVAX10.Inserting human, truncated WT1 into this expression vector backbone via NheI/XhoI yielded the expression plasmid pVAX10.hWT1 having the nucleic acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 2.The expression plasmid pVAX10.hWT1 is schematically depicted in FIG.","3.In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use as a medicament.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use as a vaccine.","In the context of the present invention, the term “vaccine” refers to an agent which is able to induce an immune response in a subject upon administration.","A vaccine can preferably prevent, ameliorate or treat a disease.","A vaccine in accordance with the present invention comprises an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella, preferably S. typhi Ty21a.","The vaccine in accordance with the present invention further comprises at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette, preferably a eukaryotic expression cassette, encoding WT1, preferably selected from human WT1 or a protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity therewith.","Preferably, said WT1 is truncated, particularly the zinc finger domain is deleted.","The live attenuated Salmonella mutant strain according to the present invention comprising a recombinant DNA molecule encoding WT1 can be used as a vehicle for the oral delivery of this recombinant DNA molecule.","Such a delivery vector comprising a DNA molecule encoding a heterologous antigen, such as WT1, is termed DNA vaccine.","Genetic immunization might be advantageous over conventional vaccination.","The target DNA can be detected for a considerable period of time thus acting as a depot of the antigen.","Sequence motifs in some plasmids, like GpC islands, are immunostimulatory and can function as adjuvants furthered by the immunostimulation due to LPS and other bacterial components.","In contrast to peptide vaccines that can only mediate immunity against a small fragment of the WT1 protein, genetic vaccination may result in immunity against a wide variety of epitopes present over the whole length of the encoded WT1 protein.","Apart from that, WT1 peptide vaccine, which have been used in clinical trials for the most part, have limited application due to HLA restriction of the peptides, i.e.","their binding capacity to HLA molecules of antigen presenting cells (APCs).","In contrast, the DNA vaccine of the present invention is not HLA restricted.","Live bacterial vectors produce their own immunomodulatory factors such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in situ which may constitute an advantage over other forms of administration such as microencapsulation.","Moreover, the use of the natural route of entry proves to be of benefit since many bacteria, like Salmonella, egress from the gut lumen via the M cells of Peyer's patches and migrate eventually into the lymph nodes and spleen, thus allowing targeting of vaccines to inductive sites of the immune system.","The vaccine strain of Salmonella typhi, Ty21a, has been demonstrated to-date to have an excellent safety profile.","Upon exit from the gut lumen via the M cells, the bacteria are taken up by phagocytic cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells.","These cells are activated by the pathogen and start to differentiate, and probably migrate into the lymph nodes and spleen.","Due to their attenuating mutations, bacteria of the S. typhi Ty21 strain are not able to persist in these phagocytic cells but die at this time point.","The recombinant DNA molecules are released and subsequently transferred into the cytosol of the phagocytic immune cells, either via a specific transport system or by endosomal leakage.","Finally, the recombinant DNA molecules enter the nucleus, where they are transcribed, leading to WT1 expression in the cytosol of the phagocytic cells.","Specific cytotoxic T cells against WT1 are induced by the activated antigen presenting cells.","There is no data available to-date indicating that S. typhi Ty21a is able to enter the bloodstream systemically.","The live attenuated Salmonella typhi Ty21a vaccine strain thus allows specific targeting of the immune system while exhibiting an excellent safety profile.","Attenuated derivatives of Salmonella enterica are attractive as vehicles for the delivery of heterologous antigens to the mammalian immune system because S. enterica strains can potentially be delivered via mucosal routes of immunization, i.e.","orally or nasally, which offers advantages of simplicity and safety compared to parenteral administration.","Furthermore, Salmonella strains elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses at the level of both systemic and mucosal compartments.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use in cancer immunotherapy.","In particular embodiments, cancer immunotherapy further comprises administration of one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding a tumor antigen and/or a tumor stroma antigen.","In particular embodiments, said one or more further mutant strain(s) of Salmonella is/are Salmonella typhi Ty21a comprising a eukaryotic expression cassette.","In particular embodiments, said one or more further strain(s) of Salmonella comprise(s) an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella encoding human VEGFR-2.Combining the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella of the present invention with a second attenuated mutant strain comprising a DNA molecule encoding a second tumor antigen may have synergistic antitumor effects.","In particular, simultaneous targeting of different tumor antigens may minimize the risk of tumor escape.","Combining WT1 based cancer immunotherapy with VEGFR-2 based immunotherapy may prove especially effective, since WT1 overexpressing tumor cells and the tumor vasculature are attacked at the same time.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is co-administered with said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella.","In the context of the present invention, the term “co-administration” or “co-administer” means administration of two different attenuated mutant strains of Salmonella within three consecutive days, more particularly within two consecutive days, more particularly on the same day, more particularly within 12 hours.","Most particularly, in the context of the present invention, the term “co-administration” refers to simultaneous administration of two different attenuated mutant strains of Salmonella.","In particular embodiments, cancer immunotherapy is accompanied by chemotherapy, radiotherapy or biological cancer therapy.","For cure of cancer, complete eradication of cancer stem cells may be essential.","For maximal efficacy, a combination of different therapy approaches may be beneficial.","In the context of the present invention, the term “biological cancer therapy” or “cancer immunotherapy” refers to the stimulation of the patient's immune system to attack malignant tumor cells or the tumor stroma.","Biological cancer therapy approaches include delivery of tumor antigens, delivery of therapeutic antibodies as drugs, administration of immunostimulatory cytokines and administration of immune cells.","Chemotherapeutic agents that may be used in combination with the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella of the present invention may be, for example: gemcitabine, amifostine (ethyol), cabazitaxel, cisplatin, dacarbazine (DTIC), dactinomycin, docetaxel, mechlorethamine, streptozocin, cyclophosphamide, carrnustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), doxorubicin (adriamycin), doxorubicin lipo (doxil), folinic acid, gemcitabine (gemzar), daunorubicin, daunorubicin lipo (daunoxome), procarbazine, ketokonazole, mitomycin, cytarabine, etoposide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), vinblastine, vincristine, bleomycin, paclitaxel (taxol), docetaxel (taxotere), aldesleukin, asparaginase, busulfan, carboplatin, cladribine, camptothecin, CPT-11, 10-hydroxy-7-ethyl-camptothecin (SN38), dacarbazine, floxuridine, fludarabine, hydroxyurea, ifosfamide, idarubicin, mesna, interferon alpha, interferon beta, irinotecan, mitoxantrone, topotecan, leuprolide, megestrol, melphalan, mercaptopurine, oxaliplatin, plicamycin, mitotane, pegaspargase, pentostatin, pipobroman, plicamycin, streptozocin, tamoxifen, teniposide, testolactone, thioguanine, thiotepa, uracil mustard, vinorelbine, chlorambucil and combinations thereof.","Most preferred chemotherapeutic agents according to the invention in combination with VXM06 are cabazitaxel, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, gemcitabine, doxorubicin, paclitaxel (taxol), irinotecan, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbin, folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil and bleomycin, especially gemcitabine.","It may be also favorable dependent on the occurrence of possible side effects, to include treatment with antibiotics or anti-inflammatory agents.","Should adverse events occur that resemble hypersensitivity reactions mediated by histamine, leukotrienes, or cytokines, treatment options for fever, anaphylaxis, blood pressure instability, bronchospasm, and dyspnoea are available.","Treatment options in case of unwanted T-cell derived auto-aggression are derived from standard treatment schemes in acute and chronic graft vs. host disease applied after stem cell transplantation.","Cyclosporin and glucocorticoids are proposed as treatment options.","In the unlikely case of systemic Salmonella typhi Ty21a type infection, appropriate antibiotic therapy is recommended, for example with fluoroquinolones including ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin.","Bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract are to be treated with respective agents, such as rifaximin.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered during the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or during biological cancer therapy.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered before the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or before biological cancer therapy.","This approach may have the advantage that chemotherapy or radiotherapy can be performed under conditions of enhanced cancer immunity.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered after the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or after biological cancer therapy.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered orally.","Oral administration is simpler, safer and more comfortable than parenteral administration.","WT1 peptide vaccines, which have been used in clinical trials for the most part, are usually administered subcutaneously or intradermally, often resulting in skin erythema and local inflammation reactions.","These adverse effects may be overcome by oral administration of the DNA vaccine of the present invention.","The attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella of the present invention may however also be administered by any other suitable route.","Preferably, a therapeutically effective dose is administered to the subject, and this dose depends on the particular application, the type of malignancy, the subject's weight, age, sex and state of health, the manner of administration and the formulation, etc.","Administration may be single or multiple, as required.","The attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella of the present invention may be provided in the form of a solution, a suspension, lyophilisate, or any other suitable form.","It may be provided in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, and/or excipients.","Agents for adjusting the pH value, buffers, agents for adjusting toxicity, and the like may also be included.","In the context of the present invention, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to molecular entities and other ingredients of pharmaceutical compositions that are physiologically tolerable and do not typically produce untoward reactions when administered to a mammal (e.g., human).","The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” may also mean approved by a regulatory agency of a Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in mammals, and, more particularly, in humans.","In particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from leukemia, particularly from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and from solid tumors, particularly from lung cancer, breast cancer, esophageal, colon, colorectal, gastric, cholangioductal, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, synovial sarcoma, angiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, thyroid cancer, cervical, endometrial, ovarian cancer, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, prostate cancer.","The vaccine of the present invention is surprisingly effective at relatively low doses.","In particular embodiments, the single dose is from about 105 to about 1011, particularly from about 106 to about 1010, more particularly from about 106 to about 109, more particularly from about 106 to about 108, most particularly from about 106 to about 107 colony forming units (CFU).","Administration of low doses of this live bacterial vaccine minimizes the risk of excretion and thus of transmission to third parties.","In this context, the term “about” or “approximately” means within a factor of 3, alternatively within a factor of 2, including within a factor of 1.5 of a given value or range.","In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use in individualized cancer immunotherapy comprising the step of assessing the tumor antigen expression pattern and/or stroma antigen expression pattern of a patient.","VXM06 can be used—either by itself or in combination with other Salmonella typhi Ty21a based cancer vaccines comprising eukaryotic expression systems—for the treatment of various cancer types.","In particular embodiments, VXM06 may be used for individualized patient specific cancer treatment.","For that purpose, the patient's tumor and/or stromal antigen expression pattern may be assessed in a first step for example by companion diagnostics targeting the patient's specific tumor and/or stromal antigen pattern.","Depending on the patient's tumor and/or stromal antigen expression pattern VMX06 may be administered either alone or in combination with one or more suitable further Salmonella typhi Ty21a based cancer vaccine(s) comprising eukaryotic expression systems.","Combinations of VXM06 with one or more further Salmonella typhi Ty21a based cancer vaccine(s) may however also be administered as fixed combinations.","These cocktails combining two or more Salmonella typhi Ty21a based cancer vaccines can be composed from separate off the shelf products.","The combinations, either fixed or individualized may contain VXM01 as anti-angiogenic basis therapy.","SHORT DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIG.","1: Amino acid sequence of truncated human WT1 encoded by WT1 cDNA contained in plasmid pVAX10.hWT1 FIG.","2: Nucleic acid sequence of pVAX10.hWT1 FIG.","3: Plasmid map of pVAX10.hWT1 FIG.","4: Kaplan-Meier survival curves of mice bearing FBL-3 leukemia treated with VXM0m_empty, VXM06m and VXM06 FIG.","5: Mean survival of mice bearing FBL-3 leukemia treated with VXM0m_empty, VXM06m and VXM06 Table 1: In vitro gene synthesis: phosphorylation reaction setup Table 2: In vitro gene synthesis: amplification of ligation product—PCR profile Table 3: Vaccine compositions Table 4: Assessment of antitumor activity—experimental design Table 5: Survival of mice bearing FBL-3 leukemia treated with VXM0m_empty, VXM06m and VXM06 Table 6: Number of dead animals after tumor challenge over time Table 7: Mean and median survival of mice bearing FBL-3 leukemia treated with VXM0m_empty, VXM06m and VXM06 EXAMPLES Example 1: Preparation of Recombinant Plasmids pVAX10.mWT1 and pVAX10.hWT1 Human truncated WT1 (1116 bp, WT1 sequence according to UniProt reference sequence P19544-7, truncated by the zinc finger domain) and murine truncated WT1 (1101 bp, WT1 sequence according to UniProt reference sequence P22561-5, truncated by the zinc finger domain) were cloned into the pVAX10 backbone derived of pVAX10.VR2-1.WT1 DNA fragments were generated by double-strand gene synthesis, where oligonucleotides were linked together using a thermostable ligase.","Oligo Design and Synthesis: In a first step, the gene sequence of truncated human and truncated murine WT1 (truncated by the zinc finger domain) were subdivided into individual oligonucleotides of 40 to 50 bases using the software “SeqEditor” (Entelechon).","The defined oligonucleotides overlapped and corresponded to both DNA strands.","After synthesis of the oligonucleotides of both DNA strands, the oligonucleotides were diluted with 10 mM Tris (pH 8.5) to a final concentration of 50 pmol/μl.","Kinase Reaction: The in vitro synthesized oligonucleotides were then phosphorylated by incubation with T4 polynucleotide kinase in order to allow for subsequent ligation of the oligonucleotides.","Forward and reverse oligonucleotides were phosphorylated.","The reaction setup is summarized in the following Table 1: Volume Ingredient 10 μl Primer mix 10 μl 10x T4 Polynucleotide kinase (PNK) buffer 10 μl ATP (25 mM) 68 μl Sterile water 2 μl T4 PNK (10 U/μl) The reaction mixture was incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. in a water bath.","Then the T4 polynucleotide kinase was inactivated by a five-minute heat step at 95° C. and afterwards immediately cooled on ice until further treatment.","12.5 μL of the kinase mixture was used directly for ligation (20 U Taq DNA ligase, 35 μl reaction volume (New England Biolabs, M0208S).","The denaturation step at 95° C. was followed by progressive cooling (1° C./min).","During this process, the complementary oligonucleotides assemble to a double strand DNA.","The process was performed in a thermocycler (Personal Cycler, Biometra).","By addition of the thermostable Taq DNA ligase, the 5′-PO4-end of the oligonucleotides were linked with the free 3′-OH-end of the following oligonucleotide.","By repeated denaturation and renaturation steps, mismatched oligonucleotides were released.","At the end of the program, the mixture was cooled at 4° C. Amplification of the Ligation Products by PCR: 5 μl of the obtained ligation products (about 1.1 kb) were amplified by PCR in a 50 μl volume with flanking primers as depicted in the following Table 2: no step temperature time No of cycles 1 denaturation 95° C. 5 min 1 2 denaturation 95° C. 30 sec 3 annealing 57° C. 30 sec {close oversize brace} 30x 4 elongation 72° C. 90 sec 5 extra-elongation 72° C. 5 min 1 6 cooling 4° C. ∞ 1 The PCR mixture contained the following components: 0.2-0.5 μM of each primer, 20 mM Tris-CI, pH 8.8, 10 mM KCl, 10 mM (NH4)2SO4, 2 mM MgSO4, 0.1% Triton X-100, 25 mM dNTP (each), 2 U VentR polymerase.","The in vitro synthesized DNA fragments (human and murine truncated WT1; about 1.1 kb each) were cloned into the pVAX10 backbone via NheI/XhoI (the VEGFR-2 coding region of recombinant plasmid pVAX10.VR2-1 was replaced by truncated human or murine WT1).","For quality control, the entire plasmids were sequenced and aligned to the respective reference sequence after transformation into E. coli.","Both sequences proved to be free of errors.","The resulting plasmids were designated pVAX10.mWT1 and pVAX10.hWT1.Example 2: Transformation of Attenuated Salmonella Strains with the Recombinant Plasmids S. typhi Ty 21a was transformed with plasmid pVAX10.hWT1.S.","typhimurium SL7207 (aroK) was transformed with plasmid pVAX10.mVVT1.The transformation was performed by electroporation.","Preparation of Competent Salmonella Cells: Glycerol cultures of S. typhi Ty21a and S. typhimurium SL7207 were inoculated on LB plates (animal component free [ACF] soy peptone).","The plates were incubated at 37° C. overnight.","One colony each was used for overnight-liquid-preculture.","3 ml LB medium (ACF soy peptone) inoculated with one colony each was incubated at 37° C. and 180 rpm overnight.","To prepare competent cells, 2×300 ml of LB medium (ACF soy peptone) were inoculated with 3 ml of the overnight culture and incubated at 37° C. and 180 rpm up to an OD600 of about 0.5.The cultures were then put on ice for 10 minutes.","Subsequently, the bacteria were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000×g at 4° C. and each pellet was resuspended in 500 mL of ice cold H2Odest.","After a new centrifugation step, the bacterial pellets were washed twice in 10% ice cold glycerol.","Both pallets were put together in 2 ml of 10% glycerol and finally frozen in aliquots of 50 μL on dry ice.","The used glycerol did not contain any animal ingredients (Sigma Aldrich, G5150).","Transformation of Competent Salmonella Cells: For each transformation reaction, a 50 μl aliquot of competent cells was thawed on ice for 10 minutes.","After adding 3-5 μL of plasmid DNA (pVAX10.hWT1 for competent S. typhi Ty21a cells and pVAX10.mWT1 for competent S. typhimurium SL7207 cells) the mixtures were incubated on ice for five minutes.","Subsequently, the mixtures were transferred to pre-cooled cuvettes (1 mm thickness).","The electric pulse was carried out at 12.5 kV/cm.","Immediately afterwards, 1 ml of LB medium (ACF soy peptone) was added to the cells, the cells were transferred into a 2 ml Eppendorf tube and shaken for 1 hour at 37° C. After a short centrifugation step on a bench centrifuge (16600 rcf, 20s), the bacterial pellet was resuspended in 200 μl of LB (ACF soy peptone) antibiotic-free medium.","The mixtures were applied with a Drigalski spatula on LB plates (ACF soy peptone) containing kanamycin (concentration=25 μg/ml or 50 μg/ml).","The plates were incubated at 37° C. overnight.","Plasmid Preparation of Recombinant Salmonella Clones: Three clones of each recombinant Salmonella strain were incubated overnight in 3 ml of LB medium (ACF soy peptone) containing kanamycin (50 μg/ml) at 37° C. The bacterial culture was then pelleted by centrifugation (16600 rcf, 30 s).","Plasmid isolation was performed using the NucleoSpin Plasmid Kit from Macherey-Nagel.","The plasmid DNA was eluted from the silica gel columns with 50 μl water.","5 μl of the eluate was used in agarose gel electrophoresis for control.","For long-term storage, 1 ml glycerol cultures of the positive clones were produced.","For this purpose, 172 μl glycerol (no animal ingredients) was added to 828 μl medium of a logarithmically growing 3 ml culture in a 1 low ml screw microtube.","The samples were stored at −70° C. until further use.","Complete Sequencing of Recombinant Plasmid DNA Isolated from Salmonella: 3 ml of liquid LB-Kan medium (ACF soy peptone) were inoculated with one colony of recombinant Salmonella (S. typhi Ty21a harboring pVAX10.hWT1 and S. typhimurium SL7207 harboring pVAX10.mVVT1) and incubated overnight at 37° C. and 180 rpm.","The overnight culture was pelleted by centrifugation at 1300 rpm for 30 s on a bench centrifuge (Biofuge pico, Heraeus).","The plasmid isolation was performed with the NucleoSpin Plasmid Kit from Macherey-Nagel.","After alkaline lysis and precipitation of high molecular weight genomic DNA and cellular components, the plasmid DNA was loaded onto columns with a silica membrane.","After a washing step, the plasmids were eluted from the column with 50 μl of sterile water and sequenced.","The sequences were then compared with the respective reference sequence by clone specific alignments, i.e.","the plasmid sequences of each Salmonella clone was one by one aligned with the reference sequence.","All sequences were in line with the respective reference sequences.","The recombinant Salmonella strains were designated VXM06 (S. typhi Ty21a harboring plasmid pVAX10.hWT1) and VXM06m (S. typhimurium SL7207 harboring plasmid pVAX10.mVVT1).","Example 3: Assessing Antitumor Activity of VXM06 and VXM06m in Syngeneic Leukemia Mouse Model The efficacy of VXM06 and VXM06m was assessed in a syngeneic leukemia C57/BL6J mouse model over a period of 43 days (with dose administration on alternate days for 4 occasions followed by leukemia cell inoculation at day 17).","Two groups, each comprising 10 male mice (n=10) either received VXM06 (S. typhi Ty21a containing pVAX10.hWT1 coding for truncated human WT1) or VXM06m (S. typhimurium containing pVAX10.mWT1 coding for truncated murine WT1) at doses of 1010 CFU/occasion.","One similarly constituted control group received VXM0m_empty (S. typhimurium vector control with no expression plasmid) at the same dose as the treated groups.","During the study, body weight, mortality, and survival investigations were undertaken.","Prior to this main study, a pilot study over 14 days in male C57616 mice (n=5 per group) without vaccination was performed using 5.0×106 and 3.0×107 FBL-3 cells, after which the first cell concentration was judged as optimal for the main vaccination study.","DNA Vaccines: VXM06, VXM06m, and the S. typhimurium empty vector (VXM0m_empty) without expression plasmid were stored at ≤−80° C. until use.","Vials being used during vaccination were not frozen again but discarded afterwards.","The DNA vaccines under investigation are characterized in the following Table 3: Test item Batch Concentration Quantity VXM0m_empty VXM01m-e.1-01/2010 1011 CFU/ml 0.7 ml/vial (10 vials) VXM06m VXM06m-031.1-01/2012 1011 CFU/ml 0.7 ml/vial (10 vials) VXM06 VXM06-031.1-01/2012 1011 CFU/ml 0.7 ml/vial (10 vials) Route of Drug Administration: 100 μl of VXM0m_empty, VXM06m and VXM06 were applied per animal and application.","After thawing of test items, application took place within 30 min.","All test substances were administered by oral gavage (per os, P.O) via cannula with an injection volume of 100 μl/mouse.","Regardless of animal groups, each animal received pre-dose application buffer to neutralize acid medium in the stomach prior to dosing (100 μl/animal/application for all dose groups).","This buffer contained 2.6 g sodium hydrogen carbonate, 1.7 g L-ascorbic acid, 0.2 g lactose monohydrate and 100 ml of drinking water.","Pre-dose applications were performed up to 30 minutes prior to application of the test items.","Cell Culture: The WT1 overexpressing mouse leukemia cells FBL-3 required passaging to ensure viability and to attain the required amount of cells.","The exponentially growing tumor cells were collected, mixed with trypan blue (at the recommended dilution 1:1) for viability determination, and manually counted using a counting chamber under optical microscope.","FBL-3 cells were washed and resuspended in serum-free RPMI medium for injections into C57BL/6 mice.","Vaccination and Tumor Cell Inoculation: Cell injection conditions for intraperitoneal (I.P.)","injection: cell viability ≥97%; 5.0×106 cells/500 μl/mouse.","Animals (30 C57BL/6 mice, 4-6 weeks, male, ≈20 g each, Charles River, France) were numbered, given a unique animal identification ear notch mark; the body weight was measured twice a week.","Ten mice each (n=10 male) were vaccinated with VXM0m_empty, VXM06m, and VMX06.Vaccination was carried out by oral gavage of 1010 CFU/application at days 1, 3, 5, and 7.At day 17, FBL-3 tumor cells were inoculated in mice by I.P.","route.","The experimental design is summarized in the following Table 4: Tumor Dose Admin.","Group Animals cells Treatment (CFU/adm) route Treatment schedule 1 10 5 × 106 VXM0m_empty 1010 (in 100 μl) PO Q2D × 4 (D1, D3, D5, D7) 2 10 5 × 106 VXM06m 1010 (in 100 μl) PO Q2D × 4 (D1, D3, D5, D7) 3 10 5 × 106 VXM96 1010 (in 100 μl) PO Q2D × 4 (D1, D3, D5, D7) Results: Survival data for the three treatment groups are listed in the following Table 5: Group 1; Group 2; Group 3; VXM0m_empty VXM06m VXM06 Day Survival Survival Survival −3 10 10 10 1 10 10 10 5 9 9 10 7 9 9 10 12 9 9 10 15 9 9 10 19 9 8 10 22 9 8 10 26 9 8 10 29 5 7 9 33 0 4 4 36 0 1 3 40 0 1 1 43 0 0 0 A daily clinical examination of all animals was performed: behavior, signs of suffering (cachexia, becoming, and difficulties moving or feeding).","The number of dead animals after tumor challenge are listed in the following Table 6: Time Survival Dead treatment 1 9 0 VXM0m_empty 12 6 3 VXM0m_empty 15 2 4 VXM0m_empty 16 0 2 VXM0m_empty 1 8 0 VXM06m 12 7 1 VXM06m 14 6 1 VXM06m 16 4 2 VXM06m 19 1 3 VXM06m 26 0 1 VXM06m 1 10 0 VXM06 12 9 1 VXM06 14 8 1 VXM06 15 6 2 VXM06 16 4 2 VXM06 19 3 1 VXM06 v21 2 1 VXM06 22 1 1 VXM06 26 0 1 VXM06 FIG.","4 depicts Kaplan-Meier survival curves of mice bearing FBL-3 leukemia treated with VXM0m_empty, VXM06m and VXM06.Mice treated with VXM06m and VXM06 survived longer compared to the control mice (up to 26 days).","About 40% the mice that received VXM06m and VXM06 survived longer than those treated with VXM0m_empty.","Mean and median survival of the three test groups are depicted in the following Table 7: VXM0m_empty VMX06m VXM06 9 8 10 Mice Survival time 1 12 12 12 2 12 14 14 3 12 16 15 4 15 16 15 5 15 19 16 6 15 19 16 7 15 19 19 8 16 26 21 9 16 22 10 26 Median 15 17.5 16 Mean 14.2 17.6 17.6 SD 1.6 4.0 4.1 SEM 0.5 1.4 1.3 Var.","2.6 15.7 16.6 FIG.","5 depicts the mean survival of mice bearing FBL-3 leukemia treated with VXM0m_empty, VXM06m and VXM06.Mice treated with VXM06m and VXM06 survived longer compared to the control mice.","This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the constructs VXM06 and VXM06m in targeting WT1 overexpressing leukemia cells in a mouse model.","The control mice treated with empty vector survived for up to 16 days after tumor cell challenge (see FIG.","4).","In contrast, the mice treated with VXM06m or with VXM06 showed prolonged survival compared to the mice vaccinated with the control vector VXM0m_empty (up to 26 days for both test items).","About 40% of the mice that received VXM06m or VXM06 survived longer than those in the control group treated with VXM0m_empty.","In summary, VXM06m and VXM06 showed a pharmacodynamic effect on the survival of test animals in this syngeneic C57616 leukemia mouse model.","A similar pharmacodynamic effect of the two compounds VXM06m and VXM06 compared to empty vector was observed.","These results show that these vaccines were able to trigger a response against WT1 in an immune-competent mouse leukemia model resulting in longer survival of animals compared to animals treated with empty vector."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"SALMONELLA-BASED VECTORS FOR CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY TARGETING WILMS' TUMOR GENE WT1\",\n \"The present invention relates to an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising a recombinant DNA molecule encoding Wilms' tumor Protein I.\",\n \"In particular, the present invention relates to the use of said attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella in cancer immunotherapy.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A method of treating cancer comprising administering to a subject an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding Wilms' Tumor Protein (WT1) in cancer immunotherapy.\",\n \"2.The method of claim 1, wherein the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is Salmonella enterica typhi Ty21a.\",\n \"3.The method claim 1, wherein the expression cassette is a eukaryotic expression cassette.\",\n \"4.The method of claim 1, wherein WT1 is selected from the group consisting of human WT1 and a protein that shares at least 80% sequence identity therewith.\",\n \"5.The method of claim 1, wherein the recombinant DNA molecule comprises a kanamycin antibiotic resistance gene, a pMB1 ori, and a eukaryotic expression cassette encoding human WT1 or a protein that shares at least 80% sequence identity therewith, under the control of a CMV promoter.\",\n \"6.\",\n \"(canceled) 7.\",\n \"(canceled) 8.\",\n \"(canceled) 9.The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer immunotherapy further comprises administration of one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding a tumor antigen and/or a tumor stroma antigen.\",\n \"10.The method of claim 9, wherein the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is co-administered with said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella.\",\n \"11.The method of claim 1, wherein cancer immunotherapy is accompanied by chemotherapy, radiotherapy or biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"12.The method of claim 1, wherein the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered orally.\",\n \"13.The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is selected from leukemia and solid tumors.\",\n \"14.The method of claim 1, wherein the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered as a the single dose comprising from about 105 to about 1011 colony forming units (CFU).\",\n \"15.The method of claim 1, for individualized cancer immunotherapy comprising a step of assessing the tumor antigen expression pattern and/or stroma antigen expression pattern of the subject.\",\n \"16.The method of claim 1, wherein WT1 is truncated.\",\n \"17.The method of claim 16, wherein the truncated WT1 has the amino acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 1.18.The method of claim 9, wherein said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella is/are Salmonella typhi Ty21a comprising a eukaryotic expression cassette.\",\n \"19.The method of claim 18, wherein said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella comprise(s) an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella encoding human VEGFR-2.20.The method of claim 13, wherein the leukemia is selected from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL).\",\n \"21.The method of claim 13, wherein the solid tumor is selected from lung cancer, breast cancer, esophageal, colon, colorectal, gastric, cholangioductal, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, synovial sarcoma, angiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, thyroid cancer, cervical, endometrial, ovarian cancer, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and prostate cancer.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT1) encodes a zinc finger transcription factor involved in cell proliferation and differentiation.\",\n \"It is highly expressed in a wide variety of malignancies including several types of hematological malignancies and various solid tumors.\",\n \"In contrast, normal tissue expression of WT1 in adults is restricted to gonads, uterus, kidney, mesothelium and CD34 + progenitor cells in various types of tissues.\",\n \"WT1 was originally proposed as a tumor suppressor gene.\",\n \"However, more recent evidence points to oncogenic functions of this transcription factor; Wt-1 negatively affects differentiation and promotes proliferation of progenitor cells.\",\n \"Furthermore, overexpressed WT1 is immunogenic; WT1 specific T cells as well as IgG anti-WT1 antibodies have been observed in cancer patients.\",\n \"Thus, WT-1 is a promising candidate for the development of cancer vaccines.\",\n \"Human clinical trials with WT1 vaccines based on HLA (human leukocyte antigen)-restricted WT1 peptide fragments have been reported.\",\n \"Osada et al., Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2789-2796, discloses a WT1-encoding Adenovirus Vaccine.\",\n \"To the inventor's knowledge, no live bacterial cancer vaccine targeting WT1 has been reported.\",\n \"Furthermore, no oral cancer vaccine targeting WT1 has been described.\",\n \"Attenuated derivatives of Salmonella enterica are attractive vehicles for the delivery of heterologous antigens to the mammalian immune system, since S. enterica strains can potentially be delivered via mucosal routes of immunization, i.e.\",\n \"orally or nasally, which offers advantages of simplicity and safety compared to parenteral administration.\",\n \"Furthermore, Salmonella strains elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses at the level of both systemic and mucosal compartments.\",\n \"Batch preparation costs are relatively low and formulations of live bacterial vaccines are highly stable.\",\n \"Attenuation can be accomplished by deletion of various genes, including virulence, regulatory, and metabolic genes.\",\n \"Several Salmonella typhimurium strains attenuated by aro mutations have been shown to be safe and effective delivery vehicles for heterologous antigens in animal models.\",\n \"Approaches of delivering DNA constructs encoding antigens, in particular VEGF receptor proteins, via live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strains into mouse target cells are described in WO 03/073995.Niethammer et al., (Nature Medicine 2002, 8(12), 1369) demonstrated that the attenuated S. typhimurium aroA strain SL7207 harboring an expression vector encoding the murine vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2 or FLK-1), which is essential for tumor angiogenesis, is functional as a cancer vaccine.\",\n \"There is however only one attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar strain, namely Salmonella enterica serovar typhi Ty21a (short: S. typhi Ty21a), which has been accepted for use in humans and is distributed under the trade name of Vivotif® (Berna Biotech Ltd., a Crucell Company, Switzerland; marketing authorization number PL 15747/0001 dated 16 Dec. 1996).\",\n \"This well-tolerated, live oral vaccine against typhoid fever was derived by chemical mutagenesis of the wild-type virulent bacterial isolate S. typhi Ty2 and harbors a loss-of-function mutation in the galE gene, as well as other less defined mutations.\",\n \"It has been licensed as typhoid vaccine in many countries after it was shown to be efficacious and safe in field trials.\",\n \"WT1 is a promising tumor antigen for the development of cancer vaccines.\",\n \"Major limitations of previously available WT1 peptide vaccines are HLA-restriction and parenteral administration.\",\n \"The great need for improved cancer therapy approaches based on targeting WT1 has not been met so far.\"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one aspect, the present invention relates to an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding Wilms' Tumor Protein (WT1).\",\n \"The attenuated Salmonella strain of the present invention was shown to exhibit antitumor activity in a mouse model challenged with murine leukemia cells.\",\n \"To the inventor's knowledge, this novel attenuated Salmonella strain is the first live bacterial cancer vaccine targeting WT1.In addition, the attenuated.\",\n \"Salmonella strain of the present invention is the first oral cancer vaccine targeting WT1.Since WT1 is overexpressed in a wide variety of hematological malignancies and solid tumor, the attenuated Salmonella strain of the present invention has great potential as universal cancer vaccine.\",\n \"In a first study, the vaccine according to the present invention (VXM06) has been demonstrated to efficiently prolong survival of mice bearing intraperitoneally implanted leukemia cells.\",\n \"These results indicate that vaccination with VXM06 may lead to an immune response and the development of an immune memory against tumor cells overexpressing WT1.It is remarkable and surprising that the novel vaccine VXM06 is effective at relatively low doses.\",\n \"The attenuated Salmonella mutant strain of the present invention may be applied in monotherapy or in combination with a second attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising a DNA molecule encoding a second tumor antigen.\",\n \"Furthermore, the attenuated mutant strain of the present invention may be administered in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"Treatment with VXM06 may also be effective, if the patient has developed a resistance to chemotherapy (chemo-refractory patients).\",\n \"The novel attenuated Salmonella strain of the present invention might therefore be useful in novel, greatly improved cancer therapy approaches.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is of the species Salmonella enterica .\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is Salmonella typhi Ty21a.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the expression cassette is a eukaryotic expression cassette.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, WT1 is selected from the group consisting of human WT1 and a protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity therewith.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, WT1 is truncated.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the zinc finger domain of WT1 is deleted.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the truncated WT1 has the amino acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 1.In particular embodiments, the recombinant DNA molecule comprises the kanamycin antibiotic resistance gene, the pMB1 ori, and a eukaryotic expression cassette encoding human WT1 or a protein that shares at least 80% sequence identity therewith, particularly truncated human WT1, under the control of a CMV promoter.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the recombinant DNA molecule is a plasmid designated pVAX10.hWT1 and has the nucleic acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 2.In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use as a medicament.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use as a vaccine.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use in cancer immunotherapy.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, cancer immunotherapy further comprises administration of one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding a tumor antigen and/or a tumor stroma antigen.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella is/are Salmonella typhi Ty21a comprising a eukaryotic expression cassette.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, said one or more further strain(s) of Salmonella comprise(s) an attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella encoding human VEGFR-2.In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is co-administered with said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, cancer immunotherapy is accompanied by chemotherapy, radiotherapy or biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered during the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or during biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered before the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or before biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered after the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or after biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"In further embodiments the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered before and during at least one of the chemotherapy, the radiotherapy treatment cycle and the biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"In cases where more than one of the chemotherapy, the radiotherapy and the biological cancer therapy are carried out the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella may be administered before or during or before and during at least one of these therapies, particularly during at least two of these therapies.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered orally.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from leukemia, particularly from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and from solid tumors, particularly from lung cancer, breast cancer, esophageal, colon, colorectal, gastric, cholangioductal, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, synovial sarcoma, angiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, thyroid cancer, cervical, endometrial, ovarian cancer, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, prostate cancer.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the single dose is from about 10 5 to about 10 11 , particularly from about 10 6 to about 10 10 , more particularly from about 10 6 to about 10 9 , more particularly from about 10 6 to about 10 8 , most particularly from about 10 6 to about 10 7 colony forming units (CFU).\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use in personalized cancer immunotherapy comprising the step of assessing the tumor antigen expression pattern and/or stroma antigen expression pattern of a patient.\"\n ],\n [\n \"FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising a recombinant DNA molecule encoding Wilms' tumor Protein 1.In particular, the present invention relates to the use of said attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella in cancer immunotherapy.\",\n \"BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT1) encodes a zinc finger transcription factor involved in cell proliferation and differentiation.\",\n \"It is highly expressed in a wide variety of malignancies including several types of hematological malignancies and various solid tumors.\",\n \"In contrast, normal tissue expression of WT1 in adults is restricted to gonads, uterus, kidney, mesothelium and CD34+ progenitor cells in various types of tissues.\",\n \"WT1 was originally proposed as a tumor suppressor gene.\",\n \"However, more recent evidence points to oncogenic functions of this transcription factor; Wt-1 negatively affects differentiation and promotes proliferation of progenitor cells.\",\n \"Furthermore, overexpressed WT1 is immunogenic; WT1 specific T cells as well as IgG anti-WT1 antibodies have been observed in cancer patients.\",\n \"Thus, WT-1 is a promising candidate for the development of cancer vaccines.\",\n \"Human clinical trials with WT1 vaccines based on HLA (human leukocyte antigen)-restricted WT1 peptide fragments have been reported.\",\n \"Osada et al., Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2789-2796, discloses a WT1-encoding Adenovirus Vaccine.\",\n \"To the inventor's knowledge, no live bacterial cancer vaccine targeting WT1 has been reported.\",\n \"Furthermore, no oral cancer vaccine targeting WT1 has been described.\",\n \"Attenuated derivatives of Salmonella enterica are attractive vehicles for the delivery of heterologous antigens to the mammalian immune system, since S. enterica strains can potentially be delivered via mucosal routes of immunization, i.e.\",\n \"orally or nasally, which offers advantages of simplicity and safety compared to parenteral administration.\",\n \"Furthermore, Salmonella strains elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses at the level of both systemic and mucosal compartments.\",\n \"Batch preparation costs are relatively low and formulations of live bacterial vaccines are highly stable.\",\n \"Attenuation can be accomplished by deletion of various genes, including virulence, regulatory, and metabolic genes.\",\n \"Several Salmonella typhimurium strains attenuated by aro mutations have been shown to be safe and effective delivery vehicles for heterologous antigens in animal models.\",\n \"Approaches of delivering DNA constructs encoding antigens, in particular VEGF receptor proteins, via live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strains into mouse target cells are described in WO 03/073995.Niethammer et al., (Nature Medicine 2002, 8(12), 1369) demonstrated that the attenuated S. typhimurium aroA strain SL7207 harboring an expression vector encoding the murine vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2 or FLK-1), which is essential for tumor angiogenesis, is functional as a cancer vaccine.\",\n \"There is however only one attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar strain, namely Salmonella enterica serovar typhi Ty21a (short: S. typhi Ty21a), which has been accepted for use in humans and is distributed under the trade name of Vivotif® (Berna Biotech Ltd., a Crucell Company, Switzerland; marketing authorization number PL 15747/0001 dated 16 Dec. 1996).\",\n \"This well-tolerated, live oral vaccine against typhoid fever was derived by chemical mutagenesis of the wild-type virulent bacterial isolate S. typhi Ty2 and harbors a loss-of-function mutation in the galE gene, as well as other less defined mutations.\",\n \"It has been licensed as typhoid vaccine in many countries after it was shown to be efficacious and safe in field trials.\",\n \"WT1 is a promising tumor antigen for the development of cancer vaccines.\",\n \"Major limitations of previously available WT1 peptide vaccines are HLA-restriction and parenteral administration.\",\n \"The great need for improved cancer therapy approaches based on targeting WT1 has not been met so far.\",\n \"OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION In view of the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide a novel oral WT1 targeting cancer vaccine.\",\n \"Such a WT1 targeting cancer vaccine would offer major advantages for improving the treatment options for cancer patients.\",\n \"SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one aspect, the present invention relates to an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding Wilms' Tumor Protein (WT1).\",\n \"The attenuated Salmonella strain of the present invention was shown to exhibit antitumor activity in a mouse model challenged with murine leukemia cells.\",\n \"To the inventor's knowledge, this novel attenuated Salmonella strain is the first live bacterial cancer vaccine targeting WT1.In addition, the attenuated.\",\n \"Salmonella strain of the present invention is the first oral cancer vaccine targeting WT1.Since WT1 is overexpressed in a wide variety of hematological malignancies and solid tumor, the attenuated Salmonella strain of the present invention has great potential as universal cancer vaccine.\",\n \"In a first study, the vaccine according to the present invention (VXM06) has been demonstrated to efficiently prolong survival of mice bearing intraperitoneally implanted leukemia cells.\",\n \"These results indicate that vaccination with VXM06 may lead to an immune response and the development of an immune memory against tumor cells overexpressing WT1.It is remarkable and surprising that the novel vaccine VXM06 is effective at relatively low doses.\",\n \"The attenuated Salmonella mutant strain of the present invention may be applied in monotherapy or in combination with a second attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising a DNA molecule encoding a second tumor antigen.\",\n \"Furthermore, the attenuated mutant strain of the present invention may be administered in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"Treatment with VXM06 may also be effective, if the patient has developed a resistance to chemotherapy (chemo-refractory patients).\",\n \"The novel attenuated Salmonella strain of the present invention might therefore be useful in novel, greatly improved cancer therapy approaches.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is of the species Salmonella enterica.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is Salmonella typhi Ty21a.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the expression cassette is a eukaryotic expression cassette.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, WT1 is selected from the group consisting of human WT1 and a protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity therewith.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, WT1 is truncated.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the zinc finger domain of WT1 is deleted.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the truncated WT1 has the amino acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 1.In particular embodiments, the recombinant DNA molecule comprises the kanamycin antibiotic resistance gene, the pMB1 ori, and a eukaryotic expression cassette encoding human WT1 or a protein that shares at least 80% sequence identity therewith, particularly truncated human WT1, under the control of a CMV promoter.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the recombinant DNA molecule is a plasmid designated pVAX10.hWT1 and has the nucleic acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 2.In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use as a medicament.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use as a vaccine.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use in cancer immunotherapy.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, cancer immunotherapy further comprises administration of one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding a tumor antigen and/or a tumor stroma antigen.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella is/are Salmonella typhi Ty21a comprising a eukaryotic expression cassette.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, said one or more further strain(s) of Salmonella comprise(s) an attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella encoding human VEGFR-2.In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is co-administered with said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, cancer immunotherapy is accompanied by chemotherapy, radiotherapy or biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered during the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or during biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered before the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or before biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered after the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or after biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"In further embodiments the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered before and during at least one of the chemotherapy, the radiotherapy treatment cycle and the biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"In cases where more than one of the chemotherapy, the radiotherapy and the biological cancer therapy are carried out the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella may be administered before or during or before and during at least one of these therapies, particularly during at least two of these therapies.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered orally.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from leukemia, particularly from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and from solid tumors, particularly from lung cancer, breast cancer, esophageal, colon, colorectal, gastric, cholangioductal, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, synovial sarcoma, angiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, thyroid cancer, cervical, endometrial, ovarian cancer, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, prostate cancer.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the single dose is from about 105 to about 1011, particularly from about 106 to about 1010, more particularly from about 106 to about 109, more particularly from about 106 to about 108, most particularly from about 106 to about 107 colony forming units (CFU).\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use in personalized cancer immunotherapy comprising the step of assessing the tumor antigen expression pattern and/or stroma antigen expression pattern of a patient.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of the invention and the examples included therein.\",\n \"In one aspect, the present invention relates to an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding Wilms' Tumor Protein (WT1).\",\n \"According to the invention, the attenuated Salmonella strain functions as the bacterial carrier of the recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding Wilms' Tumor Protein (WT1) for the delivery of said recombinant DNA molecule into a target cell.\",\n \"In the context of the present invention, the term “attenuated” refers to a bacterial strain of reduced virulence compared to the parental bacterial strain, not harboring the attenuating mutation.\",\n \"Attenuated bacterial strains have preferably lost their virulence but retained their ability to induce protective immunity.\",\n \"Attenuation can be accomplished by deletion of various genes, including virulence, regulatory, and metabolic genes.\",\n \"Attenuated bacteria may be found naturally or they may be produced artificially in the laboratory, for example by adaptation to a new medium or cell culture or they may be produced by recombinant DNA technology.\",\n \"In the context of the present invention, the term “mutant strain” refers to a bacterial strain harboring a mutation in its genome.\",\n \"In this context, the term “mutation” refers to a change in a nucleic acid sequence, including point mutations, insertions, deletions, translocations and inversions.\",\n \"In the context of the present invention, the term “comprises” or “comprising” means “including, but not limited to”.\",\n \"The term is intended to be open-ended, to specify the presence of any stated features, elements, integers, steps or components, but not to preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, integers, steps, components or groups thereof.\",\n \"The term “comprising” thus includes the more restrictive terms “consisting of” and “essentially consisting of”.\",\n \"In one embodiment the term “comprising” as used throughout the application and in particular within the claims may be replaced by the term “consisting of”.\",\n \"In the context of the present invention, the term “recombinant DNA molecule” refers to an engineered DNA construct, preferably composed of DNA pieces of different origin.\",\n \"The recombinant DNA molecule can be a linear nucleic acid, or preferably, a circular recombinant DNA plasmid generated by introducing an open reading frame encoding WT1 into an expression vector plasmid.\",\n \"In the context of the present invention, the term “expression cassette” refers to a nucleic acid unit comprising at least the WT1 gene under the control of regulatory sequences controlling its expression.\",\n \"The expression cassette comprised in the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella can preferably mediate transcription of the included open reading frame encoding WT1 in a target cell.\",\n \"Expression cassettes typically comprise a promoter, at least one open reading frame and a transcription termination signal.\",\n \"The zinc finger transcription factor Wilms' tumor protein 1 is encoded by the WT1 gene.\",\n \"It contains four zinc finger motifs at the C-terminus and a proline/glutamine-rich DNA-binding domain at the N-terminus.\",\n \"Multiple transcript variants, resulting from alternative splicing at two coding exons, have been well characterized.\",\n \"WT1 plays an essential role in the development of the urogenital system and is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation.\",\n \"The WT1 gene was isolated as the gene responsible for a childhood renal neoplasm, Wilms' tumor.\",\n \"It is highly expressed in a wide variety of malignancies including several types of hematological malignancies and various solid tumors.\",\n \"In contrast, normal tissue expression of WT1 in adults is restricted to gonads, uterus, kidney, mesothelium and progenitor cells in various types of tissues.\",\n \"Due to its expression profile, its oncogenic functions and its immunogenic potential, the tumor antigen WT1 is a promising candidate for the development of cancer vaccines.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is of the species Salmonella enterica.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is Salmonella typhi Ty21a.\",\n \"The attenuated S. typhi Ty21a strain is the active component of Typhoral L®, also known as Vivotif® (manufactured by Berna Biotech Ltd., a Crucell Company, Switzerland).\",\n \"It is currently the only licensed live oral vaccine against typhoid fever.\",\n \"This vaccine has been extensively tested and has proved to be safe regarding patient toxicity as well as transmission to third parties (Wandan et al., J.\",\n \"Infectious Diseases 1982, 145:292-295).\",\n \"The vaccine is licensed in more than 40 countries.\",\n \"The Marketing Authorization number of Typhoral L® is PL 15747/0001 dated 16 Dec. 1996.One dose of vaccine contains at least 2×109 viable S. typhi Ty21a colony forming units and at least 5×109 non-viable S. typhi Ty21a cells.\",\n \"One of the biochemical properties of the Salmonella typhi Ty21a bacterial strain is its inability to metabolize galactose.\",\n \"The attenuated bacterial strain is also not able to reduce sulfate to sulfide which differentiates it from the wild-type Salmonella typhi Ty2 strain.\",\n \"With regard to its serological characteristics, the Salmonella typhi Ty21a strain contains the O9-antigen which is a polysaccharide of the outer membrane of the bacteria and lacks the O5-antigen which is in turn a characteristic component of Salmonella typhimurium.\",\n \"This serological characteristic supports the rationale for including the respective test in a panel of identity tests for batch release.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the expression cassette is a eukaryotic expression cassette.\",\n \"In the context of the present invention, the term “eukaryotic expression cassette” refers to an expression cassette which allows for expression of the open reading frame in a eukaryotic cell.\",\n \"It has been shown that the amount of heterologous antigen required to induce an adequate immune response may be toxic for the bacterium and result in cell death, over-attenuation or loss of expression of the heterologous antigen.\",\n \"Using a eukaryotic expression cassette that is not expressed in the bacterial vector but only in the target cell may overcome this toxicity problem and the protein expressed may exhibit a eukaryotic glycosylation pattern.\",\n \"A eukaryotic expression cassette comprises regulatory sequences that are able to control the expression of an open reading frame in a eukaryotic cell, preferably a promoter and a polyadenylation signal.\",\n \"Promoters and polyadenylation signals included in the recombinant DNA molecules comprised by the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella of the present invention are preferably selected to be functional within the cells of the subject to be immunized.\",\n \"Examples of suitable promoters, especially for the production of a DNA vaccine for humans, include but are not limited to promoters from Cytomegalovirus (CMV), such as the strong CMV immediate early promoter, Simian Virus 40 (SV40), Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), such as the HIV Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) promoter, Moloney virus, Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), and from Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) as well as promoters from human genes such as human actin, human myosin, human hemoglobin, human muscle creatine, and human metallothionein.\",\n \"In a particular embodiment, the eukaryotic expression cassette contains the CMV promoter.\",\n \"In the context of the present invention, the term “CMV promoter” refers to the strong immediate-early cytomegalovirus promoter.\",\n \"Examples of suitable polyadenylation signals, especially for the production of a DNA vaccine for humans, include but are not limited to the bovine growth hormone (BGH) polyadenylation site, SV40 polyadenylation signals and LTR polyadenylation signals.\",\n \"In a particular embodiment, the eukaryotic expression cassette included in the recombinant DNA molecule comprised by the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella of the present invention comprises the BGH polyadenylation site.\",\n \"In addition to the regulatory elements required for expression of the heterologous WT1 gene, like a promoter and a polyadenylation signal, other elements can also be included in the recombinant DNA molecule.\",\n \"Such additional elements include enhancers.\",\n \"The enhancer can be, for example, the enhancer of human actin, human myosin, human hemoglobin, human muscle creatine and viral enhancers such as those from CMV, RSV and EBV.\",\n \"Regulatory sequences and codons are generally species dependent, so in order to maximize protein production, the regulatory sequences and codons are preferably selected to be effective in the species to be immunized.\",\n \"The person skilled in the art can produce recombinant DNA molecules that are functional in a given subject species.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, WT1 is selected from the group consisting of human WT1 and a protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity therewith.\",\n \"In this context, the term “about” or “approximately” means within 80% to 120%, alternatively within 90% to 110%, including within 95% to 105% of a given value or range.\",\n \"In the context of the present invention, the term “protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity with human WT1” refers to a protein that differs in the amino acid sequence and/or the nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of human WT1.The protein may be of natural origin, e.g.\",\n \"a homolog of WT1 of a different species, or an engineered protein, e.g.\",\n \"an engineered WT1 derivative.\",\n \"It is known that the usage of codons is different between species.\",\n \"Thus, when expressing a heterologous protein in a target cell, it may be necessary, or at least helpful, to adapt the nucleic acid sequence to the codon usage of the target cell.\",\n \"Methods for designing and constructing derivatives of a given protein are well known to anyone of ordinary skill in the art.\",\n \"The protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity with human WT1 may contain one or more mutations comprising an addition, a deletion and/or a substitution of one or more amino acids.\",\n \"According to the teaching of the present invention, said deleted, added and/or substituted amino acids may be consecutive amino acids or may be interspersed over the length of the amino acid sequence of the protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity with human WT1.According to the teaching of the present invention, any number of amino acids may be added, deleted, and/or substitutes, as long as the sequence identity with human WT1 is at least about 80%.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the sequence identity with human WT1 is at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, or most particularly at least about 95%.\",\n \"Methods and algorithms for determining sequence identity including the comparison of a parental protein and its derivative having deletions, additions and/or substitutions relative to a parental sequence, are well known to the practitioner of ordinary skill in the art.\",\n \"On the DNA level, the nucleic acid sequences encoding the protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity with human WT1 may differ to a larger extent due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, WT1 is truncated.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the zinc finger domain of WT1 is deleted.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the truncated WT1 has the amino acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 1.The zinc finger domain at the C-terminus of WT1 comprises four zinc finger motifs.\",\n \"Truncated WT1 of the amino acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 1 represents amino acids 1 to 371 of UniProt ref P19544-7.Deletion of the zinc finger domain minimizes the risk of immunological cross reactivity with other zinc finger containing transcription factors.\",\n \"Furthermore, truncated WT1 lacking the zinc finger domain has greater immunogenic potential than full-length WT1.In addition, deletion of the zinc finger motifs, which are essential for DNA binding, abrogates the oncogenic potential of WT1, thus minimizing the risk of oncogenesis.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the recombinant DNA molecule comprises the kanamycin antibiotic resistance gene, the pMB1 ori, and a eukaryotic expression cassette encoding human WT1 or a protein that shares at least 80% sequence identity therewith, particularly truncated human WT1, under the control of a CMV promoter.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the recombinant DNA molecule is a plasmid designated pVAX10.hWT1 and has the nucleic acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 2.In particular embodiments, the recombinant DNA molecule is derived from commercially available pVAX1™ expression plasmid (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.).\",\n \"This expression vector was modified by replacing the high copy pUC origin of replication by the low copy pMB1 origin of replication of pBR322.The low copy modification was made in order to reduce the metabolic burden and to render the construct more stable.\",\n \"The generated expression vector backbone was designated pVAX10.Inserting human, truncated WT1 into this expression vector backbone via NheI/XhoI yielded the expression plasmid pVAX10.hWT1 having the nucleic acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO 2.The expression plasmid pVAX10.hWT1 is schematically depicted in FIG.\",\n \"3.In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use as a medicament.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use as a vaccine.\",\n \"In the context of the present invention, the term “vaccine” refers to an agent which is able to induce an immune response in a subject upon administration.\",\n \"A vaccine can preferably prevent, ameliorate or treat a disease.\",\n \"A vaccine in accordance with the present invention comprises an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella, preferably S. typhi Ty21a.\",\n \"The vaccine in accordance with the present invention further comprises at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette, preferably a eukaryotic expression cassette, encoding WT1, preferably selected from human WT1 or a protein that shares at least about 80% sequence identity therewith.\",\n \"Preferably, said WT1 is truncated, particularly the zinc finger domain is deleted.\",\n \"The live attenuated Salmonella mutant strain according to the present invention comprising a recombinant DNA molecule encoding WT1 can be used as a vehicle for the oral delivery of this recombinant DNA molecule.\",\n \"Such a delivery vector comprising a DNA molecule encoding a heterologous antigen, such as WT1, is termed DNA vaccine.\",\n \"Genetic immunization might be advantageous over conventional vaccination.\",\n \"The target DNA can be detected for a considerable period of time thus acting as a depot of the antigen.\",\n \"Sequence motifs in some plasmids, like GpC islands, are immunostimulatory and can function as adjuvants furthered by the immunostimulation due to LPS and other bacterial components.\",\n \"In contrast to peptide vaccines that can only mediate immunity against a small fragment of the WT1 protein, genetic vaccination may result in immunity against a wide variety of epitopes present over the whole length of the encoded WT1 protein.\",\n \"Apart from that, WT1 peptide vaccine, which have been used in clinical trials for the most part, have limited application due to HLA restriction of the peptides, i.e.\",\n \"their binding capacity to HLA molecules of antigen presenting cells (APCs).\",\n \"In contrast, the DNA vaccine of the present invention is not HLA restricted.\",\n \"Live bacterial vectors produce their own immunomodulatory factors such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in situ which may constitute an advantage over other forms of administration such as microencapsulation.\",\n \"Moreover, the use of the natural route of entry proves to be of benefit since many bacteria, like Salmonella, egress from the gut lumen via the M cells of Peyer's patches and migrate eventually into the lymph nodes and spleen, thus allowing targeting of vaccines to inductive sites of the immune system.\",\n \"The vaccine strain of Salmonella typhi, Ty21a, has been demonstrated to-date to have an excellent safety profile.\",\n \"Upon exit from the gut lumen via the M cells, the bacteria are taken up by phagocytic cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells.\",\n \"These cells are activated by the pathogen and start to differentiate, and probably migrate into the lymph nodes and spleen.\",\n \"Due to their attenuating mutations, bacteria of the S. typhi Ty21 strain are not able to persist in these phagocytic cells but die at this time point.\",\n \"The recombinant DNA molecules are released and subsequently transferred into the cytosol of the phagocytic immune cells, either via a specific transport system or by endosomal leakage.\",\n \"Finally, the recombinant DNA molecules enter the nucleus, where they are transcribed, leading to WT1 expression in the cytosol of the phagocytic cells.\",\n \"Specific cytotoxic T cells against WT1 are induced by the activated antigen presenting cells.\",\n \"There is no data available to-date indicating that S. typhi Ty21a is able to enter the bloodstream systemically.\",\n \"The live attenuated Salmonella typhi Ty21a vaccine strain thus allows specific targeting of the immune system while exhibiting an excellent safety profile.\",\n \"Attenuated derivatives of Salmonella enterica are attractive as vehicles for the delivery of heterologous antigens to the mammalian immune system because S. enterica strains can potentially be delivered via mucosal routes of immunization, i.e.\",\n \"orally or nasally, which offers advantages of simplicity and safety compared to parenteral administration.\",\n \"Furthermore, Salmonella strains elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses at the level of both systemic and mucosal compartments.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use in cancer immunotherapy.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, cancer immunotherapy further comprises administration of one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella comprising at least one copy of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising an expression cassette encoding a tumor antigen and/or a tumor stroma antigen.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, said one or more further mutant strain(s) of Salmonella is/are Salmonella typhi Ty21a comprising a eukaryotic expression cassette.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, said one or more further strain(s) of Salmonella comprise(s) an attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella encoding human VEGFR-2.Combining the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella of the present invention with a second attenuated mutant strain comprising a DNA molecule encoding a second tumor antigen may have synergistic antitumor effects.\",\n \"In particular, simultaneous targeting of different tumor antigens may minimize the risk of tumor escape.\",\n \"Combining WT1 based cancer immunotherapy with VEGFR-2 based immunotherapy may prove especially effective, since WT1 overexpressing tumor cells and the tumor vasculature are attacked at the same time.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is co-administered with said one or more further attenuated mutant strain(s) of Salmonella.\",\n \"In the context of the present invention, the term “co-administration” or “co-administer” means administration of two different attenuated mutant strains of Salmonella within three consecutive days, more particularly within two consecutive days, more particularly on the same day, more particularly within 12 hours.\",\n \"Most particularly, in the context of the present invention, the term “co-administration” refers to simultaneous administration of two different attenuated mutant strains of Salmonella.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, cancer immunotherapy is accompanied by chemotherapy, radiotherapy or biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"For cure of cancer, complete eradication of cancer stem cells may be essential.\",\n \"For maximal efficacy, a combination of different therapy approaches may be beneficial.\",\n \"In the context of the present invention, the term “biological cancer therapy” or “cancer immunotherapy” refers to the stimulation of the patient's immune system to attack malignant tumor cells or the tumor stroma.\",\n \"Biological cancer therapy approaches include delivery of tumor antigens, delivery of therapeutic antibodies as drugs, administration of immunostimulatory cytokines and administration of immune cells.\",\n \"Chemotherapeutic agents that may be used in combination with the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella of the present invention may be, for example: gemcitabine, amifostine (ethyol), cabazitaxel, cisplatin, dacarbazine (DTIC), dactinomycin, docetaxel, mechlorethamine, streptozocin, cyclophosphamide, carrnustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), doxorubicin (adriamycin), doxorubicin lipo (doxil), folinic acid, gemcitabine (gemzar), daunorubicin, daunorubicin lipo (daunoxome), procarbazine, ketokonazole, mitomycin, cytarabine, etoposide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), vinblastine, vincristine, bleomycin, paclitaxel (taxol), docetaxel (taxotere), aldesleukin, asparaginase, busulfan, carboplatin, cladribine, camptothecin, CPT-11, 10-hydroxy-7-ethyl-camptothecin (SN38), dacarbazine, floxuridine, fludarabine, hydroxyurea, ifosfamide, idarubicin, mesna, interferon alpha, interferon beta, irinotecan, mitoxantrone, topotecan, leuprolide, megestrol, melphalan, mercaptopurine, oxaliplatin, plicamycin, mitotane, pegaspargase, pentostatin, pipobroman, plicamycin, streptozocin, tamoxifen, teniposide, testolactone, thioguanine, thiotepa, uracil mustard, vinorelbine, chlorambucil and combinations thereof.\",\n \"Most preferred chemotherapeutic agents according to the invention in combination with VXM06 are cabazitaxel, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, gemcitabine, doxorubicin, paclitaxel (taxol), irinotecan, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbin, folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil and bleomycin, especially gemcitabine.\",\n \"It may be also favorable dependent on the occurrence of possible side effects, to include treatment with antibiotics or anti-inflammatory agents.\",\n \"Should adverse events occur that resemble hypersensitivity reactions mediated by histamine, leukotrienes, or cytokines, treatment options for fever, anaphylaxis, blood pressure instability, bronchospasm, and dyspnoea are available.\",\n \"Treatment options in case of unwanted T-cell derived auto-aggression are derived from standard treatment schemes in acute and chronic graft vs. host disease applied after stem cell transplantation.\",\n \"Cyclosporin and glucocorticoids are proposed as treatment options.\",\n \"In the unlikely case of systemic Salmonella typhi Ty21a type infection, appropriate antibiotic therapy is recommended, for example with fluoroquinolones including ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin.\",\n \"Bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract are to be treated with respective agents, such as rifaximin.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered during the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or during biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered before the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or before biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"This approach may have the advantage that chemotherapy or radiotherapy can be performed under conditions of enhanced cancer immunity.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered after the chemotherapy or the radiotherapy treatment cycle or after biological cancer therapy.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is administered orally.\",\n \"Oral administration is simpler, safer and more comfortable than parenteral administration.\",\n \"WT1 peptide vaccines, which have been used in clinical trials for the most part, are usually administered subcutaneously or intradermally, often resulting in skin erythema and local inflammation reactions.\",\n \"These adverse effects may be overcome by oral administration of the DNA vaccine of the present invention.\",\n \"The attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella of the present invention may however also be administered by any other suitable route.\",\n \"Preferably, a therapeutically effective dose is administered to the subject, and this dose depends on the particular application, the type of malignancy, the subject's weight, age, sex and state of health, the manner of administration and the formulation, etc.\",\n \"Administration may be single or multiple, as required.\",\n \"The attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella of the present invention may be provided in the form of a solution, a suspension, lyophilisate, or any other suitable form.\",\n \"It may be provided in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, and/or excipients.\",\n \"Agents for adjusting the pH value, buffers, agents for adjusting toxicity, and the like may also be included.\",\n \"In the context of the present invention, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to molecular entities and other ingredients of pharmaceutical compositions that are physiologically tolerable and do not typically produce untoward reactions when administered to a mammal (e.g., human).\",\n \"The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” may also mean approved by a regulatory agency of a Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in mammals, and, more particularly, in humans.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the cancer is selected from leukemia, particularly from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and from solid tumors, particularly from lung cancer, breast cancer, esophageal, colon, colorectal, gastric, cholangioductal, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, synovial sarcoma, angiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, thyroid cancer, cervical, endometrial, ovarian cancer, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, prostate cancer.\",\n \"The vaccine of the present invention is surprisingly effective at relatively low doses.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the single dose is from about 105 to about 1011, particularly from about 106 to about 1010, more particularly from about 106 to about 109, more particularly from about 106 to about 108, most particularly from about 106 to about 107 colony forming units (CFU).\",\n \"Administration of low doses of this live bacterial vaccine minimizes the risk of excretion and thus of transmission to third parties.\",\n \"In this context, the term “about” or “approximately” means within a factor of 3, alternatively within a factor of 2, including within a factor of 1.5 of a given value or range.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the attenuated mutant strain of Salmonella is for use in individualized cancer immunotherapy comprising the step of assessing the tumor antigen expression pattern and/or stroma antigen expression pattern of a patient.\",\n \"VXM06 can be used—either by itself or in combination with other Salmonella typhi Ty21a based cancer vaccines comprising eukaryotic expression systems—for the treatment of various cancer types.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, VXM06 may be used for individualized patient specific cancer treatment.\",\n \"For that purpose, the patient's tumor and/or stromal antigen expression pattern may be assessed in a first step for example by companion diagnostics targeting the patient's specific tumor and/or stromal antigen pattern.\",\n \"Depending on the patient's tumor and/or stromal antigen expression pattern VMX06 may be administered either alone or in combination with one or more suitable further Salmonella typhi Ty21a based cancer vaccine(s) comprising eukaryotic expression systems.\",\n \"Combinations of VXM06 with one or more further Salmonella typhi Ty21a based cancer vaccine(s) may however also be administered as fixed combinations.\",\n \"These cocktails combining two or more Salmonella typhi Ty21a based cancer vaccines can be composed from separate off the shelf products.\",\n \"The combinations, either fixed or individualized may contain VXM01 as anti-angiogenic basis therapy.\",\n \"SHORT DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIG.\",\n \"1: Amino acid sequence of truncated human WT1 encoded by WT1 cDNA contained in plasmid pVAX10.hWT1 FIG.\",\n \"2: Nucleic acid sequence of pVAX10.hWT1 FIG.\",\n \"3: Plasmid map of pVAX10.hWT1 FIG.\",\n \"4: Kaplan-Meier survival curves of mice bearing FBL-3 leukemia treated with VXM0m_empty, VXM06m and VXM06 FIG.\",\n \"5: Mean survival of mice bearing FBL-3 leukemia treated with VXM0m_empty, VXM06m and VXM06 Table 1: In vitro gene synthesis: phosphorylation reaction setup Table 2: In vitro gene synthesis: amplification of ligation product—PCR profile Table 3: Vaccine compositions Table 4: Assessment of antitumor activity—experimental design Table 5: Survival of mice bearing FBL-3 leukemia treated with VXM0m_empty, VXM06m and VXM06 Table 6: Number of dead animals after tumor challenge over time Table 7: Mean and median survival of mice bearing FBL-3 leukemia treated with VXM0m_empty, VXM06m and VXM06 EXAMPLES Example 1: Preparation of Recombinant Plasmids pVAX10.mWT1 and pVAX10.hWT1 Human truncated WT1 (1116 bp, WT1 sequence according to UniProt reference sequence P19544-7, truncated by the zinc finger domain) and murine truncated WT1 (1101 bp, WT1 sequence according to UniProt reference sequence P22561-5, truncated by the zinc finger domain) were cloned into the pVAX10 backbone derived of pVAX10.VR2-1.WT1 DNA fragments were generated by double-strand gene synthesis, where oligonucleotides were linked together using a thermostable ligase.\",\n \"Oligo Design and Synthesis: In a first step, the gene sequence of truncated human and truncated murine WT1 (truncated by the zinc finger domain) were subdivided into individual oligonucleotides of 40 to 50 bases using the software “SeqEditor” (Entelechon).\",\n \"The defined oligonucleotides overlapped and corresponded to both DNA strands.\",\n \"After synthesis of the oligonucleotides of both DNA strands, the oligonucleotides were diluted with 10 mM Tris (pH 8.5) to a final concentration of 50 pmol/μl.\",\n \"Kinase Reaction: The in vitro synthesized oligonucleotides were then phosphorylated by incubation with T4 polynucleotide kinase in order to allow for subsequent ligation of the oligonucleotides.\",\n \"Forward and reverse oligonucleotides were phosphorylated.\",\n \"The reaction setup is summarized in the following Table 1: Volume Ingredient 10 μl Primer mix 10 μl 10x T4 Polynucleotide kinase (PNK) buffer 10 μl ATP (25 mM) 68 μl Sterile water 2 μl T4 PNK (10 U/μl) The reaction mixture was incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. in a water bath.\",\n \"Then the T4 polynucleotide kinase was inactivated by a five-minute heat step at 95° C. and afterwards immediately cooled on ice until further treatment.\",\n \"12.5 μL of the kinase mixture was used directly for ligation (20 U Taq DNA ligase, 35 μl reaction volume (New England Biolabs, M0208S).\",\n \"The denaturation step at 95° C. was followed by progressive cooling (1° C./min).\",\n \"During this process, the complementary oligonucleotides assemble to a double strand DNA.\",\n \"The process was performed in a thermocycler (Personal Cycler, Biometra).\",\n \"By addition of the thermostable Taq DNA ligase, the 5′-PO4-end of the oligonucleotides were linked with the free 3′-OH-end of the following oligonucleotide.\",\n \"By repeated denaturation and renaturation steps, mismatched oligonucleotides were released.\",\n \"At the end of the program, the mixture was cooled at 4° C. Amplification of the Ligation Products by PCR: 5 μl of the obtained ligation products (about 1.1 kb) were amplified by PCR in a 50 μl volume with flanking primers as depicted in the following Table 2: no step temperature time No of cycles 1 denaturation 95° C. 5 min 1 2 denaturation 95° C. 30 sec 3 annealing 57° C. 30 sec {close oversize brace} 30x 4 elongation 72° C. 90 sec 5 extra-elongation 72° C. 5 min 1 6 cooling 4° C. ∞ 1 The PCR mixture contained the following components: 0.2-0.5 μM of each primer, 20 mM Tris-CI, pH 8.8, 10 mM KCl, 10 mM (NH4)2SO4, 2 mM MgSO4, 0.1% Triton X-100, 25 mM dNTP (each), 2 U VentR polymerase.\",\n \"The in vitro synthesized DNA fragments (human and murine truncated WT1; about 1.1 kb each) were cloned into the pVAX10 backbone via NheI/XhoI (the VEGFR-2 coding region of recombinant plasmid pVAX10.VR2-1 was replaced by truncated human or murine WT1).\",\n \"For quality control, the entire plasmids were sequenced and aligned to the respective reference sequence after transformation into E. coli.\",\n \"Both sequences proved to be free of errors.\",\n \"The resulting plasmids were designated pVAX10.mWT1 and pVAX10.hWT1.Example 2: Transformation of Attenuated Salmonella Strains with the Recombinant Plasmids S. typhi Ty 21a was transformed with plasmid pVAX10.hWT1.S.\",\n \"typhimurium SL7207 (aroK) was transformed with plasmid pVAX10.mVVT1.The transformation was performed by electroporation.\",\n \"Preparation of Competent Salmonella Cells: Glycerol cultures of S. typhi Ty21a and S. typhimurium SL7207 were inoculated on LB plates (animal component free [ACF] soy peptone).\",\n \"The plates were incubated at 37° C. overnight.\",\n \"One colony each was used for overnight-liquid-preculture.\",\n \"3 ml LB medium (ACF soy peptone) inoculated with one colony each was incubated at 37° C. and 180 rpm overnight.\",\n \"To prepare competent cells, 2×300 ml of LB medium (ACF soy peptone) were inoculated with 3 ml of the overnight culture and incubated at 37° C. and 180 rpm up to an OD600 of about 0.5.The cultures were then put on ice for 10 minutes.\",\n \"Subsequently, the bacteria were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000×g at 4° C. and each pellet was resuspended in 500 mL of ice cold H2Odest.\",\n \"After a new centrifugation step, the bacterial pellets were washed twice in 10% ice cold glycerol.\",\n \"Both pallets were put together in 2 ml of 10% glycerol and finally frozen in aliquots of 50 μL on dry ice.\",\n \"The used glycerol did not contain any animal ingredients (Sigma Aldrich, G5150).\",\n \"Transformation of Competent Salmonella Cells: For each transformation reaction, a 50 μl aliquot of competent cells was thawed on ice for 10 minutes.\",\n \"After adding 3-5 μL of plasmid DNA (pVAX10.hWT1 for competent S. typhi Ty21a cells and pVAX10.mWT1 for competent S. typhimurium SL7207 cells) the mixtures were incubated on ice for five minutes.\",\n \"Subsequently, the mixtures were transferred to pre-cooled cuvettes (1 mm thickness).\",\n \"The electric pulse was carried out at 12.5 kV/cm.\",\n \"Immediately afterwards, 1 ml of LB medium (ACF soy peptone) was added to the cells, the cells were transferred into a 2 ml Eppendorf tube and shaken for 1 hour at 37° C. After a short centrifugation step on a bench centrifuge (16600 rcf, 20s), the bacterial pellet was resuspended in 200 μl of LB (ACF soy peptone) antibiotic-free medium.\",\n \"The mixtures were applied with a Drigalski spatula on LB plates (ACF soy peptone) containing kanamycin (concentration=25 μg/ml or 50 μg/ml).\",\n \"The plates were incubated at 37° C. overnight.\",\n \"Plasmid Preparation of Recombinant Salmonella Clones: Three clones of each recombinant Salmonella strain were incubated overnight in 3 ml of LB medium (ACF soy peptone) containing kanamycin (50 μg/ml) at 37° C. The bacterial culture was then pelleted by centrifugation (16600 rcf, 30 s).\",\n \"Plasmid isolation was performed using the NucleoSpin Plasmid Kit from Macherey-Nagel.\",\n \"The plasmid DNA was eluted from the silica gel columns with 50 μl water.\",\n \"5 μl of the eluate was used in agarose gel electrophoresis for control.\",\n \"For long-term storage, 1 ml glycerol cultures of the positive clones were produced.\",\n \"For this purpose, 172 μl glycerol (no animal ingredients) was added to 828 μl medium of a logarithmically growing 3 ml culture in a 1 low ml screw microtube.\",\n \"The samples were stored at −70° C. until further use.\",\n \"Complete Sequencing of Recombinant Plasmid DNA Isolated from Salmonella: 3 ml of liquid LB-Kan medium (ACF soy peptone) were inoculated with one colony of recombinant Salmonella (S. typhi Ty21a harboring pVAX10.hWT1 and S. typhimurium SL7207 harboring pVAX10.mVVT1) and incubated overnight at 37° C. and 180 rpm.\",\n \"The overnight culture was pelleted by centrifugation at 1300 rpm for 30 s on a bench centrifuge (Biofuge pico, Heraeus).\",\n \"The plasmid isolation was performed with the NucleoSpin Plasmid Kit from Macherey-Nagel.\",\n \"After alkaline lysis and precipitation of high molecular weight genomic DNA and cellular components, the plasmid DNA was loaded onto columns with a silica membrane.\",\n \"After a washing step, the plasmids were eluted from the column with 50 μl of sterile water and sequenced.\",\n \"The sequences were then compared with the respective reference sequence by clone specific alignments, i.e.\",\n \"the plasmid sequences of each Salmonella clone was one by one aligned with the reference sequence.\",\n \"All sequences were in line with the respective reference sequences.\",\n \"The recombinant Salmonella strains were designated VXM06 (S. typhi Ty21a harboring plasmid pVAX10.hWT1) and VXM06m (S. typhimurium SL7207 harboring plasmid pVAX10.mVVT1).\",\n \"Example 3: Assessing Antitumor Activity of VXM06 and VXM06m in Syngeneic Leukemia Mouse Model The efficacy of VXM06 and VXM06m was assessed in a syngeneic leukemia C57/BL6J mouse model over a period of 43 days (with dose administration on alternate days for 4 occasions followed by leukemia cell inoculation at day 17).\",\n \"Two groups, each comprising 10 male mice (n=10) either received VXM06 (S. typhi Ty21a containing pVAX10.hWT1 coding for truncated human WT1) or VXM06m (S. typhimurium containing pVAX10.mWT1 coding for truncated murine WT1) at doses of 1010 CFU/occasion.\",\n \"One similarly constituted control group received VXM0m_empty (S. typhimurium vector control with no expression plasmid) at the same dose as the treated groups.\",\n \"During the study, body weight, mortality, and survival investigations were undertaken.\",\n \"Prior to this main study, a pilot study over 14 days in male C57616 mice (n=5 per group) without vaccination was performed using 5.0×106 and 3.0×107 FBL-3 cells, after which the first cell concentration was judged as optimal for the main vaccination study.\",\n \"DNA Vaccines: VXM06, VXM06m, and the S. typhimurium empty vector (VXM0m_empty) without expression plasmid were stored at ≤−80° C. until use.\",\n \"Vials being used during vaccination were not frozen again but discarded afterwards.\",\n \"The DNA vaccines under investigation are characterized in the following Table 3: Test item Batch Concentration Quantity VXM0m_empty VXM01m-e.1-01/2010 1011 CFU/ml 0.7 ml/vial (10 vials) VXM06m VXM06m-031.1-01/2012 1011 CFU/ml 0.7 ml/vial (10 vials) VXM06 VXM06-031.1-01/2012 1011 CFU/ml 0.7 ml/vial (10 vials) Route of Drug Administration: 100 μl of VXM0m_empty, VXM06m and VXM06 were applied per animal and application.\",\n \"After thawing of test items, application took place within 30 min.\",\n \"All test substances were administered by oral gavage (per os, P.O) via cannula with an injection volume of 100 μl/mouse.\",\n \"Regardless of animal groups, each animal received pre-dose application buffer to neutralize acid medium in the stomach prior to dosing (100 μl/animal/application for all dose groups).\",\n \"This buffer contained 2.6 g sodium hydrogen carbonate, 1.7 g L-ascorbic acid, 0.2 g lactose monohydrate and 100 ml of drinking water.\",\n \"Pre-dose applications were performed up to 30 minutes prior to application of the test items.\",\n \"Cell Culture: The WT1 overexpressing mouse leukemia cells FBL-3 required passaging to ensure viability and to attain the required amount of cells.\",\n \"The exponentially growing tumor cells were collected, mixed with trypan blue (at the recommended dilution 1:1) for viability determination, and manually counted using a counting chamber under optical microscope.\",\n \"FBL-3 cells were washed and resuspended in serum-free RPMI medium for injections into C57BL/6 mice.\",\n \"Vaccination and Tumor Cell Inoculation: Cell injection conditions for intraperitoneal (I.P.)\",\n \"injection: cell viability ≥97%; 5.0×106 cells/500 μl/mouse.\",\n \"Animals (30 C57BL/6 mice, 4-6 weeks, male, ≈20 g each, Charles River, France) were numbered, given a unique animal identification ear notch mark; the body weight was measured twice a week.\",\n \"Ten mice each (n=10 male) were vaccinated with VXM0m_empty, VXM06m, and VMX06.Vaccination was carried out by oral gavage of 1010 CFU/application at days 1, 3, 5, and 7.At day 17, FBL-3 tumor cells were inoculated in mice by I.P.\",\n \"route.\",\n \"The experimental design is summarized in the following Table 4: Tumor Dose Admin.\",\n \"Group Animals cells Treatment (CFU/adm) route Treatment schedule 1 10 5 × 106 VXM0m_empty 1010 (in 100 μl) PO Q2D × 4 (D1, D3, D5, D7) 2 10 5 × 106 VXM06m 1010 (in 100 μl) PO Q2D × 4 (D1, D3, D5, D7) 3 10 5 × 106 VXM96 1010 (in 100 μl) PO Q2D × 4 (D1, D3, D5, D7) Results: Survival data for the three treatment groups are listed in the following Table 5: Group 1; Group 2; Group 3; VXM0m_empty VXM06m VXM06 Day Survival Survival Survival −3 10 10 10 1 10 10 10 5 9 9 10 7 9 9 10 12 9 9 10 15 9 9 10 19 9 8 10 22 9 8 10 26 9 8 10 29 5 7 9 33 0 4 4 36 0 1 3 40 0 1 1 43 0 0 0 A daily clinical examination of all animals was performed: behavior, signs of suffering (cachexia, becoming, and difficulties moving or feeding).\",\n \"The number of dead animals after tumor challenge are listed in the following Table 6: Time Survival Dead treatment 1 9 0 VXM0m_empty 12 6 3 VXM0m_empty 15 2 4 VXM0m_empty 16 0 2 VXM0m_empty 1 8 0 VXM06m 12 7 1 VXM06m 14 6 1 VXM06m 16 4 2 VXM06m 19 1 3 VXM06m 26 0 1 VXM06m 1 10 0 VXM06 12 9 1 VXM06 14 8 1 VXM06 15 6 2 VXM06 16 4 2 VXM06 19 3 1 VXM06 v21 2 1 VXM06 22 1 1 VXM06 26 0 1 VXM06 FIG.\",\n \"4 depicts Kaplan-Meier survival curves of mice bearing FBL-3 leukemia treated with VXM0m_empty, VXM06m and VXM06.Mice treated with VXM06m and VXM06 survived longer compared to the control mice (up to 26 days).\",\n \"About 40% the mice that received VXM06m and VXM06 survived longer than those treated with VXM0m_empty.\",\n \"Mean and median survival of the three test groups are depicted in the following Table 7: VXM0m_empty VMX06m VXM06 9 8 10 Mice Survival time 1 12 12 12 2 12 14 14 3 12 16 15 4 15 16 15 5 15 19 16 6 15 19 16 7 15 19 19 8 16 26 21 9 16 22 10 26 Median 15 17.5 16 Mean 14.2 17.6 17.6 SD 1.6 4.0 4.1 SEM 0.5 1.4 1.3 Var.\",\n \"2.6 15.7 16.6 FIG.\",\n \"5 depicts the mean survival of mice bearing FBL-3 leukemia treated with VXM0m_empty, VXM06m and VXM06.Mice treated with VXM06m and VXM06 survived longer compared to the control mice.\",\n \"This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the constructs VXM06 and VXM06m in targeting WT1 overexpressing leukemia cells in a mouse model.\",\n \"The control mice treated with empty vector survived for up to 16 days after tumor cell challenge (see FIG.\",\n \"4).\",\n \"In contrast, the mice treated with VXM06m or with VXM06 showed prolonged survival compared to the mice vaccinated with the control vector VXM0m_empty (up to 26 days for both test items).\",\n \"About 40% of the mice that received VXM06m or VXM06 survived longer than those in the control group treated with VXM0m_empty.\",\n \"In summary, VXM06m and VXM06 showed a pharmacodynamic effect on the survival of test animals in this syngeneic C57616 leukemia mouse model.\",\n \"A similar pharmacodynamic effect of the two compounds VXM06m and VXM06 compared to empty vector was observed.\",\n \"These results show that these vaccines were able to trigger a response against WT1 in an immune-competent mouse leukemia model resulting in longer survival of animals compared to animals treated with empty vector.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872750"}}},{"rowIdx":4494158,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["Implement Washing Apparatus and Method","An implement washing apparatus is disclosed.","A portable, rigid housing defines at least a first basin and a second basin.","The first basin has an open top and closed side walls and bottom for containing liquid to soak the implement.","The second basin has side walls that include a plurality of bristles in an arrangement directed generally inwardly to a center of the second basin to scrub the implement."],["1.An implement washing apparatus for placement on a subdividing wall of a sink, the apparatus comprising: a first basin, a second basin, and a third basin, the first basin having an open top and a closed body for containing liquid to soak the implement, the second basin having at least one side wall having a first plurality of bristles directed generally inwardly to a center of the second basin to scrub the implement, and the third basin having at least one side wall connected with a rotating member at least partially within the third basin, the rotating member having a second plurality of bristles extending radially therefrom; and a bridge connecting the first basin with the second basin, the bridge having a downward facing arch proximate the open top of the first basin for placement on the subdividing wall of the sink, the bridge further having two bridge walls extending down from the downward facing arch, one of the two bridge walls defining a portion of the closed body of the first basin, the other of the two bridge walls defining a portion of the at least one side wall of the second basin.","2.The implement washing apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second plurality of bristles are formed of a rigid, non-abrasive material.","3.The implement washing apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the housing is formed of a water-resistant, resilient material from a group of water-resistant, resilient materials that consists of: plastic, thermoplastic, acrylic, stainless steel, aluminum, carbon fiber, and rubber.","4.An implement washing apparatus comprising: a first basin having an open top and a closed body, the first basin for containing liquid to soak the implement; a second basin connected with the first basin via the closed body, the second basin having a first plurality of bristles to scrub the implement; a bridge connecting the first basin with the second basin, the bridge having a downward facing arch proximate the open top of the first basin, the bridge further having two bridge walls extending down from the downward facing arch, one of the two bridge walls defining a portion of the closed body of the first basin, the other of the two bridge walls defining a portion of the at least one side wall of the second basin; and a third basin connected with the first or second basin, and having a rotating member that includes a second plurality of bristles extending radially from the rotating member, the second plurality of bristles being softer than the first plurality of bristles.","5.The implement washing apparatus in accordance with claim 4, wherein at least one of the first and second plurality of the bristles are formed of a rigid, non-abrasive material.","6.The implement washing apparatus in accordance with claim 4, wherein the first and second basins are formed of a water-resistant, resilient material from a group of water-resistant, resilient materials that consists of: plastic, thermoplastic, acrylic, stainless steel, aluminum, carbon fiber, and rubber."],[" BACKGROUND Outside of using modern dishwashers, the most common technique used for washing implements such as utensils, cutting knives, or other tools or equipment, has been to hold the implement with one hand, and alternatively scrub the implement with a brush or sponge held by the other hand and rinse under running water from a faucet.","In some cases, implements are allowed to soak first in a basin formed by a sink, a glass, or a bowl, to soften foodstuffs or dirt that sticks to the implements.","Yet, even in these cases, the soaked implements must be scrubbed and washed using two hands as described above.","Further, when such basin is used, they are separate and removed from any scrubbing tool.","The scrubbing tool may be set aside near the edge of a sink, in the sink, on the floor surrounding the sink, or in any of a number of locations removed from the basin.","This separation leads to unnecessary difficulty and complexity in a process to wash implements, as well as requiring the user to use both hands during the washing process."],[" SUMMARY This document presents an implement washing apparatus, and a method for using the same, in which the aforementioned problems are addressed to make an implement washing process economical, easy and efficient.","Further, the implement washing apparatus provides a unitary device, which may also be modular, for keeping the two major functions of a washing process—soaking and scrubbing—in near proximity to each other.","In one aspect, an implement washing apparatus is made of a portable, rigid housing defining at least a first basin and a second basin, the first basin having an open top and closed side walls and bottom for containing liquid to soak the implement.","The second basin has side walls that include a plurality of bristles in an arrangement directed generally inwardly to a center of the second basin to scrub the implement.","In other aspect, the implement washing apparatus can have further numbers of basins, of any size, and can be adapted to fit in a sink or over a bridge between two or more compartments of a sink.","The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below.","Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims."],["CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","15/351,404, entitled IMPLEMENT WASHING APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed Nov. 14, 2016, that in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","15/013,967, entitled “IMPLEMENT WASHING APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed Feb. 2, 2016, that in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","14/088,005, entitled, “IMPLEMENT WASHING APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed Nov. 22, 2013, that in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","13/012,672, entitled, “IMPLEMENT WASHING APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed Jan. 24, 2011, that in turn claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.","§ 119(e) of the following provisional application, all of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: U.S. Ser.","No.","61/297,693, entitled “IMPLEMENT WASHING APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed Jan. 22, 2010.BACKGROUND Outside of using modern dishwashers, the most common technique used for washing implements such as utensils, cutting knives, or other tools or equipment, has been to hold the implement with one hand, and alternatively scrub the implement with a brush or sponge held by the other hand and rinse under running water from a faucet.","In some cases, implements are allowed to soak first in a basin formed by a sink, a glass, or a bowl, to soften foodstuffs or dirt that sticks to the implements.","Yet, even in these cases, the soaked implements must be scrubbed and washed using two hands as described above.","Further, when such basin is used, they are separate and removed from any scrubbing tool.","The scrubbing tool may be set aside near the edge of a sink, in the sink, on the floor surrounding the sink, or in any of a number of locations removed from the basin.","This separation leads to unnecessary difficulty and complexity in a process to wash implements, as well as requiring the user to use both hands during the washing process.","SUMMARY This document presents an implement washing apparatus, and a method for using the same, in which the aforementioned problems are addressed to make an implement washing process economical, easy and efficient.","Further, the implement washing apparatus provides a unitary device, which may also be modular, for keeping the two major functions of a washing process—soaking and scrubbing—in near proximity to each other.","In one aspect, an implement washing apparatus is made of a portable, rigid housing defining at least a first basin and a second basin, the first basin having an open top and closed side walls and bottom for containing liquid to soak the implement.","The second basin has side walls that include a plurality of bristles in an arrangement directed generally inwardly to a center of the second basin to scrub the implement.","In other aspect, the implement washing apparatus can have further numbers of basins, of any size, and can be adapted to fit in a sink or over a bridge between two or more compartments of a sink.","The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below.","Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other aspects will now be described in detail with reference to the following drawings.","FIGS.","1A and 1B illustrate one variation of an implement washing apparatus.","FIGS.","2A and 2B illustrate another variation of an implement washing apparatus.","FIG.","3 is a perspective view of yet another variation of an implement washing apparatus.","FIG.","4 is a side view of the implement washing apparatus shown in FIG.","3.FIGS.","5A and 5B illustrate another variation of an implement washing apparatus.","FIG.","6 is a perspective view of yet another variation of an implement washing apparatus.","Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION This document describes an implement washing apparatus, and a method for making and using an implement washing apparatus.","In preferred exemplary implementations, an implement washing apparatus includes at least a first basin for soaking one or more implements, and at least a second basin, connected with or otherwise integrated with the first basin, for scrubbing the soaked one or more implements with a set of bristles that are connected with side walls of the second basin.","The implement washing apparatus may include a bridge for being mounted on a subdividing wall of a multi-basin sink, for example, or may include one or more suction cups or friction-bearing feet on the bottom of the apparatus to fix the implement washing apparatus in a desired position.","In accordance with the preferred exemplary implementations, a user can place the one or more implements in the first basin, which can then be filled, or be pre-filled, with a cleaning fluid such as water or soap and water.","The one or more implements can be left to soak in the first basin for a desired amount of time, to loosen any matter such as food, dirt or stains that is solidly stuck on the one or more implements.","The user can then select at least one implement from the first basin and place that implement into the second basin to scrub the loosened material from the implement.","The implement may be “dunked” repeatedly into the second basin, in order to guide the implement along some of the set of bristles, where the bristles forcibly remove the loosened but still-stuck on matter.","FIG.","1A is a side view and FIG.","1B is a top-down view of an implement washing apparatus 100 for soaking and scrubbing one or more implements 101.The implements include food utensils or other tools, such as knives, sticks, scissors, or any other implement that may be soiled with stuck-on matter such as food or dirt, which typically is not fully cleaned by even a dishwasher if available.","The implement washing apparatus 100 includes a housing 102.The housing can be squared or rounded, and can include one or more side walls and a bottom.","The one or more side walls and the bottom can be closed and impermeable to fluids such as water.","Alternatively, selected areas of either the side walls and/or the bottom can be provided with one or more holes or channels to allow fluid and other matter to exit the housing.","The housing 102 may include, or defines, a first basin 104 and a second basin 106.More basins may also be defined in the housing.","The first basin 104 includes closed side walls and a closed bottom, and is adapted and arranged to hold a liquid such as water or soap and water, to soak one or more implements 101.The second basin 106 includes side walls and a bottom.","The side walls of the second basin 106 includes a number of bristles 107 that are attached to the side walls and which are generally directed inwardly to a central area of the second basin 106.In some variations, the bottom of the second basin 106 may also include bristles that extend upwardly.","The bristles 107 may be part of, for example, a brush, or may be connected to a wire that circumscribes the inside of the side walls of the second basin 106.The housing 102, and therefore the first and second basins 104, 106, may be formed of a water-proof, rigid material such as plastic, PVC, thermoplastic, nylon, acrylic, carbon fiber composite material, hardened rubber, stainless steel, aluminum, or other material.","The bristles 107 can be formed of any material that is preferably non-abrasive, such as plastic, nylon, of any other non-abrasive yet flexibly rigid material.","The housing 102 of the implement washing apparatus 100 can include one or more subdividing walls 108 that join and connect the first and second basins 104, 106.The subdividing wall 108 may form at least one of the side walls of the first and/or second basins 104, 106.The subdividing wall 108 may also be formed of a connection of side walls of the first and second basins 104, 106.FIG.","2A shows a top-down view and FIG.","2B shows a side view of an alternative implement washing apparatus 200.The implement washing apparatus includes a first basin 204, a second basin 206, and may include a third basin 220 and fourth basin 222.The second basin 206 includes a set of bristles 207 adapted for scrubbing an implement.","The bristles 207 are shown as extending radially from a rotor that is connected on opposite ends to opposing side walls of the second basin 206.In this arrangement, the second basin 206 can be used to wash and scrub generally planar or wide implements such as plates, bowls, or a number of different implements simultaneously.","Each of the basins in the implement washing apparatus 200 may be adapted to hold fluid such as water or soap.","As shown in FIG.","2A, the third basin 220 includes bristles 221, which may include a first set of bristles that are generally directed inwardly, while a second set of bristles are attached to, and radiating outwardly from, an upward-extending protrusion.","In this arrangement, implements such as bowls, cups, glasses or mugs may be scrubbed by the bristles 221.The fourth basin 222 may include inwardly directed bristles 223 that are attached to at least some side walls of the fourth basin.","The implement washing apparatus 200 may further include one or more bridges 208.Each bridge 208 is adapted to connect at least two basins together, as well as provide a downward facing arch for placement on a subdividing wall of a multi-basin sink, for example.","The bridge 208 and basins may all be formed from one unitary material that makes up housing for the implement washing apparatus 200.FIG.","3 is a perspective view and FIG.","4 is a side view an implement washing apparatus 300 in accordance with yet another variation.","The implement washing apparatus 300 includes a soak basin 302, a scrub basin 304, a rinse basin 306, and a dry basin 308.These basins of the implement washing apparatus 300 can be used sequentially to soak, scrub, rinse and then dry an implement such as a fork, knife, spoon, or other implement.","The soak basin 302, scrub basin 304, and rinse basin 306 are preferably completely closed except for a top opening, to be able to hold water or other liquid.","For instance, the soak basin 302 is adapted for holding warm water with soap that soaks an implement and any matter stuck thereon.","The scrub basin 304 can also hold water or other liquid, but also includes bristles 305 or other scrubbing members which allow an implement to be inserted therein and scrubbed against them.","The rinse basin 306 preferably holds just water to rinse off any remaining matter or soap suds.","The dry basin 308 includes a number of holes 310 on a bottom surface to allow draining of any water, liquid or other matter therethrough.","Implements can therefore be placed in the dry basin 308 where they will dry automatically and without further user manipulation.","Two or more of the basins 302, 304, 306 and 308 may be connected together by connectors 312.For instance, a subunit can include two basins, and two subunits can be connected together by connectors 312 to form the implement washing apparatus 300.Alternatively, a subunit can include one basin, and two or more basins can be connected together to form the implement washing apparatus 300.Accordingly, an implement washing apparatus 300 may have one to any number of basins.","In some implementations, each basin can be provided in a common form, i.e.","with holes 310 and receptacles for holding bristles 305 or other scrubbing members, and the user can configure the common form to hold water by way of a bottom cover that can be placed at the bottom of the basin to cover the holes.","In this way, each basin can be made from the common faun and tailored with accessories based on user needs or preferences.","Further, the number of basins used by a user and connected together can be tailored for the environment or sink size, etc.","FIG.","5A is a side view and FIG.","5B is a top-down view of an implement washing apparatus 500 for soaking and scrubbing one or more implements 501, similar to the implementation shown in FIGS.","1A and 1B.","However, instead of a subdividing wall between a first basin 504 and a second basin 506, the implement washing apparatus 500 includes a soap basin 510 that is enclosed by opposing side walls 512, top wall 514, opposing end walls 516 and bottom wall 518.In this arrangement, the soap basin 510 forms substantially a hollow rectangular basin, although in other arrangements the soap basin 510 can be rounded, curvilinear or multi-angular.","The top wall 514 includes an inlet 520 that is closeable by a rubber pump stop 522.The rubber pump stop 522 is compressible, to subject the inner cavity of the soap basin 510 to additional pressure.","At least one of the opposing side walls 516 includes a set of holes 524 that are sized to inhibit flow of liquid soap therethrough unless the rubber pump stop 522 is compressed and additional pressure is exerted to the inner cavity of the soap basin 510.Since liquid soap generally has a higher viscosity than water in the first and/or second basins 504 and 506, the holes 524 are small, and can range from 0.01 to 10 millimeters.","The size of the hole is adapted to and consistent with the viscosity of the liquid soap being held in the soap basin 510.The holes 524 are preferably spaced apart at equal increments along the bottom of the side wall(s) 512 of the soap basin 510, to enable dispensing of the liquid soap into the first and/or second basins 504, 506 (illustrated by thin arrows in FIGS.","5A and 5B) upon compression of the rubber pump stop 522, as indicated by the thick arrow in FIG.","5A.","FIG.","6 is a perspective view of yet another variation of an implement washing apparatus 600, which is similar to the apparatus 300 shown in FIG.","3, except apparatus 600 includes a soap basin 610 between at least two basins (602, 604) of the two or more basins (602, 604, 606, 608).","The soap basin 610 is arranged and operates similarly to the basin 510 described above.","Further, soap basin 610 can be connected to remote basins by soap dispensing channels arranged along the side or bottom, or within the housing 601 of the implement washing apparatus 600.The channels can have a cross-sectional area that is substantially the same as any holes that dispense liquid soap from the soap basin 610 to any other basin.","Alternatively, other pairs of basins may be separated by a separate soap basin, to provide the implement washing apparatus 600 with two or more soap basins.","The above-described implement washing apparatuses can be used by a user for one-handed washing of implements, using waterproof, inexpensive and resilient basins.","The implement washing apparatuses can also save significant amounts of water during the implement washing process, as the rinse cycle can be metered by water in the rinse basin, and food from the implements is easier to rinse off.","Those having skill the art would recognize that the arrangements illustrated herein, especially the number and arrangement of basins within the apparatuses, are not limited to the specific number and arrangement as described herein.","Although a few embodiments have been described in detail above, other modifications are possible.","Other embodiments may be within the scope of the following claims."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"Implement Washing Apparatus and Method\",\n \"An implement washing apparatus is disclosed.\",\n \"A portable, rigid housing defines at least a first basin and a second basin.\",\n \"The first basin has an open top and closed side walls and bottom for containing liquid to soak the implement.\",\n \"The second basin has side walls that include a plurality of bristles in an arrangement directed generally inwardly to a center of the second basin to scrub the implement.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.An implement washing apparatus for placement on a subdividing wall of a sink, the apparatus comprising: a first basin, a second basin, and a third basin, the first basin having an open top and a closed body for containing liquid to soak the implement, the second basin having at least one side wall having a first plurality of bristles directed generally inwardly to a center of the second basin to scrub the implement, and the third basin having at least one side wall connected with a rotating member at least partially within the third basin, the rotating member having a second plurality of bristles extending radially therefrom; and a bridge connecting the first basin with the second basin, the bridge having a downward facing arch proximate the open top of the first basin for placement on the subdividing wall of the sink, the bridge further having two bridge walls extending down from the downward facing arch, one of the two bridge walls defining a portion of the closed body of the first basin, the other of the two bridge walls defining a portion of the at least one side wall of the second basin.\",\n \"2.The implement washing apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second plurality of bristles are formed of a rigid, non-abrasive material.\",\n \"3.The implement washing apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the housing is formed of a water-resistant, resilient material from a group of water-resistant, resilient materials that consists of: plastic, thermoplastic, acrylic, stainless steel, aluminum, carbon fiber, and rubber.\",\n \"4.An implement washing apparatus comprising: a first basin having an open top and a closed body, the first basin for containing liquid to soak the implement; a second basin connected with the first basin via the closed body, the second basin having a first plurality of bristles to scrub the implement; a bridge connecting the first basin with the second basin, the bridge having a downward facing arch proximate the open top of the first basin, the bridge further having two bridge walls extending down from the downward facing arch, one of the two bridge walls defining a portion of the closed body of the first basin, the other of the two bridge walls defining a portion of the at least one side wall of the second basin; and a third basin connected with the first or second basin, and having a rotating member that includes a second plurality of bristles extending radially from the rotating member, the second plurality of bristles being softer than the first plurality of bristles.\",\n \"5.The implement washing apparatus in accordance with claim 4, wherein at least one of the first and second plurality of the bristles are formed of a rigid, non-abrasive material.\",\n \"6.The implement washing apparatus in accordance with claim 4, wherein the first and second basins are formed of a water-resistant, resilient material from a group of water-resistant, resilient materials that consists of: plastic, thermoplastic, acrylic, stainless steel, aluminum, carbon fiber, and rubber.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND Outside of using modern dishwashers, the most common technique used for washing implements such as utensils, cutting knives, or other tools or equipment, has been to hold the implement with one hand, and alternatively scrub the implement with a brush or sponge held by the other hand and rinse under running water from a faucet.\",\n \"In some cases, implements are allowed to soak first in a basin formed by a sink, a glass, or a bowl, to soften foodstuffs or dirt that sticks to the implements.\",\n \"Yet, even in these cases, the soaked implements must be scrubbed and washed using two hands as described above.\",\n \"Further, when such basin is used, they are separate and removed from any scrubbing tool.\",\n \"The scrubbing tool may be set aside near the edge of a sink, in the sink, on the floor surrounding the sink, or in any of a number of locations removed from the basin.\",\n \"This separation leads to unnecessary difficulty and complexity in a process to wash implements, as well as requiring the user to use both hands during the washing process.\"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY This document presents an implement washing apparatus, and a method for using the same, in which the aforementioned problems are addressed to make an implement washing process economical, easy and efficient.\",\n \"Further, the implement washing apparatus provides a unitary device, which may also be modular, for keeping the two major functions of a washing process—soaking and scrubbing—in near proximity to each other.\",\n \"In one aspect, an implement washing apparatus is made of a portable, rigid housing defining at least a first basin and a second basin, the first basin having an open top and closed side walls and bottom for containing liquid to soak the implement.\",\n \"The second basin has side walls that include a plurality of bristles in an arrangement directed generally inwardly to a center of the second basin to scrub the implement.\",\n \"In other aspect, the implement washing apparatus can have further numbers of basins, of any size, and can be adapted to fit in a sink or over a bridge between two or more compartments of a sink.\",\n \"The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below.\",\n \"Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"15/351,404, entitled IMPLEMENT WASHING APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed Nov. 14, 2016, that in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"15/013,967, entitled “IMPLEMENT WASHING APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed Feb. 2, 2016, that in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/088,005, entitled, “IMPLEMENT WASHING APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed Nov. 22, 2013, that in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"13/012,672, entitled, “IMPLEMENT WASHING APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed Jan. 24, 2011, that in turn claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.\",\n \"§ 119(e) of the following provisional application, all of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: U.S. Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"61/297,693, entitled “IMPLEMENT WASHING APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed Jan. 22, 2010.BACKGROUND Outside of using modern dishwashers, the most common technique used for washing implements such as utensils, cutting knives, or other tools or equipment, has been to hold the implement with one hand, and alternatively scrub the implement with a brush or sponge held by the other hand and rinse under running water from a faucet.\",\n \"In some cases, implements are allowed to soak first in a basin formed by a sink, a glass, or a bowl, to soften foodstuffs or dirt that sticks to the implements.\",\n \"Yet, even in these cases, the soaked implements must be scrubbed and washed using two hands as described above.\",\n \"Further, when such basin is used, they are separate and removed from any scrubbing tool.\",\n \"The scrubbing tool may be set aside near the edge of a sink, in the sink, on the floor surrounding the sink, or in any of a number of locations removed from the basin.\",\n \"This separation leads to unnecessary difficulty and complexity in a process to wash implements, as well as requiring the user to use both hands during the washing process.\",\n \"SUMMARY This document presents an implement washing apparatus, and a method for using the same, in which the aforementioned problems are addressed to make an implement washing process economical, easy and efficient.\",\n \"Further, the implement washing apparatus provides a unitary device, which may also be modular, for keeping the two major functions of a washing process—soaking and scrubbing—in near proximity to each other.\",\n \"In one aspect, an implement washing apparatus is made of a portable, rigid housing defining at least a first basin and a second basin, the first basin having an open top and closed side walls and bottom for containing liquid to soak the implement.\",\n \"The second basin has side walls that include a plurality of bristles in an arrangement directed generally inwardly to a center of the second basin to scrub the implement.\",\n \"In other aspect, the implement washing apparatus can have further numbers of basins, of any size, and can be adapted to fit in a sink or over a bridge between two or more compartments of a sink.\",\n \"The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below.\",\n \"Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other aspects will now be described in detail with reference to the following drawings.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"1A and 1B illustrate one variation of an implement washing apparatus.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"2A and 2B illustrate another variation of an implement washing apparatus.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 is a perspective view of yet another variation of an implement washing apparatus.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4 is a side view of the implement washing apparatus shown in FIG.\",\n \"3.FIGS.\",\n \"5A and 5B illustrate another variation of an implement washing apparatus.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 is a perspective view of yet another variation of an implement washing apparatus.\",\n \"Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION This document describes an implement washing apparatus, and a method for making and using an implement washing apparatus.\",\n \"In preferred exemplary implementations, an implement washing apparatus includes at least a first basin for soaking one or more implements, and at least a second basin, connected with or otherwise integrated with the first basin, for scrubbing the soaked one or more implements with a set of bristles that are connected with side walls of the second basin.\",\n \"The implement washing apparatus may include a bridge for being mounted on a subdividing wall of a multi-basin sink, for example, or may include one or more suction cups or friction-bearing feet on the bottom of the apparatus to fix the implement washing apparatus in a desired position.\",\n \"In accordance with the preferred exemplary implementations, a user can place the one or more implements in the first basin, which can then be filled, or be pre-filled, with a cleaning fluid such as water or soap and water.\",\n \"The one or more implements can be left to soak in the first basin for a desired amount of time, to loosen any matter such as food, dirt or stains that is solidly stuck on the one or more implements.\",\n \"The user can then select at least one implement from the first basin and place that implement into the second basin to scrub the loosened material from the implement.\",\n \"The implement may be “dunked” repeatedly into the second basin, in order to guide the implement along some of the set of bristles, where the bristles forcibly remove the loosened but still-stuck on matter.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1A is a side view and FIG.\",\n \"1B is a top-down view of an implement washing apparatus 100 for soaking and scrubbing one or more implements 101.The implements include food utensils or other tools, such as knives, sticks, scissors, or any other implement that may be soiled with stuck-on matter such as food or dirt, which typically is not fully cleaned by even a dishwasher if available.\",\n \"The implement washing apparatus 100 includes a housing 102.The housing can be squared or rounded, and can include one or more side walls and a bottom.\",\n \"The one or more side walls and the bottom can be closed and impermeable to fluids such as water.\",\n \"Alternatively, selected areas of either the side walls and/or the bottom can be provided with one or more holes or channels to allow fluid and other matter to exit the housing.\",\n \"The housing 102 may include, or defines, a first basin 104 and a second basin 106.More basins may also be defined in the housing.\",\n \"The first basin 104 includes closed side walls and a closed bottom, and is adapted and arranged to hold a liquid such as water or soap and water, to soak one or more implements 101.The second basin 106 includes side walls and a bottom.\",\n \"The side walls of the second basin 106 includes a number of bristles 107 that are attached to the side walls and which are generally directed inwardly to a central area of the second basin 106.In some variations, the bottom of the second basin 106 may also include bristles that extend upwardly.\",\n \"The bristles 107 may be part of, for example, a brush, or may be connected to a wire that circumscribes the inside of the side walls of the second basin 106.The housing 102, and therefore the first and second basins 104, 106, may be formed of a water-proof, rigid material such as plastic, PVC, thermoplastic, nylon, acrylic, carbon fiber composite material, hardened rubber, stainless steel, aluminum, or other material.\",\n \"The bristles 107 can be formed of any material that is preferably non-abrasive, such as plastic, nylon, of any other non-abrasive yet flexibly rigid material.\",\n \"The housing 102 of the implement washing apparatus 100 can include one or more subdividing walls 108 that join and connect the first and second basins 104, 106.The subdividing wall 108 may form at least one of the side walls of the first and/or second basins 104, 106.The subdividing wall 108 may also be formed of a connection of side walls of the first and second basins 104, 106.FIG.\",\n \"2A shows a top-down view and FIG.\",\n \"2B shows a side view of an alternative implement washing apparatus 200.The implement washing apparatus includes a first basin 204, a second basin 206, and may include a third basin 220 and fourth basin 222.The second basin 206 includes a set of bristles 207 adapted for scrubbing an implement.\",\n \"The bristles 207 are shown as extending radially from a rotor that is connected on opposite ends to opposing side walls of the second basin 206.In this arrangement, the second basin 206 can be used to wash and scrub generally planar or wide implements such as plates, bowls, or a number of different implements simultaneously.\",\n \"Each of the basins in the implement washing apparatus 200 may be adapted to hold fluid such as water or soap.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"2A, the third basin 220 includes bristles 221, which may include a first set of bristles that are generally directed inwardly, while a second set of bristles are attached to, and radiating outwardly from, an upward-extending protrusion.\",\n \"In this arrangement, implements such as bowls, cups, glasses or mugs may be scrubbed by the bristles 221.The fourth basin 222 may include inwardly directed bristles 223 that are attached to at least some side walls of the fourth basin.\",\n \"The implement washing apparatus 200 may further include one or more bridges 208.Each bridge 208 is adapted to connect at least two basins together, as well as provide a downward facing arch for placement on a subdividing wall of a multi-basin sink, for example.\",\n \"The bridge 208 and basins may all be formed from one unitary material that makes up housing for the implement washing apparatus 200.FIG.\",\n \"3 is a perspective view and FIG.\",\n \"4 is a side view an implement washing apparatus 300 in accordance with yet another variation.\",\n \"The implement washing apparatus 300 includes a soak basin 302, a scrub basin 304, a rinse basin 306, and a dry basin 308.These basins of the implement washing apparatus 300 can be used sequentially to soak, scrub, rinse and then dry an implement such as a fork, knife, spoon, or other implement.\",\n \"The soak basin 302, scrub basin 304, and rinse basin 306 are preferably completely closed except for a top opening, to be able to hold water or other liquid.\",\n \"For instance, the soak basin 302 is adapted for holding warm water with soap that soaks an implement and any matter stuck thereon.\",\n \"The scrub basin 304 can also hold water or other liquid, but also includes bristles 305 or other scrubbing members which allow an implement to be inserted therein and scrubbed against them.\",\n \"The rinse basin 306 preferably holds just water to rinse off any remaining matter or soap suds.\",\n \"The dry basin 308 includes a number of holes 310 on a bottom surface to allow draining of any water, liquid or other matter therethrough.\",\n \"Implements can therefore be placed in the dry basin 308 where they will dry automatically and without further user manipulation.\",\n \"Two or more of the basins 302, 304, 306 and 308 may be connected together by connectors 312.For instance, a subunit can include two basins, and two subunits can be connected together by connectors 312 to form the implement washing apparatus 300.Alternatively, a subunit can include one basin, and two or more basins can be connected together to form the implement washing apparatus 300.Accordingly, an implement washing apparatus 300 may have one to any number of basins.\",\n \"In some implementations, each basin can be provided in a common form, i.e.\",\n \"with holes 310 and receptacles for holding bristles 305 or other scrubbing members, and the user can configure the common form to hold water by way of a bottom cover that can be placed at the bottom of the basin to cover the holes.\",\n \"In this way, each basin can be made from the common faun and tailored with accessories based on user needs or preferences.\",\n \"Further, the number of basins used by a user and connected together can be tailored for the environment or sink size, etc.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5A is a side view and FIG.\",\n \"5B is a top-down view of an implement washing apparatus 500 for soaking and scrubbing one or more implements 501, similar to the implementation shown in FIGS.\",\n \"1A and 1B.\",\n \"However, instead of a subdividing wall between a first basin 504 and a second basin 506, the implement washing apparatus 500 includes a soap basin 510 that is enclosed by opposing side walls 512, top wall 514, opposing end walls 516 and bottom wall 518.In this arrangement, the soap basin 510 forms substantially a hollow rectangular basin, although in other arrangements the soap basin 510 can be rounded, curvilinear or multi-angular.\",\n \"The top wall 514 includes an inlet 520 that is closeable by a rubber pump stop 522.The rubber pump stop 522 is compressible, to subject the inner cavity of the soap basin 510 to additional pressure.\",\n \"At least one of the opposing side walls 516 includes a set of holes 524 that are sized to inhibit flow of liquid soap therethrough unless the rubber pump stop 522 is compressed and additional pressure is exerted to the inner cavity of the soap basin 510.Since liquid soap generally has a higher viscosity than water in the first and/or second basins 504 and 506, the holes 524 are small, and can range from 0.01 to 10 millimeters.\",\n \"The size of the hole is adapted to and consistent with the viscosity of the liquid soap being held in the soap basin 510.The holes 524 are preferably spaced apart at equal increments along the bottom of the side wall(s) 512 of the soap basin 510, to enable dispensing of the liquid soap into the first and/or second basins 504, 506 (illustrated by thin arrows in FIGS.\",\n \"5A and 5B) upon compression of the rubber pump stop 522, as indicated by the thick arrow in FIG.\",\n \"5A.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 is a perspective view of yet another variation of an implement washing apparatus 600, which is similar to the apparatus 300 shown in FIG.\",\n \"3, except apparatus 600 includes a soap basin 610 between at least two basins (602, 604) of the two or more basins (602, 604, 606, 608).\",\n \"The soap basin 610 is arranged and operates similarly to the basin 510 described above.\",\n \"Further, soap basin 610 can be connected to remote basins by soap dispensing channels arranged along the side or bottom, or within the housing 601 of the implement washing apparatus 600.The channels can have a cross-sectional area that is substantially the same as any holes that dispense liquid soap from the soap basin 610 to any other basin.\",\n \"Alternatively, other pairs of basins may be separated by a separate soap basin, to provide the implement washing apparatus 600 with two or more soap basins.\",\n \"The above-described implement washing apparatuses can be used by a user for one-handed washing of implements, using waterproof, inexpensive and resilient basins.\",\n \"The implement washing apparatuses can also save significant amounts of water during the implement washing process, as the rinse cycle can be metered by water in the rinse basin, and food from the implements is easier to rinse off.\",\n \"Those having skill the art would recognize that the arrangements illustrated herein, especially the number and arrangement of basins within the apparatuses, are not limited to the specific number and arrangement as described herein.\",\n \"Although a few embodiments have been described in detail above, other modifications are possible.\",\n \"Other embodiments may be within the scope of the following claims.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872752"}}},{"rowIdx":4494159,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["COUPLING FITTING FOR PIPES","The invention is directed to a coupling fitting, having a pipeline and having a connector sleeve.","The pipeline and connector sleeve are each separate parts and are fixedly and non-detachably connected to one another by a connecting ring which can be produced in situ by injection molding plastics material.","The invention is also directed to a method for making the coupling fitting."],["1.A coupling fitting comprising: a pipeline having an inner diameter and defining an end and an outwardly directed radial annular bead disposed at a predetermined distance from said end; a connecting sleeve pushed onto said pipeline; said connecting sleeve having a first end disposed in the region of said annular bead and an inner wall surface defining a first inner diameter dimensioned so as to cause said annular bead and said inner wall surface to conjointly define a gap therebetween; said connecting sleeve further having a second end defining a second inner diameter which corresponds to said inner diameter of said pipeline; said radial annular bead and said end of said pipeline conjointly defining a transition zone wherein said first inner diameter transitions to said second inner diameter so as to permit said connecting sleeve to be pushed onto said pipeline only so far until said end of said pipeline does not fit any farther into said second diameter of said connecting sleeve; said end of said pipeline and said annular bead together with said coupling sleeve and said pipeline conjointly defining an annular cavity; an elastic annular seal disposed in said annular cavity; an injection molded connecting ring made of plastics material in an injection-molding process and being disposed in a region of said coupling fitting which is axially dimensioned so as to permit said connecting ring to cover over said first end of said connecting sleeve both in a first direction toward said second end of said connecting sleeve as well as in a second direction opposite said first direction to a predetermined dimension; and, the plastics material, because of injection pressure, extending through said gap into said annular cavity up to said elastic annular seal and extending from behind said annular bead in a direction away from said end of said pipeline so as to form a shoulder extending inwardly to said pipeline.","2.The coupling fitting of claim 1, wherein said connecting sleeve has at least one annular groove into which said plastics material of said connecting ring engages.","3.The coupling fitting of claim 1, wherein said coupling fitting further comprises a holder having a part thereof embedded in the plastics material of said connecting ring.","4.The coupling fitting of claim 3, wherein said part projecting into the plastics material of said connecting ring has at least one through hole which is filled with said plastics material.","5.A method of making a coupling fitting which includes a pipeline having an inner diameter and defining an end and a connecting sleeve, the method comprising the steps of: generating an annular bead on the pipeline disposed at a predetermined distance from the end of the pipeline; pushing an elastic annular seal onto the end of the pipeline so as to cause the annular seal to come to rest between the bead and the end of the pipeline; pushing the connecting sleeve having first and second ends onto the end of the pipeline until the first end comes to rest in the region of said bead so as to cause the outer diameter of the bead and a first inner diameter of the connecting sleeve to conjointly define a gap therebetween and the second end of said connecting sleeve having a second inner diameter corresponding to the inner diameter of the pipeline; the annular bead and the end of the pipeline conjointly defining a transition zone wherein the first inner diameter of said connecting sleeve transitions to the second inner diameter thereof so as to permit the connecting sleeve to be pushed onto the pipeline only so far until the end of the pipeline does not fit any farther into the second diameter of the connecting sleeve; and, injection molding the assembly composed of pipeline end and connecting sleeve to form a connecting ring of plastics material in a region which is axially dimensioned such that the connecting ring covers over the pushed-on first end of the connecting sleeve both in a first direction toward the second end of the connecting sleeve and in a second direction opposite the first direction by a predetermined dimension, wherein the plastics material of the connecting ring is, owing to the injection pressure, pressed through the gap as far as the elastic seal and, secondly, the injected material is pressed around the pipeline behind the bead in a direction away from the pipeline end, such that a shoulder is formed which extends inwardly to the pipeline.","6.The method of claim 5 comprising the further step of: arranging a holder in the region of the connecting ring to be injection molded, in such a way that a part of the holder projects into the region in which injection molding is to be performed, and said part is encapsulated by the injection-molded plastics material during the injection molding process.","7.The method of claim 6, wherein part of the holder which projects into the region in which injection molding is to be performed has at least one through hole into which the injection-molded plastics material ingresses during the injection molding process."],[" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Coupling fittings have long been known and used.","A problem in the case of such fittings may be that the fitting, especially in the case of plug-in connections, must have particular profiles which must be integrally formed on, or attached in fluid-tight fashion in some other way to, the affected end of the line.","In particular in the case of metallic pipelines, it is common practice for such coupling fittings to be attached by brazing.","This is however associated with a certain degree of effort and corresponding costs.","Furthermore, the high temperatures that arise during the brazing process can undesirably adversely affect adjoining components.","This problem can be circumvented if use is made of fittings composed of plastic, which may for example be adhesively bonded on or else produced in situ by an injection molding process.","EP 0531709 B1 presents a fitting of this type which is injection-molded onto the end of a pipeline composed of plastic.","Here, the entire connector part is produced as an injection molding.","Thus, a relatively large volume of material is required, which leads inter alia to increased cooling times.","WO 2004/018176 A1 likewise discloses a fitting of the type discussed in the introduction.","In this case, the plastics pipeline is cohesively connected, by an injection molding process using a plastic, to a connector sleeve which is likewise composed of plastic and which is fitted onto the pipe.","This principle however functions only with materials which, under the thermal conditions in the injection molding process, fuse together with the injection-molded material at least at the surfaces.","This greatly restricts the material selection; for example, it is thus not possible to use metallic pipelines.","Also, extremely exact process control must be ensured, because otherwise there is the risk of leaks forming."],[" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to provide a coupling fitting of the type discussed above such that, with the broadest possible range of usable materials and the least possible material usage, the fitting can be securely and sealingly connected to the pipeline, wherein undesired thermal loading of the components involved and of adjacent components can be avoided.","The object is achieved in that the fitting has the following features: a radially outwardly directed, encircling bead which is spaced apart from the end of the pipeline by a predetermined dimension; a connector sleeve which is pushed onto the pipeline, the first end of which connector sleeve is arranged in the region of the bead of the pipeline and has a first inner diameter such that a gap is present between the outer diameter of the bead and the first inner diameter of the sleeve, and the second end of which connector sleeve has a second inner diameter which corresponds to the inner diameter of the pipeline, and the first diameter transitions into the second diameter in a transition region between the bead and the end of the pipeline, such that the sleeve can be pushed onto the end of the pipeline only as far as a point at which the end of the pipeline fits no further into the second diameter of the sleeve; an elastic annular seal, which is arranged both between the end of the pipeline and the bead as well as between the pushed-on sleeve and the pipeline; a connecting ring which is arranged in a region which is axially dimensioned such that it covers the pushed-on first end of the sleeve both in the direction of the non-pushed-on second end of the sleeve and in the opposite direction by a predetermined dimension and can be produced in a plastics injection-molding process, wherein the plastics material of the connecting ring can, owing to the injection pressure, be pre-pressed through the gap as far as the elastic seal and, secondly, the injected material can be pressed around the pipeline behind the bead of the pipeline in a direction pointing away from the pipeline end, such that a shoulder can be formed which extends inwardly as far as the pipeline.","In this way, it is possible to prevent the pipeline from being able to be pulled out of the fitting.","The injection-molded material pre-pressed against the elastic seal causes the seal to be axially compressed, such that the sealing action between the sleeve and the pipeline can be further intensified.","In one embodiment of the invention, the pushed-on sleeve has, in the region of the connecting ring, at least one encircling groove into which the material of the connecting ring engages.","The connection of the connecting ring to the connector sleeve is in this way intensified by means of a positively locking component.","In one embodiment of the invention, the coupling fitting has a holder which is arranged at least partially in the region of the connecting ring, such that at least a part of the holder is embedded into the material of the connecting ring.","By means of this arrangement, a holder together with the connecting ring can be produced in one working step with the pipeline.","In one embodiment of the invention, that part of the holder which projects into the connecting ring has at least one through-hole which is filled with the injection-molded material.","This arrangement has the advantage that the holder can also be connected in positively locking fashion to the connecting ring.","The invention furthermore relates to a method for producing a coupling fitting, having a pipeline and having a connector sleeve.","In this case, the invention is based on the object of producing the connection discussed in the introduction so as to be secure and sealed in the simplest possible manner and with the least possible material usage, wherein undesired thermal loading of the components involved and of adjacent components is avoided.","The object is achieved in that the connection is made by the following working steps: producing an encircling bead on the pipeline, wherein the bead is spaced apart from the end of the pipeline by a predetermined dimension; pushing an elastic, ring-shaped seal onto the end of the pipeline such that the seal comes to lie between the bead and the end of the pipeline; pushing a sleeve onto the end of the pipeline such that the first end of the sleeve comes to lie in the region of the bead of the pipeline and has a first inner diameter such that a gap is formed between the outer diameter of the bead and the first inner diameter of the sleeve, and the second end of which sleeve has a second inner diameter which corresponds to the inner diameter of the pipeline, and the first diameter transitions into the second diameter in a transition region between the bead and the end of the pipeline, such that the sleeve can be pushed onto the end of the pipeline only as far as a point at which the end of the pipeline fits no further into the second diameter of the sleeve; encapsulating the assembly composed of pipeline end and sleeve to form a connecting ring in a region which is axially dimensioned such that the connecting ring covers the pushed-on first end of the sleeve both in the direction of the non-pushed-on second end of the sleeve and in the opposite direction by a predetermined dimension and is produced in a plastics injection-molding process, wherein the material of the connecting ring is, owing to the injection pressure, pressed through the gap as far as the elastic seal and, secondly, the injected material is pressed around the pipeline behind the bead of the pipeline in a direction pointing away from the pipeline end, such that a shoulder is formed which extends inwardly as far as the pipeline.","In this way, an inwardly pointing shoulder of the encapsulation forms behind the bead of the pipeline, which shoulder prevents the pipeline from being able to be pulled out of the fitting.","The inflow of the injection-molded material against the elastic seal causes the seal to be axially compressed, such that the sealing action between the sleeve and the pipeline is further intensified.","In one embodiment of the invention, the pushed-on sleeve has, in the region of the encapsulation, at least one encircling groove into which the injection-molded material flows during the injection-molding process.","Thus, positive locking is generated between the sleeve and the solidified injection-molded material, which positive locking improves the reliability with which the sleeve and the pipeline are prevented from being pulled apart.","In one embodiment of the invention, the method furthermore comprises the following step: arranging a holder in the region of the connecting ring to be encapsulated, in such a way that a part of the holder projects into the region in which injection molding is to be performed, and the part is encapsulated by the injection-molded material during the injection molding process.","This arrangement has the advantage that a holder does not have to be separately attached.","In one embodiment of the invention, that part of the holder which projects into the region in which injection molding is to be performed has at least one through-hole into which the injection-molded material ingresses during the injection molding process.","In this way, the holder is also connected in positively locking fashion to the connecting ring."],["CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation application of international patent application PCT/EP2016/054500, filed Mar.","3, 2016, designating the United States and claiming priority from German application 10 2015 213 223.4, filed Jul.","15, 2015, and the entire content of both applications is incorporated herein by reference.","FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a coupling fitting, having a pipeline and having a connector sleeve.","BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Coupling fittings have long been known and used.","A problem in the case of such fittings may be that the fitting, especially in the case of plug-in connections, must have particular profiles which must be integrally formed on, or attached in fluid-tight fashion in some other way to, the affected end of the line.","In particular in the case of metallic pipelines, it is common practice for such coupling fittings to be attached by brazing.","This is however associated with a certain degree of effort and corresponding costs.","Furthermore, the high temperatures that arise during the brazing process can undesirably adversely affect adjoining components.","This problem can be circumvented if use is made of fittings composed of plastic, which may for example be adhesively bonded on or else produced in situ by an injection molding process.","EP 0531709 B1 presents a fitting of this type which is injection-molded onto the end of a pipeline composed of plastic.","Here, the entire connector part is produced as an injection molding.","Thus, a relatively large volume of material is required, which leads inter alia to increased cooling times.","WO 2004/018176 A1 likewise discloses a fitting of the type discussed in the introduction.","In this case, the plastics pipeline is cohesively connected, by an injection molding process using a plastic, to a connector sleeve which is likewise composed of plastic and which is fitted onto the pipe.","This principle however functions only with materials which, under the thermal conditions in the injection molding process, fuse together with the injection-molded material at least at the surfaces.","This greatly restricts the material selection; for example, it is thus not possible to use metallic pipelines.","Also, extremely exact process control must be ensured, because otherwise there is the risk of leaks forming.","SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to provide a coupling fitting of the type discussed above such that, with the broadest possible range of usable materials and the least possible material usage, the fitting can be securely and sealingly connected to the pipeline, wherein undesired thermal loading of the components involved and of adjacent components can be avoided.","The object is achieved in that the fitting has the following features: a radially outwardly directed, encircling bead which is spaced apart from the end of the pipeline by a predetermined dimension; a connector sleeve which is pushed onto the pipeline, the first end of which connector sleeve is arranged in the region of the bead of the pipeline and has a first inner diameter such that a gap is present between the outer diameter of the bead and the first inner diameter of the sleeve, and the second end of which connector sleeve has a second inner diameter which corresponds to the inner diameter of the pipeline, and the first diameter transitions into the second diameter in a transition region between the bead and the end of the pipeline, such that the sleeve can be pushed onto the end of the pipeline only as far as a point at which the end of the pipeline fits no further into the second diameter of the sleeve; an elastic annular seal, which is arranged both between the end of the pipeline and the bead as well as between the pushed-on sleeve and the pipeline; a connecting ring which is arranged in a region which is axially dimensioned such that it covers the pushed-on first end of the sleeve both in the direction of the non-pushed-on second end of the sleeve and in the opposite direction by a predetermined dimension and can be produced in a plastics injection-molding process, wherein the plastics material of the connecting ring can, owing to the injection pressure, be pre-pressed through the gap as far as the elastic seal and, secondly, the injected material can be pressed around the pipeline behind the bead of the pipeline in a direction pointing away from the pipeline end, such that a shoulder can be formed which extends inwardly as far as the pipeline.","In this way, it is possible to prevent the pipeline from being able to be pulled out of the fitting.","The injection-molded material pre-pressed against the elastic seal causes the seal to be axially compressed, such that the sealing action between the sleeve and the pipeline can be further intensified.","In one embodiment of the invention, the pushed-on sleeve has, in the region of the connecting ring, at least one encircling groove into which the material of the connecting ring engages.","The connection of the connecting ring to the connector sleeve is in this way intensified by means of a positively locking component.","In one embodiment of the invention, the coupling fitting has a holder which is arranged at least partially in the region of the connecting ring, such that at least a part of the holder is embedded into the material of the connecting ring.","By means of this arrangement, a holder together with the connecting ring can be produced in one working step with the pipeline.","In one embodiment of the invention, that part of the holder which projects into the connecting ring has at least one through-hole which is filled with the injection-molded material.","This arrangement has the advantage that the holder can also be connected in positively locking fashion to the connecting ring.","The invention furthermore relates to a method for producing a coupling fitting, having a pipeline and having a connector sleeve.","In this case, the invention is based on the object of producing the connection discussed in the introduction so as to be secure and sealed in the simplest possible manner and with the least possible material usage, wherein undesired thermal loading of the components involved and of adjacent components is avoided.","The object is achieved in that the connection is made by the following working steps: producing an encircling bead on the pipeline, wherein the bead is spaced apart from the end of the pipeline by a predetermined dimension; pushing an elastic, ring-shaped seal onto the end of the pipeline such that the seal comes to lie between the bead and the end of the pipeline; pushing a sleeve onto the end of the pipeline such that the first end of the sleeve comes to lie in the region of the bead of the pipeline and has a first inner diameter such that a gap is formed between the outer diameter of the bead and the first inner diameter of the sleeve, and the second end of which sleeve has a second inner diameter which corresponds to the inner diameter of the pipeline, and the first diameter transitions into the second diameter in a transition region between the bead and the end of the pipeline, such that the sleeve can be pushed onto the end of the pipeline only as far as a point at which the end of the pipeline fits no further into the second diameter of the sleeve; encapsulating the assembly composed of pipeline end and sleeve to form a connecting ring in a region which is axially dimensioned such that the connecting ring covers the pushed-on first end of the sleeve both in the direction of the non-pushed-on second end of the sleeve and in the opposite direction by a predetermined dimension and is produced in a plastics injection-molding process, wherein the material of the connecting ring is, owing to the injection pressure, pressed through the gap as far as the elastic seal and, secondly, the injected material is pressed around the pipeline behind the bead of the pipeline in a direction pointing away from the pipeline end, such that a shoulder is formed which extends inwardly as far as the pipeline.","In this way, an inwardly pointing shoulder of the encapsulation forms behind the bead of the pipeline, which shoulder prevents the pipeline from being able to be pulled out of the fitting.","The inflow of the injection-molded material against the elastic seal causes the seal to be axially compressed, such that the sealing action between the sleeve and the pipeline is further intensified.","In one embodiment of the invention, the pushed-on sleeve has, in the region of the encapsulation, at least one encircling groove into which the injection-molded material flows during the injection-molding process.","Thus, positive locking is generated between the sleeve and the solidified injection-molded material, which positive locking improves the reliability with which the sleeve and the pipeline are prevented from being pulled apart.","In one embodiment of the invention, the method furthermore comprises the following step: arranging a holder in the region of the connecting ring to be encapsulated, in such a way that a part of the holder projects into the region in which injection molding is to be performed, and the part is encapsulated by the injection-molded material during the injection molding process.","This arrangement has the advantage that a holder does not have to be separately attached.","In one embodiment of the invention, that part of the holder which projects into the region in which injection molding is to be performed has at least one through-hole into which the injection-molded material ingresses during the injection molding process.","In this way, the holder is also connected in positively locking fashion to the connecting ring.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The invention will now be described with reference to the single figure of the drawing (FIG.","1) which shows a coupling fitting according to the invention in longitudinal section.","DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION In FIG.","1, the coupling fitting 1 has a pipeline 2 with an inner diameter 3 and has an end contour 4 and an encircling bead 5.The coupling 1 further includes a connector sleeve 6 with a first inner diameter 8 and a second inner diameter 7.The first inner diameter 8 is dimensioned such that a gap 9 exists between the encircling bead 5 and the connector sleeve 6.Between the end contour 4, the bead 5 and the inner diameter 8 of the connector sleeve 6, there is arranged an elastic ring seal 10 which seals off the pipeline 2 against the sleeve 6.The sleeve 6 has an encircling groove 11 on its outer circumference.","In the end region 12 of the sleeve 6, which end region is pushed onto the pipeline 2 over the bead 5, a connecting ring 13 composed of plastics material is injection-molded thereon.","The connecting ring 13 completely covers the end region 12 of the sleeve 6 in an axial direction.","The plastics material of the connecting ring 13 has, during the injection molding process, ingressed through the gap 9 into a cavity 14.The cavity 14 is formed by the elastic seal 10, the inner diameter 8 of the sleeve 6 and the pipeline 2.Owing to the injection-molding pressure, the seal 10 has been compressed slightly, which gives rise to an increase in the contact pressure of the seal 10 and thus an improvement of the sealing action.","The connecting ring 13 furthermore engages around the outer circumference of the sleeve 6, wherein the material is also pressed into the groove 11.The connecting ring 13 furthermore extends around the end region 12 of the sleeve 6 such that, behind the end 12 of the sleeve 6 in the direction of the pipeline 2, the connecting ring 13 forms a shoulder 15 which extends as far as the pipeline 2.Here, the bead 5 is also enclosed or enveloped.","The connecting ring 13 thus prevents the inadvertent separation of sleeve 6 and pipeline 2 both in positively locking fashion, by engagement into the groove 11 and behind the bead 5, and by frictional engagement between the sleeve 6 and pipeline 2.It is understood that the foregoing description is that of the preferred embodiments of the invention and that various changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.","LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS Part of the Description 1 Coupling fitting 2 Pipeline 3 Inner diameter of the pipeline 2 4 End contour of the pipeline 2 5 Encircling bead of the pipeline 2 6 Connector sleeve/sleeve 7 Second inner diameter of the sleeve 6 8 First inner diameter of the sleeve 6 9 Gap 10 Elastic ring seal/seal 11 Encircling groove of the sleeve 6 12 End region of the sleeve 6 13 Connecting ring 14 Cavity 15 Shoulder of the sleeve 6"]],"string":"[\n [\n \"COUPLING FITTING FOR PIPES\",\n \"The invention is directed to a coupling fitting, having a pipeline and having a connector sleeve.\",\n \"The pipeline and connector sleeve are each separate parts and are fixedly and non-detachably connected to one another by a connecting ring which can be produced in situ by injection molding plastics material.\",\n \"The invention is also directed to a method for making the coupling fitting.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A coupling fitting comprising: a pipeline having an inner diameter and defining an end and an outwardly directed radial annular bead disposed at a predetermined distance from said end; a connecting sleeve pushed onto said pipeline; said connecting sleeve having a first end disposed in the region of said annular bead and an inner wall surface defining a first inner diameter dimensioned so as to cause said annular bead and said inner wall surface to conjointly define a gap therebetween; said connecting sleeve further having a second end defining a second inner diameter which corresponds to said inner diameter of said pipeline; said radial annular bead and said end of said pipeline conjointly defining a transition zone wherein said first inner diameter transitions to said second inner diameter so as to permit said connecting sleeve to be pushed onto said pipeline only so far until said end of said pipeline does not fit any farther into said second diameter of said connecting sleeve; said end of said pipeline and said annular bead together with said coupling sleeve and said pipeline conjointly defining an annular cavity; an elastic annular seal disposed in said annular cavity; an injection molded connecting ring made of plastics material in an injection-molding process and being disposed in a region of said coupling fitting which is axially dimensioned so as to permit said connecting ring to cover over said first end of said connecting sleeve both in a first direction toward said second end of said connecting sleeve as well as in a second direction opposite said first direction to a predetermined dimension; and, the plastics material, because of injection pressure, extending through said gap into said annular cavity up to said elastic annular seal and extending from behind said annular bead in a direction away from said end of said pipeline so as to form a shoulder extending inwardly to said pipeline.\",\n \"2.The coupling fitting of claim 1, wherein said connecting sleeve has at least one annular groove into which said plastics material of said connecting ring engages.\",\n \"3.The coupling fitting of claim 1, wherein said coupling fitting further comprises a holder having a part thereof embedded in the plastics material of said connecting ring.\",\n \"4.The coupling fitting of claim 3, wherein said part projecting into the plastics material of said connecting ring has at least one through hole which is filled with said plastics material.\",\n \"5.A method of making a coupling fitting which includes a pipeline having an inner diameter and defining an end and a connecting sleeve, the method comprising the steps of: generating an annular bead on the pipeline disposed at a predetermined distance from the end of the pipeline; pushing an elastic annular seal onto the end of the pipeline so as to cause the annular seal to come to rest between the bead and the end of the pipeline; pushing the connecting sleeve having first and second ends onto the end of the pipeline until the first end comes to rest in the region of said bead so as to cause the outer diameter of the bead and a first inner diameter of the connecting sleeve to conjointly define a gap therebetween and the second end of said connecting sleeve having a second inner diameter corresponding to the inner diameter of the pipeline; the annular bead and the end of the pipeline conjointly defining a transition zone wherein the first inner diameter of said connecting sleeve transitions to the second inner diameter thereof so as to permit the connecting sleeve to be pushed onto the pipeline only so far until the end of the pipeline does not fit any farther into the second diameter of the connecting sleeve; and, injection molding the assembly composed of pipeline end and connecting sleeve to form a connecting ring of plastics material in a region which is axially dimensioned such that the connecting ring covers over the pushed-on first end of the connecting sleeve both in a first direction toward the second end of the connecting sleeve and in a second direction opposite the first direction by a predetermined dimension, wherein the plastics material of the connecting ring is, owing to the injection pressure, pressed through the gap as far as the elastic seal and, secondly, the injected material is pressed around the pipeline behind the bead in a direction away from the pipeline end, such that a shoulder is formed which extends inwardly to the pipeline.\",\n \"6.The method of claim 5 comprising the further step of: arranging a holder in the region of the connecting ring to be injection molded, in such a way that a part of the holder projects into the region in which injection molding is to be performed, and said part is encapsulated by the injection-molded plastics material during the injection molding process.\",\n \"7.The method of claim 6, wherein part of the holder which projects into the region in which injection molding is to be performed has at least one through hole into which the injection-molded plastics material ingresses during the injection molding process.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Coupling fittings have long been known and used.\",\n \"A problem in the case of such fittings may be that the fitting, especially in the case of plug-in connections, must have particular profiles which must be integrally formed on, or attached in fluid-tight fashion in some other way to, the affected end of the line.\",\n \"In particular in the case of metallic pipelines, it is common practice for such coupling fittings to be attached by brazing.\",\n \"This is however associated with a certain degree of effort and corresponding costs.\",\n \"Furthermore, the high temperatures that arise during the brazing process can undesirably adversely affect adjoining components.\",\n \"This problem can be circumvented if use is made of fittings composed of plastic, which may for example be adhesively bonded on or else produced in situ by an injection molding process.\",\n \"EP 0531709 B1 presents a fitting of this type which is injection-molded onto the end of a pipeline composed of plastic.\",\n \"Here, the entire connector part is produced as an injection molding.\",\n \"Thus, a relatively large volume of material is required, which leads inter alia to increased cooling times.\",\n \"WO 2004/018176 A1 likewise discloses a fitting of the type discussed in the introduction.\",\n \"In this case, the plastics pipeline is cohesively connected, by an injection molding process using a plastic, to a connector sleeve which is likewise composed of plastic and which is fitted onto the pipe.\",\n \"This principle however functions only with materials which, under the thermal conditions in the injection molding process, fuse together with the injection-molded material at least at the surfaces.\",\n \"This greatly restricts the material selection; for example, it is thus not possible to use metallic pipelines.\",\n \"Also, extremely exact process control must be ensured, because otherwise there is the risk of leaks forming.\"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to provide a coupling fitting of the type discussed above such that, with the broadest possible range of usable materials and the least possible material usage, the fitting can be securely and sealingly connected to the pipeline, wherein undesired thermal loading of the components involved and of adjacent components can be avoided.\",\n \"The object is achieved in that the fitting has the following features: a radially outwardly directed, encircling bead which is spaced apart from the end of the pipeline by a predetermined dimension; a connector sleeve which is pushed onto the pipeline, the first end of which connector sleeve is arranged in the region of the bead of the pipeline and has a first inner diameter such that a gap is present between the outer diameter of the bead and the first inner diameter of the sleeve, and the second end of which connector sleeve has a second inner diameter which corresponds to the inner diameter of the pipeline, and the first diameter transitions into the second diameter in a transition region between the bead and the end of the pipeline, such that the sleeve can be pushed onto the end of the pipeline only as far as a point at which the end of the pipeline fits no further into the second diameter of the sleeve; an elastic annular seal, which is arranged both between the end of the pipeline and the bead as well as between the pushed-on sleeve and the pipeline; a connecting ring which is arranged in a region which is axially dimensioned such that it covers the pushed-on first end of the sleeve both in the direction of the non-pushed-on second end of the sleeve and in the opposite direction by a predetermined dimension and can be produced in a plastics injection-molding process, wherein the plastics material of the connecting ring can, owing to the injection pressure, be pre-pressed through the gap as far as the elastic seal and, secondly, the injected material can be pressed around the pipeline behind the bead of the pipeline in a direction pointing away from the pipeline end, such that a shoulder can be formed which extends inwardly as far as the pipeline.\",\n \"In this way, it is possible to prevent the pipeline from being able to be pulled out of the fitting.\",\n \"The injection-molded material pre-pressed against the elastic seal causes the seal to be axially compressed, such that the sealing action between the sleeve and the pipeline can be further intensified.\",\n \"In one embodiment of the invention, the pushed-on sleeve has, in the region of the connecting ring, at least one encircling groove into which the material of the connecting ring engages.\",\n \"The connection of the connecting ring to the connector sleeve is in this way intensified by means of a positively locking component.\",\n \"In one embodiment of the invention, the coupling fitting has a holder which is arranged at least partially in the region of the connecting ring, such that at least a part of the holder is embedded into the material of the connecting ring.\",\n \"By means of this arrangement, a holder together with the connecting ring can be produced in one working step with the pipeline.\",\n \"In one embodiment of the invention, that part of the holder which projects into the connecting ring has at least one through-hole which is filled with the injection-molded material.\",\n \"This arrangement has the advantage that the holder can also be connected in positively locking fashion to the connecting ring.\",\n \"The invention furthermore relates to a method for producing a coupling fitting, having a pipeline and having a connector sleeve.\",\n \"In this case, the invention is based on the object of producing the connection discussed in the introduction so as to be secure and sealed in the simplest possible manner and with the least possible material usage, wherein undesired thermal loading of the components involved and of adjacent components is avoided.\",\n \"The object is achieved in that the connection is made by the following working steps: producing an encircling bead on the pipeline, wherein the bead is spaced apart from the end of the pipeline by a predetermined dimension; pushing an elastic, ring-shaped seal onto the end of the pipeline such that the seal comes to lie between the bead and the end of the pipeline; pushing a sleeve onto the end of the pipeline such that the first end of the sleeve comes to lie in the region of the bead of the pipeline and has a first inner diameter such that a gap is formed between the outer diameter of the bead and the first inner diameter of the sleeve, and the second end of which sleeve has a second inner diameter which corresponds to the inner diameter of the pipeline, and the first diameter transitions into the second diameter in a transition region between the bead and the end of the pipeline, such that the sleeve can be pushed onto the end of the pipeline only as far as a point at which the end of the pipeline fits no further into the second diameter of the sleeve; encapsulating the assembly composed of pipeline end and sleeve to form a connecting ring in a region which is axially dimensioned such that the connecting ring covers the pushed-on first end of the sleeve both in the direction of the non-pushed-on second end of the sleeve and in the opposite direction by a predetermined dimension and is produced in a plastics injection-molding process, wherein the material of the connecting ring is, owing to the injection pressure, pressed through the gap as far as the elastic seal and, secondly, the injected material is pressed around the pipeline behind the bead of the pipeline in a direction pointing away from the pipeline end, such that a shoulder is formed which extends inwardly as far as the pipeline.\",\n \"In this way, an inwardly pointing shoulder of the encapsulation forms behind the bead of the pipeline, which shoulder prevents the pipeline from being able to be pulled out of the fitting.\",\n \"The inflow of the injection-molded material against the elastic seal causes the seal to be axially compressed, such that the sealing action between the sleeve and the pipeline is further intensified.\",\n \"In one embodiment of the invention, the pushed-on sleeve has, in the region of the encapsulation, at least one encircling groove into which the injection-molded material flows during the injection-molding process.\",\n \"Thus, positive locking is generated between the sleeve and the solidified injection-molded material, which positive locking improves the reliability with which the sleeve and the pipeline are prevented from being pulled apart.\",\n \"In one embodiment of the invention, the method furthermore comprises the following step: arranging a holder in the region of the connecting ring to be encapsulated, in such a way that a part of the holder projects into the region in which injection molding is to be performed, and the part is encapsulated by the injection-molded material during the injection molding process.\",\n \"This arrangement has the advantage that a holder does not have to be separately attached.\",\n \"In one embodiment of the invention, that part of the holder which projects into the region in which injection molding is to be performed has at least one through-hole into which the injection-molded material ingresses during the injection molding process.\",\n \"In this way, the holder is also connected in positively locking fashion to the connecting ring.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation application of international patent application PCT/EP2016/054500, filed Mar.\",\n \"3, 2016, designating the United States and claiming priority from German application 10 2015 213 223.4, filed Jul.\",\n \"15, 2015, and the entire content of both applications is incorporated herein by reference.\",\n \"FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a coupling fitting, having a pipeline and having a connector sleeve.\",\n \"BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Coupling fittings have long been known and used.\",\n \"A problem in the case of such fittings may be that the fitting, especially in the case of plug-in connections, must have particular profiles which must be integrally formed on, or attached in fluid-tight fashion in some other way to, the affected end of the line.\",\n \"In particular in the case of metallic pipelines, it is common practice for such coupling fittings to be attached by brazing.\",\n \"This is however associated with a certain degree of effort and corresponding costs.\",\n \"Furthermore, the high temperatures that arise during the brazing process can undesirably adversely affect adjoining components.\",\n \"This problem can be circumvented if use is made of fittings composed of plastic, which may for example be adhesively bonded on or else produced in situ by an injection molding process.\",\n \"EP 0531709 B1 presents a fitting of this type which is injection-molded onto the end of a pipeline composed of plastic.\",\n \"Here, the entire connector part is produced as an injection molding.\",\n \"Thus, a relatively large volume of material is required, which leads inter alia to increased cooling times.\",\n \"WO 2004/018176 A1 likewise discloses a fitting of the type discussed in the introduction.\",\n \"In this case, the plastics pipeline is cohesively connected, by an injection molding process using a plastic, to a connector sleeve which is likewise composed of plastic and which is fitted onto the pipe.\",\n \"This principle however functions only with materials which, under the thermal conditions in the injection molding process, fuse together with the injection-molded material at least at the surfaces.\",\n \"This greatly restricts the material selection; for example, it is thus not possible to use metallic pipelines.\",\n \"Also, extremely exact process control must be ensured, because otherwise there is the risk of leaks forming.\",\n \"SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to provide a coupling fitting of the type discussed above such that, with the broadest possible range of usable materials and the least possible material usage, the fitting can be securely and sealingly connected to the pipeline, wherein undesired thermal loading of the components involved and of adjacent components can be avoided.\",\n \"The object is achieved in that the fitting has the following features: a radially outwardly directed, encircling bead which is spaced apart from the end of the pipeline by a predetermined dimension; a connector sleeve which is pushed onto the pipeline, the first end of which connector sleeve is arranged in the region of the bead of the pipeline and has a first inner diameter such that a gap is present between the outer diameter of the bead and the first inner diameter of the sleeve, and the second end of which connector sleeve has a second inner diameter which corresponds to the inner diameter of the pipeline, and the first diameter transitions into the second diameter in a transition region between the bead and the end of the pipeline, such that the sleeve can be pushed onto the end of the pipeline only as far as a point at which the end of the pipeline fits no further into the second diameter of the sleeve; an elastic annular seal, which is arranged both between the end of the pipeline and the bead as well as between the pushed-on sleeve and the pipeline; a connecting ring which is arranged in a region which is axially dimensioned such that it covers the pushed-on first end of the sleeve both in the direction of the non-pushed-on second end of the sleeve and in the opposite direction by a predetermined dimension and can be produced in a plastics injection-molding process, wherein the plastics material of the connecting ring can, owing to the injection pressure, be pre-pressed through the gap as far as the elastic seal and, secondly, the injected material can be pressed around the pipeline behind the bead of the pipeline in a direction pointing away from the pipeline end, such that a shoulder can be formed which extends inwardly as far as the pipeline.\",\n \"In this way, it is possible to prevent the pipeline from being able to be pulled out of the fitting.\",\n \"The injection-molded material pre-pressed against the elastic seal causes the seal to be axially compressed, such that the sealing action between the sleeve and the pipeline can be further intensified.\",\n \"In one embodiment of the invention, the pushed-on sleeve has, in the region of the connecting ring, at least one encircling groove into which the material of the connecting ring engages.\",\n \"The connection of the connecting ring to the connector sleeve is in this way intensified by means of a positively locking component.\",\n \"In one embodiment of the invention, the coupling fitting has a holder which is arranged at least partially in the region of the connecting ring, such that at least a part of the holder is embedded into the material of the connecting ring.\",\n \"By means of this arrangement, a holder together with the connecting ring can be produced in one working step with the pipeline.\",\n \"In one embodiment of the invention, that part of the holder which projects into the connecting ring has at least one through-hole which is filled with the injection-molded material.\",\n \"This arrangement has the advantage that the holder can also be connected in positively locking fashion to the connecting ring.\",\n \"The invention furthermore relates to a method for producing a coupling fitting, having a pipeline and having a connector sleeve.\",\n \"In this case, the invention is based on the object of producing the connection discussed in the introduction so as to be secure and sealed in the simplest possible manner and with the least possible material usage, wherein undesired thermal loading of the components involved and of adjacent components is avoided.\",\n \"The object is achieved in that the connection is made by the following working steps: producing an encircling bead on the pipeline, wherein the bead is spaced apart from the end of the pipeline by a predetermined dimension; pushing an elastic, ring-shaped seal onto the end of the pipeline such that the seal comes to lie between the bead and the end of the pipeline; pushing a sleeve onto the end of the pipeline such that the first end of the sleeve comes to lie in the region of the bead of the pipeline and has a first inner diameter such that a gap is formed between the outer diameter of the bead and the first inner diameter of the sleeve, and the second end of which sleeve has a second inner diameter which corresponds to the inner diameter of the pipeline, and the first diameter transitions into the second diameter in a transition region between the bead and the end of the pipeline, such that the sleeve can be pushed onto the end of the pipeline only as far as a point at which the end of the pipeline fits no further into the second diameter of the sleeve; encapsulating the assembly composed of pipeline end and sleeve to form a connecting ring in a region which is axially dimensioned such that the connecting ring covers the pushed-on first end of the sleeve both in the direction of the non-pushed-on second end of the sleeve and in the opposite direction by a predetermined dimension and is produced in a plastics injection-molding process, wherein the material of the connecting ring is, owing to the injection pressure, pressed through the gap as far as the elastic seal and, secondly, the injected material is pressed around the pipeline behind the bead of the pipeline in a direction pointing away from the pipeline end, such that a shoulder is formed which extends inwardly as far as the pipeline.\",\n \"In this way, an inwardly pointing shoulder of the encapsulation forms behind the bead of the pipeline, which shoulder prevents the pipeline from being able to be pulled out of the fitting.\",\n \"The inflow of the injection-molded material against the elastic seal causes the seal to be axially compressed, such that the sealing action between the sleeve and the pipeline is further intensified.\",\n \"In one embodiment of the invention, the pushed-on sleeve has, in the region of the encapsulation, at least one encircling groove into which the injection-molded material flows during the injection-molding process.\",\n \"Thus, positive locking is generated between the sleeve and the solidified injection-molded material, which positive locking improves the reliability with which the sleeve and the pipeline are prevented from being pulled apart.\",\n \"In one embodiment of the invention, the method furthermore comprises the following step: arranging a holder in the region of the connecting ring to be encapsulated, in such a way that a part of the holder projects into the region in which injection molding is to be performed, and the part is encapsulated by the injection-molded material during the injection molding process.\",\n \"This arrangement has the advantage that a holder does not have to be separately attached.\",\n \"In one embodiment of the invention, that part of the holder which projects into the region in which injection molding is to be performed has at least one through-hole into which the injection-molded material ingresses during the injection molding process.\",\n \"In this way, the holder is also connected in positively locking fashion to the connecting ring.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The invention will now be described with reference to the single figure of the drawing (FIG.\",\n \"1) which shows a coupling fitting according to the invention in longitudinal section.\",\n \"DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION In FIG.\",\n \"1, the coupling fitting 1 has a pipeline 2 with an inner diameter 3 and has an end contour 4 and an encircling bead 5.The coupling 1 further includes a connector sleeve 6 with a first inner diameter 8 and a second inner diameter 7.The first inner diameter 8 is dimensioned such that a gap 9 exists between the encircling bead 5 and the connector sleeve 6.Between the end contour 4, the bead 5 and the inner diameter 8 of the connector sleeve 6, there is arranged an elastic ring seal 10 which seals off the pipeline 2 against the sleeve 6.The sleeve 6 has an encircling groove 11 on its outer circumference.\",\n \"In the end region 12 of the sleeve 6, which end region is pushed onto the pipeline 2 over the bead 5, a connecting ring 13 composed of plastics material is injection-molded thereon.\",\n \"The connecting ring 13 completely covers the end region 12 of the sleeve 6 in an axial direction.\",\n \"The plastics material of the connecting ring 13 has, during the injection molding process, ingressed through the gap 9 into a cavity 14.The cavity 14 is formed by the elastic seal 10, the inner diameter 8 of the sleeve 6 and the pipeline 2.Owing to the injection-molding pressure, the seal 10 has been compressed slightly, which gives rise to an increase in the contact pressure of the seal 10 and thus an improvement of the sealing action.\",\n \"The connecting ring 13 furthermore engages around the outer circumference of the sleeve 6, wherein the material is also pressed into the groove 11.The connecting ring 13 furthermore extends around the end region 12 of the sleeve 6 such that, behind the end 12 of the sleeve 6 in the direction of the pipeline 2, the connecting ring 13 forms a shoulder 15 which extends as far as the pipeline 2.Here, the bead 5 is also enclosed or enveloped.\",\n \"The connecting ring 13 thus prevents the inadvertent separation of sleeve 6 and pipeline 2 both in positively locking fashion, by engagement into the groove 11 and behind the bead 5, and by frictional engagement between the sleeve 6 and pipeline 2.It is understood that the foregoing description is that of the preferred embodiments of the invention and that various changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.\",\n \"LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS Part of the Description 1 Coupling fitting 2 Pipeline 3 Inner diameter of the pipeline 2 4 End contour of the pipeline 2 5 Encircling bead of the pipeline 2 6 Connector sleeve/sleeve 7 Second inner diameter of the sleeve 6 8 First inner diameter of the sleeve 6 9 Gap 10 Elastic ring seal/seal 11 Encircling groove of the sleeve 6 12 End region of the sleeve 6 13 Connecting ring 14 Cavity 15 Shoulder of the sleeve 6\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872760"}}},{"rowIdx":4494160,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["COMPOSITES AND COMPOSITIONS FOR THERAPEUTIC USE AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME","Disclosed herein are embodiments of composites and compositions that can be used for therapeutic applications in vivo and/or in vitro.","The disclosed composites can comprise cores having magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, or combinations thereof and zwitterionic polymeric coatings that facilitate solubility and bioconjugation.","The compositions disclosed herein can comprise the composites and one or more biomolecules, drugs, or combinations thereof.","Also disclosed herein are methods of making the composites, composite components, and methods of making quantum dots for use in the composites."],["1.A composite, comprising: a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof; and a zwitterionic polymeric coating defining the core and comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula wherein each R1 independently is hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 is —C(O)Z, wherein Z is hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 independently is amide-aliphatic-amine, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate, or amide-aliphatic-thiol; p is an integer selected from zero to 5; q is an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200.2.The composite of claim 1, wherein the zwitterionic polymeric coating comprises a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula selected from wherein each R1 independently is hydrogen or aliphatic; each of X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 independently is NRb, N(Rb)2+, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each Rb independently is hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl; each of A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 independently is aliphatic or heteroaliphatic; each of Y1, Y2, and Y3 independently is amine, thiol, carboxylate or sulfonate; each Z independently is hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; n is an integer selected from 1 to 200; each m is an integer selected from 0 to 3; each p independently is an integer selected from zero to 5; each of a, b, and c independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200.3.The composite of claim 1, wherein each R1 independently is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; each of X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 independently is NRb, N(Rb)2+, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each Rb independently is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, or pyridinyl; each of A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 independently is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, or heteroalkynyl; each of Y1 and Y2 independently is carboxylate or sulfonate and Y3 is thiol; each Z is hydroxyl; and m is 1.4.The composite of claim 1, wherein the zwitterionic polymeric coating comprises a zwitterionic polymer have a structure selected from 5.The composite of claim 1, wherein the core comprises at least one magnetic nanoparticle and at least one quantum dot.","6.The composite of claim 1, wherein the core is doped with a metal selected from Cu, Ag, Au, Mn, Zn, or combinations thereof and wherein the core is doped with greater than 0 mol % to 10 mol % of the metal.","7.The composite of claim 6, wherein the core is a quantum dot core and the quantum dot core comprises a ZnS or a chloride shell.","8.The composite of claim 1, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle is MnFe2O4, Fe3O4, CoFe2O4, FePt or a combination thereof.","9.The composite of claim 1, wherein the core comprises a combination of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles and an AgInS2 quantum dot, a CuInS2 quantum dot, or a combination thereof.","10.The composite of claim 1, comprising: a core comprising a combination of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles and CuInS2 quantum dots, AgInS2 quantum dots, or both CuInS2 quantum dots, AgInS2 quantum dots; and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure selected from 11.The composite of claim 10, wherein the core further comprises a dopant selected from Cu, Ag, Au, Mn, Zn, or combinations thereof, a ZnS or chloride shell, or both the dopant and the ZnS or chloride shell.","12.A composition comprising: a composite having a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula wherein each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 is —C(O)Z, wherein Z is selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 independently is selected from amide-aliphatic-amine, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate, or amide-aliphatic-thiol; p is an integer selected from zero to 5; q is an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200; and a biomolecule, a drug, or a combination thereof.","13.The composition of claim 12, wherein the biomolecule is chemically conjugated to the composite through the zwitterionic polymeric coating or through a carboxylate group of the zwitterionic polymeric coating.","14.The composition of claim 13, wherein the carboxylate group of the zwitterionic polymeric coating is further chemically bound to a linker, wherein the linker is also chemically bound to the biomolecule.","15.The composition of claim 12, wherein the biomolecule is selected from chlorotoxin, avidin, biotin, folic acid, arginylglycylaspartic acid, or combinations thereof.","16.The composition of claim 12, wherein the drug is encapsulated within the zwitterionic polymeric coating and is selected from doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, or a combination thereof.","17.A method of making the composite of claim 1, comprising: combining, to form a mixture, a solution comprising the one or more magnetic nanoparticles, the one or more quantum dots, or the combination thereof with a solution of the zwitterionic polymer; dispersing the mixture into water using sonication to form a dispersed composition; and isolating the composite from the dispersed composition.","18.A method of making a quantum dot, comprising: combining a Group 11 metal precursor with a Group 13 metal precursor, one or more ligands, a solvent, or a combination thereof to form a precursor mixture; and heating the precursor mixture to a temperature sufficient to facilitate formation of the quantum dot.","19.The method of claim 18, wherein the Group 11 metal precursor is a copper-containing precursor, a silver-containing precursor, or a combination thereof and the temperature ranges from 150° C. to 200° C. 20.A method for imaging cells, comprising: contacting a cell with the composite of claim 1; and detecting cellular update and/or the location of the composite in the cell.","21.A method of delivering a therapeutic drug to a subject, comprising contacting the subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the therapeutic drug and the composite of claim 1."],[" BACKGROUND Magnetofluorescent nanoparticles enabling simultaneous fluorescence labeling and magnetic field assisted separation, sorting, heating or imaging are gaining momentum for biomedical applications at the cellular, tissue or anatomical levels.","For this reason, research approaches have been reported on the controlled synthesis of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles regarding their size, shape, composite and surface properties.","To achieve colloidal stability and biocompatibility for various in vitro or in vivo applications, the hydrophilic shell of these type of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are usually formed by anti-fouling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains.","Zwitterion-coating approaches also have been developed for individual cadmium-based quantum dots or AuNPs but not for magnetofluorescent compounds.","These approaches mainly involve the coupling of zwitterions with thiol ligands, such as dihydrolipoic acid.","These coupled ligands are further exchanged with native hydrophobic ligands (trioctylphosphine oxide) to form thiol-bound zwitterionic quantum dots through the high binding affinity of thiols to Zn or Au atoms on quantum dot or AuNP surface.","Significant efforts are still needed to develop high quality quantum dots into broader biomedical applications especially for in vitro or in vivo sensing/imaging and drug delivery.","There exists a need in the art for facile, scalable methods of making chalcopyrite quantum dots that are compatible for use in magnetofluorescent composites comprising nanoparticles.","There also exists a need in the art for composites comprising zwitterionic coatings that can be used to produce composites capable for biomedical use and/or coupling to biomolecules."],[" SUMMARY Disclosed herein are embodiments of composites comprising a core comprising one or more nanoparticles (such as magnetic nanoparticles), one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof, and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having any one of the formulas and/or structures disclosed herein.","In some embodiments, the core comprises at least one magnetic nanoparticle and at least one quantum dot.","Also disclosed herein are embodiments of compositions comprising a composite having a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof, a zwitterionic polymeric coating defining the core, and a biomolecule, a drug, or a combination thereof.","Also disclosed herein are embodiments of methods for making the composites, methods of making quantum dots, and methods of using the disclosed composites for visualizing uptake/binding in cells or tissues and/or treating subjects.","The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures."],["CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the benefit of U.S.","Provisional Application No.","62/569,291, filed on Oct. 6, 2017; and is a continuation-in-part of PCT Application No.","PCT/US2016/042613, filed on Jul.","15, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S.","Provisional Application No.","62/203,325, filed Aug. 10, 2015, and U.S.","Provisional Application No.","62/194,122, filed on Jul.","17, 2015; each of these applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.","ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT This invention was made with government support under Contract No.","1P20GM103650 awarded by the National Institutes of Health.","The government has certain rights in the invention.","FIELD The present disclosure concerns embodiments of composites and compositions comprising nanoparticle and/or quantum dot cores, and zwitterionic polymeric coatings.","Also disclosed herein are embodiments of methods of making components used in the composites and compositions, as well as methods of making and using the composites and compositions.","BACKGROUND Magnetofluorescent nanoparticles enabling simultaneous fluorescence labeling and magnetic field assisted separation, sorting, heating or imaging are gaining momentum for biomedical applications at the cellular, tissue or anatomical levels.","For this reason, research approaches have been reported on the controlled synthesis of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles regarding their size, shape, composite and surface properties.","To achieve colloidal stability and biocompatibility for various in vitro or in vivo applications, the hydrophilic shell of these type of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are usually formed by anti-fouling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains.","Zwitterion-coating approaches also have been developed for individual cadmium-based quantum dots or AuNPs but not for magnetofluorescent compounds.","These approaches mainly involve the coupling of zwitterions with thiol ligands, such as dihydrolipoic acid.","These coupled ligands are further exchanged with native hydrophobic ligands (trioctylphosphine oxide) to form thiol-bound zwitterionic quantum dots through the high binding affinity of thiols to Zn or Au atoms on quantum dot or AuNP surface.","Significant efforts are still needed to develop high quality quantum dots into broader biomedical applications especially for in vitro or in vivo sensing/imaging and drug delivery.","There exists a need in the art for facile, scalable methods of making chalcopyrite quantum dots that are compatible for use in magnetofluorescent composites comprising nanoparticles.","There also exists a need in the art for composites comprising zwitterionic coatings that can be used to produce composites capable for biomedical use and/or coupling to biomolecules.","SUMMARY Disclosed herein are embodiments of composites comprising a core comprising one or more nanoparticles (such as magnetic nanoparticles), one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof, and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having any one of the formulas and/or structures disclosed herein.","In some embodiments, the core comprises at least one magnetic nanoparticle and at least one quantum dot.","Also disclosed herein are embodiments of compositions comprising a composite having a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof, a zwitterionic polymeric coating defining the core, and a biomolecule, a drug, or a combination thereof.","Also disclosed herein are embodiments of methods for making the composites, methods of making quantum dots, and methods of using the disclosed composites for visualizing uptake/binding in cells or tissues and/or treating subjects.","The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.","1 is a combined photoluminescence spectrum of AgInS2 (AIS) quantum dots and AIS/ZnS quantum dots where the inset shows a digital photograph of AIS quantum dots and AIS/ZnS quantum dots in organic solvents exposed under a UV laser beam.","FIG.","2 is a combined Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrum of a representative polymer precursor (“PMAO”), a representative polymer intermediate (“PMAO-DMAPA”), and a zwitterionic polymer (“PMAO-CB-SB”).","FIG.","3 is a combined FT-IR spectra of amidosulfobetaine-16 (“ASB-16”) (with sulfobetaine) and N-dodecyl-N,N-(dimethylammonio)butyrate (“DDMAB”) (with carboxybetaine).","FIG.","4 is a graph of normalized photoluminescence intensity (a.u.)","as a function of wavelength (nm) illustrating representative and normalized photoluminescence intensity of CIS quantum dots in the time course of growth at 240° C. FIG.","5 is a combined 1H-NMR spectrum illustrating NMR spectra of a representative polymer precursor (“PMAO”), a representative polymer intermediate (“PMAO-DMAPA”), and a zwitterionic polymer (“PMAO-CB-SB”).","FIGS.","6A-6C illustrate TEM and EDX images of representative composite cores; FIG.","6A is a TEM image of a representative composite core having a nanoparticle to quantum dot ratio of 1:4; FIG.","6B is a zoomed image of a single composite core illustrating both spherical and irregular particle shapes representing nanoparticles and quantum dots; and FIG.","6C is an EDX spectrum.","FIGS.","7A and 7B are graphs illustrating results obtained from analysis of representative composites; FIG.","7A is a combined photoluminescence spectrum of hydrophobic quantum dots in organic solvent and water-soluble composites as disclosed herein; FIG.","7B is a graph of R2 parameters of composites disclosed herein versus (Mn+Fe) concentration (the slope r2 of each curve=R2/[(Mn+Fe) concentration]), wherein the inset image is a representative magnetic resonance image of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles and zwitterionic magnetic nanoparticles.","FIGS.","8A and 8B illustrate results obtained from analysis of representative composites; FIG.","8A is a combined spectrum illustrating photoluminescence of hydrophobic quantum dots in THF and water-soluble composites; and FIG.","8B is a graph of R2 parameters of composites versus (Mn+Fe) concentration (the slope r2 of each curve=R2/[(Mn+Fe) concentration]), wherein the inset image is a representative magnetic resonance image of composites fabricated with the nanoparticle to quantum dot mass ratios of 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4.FIG.","9 illustrates the UV-Vis absorbance spectra of quantum dots in THF and representative water-soluble composites.","FIG.","10 is a bar graph of fluorescence stability of representative composites in PBS solutions at pH values ranging from 4-9, which illustrates the colloidal stability of the composites in aqueous solutions.","FIG.","11 is a bar graph of fluorescence stability of representative composites in water at 4° C. FIG.","12 is a bar graph of long-term stability of representative composites in water at 4° C. FIGS.","13A and 13B are graphs illustrating cell viability cell treated with representative composites disclosed herein illustrating that the composites have no significant effects on cell cytotoxicity; FIG.","13A shows cell viability of U-87 MG cells treated with composites at different concentrations over 24 hours; and FIG.","13B shows cell viability of HEK-293 cells treated with zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles at different concentrations over 24 hours.","FIG.","14 is a graph illustrating cell viability of U-87 MG cell and HEK-293 cells treated with representative composites at difference concentrations over 24 hours.","FIG.","15 is a bar graph illustrating the fluorescence responses to biotinylated magnetic microbeads after incubation with serial dilutions of non-conjugated and Neutravidin-conjugated composites from their stock suspensions.","FIGS.","16A-16E illustrate results obtained for representative composites disclosed herein; FIG.","16A is a confocal image illustrating cellular uptake/internalization of cyclophosphamide (“CTX”)-conjugated composites by U-87 cells; FIG.","16B is a confocal image illustrating cellular uptake/internalization of non-conjugated composites by U-87 cells; FIG.","16C is a confocal image illustrating cellular uptake/internalization of CTX-conjugated composites by HEK-293; FIG.","16D is a confocal image illustrating cellular uptake/internalization of non-conjugated composites by HEK-293 cells; and FIG.","16E is a bar graph of micelle photoluminescence intensity as a function of composite concentration illustrating the fluorescent intensity per unit area of cytoplasm for U-87 and HEK-293 cells incubated with CTX- and non-conjugated composites with different concentrations.","FIGS.","17A-17D are confocal images at different channels and their overlays demonstrating the cellular uptake/internalization of CTX-conjugated composites by U-87 (FIG.","17A) and HEK-293 (FIG.","17C) and non-conjugated composites under the same concentration of particles by U-87 (FIG.","17B) and HEK-293 (FIG.","17D).","FIG.","18 illustrates the evolution of the photoluminescence spectra of a representative quantum dot used in composites described herein during the time course of growth at 170° C. FIGS.","19A-19C are images illustrating results obtained from TEM and EDX analysis of representative quantum dots made using methods described herein; FIG.","19A is a TEM image of a representative quantum dot; FIG.","19B is a high resolution TEM image of a representative quantum dot; and FIG.","19C is an EDX spectrum of a representative quantum dot.","FIG.","20 is an EDX spectrum of a representative quantum dot made using a thermal decomposition synthesis embodiment.","FIG.","21 illustrates XRD patterns for representative shell-coated and shell-free quantum dots; diffraction peaks of tetragonal AgInS2 and cubic ZnS are shown as references.","FIG.","22 illustrates photoluminescence spectra of representative quantum dots made using a disclosed thermal decomposition method embodiment.","FIG.","23 illustrates UV-Vis absorption spectra representative quantum dots synthesized at different ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:4), wherein the inset provides digital photograph of the quantum dots under room lights.","FIGS.","24A and 24B are digital photographs of representative quantum dots made using a disclosed thermal decomposition method embodiment; FIG.","24A illustrates quantum dots made using a Ag:In molar ratio of Ag:In=1:1; and FIG.","24B illustrates quantum dots made using a Ag:In molar ratio of Ag:In=1:2.FIGS.","25A and 25B are graphs illustrating the photostability of AIS quantum dots (FIG.","25A) and AIS/ZnS quantum dots (FIG.","25B), wherein quantum dots in organic solvents were under continuous exposure of a 365 nm UV lamp for 120 minutes and their photoluminescence was measured every 30 minutes.","FIG.","26 is a schematic illustration of quantum dot-loaded micelles comprising quantum dots made using thermal decomposition method embodiments disclosed herein.","FIG.","27 illustrates photoluminescence spectra of representative quantum dots in hexane and quantum dot micelles in water, wherein the insets are the hydrodynamic size distribution of the resulting quantum dot-micelles measured by DSL (top) and the corresponding TEM image of the quantum dot-micelles.","FIGS.","28A-28C are TEM and EDX images obtained for representative quantum dots; FIG.","28A is a TEM image of an individual quantum dot-micelle; FIG.","28B is a high resolution TEM image of an individual quantum dot-micelle; and FIG.","28C is an EDX spectrum of quantum dot-micelles.","FIG.","29 illustrates FT-IR spectra of representative quantum dots, PLGA-PEG, CTX, quantum dot-micelles, and CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles.","FIGS.","30A-30C illustrate results obtained from analysis of representative quantum dots made using a disclosed thermal decomposition method embodiment; FIG.","30A shows confocal images demonstrating the cellular uptake/internalization of CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles (100 times diluted from stock) by U-87 cells; FIG.","30B shows confocal images presenting the quenching effect of 1,10-phenanthroline on the uptake/internalization; and FIG.","30C shows quantitative data indicating the cellular uptake/internalization and the quenching effect under the different concentrations or dilutions of CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles (100-800 times dilutions).","FIGS.","31A-31E illustrate results obtained from analysis of representative quantum dots made using a disclosed thermal decomposition methods embodiment; FIG.","31A is an overlaid confocal image of U-87 cells after incubation with CTX-conjugated micelles comprising the quantum dots; FIG.","31B is an overlaid confocal image of U-87 cells after incubation with non-conjugated micelles comprising the quantum dots; FIG.","31C is an overlaid confocal image of HEK-293 cells after incubating with CTX-conjugated micelles comprising the quantum dots; FIG.","31D is an overlaid confocal image of HEK-293 cells after incubating with non-conjugated micelles comprising the quantum dots; and FIG.","31E illustrates the fluorescent intensity per unit area of cytoplasm for U-87 and HEK-293 cells incubated with CTX-conjugated and non-conjugated AIS/ZnS micelles.","FIG.","32 provides an exemplary schematic of a representative method of making micelles comprising the polymeric coatings disclosed herein.","FIG.","33 is a schematic diagram illustrating a representative composite and use of the composite to administer drug molecules to a cell.","FIGS.","34A and 34B each are TEM images of a representative quantum dot made using a disclosed thermal decomposition method embodiment.","FIGS.","35A and 35B show results obtained from analyzing representative doped quantum dots; FIG.","35A is a graph of photoluminescence intensity (a.u.)","as a function of wavelength (nm) showing the effect of Cu-dopant concentrations on photoluminescence for surface-doped quantum dots, wherein the inset data plot shows that the evolution of photoluminescence spectra of non-doped AIS nanocrystals is not significant in the time course of growth; and FIG.","35B shows the absorption spectra of the copper-doped quantum dots with different Cu initial concentrations.","FIGS.","36A and 36B show results obtained from time course analysis of Cu-doped quantum dots; FIG.","36A shows the evolution of photoluminescence spectra of 3.33% Cu:AIS quantum dots in the time course of reaction using a surface doping approach, wherein the inset is the evolution of photoluminescence spectra of Cu:AIS quantum dots prepared through a homogenous reaction; FIG.","36B shows the temporal evolution of absorption spectra of 3.33% Cu:AIS quantum dots.","FIGS.","37A-37D show characterization data of representative Cu-doped quantum dots disclosed herein; FIG.","37A shows XRD patterns for AIS, 1.67% Cu:AIS and 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots; FIG.","37B shows TEM and high resolution TEM (insets) images of AIS quantum dots; FIG.","37C shows TEM and high resolution TEM (insets) images of 1.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots; and FIG.","37D shows TEM and high resolution TEM (insets) images of 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots.","FIGS.","38A-38D show results obtained from characterization analysis of representative embodiments of Cu-doped core quantum dots and Cu-doped core/shell quantum dots; FIG.","38A shows digital images of Cu:AIS and Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots suspended in organic solvents under a UV lamp; FIG.","38B is a combined absorption spectrum of photoluminescence and absorption spectra of the core and core/shell quantum dots; FIG.","38C is shows the XRD patterns of 6.67% Cu:AIS and Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots; FIG.","38D shows TEM and high resolution TEM (inset) images of 6.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots.","FIGS.","39A and 39B are photoluminescence decay curves showing the photoluminescence decay for representative Cu:AIS quantum dots (FIG.","39A) and Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots (FIG.","39B).","FIG.","40 is a graph of cell viability (%) as a function of composite (referred to as “micelle”) concentration showing cell viability of U-87 MG cell and HEK-293 cells treated with representative composite embodiments at different concentrations over 48 hours.","FIGS.","41A-41F are overlaid confocal images demonstrating the cellular uptake/internalization of RGD-conjugated, RAD-conjugated, and non-conjugated composites under the same dilution or concentration of composites (25 times dilution from the conjugate stock) by U-87 (FIGS.","41A-41C) and HEK-293 (FIGS.","41D-41F).","FIG.","42 is a graph of composite (or “micelle”) photoluminescence intensity as a function of composite (“micelle”) concentration showing the fluorescent intensity per unit area of cytoplasm for U-87 and HEK-293 cells incubated with non-conjugated micelles, RAD-conjugated micelles, and RGD-conjugated composites with different dilutions or concentrations (all p values for each comparison are less than 0.001).","FIG.","43 is an illustration of a sensing probe as described herein.","FIGS.","44A and 44B are spectra showing absorbance and photoluminescence intensity for composites comprising chloride shells (FIG.","44A) and control examples without chloride shells (FIG.","44B).","FIGS.","45A-45C illustrate results obtained from analyzing Mn-doped nanocrystals as described herein, wherein the surface doping is used; FIG.","45A shows a representative synthesis of Mn:AIZS-ZnS nanocrystal embodiments and the effect of Mn levels on photoluminescence tunability, wherein AIZS cores are formed first, Mn and Zn precursors are added to the surface, and the nanocrystal surfaces are further passivated by zinc (yellow, red, and green represent AIZS composites, Mn, and ZnS shell, respectively); FIG.","45B is a graph showing photoluminescence spectra of Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals as compared to an undoped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystal; and FIG.","45C is a graph showing absorption spectra of the nanocrystals, wherein some there is some spectrum overlap between photoluminescence spectra and absorption spectra indicating some photoluminescence emissions will be reabsorbed by the nanocrystals themselves.","FIG.","46 illustrates XRD patterns of an undoped AIS/ZnS nanocrystal, a 0.025 mmol-Mn-doped AIS/ZnS nanocrystal, a 0.075 mmol-Mn-doped AIS/ZnS nanocrystal, and a 0.125 mmol-Mn-doped AIS/ZnS nanocrystal, wherein diffraction peaks of tetragonal AgInS2 and ZnS, as obtained from the JCPDS database (specifically, JCPDS #25-1330 and JCPDS #05-0566), are shown as references.","FIGS.","47A-47D illustrate images of a Mn-doped nanocrystal embodiments, wherein FIG.","47A is a TEM image of a 0.075 mmol-Mn-doped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystal; FIG.","47B is a high resolution TEM image of a 0.075 mmol-Mn-doped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystal; FIG.","47C is a fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern on the HRTEM image of a 0.075 mmol-Mn-doped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystal; and FIG.","47D is an EDX spectrum of the 0.075 mmol-Mn-doped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystal, which illustrates Ag, In, Mn, Zn and S elements (and wherein the unlabeled peaks above 10 KeV are gold elements from the gold-mesh grid used for TEM imaging).","FIG.","48 is a graph illustrating photoluminescence decay curves of a 0.075 mmol-Mn-doped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystal, wherein the sample is excited at 300 nm by a xenon lamp and its photoluminescence decays were measured at different wavelengths.","FIG.","49 is a collection of photographic images illustrating results obtained from a thermal stability study of Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystal, wherein the Mn:AIZS nanocrystal solutions are shown at room temperature, after heating at 170° C., and cooled down to room temperature under a UV lamp.","FIGS.","50A-50C are images illustrating results from analyzing a Mn-doped nanocrystal embodiment wherein the core of the nanocrystal is doped; FIG.","50A is an illustration of such a nanocrystal wherein Mn atoms are doped into the core of an AZIS nanocrystal and then the cores are shelled with ZnS layers; FIG.","50B is a graph showing fluorescence and absorption spectra of Mn-doped AZIS/ZnS nanocrystals; and FIG.","50C is a graph showing fluorescence decays of Mn-doped AZIS/ZnS nanocrystals under different Ag levels in the composites.","FIGS.","51A and 51B provide a schematic illustration of a representative composite wherein a zwitterionic polymer encapsulates both magnetic nanoparticles and I(II)-III-VI quantum dots through self-assembly (FIG.","51B) and representative magnetic resonance image and optical image of the composite at difference concentrations, wherein the concentration is marked by the Fe+Mn mass/mL (FIG.","51B).","FIG.","52 is a graph illustrating results obtained from cell viability testing, wherein unconjugated and chlorotoxin-conjugated conjugates prepared using composite embodiments described herein were incubated with cells over 72 hours.","FIGS.","53A and 53B are images showing intracellular distribution of conjugated micelles in U-87, wherein micelles, endosomes or lysosomes are stained with Lysotracker green, and nuclei are stained with DAPI appear red, green, and blue, respectively; FIG.","53A shows distribution after 3 hours of incubation; and FIG.","53B shows distribution after 24 hours of incubation.","FIGS.","54A-54C shows results obtained from measuring the fluorescence lifetime of a control (organic dye C153) and two composite embodiments described herein, namely an Mn-doped AZIS/ZnS composite having an average lifetime of 0.1 ms (FIG.","54B) and another embodiment having an average lifetime of 1 ms (FIG.","54C), wherein the insets show the zero backgrounds.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION I.","Explanation of Terms The following explanations of terms are provided to better describe the present disclosure and to guide those of ordinary skill in the art in the practice of the present disclosure.","As used herein, “comprising” means “including” and the singular forms “a” or “an” or “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.","The term “or” refers to a single element of stated alternative elements or a combination of two or more elements, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.","Unless explained otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.","Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below.","The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting, unless otherwise indicated.","Other features of the disclosure are apparent from the following detailed description and the claims.","Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of components, molecular weights, percentages, temperatures, times, and so forth, as used in the specification or claims are to be understood as being modified by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless otherwise indicated, implicitly or explicitly, the numerical parameters set forth are approximations that can depend on the desired properties sought and/or limits of detection under standard test conditions/methods.","When directly and explicitly distinguishing embodiments from discussed prior art, the embodiment numbers are not approximates unless the word “about” is recited.","Furthermore, not all alternatives recited herein are equivalents.","To facilitate review of the various embodiments of the disclosure, the following explanations of specific terms are provided.","Certain functional group terms include an Ra group that, though not part of the defined functional group, indicates how the functional group attaches to the compound to which it is bound.","Aliphatic: A hydrocarbon, or a radical thereof, having at least one carbon atom to 50 carbon atoms, such as one to 25 carbon atoms, or one to ten carbon atoms, and which includes alkanes (or alkyl), alkenes (or alkenyl), alkynes (or alkynyl), including cyclic versions thereof, and further including straight- and branched-chain arrangements, and all stereo and position isomers as well.","Alkyl: A saturated monovalent hydrocarbon having at least one carbon atom to 50 carbon atoms, such as one to 25 carbon atoms, or one to ten carbon atoms, wherein the saturated monovalent hydrocarbon can be derived from removing one hydrogen atom from one carbon atom of a parent compound (e.g., alkane).","An alkyl group can be branched, straight-chain, or cyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl).","Alkenyl: An unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon having at least two carbon atoms to 50 carbon atoms, such as two to 25 carbon atoms, or two to ten carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond, wherein the unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon can be derived from removing one hydrogen atom from one carbon atom of a parent alkene.","An alkenyl group can be branched, straight-chain, cyclic (e.g., cycloalkenyl), cis, or trans (e.g., E or Z).","Alkynyl: An unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon having at least two carbon atoms to 50 carbon atoms, such as two to 25 carbon atoms, or two to ten carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, wherein the unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon can be derived from removing one hydrogen atom from one carbon atom of a parent alkyne.","An alkynyl group can be branched, straight-chain, or cyclic (e.g., cycloalkynyl).","Aryl: An aromatic carbocyclic group comprising at least five carbon atoms to 15 carbon atoms, such as five to ten carbon atoms, having a single ring or multiple condensed rings, which condensed rings can or may not be aromatic provided that the point of attachment is through an atom of the aromatic carbocyclic group.","Carboxylate: RaC(O)O−, wherein Ra is the atom of the formulas disclosed herein to which the carboxyl group is attached.","Composite: A material comprising a core (which may comprise a nanoparticle, a quantum dot having a core or core/shell structure, or a combination or plurality thereof) and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula disclosed herein, wherein the zwitterionic polymer coating encapsulates the core and wherein the composite exhibits properties that differ from each of its individual components.","Encapsulated: When a drug is described herein as “encapsulated,” it is intended to mean that the drug is located within or attached to polymer side chains of the zwitterionic polymeric coatings described herein and/or within the core of the composite as defined by the zwitterionic polymeric coating.","Heteroaliphatic: An aliphatic group comprising at least one heteroatom to 20 heteroatoms, such as one to 15 heteroatoms, or one to 5 heteroatoms, which can be selected from, but not limited to oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, phosphorous, and oxidized forms thereof within the group.","Heteroalkyl/Heteroalkenyl/Heteroalkynyl: An alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group (which can be branched, straight-chain, or cyclic) comprising at least one heteroatom to 20 heteroatoms, such as one to 15 heteroatoms, or one to 5 heteroatoms, which can be selected from, but not limited to oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, phosphorous, and oxidized forms thereof within the group.","Heteroaryl: An aryl group comprising at least one heteroatom to six heteroatoms, such as one to four heteroatoms, which can be selected from, but not limited to oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, phosphorous, and oxidized forms thereof within the ring.","Such heteroaryl groups can have a single ring or multiple condensed rings, wherein the condensed rings may or may not be aromatic and/or contain a heteroatom, provided that the point of attachment is through an atom of the aromatic heteroaryl group.","Magnetic Nanoparticle: A class of nanoparticles that can be manipulated using magnetic field gradients.","Quantum Dot: A nanoscale particle that exhibits size-dependent electronic and optical properties due to quantum confinement.","The quantum dots disclosed herein generally have at least one dimension less than 100 nanometers.","The disclosed quantum dots may be colloidal quantum dots, i.e., quantum dots that may remain in suspension when dispersed in a liquid medium.","Sulfonate: A functional group having a formula RaSO3−, wherein Ra is the atom of the formulas disclosed herein to which the sulfonate is attached.","Zwitterionic Polymer/Zwitterionic Polymeric Coating: A polymer or polymeric coating disclosed herein that comprises both positive and negative electrical charges and that comprises a polymeric backbone having one or more zwitterionic side-chains extending therefrom.","Typically, the polymers and polymeric coatings comprise at least one functional group that comprises a positive charge and at least one functional group that comprises a negative charge, and in most embodiments both such functional groups are located in the same polymer side chain (as distinguished from the polymer backbone).","II.","Introduction Micellar magnetofluorescent nanoparticles inherit the merits of magnetic nanoparticles (e.g., high saturation magnetization) and quantum dots (e.g., photostability and luminescence wavelength tunability), and also provide complementary merits from both magnetic resonance imaging and optical imaging (i.e., high spatial resolution and high sensitivity).","Conventional methods used to produce magnetofluorescent nanoparticles require forming a hydrophilic shell using anti-fouling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains to achieve colloidal stability and biocompatibility for various in vitro or in vivo applications.","Although PEG chains render such nanoparticles stable in physiological media, PEG groups are sensitive to solution pH and salinity and tend to cause such nanoparticles to aggregate in acidic or salt-rich microenvironments.","This aggregation further degrades and can even change the diagnosis/therapy functionalities devised for original nanoparticles.","This shortcoming of PEG-functionalized magnetofluorescent nanoparticles limits their applications in biological or biomedical applications, where harsh conditions are ubiquitous.","For instance, many cellular organelles are maintained under acidic conditions and rich in salts.","Moreover, it has been suggested in the art that PEG may induce in vivo production of anti-PEG immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, which further affects in vivo applications of PEG coated magnetofluorescent nanoparticles.","Other conventional magnetofluorescent nanoparticles comprise cadmium-based quantum dots and/or gold nanoparticles with dihydrolipoic acid that can undergo ligand exchange with trioctylphosphine oxide ligands to form zwitterionic cadmium-based quantum dots or gold nanoparticles with singular ligands that are coupled to the cadmium core through a sulfur atom.","Zwitterion coupled thiol ligands, however, have not been applicable to the preparation of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles integrating both magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots.","These thiol ligands are individually attached to the core and do not comprise a polymeric backbone.","The disclosed composites and methods of making the same address deficiencies associated with conventional composites and techniques.","For example, scalable syntheses of high quality quantum dots are desired because a large amount of bright quantum dots can be produced in a single synthetic reaction to sustain biomedical research for reliable experimental observation or data collection and also save synthesis costs.","The disclosed methods provide the ability to obtain such scalable syntheses.","In addition, since quantum dots usually are synthesized in organic solvents and thus capped with hydrophobic ligands, facile surface/interface chemistries are required to render I—III-VI quantum dots water-dispersible and also to provide functional groups for subsequent bio-conjugation with biological moieties.","The disclosed composites and compositions address this need.","Additionally, the composites disclosed herein possess several merits including dual imaging properties, high (Mn+Fe) recovery, excellent stability in aqueous solutions with a wide pH/ionic-strength range and physiological media, minimal cytotoxicity, the ability to tune photoluminescence by surface doping, and cell targeting capabilities before and after bio-conjugation.","Without being limited to a particular theory, it is currently believed that the high recovery of the composites is attributed to the efficient wrapping of the composite cores by the aliphatic tails of the zwitterionic polymeric coating, and that the colloidal stability, and minimal cytotoxicity for cell targeting results from the nature of the incorporated zwitterionic groups.","Additionally, the composites can be used for cell imaging and the photoluminescence tunability of the composites from the visible to near infrared (NIR) range contributes to their utility in in vivo diagnosis.","The fluorescence imaging data obtained from the composites (e.g., NIR and magnetic resonance imaging) may also be used to provide complimentary information on tumor biology and thus enhance diagnosis accuracy.","III.","Composites and Compositions Disclosed herein are embodiments of composites and compositions thereof, wherein the composites comprise a core having a nanoparticle, quantum dot, or combination thereof and a polymeric coating that encapsulates the core.","In exemplary embodiments, the composites comprise magnetofluorescent cores and a zwitterionic polymeric coating suitable for promoting biocompatibility and coupling to biomolecules.","In particular disclosed embodiments, the magnetofluorescent core comprises at least one quantum dot and at least one magnetic nanoparticle.","The zwitterionic polymer coating, which comprises a polymeric backbone from which zwitterionic side chains extend, can be used to encapsulate the core of the composite, such as by forming a polymeric layer that surrounds a composition of magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, or a combination thereof.","In particular disclosed embodiments, the zwitterionic polymeric coating comprises a polymer having a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophilic portion.","The hydrophobic portion can be oriented so that it interacts with the core comprising the magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, or combination thereof to form a micellar core.","The hydrophilic portion can be oriented so that it extends from the micellar core to promote solubility and/or biomolecular conjugation.","In some embodiments, the zwitterionic polymeric coating can comprise a polymer having a pH-responsive group, which can comprise a combination of a functional group positioned on the polymeric chain of the polymer, which comprises a tertiary amine, and a functional group positioned on the polymeric chain of the polymer, which comprises a carboxyl group.","The combination of these two functional groups can provide a weak zwitterionic moiety.","In such a weak zwitterion, the free proton from the carboxyl group can be transferred to the tertiary amine without affecting the neutral charge of the whole pair.","In some embodiments, the pKa of the carboxyl group of the weak zwitterionic moiety is around 5.0-6.0, and can be protonated in acidic endosomes and thus lead to osmotic swelling and endosome rupture benefitting the ensodomal escape of micelles.","In yet additional embodiments, the zwitterionic polymer can comprise carboxybetaine groups that can also absorb protons in acidic conditions for endosomal escape.","In some embodiments, the molar ratio of functional groups present on the zwitterionic polymeric coating (e.g., carboxybetaine groups, sulfobetaine groups, pH responsive groups, and thiol-containing groups) can be modified to provide a desired reactivity of the micelle formed with the polymeric coating and the core.","In particular disclosed embodiments, the zwitterionic polymeric coating can comprise a polymer having a structure meeting Formula I below.","With reference to Formula I, each R1 can provide the hydrophobic portion of the polymer and independently can be selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 independently can be —C(O)Z, wherein Z can be selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 can (alone or in combination with R2) provide the hydrophilic portion of the polymer and independently can be selected from amide-aliphatic-amine (e.g., —CO(NRb)C1-C10alkylN(Rb)2, wherein each Rb independently can be selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl), amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate (e.g., —CO(NRb)C1-C10alkyl [N(Rb)2]+C1-C10alkyl-CO2−, wherein each Rb independently can be selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl), amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate (e.g., —CO(NRb)C1-C10alkyl [N(Rb)2]+C1-C10alkyl-SO3−, wherein each Rb independently can be selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl), or amide-aliphatic-thiol (e.g., —CO(NRb)C1-C10alkylSH, wherein Rb can be selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl); p can be an integer selected from zero to 5; q can be an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently can be an integer selected from 1 to 200.In some embodiments, the zwitterionic polymeric coating can comprise a polymer having a structure satisfying any one of Formulas II-VI below.","With reference to Formulas II-VI, each R1 independently can be selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 independently can be selected from NRb, N(Rb)2+, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each Rb independently can be selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl; each A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 independently can be selected from aliphatic or heteroaliphatic; each Y1, Y2, and Y3 independently can be selected from amine, thiol, carboxylate or sulfonate; each Z independently can be selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; n can be an integer selected from 1 to 200; each m can be an integer selected from 0 to 3, such as 0, 1, 2, or 3; each p independently can be an integer selected from zero to 5; a can be an integer selected from 1 to 200, such as 1 to 100 or 5 to 50; and b and c independently can be an integer selected from 0 to 200, such as 1 to 100 or 5 to 50.In particular disclosed embodiments, each R1 independently can be selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; each X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 independently can be selected from NRb, N(Rb)2+, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each Rb independently can be selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, or pyridinyl; each A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 independently can be selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, or heteroalkynyl; each Y1 and Y2 independently can be selected from carboxylate or sulfonate; Y3 can be SH; each Z independently can be selected from hydroxyl, thiol, or NH2; and m is 1.In yet additional embodiments, each R1 independently can be selected from hydrogen or C1-C20 alkyl (such as C1-C16 alkyl, or C1-C10 alkyl); each X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 independently can be selected from NH or NMe2+; each A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 independently can be selected from C1-C20 alkyl (such as C1-C10 alkyl or C1-C5 alkyl, or C1-C3 alkyl); each Y1 and Y2 independently can be selected from carboxylate or sulfonate; Y3 can be SH; and each Z independently can be hydroxyl.","In exemplary embodiments, the zwitterionic polymer coating can have any one of the structures below.","The composites disclosed herein can comprise a core that includes a nanoparticle, a quantum dot, or a combination thereof.","In particular embodiments, the core comprises a magnetic nanoparticle, a quantum dot, or a combination thereof.","In yet additional embodiments, the core comprises a magnetic nanoparticle and a quantum dot.","In such embodiments, the core is considered magnetofluorescent.","In particular disclosed embodiments, the composite comprises MnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles, CuInS2 quantum dots, AgInS2 quantum dots, or any combination thereof.","In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are magnetic and can be nanoparticles comprising a metal selected from Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, or combinations thereof.","In particular disclosed embodiments, the magnetic nanoparticle comprises a metal and/or a metal oxide, such as an iron oxide, a nickel oxide, a cobalt oxide, a manganese oxide, or a combination thereof.","Exemplary magnetic nanoparticles include, but are not limited to MnFe2O4, Fe3O4, CoFe2O4, FePt, or a combination thereof.","In some embodiments, the nanoparticles, quantum dots, or both can have core sizes of greater than 1 nm to 10 nm, such as 1 nm to 8 nm, or 1 nm to 5 nm.","Suitable quantum dots that can be used in the composites disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, tertiary or ternary quantum dots, such as AgInS2, Ag(In,Ga)Se2, Ag(Zn,Sn)Se2, Ag(Zn,Sn)S2, AgIn(Se,S)2, AgZn(Se,S)2, AgSn(Se,S)2, and Ag(Zn,Sn)(Se,S)2ZnSSe, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, ScSTe, HgSSe, HgSeTe, HgSTe, ZnHgS, ZnHgSe, ZnHgTe, ZnHgSSe, ZnHgSeTe, InGaAs, GaAlAs, InGaN, CuInS2, Cu(In,Ga)Se2, Cu(Zn,Sn)Se2, Cu(Zn,Sn)S2, CuIn(Se,S)2, CuZn(Se,S)2, CuSn(Se,S)2, and Cu(Zn,Sn)(Se,S)2.In some embodiments, the quantum dots used in the composites are quantum dots.","Exemplary quantum dots include, but are not limited to, CuInS2 quantum dots and AgInS2 quantum dots.","The quantum dot can be a core quantum dot or a core/shell quantum dot.","In core/shell embodiments, the quantum dot can be selected from any quantum dot described herein and can further comprise a shell made of a binary material selected from, but not limited to, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, GaAs, InAs, InN, InP, InSb, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, ZnS, ZnSe, or ZnTe; an ion species, such as a halide (e.g., bromide, chloride, fluoride, or iodide); or a combination thereof.","In exemplary embodiments, ZnS or chloride is selected as the shell component.","Exemplary embodiments of core/shell quantum dots include, but are not limited to, CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots and AgInS2/ZnS quantum dots.","Core and core/shell quantum dots can be used in combination with nanoparticles, particularly nanoparticles, to form an overall core used in the composites disclosed herein.","The core of the composite also can be doped with one or more metals.","In particular disclosed embodiments, quantum dots (core and/or core/shell quantum dots) and/or nanoparticles (e.g., magnetic nanoparticles) can be doped with a metal selected from Cu, Ag, Au, Mn, Zn, or combinations thereof.","Doping the cores of the disclosed composites provides the ability to tune the optical properties and material characteristics of the cores and also can prolong the photoluminescence lifetime of the composites disclosed herein.","Photoluminescence tuning of the composites can be used avoid cross-talk with other existing dyes in bioimaging/sensing, and also provides design flexibility for optoelectronic devices, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with different color emissions.","Like other composites disclosed herein, the doped cores can be encapsulated with the zwitterionic polymeric coatings disclosed herein to form composites.","The doped composites can be used as photoluminescent probes in cellular imaging and tissue imaging.","Also disclosed herein are compositions comprising the composites described above and one or more biomolecules.","In some embodiments, the biomolecules of the composition can be the same.","In yet other embodiments, multiple different biomolecules can be used.","Biomolecules can be selected from targeting ligands, antibodies, nucleic acids, therapeutic molecules, or a peptide having biofunctionality, or combinations thereof.","In exemplary embodiments, the biomolecules can be selected from chlorotoxin, avidin, biotin, folic acid, arginylglycylaspartic acid, or combinations thereof.","The biomolecules can be chemically conjugated to the composites, such as electrostatically and/or covalently.","In some embodiments, biomolecules can be covalently bound to functional groups on the composite, such as carboxylate groups of the zwitterionic polymer coating.","In some embodiments, the composites can comprise a mixture of carboxylate and sulfonate functional groups to facilitate conjugation to biomolecules through the carboxylate groups and also to maintain the zwitterionic nature of the polymer using sulfonate groups, which do not react with the biomolecules.","In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions can be used to determine and demonstrate the biomedical uses of the composites and compositions, such as by performing cellular/tissue studies to investigate cytotoxicity of the composites and/or compositions and specific cellular binding/uptake of conjugated composites by cells, such as tumor cells.","In some embodiments, drugs, such as chemotherapy drugs (e.g., doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, or the like) can be loaded into the cores of micelles for therapeutic drug delivery applications.","Once exposed to physiological conditions (e.g., circulation environments), drugs encapsulated in micelles usually are released within the first several hours, after which their concentrations reach a saturation plateau.","The burst release should be minimal before micelles are internalized into target cells, but efficient after they are in target cells.","To prevent premature drug leakage, thiol groups can be incorporated into the zwitterionic polymer to form disulfide cross-linkages in oxidative conditions and thereby form a cross-linked layer of the zwitterionic polymeric coating.","FIG.","33 illustrates an exemplary embodiment wherein a cross-linked layer 3300 is formed by thiol groups of a polymeric coating backbone.","The presence to thiol groups can help different polymer backbones to cross link with each other and form a shell on the surface.","This shell is stable under physiological conditions minimizing drug leakage, but sensitive to and degradable in intracellular reductive-microenvironments.","As illustrated in FIG.","33, the cross-linked layer can encapsulate quantum dots 3302 and drug molecules 3304.The devised shell is designed to help micelles to achieve more drug release inside cells.","The composites disclosed herein can be characterized using a variety of techniques.","In some embodiments, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be used to characterize the composites.","In yet additional embodiments, the composites can be characterized based on their particle composition and size, iron content recovery rates, optical properties, colloidal stability, and magnetic relaxivity in harsh conditions using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and combinations thereof.","IV.","Methods of Making Composite Components, Composites, and Compositions Described herein are embodiments of methods for making the composite components described above, the composites themselves, and compositions comprising the composites.","Methods for making composite components, such as the zwitterionic polymer coating and the quantum dots that can be used in the magnetofluorescent core also are described below.","In some embodiments of making the zwitterionic polymers described herein, the methods comprise converting a polymer precursor to a polymeric intermediate, which can then be reacted with suitable reagents that provide the zwitterionic portion of the polymer.","As illustrated in Scheme 1, polymeric precursor 100 can be converted to polymeric intermediate 102 by addition of an appropriate nucleophile to polymeric precursor 100, which ring-opens to provide polymeric intermediate 102.With respect to Scheme 1, each R1, R2, X2, A1, m a, and p can be as recited above; Za can be selected from oxygen or NRb; and each R4 independently can be selected from hydrogen or aliphatic.","In particular embodiments, a method as illustrated in Scheme 2 can be used to produce polymeric intermediate 202 from polymeric precursor 200.In some embodiments, the zwitterionic polymer coating can comprise functional groups suitable for forming disulfide cross-linkages within the polymeric coating to thereby form a cross-linked layer of the polymer (FIG.","33).","In such embodiments, the disulfide-containing polymers can be made by reacting a polymeric precursor with a disulfide-containing reagent, such as 2-(2-pyridyldithio)ethylamine.","The disulfide bond of the disulfide-containing reagent can be reduced to a thiol using excess dithiothreitol (DTT).","The crosslinking between thiol groups of the polymeric coating can be conducted under aqueous oxidative conditions during the removal of DTT from micelles by dialysis against PBS buffer.","The polymeric intermediate can then be converted to a zwitterionic polymer 300 by reacting polymeric intermediate 102 with one or more different electrophiles capable of providing a carboxylate moiety, a sulfonate moiety, or a combination thereof, as illustrated in Scheme 3 below.","In some embodiments, a cyclic lactone and/or a cyclic sulfone can be used as the electrophile component.","An exemplary method of producing a zwitterionic polymer is illustrated below in Scheme 4.As illustrated in Scheme 4, polymeric intermediate 202 is reacted with β-propiolactone and 1,3-propanesultone in one step to provide the carboxylate- and sulfonate-containing zwitterionic polymer 400.This method can be used to produce such compounds in one step without having to utilize multiple steps to attach both the carboxylate and the sulfonate moieties.","The resulting zwitterionic polymer possesses carboxybetaine groups, sulfobetaine groups, and hydrophobic groups on their backbones.","Compared to sulfobetaine, carboxybetaine groups are not only zwitterions but also supply carboxyl heads for bio-conjugation with conventional EDC/NHS cross-linkers.","The sulfobetaine groups are insensitive to regular bio-crosslinking reactions and thus keep the zwitterionic property of the amphiphiles during conjugation.","Although simple carboxyl groups are presented on the polymer backbone, carboxybetaine in the polymeric coating can further increase the biomolecule loading capability of composites through bio-crosslinking.","Moreover, carboxybetaine branches can be provided that are similar to or substantially similar to the length of the sulfobetaine branches and therefore are easy to access for bio-conjugation.","In yet additional embodiments, the zwitterionic polymeric coating can be made by first making a functionalized zwitterionic intermediate 500 and then reacting the functionalized zwitterionic intermediate 500 with a polymeric precursor 100, such as is illustrated in Scheme 5.With respect to Scheme 5, each of R1, R2, R4, X1, X2, A1, Za, m, a, and p can be as recited above.","A representative method of making the zwitterionic polymer in this fashion is illustrated in Scheme 6 below.","To produce the composites, the zwitterionic polymeric coating together with hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, or a combination thereof can be dissolved in organic solvents and then dispersed into water under sonication.","FIG.","32 provides an exemplary schematic of a representative method of making micelles comprising the polymeric coatings disclosed herein.","As illustrated in FIG.","32, an organic solution 3200 comprising a polymer as disclosed herein, one or more quantum dots, nanoparticles, a drug, or any combination thereof is mixed with water and undergoes sonication using a sonicator 3202.After sonication the micelles begin to form (3204) and vacuum removal of the organic solvents provides the formed micelles (3206).","After dispersion, organic solvents can be removed by vacuum under rotary evaporation.","In the dispersion and vacuum, hydrophobic alkyl tails in the amphiphiles interact with hydrophobic nanoparticles, quantum dots, or both to form the stable micellar cores, and carboxylate and sulfonate groups are exposed to water.","In some embodiments, the quantum dots used in the composites disclosed herein can be made using a thermal decomposition method.","The thermal decomposition method can be easily scaled up to a commercial scale for quantum dot production as compared to conventional hot-injection methods.","In some embodiments, a quantum dot precursor is used in the thermal decomposition method.","In comparison to hot-injection methods, the present method does not require multiple washing and dryings steps or the use of toxic sodium diethyldithiocarbamate to produce the quantum dot precursor.","Instead, the present methods use metal precursors and non-toxic ligands to produce the quantum dots in situ.","No complex precursors, external sulfur sources, or other solvents are needed.","Also, all chemicals used in the methods are commercially available.","The thermal decomposition methods described herein can comprise combining a Group 11 metal precursor, a Group 13 metal precursor, and a ligand in a thiol-containing solvent.","In some embodiments, the Group 11 metal precursor is selected from a silver precursor or a copper precursor.","In some embodiments, the Group 13 metal precursor is an indium precursor.","In particular disclosed embodiments, silver acetate or copper acetate can be used as the Group 11 metal precursor and indium acetate can be used as the Group 13 metal precursor.","Suitable ligands include, but are not limited to fatty acids, such as oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, and the like.","In some embodiments, the thiol-containing solvent is dodecanethiol, octadecanethiol, octanethiol, decanethiol, or combinations thereof.","The Group 11 metal precursor, the Group 13 metal precursor, and the ligand are combined in the thiol-containing solvent and are heated at a temperature suitable to facilitate thermal decomposition of the precursors to thereby form the desired quantum dots, such as quantum dots.","In some embodiments, the temperature ranges from 150° C. to 200° C., such as 160° C. to 190° C., or 170° C. to 180° C. In particular disclosed embodiments, the reaction mixture of the Group 11 metal precursor, the Group 13 metal precursor, the ligand, and the solvent is heated at 170° C. In some embodiments, the methods can use a particular ratio of metal precursors to provide the disclosed quantum dots.","In some embodiments, a Group 11:Group 13 metal precursor molar ratio ranging from 1:1 to 1:5 can be used, such as 1:1 to 1:4, or 1:1 to 1:3, or 1:1 to 1:2.In exemplary embodiments, an Ag:In molar ratio of 1:2 or a Cu:In molar ratio of 1:2 can be used.","In some embodiments, the method can further comprise growing a shell on the quantum dot surface to enhance quantum yield.","To enhance the quantum dot quantum yield (QY), a ZnS shell can grown on the quantum dot surface to form quantum dots having increased quantum yield as compared to quantum dots without a shell.","In an exemplary embodiment of the thermal decomposition methods disclosed herein, which is described solely by way of example, indium acetate and silver acetate or copper acetate can be reacted with a sulfur source, such as dodecanethiol, to form intermediate compounds of Ag(SC12H25)x or Cu(SC12H25)x and In(SC12H25)x upon heating and are dissolved in dodecanethiol.","As the reaction temperature is raised to a temperature ranging from 150° C. to 200° C.","(e.g., 160° C. to 190° C., or 170° C. to 180° C.) the intermediate compounds can act as precursors and further decompose to form Ag—S or Cu—S and In—S to form Ag—In—S or Cu—In—S particles.","Without being limited to a particular theory, it is currently believed that a 1:2 molar ratio of Cu:In or Ag:In can be used to circumvent the possibility of producing Ag2S or Cu2S particles.","To further enhance the quantum yield, the AIS or CIS quantum dots can be passivated with a shell, such as a ZnS shell to form AIS/ZnS or CIS/ZnS quantum dots.","In some embodiments, the core/shell quantum dots exhibited a significant quantum yield up to 41% but with a blue shift, as demonstrated in FIG.","1.Embodiments of doped composites can be made using new synthetic methods disclosed herein that are reproducible and avoid multiple washing/drying steps and complex synthetic reactions.","In particular disclosed embodiments, the methods use dopant precursors that are commercially available and relatively safe to use (e.g., no glove box is needed in preparing these precursors, and no highly restricted handling or disposal is required).","In some embodiments, the methods described above for making the composites can be further modified to include a step whereby dopant precursors, such as CuI, Mn(acetate)2, Zn(acetate)2, AgNO3, Au(acetate)3, and the like, are added to composite solutions to provide surface-doped composites.","In yet additional embodiments, doped composites comprising a core passivated with a shell can be made by coating and/or etching the shell components onto a doped core composition formed using a dopant precursor and a composite solution.","Thus, in particular disclosed embodiments, a surface doping method is used, in contrast to a homogenous doping technique where the dopant is merely added to the precursors used to make the composite.","The amount of dopant added can range from greater than 0 mol % to 15 mol %, such as from greater than 0 mol % to 10 mol %, or 3 mol % to 10 mol %, or 6 mol % to 10 mol %.","In some representative embodiments, 3.33 mol %, 6.67 mol % and 10 mol % of the dopant can be added.","In particular disclosed embodiments, a dopant precursor can be dissolved in a suitable solvent and then added dropwise to a solution comprising the un-doped composite.","The composite solution can be heated to temperatures ranging from 120° C. to 200° C. or higher prior to addition of the dopant.","After the dopant is added, the resulting reaction mixture can be cooled to ambient temperature.","Methods for making doped core/shell composites can comprise preparing a doped composite as described above and then growing the shell on the doped core by adding selected shell precursors to a solution comprising the doped composite.","In particular disclosed embodiments, the amount of the shell precursor added to the solution typically is an amount that would provide a sufficient number of shell atoms absorbed on to the surface of the doped composite; thus, in some embodiments, the amount can be determined based on the diameter of the doped composite.","As an exemplary embodiment, doped core/shell composites can be obtained by preparing a shell precursor solution having a fixed concentration of the shell precursor, such as Zn(acetate)2, and then injecting a selected volume of the shell precursor solution (e.g., 0.5 mL) into a reactor comprising the doped composite.","In some embodiments, at least 1 to 20 injections, such as 1 to 15 injections, or 2 to 10 injections, or 4 to 9 injections of the shell precursor solution can be added.","After each injection, the quantum yield of the composites can be assessed to provide a curve of quantum yield as a function of injection time.","This curve can be used to obtain suitable injection times and the total amount of the precursor solution to be added to provide the desired core/shell doped composites.","The doping methods described above can be used to provide doped composites that exhibit high quantum yields (e.g., 50% or higher, such as 60% or higher) and prolonged photoluminescent lifetimes (e.g., 300 ns or more, such as 500 ns or more).","The optical properties and material characteristics of the doped composites can be characterized using photoluminescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, or combinations thereof.","V. Methods of Using Composites and Compositions The composites and compositions described herein can be used for biomedical imaging, biosensing, and therapeutic treatment.","In some embodiments, the composites and compositions can be used for cell- or tissue-based diagnosis and therapy.","For example, the composites and compositions can be used as contrast agents and/or probes for imaging cells, tumors, and/or detecting endogenous targets expressed in cells.","In some embodiments, the compositions can comprise a composite and a biomolecule having therapeutic activity and/or a therapeutic drug and therefore the compositions can be used to treat, prevent, and/or ameliorate a disease or disorder.","The disclosed composites and compositions are non-toxic, stable, and aqueous-soluble, and thus are suited for imaging of subjects both in vitro and in vivo as well as for drug delivery to a subject.","In some embodiments, the composites and/or composite components (e.g., cores and/or zwitterionic polymer) can be used as imaging probes for flow cytometry, cell and tissue staining, cell tracking, Western blotting, in vivo imaging, and the like.","In yet additional embodiments, the composites can be used as sensing probes.","An exemplary sensing probe is illustrated in FIG.","43.According to the embodiment illustrated in FIG.","43, a sensing probe 4300 comprises an absorbent portion 4302, a capturing antibody portion 4304, a membrane (e.g., a nanocellulose membrane) 4306, a composite portion 4308, which comprising one or more of the composites disclosed herein, and a sample application portion 4310.Sensing probes like that illustrated in FIG.","43 can be used to detect the presence of a particular analyte of interest.","When such sensors are used, the photoluminescence produced by the composite portion can be used as a signal under continuous excitation.","As the composites exhibit long photoluminescence lifetimes, the time-resolved photoluminescence of these composites also can be used as signals.","In such embodiments, the time-resolved photoluminescence signals are produced by exciting the composites with a pulse light source; after the pulse excitation light is switched off, the composites will still emit fluorescence for several hundred nanoseconds or longer.","Such a time-resolved signal can avoid the interference of any background (autofluorescence).","In particular disclosed embodiments, the disclosed composites are combined with a biomolecule to produce a composition.","The biomolecule can be coupled to the composite chemically, such as through a covalent or electrostatic bond.","In some embodiments, the biomolecule can be covalently coupled to the composite using conjugation reagents and methods, such as by maleimide-thiol reaction chemistry, NHS-ester reaction chemistry, amino acid couplings, and the like.","The coupling of the composite and the biomolecule can be evaluated and confirmed using FT-IR spectroscopy.","After conjugation of the composite and the biomolecule to form the composition, it can be administered to a subject or it can be exposed to a sample in vitro.","The composition can be administered using any suitable administration route, such as oral administration, injection, topical administration, inhalation, or a combination thereof.","In particular disclosed embodiments, the composition can further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as water or other pharmaceutically acceptable solvent.","In some embodiments, the composition can be administered as a solution, a dispersion, a tablet, or a capsule.","In some embodiments, the doped composites disclosed herein can be in various biomedical applications, such as cell targeting and imaging applications.","In particular disclosed embodiments, the doped composites comprise a zwitterionic polymeric coating disclosed herein.","These doped composites can be conjugated to targeting moieties, such as antibodies, haptens, peptides, a member of a specific binding pair, and other suitable targeting biomolecules.","In particular disclosed embodiments, the doped composites can be coupled to peptides using peptide coupling reagents, such as, but are not limited to 2-(7-aza-1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylaminium hexafluorophosphate, 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-hexafluorophosphate, 2-(6-chloro-1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylaminium hexafluorophosphate, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, diisopropylcarbodiimide, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide-HCl, benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tripyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, bromo-tripyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, and the like, or a combination thereof.","These peptide coupling reagents also can be used for other composites disclosed herein (that is, non-doped composites).","In particular disclosed embodiments, the doped composites can be coupled to an RGD peptide for targeting tumors and/or mutations in brain cells, kidney cells, liver cells, breast tissue cells, and the like.","In yet additional embodiments, the doped composites (and other composites disclosed herein) can be combined with therapeutics and/or image contrast agents to deliver drugs to particular targets within a subject and/or to provide additional imaging of such targets.","VI.","Overview of Several Embodiments Some embodiments disclosed herein concern composites comprising a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof; and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula wherein each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 is —C(O)Z, wherein Z is selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 independently is selected from amide-aliphatic-amine, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate, or amide-aliphatic-thiol; p is an integer selected from zero to 5; q is an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200.In some embodiments, the zwitterionic polymeric coating comprises a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula selected from wherein each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each of X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 independently is selected from NRb, N(Rb)2+, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each Rb independently is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl; each of A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 independently is selected from aliphatic or heteroaliphatic; each of Y1, Y2, and Y3 independently is selected from amine, thiol, carboxylate or sulfonate; each Z independently is selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; n is an integer selected from 1 to 200; each m is an integer selected from 0 to 3; each p independently is an integer selected from zero to 5; each of a, b, and c independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200.In any or all of the above embodiments, each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; each of X1, X2, X3, and X5 independently is selected from NRb, N(Rb)2+, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each Rb independently is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, or pyridinyl; each of A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 independently is selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, or heteroalkynyl; each of Y1 and Y2 independently is selected from carboxylate or sulfonate and Y3 is thiol; each Z is hydroxyl; and m is 1.In any or all of the above embodiments, the zwitterionic polymeric coating comprises a zwitterionic polymer have a structure In any or all of the above embodiments, the core comprises at least one magnetic nanoparticle and at least one quantum dot.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the core is doped with a metal selected from Cu, Ag, Au, Mn, Zn, or combinations thereof.","In some embodiments, the core is doped with greater than 0 mol % to 10 mol % of the metal.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the core is a quantum dot core and the quantum dot core comprises a ZnS shell.","In some embodiments, the quantum dot core exhibits a quantum yield of greater than 50%.","In any or both of these embodiments, the quantum dot core exhibits a photoluminescence lifetime ranging from 300 to 500 nanoseconds.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the quantum dot is a quantum dot.","In any or all of the above embodiments, wherein the quantum dot comprises copper or silver.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the quantum dot is an AgInS2 quantum dot or a CuInS2 quantum dot.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the quantum dot further comprises a ZnS shell.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the magnetic nanoparticle comprises Fe.","In any or all of the above embodiments, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle is MnFe2O4, Fe3O4, CoFe2O4, FePt or a combination thereof.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the core comprises a combination of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles and an AgInS2 quantum dot, a CuInS2 quantum dot, or a combination thereof.","Also disclosed herein are embodiments of composites comprising: a core comprising a combination of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles and CuInS2 quantum dots, AgInS2 quantum dots, or both; and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure selected from In any or all of the above embodiments, the core further comprises a dopant, a shell, or both.","In some embodiments, the dopant is a metal selected from Cu, Ag, Au, Mn, Zn, or combinations thereof.","In some or both of these embodiments, the shell is a ZnS or chloride shell.","Also disclosed herein are embodiments of compositions, comprising: a composite having a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula wherein each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 is —C(O)Z, wherein Z is selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 independently is selected from amide-aliphatic-amine, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate, or amide-aliphatic-thiol; p is an integer selected from zero to 5; q is an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200; and a biomolecule, a drug, or a combination thereof.","In some embodiments, the core further comprises a dopant, a shell, or both.","In some or both of these embodiments, the dopant is a metal selected from Cu, Ag, Au, Mn, Zn, or combinations thereof.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the shell is a ZnS or a chloride shell.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the biomolecule is conjugated to the composite.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the biomolecule is chemically conjugated to the composite through the zwitterionic polymeric coating.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the biomolecule is chemically conjugated to the composite through a carboxylate group of the zwitterionic polymeric coating.","In some embodiments, the carboxylate group of the zwitterionic polymeric coating is further chemically bound to a linker, wherein the linker is also chemically bound to the biomolecule.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the biomolecule is selected from chlorotoxin, avidin, biotin, folic acid, arginylglycylaspartic acid, or combinations thereof.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the drug is encapsulated within the zwitterionic polymeric coating.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the drug is doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, or a combination thereof.","Also disclosed herein are embodiments of methods for making a composite, comprising: combining, to form a mixture, a solution comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof with a solution of a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula wherein each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 is —C(O)Z, wherein Z is selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 independently is selected from amide-aliphatic-amine, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate, or amide-aliphatic-thiol; p is an integer selected from zero to 5; q is an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200; dispersing the mixture into water using sonication to form a dispersed composition; and isolating the composite from the dispersed composition.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the method further comprises centrifuging the dispersed composition to remove non-composite by-products.","Also disclosed herein are embodiments of methods for making a quantum dot, comprising: combining a Group 11 metal precursor with a Group 13 metal precursor, one or more ligands, a solvent, or a combination thereof to form a precursor mixture; and heating the precursor mixture to a temperature sufficient to facilitate formation of the quantum dot.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the Group 11 metal precursor is a copper-containing precursor, a silver-containing precursor, or a combination thereof.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the Group 11 metal precursor is copper acetate, silver acetate, or a combination thereof.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the Group 13 metal precursor comprises indium.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the Group 13 metal precursor is indium acetate.","In any or all of the above embodiments, a metal molar ratio of Ag:In of 1:2 or a metal molar ratio of Cu:In of 1:2 is used.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the temperature ranges from 150° C. to 200° C. In any or all of the above embodiments, the temperature is 170° C. In some embodiments, the methods comprise combining copper acetate, silver acetate, or a combination thereof with indium acetate, oleic acid, and dodecanethiol to form a precursor mixture; and heating the precursor mixture to a temperature ranging from 160° C. to 180° C. to facilitate formation of a CuInS2 quantum dot, an AgInS2 quantum dot, or a combination thereof.","Embodiments of methods of imaging cells also are disclosed herein, with such methods comprising: contacting a cell with an imaging amount of the composite having a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula wherein each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 is —C(O)Z, wherein Z is selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 independently is selected from amide-aliphatic-amine, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate, or amide-aliphatic-thiol; p is an integer selected from zero to 5; q is an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200; or a composition comprising the composite and a biomolecule, a drug, or both; and detecting cellular update and/or the location of the composite in the cell.","In any or all of the above embodiments, detecting the location of the composite comprises exposing the cell to a stain and visually imaging the cell to detect cellular uptake of the composite.","In any or all of the above embodiments, detecting the location of the composite comprises analyzing the cell using photoluminescence spectroscopy to determine the photoluminescent intensity of the composite.","Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a method of delivering a therapeutic drug to a subject, comprising: contacting the subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the therapeutic drug and a composite having a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula wherein each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 is —C(O)Z, wherein Z is selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 independently is selected from amide-aliphatic-amine, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate, or amide-aliphatic-thiol; p is an integer selected from zero to 5; q is an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200.In any or all of the above embodiments, therapeutic drug is encapsulated within the zwitterionic polymeric coating.","In any or all of the above embodiments, the drug is doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, or a combination thereof.","VII.","Examples Materials Poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene (PMAO, average Mn 30000-50000), 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine (DMAPA, 99%), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA, 99.5%), β-propiolactone (Grade II, ≥90%), gelatin, and poly-D-lysine (PDL) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.","1,3-propanesultone (99%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar.","Tetrahydrofuran (THF, >99%), ethanol (>99%), methanol (>99%), dichloromethane and chloroform (>99.9%) were purchased from Pharmco-AAPER.","U-87 MG (HTB-14) and HEK-293 cells (CRL-1537) were ordered from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).","RPMI-1640, MEM and DMEM media were from Corning Cellgro.","Paraformaldehyde, Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS), and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were from Fisher Scientific.","Heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) and stempro accutase were from Gibco.","Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was from MP Biomedicals.","Chlorotoxin (CTX) was purchased from Alomone Labs.","Fluorescein diacetate (FDA), propidium iodide (PI), 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were was from Pierce.","All chemicals or reagents were used as received without further purification.","The infrared (IR) spectra were acquired using a Perkin-Elmer Frontier FT-IR spectrometer equipped with Spectrum 10 software and Universal ATR sampling accessory.","The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were obtained on Varian VNMRS operating at 500 MHz (′H) and 298K.","For the zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticle preparation, a probe-type Misonix Ultrasonic Liquid Processor (QSonica) was used.","Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra were acquired using a JEOL analytical transmission electron microscope (model JEM 2100F) operated with a 200 kV acceleration voltage and equipped with an Oxford Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer.","The optical characteristics of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles including ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and photoluminescence spectra were collected using Shimadzu UV-2450 spectrometer and Shimadzu RF-5301PC spectrofluorometer.","The hydrodynamic sizes were measured in H2O using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument equipped with a HeNe laser operating at 632.8 nm and a scattering detector at 173 degrees.","For iron content assay and colloidal stability embodiments, a Perkin-Elmer microplate reader was used.","Cell viability or cytotoxicity were estimated using a BD Biosciences SORP LSR II flow cytometer with 4 lasers (405 nm, 488 nm, 561 nm and 640 nm) and 18 fluorescence detectors.","Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on a Bruker BioSpec 7T horizontal bore system.","Fluorescent cellular images were taken using Leica TCS SP8 (DM 6000 CS) confocal scanning microscope.","Preparation of Zwitterionic Amphiphiles Generally, the synthesis of zwitterionic amphiphilic polymer PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine involved two steps.","In the first step, PMAO anhydride rings were opened by the primary amine groups of DMAPA leading to the presence of terminal carboxyl and tertiary amine groups on the polymer backbone.","In the second step, tertiary amines reacted with β-propiolactone and 1,3-propanesultone to form carboxybetaine and sulfobetaine groups, respectively.","To avoid possible ring-opening polymerization of β-propiolactone and/or 1,3-propanesultone, the second-step reaction was started in ice-bath and the total molarity of both β-propiolactone and 1,3-propanesultone was controlled to be slightly higher than that of tertiary amines (if all anhydride rings in PMAO were opened).","Of note, although the molar ratio between β-propiolactone and 1,3-propanesultone can be tuned, in this embodiment an 1:1 ratio of them was used to demonstrate the proof of concept on PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine.","The synthesis is simple, and its production yield is >80%.","In one example, PMAO-DMAPA was first prepared by stirring the mixture of 2.02 g PMAO and 1.1 mL DMAPA in 25 mL CH2Cl2 over ice-bath for 3 hours followed by precipitation of the product by adding acetone.","The white precipitate was collected by filtration and then washed 3 times (with sonication) by dissolving in ˜15-20 mL CHCl3 and precipitating with acetone (3 times volume excess).","The product was dried under vacuum overnight resulting in 2.03 g (˜77% yield) of PMAO-DMAPA.","For the synthesis of PMAO-DMAPA-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine, the mixture of 0.50 g PMAO-DMAPA, 192 μL DIPEA, 38.4 μL of β-propiolactone, and 68.2 mg 1,3-propanesultone in 5 mL CH2Cl2 was stirred over ice-bath for ˜3 hours and then at room temperature overnight.","The resulting lightly cloudy mixture was pipetted into centrifuge tubes and washed (>5 times) by dissolving in ˜1 mL CHCl3-MeOH (1:1, v/v), precipitating with acetone (3-5 times volume) and collecting the precipitate by centrifugation.","The white solid was dried under vacuum overnight giving 0.54 g of product (˜88% yield).","The synthesized PMAO derivatives were characterized by FTIR, as shown in FIG.","2.PMAO-DMAPA spectrum showed the disappearance of anhydride C═O at around 1857 cm−1 and 1776 cm−1 and the appearance of new peaks at around 1713 cm−1 for carboxyl C═O, around 1649 cm−1 for amide C═O, and around 1560 cm−1 for amide N—H, which indicates the addition of DMAPA to PMAO.","In the spectrum of PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine, the peaks from PMAO-DMAPA are represented and some new peaks at around 1175 cm−1 and 1035 cm−1 are observed.","As shown in FIG.","3, the peaks at around 1175 cm−1 and 1035 cm−1 are also observed in the FTIR spectrum of amidosulfobetaine-16 (ASB-16) which is an alkyl chain with a sulfobetaine head.","These two peaks represent S═O in the sulfo group.","The spectrum comparison and analysis indicates the formation of sulfobetaine after the reaction of the tertiary amines of PMAO-DMAPA with 1,3-propanesultone.","Peaks associated with carboxybetaine in PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine are not significant for observation, probably because the peaks for the additional carboxyl C═O from the formed carboxybetaine groups in PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine are overlapping with those of the existing carboxyl C═O in PMAO-DMAPA.","However, a slight distortion at around 1590 cm−1 in the spectrum of PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine (not marked but close to the mark line at 1560 cm−1) is still distinguishable.","Considering there is a significant peak at around 1590 cm−1 for N-Dodecyl-N,N-(dimethylammonio)butyrate (DDMAB) which is an alkyl chain with a carboxybetaine head (as shown in FIG.","1), this minor distortion may suggest the addition of carboxybetaine to PMAO.","The synthesized PMAO derivatives dissolved in a mixture of CDCl3 and CD3OD were further characterized using NMR.","All NMR spectra were presented in FIG.","5.For all samples, the hydrophobic alkyl chain (C18) of the polymer was observed at 0.80 ppm for —CH3 and 1.18 ppm for —CH2.For PMAO-DMAPA, two additional peaks are presented at 2.66 ppm and 1.76 ppm.","In literature, the following peaks have been reported for the attachment of DMAPA to polymer backbones: C(O)NHCH2 at 3.2-3.3 ppm, CH2N(CH3)2 at 2.36 ppm, N(CH3)2) at 2.2 ppm, CH2CH2N(CH3)2 at 1.6 ppm.","The observed peaks due to the addition of DMAPA to PMAO appear in the chemical shift range as reported in the literature for the same chemical group.","For PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine, it has two peaks at 1.88 ppm and 2.75 ppm (similar to these of PMAO-DMAPA), but have an additional peak at around 3.02 ppm.","Literature has reported the following peaks due to the carboxybetaine addition to polymer backbones: C(O)NHCH2 at 2.75-3.48 ppm, C(O)NHCH2CH2 at 1.55-2 ppm, CH2N+(CH3)2 at 2.75-3.48 ppm, N+(CH3)2 at 2.9-3.3 ppm, CH2CH2COO− at 3.4-3.55 ppm, CH2COO− at 2.25-2.75 ppm; and the follow peaks due to the sulfobetaine addition to polymer backbones: C(O)NHCH2 at 3.2 ppm, C(O)NHCH2CH2 at 1.9 ppm, CH2N+(CH3)2 at 3.3 ppm, N+(CH3)2 at 3.05-3.1 ppm, CH2CH2CH2SO3− at 3.4 ppm, CH2CH2SO3− at 2.15 ppm, and CH2CH2SO3− at 2.89 ppm.","The peaks for PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine match with what were reported.","For the synthesis of PMAO-DMAPA-CBSB, PMAO-DMAPA (0.50 g) was first dissolved in 5 mL of anhydrous CHCl3 and then cooled over ice-H2O bath.","Then, DIPEA (192 μL, 1.1 mmole) was added and the mixture stirred for 5 minutes before adding β-propiolactone (38.4 μL, 0.55 mmole), and 1,3-propanesultone (67.9 g, 0.55 mmole).","The reaction mixture was stirred over ice-H2O bath for 3 hours and then at room temperature overnight.","The resulting lightly cloudy mixture was pipetted into centrifuge tubes and washed (7×) by dissolving in ˜1 mL CHCl3-MeOH (1:1, v/v), precipitating with acetone (3-5× volume) and collecting the precipitate by centrifugation.","The white solid was dried under vacuum overnight giving 0.54 g of product.","For the alternative approach for the introduction of carboxybetaine group, PMAO-CBtBu was first prepared by stirring the mixture of PMAO-DMAPA (0.50 g), DIPEA (0.40 mL, 2.3 mmol), and tert-butyl bromoacetate (0.52 mL, 3.4 mmole) in 5 mL of anhydrous CHCl3 at room temperature overnight.","The clear reaction mixture was poured into 50 mL anhydrous Et2O to precipitate the product.","The white precipitate was collected and washed with 15 mL Et2O (3×) and dried under vacuum giving 1.0 g of product.","As the product weighed more than expected, it was re-washed with 10 mL acetone (3×), but much less solid was isolated and the product was found to have dissolved in acetone, as solids were collected after rotary evaporation of the acetone filtrate (0.96 g).","The product isolated from evaporation of acetone was used without further purification for the next reaction.","It was stirred with 1.2 mL TFA under Argon for 1 h to hydrolyze the tert-butyl ester group.","The product (PMAO-CB) was precipitated and washed with anhydrous Et2O, and then dried under vacuum (0.63 g) and further washed with acetone giving 0.55 g of white solid after drying.","In some embodiments, amino intermediates comprising CB and SB units can be made and then used to open maleic anhydride-containing polymers.","The primary amine of DMAPA was first protected by reaction with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (Boc anhydride) to obtain Boc-DMAPA.","The reaction of Boc-DMAPA with β-propiolactone (or 1,3-propanesultone) was followed by acid treatment to remove the protecting group and obtain the corresponding acid salt of amino-CB (or amino-SB).","The obtained intermediates were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison with literature data when available.","The obtained Boc-DMAPA was reacted with 1,3-propanesultone, which was followed by acid hydrolysis of Boc protecting group to get the corresponding acid salt of amino-SB.","The 1H NMR of the product showed the disappearance of the signal at 1.44 ppm (compared with Boc-DMAPA) which indicates the removal of the Boc protecting group.","The proton peaks were also assigned as indicated below.","The products/intermediates for the synthesis of amino-SB were also characterized by FTIR spectroscopy.","The addition of 1,3-propanesultone to Boc-DMAPA is indicated by the more prominent peaks at 1163 cm−1 (overlapping with C—N vibration) and 1033 cm−1 for S═O of the sulfonic group.","The removal of the Boc protecting group is confirmed by the disappearance of the peaks at 1694 cm−1 and 1528 cm−1 from the C═O and N—H, respectively, of Boc-DMAPA.","The amino-CB was alternatively prepared from the reaction between Boc-DMAPA and tert-butyl bromoacetate, which is eventually followed by acid hydrolysis of the tert-butyl groups to give the corresponding acid salt of amino-CB.","The 1H NMR spectrum of the product showed the disappearance of the tert-butyl groups at 1.54 and 1.45 ppm, indicating the deprotection (removal of Boc and tert-butyl ester groups) by acid hydrolysis.","The isolated products/intermediates for amino-CB were also characterized by FTIR spectroscopy.","For the reaction of Boc-DMAPA and t-butyl bromoacetate, the appearance of overlapping peaks at 1740 cm−1 and 1691 cm−1 are for the C═O of butyl ester and the C═O of Boc group, respectively.","The peaks at 1249 cm−1 and 1152 cm−1 are for the C—O vibration of the t-butyl ester group which disappeared after removal of the protecting groups via HCl hydrolysis, along with the peak at 1691 cm−1 from removal of Boc protecting group.","The C═O for amino-CB (acid salt) is found to have shifted to 1740 cm−1 corresponding to that for carboxylic acid.","The broad peak at 2800 cm−1, aside from containing the C—H, also represents the O—H from the carboxylic group.","The protection of the primary amine of DMAPA was done by stirring (under Ar) the solution of DMAPA (5 mL, 39.3 mmole) in 21 mL anhydrous MeOH and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (Boc anhydride, 9.6 mL, 41.4 mmole) over ice/H2O bath for at least 1 hour and then allowing mixture to reach room temperature and continued stirring overnight.","Bubbling (from formation of CO2) occurred during the addition of Boc anhydride.","The resulting clear, colorless solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation, dissolved in 30 mL H2O, and then washed with EtOAc (25 mL×5).","The combined EtOAc washes was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered to remove the drying agent, and the filtrate concentrated by rotary evaporation.","The residue was dried under vacuum giving 5.64 g (71% yield) of colorless oil.","To synthesize the sulfobetaine intermediate, Boc-DMAPA (2.51 g, 12.4 mmole) was dissolved in 15 mL of anhydrous DMF and then 1.56 mL (2.13 g, 17.4 mmol) of 1,3-propanesultone (1.56 mL, 17.4 mmole) was added.","The clear, colorless solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 days.","The resulting clear reaction mixture was added to 100 mL of anhydrous Et2O to precipitate the product, which came out as viscous material.","After cooling the mixture in the freezer for 1 hour, the lightly cloudy supernatant was decanted.","The wash was repeated (2 more times) by dissolving the residue in MeCN, adding Et2O, cooling in the freezer, and decantation of the supernatant.","The viscous residue was transferred into a pre-weighed flask using MeCN, concentrated by rotary evaporation, and dried under vacuum overnight giving 4.51 g (112% yield) of white, foamy residue.","The sample was re-washed using MeCN and Et2O (3×) resulted to 4.39 g (109% yield) of foamy residue after drying.","Although the sample weighed more than expected, it was used as is for the acid hydrolysis of the Boc protecting group using aqueous HCl.","Boc-DMAPA-SB (4.15 g, 12.8 mmole) was dissolved in 11 mL of H2O and 5.3 mL of concentrated HCl (˜5× excess) was added, during which bubbling occurred.","The mixture was stirred (loosely stoppered) at room temperature overnight.","The sample was concentrated by rotary evaporation (remaining HCl/H2O was co-evaporated with 10 mL Et2O (3×)) and the residue dried under vacuum giving 4.21 g of viscous residue.","The product was re-stirred with 30 mL of 4 M HCl in MeOH for 4 hours, concentrated with rotary evaporation (with Et2O co-evaporation) and then dried under vacuum giving 4.67 g of faintly yellow oil.","The sample was used as is for reaction with PMAO.","For the remaining sample, several trials were done to isolate the HCl salt as a solid.","Eventually, the sample (3.34 g) was dissolved in 10 mL MeOH and CH2C12/iPrOH/MeOH (10:5:1, volume ratio) was added in portions (used 45 mL) at which a solid mass collected at the bottom of the flask.","The sample was washed with CH2C12/iPrOH/MeOH (10:5:1, volume ratio) and after drying under vacuum a white solid was obtained.","The sample was transferred into a fitted funnel by repeatedly washing with CH2C12/iPrOH/MeOH (10:5:1, volume ratio) (with sonication), and after drying under vacuum, 2.04 g of white solid was obtained.","For the synthesis of the carboxybetaine intermediate, Boc-DMAPA (1.26 g, 6.23 mmole) was dissolved in 6 mL anhydrous MeCN and then tert-butyl bromoacetate (1.31 mL, 8.72 mmole) was added.","The mixture was stirred at 50° C. (oil bath temperature) for 24 hours.","After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was added to Et2O to precipitate the product, which came out as viscous residue.","The mixture was cooled in the freezer for 1 hour and the supernatant was decanted.","The wash was repeated (2 more times) by dissolving the residue in MeCN and adding Et2O.","The residue was transferred into a pre-weighed flask using MeCN, concentrated by rotary evaporation, and then dried under vacuum overnight giving 2.32 g of white, foamy residue.","The product was used as is for the next reaction, which is the acid hydrolysis of Boc and t-Bu ester groups using aqueous HCl.","Boc-DMAPA-CB-tBuester (2.17 g) was dissolved in 10 mL of H2O and 4.6 mL of concentrated HCl (˜5× excess) was added, during which bubbling occurred.","The mixture was stirred (loosely stoppered) at room temperature for 2 hours.","The mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation (with Et2O co-evaporation) and then dried under vacuum giving 1.58 g of viscous residue.","The NMR spectrum showed that the Boc and t-Bu groups were gone.","In the attempt to recover the product as a solid, the sample was re-stirred with 15 mL of 4M HCl in MeOH for 2 hours, concentrated by rotary evaporation (with Et2O co-evaporation), and rinsed with acetone.","After drying under vacuum, solid sample was obtained.","The sample was transferred into a fritted funnel by repeated washing (with sonication) with Et2O and then CH2C12/iPrOH/MeOH (10:5:1, volume ratio) and then dried under vacuum giving 0.99 g of white solid.","For the synthesis of PMAO-CBSB, PMAO (100 mg, 2.5 μmole, ˜285 μmole anhydride) was dissolved in 5 mL anhydrous CHCl3.In a separate container, amino-SB (HCl salt, 42 mg) and amino-CB (HCl salt, 33 mg) were mixed with 500 μL anhydrous MeOH (some undissolved solid present).","DIPEA (300 μL) was added to convert the intermediates to the free base form, resulting in a clear, colorless solution.","The solution of amino-SB and amino-CB was added to PMAO and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 24 hours.","The reaction mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation and the residue dissolved in CHCl3-MeOH (1:1, v/v).","The product was precipitated by adding acetone and collected by centrifugation.","The dissolution in CHCl3-MeOH and precipitation with acetone was repeated 2 more times and the residue dried under vacuum giving 144 mg of white solid.","Preparation of Zwitterionic Magnetofluorescent Nanoparticles On the basis of the synthesized PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine, zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles integrating small MnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles and CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots in the micellar cores were fabricated.","Magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots were around 5 nm.","Using the disclosed methods to produce composites comprising quantum dots, the quantum dot photoluminescence can be tuned from 650 nm-800 nm (FIG.","4).","In one example, CuInS2 quantum dots with around 720 nm photoluminescence emission were prepared, and after ZnS shell growth the CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots emit photoluminescence at around 685 nm.","A solution of 0.6 mg MnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles and 2.4 mg CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots in THF (900 μL) and 1.7 mg PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine in CHCl3-MeOH (˜50 μL) was layered on top of cold water in a glass vial.","The mixture was ultrasonicated using the Misonix Ultrasonic Liquid Processor with a 5 W output power for 1 minute.","After sonication, the organic solvents were removed by rotary evaporation at room temperature and the sample filtered through a 0.2 μm syringe filter.","Empty micelles or single-nanoparticle based micelles were removed by centrifugation at 18,000 rpm for 25 min (twice).","The collected zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were dispersed in 400 μL of water, and stored at 4° C. until further use.","The fabricated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were characterized using TEM and EDXS.","FIGS.","6A and 6B present TEM images of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles, and the images indicate the sizes of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles in around 50˜60 nm.","On the basis of TEM imaging, the overall size of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles mostly distributed over a range of 20˜150 nm was observed.","EDX analysis in FIG.","6C further demonstrates that zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are composed of Mn, Fe, O, Cu, In, Zn and S elements.","In addition to TEM, DLS data of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles have been collected and presented in Table 1.The hydrodynamic sizes of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are 99 nm with a standard deviation at 60 nm.","The zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticle hydrodynamic sizes mainly are contributed by the micelle hydrophobic core (imaged by TEM), the polymer shell, and the hydration layer caused by zwitterions on the polymer shell.","The (Mn+Fe) content in zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles was also quantified on the basis of the iron content determination of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles using thiocyanate colorimetry.","Table 1 also shows that the (Mn+Fe) recovery rate for 0.6 mg magnetic nanoparticles input to zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles is as high as around 60%.","TABLE 1 Hydrodynamic sizes and (Mn + Fe) recovery rates of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles and zwitterionic magnetic nanoparticles Hydrody- (Mn + Fe) namic sizes recovery rates Particles (nm) (%) zwitterionic 99 ± 60 62 ± 1 magnetofluorescent nanoparticles zwitterionic magnetic 133 ± 69 60 ± 4 nanoparticles The photoluminescence spectrum of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles is shown in FIG.","7A, compared to that of quantum dots in organic solvents.","The photoluminescence intensities are scaled by the quantum yield of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles relative to that of hydrophobic quantum dots in THF (the measured quantum yields of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are <10%).","It can be seen that the photoluminescence of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles is significantly quenched.","The quenching may be caused by the MNP absorption on quantum dot emissions, or by the reduction of quantum dot excitation/emission surfaces due to the blocking effect of surrounding magnetic nanoparticles.","FIGS.","7A and 7B also show that the overall photoluminescence property of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are tunable by adjusting the MNP:quantum dot mass ratio in the fabrication process.","Additional embodiments are illustrated in FIGS.","8A and 8B.","The absorbance of the prepared zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles was characterized using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, as shown in FIG.","9.No significant difference on UV-Vis absorbance curves was observed for all fabricated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles.","The magnetic imaging features of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were characterized using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) instrument (Bruker BioSpec).","The MR images of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were acquired with a conventional spin echo acquisition (TR=6000 ms) with TE values ranging from 9.5 ms to 190 ms. T2 parameter (or R2 parameter, R2=1/T2) of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles was extracted by fitting the exponential decay of the signal waveform and measuring the signal intensity at a series of different TE values.","FIG.","7B presents R2 parameter (or 1/T2) of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles vs (Mn+Fe) concentration.","The relaxivity (r2) of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles was calculated as the slope of the R2 curve.","The relaxivity r2 value of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles is around 150 mM−1s−1.R2 parameter of zwitterionic magnetic nanoparticles (using magnetic nanoparticles and the synthesized zwitterionic amphiphiles but not containing any quantum dots) also was measured as a comparison.","The relaxivity r2 of zwitterionic magnetic nanoparticles is around 266 mM−1s−1.In literature, T2 parameter of agglomerated nanomagnet clusters has been formulated and discussed.","Briefly, for agglomerated nanomagnets, 1/T2=16faΔω2τD/45 with fa being the volume fraction occupied by the agglomerated nanomagnets, Δω=μoMγ/3 (where μo is the vacuum magnetic permeability, M is the particle magnetization, and γ is the proton gyromagnetic ratio), and τD is the translational diffusion time around the cluster (τD=Ra2/D where Ra being the cluster radius and D being the water diffusion coefficient).","Although the formula of T2 parameter discussed for the agglomerated system is built only on small magnetic nanoparticles, it can be applicable to zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles with a mixture of quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles.","Specifically, fa probably can be re-defined as the volumic fraction occupied by magnetic nanoparticles in zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles.","Considering zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles and zwitterionic magnetic nanoparticles have the similar size ranges (as shown in Table 1), the increase of quantum dots over magnetic nanoparticles in the fabrication may cause the decrease of fa, which further result in the total net magnetization (M) of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles to drop.","Thus, quantum dots involved in the fabrication cause R2 and thus r2 decrement of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles.","In spite of the R2 or r2 drop, the relaxivity value for zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles is still comparable to many reported ones.","Of note, the fabricated zwitterionic magnetic nanoparticles also can be considered as excellent contrasts for MRI because of their high magnetic relaxivity and (Mn+Fe) recovery rate.","Cell Cytotoxicity of Magnetofluorescent Nanoparticles In biosensing/imaging applications, aggregation of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles will cause the degradation or even loss of their physiochemical and biological functionalities, and thus zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are expected to have excellent colloidal stability.","The photoluminescence intensity of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles dispersed in PBS-5% FBS with pH 4-9, a 1 M NaCl-5% FBS and human serum was monitored over 72 hours at 37° C. using a microplate reader, and presented in FIG.","10.With reference to FIG.","10, the different time periods included in the legend correspond to different bars present for each pH value shown on the graph, as read from left to right for the time and for each bar.","That is, each group of bars for each pH value is ordered by increasing time period from left to right.","For example, the left-most bar of each pH bar set corresponds to 1 hour and the right most bar of each pH bar set corresponds to 72 hours.","The photoluminescence intensity and hence stability of these zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles was maintained in all these conditions.","Moreover, no precipitates or significant photoluminescence intensity decreases were observed over one week at 37° C. Stored at 4° C., the zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were also found to be stable in water at over at months (FIGS.","11 and 12).","As with FIG.","10, each group of bars shown in FIGS.","11 and 12 includes one bar for each different time period provided by the legend, and time periods are organized in increasing order so that each bar from left to right corresponds to an increased time period (e.g., the left-most bar of each group represents a time period of 1 hour and the right-most bar of each group represents week 10).","The excellent stability of these zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles in these conditions especially in a solution with pH4, a solution with 1M salinity, and serum, is very attractive.","Carboxybetaine groups and sulfobetaine groups coated on the surface of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles should be attributed to this stability.","These zwitterions facilitate a hydration layer coating on zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles, and the hydration layer is very stable and almost remains unperturbed under harsh conditions such as high/low pH values, high salinity, and complex matrix.","The stability of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles offers a great deal of flexibility for their biomedical applications.","The cytotoxicity of the zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles was studied using human primary glioblastoma cells (U-87 MG) and human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK-293).","U-87 MG and HEK-293 represent tumor cells and normal cells, respectively.","FIGS.","13A and 13B show the measured cell viabilities for U-87 MG and HEK-293 after 24-hour incubation with zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles under different concentrations, respectively.","With reference to FIGS.","13A and 13B, each bar of the different bar groups represents a different MNP:quantum dot ratio, with each left-most bar representing an MNP:QD of 1:1, each middle bar representing an MNP:QD of 1:2, and each right-most bar representing an MNP:QD of 1:4.An additional embodiment is illustrated in FIG.","14.With reference to FIG.","14, the left-most bar of each bar group represents the data for U-87 MG cells, and the right-most bar of each bar group represents the data for HEK-293 cells.","It can be seen that the cell viabilities under different particle concentrations are comparable to controls, and thus the zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are biocompatible and their cytotoxicity is minimal.","In one example, A U-87 MG human brain glioblastoma cell line was cultured (37° C., 5% CO2) on 24-well plastic plates in MEM medium with 10% FBS overnight.","The human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293 was cultured (37° C., 5% CO2) on 24-well plastic plates in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS overnight.","For the zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticle cytotoxicity examples, cells were incubated with zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles in growth medium at various concentrations.","After 24-hour incubation, cells were gently rinsed with DPBS and released from well bottom using stempro accutase, and then stained with FDA and PI to determine live versus dead cells.","Dead cells (red staining by PI) and live cells (green staining by FDA) were counted using a BDBiosciences SORP LSR II flow cytometer.","The cell viability was calculated as the ratio of live cells over the sum of live cells and dead cells.","Conjugation of Composites with Neutravidin for Avidin-Biotin Binding Assay To verify that zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are capable for bioconjugation, zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles with a MNP:quantum dot mass ratio at 1:4 were fabricated and conjugated with Neutravidin using regular EDC/NHS cross-linker.","The conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were then incubated with biotinylated magnetic microbeads (˜4 μm in diameter).","After incubation, microbeads were washed and their fluorescence was measured.","FIG.","15 shows the fluorescence responses of the microbeads after their incubation with serial dilutions of Neutravidin-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles (FIG.","15, right-most bars of each bar group) from the stock suspension (or with different concentrations).","As controls, the fluorescence responses of the biotinylated magnetic microbeads after their incubation with non-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles (FIG.","15, left-most bars of each bar group) under the same dilutions were measured.","For each dilution or concentration, the fluorescence response for non-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles is clearly lower than that of conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles.","Thus, zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles can be covalently conjugated with biomolecules.","In addition, the assay result indicates that the nonspecific binding (NSB) of non-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles to microbeads is very low.","The low NSB may be attributed to the nature of zwitterion (for example, the hydration layer of zwitterions makes zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles more hydrophilic and minimizes the electrostatic or hydrophobic absorption of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles on the reaction surface).","In one example, zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles with the MNP:quantum dot mass ratio at 1:4 were prepared and suspended in 200 μL H2O.","A 50-μL portion of the zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles was mixed with 7.2 μg EDC (37.5 nmole in PBS pH 7.4), 8.1 μg sulfo-NHS (37.5 nmole in PBS pH 7.4), 13.6 μL Neutravidin (1.13 nmole in H2O), and the total volume brought to 100 μL with PBS pH 7.4.The mixture was incubated for 2 hours at room temperature.","After incubation, the magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were washed by centrifugation using PBS pH 7.4 (3×).","The residue was dispersed in 200 μL PBS pH 7.4.Three μL of biotinylated magnetic microbeads (4.5 μm diameter, 4×108 beads/mL) were placed in each well of a microplate.","Different volumes of the conjugate stock solution were loaded into wells, and PBS pH 7.4 buffer was used to bring the total volume in each well to 50 μL.","The unconjugated zwitterionic quantum dot stock solution under the same dilutions was used as controls.","The microplate was vortexed at room temperature for 1 hour, and then the magnetic microbeads in each well were washed using PBS pH 7.4 with 1% BSA and dispersed in 50 μL of PBS pH 7.4.The fluorescence signals of the suspended microbeads in wells were measured using a microplate reader at the excitation wavelength of 405 nm and the emission wavelength of 655 nm.","The examples were performed in triplicates.","Tumor Cell Targeting Using Peptide Conjugated Zwitterionic Magnetofluorescent Nanoparticles For cellular imaging studies, CTX was used as a targeting ligand.","CTX is a 36-amino acid peptide that specifically binds to matrix metalloproteinase II (MMP-2) present on the surface of glioma cells with high affinity.","The specific binding results in loss of gelatinase activity, disruption in chloride channel currents, reduction in both MMP-2 and chloride channel expressions, and internalization of chloride channels.","U-87 is a human primary glioblastoma cell line expressing MMP-2 receptors, and CTX can specifically bind to and be internalized into U-87.To investigate whether CTX-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles can be specifically targeted to and internalized into U-87, a nonmalignant cell line human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) was used as a control.","FIGS.","16A-16D present the representative overlaid confocal images demonstrating the cellular uptake/internalization when each type of cells were incubated with CTX- and non-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles under the same concentration of particles (i.e., 0.1 μg (Mn+Fe)/mL).","Corresponding to each overlaid image in FIGS.","16A-16D, FIG.","17 shows the associated confocal images at different channels.","FIG.","16E shows fluorescence intensity per unit cytoplasm area (counting >200 cells) under a series of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticle concentrations.","It can be seen that U-87 cells do internalize more CTX-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles than HEK-293, and non-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles produce no significant cellular uptake by both cell lines.","Through this comparison, it can be concluded that CTX-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are specific to U-87.It was also observed that HEK-293 did internalize some CTX-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles at high concentrations.","It is believed that the cellular uptake of CTX-conjugated micelles may involve pinocytosis mechanisms in high concentration ranges.","In one example, zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were conjugated with CTX via EDC/sulfo-NHS mediated reaction.","Briefly, 60 μL of the collected zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were reacted with 50 μg CTX with the assistance of EDC/sulfo-NHS in PBS for 2˜3 hours.","The CTX-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were washed using centrifuge, suspended in 250 μL PBS, and stored at 4° C. before use.","A U-87 MG human brain glioblastoma cell line was cultured (37° C., 5% CO2) on glass coverslip coated with gelatin in MEM medium with 10% FBS until 50-80% confluency was achieved.","The human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293 was cultured (37° C., 5% CO2) on glass coverslip coated with PDL (poly-D-lysine) in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS until 50˜80% confluency was achieved.","For the zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticle tumor cell targeting examples, cells were incubated with CTX conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticle in DMEM with 2% BSA at various concentrations.","As control, cells were also incubated with non-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles.","After 2 hours of incubation, cells were gently rinsed three times with PBS, fixed with 4% PFA in PBS solution for 20 minutes and washed three times with PBS.","For cellular nuclei staining, cells were incubated with DAPI, washed three times with PBS, and then mounted on glass slides.","Cells were imaged using a Leica confocal microscope and images were analyzed using ImageJ.","The statistical significance (p<0.05) was determined by the single-tailed student t test.","Methods of Making Quantum Dots Using Thermal Decomposition Silver Acetate (99%), Indium (III) Acetate (99.99%), Zinc Stearate (ZnO: 12.5-14%), and Paraformaldehyde (97%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar.","Sulfur (>99.99%), Trioctylphosphine (TOP, 90%), 1-Dodecanethiol (98%), 1-Octadecene (ODE, 90%), Oleic Acid (99%), Methanol (99.93%), and 1,10-Phenanthroline (99%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich.","Tetrahydrofuran (THF, >99%), Ethanol (>99%), Chloroform (>99.9%), and Hexane (95%) were purchased from Pharmco-AAPER.","Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PEG-PLGA) (MW˜5000:5000 Da) and maleimide-PEG-PLGA (MW˜5000:5000 Da) were purchased from Akina, Inc. Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS), Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), Acetonitrile (99.96%) and Traut's Reagent were from Fisher Scientific.","Heat-inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) was from Gibco.","U-87 MG and HEK-293 cells were ordered from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).","RPMI-1640, MEM and DEMEM media were from Corning Cellgro.","7-Aminoactinomycin D dye (7-AAD, excitation at 488 nm and emission at 647 nm) for cell nucleic acid staining was from Invitrogen.","Chlorotoxin (CTX) was purchased from Alomone Labs.","Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was from MP Biomedicals.","Zeba spin desalting columns (MWCO 7k) were from Pierces.","The ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) spectra of materials were obtained with a UV-Vis spectrometer (UV-2450 from Shimadzu).","Photoluminescence spectra of quantum dots in organic-phase and aqueous-phase were acquired using a spectrophotometer (RF-5301PC from Shimadzu) Photoluminescence intensity of quantum dots in various buffers was obtained using a microplate reader (PerkinElmer 2030 equipped with a 535 nm emission filter and a 405 nm excitation filter).","Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra were acquired using a JEOL analytical transmission electron microscope (model JEM 2100F operated with a 200 kV acceleration voltage) equipped with an Oxford Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer.","X-ray Diffraction (XRD) data was collected by a coupled Theta:2-Theta scan on a Rigaku Ultima-III diffractometer equipped with Copper X-ray tube with Ni beta filter, parafocusing optics, computer-controlled slits, and D/Tex Ultra 1D strip detector.","The hydrodynamic sizes of micelles were measured using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS) equipped with a HeNe laser operating at 632.8 nm and a scattering detector at 173 degrees.","Probe sonication was performed with a Misonix ultrasonic processor (QSonica S-4000) equipped with a microtip.","Infrared (IR) spectra of materials were collected using a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer Frontier) with Spectrum 10 software and the Universal ATR Sampling Accessory.","Cells were imaged using a Leica confocal microscope and images were analyzed using ImageJ.","Quantum yields of quantum dots were calculated according to the following equation, using standard references including Rhodamine 6G (emission peak at 556 nm, QY=95% in ethanol) and Oxazine 170 (emission peak at 640 nm, QY=63% in methanol), QYS=QYR×(IS/IR)×(AR/AS)×(nS/nR)2 where QYS and QYR are the quantum yields of sample and a standard reference, respectively; IS and IR are the integrations of fluorescence emissions of sample and a standard reference, respectively; AS and AR are the corresponding absorbance of sample and a standard reference, respectively; and nS and nR are the refractive indices of the corresponding solvents.","During quantum yield measurements, the absorbance of each sample or each standard reference deviated by less than 0.1.For each sample, the standard reference with the most similar absorption and/or luminescence characteristics was chosen for quantum yield measurements.","AIS/ZnS Quantum Dot Synthesis For a typical synthetic reaction, silver acetate (0.1 mmol), Indium (III) acetate (0.2 mmol), DDT (4 mL) and oleic acid (0.2 mmol, 63.5 μL) were added in a three-necked round bottom flask equipped with a condenser and magnetic stir bar.","This mixture was degassed under vacuum for 20 minutes at 130° C. until the solution became clear.","The solution temperature was then increased to 170° C. under a flow of Argon.","As the temperature was increased, the color of the reaction solution changed gradually from yellow to orange, indicating the nucleation and growth of AIS quantum dots.","Small amounts of the reaction solution (0.1-0.2 mL) were collected using a syringe at different time intervals and injected into hexane in clean vials to terminate growth of quantum dots.","All solutions collected from the studies were diluted in a quartz cuvette with hexane for UV-Vis absorbance and photoluminescence measurements.","After the reaction was complete, the solution was cooled to room temperature.","The crude quantum dots solution was purified repeatedly with the solvent combinations of hexane/ethanol and chloroform/acetone by centrifugation and dried under vacuum.","For ZnS shell growth, the Zn precursor was prepared by mixing zinc stearate (1.6 mmol) and ODE (4 mL) in a round-bottom flask.","The mixture was gradually heated to ˜100° C. with stirring under vacuum until no vigorous bubbling was observed.","The temperature was increased to 160° C. under argon until a clear solution was obtained.","The sulfur precursor was prepared by dissolving sulfur (1.6 mmol) in DDT (3.2 mL) and TOP (0.8 mL).","The ZnS shell coating of AIS quantum dots was carried out in situ without purification of the core.","4 mL ODE was added to the crude AIS solution.","This core solution was degassed under vacuum at 130° C. for 30 min and then to 210° C. under Argon.","Both zinc and sulfur precursors were injected in sequence 5 times to the core growth solution at 210° C. in 0.5 mL portions at 15 min intervals.","After reactions were complete, mixtures were cooled down to room temperature and AIS/ZnS quantum dots were purified using hexane/ethanol and chloroform/acetone, and dried under vacuum.","It is possible to collect around 40 mg AIS quantum dots and around 100 mg AIS/ZnS quantum dots per reaction.","FIG.","18 shows photoluminescence spectra of AIS quantum dots during the time course of growth at 170° C. It can be seen that the quantum yield of AIS quantum dots is enhanced during growth reaching 13% at 75 min.","The quantum yield enhancement over time is likely caused by a reduction of quantum dot core defects during heat treatment.","Nevertheless, the photoluminescence spectral shift is not significant or sensitive to growth time.","This optical characteristic suggests that AIS growth is very slow.","The slow growth of AIS quantum dots is probably due to the relatively mild reaction temperature.","When using a higher reaction temperature (230° C.), typically for CIS quantum dots, it was found that the products of the AIS synthetic system are hard to solubilize in chloroform and hexane, and thus hard to characterize optically.","Characterization of Quantum Dots AIS quantum dots and AIS/ZnS quantum dots were further characterized using TEM.","FIGS.","19A and 19B present TEM and high resolution TEM (HRTEM) images of AIS and AIS/ZnS quantum dots, respectively.","TEM images of CIS quantum dots made using thermal decomposition method embodiments disclosed herein are shown in FIGS.","34A (normal resolution) and 34B (high resolution).","The HRTEM images reveal crystalline patterns and sizes (˜4.5 nm for AIS and ˜6 nm for AIS/ZnS) of both quantum dots, indicating that the synthesized particles to be nanocrystals.","Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra confirm that AIS/ZnS quantum dots are composed of Ag, In, Zn, and S (FIG.","19C) and AIS quantum dots are composed of Ag, In and S (FIG.","20).","More specifically, Table 1 shows the elemental atomic ratios of AIS and AIS/ZnS quantum dots.","For AIS quantum dots, the atomic ratio between Ag and In is close to 1:1 with the atomic percentage of In slightly higher.","For AIS/ZnS quantum dots, the atomic percentages of Ag and In drop off but the Ag percentage is reduced to a greater extent, and the atomic percentages of Zn and S are increased.","The significant reduction of Ag atomic percentage in AIS/ZnS is probably due to Zn etching to replace Ag during the ZnS shell growth.","It is generally agreed that cation exchange between Zn ions (from Zn precursor) with Ag (or Cu) in AIS (or CIS) causes photoluminescence blue shift and quantum yield enhancement.","As shown in FIG.","1, both effects were observed after growing ZnS shell on AIS cores.","EDX analysis demonstrates a good match of the observed photoluminescence blue shift and quantum dot brightness enhancement of AIS/ZnS quantum dots compared to AIS quantum dots.","The crystal phase of the AIS and AIS/ZnS quantum dots was examined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), as shown in FIG.","21.The XRD pattern of AIS quantum dots shows three broad peaks at 2θ=26.8°, 44.6° and 52.2°, which can be assigned respectively to the diffractions of the (112), (204) and (312) planes of the tetragonal AgInS2.No other phases or impurities were observed.","The AIS/ZnS quantum dots diffraction pattern shows a similar profile to that of the AIS quantum dots with three right-shifted peaks at 2θ of 27.7°, 46.0° and 54.0°.","These peaks can be seen at positions intermediate between the diffractions of (112), (204), and (312) planes of tetragonal AgInS2 and the diffractions of (111), (220), and (311) planes of cubic ZnS, suggesting that Zn atoms were deposited on or diffused into the surface of the AIS cores.","It should be noted that all characterized materials MS and AIS/ZnS quantum dots were synthesized with an original Ag:In precursor molar ratio of 1:2.This ratio can be used to avoid possible side products or black precipitates in reactions.","AIS quantum dots were synthesized at different Ag:In precursor molar ratios (Ag:In=1:1, 1:2, and 1:4) without changing other conditions.","The collected AIS samples were diluted in hexane and their photoluminescence and UV-Vis absorbance spectra were measured.","As shown in FIG.","22, all samples have similar photoluminescence spectra without obvious shifts.","However, as illustrated in FIG.","23, AIS quantum dots synthesized with Ag:In=1:1 have a wider absorbance wavelength range than the other two samples.","Moreover, the AIS quantum dot solution (Ag:In=1:1) is a dark brown color, as illustrated in the inset of FIG.","23.This suggests that there is something else (possibly Ag2S) produced during the reaction with Ag:In=1:1 at 170° C. but particles are not large enough to precipitate.","The AIS quantum dot solution (Ag:In=1:1) was further used to grow the ZnS shell on AIS quantum dots and as shown in FIG.","24A, the resultant product includes both a green solution and black precipitates.","However, after the ZnS shell growth of AIS quantum dots (Ag:In=1:2), the resultants are clear (FIG.","24B).","These observations lead to the molar ratio of Ag:In=1:2 used in the synthesis.","AIS synthesis using Ag:In=1:4 was not performed, because this ratio does not significantly shift quantum dot photoluminescence and excess In precursors in the reaction increase synthesis cost.","In the proposed thermal decomposition approach, indium acetate and silver acetate could initially react with DDT to form intermediate compounds of Ag(SC12H25)x and In(SC12H25)x upon heating and are dissolved in DDT.","As the reaction temperature is raised to 170° C., the intermediate compounds could act as precursors and further are decomposed into Ag—S and In—S to form Ag—In—S particles.","Considering that there are some unexpected materials produced in the reaction with a molar ratio of Ag:In at 1:1, it is possible that Ag(SC12H25)x compounds are decomposed faster than In(SC12H25)x compounds and thus Ag—S are excess to form dark Ag2S particles.","This could explain why 1:2 molar ratio of Ag:In is good for the reaction.","Of note, the photostability of the produced AIS and AIS/ZnS quantum dots were tested and presented in FIGS.","25A and 25B.","It can be seen that AIS/ZnS quantum dots remain their photostability but AIS quantum dots are significantly photobleached.","The photobleaching of AIS quantum dots could be caused by complex UV-induced chemical reactions at the interface between AIS and organic solvents.","For example, electrons excited from AIS react with organic solvents to form free radicals which could further etch the AIS surface and quench the AIS photoluminescence.","The photostability of AIS/ZnS quantum dots is believed to benefit from the protection of AIS core by its ZnS shell.","To demonstrate potential biomedical applications of the produced AIS/ZnS quantum dots, these quantum dots were loaded into the core of PLGA-PEG based micelles to form quantum dot-micelles.","The quantum dot-micelle preparation is schematically illustrated in FIG.","26.Briefly, AIS/ZnS quantum dots were mixed with amphiphilic polymers of PLGA-PEG in organic solvents, and then dispersed them into water with sonication.","During the vacuuming or water-replacement of organic solvents, the hydrophobic portion (PLGA) of the polymers and quantum dots are self-associated into a semi-solid core, and the hydrophilic portion (PEG) of the polymers forms a coronal layer.","Photoluminescence spectra of AIS/ZnS quantum dots before and after water transfer via micelles were measured and are shown in FIG.","27.It can be seen that the quantum dot-micelles show a slight red-shift in photoluminescence spectra and remain around 30% quantum yield compared to quantum dots suspended in organic solvents.","The red-shift and the quantum yield drop after the phase transfer is believed to be caused by a compact quantum dot cluster in micelle cores.","In the compact cluster, the emission photons from smaller quantum dots are absorbed by larger quantum dots to emit at longer wavelengths (a Förster resonance energy transfer process).","Moreover, the cluster reduces the total excitation and emission surface area of quantum dots, resulting in a quantum yield drop.","In spite of quenching, the quantum dot-micelles are still adequate for optical imaging applications.","The insets of FIG.","27 show the hydrodynamic sizes (126 nm±53 nm) of the quantum dot-loaded micelles measured by DLS and the TEM image of quantum dot-micelles, respectively.","FIGS.","28A and 28B show the TEM image and high resolution TEM image of an individual micelle.","It can be seen that some dots are presented in a single micelle, and with further zooming into the micelle crystal lattices of dots are observed.","Further EDS analysis on micelles (FIG.","28C) shows that silver, indium, zinc and sulfur elements are presented in micelles, which are the composites of AIS/ZnS quantum dots.","Preparation of AIS/ZnS Micelles The solution of 2.4 mg AIS/ZnS quantum dots and 9.6 mg PEG-PLGA (50% PEG-PLGA and 50% maleimide-PEG-PLGA) in THF/acetonitrile was layered on the top of cold water in a glass vial.","The mixture was ultrasonicated using the Misonix Ultrasonic Liquid Processor with a 3 W output power for 1 minute.","After sonication, THF/acetonitrile was removed by rotary evaporation at room temperature and the sample filtered through a 0.2 μm syringe filter to remove large aggregates.","Empty micelles or single-nanoparticle based micelles were removed by centrifugation at 18,000 rpm for 15 minutes.","The collected micelles were then re-filtered through a 0.2 μm syringe filter, concentrated using a centrifugal filter, dispersed in 400 μL of water, and stored at 4° C. until further use.","Cell Culture, Cellular Uptake/Internalization of AIS/ZnS Micelles, and Cellular Imaging A U-87 MG human brain glioblastoma cell line (ATCC HTB-14) was maintained in Minimum Essential Media (MEM, Corning Cellgro) supplemented with 10% FBS at 37° C. and 5% CO2.The human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293 (ATCC CRL-1537) was maintained in RPMI-1640 medium (Corning Cellgro) supplemented with 10% FBS at 37° C. and 5% CO2.For the quantum dot-micelle cellular uptake assay, U-87 and HEK-293 cells were plated on 24-well plastic plates and allowed to propagate for 2-3 days until they reached 50-80% confluency.","The cells were incubated with CTX-conjugated or non-conjugated AIS/ZnS quantum dot-micelles in cell culture medium with 2% BSA for 2 hours at 37° C. After incubation, the solution was removed and the cells were washed three times with cold PBS buffer (pH 7.4).","Then cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS at room temperature for 20 minutes, followed by cell nucleus staining with 7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) for 45 minutes.","The cells were examined by a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM, Leica, TCS SP8, Germany).","The statistical significance (p<0.05) was determined by the single-tailed student t test.","To demonstrate potential biomedical or biological applications of AIS/ZnS quantum dots, these quantum dots were loaded into the core of PLGA-PEG (5 kDa:5 kDa) based micelles to form the AIS/ZnS quantum dot-micelles and further investigated their specific-targeting functionality as cellular imaging probes or contrasts.","With functional groups such as maleimide on PEG heads, the quantum dot-micelles were conjugated with chlorotoxin (CTX), a ligand that specifically binds to U-87 brain tumor cells.","Cellular imaging studies showed that the quantum dot-micelles conjugated with CTX are specifically internalized into the brain tumor cells.","Since the hydrophobic core of micelles can be loaded with both drugs and image contrasts, the specific cellular internalization suggests that the quantum dot-micelle structures could be important and versatile nanoplatforms for cell- or tissue-based diagnosis and therapy.","Moreover, loading multiple quantum dots in the hydrophobic cores could avoid the blinking effect of single quantum dot and therefore facilitate continuous image tracking.","Notably, the common surface modification approaches using thiolated ligands to exchange hydrophobic ligands capped on quantum dots (CdSe or CdS) are less favorable for AIS/ZnS quantum dots.","This is because quantum dots, including AIS/ZnS quantum dots, are usually capped with the strong coordinating ligand dodecanethiol which is hard to displace by other foreign thiols.","Although some groups have reported the use of amphiphilic polymers to encapsulate quantum dots (CdSe or CdS), they need an overnight air-dry process followed by a heated film hydration, or a 24-hour dialysis to remove organic solvents or excess amphiphilic polymers.","The heated hydration or the prolonged dialysis may be incompatible with certain functional groups (e.g., maleimide) on polymers for bioconjugation.","Moreover, these studies used cadmium-based quantum dots, which have been concerns for biomedical applications and environments.","Loading cadmium-free AIS/ZnS quantum dots into PLGA-PEG based micelles for biomedical applications is simple and fast and effectively avoids these potential limitations.","For CTX conjugation, the thiolation of CTX was completed by dispersing 12.5 nmol of CTX in 100 μL of PBS (pH8, 5 mM EDTA) with 125 nmol of Traut's reagent in 9 μL of PBS (pH 8, 5 mM EDTA) for 1 hour at room temperature.","A volume of 87 μL of the prepared micelles in PBS (pH 6.7) was incubated with the thiolated CTX for 2-3 hours at room temperature.","The resultant CTX-AIS/ZnS micelle product was purified using Zeba spin desalting columns (MWCO 7k) equilibrated with PBS, resuspended in 400 μL of PBS as a stock solution and stored at 4° C. before use.","AIS/ZnS micelles without CTX conjugation were used as controls.","For cellular imaging studies, CTX was used as a target ligand and used U-87 MG brain tumor cells as model cells.","CTX is a 36-amino acid peptide that was originally isolated from scorpion venom, and specifically binds to tumors of neuroectodermal origin.","Further studies have demonstrated that CTX is a specific matrix metalloproteinase II (MMP2) inhibitor and can bind with MMP2 present on the surface of glioma cells with high affinity.","The specific binding results in loss of gelatinase activity, disruption in chloride channel currents, reduction in both MMP2 and chloride channel expressions, and internalization of chloride channels.","Recent studies have also implicated annexin A2 (ANXA2) as a new recognition target of CTX in multiple tumor cell lines, which may activate similar uptake mechanisms as those of MMP2.U-87 is a human primary glioblastoma cell line expressing MMP2 receptors, and CTX can specifically bind to and be internalized into U-87.In this example, quantum dot-micelles were conjugated with CTX via a maleimide-thiol reaction.","The CTX conjugation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, as shown in FIG.","29.The spectrum of the AIS/ZnS quantum dot-micelles exhibits the characteristics of both the alkyl chains in oleic acid and dodecanethiol from AIS/ZnS quantum dots, corresponding to the CH2 stretching vibrations peaks at 2922 cm−1 and 2852 cm−1, and the ester carbonyl in PLGA from PLGA-PEG, corresponding to the C═O peaks at 1757 cm−1.After CTX conjugation with the quantum dot-micelles, a new peak at 1650 cm−1 corresponding to the N—H band of primary amines in lysine and arginine residues of CTX, appears in the spectrum of CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles.","This appearance indicates the successful conjugation of CTX with the quantum dot-micelles.","In order to verify that (i) CTX conjugated quantum dot-micelles can be internalized into U-87 cells and (ii) the internalization is due to the CTX-MMP2 interaction, two sets of examples were performed.","In the first, U-87 cells were incubated with CTX conjugated quantum dot-micelles spiked in DEME with 2% BSA for 2 hours.","In the second, 400 μM 1,10-phenanthroline was added to DEME, keeping all other conditions same.","1,10-phenanthroline is a broad-spectrum MMP2 inhibitor and can disrupt the MMP2 activity by chelating and removing Zn ions from the catalytic domain of MMP2.As a result, 1,10-phenanthroline can block the interaction between CTX and MMP2 and thus the sequential cellular internalization process.","After incubation, the U-87 cells from two sets of examples were washed, fixed, stained and imaged.","Representative confocal images shown in FIG.","30A demonstrates the cellular uptake/internalization of CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles by U-87 cells.","The representative confocal images in FIG.","30B illustrate the quenching effect of 1,10-phenanthroline on uptake/internalization.","FIG.","30C shows quantitative data (the fluorescence intensity from the internalized quantum dot-micelles per unit cytoplasm area counting >200 cells) comparing cellular uptake/internalization and the quenching effect under the different concentrations or dilutions of CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles (100-800 times dilution).","These results demonstrate that the internalization of CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles into U-87 cells is caused by an interaction between CTX and MMP2.To further confirm that CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles is specific to U-87, human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK-293), a nonmalignant cell line that does not express MMP2 and ANXA2 on cell surfaces, was used as controls to examine their response to quantum dot-micelles conjugated with/without CTX and compared to those of U-87.FIGS.","31A and 31B and FIGS.","31C and 31D show the representative cellular uptake images (overlaid confocal images) for U-87 and HEK-293, respectively, under the same quantum dot-micelle concentration or dilution.","FIG.","31E shows fluorescence intensity (from the internalized quantum dot-micelles) per unit cytoplasm area under a series of dilutions of quantum dot-micelles stock solutions.","It can be seen that U-87 cells do internalize more CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles (FIG.","31E, left-most bar of each bar group) than HEK-293 (FIG.","31E, third bar from the left for each bar group), and non-conjugated quantum dot-micelles (FIG.","31E, second and fourth bars from the left for each bar group) produce no significant cellular uptake by both cell lines.","Through this comparison, it can be concluded that CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles are specific to U-87.Interestingly, it was also observed that HEK-293 did internalize some CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles at a high concentration.","Some pioneer work has reported that CTX can increase the rate of pinocytic internalization.","The cellular uptake of CTX-conjugated micelles may involve pinocytosis mechanisms in high concentration ranges.","Using PLGA-PEG to wrap AIS/ZnS quantum dots is an effective approach for phase transfer and bio-applications.","The AIS/ZnS quantum dot-micelles can be used as image contrasts or probes can be used to detect endogenous targets expressed on brain tumor cells, or more broadly to cell- or tissue-based diagnosis and therapy.","Similar quantum dot-micelles also can be constructed using the zwitterionic polymeric coatings described herein.","Synthesis of Cu:AIS Quantum Dots Ag(DDTC) (0.1 mmol), In(Ac)3 (0.2 mmol) and DDT (4 mL) were added in a three-necked round bottom flask equipped with a condenser and magnetic stir bar.","This mixture was degassed under vacuum for 30 min at 125° C. until the solution became clear.","The solution temperature was then increased to 190˜200° C. under a flow of argon and held at this temperature for 10 min to grow AIS cores.","After the reaction was completed, the solution was cooled to room temperature, and 4 mL of ODE was added to the AIS core growth solution without any purification.","Then the solution was heated to 120° C. under vacuum for 20 min and then to 190˜200° C. under argon.","Copper precursors prepared by dissolving CuI (0.2 mmol) in DDT (8 mL) were injected into the solution for the formation of Cu:AIS quantum dots.","After 10 min growth, the solution was cooled to room temperature.","The nanocrystal solution was purified repeatedly with the solvent combinations of hexane/ethanol and chloroform/acetone by centrifugation and then dried under vacuum.","For the synthesis of Cu:AIS quantum dots with different Cu doping concentrations, the Cu initial concentrations ([Cu]/([Ag]+[In])) were changed in the range from 0˜10 mol %.","Small amounts of the reaction solution (0.1˜0.2 mL) were collected using a syringe at different time intervals and injected into hexane in clean vials to terminate growth of quantum dots.","All solutions collected from the example were diluted in a quartz cuvette with hexane for UV-Vis absorbance and photoluminescence measurements.","Synthesis of Cu:AIS/ZnS Quantum Dots For ZnS shell growth, the zinc precursor was prepared by dissolving zinc stearate (0.4 mmol) in ODE (4 mL) at 140° C., and the sulfur precursor was prepared by dissolving sulfur (0.4 mmol) in DDT (3.2 mL) and TOP (0.8 mL).","The growth of the ZnS shell on Cu:AIS quantum dots was conducted in situ without purification of the core solution.","Once the growth of cores was completed, the nanocrystal solution was heated up to 210° C. under argon.","Then both zinc and sulfur precursors were injected in sequence 3 times to the Cu:AIS growth solution in 0.5 mL portions at 15 min intervals.","After the reaction was finished, mixtures were cooled down to room temperature and Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots were purified using hexane/ethanol and chloroform/acetone, and dried under vacuum.","Quantum yields of quantum dots were calculated according to the following equation, using standard references including Rhodamine 6G (emission peak at 556 nm, QY=95% in ethanol) and Oxazine 170 (emission peak at 640 nm, QY=63% in methanol), QYS=QYR×(IS/IR)×(AR/AS)×(nS/nR)2 where QYS and QYR are the quantum yields of sample and a standard reference, respectively; IS and IR are the integrations of fluorescence emissions of sample and a standard reference, respectively; AS and AR are the corresponding absorbance of sample and a standard reference, respectively; and nS and nR are the refractive indices of the corresponding solvents.","In quantum yield measurements, the absorbance of each sample or each standard reference deviated by less than 0.1.For each sample, the standard reference with the most similar absorption and/or luminescence characteristics was chosen for quantum yield measurements.","Amphiphile-Encapsulated Cu:AIS/ZnS Composite Probes for Cellular Imaging 6.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots were encapsulated using zwitterionic polymeric coatings using methods disclosed above.","2.4 mg Cu:AgInS2/ZnS quantum dots in THF (900 μL) and 1.6 mg zwitterionic amphiphiles in CHCl3-MeOH (64 μL) were dispersed into water under sonication.","After sonication, the organic solvents were removed by rotary evaporation at room temperature and the sample was filtered through a 0.2 μm syringe filter.","Empty micelles or single-nanoparticle based micelles were removed by centrifugation at 18 000 rpm for 25 min.","The collected micelles were dispersed in 400 μL of water as the micelle stock.","60 μL of the micelle stock was reacted with 0.3 mg RGD in borate buffer for 2˜3 hours after the activation of carboxyl groups on micelles' surface using EDC/Sulfo-NHS.","The RGD-conjugated micelles were washed by centrifugation, suspended in 200 μL borate, and stored at 4° C. before use as the conjugate stock.","The same reaction was done for the conjugation of micelles with RAD peptide, and the RAD-conjugated micelles were used as a negative control.","Non-conjugated micelles were also used as a control.","A U-87 MG human brain glioblastoma cell line was cultured (37° C., 5% CO2) on glass coverslips coated with gelatin in MEM medium with 10% FBS until 50˜80% confluency was achieved.","The human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293 was cultured (37° C., 5% CO2) on glass coverslips coated with PDL (poly-D-lysine) in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS until 50˜80% confluency was achieved.","For the specific cell targeting examples, cells were incubated with RGD-conjugated micelles in DMEM with 2% BSA at various concentrations or dilutions.","As controls, cells were also incubated with RAD-conjugated micelles and non-conjugated micelles.","After 3 h incubation, cells were gently rinsed three times with PBS, fixed with 4% PFA in PBS solution for 20 minutes and washed three times with PBS.","For cellular nuclei staining, cells were incubated with DAPI, washed three times with PBS, and then mounted on glass slides.","Cells were imaged using a confocal microscope.","Two-way ANOVA was applied to detect the differences among two cell lines.","SAS (Statistical Analysis Software) 9.4 was used for data analysis.","Cu atoms were doped into AIS composites through a surface doping strategy—AIS quantum dots were first grown via thermal decomposition and then Cu precursors were injected into the AIS NC solution to react with AIS quantum dots.","FIG.","35A presents the effect of Cu concentrations on the photoluminescence spectra of Cu doped AIS quantum dots (Cu:AIS quantum dots).","It can be seen that the photoluminescence peak wavelength shows a continuous red shift from around 600 to 660 nm as Cu concentration in reaction is increased from 0 to 6.67% (molar percentage), and the red shift is not significant for Cu concentration above 6.67% or at 10%.","The corresponding UV-vis absorption spectra of these Cu:AIS quantum dots are shown in FIG.","35B As the Cu concentration increases, the absorbance edges of these samples are monotonously shifted to longer wavelength.","The absorption edge of 10% Cu:AIS is similar to that of 6.67% Cu:AIS.","This observation is consistent with their photoluminescence spectra.","In FIG.","35A it can also be seen that quantum yields of Cu:AIS quantum dots decrease from around 30% to 20% with the increase of Cu concentrations from 0% to 6.67%.","Quantum yield of 10% Cu:AIS quantum dots even decrease further even though the photoluminescence is not red shifted.","Through further comparing the photoluminescence spectra of Cu:AIS quantum dots, it can be seen that their shapes are also affected by Cu concentrations.","The shape dependence on Cu concentration implicates that Cu atoms are incorporated into NC lattices and cause some changes of the lattice energy band or contribute to NC photoluminescence mechanisms.","Of note, as shown in the inset of FIG.","35A the photoluminescence of non-doped or pure AIS quantum dots prepared in the thermal decomposition is hard to be tuned by the NC growth time.","It can be seen that Cu doping is an effective way to tune nanocrystal photoluminescence.","The reason to adopt surface doping is that the optical property of quantum dots is more controllable than that using homogenous doping.","With 3.33% Cu:AIS quantum dots as a demonstration, FIG.","36A shows the evolution of their photoluminescence spectra in the time course of reaction through surface doping.","It can be seen that around 45 nm red-shift occurs at 5 min after Cu injection.","With further prolonged reaction time, no remarkable change in photoluminescence is observed with respect to peak wavelength and quantum yield.","The similar observation is also noticed in their absorption spectra as shown in FIG.","36B This demonstrates that the Cu doping of AIS quantum dots is a fast and reliable process.","However, with the same starting materials, if Cu precursor is mixed with silver and indium precursors in DDT for thermal decomposition, the photoluminescence of the produced quantum dots is observed to red shift to around 650 nm and then blue shift to around 600 nm, as shown in the inset of FIG.","36A.","Moreover, the photoluminescence spectra become broader in the time course of reaction.","It is possible that the final products could have both sub-populations of doped AIS quantum dots and non-doped (or intrinsic) AIS quantum dots.","Clearly, surface doping is a better approach to control the NC optical property.","To further understand the optical property of Cu:AIS quantum dots, these quantum dots were first characterized using XRD, TEM and EDX.","Three representative samples (pure AIS, 1.67% Cu:AIS and 6.67% Cu:AIS) were investigated.","As shown in FIG.","37A, the XRD pattern of the pure AIS quantum dots can be indexed with a tetragonal AgInS2 crystal.","Three apparent diffraction peaks observed at 20=26.8, 44.7, and 52.6° can be assigned to diffractions from the (112), (204) and (312) planes of the tetragonal phase.","Compared to the pure AIS quantum dots, diffraction patterns of Cu:AIS quantum dots slightly shifts to the higher angle side and approaches the 20 values of the tetragonal CuInS2 (CIS) along with the increase of Cu concentration.","Since the ionic radius of Cu (0.74 nm) is smaller than that of Ag (1.14 nm), the observed shifts of the XRD patterns indicate the gradual replacement of Ag with Cu to form Cu:AIS quantum dots instead of forming individual CIS quantum dots.","These three samples were further characterized using TEM.","FIG.","37B-37D present their TEM and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images.","TEM images of AIS and Cu:AIS quantum dots show that their sizes are at 4˜5 nm, indicating that the incorporation of Cu does not significantly influence the particle size.","The HRTEM images show lattice plane spacings of 0.342, 0.340, and 0.332 nm for AIS, 1.67% Cu:AIS, and 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots, respectively.","The values of these spacings are corresponding to (112) planes determined from diffraction peaks at around 26-28° of XRD patterns in FIG.","37A.","Both HRTEM and XRD data reveal that the obtained Cu:AIS quantum dots are not a mixture of individual AIS and CIS phases, but a Cu:AIS crystal.","The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra further confirms that AIS quantum dots are composed of Ag, In, and S and Cu:AIS quantum dots are composed of Cu, Ag, In and S. The resultant elemental compositions of AIS and Cu:AIS quantum dots are summarized in Table 1.For pure AIS quantum dots, the atomic ratio between Ag and In is close to 1:1.For Cu:AIS quantum dots, as Cu concentration is increased in the reaction, more Cu atoms are doped into quantum dots but the atomic percentage of Ag decreases.","This observation indicates that Cu atoms enter the AIS structure and partially replace Ag atoms.","The reason for the preferential substitution of Ag instead of In probably is that the Ag—S bond is weaker than the In—S bond.","More Cu atoms doped into quantum dots could cause more structure or surface defects quenching the NC photoluminescence for lower quantum yields.","The EDX analysis of 10% Cu:AIS quantum dots was also conducted and the result shows that the element atomic ratio of Cu:Ag:In:S is 5.1:16.4:27.3:51.2.Compared to the element atomic ratio for 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots (as shown Table 1), more Cu atoms are observed in 10% Cu:AIS quantum dots.","It is possible that the Cu level in AIS quantum dots may get saturated for 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots, and thus with a higher Cu concentration in doping, additional Cu atoms may be absorbed on NC surface to quench photoluminescence but not affect the position of photoluminescence peak.","To enhance the photoluminescence quantum yield, AIS and Cu:AIS quantum dots were passivated with a shell of ZnS to form AIS/ZnS and Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots.","The quantum yields of AIS/ZnS, 1.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS and 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots are around 52.6%, 52.6%, 56.5% quantum yields, respectively.","All of them present 30˜50 nm blue shift in their photoluminescence spectra after ZnS coating.","FIG.","38A shows digital photographs of Cu:AIS and Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots suspended in organic solvents under a UV lamp.","It can be seen that the emission colors of cores and core/shell structures are Cu-concentration dependent.","FIG.","38B demonstrates the typical photoluminescence and absorption spectra of 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots before and after ZnS coating.","FIG.","38C shows that the XRD diffraction pattern of the 6.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots has a similar profile to that of 6.67% Cu:AIS cores, and shows a medium phase of Cu:AIS and ZnS crystals.","The three main peaks shift to the high angle side and locate in the middle position of the pattern of Cu:AIS quantum dots and the standard pattern of cubic ZnS, which further suggests that Zn atoms are deposited or diffused to the surface of the Cu:AIS cores.","FIG.","38D shows the corresponding TEM and HRTEM images.","The HRTEM image also reveals that the quantum dots have a clear lattice fringe with a plane spacing of 0.310 nm.","The lattice planet spacing is close to that of the (111) plane in cubic ZnS quantum dots.","Similar to the core samples, Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots have a size around 4˜5 nm.","Probably, the ZnS coating is mainly dominated by zinc etching into core quantum dots.","As confirmed by the EDX spectrum of 6.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots, the elemental composition ratios of Cu, Ag, In, Zn, and S obtained from EDX analysis were 2.1%, 9.5%, 19.8%, 12.7%, and 55.8%, respectively.","Both the atomic percentages of Ag and In decrease, however, the amount of Ag is reduced to a greater extent.","At the same time, the atomic percentage of Zn is increased.","The more reduction of Ag atomic percentage in Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots is probably due to Zn etching to preferentially replace Ag during the ZnS shell growth.","The Cu concentration in the core/shell structures was observed to be is slightly lower than that of the Cu:AIS cores.","Such results suggest that in the Cu doping process, a portion of Cu atoms may sit on the surface of AIS cores and be replaced by zinc atoms during ZnS coating or zinc etching, and another portion of Cu atoms may diffuse into an inner layer of AIS lattice which cannot be replaced by zinc but still affect the photoluminescence of core/shell quantum dots.","FIG.","39A shows the decay curves for AIS, 1.67% Cu:AIS, and 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots.","FIG.","39B presents the decay curves for their corresponding core/shell structures.","For each decay curve, a biexponential function (l(t)=A1e−t/τ1+A2e−t/τ2) was used to fit the curve.","τ1 and τ2 are the short and long lifetime parameters, respectively.","A1 and A2 are the amplitudes of the decay components at t=0.Table 2 lists the extracted characteristics parameters (τ1, τ2, A1, and A2) for all investigated samples.","According to literature, the photoluminescence lifetime parameters of AIS quantum dots could be associated with different electron-hole recombination pathways or mechanisms.","After light excitation, electrons will be relaxed from conduction bands to surface trap states and donor states.","The short lifetime is be attributed to electron transition from surface trap states (caused by surface defects) to valence bands.","The long lifetime is attributed to electron transition from donor states to acceptor states, which results in the broad emission peaks of AIS quantum dots.","From Table 2, it is observed that upon comparing A1 parameter for each core and its corresponding core/shell structure, A1 parameter is decreased and τ1 is increased after ZnS shell growth.","Considering the ZnS shell growth on each core causes quantum yield enhancement, it is reasonable to attribute the decrease of A1 to the minimization of surface defects.","The prolonged τ1 of core/shell structures probably is associated with electron transition from near-surface trap states or deep trap states to valence bands.","The near-surface trap states or deep trap states could be closer to the donor states in energy levels and thus have a relatively longer lifetime for electrons.","Upon examining the effect of Cu concentrations on A1 and τ1 of AIS cores, it can be seen that A1 of Cu:AIS cores is decreased compared to that of non-doped AIS cores.","According to the literature model, the A1 decrease should implicate the minimization of surface defects and thus the enhancement of quantum yield upon Cu doping.","However, FIG.","35A show that Cu doping causes the decrease of quantum yields.","Moreover, as shown in FIG.","35A with low Cu concentrations, a shoulder in the photoluminescence spectrum is presented at the right side of the main photoluminescence peak.","As Cu concentration increases, the shoulder is shifted to the left side of the main photoluminescence peak.","As shown in Table 2, Cu doping also prolongs the average photoluminescence lifetime of quantum dots.","It seems that although the literature model can well explain the effect of ZnS coating as well as some phenomena of non-doped or intrinsic AIS quantum dots, a more sophisticated model or a different viewpoint is needed to explain the photoluminescence mechanisms of Cu:AIS quantum dots as well as the reason for the prolonged average photoluminescence lifetime upon Cu doping.","According to literature, the decrease of quantum yields with the increase of Cu doping levels is probably due to two reasons: (i) more defects in Cu:AIS lattice are created; (ii) high doping concentration causes closer distance between Cu atoms and cause strong Cu—Cu interaction and photoluminescence quenching.","The transition/change of the photoluminescence spectrum shape versus Cu concentration in doping may be caused by multiple electron-hole recombination paths.","According to literature, Cu doping could introduce additional Cu T2 states in the bandgap of AIS quantum dots.","Meanwhile, our material characterization shows that Cu can etch and replace Ag in AIS host quantum dots, and the doped Cu could form a Cu—In—S(CIS) layer on AIS surface.","The formed CIS layer could possess some nature of CIS bandgap, and new donor-acceptor pairs from CIS structures could be existing.","The new CIS donor-acceptor pairs also are energy levels incorporated in the bandgap of AIS hosts.","On the other hand, AIS also has its own donor-acceptor pairs.","As a result, there could be several electron-hole recombination paths.","The photoluminescence of quantum dots should be a synergistic effect of all these recombination paths.","Cu T2 states and/or new CIS donor-acceptor pairs are Cu-concentration dependent, and thus gradually they can be more dominant than AIS donor-acceptor pairs as the Cu concentration increases in the doping process.","As a result, the change of the photoluminescence spectrum shape versus Cu concentration can be observed.","With respect to the prolonged average photoluminescence lifetime, due to the incorporation of Cu T2 states, the excited-state lifetime of the dopant emission is longer than the excitonic emission and the surface emission.","Thus, Cu doped quantum dots gain a prolonged photoluminescence lifetime.","The new CIS donor-acceptor pairs also are energy levels in the AIS bandgap and they could function as Cu T2 states to prolong the average photoluminescence lifetime.","Of note, these T2 states and/or new CIS donor-acceptor pairs should be the causes for the emission at longer wavelengths (or red-shift in the doping process).","Through this measurement on photoluminescence decay, it is also good to know that the average photoluminescence lifetime of the produced quantum dots is in the range of 300˜500 ns.","The quantum dots with long lifetimes are attractive for bioimaging—as bioimaging probes, they can be scanned using microscopy not only in regular intensity-based fluorescence mode but also in time-resolved fluorescence mode.","Specifically, in the time-resolved mode, the long lifetime can distinguish NC fluorescence signals from the fast decaying autofluorescence in cells/tissue, and ensure quantum dots for more sensitive imaging.","TABLE 2 Nanocrystals τ1/ns A1 τ2/ns A2 τavg/ns AIS 49 51.6% 369 48.4% 329 1.67% Cu:AIS 62 45.2% 413 54.8% 374 6.67% Cu:AIS 66 44.8% 414 55.2% 374 AIS/ZnS 125 49.2% 416 50.8% 350 1.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS 131 41.7% 461 58.3% 405 6.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS 151 42.2% 499 57.8% 436 To demonstrate potential biomedical applications of Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots (i.e., specific targeting to brain tumor cells), composites with 6.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots and a zwitterionic polymer coating were formed through self-assembling.","Human primary glioblastoma U-87 MG cells and human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK-293) are cell lines used in this example.","The cytotoxicity of the micelles was first studied using these two cell lines.","Cells were incubated with micelles in growth medium with 10% FBS at various concentrations for 48 hours at 37° C. After incubation, the growth medium was removed and the cells released from well bottom using stempro accutase, and then stained with FDA/PI to determine live vs dead cells using flow cytometry (Dead cells are red staining by PI and live cells are green staining by FDA).","The cell viability was calculated as the ratio of live cells over the sum of live cells and dead cells.","FIG.","40 shows the measured cell viabilities for U-87 MG (right-most bar for each bar group) and HEK-293 (left-most bar for each bar group) after 48-hour incubation with micelles under different concentrations.","It can be seen that for each cell line, the cell viabilities under all different micelle concentrations are around 95%, which are comparable to that of controls (no micelles in incubation).","Thus the micelles loaded with Cu:AIS quantum dots are biocompatible.","On the basis of the cytotoxicity example, these micelles were further conjugated with RGD and RAD peptides via EDC/Sulfo-NHS mediated reaction.","RGD can specifically target to integrin αvβ3 overexpressed on U-87 MG cells and thus it is specific to U-87 MG cells.","RAD with a molecular structure similar to RGD but is nonspecific to U-87 MG cells and thus used as a control.","HEK-293 not expressing integrin αvβ3 is used as a cell line control.","In cellular uptake studies, each cell line was incubated with the RGD-conjugated micelles, RAD-conjugated micelles, and non-conjugated micelles under difference concentrations or dilutions in MEM medium with 2% BSA for 3 hours at 37° C. After incubation, cells were gently rinsed three times with PBS, fixed with 4% PFA in PBS solution for 20 minutes and washed three times with PBS.","Afterwards, cells were incubated with DAPI for cellular nuclei staining, washed three times with PBS, and then mounted on glass slides.","The mounted cells were then imaged using a Leica confocal microscope and images were analyzed using ImageJ.","FIGS.","41A-41F shows representative cellular uptake images (overlaid confocal images) for U-87 and HEK-293.Quantitative data counting >100 cells for each experimental condition were presented in FIG.","42.It can be seen that for each micelle concentration or dilution, U-87 cells internalize more RGD-conjugated micelles (FIG.","42, third bar from the left for each bar group) than HEK-293 (FIG.","42, sixth bar from the left for each bar group).","RAD-conjugated (FIG.","42, second and fifth bars from the left for each bar group) and non-conjugated micelles (FIG.","42, left-most and fourth bars from the left for each bar group) had no significant cellular uptake by any of cell lines.","Clearly, the micelles using Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots can be applied to the detection of endogenous targets expressed on brain tumor cells.","In this embodiment, the micelles were scanned in regular intensity-based fluorescence mode.","Scanning also could be conducted in time-resolved fluorescence mode to achieve better image quality with respect to signal/noise ratio.","In addition, radioactive Cu may be doped into AIS quantum dots so that the achieved quantum dots have dual imaging functionalities for positron emission tomography (PET) and luminescence imaging.","Considering the hydrophobic core of micelles can also be loaded with both drugs and image contrasts, the specific cellular internalization suggests that the cadmium-free Cu:AIS/ZnS-micelles may also load drugs to be versatile nanoplatforms for cell- or tissue-based diagnosis and therapy.","Effect of Chloride Surface Passivation on AgInS2 (AIS) QDs In these examples, AIS quantum dots re synthesized using In(Ac)3 and then are mixed with InCl3 solution at 130° C. (InCl3 dissolved in a mixture of oleic acid and 1-octadecene).","The controls used as comparisons can be synthesized using In(Ac)3 and then mixing with In(Cl)3 solution at 130° C. ((In(Ac)3 dissolved in a mixture of oleic acid and 1-octadecene).","At 130° C., such a temperature will not trigger any reactions but promote the diffusion of chloride to quantum dot surfaces.","In some examples, AIS QDs were synthesized using silver nitrate (0.1 mmol), In(Ac)3 (0.2 mmol), 1-DDT (8 mL) and oleic acid (250 μL) at 175° C. Then, the quantum dot solution was cooled down from 175° C. and maintained at 130° C. under an Ar flow.","0.1 mmol InCl3 or In(Ac)3 was dissolved in a mixture of oleic acid and 1-octadecene at 130° C. 2.5 mL of InCl3 or In(Ac)3 solution was injected into the quantum dot solution for 60 min stirring.","The quantum dot solutions were sampled for quantum yield measurements before and after the injection of InCl3 or In(Ac)3 solution.","The data are illustrated graphically in FIGS.","44A and 44B, wherein FIG.","44A shows that with chloride treatment, the quantum dots reach around 40% enhancement, and FIG.","44B shows that without chloride treatment, the quantum yield of the quantum dots remains unchanged.","Synthesis of Mn-Doped AIZS/ZnS Composites Ag(DDTC) (0.1 mmol), In(Ac)3 (0.2 mmol) and DDT (4 mL) were added into a 50 mL three-necked round bottom flask equipped with a condenser and a magnetic stir bar.","The mixture was heated to 125° C. under vacuum until a clear solution was obtained, and to 200° C. under a flow of argon for 10 minute reaction.","Then, 0.5 mL of Zn precursors (0.4 mmol zinc stearate in 4 mL of ODE) was added drop-wise into the AIS core solution to form AIZS nanocrystals.","Afterwards, 0.25, 0.75 or 1.25 mL of Mn precursors, which were prepared by dissolving 0.1 mmol Mn(Ac)2 in the mixture of 0.75 mL of ODE and 0.25 mL of OAm, were added drop-wise into the AIZS nanocrystal solution and the solution was maintained at 240° C. for 15 minutes.","Subsequently, for the ZnS shell coating or nanocrystal surface etching by zinc, 2 mL of Zn precursors were slowly added drop-wise to the Mn-doped AIZS growth solution (cooled to 200° C.) and the solution was then maintained at 200° C. After the reaction was complete, the mixture was cooled down to room temperature.","The Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals were purified repeatedly with the solvent combinations of hexane/ethanol and chloroform/acetone by centrifugation and then dried under vacuum.","Undoped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals were prepared in the way as described above but without any addition of Mn precursors.","Results obtained from this example are shown in FIGS.","45A-45C, 46, 47A-47D, and 48.Thermal stability study was performed on these Mn-doped ternary nanocrystals.","A small amount of 0.075 mmol-Mn-doped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals were dissolved in ODE and DDT (DDT is a native ligand coated on nanocrystals during synthesis, and it is thus here used as surfactant for nanocrystals).","After vacuum and nitrogen filling, the solution was heated from room temperature (RT) to 170° C. and then back to room temperature.","In this example, temperatures higher than 170° C. were avoided to avoid thermal decomposition of DDT.","As shown in FIG.","49, after 50° C., the photoluminescence of the solution apparently fades with a slight blue-shift (towards yellow emission) in the time course of the temperature rising to 170° C. The photoluminescence (intensity and wavelength) of the solution recovers as the temperature is back to RT.","This is a reversible photoluminescence quenching.","Other two types of Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals were also tested and presented the similar behavior to that of 0.075 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals.","The results are illustrated in FIG.","49.In another example, Mn-doped AZIS nanocrystals (schematically illustrated in FIG.","50A) were prepared using 0.2 mmol Zn precursor, 0.2 mmol In precursor, 0.025 mmol Mn precursor, 0.8 mmol sulfur precursor, and Ag precursor in the range of 0.025˜0.1 mmol.","After Mn atoms were doped into AZIS nanocrystals, a Zn precursor and sulfur precursor were added into the reaction flask to grow a ZnS shell on nanocrystals to form Mn-doped AZIS/ZnS nanocrystals.","As references, AZIS/ZnS nanocrystals using the exact same conditions above but without any Mn precursors in synthesis were made.","Results from analyzing nanocrystals formed in this example are shown in FIGS.","50B and 50C.","In this example, a composite comprising I(II)-III-VI nanocrystals was made having a composite structure similar to that illustrated schematically in FIG.","51A (though a person of ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure recognizes that the synthesized composite may have more or fewer zwitterionic ligands that the four illustrated in FIG.","51A).","The solution of 0.6 mg MnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles and 2.4 mg I(II)-III-VI nanocrystals in THF (900 μL) and 1.7 mg PMAO-CBSB in CHCl3-MeOH (˜50 μL) was layered on top of cold water in a glass vial.","The mixture was ultrasonicated using the Misonix Ultrasonic Liquid Processor with a 5 W output power for 1 minute.","After sonication, the organic solvents were removed by rotary evaporation at room temperature and the sample filtered through a 0.2 μm syringe filter.","Empty micelles or single-nanoparticle based micelles were removed by centrifugation at 18,000 rpm for 25 min (twice).","The collected ZW-MFNP conjugates were dispersed in 400 μL of water, and stored at 4° C. until further use.","Representative magnetic resonance image and optical images obtained from such composites at difference concentrations are provided by FIG.","51B.","In another example, composites were further coupled with chlorotoxin.","As shown by FIG.","52, such conjugated composites are biocompatible with different cell lines (e.g., U87, HEK293, and activated THP1).","In another example, U87 cells were co-incubated with chlorotoxin-conjugated conjugates (7.2 mg NC/mL) and 1 mM LysoTracker (ex465/em535, a fluorescent marker from Invitrogen for secondary endosomes or lysosomes) for 3 hours and 24 hours, respectively.","Afterward, U87 cells were fixed and stained with DPAI, and then scanned using confocal microscopy.","Representative overlay images for 3 and 24 hr incubation times are shown in FIGS.","53A and 53B, respectively.","Spot provided by these images represent micelles (smaller peripheral spots relative to the large spots), endosomes/lysosomes (smaller peripheral spots relative to the large spots) and nuclei (large spots).","Also indicated in FIGS.","53A and 53B is the co-localization of micelles with endosomes/lysosomes.","Such co-localization is qualitative, and it is affected by the intensity the different peripheral spots in these images.","Mander's and Costes's methods, which are implemented in ImageJ as Plugin Coloc2, were used for colocalization analysis.","These approaches are not affected by the intensity difference of two colors or probes, and automatically eliminate image backgrounds caused from autofluorescence, nonspecific labeling of dyes or markers, and probe fluorescence arising from out-of-focus image planes.","With ImageJ, the colocalization ratio defined as (pixels of red)colocalized/(pixels of red)total is found to be (0.78±0.25) for 3 hours incubation and (0.10±0.07) for 24 hours incubation, counting 10˜20 cells to analyze the colocalization ratio (in some studies 10˜20 cells were counted).","This ratio indicates that the endosome/lysosome escape efficiency, which is defined as (1−colocalization ratio), is low in the early stage of micelle uptake by cells, but high with longer incubation times.","Table 3 lists the element atomic ratio for each investigated nanocrystals using EDX.","With the increase of Mn levels in doping, the mole fractions of Mn atoms (Mn/(Ag+In+Zn+Mn+S)) that are incorporated in nanocrystals are increased—0.52%, 2.46%, and 2.96% for 0.025 mmol-, 0.075 mmol-, and 0.125 mmol-Mn-doped nanocrystals, respectively.","TABLE 3 Measured Atomic Ratio by EDX Nanocrystals Mn Zn Ag In S AIZS/ZnS — 15.16 11.92 16.56 56.36 0.025 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS 0.52 21.48 10.71 18.70 48.60 0.075 mmol-Mn: AIZS/ZnS 2.46 16.40 8.32 18.13 54.69 0.125 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS 2.96 19.56 12.99 13.46 51.05 As shown in Table 4, the fast and slow decays for 0.075 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals are corresponding to τ1 at around 40 μs and τ2 at around 614 μs.","These lifetimes are much longer than those of undoped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals measured at their own photoluminescence peak wavelength.","Moreover, the photoluminescence decays of 0.075 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals measured at different wavelengths (550, 585, 700 nm) also present their own τ1 and τ2 in tens of microseconds and hundreds of microseconds.","Without being limited to a single theory, it currently is believed that a thin layer of Mn was formed in host AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals, and that Mn clusters or concentrated Mn dopants may exist in this layer.","Experimentally, photoluminescence quenching with Mn doping in nanocrystals was observed, which indicates Mn-related defect formation.","The fast decay of 0.075 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals could result from radiative decay from trap states (caused by Mn related lattice strains or defects) to the valence band.","The trap states could be aligned or overlapping with Mn 3d states, so that excited electrons in conduction band could be relaxed to the trap states directly or through Mn 3d states as relay states.","The fast decay of the nanocrystals also could be from the emission of Mn dopants but with Mn—Mn spin coupling due to concentrated Mn in the Mn-doped layer.","Additionally, because the AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals act as host nanocrystals, the fast decay may also arise from alloying of Mn with AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals in a thin layer.","That means, the new alloys may have new bandgap structures or electron-hole recombination paths.","It is also possible that the photoluminescence of 0.075 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals is a synergistic effect of various photoluminescence mechanisms.","Notably, from Table 4, the intensity percentage of the slow decayed photoluminescence (i.e., A2) is low as several percent over the whole photoluminescence intensity.","Other nanocrystals with different Mn doping were measured in a similar way as 0.075 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals.","Their photoluminescence lifetime parameters are also listed in Table 4.The decay behavior of 0.125 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals is very similar to that of 0.075 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals.","0.025 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals have smaller τ1 and A2 parameters compared to the other two types of nanocrystals, and thus they present short average photoluminescence lifetimes.","According to Table 3, the Mn level in 0.025 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals is much less than that in other two types of nanocrystals.","The small τ1 and A2 for 0.025 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals could be related to the low Mn level in the hosts.","Interestingly, according to the literature, a lower Mn level in host nanocrystals should produce a longer photoluminescence lifetime probably because the Mn—Mn distance is long.","Such a conflict indicates that the Mn emission with Mn—Mn coupling could be existing but not be the major photoluminescence mechanism for the fast decay (corresponding to τ1) in Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals.","Without being limited to a single theory, it currently is believed that he radiative decay from trap states or new electron-hole recombination pathways in the Mn-alloyed AISZ layer could be the dominant mechanisms for the fast decayed photoluminescence.","With respect to A2, it may be relative to the ratio of the number of Mn pairs or diluted Mn dopants out of the Mn-doped layer over the number of all Mn dopants (in and out of the Mn-doped layer).","For a low level Mn (0.025 mmol) in the doping reaction, the Mn spatial distribution in nanocrystals could be more uniform by diffusion when compared to high Mn levels, and thus the ratio of the number of Mn dopants out of the doped layer over the number of Mn dopants in and out of the doped layer (or alternatively A2) would be smaller.","Notably, all prepared nanocrystals have their average photoluminescence lifetimes above one hundred microseconds, and they have good potential to be used as time-gated or time resolved probes in biosening/imaging.","TABLE 4 Measured τ1 τ2 τavg Nanocrystals Wavelength (ms) A1 (ms) A2 (ms) 0.025 mmol- 525 nm 21.8 98.9% 332.6 1.1% 66.6 Mn:AIZS/ZnS 575 nm 30.1 98.1% 280.0 1.9% 67.5 625 nm 27.2 99.1% 517.0 0.9% 100.6 700 nm 17.5 99.8% 498.9 0.2% 39.9 0.075 mmol- 550 nm 33.0 97.0% 311.1 3.0% 95.3 Mn:AIZS/ZnS 585 nm 41.2 96.6% 519.1 3.4% 187.2 635 nm 40.1 96.0% 614.2 4.0% 263.5 700 nm 31.0 98.2% 480.8 1.8% 129.1 0.125 mmol- 550 nm 33.4 97.8% 321.1 2.2% 85.1 Mn:AIZS/ZnS 585 nm 41.3 96.7% 509.7 3.3% 178.6 642 nm 42.8 96.8% 496.4 3.2% 169.4 700 nm 32.3 98.2% 264.1 1.8% 62.9 FIGS.","54A-54C include results obtained from analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of a control (organic dye Coumarin 153 in ethanol) and two Mn-doped composite embodiments of the present disclosure, which were prepared by encapsulating Mn-doped AZIS/ZNS nanocrystals (their average lifetimes at around 0.1 and 1 ms, respectively) with a zwitterionic polymeric coating as described herein.","This data was obtained using an optical detection system, which was capable of measuring fluorescence above 520 nm.","In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of the present disclosure may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only preferred examples of the present disclosure and should not be taken as limiting the scope.","Rather, the scope of the present disclosure is defined by the following claims.","We therefore claim as our invention all that comes within the scope and spirit of these claims."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"COMPOSITES AND COMPOSITIONS FOR THERAPEUTIC USE AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME\",\n \"Disclosed herein are embodiments of composites and compositions that can be used for therapeutic applications in vivo and/or in vitro.\",\n \"The disclosed composites can comprise cores having magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, or combinations thereof and zwitterionic polymeric coatings that facilitate solubility and bioconjugation.\",\n \"The compositions disclosed herein can comprise the composites and one or more biomolecules, drugs, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"Also disclosed herein are methods of making the composites, composite components, and methods of making quantum dots for use in the composites.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A composite, comprising: a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof; and a zwitterionic polymeric coating defining the core and comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula wherein each R1 independently is hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 is —C(O)Z, wherein Z is hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 independently is amide-aliphatic-amine, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate, or amide-aliphatic-thiol; p is an integer selected from zero to 5; q is an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200.2.The composite of claim 1, wherein the zwitterionic polymeric coating comprises a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula selected from wherein each R1 independently is hydrogen or aliphatic; each of X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 independently is NRb, N(Rb)2+, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each Rb independently is hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl; each of A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 independently is aliphatic or heteroaliphatic; each of Y1, Y2, and Y3 independently is amine, thiol, carboxylate or sulfonate; each Z independently is hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; n is an integer selected from 1 to 200; each m is an integer selected from 0 to 3; each p independently is an integer selected from zero to 5; each of a, b, and c independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200.3.The composite of claim 1, wherein each R1 independently is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; each of X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 independently is NRb, N(Rb)2+, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each Rb independently is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, or pyridinyl; each of A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 independently is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, or heteroalkynyl; each of Y1 and Y2 independently is carboxylate or sulfonate and Y3 is thiol; each Z is hydroxyl; and m is 1.4.The composite of claim 1, wherein the zwitterionic polymeric coating comprises a zwitterionic polymer have a structure selected from 5.The composite of claim 1, wherein the core comprises at least one magnetic nanoparticle and at least one quantum dot.\",\n \"6.The composite of claim 1, wherein the core is doped with a metal selected from Cu, Ag, Au, Mn, Zn, or combinations thereof and wherein the core is doped with greater than 0 mol % to 10 mol % of the metal.\",\n \"7.The composite of claim 6, wherein the core is a quantum dot core and the quantum dot core comprises a ZnS or a chloride shell.\",\n \"8.The composite of claim 1, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle is MnFe2O4, Fe3O4, CoFe2O4, FePt or a combination thereof.\",\n \"9.The composite of claim 1, wherein the core comprises a combination of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles and an AgInS2 quantum dot, a CuInS2 quantum dot, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"10.The composite of claim 1, comprising: a core comprising a combination of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles and CuInS2 quantum dots, AgInS2 quantum dots, or both CuInS2 quantum dots, AgInS2 quantum dots; and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure selected from 11.The composite of claim 10, wherein the core further comprises a dopant selected from Cu, Ag, Au, Mn, Zn, or combinations thereof, a ZnS or chloride shell, or both the dopant and the ZnS or chloride shell.\",\n \"12.A composition comprising: a composite having a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula wherein each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 is —C(O)Z, wherein Z is selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 independently is selected from amide-aliphatic-amine, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate, or amide-aliphatic-thiol; p is an integer selected from zero to 5; q is an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200; and a biomolecule, a drug, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"13.The composition of claim 12, wherein the biomolecule is chemically conjugated to the composite through the zwitterionic polymeric coating or through a carboxylate group of the zwitterionic polymeric coating.\",\n \"14.The composition of claim 13, wherein the carboxylate group of the zwitterionic polymeric coating is further chemically bound to a linker, wherein the linker is also chemically bound to the biomolecule.\",\n \"15.The composition of claim 12, wherein the biomolecule is selected from chlorotoxin, avidin, biotin, folic acid, arginylglycylaspartic acid, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"16.The composition of claim 12, wherein the drug is encapsulated within the zwitterionic polymeric coating and is selected from doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"17.A method of making the composite of claim 1, comprising: combining, to form a mixture, a solution comprising the one or more magnetic nanoparticles, the one or more quantum dots, or the combination thereof with a solution of the zwitterionic polymer; dispersing the mixture into water using sonication to form a dispersed composition; and isolating the composite from the dispersed composition.\",\n \"18.A method of making a quantum dot, comprising: combining a Group 11 metal precursor with a Group 13 metal precursor, one or more ligands, a solvent, or a combination thereof to form a precursor mixture; and heating the precursor mixture to a temperature sufficient to facilitate formation of the quantum dot.\",\n \"19.The method of claim 18, wherein the Group 11 metal precursor is a copper-containing precursor, a silver-containing precursor, or a combination thereof and the temperature ranges from 150° C. to 200° C. 20.A method for imaging cells, comprising: contacting a cell with the composite of claim 1; and detecting cellular update and/or the location of the composite in the cell.\",\n \"21.A method of delivering a therapeutic drug to a subject, comprising contacting the subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the therapeutic drug and the composite of claim 1.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND Magnetofluorescent nanoparticles enabling simultaneous fluorescence labeling and magnetic field assisted separation, sorting, heating or imaging are gaining momentum for biomedical applications at the cellular, tissue or anatomical levels.\",\n \"For this reason, research approaches have been reported on the controlled synthesis of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles regarding their size, shape, composite and surface properties.\",\n \"To achieve colloidal stability and biocompatibility for various in vitro or in vivo applications, the hydrophilic shell of these type of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are usually formed by anti-fouling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains.\",\n \"Zwitterion-coating approaches also have been developed for individual cadmium-based quantum dots or AuNPs but not for magnetofluorescent compounds.\",\n \"These approaches mainly involve the coupling of zwitterions with thiol ligands, such as dihydrolipoic acid.\",\n \"These coupled ligands are further exchanged with native hydrophobic ligands (trioctylphosphine oxide) to form thiol-bound zwitterionic quantum dots through the high binding affinity of thiols to Zn or Au atoms on quantum dot or AuNP surface.\",\n \"Significant efforts are still needed to develop high quality quantum dots into broader biomedical applications especially for in vitro or in vivo sensing/imaging and drug delivery.\",\n \"There exists a need in the art for facile, scalable methods of making chalcopyrite quantum dots that are compatible for use in magnetofluorescent composites comprising nanoparticles.\",\n \"There also exists a need in the art for composites comprising zwitterionic coatings that can be used to produce composites capable for biomedical use and/or coupling to biomolecules.\"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY Disclosed herein are embodiments of composites comprising a core comprising one or more nanoparticles (such as magnetic nanoparticles), one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof, and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having any one of the formulas and/or structures disclosed herein.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the core comprises at least one magnetic nanoparticle and at least one quantum dot.\",\n \"Also disclosed herein are embodiments of compositions comprising a composite having a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof, a zwitterionic polymeric coating defining the core, and a biomolecule, a drug, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"Also disclosed herein are embodiments of methods for making the composites, methods of making quantum dots, and methods of using the disclosed composites for visualizing uptake/binding in cells or tissues and/or treating subjects.\",\n \"The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the benefit of U.S.\",\n \"Provisional Application No.\",\n \"62/569,291, filed on Oct. 6, 2017; and is a continuation-in-part of PCT Application No.\",\n \"PCT/US2016/042613, filed on Jul.\",\n \"15, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S.\",\n \"Provisional Application No.\",\n \"62/203,325, filed Aug. 10, 2015, and U.S.\",\n \"Provisional Application No.\",\n \"62/194,122, filed on Jul.\",\n \"17, 2015; each of these applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.\",\n \"ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT This invention was made with government support under Contract No.\",\n \"1P20GM103650 awarded by the National Institutes of Health.\",\n \"The government has certain rights in the invention.\",\n \"FIELD The present disclosure concerns embodiments of composites and compositions comprising nanoparticle and/or quantum dot cores, and zwitterionic polymeric coatings.\",\n \"Also disclosed herein are embodiments of methods of making components used in the composites and compositions, as well as methods of making and using the composites and compositions.\",\n \"BACKGROUND Magnetofluorescent nanoparticles enabling simultaneous fluorescence labeling and magnetic field assisted separation, sorting, heating or imaging are gaining momentum for biomedical applications at the cellular, tissue or anatomical levels.\",\n \"For this reason, research approaches have been reported on the controlled synthesis of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles regarding their size, shape, composite and surface properties.\",\n \"To achieve colloidal stability and biocompatibility for various in vitro or in vivo applications, the hydrophilic shell of these type of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are usually formed by anti-fouling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains.\",\n \"Zwitterion-coating approaches also have been developed for individual cadmium-based quantum dots or AuNPs but not for magnetofluorescent compounds.\",\n \"These approaches mainly involve the coupling of zwitterions with thiol ligands, such as dihydrolipoic acid.\",\n \"These coupled ligands are further exchanged with native hydrophobic ligands (trioctylphosphine oxide) to form thiol-bound zwitterionic quantum dots through the high binding affinity of thiols to Zn or Au atoms on quantum dot or AuNP surface.\",\n \"Significant efforts are still needed to develop high quality quantum dots into broader biomedical applications especially for in vitro or in vivo sensing/imaging and drug delivery.\",\n \"There exists a need in the art for facile, scalable methods of making chalcopyrite quantum dots that are compatible for use in magnetofluorescent composites comprising nanoparticles.\",\n \"There also exists a need in the art for composites comprising zwitterionic coatings that can be used to produce composites capable for biomedical use and/or coupling to biomolecules.\",\n \"SUMMARY Disclosed herein are embodiments of composites comprising a core comprising one or more nanoparticles (such as magnetic nanoparticles), one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof, and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having any one of the formulas and/or structures disclosed herein.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the core comprises at least one magnetic nanoparticle and at least one quantum dot.\",\n \"Also disclosed herein are embodiments of compositions comprising a composite having a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof, a zwitterionic polymeric coating defining the core, and a biomolecule, a drug, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"Also disclosed herein are embodiments of methods for making the composites, methods of making quantum dots, and methods of using the disclosed composites for visualizing uptake/binding in cells or tissues and/or treating subjects.\",\n \"The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.\",\n \"1 is a combined photoluminescence spectrum of AgInS2 (AIS) quantum dots and AIS/ZnS quantum dots where the inset shows a digital photograph of AIS quantum dots and AIS/ZnS quantum dots in organic solvents exposed under a UV laser beam.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is a combined Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrum of a representative polymer precursor (“PMAO”), a representative polymer intermediate (“PMAO-DMAPA”), and a zwitterionic polymer (“PMAO-CB-SB”).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 is a combined FT-IR spectra of amidosulfobetaine-16 (“ASB-16”) (with sulfobetaine) and N-dodecyl-N,N-(dimethylammonio)butyrate (“DDMAB”) (with carboxybetaine).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4 is a graph of normalized photoluminescence intensity (a.u.)\",\n \"as a function of wavelength (nm) illustrating representative and normalized photoluminescence intensity of CIS quantum dots in the time course of growth at 240° C. FIG.\",\n \"5 is a combined 1H-NMR spectrum illustrating NMR spectra of a representative polymer precursor (“PMAO”), a representative polymer intermediate (“PMAO-DMAPA”), and a zwitterionic polymer (“PMAO-CB-SB”).\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"6A-6C illustrate TEM and EDX images of representative composite cores; FIG.\",\n \"6A is a TEM image of a representative composite core having a nanoparticle to quantum dot ratio of 1:4; FIG.\",\n \"6B is a zoomed image of a single composite core illustrating both spherical and irregular particle shapes representing nanoparticles and quantum dots; and FIG.\",\n \"6C is an EDX spectrum.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"7A and 7B are graphs illustrating results obtained from analysis of representative composites; FIG.\",\n \"7A is a combined photoluminescence spectrum of hydrophobic quantum dots in organic solvent and water-soluble composites as disclosed herein; FIG.\",\n \"7B is a graph of R2 parameters of composites disclosed herein versus (Mn+Fe) concentration (the slope r2 of each curve=R2/[(Mn+Fe) concentration]), wherein the inset image is a representative magnetic resonance image of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles and zwitterionic magnetic nanoparticles.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"8A and 8B illustrate results obtained from analysis of representative composites; FIG.\",\n \"8A is a combined spectrum illustrating photoluminescence of hydrophobic quantum dots in THF and water-soluble composites; and FIG.\",\n \"8B is a graph of R2 parameters of composites versus (Mn+Fe) concentration (the slope r2 of each curve=R2/[(Mn+Fe) concentration]), wherein the inset image is a representative magnetic resonance image of composites fabricated with the nanoparticle to quantum dot mass ratios of 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4.FIG.\",\n \"9 illustrates the UV-Vis absorbance spectra of quantum dots in THF and representative water-soluble composites.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10 is a bar graph of fluorescence stability of representative composites in PBS solutions at pH values ranging from 4-9, which illustrates the colloidal stability of the composites in aqueous solutions.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11 is a bar graph of fluorescence stability of representative composites in water at 4° C. FIG.\",\n \"12 is a bar graph of long-term stability of representative composites in water at 4° C. FIGS.\",\n \"13A and 13B are graphs illustrating cell viability cell treated with representative composites disclosed herein illustrating that the composites have no significant effects on cell cytotoxicity; FIG.\",\n \"13A shows cell viability of U-87 MG cells treated with composites at different concentrations over 24 hours; and FIG.\",\n \"13B shows cell viability of HEK-293 cells treated with zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles at different concentrations over 24 hours.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14 is a graph illustrating cell viability of U-87 MG cell and HEK-293 cells treated with representative composites at difference concentrations over 24 hours.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"15 is a bar graph illustrating the fluorescence responses to biotinylated magnetic microbeads after incubation with serial dilutions of non-conjugated and Neutravidin-conjugated composites from their stock suspensions.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"16A-16E illustrate results obtained for representative composites disclosed herein; FIG.\",\n \"16A is a confocal image illustrating cellular uptake/internalization of cyclophosphamide (“CTX”)-conjugated composites by U-87 cells; FIG.\",\n \"16B is a confocal image illustrating cellular uptake/internalization of non-conjugated composites by U-87 cells; FIG.\",\n \"16C is a confocal image illustrating cellular uptake/internalization of CTX-conjugated composites by HEK-293; FIG.\",\n \"16D is a confocal image illustrating cellular uptake/internalization of non-conjugated composites by HEK-293 cells; and FIG.\",\n \"16E is a bar graph of micelle photoluminescence intensity as a function of composite concentration illustrating the fluorescent intensity per unit area of cytoplasm for U-87 and HEK-293 cells incubated with CTX- and non-conjugated composites with different concentrations.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"17A-17D are confocal images at different channels and their overlays demonstrating the cellular uptake/internalization of CTX-conjugated composites by U-87 (FIG.\",\n \"17A) and HEK-293 (FIG.\",\n \"17C) and non-conjugated composites under the same concentration of particles by U-87 (FIG.\",\n \"17B) and HEK-293 (FIG.\",\n \"17D).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"18 illustrates the evolution of the photoluminescence spectra of a representative quantum dot used in composites described herein during the time course of growth at 170° C. FIGS.\",\n \"19A-19C are images illustrating results obtained from TEM and EDX analysis of representative quantum dots made using methods described herein; FIG.\",\n \"19A is a TEM image of a representative quantum dot; FIG.\",\n \"19B is a high resolution TEM image of a representative quantum dot; and FIG.\",\n \"19C is an EDX spectrum of a representative quantum dot.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"20 is an EDX spectrum of a representative quantum dot made using a thermal decomposition synthesis embodiment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"21 illustrates XRD patterns for representative shell-coated and shell-free quantum dots; diffraction peaks of tetragonal AgInS2 and cubic ZnS are shown as references.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"22 illustrates photoluminescence spectra of representative quantum dots made using a disclosed thermal decomposition method embodiment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"23 illustrates UV-Vis absorption spectra representative quantum dots synthesized at different ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:4), wherein the inset provides digital photograph of the quantum dots under room lights.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"24A and 24B are digital photographs of representative quantum dots made using a disclosed thermal decomposition method embodiment; FIG.\",\n \"24A illustrates quantum dots made using a Ag:In molar ratio of Ag:In=1:1; and FIG.\",\n \"24B illustrates quantum dots made using a Ag:In molar ratio of Ag:In=1:2.FIGS.\",\n \"25A and 25B are graphs illustrating the photostability of AIS quantum dots (FIG.\",\n \"25A) and AIS/ZnS quantum dots (FIG.\",\n \"25B), wherein quantum dots in organic solvents were under continuous exposure of a 365 nm UV lamp for 120 minutes and their photoluminescence was measured every 30 minutes.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"26 is a schematic illustration of quantum dot-loaded micelles comprising quantum dots made using thermal decomposition method embodiments disclosed herein.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"27 illustrates photoluminescence spectra of representative quantum dots in hexane and quantum dot micelles in water, wherein the insets are the hydrodynamic size distribution of the resulting quantum dot-micelles measured by DSL (top) and the corresponding TEM image of the quantum dot-micelles.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"28A-28C are TEM and EDX images obtained for representative quantum dots; FIG.\",\n \"28A is a TEM image of an individual quantum dot-micelle; FIG.\",\n \"28B is a high resolution TEM image of an individual quantum dot-micelle; and FIG.\",\n \"28C is an EDX spectrum of quantum dot-micelles.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"29 illustrates FT-IR spectra of representative quantum dots, PLGA-PEG, CTX, quantum dot-micelles, and CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"30A-30C illustrate results obtained from analysis of representative quantum dots made using a disclosed thermal decomposition method embodiment; FIG.\",\n \"30A shows confocal images demonstrating the cellular uptake/internalization of CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles (100 times diluted from stock) by U-87 cells; FIG.\",\n \"30B shows confocal images presenting the quenching effect of 1,10-phenanthroline on the uptake/internalization; and FIG.\",\n \"30C shows quantitative data indicating the cellular uptake/internalization and the quenching effect under the different concentrations or dilutions of CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles (100-800 times dilutions).\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"31A-31E illustrate results obtained from analysis of representative quantum dots made using a disclosed thermal decomposition methods embodiment; FIG.\",\n \"31A is an overlaid confocal image of U-87 cells after incubation with CTX-conjugated micelles comprising the quantum dots; FIG.\",\n \"31B is an overlaid confocal image of U-87 cells after incubation with non-conjugated micelles comprising the quantum dots; FIG.\",\n \"31C is an overlaid confocal image of HEK-293 cells after incubating with CTX-conjugated micelles comprising the quantum dots; FIG.\",\n \"31D is an overlaid confocal image of HEK-293 cells after incubating with non-conjugated micelles comprising the quantum dots; and FIG.\",\n \"31E illustrates the fluorescent intensity per unit area of cytoplasm for U-87 and HEK-293 cells incubated with CTX-conjugated and non-conjugated AIS/ZnS micelles.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"32 provides an exemplary schematic of a representative method of making micelles comprising the polymeric coatings disclosed herein.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"33 is a schematic diagram illustrating a representative composite and use of the composite to administer drug molecules to a cell.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"34A and 34B each are TEM images of a representative quantum dot made using a disclosed thermal decomposition method embodiment.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"35A and 35B show results obtained from analyzing representative doped quantum dots; FIG.\",\n \"35A is a graph of photoluminescence intensity (a.u.)\",\n \"as a function of wavelength (nm) showing the effect of Cu-dopant concentrations on photoluminescence for surface-doped quantum dots, wherein the inset data plot shows that the evolution of photoluminescence spectra of non-doped AIS nanocrystals is not significant in the time course of growth; and FIG.\",\n \"35B shows the absorption spectra of the copper-doped quantum dots with different Cu initial concentrations.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"36A and 36B show results obtained from time course analysis of Cu-doped quantum dots; FIG.\",\n \"36A shows the evolution of photoluminescence spectra of 3.33% Cu:AIS quantum dots in the time course of reaction using a surface doping approach, wherein the inset is the evolution of photoluminescence spectra of Cu:AIS quantum dots prepared through a homogenous reaction; FIG.\",\n \"36B shows the temporal evolution of absorption spectra of 3.33% Cu:AIS quantum dots.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"37A-37D show characterization data of representative Cu-doped quantum dots disclosed herein; FIG.\",\n \"37A shows XRD patterns for AIS, 1.67% Cu:AIS and 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots; FIG.\",\n \"37B shows TEM and high resolution TEM (insets) images of AIS quantum dots; FIG.\",\n \"37C shows TEM and high resolution TEM (insets) images of 1.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots; and FIG.\",\n \"37D shows TEM and high resolution TEM (insets) images of 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"38A-38D show results obtained from characterization analysis of representative embodiments of Cu-doped core quantum dots and Cu-doped core/shell quantum dots; FIG.\",\n \"38A shows digital images of Cu:AIS and Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots suspended in organic solvents under a UV lamp; FIG.\",\n \"38B is a combined absorption spectrum of photoluminescence and absorption spectra of the core and core/shell quantum dots; FIG.\",\n \"38C is shows the XRD patterns of 6.67% Cu:AIS and Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots; FIG.\",\n \"38D shows TEM and high resolution TEM (inset) images of 6.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"39A and 39B are photoluminescence decay curves showing the photoluminescence decay for representative Cu:AIS quantum dots (FIG.\",\n \"39A) and Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots (FIG.\",\n \"39B).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"40 is a graph of cell viability (%) as a function of composite (referred to as “micelle”) concentration showing cell viability of U-87 MG cell and HEK-293 cells treated with representative composite embodiments at different concentrations over 48 hours.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"41A-41F are overlaid confocal images demonstrating the cellular uptake/internalization of RGD-conjugated, RAD-conjugated, and non-conjugated composites under the same dilution or concentration of composites (25 times dilution from the conjugate stock) by U-87 (FIGS.\",\n \"41A-41C) and HEK-293 (FIGS.\",\n \"41D-41F).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"42 is a graph of composite (or “micelle”) photoluminescence intensity as a function of composite (“micelle”) concentration showing the fluorescent intensity per unit area of cytoplasm for U-87 and HEK-293 cells incubated with non-conjugated micelles, RAD-conjugated micelles, and RGD-conjugated composites with different dilutions or concentrations (all p values for each comparison are less than 0.001).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"43 is an illustration of a sensing probe as described herein.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"44A and 44B are spectra showing absorbance and photoluminescence intensity for composites comprising chloride shells (FIG.\",\n \"44A) and control examples without chloride shells (FIG.\",\n \"44B).\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"45A-45C illustrate results obtained from analyzing Mn-doped nanocrystals as described herein, wherein the surface doping is used; FIG.\",\n \"45A shows a representative synthesis of Mn:AIZS-ZnS nanocrystal embodiments and the effect of Mn levels on photoluminescence tunability, wherein AIZS cores are formed first, Mn and Zn precursors are added to the surface, and the nanocrystal surfaces are further passivated by zinc (yellow, red, and green represent AIZS composites, Mn, and ZnS shell, respectively); FIG.\",\n \"45B is a graph showing photoluminescence spectra of Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals as compared to an undoped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystal; and FIG.\",\n \"45C is a graph showing absorption spectra of the nanocrystals, wherein some there is some spectrum overlap between photoluminescence spectra and absorption spectra indicating some photoluminescence emissions will be reabsorbed by the nanocrystals themselves.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"46 illustrates XRD patterns of an undoped AIS/ZnS nanocrystal, a 0.025 mmol-Mn-doped AIS/ZnS nanocrystal, a 0.075 mmol-Mn-doped AIS/ZnS nanocrystal, and a 0.125 mmol-Mn-doped AIS/ZnS nanocrystal, wherein diffraction peaks of tetragonal AgInS2 and ZnS, as obtained from the JCPDS database (specifically, JCPDS #25-1330 and JCPDS #05-0566), are shown as references.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"47A-47D illustrate images of a Mn-doped nanocrystal embodiments, wherein FIG.\",\n \"47A is a TEM image of a 0.075 mmol-Mn-doped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystal; FIG.\",\n \"47B is a high resolution TEM image of a 0.075 mmol-Mn-doped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystal; FIG.\",\n \"47C is a fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern on the HRTEM image of a 0.075 mmol-Mn-doped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystal; and FIG.\",\n \"47D is an EDX spectrum of the 0.075 mmol-Mn-doped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystal, which illustrates Ag, In, Mn, Zn and S elements (and wherein the unlabeled peaks above 10 KeV are gold elements from the gold-mesh grid used for TEM imaging).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"48 is a graph illustrating photoluminescence decay curves of a 0.075 mmol-Mn-doped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystal, wherein the sample is excited at 300 nm by a xenon lamp and its photoluminescence decays were measured at different wavelengths.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"49 is a collection of photographic images illustrating results obtained from a thermal stability study of Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystal, wherein the Mn:AIZS nanocrystal solutions are shown at room temperature, after heating at 170° C., and cooled down to room temperature under a UV lamp.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"50A-50C are images illustrating results from analyzing a Mn-doped nanocrystal embodiment wherein the core of the nanocrystal is doped; FIG.\",\n \"50A is an illustration of such a nanocrystal wherein Mn atoms are doped into the core of an AZIS nanocrystal and then the cores are shelled with ZnS layers; FIG.\",\n \"50B is a graph showing fluorescence and absorption spectra of Mn-doped AZIS/ZnS nanocrystals; and FIG.\",\n \"50C is a graph showing fluorescence decays of Mn-doped AZIS/ZnS nanocrystals under different Ag levels in the composites.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"51A and 51B provide a schematic illustration of a representative composite wherein a zwitterionic polymer encapsulates both magnetic nanoparticles and I(II)-III-VI quantum dots through self-assembly (FIG.\",\n \"51B) and representative magnetic resonance image and optical image of the composite at difference concentrations, wherein the concentration is marked by the Fe+Mn mass/mL (FIG.\",\n \"51B).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"52 is a graph illustrating results obtained from cell viability testing, wherein unconjugated and chlorotoxin-conjugated conjugates prepared using composite embodiments described herein were incubated with cells over 72 hours.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"53A and 53B are images showing intracellular distribution of conjugated micelles in U-87, wherein micelles, endosomes or lysosomes are stained with Lysotracker green, and nuclei are stained with DAPI appear red, green, and blue, respectively; FIG.\",\n \"53A shows distribution after 3 hours of incubation; and FIG.\",\n \"53B shows distribution after 24 hours of incubation.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"54A-54C shows results obtained from measuring the fluorescence lifetime of a control (organic dye C153) and two composite embodiments described herein, namely an Mn-doped AZIS/ZnS composite having an average lifetime of 0.1 ms (FIG.\",\n \"54B) and another embodiment having an average lifetime of 1 ms (FIG.\",\n \"54C), wherein the insets show the zero backgrounds.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION I.\",\n \"Explanation of Terms The following explanations of terms are provided to better describe the present disclosure and to guide those of ordinary skill in the art in the practice of the present disclosure.\",\n \"As used herein, “comprising” means “including” and the singular forms “a” or “an” or “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.\",\n \"The term “or” refers to a single element of stated alternative elements or a combination of two or more elements, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.\",\n \"Unless explained otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.\",\n \"Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below.\",\n \"The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting, unless otherwise indicated.\",\n \"Other features of the disclosure are apparent from the following detailed description and the claims.\",\n \"Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of components, molecular weights, percentages, temperatures, times, and so forth, as used in the specification or claims are to be understood as being modified by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless otherwise indicated, implicitly or explicitly, the numerical parameters set forth are approximations that can depend on the desired properties sought and/or limits of detection under standard test conditions/methods.\",\n \"When directly and explicitly distinguishing embodiments from discussed prior art, the embodiment numbers are not approximates unless the word “about” is recited.\",\n \"Furthermore, not all alternatives recited herein are equivalents.\",\n \"To facilitate review of the various embodiments of the disclosure, the following explanations of specific terms are provided.\",\n \"Certain functional group terms include an Ra group that, though not part of the defined functional group, indicates how the functional group attaches to the compound to which it is bound.\",\n \"Aliphatic: A hydrocarbon, or a radical thereof, having at least one carbon atom to 50 carbon atoms, such as one to 25 carbon atoms, or one to ten carbon atoms, and which includes alkanes (or alkyl), alkenes (or alkenyl), alkynes (or alkynyl), including cyclic versions thereof, and further including straight- and branched-chain arrangements, and all stereo and position isomers as well.\",\n \"Alkyl: A saturated monovalent hydrocarbon having at least one carbon atom to 50 carbon atoms, such as one to 25 carbon atoms, or one to ten carbon atoms, wherein the saturated monovalent hydrocarbon can be derived from removing one hydrogen atom from one carbon atom of a parent compound (e.g., alkane).\",\n \"An alkyl group can be branched, straight-chain, or cyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl).\",\n \"Alkenyl: An unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon having at least two carbon atoms to 50 carbon atoms, such as two to 25 carbon atoms, or two to ten carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond, wherein the unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon can be derived from removing one hydrogen atom from one carbon atom of a parent alkene.\",\n \"An alkenyl group can be branched, straight-chain, cyclic (e.g., cycloalkenyl), cis, or trans (e.g., E or Z).\",\n \"Alkynyl: An unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon having at least two carbon atoms to 50 carbon atoms, such as two to 25 carbon atoms, or two to ten carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, wherein the unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon can be derived from removing one hydrogen atom from one carbon atom of a parent alkyne.\",\n \"An alkynyl group can be branched, straight-chain, or cyclic (e.g., cycloalkynyl).\",\n \"Aryl: An aromatic carbocyclic group comprising at least five carbon atoms to 15 carbon atoms, such as five to ten carbon atoms, having a single ring or multiple condensed rings, which condensed rings can or may not be aromatic provided that the point of attachment is through an atom of the aromatic carbocyclic group.\",\n \"Carboxylate: RaC(O)O−, wherein Ra is the atom of the formulas disclosed herein to which the carboxyl group is attached.\",\n \"Composite: A material comprising a core (which may comprise a nanoparticle, a quantum dot having a core or core/shell structure, or a combination or plurality thereof) and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula disclosed herein, wherein the zwitterionic polymer coating encapsulates the core and wherein the composite exhibits properties that differ from each of its individual components.\",\n \"Encapsulated: When a drug is described herein as “encapsulated,” it is intended to mean that the drug is located within or attached to polymer side chains of the zwitterionic polymeric coatings described herein and/or within the core of the composite as defined by the zwitterionic polymeric coating.\",\n \"Heteroaliphatic: An aliphatic group comprising at least one heteroatom to 20 heteroatoms, such as one to 15 heteroatoms, or one to 5 heteroatoms, which can be selected from, but not limited to oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, phosphorous, and oxidized forms thereof within the group.\",\n \"Heteroalkyl/Heteroalkenyl/Heteroalkynyl: An alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group (which can be branched, straight-chain, or cyclic) comprising at least one heteroatom to 20 heteroatoms, such as one to 15 heteroatoms, or one to 5 heteroatoms, which can be selected from, but not limited to oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, phosphorous, and oxidized forms thereof within the group.\",\n \"Heteroaryl: An aryl group comprising at least one heteroatom to six heteroatoms, such as one to four heteroatoms, which can be selected from, but not limited to oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, phosphorous, and oxidized forms thereof within the ring.\",\n \"Such heteroaryl groups can have a single ring or multiple condensed rings, wherein the condensed rings may or may not be aromatic and/or contain a heteroatom, provided that the point of attachment is through an atom of the aromatic heteroaryl group.\",\n \"Magnetic Nanoparticle: A class of nanoparticles that can be manipulated using magnetic field gradients.\",\n \"Quantum Dot: A nanoscale particle that exhibits size-dependent electronic and optical properties due to quantum confinement.\",\n \"The quantum dots disclosed herein generally have at least one dimension less than 100 nanometers.\",\n \"The disclosed quantum dots may be colloidal quantum dots, i.e., quantum dots that may remain in suspension when dispersed in a liquid medium.\",\n \"Sulfonate: A functional group having a formula RaSO3−, wherein Ra is the atom of the formulas disclosed herein to which the sulfonate is attached.\",\n \"Zwitterionic Polymer/Zwitterionic Polymeric Coating: A polymer or polymeric coating disclosed herein that comprises both positive and negative electrical charges and that comprises a polymeric backbone having one or more zwitterionic side-chains extending therefrom.\",\n \"Typically, the polymers and polymeric coatings comprise at least one functional group that comprises a positive charge and at least one functional group that comprises a negative charge, and in most embodiments both such functional groups are located in the same polymer side chain (as distinguished from the polymer backbone).\",\n \"II.\",\n \"Introduction Micellar magnetofluorescent nanoparticles inherit the merits of magnetic nanoparticles (e.g., high saturation magnetization) and quantum dots (e.g., photostability and luminescence wavelength tunability), and also provide complementary merits from both magnetic resonance imaging and optical imaging (i.e., high spatial resolution and high sensitivity).\",\n \"Conventional methods used to produce magnetofluorescent nanoparticles require forming a hydrophilic shell using anti-fouling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains to achieve colloidal stability and biocompatibility for various in vitro or in vivo applications.\",\n \"Although PEG chains render such nanoparticles stable in physiological media, PEG groups are sensitive to solution pH and salinity and tend to cause such nanoparticles to aggregate in acidic or salt-rich microenvironments.\",\n \"This aggregation further degrades and can even change the diagnosis/therapy functionalities devised for original nanoparticles.\",\n \"This shortcoming of PEG-functionalized magnetofluorescent nanoparticles limits their applications in biological or biomedical applications, where harsh conditions are ubiquitous.\",\n \"For instance, many cellular organelles are maintained under acidic conditions and rich in salts.\",\n \"Moreover, it has been suggested in the art that PEG may induce in vivo production of anti-PEG immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, which further affects in vivo applications of PEG coated magnetofluorescent nanoparticles.\",\n \"Other conventional magnetofluorescent nanoparticles comprise cadmium-based quantum dots and/or gold nanoparticles with dihydrolipoic acid that can undergo ligand exchange with trioctylphosphine oxide ligands to form zwitterionic cadmium-based quantum dots or gold nanoparticles with singular ligands that are coupled to the cadmium core through a sulfur atom.\",\n \"Zwitterion coupled thiol ligands, however, have not been applicable to the preparation of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles integrating both magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots.\",\n \"These thiol ligands are individually attached to the core and do not comprise a polymeric backbone.\",\n \"The disclosed composites and methods of making the same address deficiencies associated with conventional composites and techniques.\",\n \"For example, scalable syntheses of high quality quantum dots are desired because a large amount of bright quantum dots can be produced in a single synthetic reaction to sustain biomedical research for reliable experimental observation or data collection and also save synthesis costs.\",\n \"The disclosed methods provide the ability to obtain such scalable syntheses.\",\n \"In addition, since quantum dots usually are synthesized in organic solvents and thus capped with hydrophobic ligands, facile surface/interface chemistries are required to render I—III-VI quantum dots water-dispersible and also to provide functional groups for subsequent bio-conjugation with biological moieties.\",\n \"The disclosed composites and compositions address this need.\",\n \"Additionally, the composites disclosed herein possess several merits including dual imaging properties, high (Mn+Fe) recovery, excellent stability in aqueous solutions with a wide pH/ionic-strength range and physiological media, minimal cytotoxicity, the ability to tune photoluminescence by surface doping, and cell targeting capabilities before and after bio-conjugation.\",\n \"Without being limited to a particular theory, it is currently believed that the high recovery of the composites is attributed to the efficient wrapping of the composite cores by the aliphatic tails of the zwitterionic polymeric coating, and that the colloidal stability, and minimal cytotoxicity for cell targeting results from the nature of the incorporated zwitterionic groups.\",\n \"Additionally, the composites can be used for cell imaging and the photoluminescence tunability of the composites from the visible to near infrared (NIR) range contributes to their utility in in vivo diagnosis.\",\n \"The fluorescence imaging data obtained from the composites (e.g., NIR and magnetic resonance imaging) may also be used to provide complimentary information on tumor biology and thus enhance diagnosis accuracy.\",\n \"III.\",\n \"Composites and Compositions Disclosed herein are embodiments of composites and compositions thereof, wherein the composites comprise a core having a nanoparticle, quantum dot, or combination thereof and a polymeric coating that encapsulates the core.\",\n \"In exemplary embodiments, the composites comprise magnetofluorescent cores and a zwitterionic polymeric coating suitable for promoting biocompatibility and coupling to biomolecules.\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, the magnetofluorescent core comprises at least one quantum dot and at least one magnetic nanoparticle.\",\n \"The zwitterionic polymer coating, which comprises a polymeric backbone from which zwitterionic side chains extend, can be used to encapsulate the core of the composite, such as by forming a polymeric layer that surrounds a composition of magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, the zwitterionic polymeric coating comprises a polymer having a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophilic portion.\",\n \"The hydrophobic portion can be oriented so that it interacts with the core comprising the magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, or combination thereof to form a micellar core.\",\n \"The hydrophilic portion can be oriented so that it extends from the micellar core to promote solubility and/or biomolecular conjugation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the zwitterionic polymeric coating can comprise a polymer having a pH-responsive group, which can comprise a combination of a functional group positioned on the polymeric chain of the polymer, which comprises a tertiary amine, and a functional group positioned on the polymeric chain of the polymer, which comprises a carboxyl group.\",\n \"The combination of these two functional groups can provide a weak zwitterionic moiety.\",\n \"In such a weak zwitterion, the free proton from the carboxyl group can be transferred to the tertiary amine without affecting the neutral charge of the whole pair.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the pKa of the carboxyl group of the weak zwitterionic moiety is around 5.0-6.0, and can be protonated in acidic endosomes and thus lead to osmotic swelling and endosome rupture benefitting the ensodomal escape of micelles.\",\n \"In yet additional embodiments, the zwitterionic polymer can comprise carboxybetaine groups that can also absorb protons in acidic conditions for endosomal escape.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the molar ratio of functional groups present on the zwitterionic polymeric coating (e.g., carboxybetaine groups, sulfobetaine groups, pH responsive groups, and thiol-containing groups) can be modified to provide a desired reactivity of the micelle formed with the polymeric coating and the core.\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, the zwitterionic polymeric coating can comprise a polymer having a structure meeting Formula I below.\",\n \"With reference to Formula I, each R1 can provide the hydrophobic portion of the polymer and independently can be selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 independently can be —C(O)Z, wherein Z can be selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 can (alone or in combination with R2) provide the hydrophilic portion of the polymer and independently can be selected from amide-aliphatic-amine (e.g., —CO(NRb)C1-C10alkylN(Rb)2, wherein each Rb independently can be selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl), amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate (e.g., —CO(NRb)C1-C10alkyl [N(Rb)2]+C1-C10alkyl-CO2−, wherein each Rb independently can be selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl), amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate (e.g., —CO(NRb)C1-C10alkyl [N(Rb)2]+C1-C10alkyl-SO3−, wherein each Rb independently can be selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl), or amide-aliphatic-thiol (e.g., —CO(NRb)C1-C10alkylSH, wherein Rb can be selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl); p can be an integer selected from zero to 5; q can be an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently can be an integer selected from 1 to 200.In some embodiments, the zwitterionic polymeric coating can comprise a polymer having a structure satisfying any one of Formulas II-VI below.\",\n \"With reference to Formulas II-VI, each R1 independently can be selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 independently can be selected from NRb, N(Rb)2+, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each Rb independently can be selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl; each A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 independently can be selected from aliphatic or heteroaliphatic; each Y1, Y2, and Y3 independently can be selected from amine, thiol, carboxylate or sulfonate; each Z independently can be selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; n can be an integer selected from 1 to 200; each m can be an integer selected from 0 to 3, such as 0, 1, 2, or 3; each p independently can be an integer selected from zero to 5; a can be an integer selected from 1 to 200, such as 1 to 100 or 5 to 50; and b and c independently can be an integer selected from 0 to 200, such as 1 to 100 or 5 to 50.In particular disclosed embodiments, each R1 independently can be selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; each X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 independently can be selected from NRb, N(Rb)2+, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each Rb independently can be selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, or pyridinyl; each A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 independently can be selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, or heteroalkynyl; each Y1 and Y2 independently can be selected from carboxylate or sulfonate; Y3 can be SH; each Z independently can be selected from hydroxyl, thiol, or NH2; and m is 1.In yet additional embodiments, each R1 independently can be selected from hydrogen or C1-C20 alkyl (such as C1-C16 alkyl, or C1-C10 alkyl); each X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 independently can be selected from NH or NMe2+; each A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 independently can be selected from C1-C20 alkyl (such as C1-C10 alkyl or C1-C5 alkyl, or C1-C3 alkyl); each Y1 and Y2 independently can be selected from carboxylate or sulfonate; Y3 can be SH; and each Z independently can be hydroxyl.\",\n \"In exemplary embodiments, the zwitterionic polymer coating can have any one of the structures below.\",\n \"The composites disclosed herein can comprise a core that includes a nanoparticle, a quantum dot, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, the core comprises a magnetic nanoparticle, a quantum dot, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"In yet additional embodiments, the core comprises a magnetic nanoparticle and a quantum dot.\",\n \"In such embodiments, the core is considered magnetofluorescent.\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, the composite comprises MnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles, CuInS2 quantum dots, AgInS2 quantum dots, or any combination thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are magnetic and can be nanoparticles comprising a metal selected from Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, the magnetic nanoparticle comprises a metal and/or a metal oxide, such as an iron oxide, a nickel oxide, a cobalt oxide, a manganese oxide, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"Exemplary magnetic nanoparticles include, but are not limited to MnFe2O4, Fe3O4, CoFe2O4, FePt, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the nanoparticles, quantum dots, or both can have core sizes of greater than 1 nm to 10 nm, such as 1 nm to 8 nm, or 1 nm to 5 nm.\",\n \"Suitable quantum dots that can be used in the composites disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, tertiary or ternary quantum dots, such as AgInS2, Ag(In,Ga)Se2, Ag(Zn,Sn)Se2, Ag(Zn,Sn)S2, AgIn(Se,S)2, AgZn(Se,S)2, AgSn(Se,S)2, and Ag(Zn,Sn)(Se,S)2ZnSSe, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, ScSTe, HgSSe, HgSeTe, HgSTe, ZnHgS, ZnHgSe, ZnHgTe, ZnHgSSe, ZnHgSeTe, InGaAs, GaAlAs, InGaN, CuInS2, Cu(In,Ga)Se2, Cu(Zn,Sn)Se2, Cu(Zn,Sn)S2, CuIn(Se,S)2, CuZn(Se,S)2, CuSn(Se,S)2, and Cu(Zn,Sn)(Se,S)2.In some embodiments, the quantum dots used in the composites are quantum dots.\",\n \"Exemplary quantum dots include, but are not limited to, CuInS2 quantum dots and AgInS2 quantum dots.\",\n \"The quantum dot can be a core quantum dot or a core/shell quantum dot.\",\n \"In core/shell embodiments, the quantum dot can be selected from any quantum dot described herein and can further comprise a shell made of a binary material selected from, but not limited to, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, GaAs, InAs, InN, InP, InSb, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, ZnS, ZnSe, or ZnTe; an ion species, such as a halide (e.g., bromide, chloride, fluoride, or iodide); or a combination thereof.\",\n \"In exemplary embodiments, ZnS or chloride is selected as the shell component.\",\n \"Exemplary embodiments of core/shell quantum dots include, but are not limited to, CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots and AgInS2/ZnS quantum dots.\",\n \"Core and core/shell quantum dots can be used in combination with nanoparticles, particularly nanoparticles, to form an overall core used in the composites disclosed herein.\",\n \"The core of the composite also can be doped with one or more metals.\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, quantum dots (core and/or core/shell quantum dots) and/or nanoparticles (e.g., magnetic nanoparticles) can be doped with a metal selected from Cu, Ag, Au, Mn, Zn, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"Doping the cores of the disclosed composites provides the ability to tune the optical properties and material characteristics of the cores and also can prolong the photoluminescence lifetime of the composites disclosed herein.\",\n \"Photoluminescence tuning of the composites can be used avoid cross-talk with other existing dyes in bioimaging/sensing, and also provides design flexibility for optoelectronic devices, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with different color emissions.\",\n \"Like other composites disclosed herein, the doped cores can be encapsulated with the zwitterionic polymeric coatings disclosed herein to form composites.\",\n \"The doped composites can be used as photoluminescent probes in cellular imaging and tissue imaging.\",\n \"Also disclosed herein are compositions comprising the composites described above and one or more biomolecules.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the biomolecules of the composition can be the same.\",\n \"In yet other embodiments, multiple different biomolecules can be used.\",\n \"Biomolecules can be selected from targeting ligands, antibodies, nucleic acids, therapeutic molecules, or a peptide having biofunctionality, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"In exemplary embodiments, the biomolecules can be selected from chlorotoxin, avidin, biotin, folic acid, arginylglycylaspartic acid, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"The biomolecules can be chemically conjugated to the composites, such as electrostatically and/or covalently.\",\n \"In some embodiments, biomolecules can be covalently bound to functional groups on the composite, such as carboxylate groups of the zwitterionic polymer coating.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the composites can comprise a mixture of carboxylate and sulfonate functional groups to facilitate conjugation to biomolecules through the carboxylate groups and also to maintain the zwitterionic nature of the polymer using sulfonate groups, which do not react with the biomolecules.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions can be used to determine and demonstrate the biomedical uses of the composites and compositions, such as by performing cellular/tissue studies to investigate cytotoxicity of the composites and/or compositions and specific cellular binding/uptake of conjugated composites by cells, such as tumor cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, drugs, such as chemotherapy drugs (e.g., doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, or the like) can be loaded into the cores of micelles for therapeutic drug delivery applications.\",\n \"Once exposed to physiological conditions (e.g., circulation environments), drugs encapsulated in micelles usually are released within the first several hours, after which their concentrations reach a saturation plateau.\",\n \"The burst release should be minimal before micelles are internalized into target cells, but efficient after they are in target cells.\",\n \"To prevent premature drug leakage, thiol groups can be incorporated into the zwitterionic polymer to form disulfide cross-linkages in oxidative conditions and thereby form a cross-linked layer of the zwitterionic polymeric coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"33 illustrates an exemplary embodiment wherein a cross-linked layer 3300 is formed by thiol groups of a polymeric coating backbone.\",\n \"The presence to thiol groups can help different polymer backbones to cross link with each other and form a shell on the surface.\",\n \"This shell is stable under physiological conditions minimizing drug leakage, but sensitive to and degradable in intracellular reductive-microenvironments.\",\n \"As illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"33, the cross-linked layer can encapsulate quantum dots 3302 and drug molecules 3304.The devised shell is designed to help micelles to achieve more drug release inside cells.\",\n \"The composites disclosed herein can be characterized using a variety of techniques.\",\n \"In some embodiments, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be used to characterize the composites.\",\n \"In yet additional embodiments, the composites can be characterized based on their particle composition and size, iron content recovery rates, optical properties, colloidal stability, and magnetic relaxivity in harsh conditions using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and combinations thereof.\",\n \"IV.\",\n \"Methods of Making Composite Components, Composites, and Compositions Described herein are embodiments of methods for making the composite components described above, the composites themselves, and compositions comprising the composites.\",\n \"Methods for making composite components, such as the zwitterionic polymer coating and the quantum dots that can be used in the magnetofluorescent core also are described below.\",\n \"In some embodiments of making the zwitterionic polymers described herein, the methods comprise converting a polymer precursor to a polymeric intermediate, which can then be reacted with suitable reagents that provide the zwitterionic portion of the polymer.\",\n \"As illustrated in Scheme 1, polymeric precursor 100 can be converted to polymeric intermediate 102 by addition of an appropriate nucleophile to polymeric precursor 100, which ring-opens to provide polymeric intermediate 102.With respect to Scheme 1, each R1, R2, X2, A1, m a, and p can be as recited above; Za can be selected from oxygen or NRb; and each R4 independently can be selected from hydrogen or aliphatic.\",\n \"In particular embodiments, a method as illustrated in Scheme 2 can be used to produce polymeric intermediate 202 from polymeric precursor 200.In some embodiments, the zwitterionic polymer coating can comprise functional groups suitable for forming disulfide cross-linkages within the polymeric coating to thereby form a cross-linked layer of the polymer (FIG.\",\n \"33).\",\n \"In such embodiments, the disulfide-containing polymers can be made by reacting a polymeric precursor with a disulfide-containing reagent, such as 2-(2-pyridyldithio)ethylamine.\",\n \"The disulfide bond of the disulfide-containing reagent can be reduced to a thiol using excess dithiothreitol (DTT).\",\n \"The crosslinking between thiol groups of the polymeric coating can be conducted under aqueous oxidative conditions during the removal of DTT from micelles by dialysis against PBS buffer.\",\n \"The polymeric intermediate can then be converted to a zwitterionic polymer 300 by reacting polymeric intermediate 102 with one or more different electrophiles capable of providing a carboxylate moiety, a sulfonate moiety, or a combination thereof, as illustrated in Scheme 3 below.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a cyclic lactone and/or a cyclic sulfone can be used as the electrophile component.\",\n \"An exemplary method of producing a zwitterionic polymer is illustrated below in Scheme 4.As illustrated in Scheme 4, polymeric intermediate 202 is reacted with β-propiolactone and 1,3-propanesultone in one step to provide the carboxylate- and sulfonate-containing zwitterionic polymer 400.This method can be used to produce such compounds in one step without having to utilize multiple steps to attach both the carboxylate and the sulfonate moieties.\",\n \"The resulting zwitterionic polymer possesses carboxybetaine groups, sulfobetaine groups, and hydrophobic groups on their backbones.\",\n \"Compared to sulfobetaine, carboxybetaine groups are not only zwitterions but also supply carboxyl heads for bio-conjugation with conventional EDC/NHS cross-linkers.\",\n \"The sulfobetaine groups are insensitive to regular bio-crosslinking reactions and thus keep the zwitterionic property of the amphiphiles during conjugation.\",\n \"Although simple carboxyl groups are presented on the polymer backbone, carboxybetaine in the polymeric coating can further increase the biomolecule loading capability of composites through bio-crosslinking.\",\n \"Moreover, carboxybetaine branches can be provided that are similar to or substantially similar to the length of the sulfobetaine branches and therefore are easy to access for bio-conjugation.\",\n \"In yet additional embodiments, the zwitterionic polymeric coating can be made by first making a functionalized zwitterionic intermediate 500 and then reacting the functionalized zwitterionic intermediate 500 with a polymeric precursor 100, such as is illustrated in Scheme 5.With respect to Scheme 5, each of R1, R2, R4, X1, X2, A1, Za, m, a, and p can be as recited above.\",\n \"A representative method of making the zwitterionic polymer in this fashion is illustrated in Scheme 6 below.\",\n \"To produce the composites, the zwitterionic polymeric coating together with hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, or a combination thereof can be dissolved in organic solvents and then dispersed into water under sonication.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"32 provides an exemplary schematic of a representative method of making micelles comprising the polymeric coatings disclosed herein.\",\n \"As illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"32, an organic solution 3200 comprising a polymer as disclosed herein, one or more quantum dots, nanoparticles, a drug, or any combination thereof is mixed with water and undergoes sonication using a sonicator 3202.After sonication the micelles begin to form (3204) and vacuum removal of the organic solvents provides the formed micelles (3206).\",\n \"After dispersion, organic solvents can be removed by vacuum under rotary evaporation.\",\n \"In the dispersion and vacuum, hydrophobic alkyl tails in the amphiphiles interact with hydrophobic nanoparticles, quantum dots, or both to form the stable micellar cores, and carboxylate and sulfonate groups are exposed to water.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the quantum dots used in the composites disclosed herein can be made using a thermal decomposition method.\",\n \"The thermal decomposition method can be easily scaled up to a commercial scale for quantum dot production as compared to conventional hot-injection methods.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a quantum dot precursor is used in the thermal decomposition method.\",\n \"In comparison to hot-injection methods, the present method does not require multiple washing and dryings steps or the use of toxic sodium diethyldithiocarbamate to produce the quantum dot precursor.\",\n \"Instead, the present methods use metal precursors and non-toxic ligands to produce the quantum dots in situ.\",\n \"No complex precursors, external sulfur sources, or other solvents are needed.\",\n \"Also, all chemicals used in the methods are commercially available.\",\n \"The thermal decomposition methods described herein can comprise combining a Group 11 metal precursor, a Group 13 metal precursor, and a ligand in a thiol-containing solvent.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the Group 11 metal precursor is selected from a silver precursor or a copper precursor.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the Group 13 metal precursor is an indium precursor.\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, silver acetate or copper acetate can be used as the Group 11 metal precursor and indium acetate can be used as the Group 13 metal precursor.\",\n \"Suitable ligands include, but are not limited to fatty acids, such as oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, and the like.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the thiol-containing solvent is dodecanethiol, octadecanethiol, octanethiol, decanethiol, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"The Group 11 metal precursor, the Group 13 metal precursor, and the ligand are combined in the thiol-containing solvent and are heated at a temperature suitable to facilitate thermal decomposition of the precursors to thereby form the desired quantum dots, such as quantum dots.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the temperature ranges from 150° C. to 200° C., such as 160° C. to 190° C., or 170° C. to 180° C. In particular disclosed embodiments, the reaction mixture of the Group 11 metal precursor, the Group 13 metal precursor, the ligand, and the solvent is heated at 170° C. In some embodiments, the methods can use a particular ratio of metal precursors to provide the disclosed quantum dots.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a Group 11:Group 13 metal precursor molar ratio ranging from 1:1 to 1:5 can be used, such as 1:1 to 1:4, or 1:1 to 1:3, or 1:1 to 1:2.In exemplary embodiments, an Ag:In molar ratio of 1:2 or a Cu:In molar ratio of 1:2 can be used.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the method can further comprise growing a shell on the quantum dot surface to enhance quantum yield.\",\n \"To enhance the quantum dot quantum yield (QY), a ZnS shell can grown on the quantum dot surface to form quantum dots having increased quantum yield as compared to quantum dots without a shell.\",\n \"In an exemplary embodiment of the thermal decomposition methods disclosed herein, which is described solely by way of example, indium acetate and silver acetate or copper acetate can be reacted with a sulfur source, such as dodecanethiol, to form intermediate compounds of Ag(SC12H25)x or Cu(SC12H25)x and In(SC12H25)x upon heating and are dissolved in dodecanethiol.\",\n \"As the reaction temperature is raised to a temperature ranging from 150° C. to 200° C.\",\n \"(e.g., 160° C. to 190° C., or 170° C. to 180° C.) the intermediate compounds can act as precursors and further decompose to form Ag—S or Cu—S and In—S to form Ag—In—S or Cu—In—S particles.\",\n \"Without being limited to a particular theory, it is currently believed that a 1:2 molar ratio of Cu:In or Ag:In can be used to circumvent the possibility of producing Ag2S or Cu2S particles.\",\n \"To further enhance the quantum yield, the AIS or CIS quantum dots can be passivated with a shell, such as a ZnS shell to form AIS/ZnS or CIS/ZnS quantum dots.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the core/shell quantum dots exhibited a significant quantum yield up to 41% but with a blue shift, as demonstrated in FIG.\",\n \"1.Embodiments of doped composites can be made using new synthetic methods disclosed herein that are reproducible and avoid multiple washing/drying steps and complex synthetic reactions.\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, the methods use dopant precursors that are commercially available and relatively safe to use (e.g., no glove box is needed in preparing these precursors, and no highly restricted handling or disposal is required).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the methods described above for making the composites can be further modified to include a step whereby dopant precursors, such as CuI, Mn(acetate)2, Zn(acetate)2, AgNO3, Au(acetate)3, and the like, are added to composite solutions to provide surface-doped composites.\",\n \"In yet additional embodiments, doped composites comprising a core passivated with a shell can be made by coating and/or etching the shell components onto a doped core composition formed using a dopant precursor and a composite solution.\",\n \"Thus, in particular disclosed embodiments, a surface doping method is used, in contrast to a homogenous doping technique where the dopant is merely added to the precursors used to make the composite.\",\n \"The amount of dopant added can range from greater than 0 mol % to 15 mol %, such as from greater than 0 mol % to 10 mol %, or 3 mol % to 10 mol %, or 6 mol % to 10 mol %.\",\n \"In some representative embodiments, 3.33 mol %, 6.67 mol % and 10 mol % of the dopant can be added.\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, a dopant precursor can be dissolved in a suitable solvent and then added dropwise to a solution comprising the un-doped composite.\",\n \"The composite solution can be heated to temperatures ranging from 120° C. to 200° C. or higher prior to addition of the dopant.\",\n \"After the dopant is added, the resulting reaction mixture can be cooled to ambient temperature.\",\n \"Methods for making doped core/shell composites can comprise preparing a doped composite as described above and then growing the shell on the doped core by adding selected shell precursors to a solution comprising the doped composite.\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, the amount of the shell precursor added to the solution typically is an amount that would provide a sufficient number of shell atoms absorbed on to the surface of the doped composite; thus, in some embodiments, the amount can be determined based on the diameter of the doped composite.\",\n \"As an exemplary embodiment, doped core/shell composites can be obtained by preparing a shell precursor solution having a fixed concentration of the shell precursor, such as Zn(acetate)2, and then injecting a selected volume of the shell precursor solution (e.g., 0.5 mL) into a reactor comprising the doped composite.\",\n \"In some embodiments, at least 1 to 20 injections, such as 1 to 15 injections, or 2 to 10 injections, or 4 to 9 injections of the shell precursor solution can be added.\",\n \"After each injection, the quantum yield of the composites can be assessed to provide a curve of quantum yield as a function of injection time.\",\n \"This curve can be used to obtain suitable injection times and the total amount of the precursor solution to be added to provide the desired core/shell doped composites.\",\n \"The doping methods described above can be used to provide doped composites that exhibit high quantum yields (e.g., 50% or higher, such as 60% or higher) and prolonged photoluminescent lifetimes (e.g., 300 ns or more, such as 500 ns or more).\",\n \"The optical properties and material characteristics of the doped composites can be characterized using photoluminescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"V. Methods of Using Composites and Compositions The composites and compositions described herein can be used for biomedical imaging, biosensing, and therapeutic treatment.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the composites and compositions can be used for cell- or tissue-based diagnosis and therapy.\",\n \"For example, the composites and compositions can be used as contrast agents and/or probes for imaging cells, tumors, and/or detecting endogenous targets expressed in cells.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the compositions can comprise a composite and a biomolecule having therapeutic activity and/or a therapeutic drug and therefore the compositions can be used to treat, prevent, and/or ameliorate a disease or disorder.\",\n \"The disclosed composites and compositions are non-toxic, stable, and aqueous-soluble, and thus are suited for imaging of subjects both in vitro and in vivo as well as for drug delivery to a subject.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the composites and/or composite components (e.g., cores and/or zwitterionic polymer) can be used as imaging probes for flow cytometry, cell and tissue staining, cell tracking, Western blotting, in vivo imaging, and the like.\",\n \"In yet additional embodiments, the composites can be used as sensing probes.\",\n \"An exemplary sensing probe is illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"43.According to the embodiment illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"43, a sensing probe 4300 comprises an absorbent portion 4302, a capturing antibody portion 4304, a membrane (e.g., a nanocellulose membrane) 4306, a composite portion 4308, which comprising one or more of the composites disclosed herein, and a sample application portion 4310.Sensing probes like that illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"43 can be used to detect the presence of a particular analyte of interest.\",\n \"When such sensors are used, the photoluminescence produced by the composite portion can be used as a signal under continuous excitation.\",\n \"As the composites exhibit long photoluminescence lifetimes, the time-resolved photoluminescence of these composites also can be used as signals.\",\n \"In such embodiments, the time-resolved photoluminescence signals are produced by exciting the composites with a pulse light source; after the pulse excitation light is switched off, the composites will still emit fluorescence for several hundred nanoseconds or longer.\",\n \"Such a time-resolved signal can avoid the interference of any background (autofluorescence).\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, the disclosed composites are combined with a biomolecule to produce a composition.\",\n \"The biomolecule can be coupled to the composite chemically, such as through a covalent or electrostatic bond.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the biomolecule can be covalently coupled to the composite using conjugation reagents and methods, such as by maleimide-thiol reaction chemistry, NHS-ester reaction chemistry, amino acid couplings, and the like.\",\n \"The coupling of the composite and the biomolecule can be evaluated and confirmed using FT-IR spectroscopy.\",\n \"After conjugation of the composite and the biomolecule to form the composition, it can be administered to a subject or it can be exposed to a sample in vitro.\",\n \"The composition can be administered using any suitable administration route, such as oral administration, injection, topical administration, inhalation, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, the composition can further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as water or other pharmaceutically acceptable solvent.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the composition can be administered as a solution, a dispersion, a tablet, or a capsule.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the doped composites disclosed herein can be in various biomedical applications, such as cell targeting and imaging applications.\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, the doped composites comprise a zwitterionic polymeric coating disclosed herein.\",\n \"These doped composites can be conjugated to targeting moieties, such as antibodies, haptens, peptides, a member of a specific binding pair, and other suitable targeting biomolecules.\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, the doped composites can be coupled to peptides using peptide coupling reagents, such as, but are not limited to 2-(7-aza-1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylaminium hexafluorophosphate, 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-hexafluorophosphate, 2-(6-chloro-1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylaminium hexafluorophosphate, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, diisopropylcarbodiimide, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide-HCl, benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tripyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, bromo-tripyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, and the like, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"These peptide coupling reagents also can be used for other composites disclosed herein (that is, non-doped composites).\",\n \"In particular disclosed embodiments, the doped composites can be coupled to an RGD peptide for targeting tumors and/or mutations in brain cells, kidney cells, liver cells, breast tissue cells, and the like.\",\n \"In yet additional embodiments, the doped composites (and other composites disclosed herein) can be combined with therapeutics and/or image contrast agents to deliver drugs to particular targets within a subject and/or to provide additional imaging of such targets.\",\n \"VI.\",\n \"Overview of Several Embodiments Some embodiments disclosed herein concern composites comprising a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof; and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula wherein each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 is —C(O)Z, wherein Z is selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 independently is selected from amide-aliphatic-amine, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate, or amide-aliphatic-thiol; p is an integer selected from zero to 5; q is an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200.In some embodiments, the zwitterionic polymeric coating comprises a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula selected from wherein each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each of X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 independently is selected from NRb, N(Rb)2+, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each Rb independently is selected from hydrogen, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl; each of A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 independently is selected from aliphatic or heteroaliphatic; each of Y1, Y2, and Y3 independently is selected from amine, thiol, carboxylate or sulfonate; each Z independently is selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; n is an integer selected from 1 to 200; each m is an integer selected from 0 to 3; each p independently is an integer selected from zero to 5; each of a, b, and c independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200.In any or all of the above embodiments, each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; each of X1, X2, X3, and X5 independently is selected from NRb, N(Rb)2+, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each Rb independently is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, or pyridinyl; each of A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 independently is selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, or heteroalkynyl; each of Y1 and Y2 independently is selected from carboxylate or sulfonate and Y3 is thiol; each Z is hydroxyl; and m is 1.In any or all of the above embodiments, the zwitterionic polymeric coating comprises a zwitterionic polymer have a structure In any or all of the above embodiments, the core comprises at least one magnetic nanoparticle and at least one quantum dot.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the core is doped with a metal selected from Cu, Ag, Au, Mn, Zn, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the core is doped with greater than 0 mol % to 10 mol % of the metal.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the core is a quantum dot core and the quantum dot core comprises a ZnS shell.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the quantum dot core exhibits a quantum yield of greater than 50%.\",\n \"In any or both of these embodiments, the quantum dot core exhibits a photoluminescence lifetime ranging from 300 to 500 nanoseconds.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the quantum dot is a quantum dot.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, wherein the quantum dot comprises copper or silver.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the quantum dot is an AgInS2 quantum dot or a CuInS2 quantum dot.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the quantum dot further comprises a ZnS shell.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the magnetic nanoparticle comprises Fe.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, wherein the magnetic nanoparticle is MnFe2O4, Fe3O4, CoFe2O4, FePt or a combination thereof.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the core comprises a combination of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles and an AgInS2 quantum dot, a CuInS2 quantum dot, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"Also disclosed herein are embodiments of composites comprising: a core comprising a combination of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles and CuInS2 quantum dots, AgInS2 quantum dots, or both; and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure selected from In any or all of the above embodiments, the core further comprises a dopant, a shell, or both.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the dopant is a metal selected from Cu, Ag, Au, Mn, Zn, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"In some or both of these embodiments, the shell is a ZnS or chloride shell.\",\n \"Also disclosed herein are embodiments of compositions, comprising: a composite having a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula wherein each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 is —C(O)Z, wherein Z is selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 independently is selected from amide-aliphatic-amine, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate, or amide-aliphatic-thiol; p is an integer selected from zero to 5; q is an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200; and a biomolecule, a drug, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the core further comprises a dopant, a shell, or both.\",\n \"In some or both of these embodiments, the dopant is a metal selected from Cu, Ag, Au, Mn, Zn, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the shell is a ZnS or a chloride shell.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the biomolecule is conjugated to the composite.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the biomolecule is chemically conjugated to the composite through the zwitterionic polymeric coating.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the biomolecule is chemically conjugated to the composite through a carboxylate group of the zwitterionic polymeric coating.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the carboxylate group of the zwitterionic polymeric coating is further chemically bound to a linker, wherein the linker is also chemically bound to the biomolecule.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the biomolecule is selected from chlorotoxin, avidin, biotin, folic acid, arginylglycylaspartic acid, or combinations thereof.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the drug is encapsulated within the zwitterionic polymeric coating.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the drug is doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"Also disclosed herein are embodiments of methods for making a composite, comprising: combining, to form a mixture, a solution comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof with a solution of a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula wherein each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 is —C(O)Z, wherein Z is selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 independently is selected from amide-aliphatic-amine, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate, or amide-aliphatic-thiol; p is an integer selected from zero to 5; q is an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200; dispersing the mixture into water using sonication to form a dispersed composition; and isolating the composite from the dispersed composition.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the method further comprises centrifuging the dispersed composition to remove non-composite by-products.\",\n \"Also disclosed herein are embodiments of methods for making a quantum dot, comprising: combining a Group 11 metal precursor with a Group 13 metal precursor, one or more ligands, a solvent, or a combination thereof to form a precursor mixture; and heating the precursor mixture to a temperature sufficient to facilitate formation of the quantum dot.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the Group 11 metal precursor is a copper-containing precursor, a silver-containing precursor, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the Group 11 metal precursor is copper acetate, silver acetate, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the Group 13 metal precursor comprises indium.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the Group 13 metal precursor is indium acetate.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, a metal molar ratio of Ag:In of 1:2 or a metal molar ratio of Cu:In of 1:2 is used.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the temperature ranges from 150° C. to 200° C. In any or all of the above embodiments, the temperature is 170° C. In some embodiments, the methods comprise combining copper acetate, silver acetate, or a combination thereof with indium acetate, oleic acid, and dodecanethiol to form a precursor mixture; and heating the precursor mixture to a temperature ranging from 160° C. to 180° C. to facilitate formation of a CuInS2 quantum dot, an AgInS2 quantum dot, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"Embodiments of methods of imaging cells also are disclosed herein, with such methods comprising: contacting a cell with an imaging amount of the composite having a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula wherein each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 is —C(O)Z, wherein Z is selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 independently is selected from amide-aliphatic-amine, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate, or amide-aliphatic-thiol; p is an integer selected from zero to 5; q is an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200; or a composition comprising the composite and a biomolecule, a drug, or both; and detecting cellular update and/or the location of the composite in the cell.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, detecting the location of the composite comprises exposing the cell to a stain and visually imaging the cell to detect cellular uptake of the composite.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, detecting the location of the composite comprises analyzing the cell using photoluminescence spectroscopy to determine the photoluminescent intensity of the composite.\",\n \"Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a method of delivering a therapeutic drug to a subject, comprising: contacting the subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the therapeutic drug and a composite having a core comprising one or more magnetic nanoparticles, one or more quantum dots, or a combination thereof and a zwitterionic polymeric coating comprising a zwitterionic polymer having a structure satisfying a formula wherein each R1 independently is selected from hydrogen or aliphatic; each R2 is —C(O)Z, wherein Z is selected from hydroxyl, ether, amine, thiol, or thioether; each R3 independently is selected from amide-aliphatic-amine, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-carboxylate, amide-aliphatic-amine-aliphatic-sulfonate, or amide-aliphatic-thiol; p is an integer selected from zero to 5; q is an integer selected from zero or 1; and each of a and b independently is an integer selected from 1 to 200.In any or all of the above embodiments, therapeutic drug is encapsulated within the zwitterionic polymeric coating.\",\n \"In any or all of the above embodiments, the drug is doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, or a combination thereof.\",\n \"VII.\",\n \"Examples Materials Poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene (PMAO, average Mn 30000-50000), 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine (DMAPA, 99%), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA, 99.5%), β-propiolactone (Grade II, ≥90%), gelatin, and poly-D-lysine (PDL) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.\",\n \"1,3-propanesultone (99%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar.\",\n \"Tetrahydrofuran (THF, >99%), ethanol (>99%), methanol (>99%), dichloromethane and chloroform (>99.9%) were purchased from Pharmco-AAPER.\",\n \"U-87 MG (HTB-14) and HEK-293 cells (CRL-1537) were ordered from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).\",\n \"RPMI-1640, MEM and DMEM media were from Corning Cellgro.\",\n \"Paraformaldehyde, Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS), and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were from Fisher Scientific.\",\n \"Heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) and stempro accutase were from Gibco.\",\n \"Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was from MP Biomedicals.\",\n \"Chlorotoxin (CTX) was purchased from Alomone Labs.\",\n \"Fluorescein diacetate (FDA), propidium iodide (PI), 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were was from Pierce.\",\n \"All chemicals or reagents were used as received without further purification.\",\n \"The infrared (IR) spectra were acquired using a Perkin-Elmer Frontier FT-IR spectrometer equipped with Spectrum 10 software and Universal ATR sampling accessory.\",\n \"The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were obtained on Varian VNMRS operating at 500 MHz (′H) and 298K.\",\n \"For the zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticle preparation, a probe-type Misonix Ultrasonic Liquid Processor (QSonica) was used.\",\n \"Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra were acquired using a JEOL analytical transmission electron microscope (model JEM 2100F) operated with a 200 kV acceleration voltage and equipped with an Oxford Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer.\",\n \"The optical characteristics of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles including ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and photoluminescence spectra were collected using Shimadzu UV-2450 spectrometer and Shimadzu RF-5301PC spectrofluorometer.\",\n \"The hydrodynamic sizes were measured in H2O using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument equipped with a HeNe laser operating at 632.8 nm and a scattering detector at 173 degrees.\",\n \"For iron content assay and colloidal stability embodiments, a Perkin-Elmer microplate reader was used.\",\n \"Cell viability or cytotoxicity were estimated using a BD Biosciences SORP LSR II flow cytometer with 4 lasers (405 nm, 488 nm, 561 nm and 640 nm) and 18 fluorescence detectors.\",\n \"Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on a Bruker BioSpec 7T horizontal bore system.\",\n \"Fluorescent cellular images were taken using Leica TCS SP8 (DM 6000 CS) confocal scanning microscope.\",\n \"Preparation of Zwitterionic Amphiphiles Generally, the synthesis of zwitterionic amphiphilic polymer PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine involved two steps.\",\n \"In the first step, PMAO anhydride rings were opened by the primary amine groups of DMAPA leading to the presence of terminal carboxyl and tertiary amine groups on the polymer backbone.\",\n \"In the second step, tertiary amines reacted with β-propiolactone and 1,3-propanesultone to form carboxybetaine and sulfobetaine groups, respectively.\",\n \"To avoid possible ring-opening polymerization of β-propiolactone and/or 1,3-propanesultone, the second-step reaction was started in ice-bath and the total molarity of both β-propiolactone and 1,3-propanesultone was controlled to be slightly higher than that of tertiary amines (if all anhydride rings in PMAO were opened).\",\n \"Of note, although the molar ratio between β-propiolactone and 1,3-propanesultone can be tuned, in this embodiment an 1:1 ratio of them was used to demonstrate the proof of concept on PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine.\",\n \"The synthesis is simple, and its production yield is >80%.\",\n \"In one example, PMAO-DMAPA was first prepared by stirring the mixture of 2.02 g PMAO and 1.1 mL DMAPA in 25 mL CH2Cl2 over ice-bath for 3 hours followed by precipitation of the product by adding acetone.\",\n \"The white precipitate was collected by filtration and then washed 3 times (with sonication) by dissolving in ˜15-20 mL CHCl3 and precipitating with acetone (3 times volume excess).\",\n \"The product was dried under vacuum overnight resulting in 2.03 g (˜77% yield) of PMAO-DMAPA.\",\n \"For the synthesis of PMAO-DMAPA-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine, the mixture of 0.50 g PMAO-DMAPA, 192 μL DIPEA, 38.4 μL of β-propiolactone, and 68.2 mg 1,3-propanesultone in 5 mL CH2Cl2 was stirred over ice-bath for ˜3 hours and then at room temperature overnight.\",\n \"The resulting lightly cloudy mixture was pipetted into centrifuge tubes and washed (>5 times) by dissolving in ˜1 mL CHCl3-MeOH (1:1, v/v), precipitating with acetone (3-5 times volume) and collecting the precipitate by centrifugation.\",\n \"The white solid was dried under vacuum overnight giving 0.54 g of product (˜88% yield).\",\n \"The synthesized PMAO derivatives were characterized by FTIR, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"2.PMAO-DMAPA spectrum showed the disappearance of anhydride C═O at around 1857 cm−1 and 1776 cm−1 and the appearance of new peaks at around 1713 cm−1 for carboxyl C═O, around 1649 cm−1 for amide C═O, and around 1560 cm−1 for amide N—H, which indicates the addition of DMAPA to PMAO.\",\n \"In the spectrum of PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine, the peaks from PMAO-DMAPA are represented and some new peaks at around 1175 cm−1 and 1035 cm−1 are observed.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"3, the peaks at around 1175 cm−1 and 1035 cm−1 are also observed in the FTIR spectrum of amidosulfobetaine-16 (ASB-16) which is an alkyl chain with a sulfobetaine head.\",\n \"These two peaks represent S═O in the sulfo group.\",\n \"The spectrum comparison and analysis indicates the formation of sulfobetaine after the reaction of the tertiary amines of PMAO-DMAPA with 1,3-propanesultone.\",\n \"Peaks associated with carboxybetaine in PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine are not significant for observation, probably because the peaks for the additional carboxyl C═O from the formed carboxybetaine groups in PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine are overlapping with those of the existing carboxyl C═O in PMAO-DMAPA.\",\n \"However, a slight distortion at around 1590 cm−1 in the spectrum of PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine (not marked but close to the mark line at 1560 cm−1) is still distinguishable.\",\n \"Considering there is a significant peak at around 1590 cm−1 for N-Dodecyl-N,N-(dimethylammonio)butyrate (DDMAB) which is an alkyl chain with a carboxybetaine head (as shown in FIG.\",\n \"1), this minor distortion may suggest the addition of carboxybetaine to PMAO.\",\n \"The synthesized PMAO derivatives dissolved in a mixture of CDCl3 and CD3OD were further characterized using NMR.\",\n \"All NMR spectra were presented in FIG.\",\n \"5.For all samples, the hydrophobic alkyl chain (C18) of the polymer was observed at 0.80 ppm for —CH3 and 1.18 ppm for —CH2.For PMAO-DMAPA, two additional peaks are presented at 2.66 ppm and 1.76 ppm.\",\n \"In literature, the following peaks have been reported for the attachment of DMAPA to polymer backbones: C(O)NHCH2 at 3.2-3.3 ppm, CH2N(CH3)2 at 2.36 ppm, N(CH3)2) at 2.2 ppm, CH2CH2N(CH3)2 at 1.6 ppm.\",\n \"The observed peaks due to the addition of DMAPA to PMAO appear in the chemical shift range as reported in the literature for the same chemical group.\",\n \"For PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine, it has two peaks at 1.88 ppm and 2.75 ppm (similar to these of PMAO-DMAPA), but have an additional peak at around 3.02 ppm.\",\n \"Literature has reported the following peaks due to the carboxybetaine addition to polymer backbones: C(O)NHCH2 at 2.75-3.48 ppm, C(O)NHCH2CH2 at 1.55-2 ppm, CH2N+(CH3)2 at 2.75-3.48 ppm, N+(CH3)2 at 2.9-3.3 ppm, CH2CH2COO− at 3.4-3.55 ppm, CH2COO− at 2.25-2.75 ppm; and the follow peaks due to the sulfobetaine addition to polymer backbones: C(O)NHCH2 at 3.2 ppm, C(O)NHCH2CH2 at 1.9 ppm, CH2N+(CH3)2 at 3.3 ppm, N+(CH3)2 at 3.05-3.1 ppm, CH2CH2CH2SO3− at 3.4 ppm, CH2CH2SO3− at 2.15 ppm, and CH2CH2SO3− at 2.89 ppm.\",\n \"The peaks for PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine match with what were reported.\",\n \"For the synthesis of PMAO-DMAPA-CBSB, PMAO-DMAPA (0.50 g) was first dissolved in 5 mL of anhydrous CHCl3 and then cooled over ice-H2O bath.\",\n \"Then, DIPEA (192 μL, 1.1 mmole) was added and the mixture stirred for 5 minutes before adding β-propiolactone (38.4 μL, 0.55 mmole), and 1,3-propanesultone (67.9 g, 0.55 mmole).\",\n \"The reaction mixture was stirred over ice-H2O bath for 3 hours and then at room temperature overnight.\",\n \"The resulting lightly cloudy mixture was pipetted into centrifuge tubes and washed (7×) by dissolving in ˜1 mL CHCl3-MeOH (1:1, v/v), precipitating with acetone (3-5× volume) and collecting the precipitate by centrifugation.\",\n \"The white solid was dried under vacuum overnight giving 0.54 g of product.\",\n \"For the alternative approach for the introduction of carboxybetaine group, PMAO-CBtBu was first prepared by stirring the mixture of PMAO-DMAPA (0.50 g), DIPEA (0.40 mL, 2.3 mmol), and tert-butyl bromoacetate (0.52 mL, 3.4 mmole) in 5 mL of anhydrous CHCl3 at room temperature overnight.\",\n \"The clear reaction mixture was poured into 50 mL anhydrous Et2O to precipitate the product.\",\n \"The white precipitate was collected and washed with 15 mL Et2O (3×) and dried under vacuum giving 1.0 g of product.\",\n \"As the product weighed more than expected, it was re-washed with 10 mL acetone (3×), but much less solid was isolated and the product was found to have dissolved in acetone, as solids were collected after rotary evaporation of the acetone filtrate (0.96 g).\",\n \"The product isolated from evaporation of acetone was used without further purification for the next reaction.\",\n \"It was stirred with 1.2 mL TFA under Argon for 1 h to hydrolyze the tert-butyl ester group.\",\n \"The product (PMAO-CB) was precipitated and washed with anhydrous Et2O, and then dried under vacuum (0.63 g) and further washed with acetone giving 0.55 g of white solid after drying.\",\n \"In some embodiments, amino intermediates comprising CB and SB units can be made and then used to open maleic anhydride-containing polymers.\",\n \"The primary amine of DMAPA was first protected by reaction with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (Boc anhydride) to obtain Boc-DMAPA.\",\n \"The reaction of Boc-DMAPA with β-propiolactone (or 1,3-propanesultone) was followed by acid treatment to remove the protecting group and obtain the corresponding acid salt of amino-CB (or amino-SB).\",\n \"The obtained intermediates were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison with literature data when available.\",\n \"The obtained Boc-DMAPA was reacted with 1,3-propanesultone, which was followed by acid hydrolysis of Boc protecting group to get the corresponding acid salt of amino-SB.\",\n \"The 1H NMR of the product showed the disappearance of the signal at 1.44 ppm (compared with Boc-DMAPA) which indicates the removal of the Boc protecting group.\",\n \"The proton peaks were also assigned as indicated below.\",\n \"The products/intermediates for the synthesis of amino-SB were also characterized by FTIR spectroscopy.\",\n \"The addition of 1,3-propanesultone to Boc-DMAPA is indicated by the more prominent peaks at 1163 cm−1 (overlapping with C—N vibration) and 1033 cm−1 for S═O of the sulfonic group.\",\n \"The removal of the Boc protecting group is confirmed by the disappearance of the peaks at 1694 cm−1 and 1528 cm−1 from the C═O and N—H, respectively, of Boc-DMAPA.\",\n \"The amino-CB was alternatively prepared from the reaction between Boc-DMAPA and tert-butyl bromoacetate, which is eventually followed by acid hydrolysis of the tert-butyl groups to give the corresponding acid salt of amino-CB.\",\n \"The 1H NMR spectrum of the product showed the disappearance of the tert-butyl groups at 1.54 and 1.45 ppm, indicating the deprotection (removal of Boc and tert-butyl ester groups) by acid hydrolysis.\",\n \"The isolated products/intermediates for amino-CB were also characterized by FTIR spectroscopy.\",\n \"For the reaction of Boc-DMAPA and t-butyl bromoacetate, the appearance of overlapping peaks at 1740 cm−1 and 1691 cm−1 are for the C═O of butyl ester and the C═O of Boc group, respectively.\",\n \"The peaks at 1249 cm−1 and 1152 cm−1 are for the C—O vibration of the t-butyl ester group which disappeared after removal of the protecting groups via HCl hydrolysis, along with the peak at 1691 cm−1 from removal of Boc protecting group.\",\n \"The C═O for amino-CB (acid salt) is found to have shifted to 1740 cm−1 corresponding to that for carboxylic acid.\",\n \"The broad peak at 2800 cm−1, aside from containing the C—H, also represents the O—H from the carboxylic group.\",\n \"The protection of the primary amine of DMAPA was done by stirring (under Ar) the solution of DMAPA (5 mL, 39.3 mmole) in 21 mL anhydrous MeOH and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (Boc anhydride, 9.6 mL, 41.4 mmole) over ice/H2O bath for at least 1 hour and then allowing mixture to reach room temperature and continued stirring overnight.\",\n \"Bubbling (from formation of CO2) occurred during the addition of Boc anhydride.\",\n \"The resulting clear, colorless solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation, dissolved in 30 mL H2O, and then washed with EtOAc (25 mL×5).\",\n \"The combined EtOAc washes was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered to remove the drying agent, and the filtrate concentrated by rotary evaporation.\",\n \"The residue was dried under vacuum giving 5.64 g (71% yield) of colorless oil.\",\n \"To synthesize the sulfobetaine intermediate, Boc-DMAPA (2.51 g, 12.4 mmole) was dissolved in 15 mL of anhydrous DMF and then 1.56 mL (2.13 g, 17.4 mmol) of 1,3-propanesultone (1.56 mL, 17.4 mmole) was added.\",\n \"The clear, colorless solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 days.\",\n \"The resulting clear reaction mixture was added to 100 mL of anhydrous Et2O to precipitate the product, which came out as viscous material.\",\n \"After cooling the mixture in the freezer for 1 hour, the lightly cloudy supernatant was decanted.\",\n \"The wash was repeated (2 more times) by dissolving the residue in MeCN, adding Et2O, cooling in the freezer, and decantation of the supernatant.\",\n \"The viscous residue was transferred into a pre-weighed flask using MeCN, concentrated by rotary evaporation, and dried under vacuum overnight giving 4.51 g (112% yield) of white, foamy residue.\",\n \"The sample was re-washed using MeCN and Et2O (3×) resulted to 4.39 g (109% yield) of foamy residue after drying.\",\n \"Although the sample weighed more than expected, it was used as is for the acid hydrolysis of the Boc protecting group using aqueous HCl.\",\n \"Boc-DMAPA-SB (4.15 g, 12.8 mmole) was dissolved in 11 mL of H2O and 5.3 mL of concentrated HCl (˜5× excess) was added, during which bubbling occurred.\",\n \"The mixture was stirred (loosely stoppered) at room temperature overnight.\",\n \"The sample was concentrated by rotary evaporation (remaining HCl/H2O was co-evaporated with 10 mL Et2O (3×)) and the residue dried under vacuum giving 4.21 g of viscous residue.\",\n \"The product was re-stirred with 30 mL of 4 M HCl in MeOH for 4 hours, concentrated with rotary evaporation (with Et2O co-evaporation) and then dried under vacuum giving 4.67 g of faintly yellow oil.\",\n \"The sample was used as is for reaction with PMAO.\",\n \"For the remaining sample, several trials were done to isolate the HCl salt as a solid.\",\n \"Eventually, the sample (3.34 g) was dissolved in 10 mL MeOH and CH2C12/iPrOH/MeOH (10:5:1, volume ratio) was added in portions (used 45 mL) at which a solid mass collected at the bottom of the flask.\",\n \"The sample was washed with CH2C12/iPrOH/MeOH (10:5:1, volume ratio) and after drying under vacuum a white solid was obtained.\",\n \"The sample was transferred into a fitted funnel by repeatedly washing with CH2C12/iPrOH/MeOH (10:5:1, volume ratio) (with sonication), and after drying under vacuum, 2.04 g of white solid was obtained.\",\n \"For the synthesis of the carboxybetaine intermediate, Boc-DMAPA (1.26 g, 6.23 mmole) was dissolved in 6 mL anhydrous MeCN and then tert-butyl bromoacetate (1.31 mL, 8.72 mmole) was added.\",\n \"The mixture was stirred at 50° C. (oil bath temperature) for 24 hours.\",\n \"After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was added to Et2O to precipitate the product, which came out as viscous residue.\",\n \"The mixture was cooled in the freezer for 1 hour and the supernatant was decanted.\",\n \"The wash was repeated (2 more times) by dissolving the residue in MeCN and adding Et2O.\",\n \"The residue was transferred into a pre-weighed flask using MeCN, concentrated by rotary evaporation, and then dried under vacuum overnight giving 2.32 g of white, foamy residue.\",\n \"The product was used as is for the next reaction, which is the acid hydrolysis of Boc and t-Bu ester groups using aqueous HCl.\",\n \"Boc-DMAPA-CB-tBuester (2.17 g) was dissolved in 10 mL of H2O and 4.6 mL of concentrated HCl (˜5× excess) was added, during which bubbling occurred.\",\n \"The mixture was stirred (loosely stoppered) at room temperature for 2 hours.\",\n \"The mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation (with Et2O co-evaporation) and then dried under vacuum giving 1.58 g of viscous residue.\",\n \"The NMR spectrum showed that the Boc and t-Bu groups were gone.\",\n \"In the attempt to recover the product as a solid, the sample was re-stirred with 15 mL of 4M HCl in MeOH for 2 hours, concentrated by rotary evaporation (with Et2O co-evaporation), and rinsed with acetone.\",\n \"After drying under vacuum, solid sample was obtained.\",\n \"The sample was transferred into a fritted funnel by repeated washing (with sonication) with Et2O and then CH2C12/iPrOH/MeOH (10:5:1, volume ratio) and then dried under vacuum giving 0.99 g of white solid.\",\n \"For the synthesis of PMAO-CBSB, PMAO (100 mg, 2.5 μmole, ˜285 μmole anhydride) was dissolved in 5 mL anhydrous CHCl3.In a separate container, amino-SB (HCl salt, 42 mg) and amino-CB (HCl salt, 33 mg) were mixed with 500 μL anhydrous MeOH (some undissolved solid present).\",\n \"DIPEA (300 μL) was added to convert the intermediates to the free base form, resulting in a clear, colorless solution.\",\n \"The solution of amino-SB and amino-CB was added to PMAO and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 24 hours.\",\n \"The reaction mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation and the residue dissolved in CHCl3-MeOH (1:1, v/v).\",\n \"The product was precipitated by adding acetone and collected by centrifugation.\",\n \"The dissolution in CHCl3-MeOH and precipitation with acetone was repeated 2 more times and the residue dried under vacuum giving 144 mg of white solid.\",\n \"Preparation of Zwitterionic Magnetofluorescent Nanoparticles On the basis of the synthesized PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine, zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles integrating small MnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles and CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots in the micellar cores were fabricated.\",\n \"Magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots were around 5 nm.\",\n \"Using the disclosed methods to produce composites comprising quantum dots, the quantum dot photoluminescence can be tuned from 650 nm-800 nm (FIG.\",\n \"4).\",\n \"In one example, CuInS2 quantum dots with around 720 nm photoluminescence emission were prepared, and after ZnS shell growth the CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots emit photoluminescence at around 685 nm.\",\n \"A solution of 0.6 mg MnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles and 2.4 mg CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots in THF (900 μL) and 1.7 mg PMAO-carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine in CHCl3-MeOH (˜50 μL) was layered on top of cold water in a glass vial.\",\n \"The mixture was ultrasonicated using the Misonix Ultrasonic Liquid Processor with a 5 W output power for 1 minute.\",\n \"After sonication, the organic solvents were removed by rotary evaporation at room temperature and the sample filtered through a 0.2 μm syringe filter.\",\n \"Empty micelles or single-nanoparticle based micelles were removed by centrifugation at 18,000 rpm for 25 min (twice).\",\n \"The collected zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were dispersed in 400 μL of water, and stored at 4° C. until further use.\",\n \"The fabricated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were characterized using TEM and EDXS.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"6A and 6B present TEM images of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles, and the images indicate the sizes of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles in around 50˜60 nm.\",\n \"On the basis of TEM imaging, the overall size of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles mostly distributed over a range of 20˜150 nm was observed.\",\n \"EDX analysis in FIG.\",\n \"6C further demonstrates that zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are composed of Mn, Fe, O, Cu, In, Zn and S elements.\",\n \"In addition to TEM, DLS data of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles have been collected and presented in Table 1.The hydrodynamic sizes of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are 99 nm with a standard deviation at 60 nm.\",\n \"The zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticle hydrodynamic sizes mainly are contributed by the micelle hydrophobic core (imaged by TEM), the polymer shell, and the hydration layer caused by zwitterions on the polymer shell.\",\n \"The (Mn+Fe) content in zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles was also quantified on the basis of the iron content determination of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles using thiocyanate colorimetry.\",\n \"Table 1 also shows that the (Mn+Fe) recovery rate for 0.6 mg magnetic nanoparticles input to zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles is as high as around 60%.\",\n \"TABLE 1 Hydrodynamic sizes and (Mn + Fe) recovery rates of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles and zwitterionic magnetic nanoparticles Hydrody- (Mn + Fe) namic sizes recovery rates Particles (nm) (%) zwitterionic 99 ± 60 62 ± 1 magnetofluorescent nanoparticles zwitterionic magnetic 133 ± 69 60 ± 4 nanoparticles The photoluminescence spectrum of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles is shown in FIG.\",\n \"7A, compared to that of quantum dots in organic solvents.\",\n \"The photoluminescence intensities are scaled by the quantum yield of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles relative to that of hydrophobic quantum dots in THF (the measured quantum yields of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are <10%).\",\n \"It can be seen that the photoluminescence of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles is significantly quenched.\",\n \"The quenching may be caused by the MNP absorption on quantum dot emissions, or by the reduction of quantum dot excitation/emission surfaces due to the blocking effect of surrounding magnetic nanoparticles.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"7A and 7B also show that the overall photoluminescence property of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are tunable by adjusting the MNP:quantum dot mass ratio in the fabrication process.\",\n \"Additional embodiments are illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"8A and 8B.\",\n \"The absorbance of the prepared zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles was characterized using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"9.No significant difference on UV-Vis absorbance curves was observed for all fabricated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles.\",\n \"The magnetic imaging features of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were characterized using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) instrument (Bruker BioSpec).\",\n \"The MR images of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were acquired with a conventional spin echo acquisition (TR=6000 ms) with TE values ranging from 9.5 ms to 190 ms. T2 parameter (or R2 parameter, R2=1/T2) of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles was extracted by fitting the exponential decay of the signal waveform and measuring the signal intensity at a series of different TE values.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7B presents R2 parameter (or 1/T2) of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles vs (Mn+Fe) concentration.\",\n \"The relaxivity (r2) of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles was calculated as the slope of the R2 curve.\",\n \"The relaxivity r2 value of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles is around 150 mM−1s−1.R2 parameter of zwitterionic magnetic nanoparticles (using magnetic nanoparticles and the synthesized zwitterionic amphiphiles but not containing any quantum dots) also was measured as a comparison.\",\n \"The relaxivity r2 of zwitterionic magnetic nanoparticles is around 266 mM−1s−1.In literature, T2 parameter of agglomerated nanomagnet clusters has been formulated and discussed.\",\n \"Briefly, for agglomerated nanomagnets, 1/T2=16faΔω2τD/45 with fa being the volume fraction occupied by the agglomerated nanomagnets, Δω=μoMγ/3 (where μo is the vacuum magnetic permeability, M is the particle magnetization, and γ is the proton gyromagnetic ratio), and τD is the translational diffusion time around the cluster (τD=Ra2/D where Ra being the cluster radius and D being the water diffusion coefficient).\",\n \"Although the formula of T2 parameter discussed for the agglomerated system is built only on small magnetic nanoparticles, it can be applicable to zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles with a mixture of quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles.\",\n \"Specifically, fa probably can be re-defined as the volumic fraction occupied by magnetic nanoparticles in zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles.\",\n \"Considering zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles and zwitterionic magnetic nanoparticles have the similar size ranges (as shown in Table 1), the increase of quantum dots over magnetic nanoparticles in the fabrication may cause the decrease of fa, which further result in the total net magnetization (M) of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles to drop.\",\n \"Thus, quantum dots involved in the fabrication cause R2 and thus r2 decrement of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles.\",\n \"In spite of the R2 or r2 drop, the relaxivity value for zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles is still comparable to many reported ones.\",\n \"Of note, the fabricated zwitterionic magnetic nanoparticles also can be considered as excellent contrasts for MRI because of their high magnetic relaxivity and (Mn+Fe) recovery rate.\",\n \"Cell Cytotoxicity of Magnetofluorescent Nanoparticles In biosensing/imaging applications, aggregation of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles will cause the degradation or even loss of their physiochemical and biological functionalities, and thus zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are expected to have excellent colloidal stability.\",\n \"The photoluminescence intensity of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles dispersed in PBS-5% FBS with pH 4-9, a 1 M NaCl-5% FBS and human serum was monitored over 72 hours at 37° C. using a microplate reader, and presented in FIG.\",\n \"10.With reference to FIG.\",\n \"10, the different time periods included in the legend correspond to different bars present for each pH value shown on the graph, as read from left to right for the time and for each bar.\",\n \"That is, each group of bars for each pH value is ordered by increasing time period from left to right.\",\n \"For example, the left-most bar of each pH bar set corresponds to 1 hour and the right most bar of each pH bar set corresponds to 72 hours.\",\n \"The photoluminescence intensity and hence stability of these zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles was maintained in all these conditions.\",\n \"Moreover, no precipitates or significant photoluminescence intensity decreases were observed over one week at 37° C. Stored at 4° C., the zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were also found to be stable in water at over at months (FIGS.\",\n \"11 and 12).\",\n \"As with FIG.\",\n \"10, each group of bars shown in FIGS.\",\n \"11 and 12 includes one bar for each different time period provided by the legend, and time periods are organized in increasing order so that each bar from left to right corresponds to an increased time period (e.g., the left-most bar of each group represents a time period of 1 hour and the right-most bar of each group represents week 10).\",\n \"The excellent stability of these zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles in these conditions especially in a solution with pH4, a solution with 1M salinity, and serum, is very attractive.\",\n \"Carboxybetaine groups and sulfobetaine groups coated on the surface of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles should be attributed to this stability.\",\n \"These zwitterions facilitate a hydration layer coating on zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles, and the hydration layer is very stable and almost remains unperturbed under harsh conditions such as high/low pH values, high salinity, and complex matrix.\",\n \"The stability of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles offers a great deal of flexibility for their biomedical applications.\",\n \"The cytotoxicity of the zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles was studied using human primary glioblastoma cells (U-87 MG) and human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK-293).\",\n \"U-87 MG and HEK-293 represent tumor cells and normal cells, respectively.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"13A and 13B show the measured cell viabilities for U-87 MG and HEK-293 after 24-hour incubation with zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles under different concentrations, respectively.\",\n \"With reference to FIGS.\",\n \"13A and 13B, each bar of the different bar groups represents a different MNP:quantum dot ratio, with each left-most bar representing an MNP:QD of 1:1, each middle bar representing an MNP:QD of 1:2, and each right-most bar representing an MNP:QD of 1:4.An additional embodiment is illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"14.With reference to FIG.\",\n \"14, the left-most bar of each bar group represents the data for U-87 MG cells, and the right-most bar of each bar group represents the data for HEK-293 cells.\",\n \"It can be seen that the cell viabilities under different particle concentrations are comparable to controls, and thus the zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are biocompatible and their cytotoxicity is minimal.\",\n \"In one example, A U-87 MG human brain glioblastoma cell line was cultured (37° C., 5% CO2) on 24-well plastic plates in MEM medium with 10% FBS overnight.\",\n \"The human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293 was cultured (37° C., 5% CO2) on 24-well plastic plates in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS overnight.\",\n \"For the zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticle cytotoxicity examples, cells were incubated with zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles in growth medium at various concentrations.\",\n \"After 24-hour incubation, cells were gently rinsed with DPBS and released from well bottom using stempro accutase, and then stained with FDA and PI to determine live versus dead cells.\",\n \"Dead cells (red staining by PI) and live cells (green staining by FDA) were counted using a BDBiosciences SORP LSR II flow cytometer.\",\n \"The cell viability was calculated as the ratio of live cells over the sum of live cells and dead cells.\",\n \"Conjugation of Composites with Neutravidin for Avidin-Biotin Binding Assay To verify that zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are capable for bioconjugation, zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles with a MNP:quantum dot mass ratio at 1:4 were fabricated and conjugated with Neutravidin using regular EDC/NHS cross-linker.\",\n \"The conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were then incubated with biotinylated magnetic microbeads (˜4 μm in diameter).\",\n \"After incubation, microbeads were washed and their fluorescence was measured.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"15 shows the fluorescence responses of the microbeads after their incubation with serial dilutions of Neutravidin-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles (FIG.\",\n \"15, right-most bars of each bar group) from the stock suspension (or with different concentrations).\",\n \"As controls, the fluorescence responses of the biotinylated magnetic microbeads after their incubation with non-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles (FIG.\",\n \"15, left-most bars of each bar group) under the same dilutions were measured.\",\n \"For each dilution or concentration, the fluorescence response for non-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles is clearly lower than that of conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles.\",\n \"Thus, zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles can be covalently conjugated with biomolecules.\",\n \"In addition, the assay result indicates that the nonspecific binding (NSB) of non-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles to microbeads is very low.\",\n \"The low NSB may be attributed to the nature of zwitterion (for example, the hydration layer of zwitterions makes zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles more hydrophilic and minimizes the electrostatic or hydrophobic absorption of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles on the reaction surface).\",\n \"In one example, zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles with the MNP:quantum dot mass ratio at 1:4 were prepared and suspended in 200 μL H2O.\",\n \"A 50-μL portion of the zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles was mixed with 7.2 μg EDC (37.5 nmole in PBS pH 7.4), 8.1 μg sulfo-NHS (37.5 nmole in PBS pH 7.4), 13.6 μL Neutravidin (1.13 nmole in H2O), and the total volume brought to 100 μL with PBS pH 7.4.The mixture was incubated for 2 hours at room temperature.\",\n \"After incubation, the magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were washed by centrifugation using PBS pH 7.4 (3×).\",\n \"The residue was dispersed in 200 μL PBS pH 7.4.Three μL of biotinylated magnetic microbeads (4.5 μm diameter, 4×108 beads/mL) were placed in each well of a microplate.\",\n \"Different volumes of the conjugate stock solution were loaded into wells, and PBS pH 7.4 buffer was used to bring the total volume in each well to 50 μL.\",\n \"The unconjugated zwitterionic quantum dot stock solution under the same dilutions was used as controls.\",\n \"The microplate was vortexed at room temperature for 1 hour, and then the magnetic microbeads in each well were washed using PBS pH 7.4 with 1% BSA and dispersed in 50 μL of PBS pH 7.4.The fluorescence signals of the suspended microbeads in wells were measured using a microplate reader at the excitation wavelength of 405 nm and the emission wavelength of 655 nm.\",\n \"The examples were performed in triplicates.\",\n \"Tumor Cell Targeting Using Peptide Conjugated Zwitterionic Magnetofluorescent Nanoparticles For cellular imaging studies, CTX was used as a targeting ligand.\",\n \"CTX is a 36-amino acid peptide that specifically binds to matrix metalloproteinase II (MMP-2) present on the surface of glioma cells with high affinity.\",\n \"The specific binding results in loss of gelatinase activity, disruption in chloride channel currents, reduction in both MMP-2 and chloride channel expressions, and internalization of chloride channels.\",\n \"U-87 is a human primary glioblastoma cell line expressing MMP-2 receptors, and CTX can specifically bind to and be internalized into U-87.To investigate whether CTX-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles can be specifically targeted to and internalized into U-87, a nonmalignant cell line human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) was used as a control.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"16A-16D present the representative overlaid confocal images demonstrating the cellular uptake/internalization when each type of cells were incubated with CTX- and non-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles under the same concentration of particles (i.e., 0.1 μg (Mn+Fe)/mL).\",\n \"Corresponding to each overlaid image in FIGS.\",\n \"16A-16D, FIG.\",\n \"17 shows the associated confocal images at different channels.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"16E shows fluorescence intensity per unit cytoplasm area (counting >200 cells) under a series of zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticle concentrations.\",\n \"It can be seen that U-87 cells do internalize more CTX-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles than HEK-293, and non-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles produce no significant cellular uptake by both cell lines.\",\n \"Through this comparison, it can be concluded that CTX-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles are specific to U-87.It was also observed that HEK-293 did internalize some CTX-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles at high concentrations.\",\n \"It is believed that the cellular uptake of CTX-conjugated micelles may involve pinocytosis mechanisms in high concentration ranges.\",\n \"In one example, zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were conjugated with CTX via EDC/sulfo-NHS mediated reaction.\",\n \"Briefly, 60 μL of the collected zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were reacted with 50 μg CTX with the assistance of EDC/sulfo-NHS in PBS for 2˜3 hours.\",\n \"The CTX-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles were washed using centrifuge, suspended in 250 μL PBS, and stored at 4° C. before use.\",\n \"A U-87 MG human brain glioblastoma cell line was cultured (37° C., 5% CO2) on glass coverslip coated with gelatin in MEM medium with 10% FBS until 50-80% confluency was achieved.\",\n \"The human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293 was cultured (37° C., 5% CO2) on glass coverslip coated with PDL (poly-D-lysine) in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS until 50˜80% confluency was achieved.\",\n \"For the zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticle tumor cell targeting examples, cells were incubated with CTX conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticle in DMEM with 2% BSA at various concentrations.\",\n \"As control, cells were also incubated with non-conjugated zwitterionic magnetofluorescent nanoparticles.\",\n \"After 2 hours of incubation, cells were gently rinsed three times with PBS, fixed with 4% PFA in PBS solution for 20 minutes and washed three times with PBS.\",\n \"For cellular nuclei staining, cells were incubated with DAPI, washed three times with PBS, and then mounted on glass slides.\",\n \"Cells were imaged using a Leica confocal microscope and images were analyzed using ImageJ.\",\n \"The statistical significance (p<0.05) was determined by the single-tailed student t test.\",\n \"Methods of Making Quantum Dots Using Thermal Decomposition Silver Acetate (99%), Indium (III) Acetate (99.99%), Zinc Stearate (ZnO: 12.5-14%), and Paraformaldehyde (97%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar.\",\n \"Sulfur (>99.99%), Trioctylphosphine (TOP, 90%), 1-Dodecanethiol (98%), 1-Octadecene (ODE, 90%), Oleic Acid (99%), Methanol (99.93%), and 1,10-Phenanthroline (99%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich.\",\n \"Tetrahydrofuran (THF, >99%), Ethanol (>99%), Chloroform (>99.9%), and Hexane (95%) were purchased from Pharmco-AAPER.\",\n \"Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PEG-PLGA) (MW˜5000:5000 Da) and maleimide-PEG-PLGA (MW˜5000:5000 Da) were purchased from Akina, Inc. Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS), Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), Acetonitrile (99.96%) and Traut's Reagent were from Fisher Scientific.\",\n \"Heat-inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) was from Gibco.\",\n \"U-87 MG and HEK-293 cells were ordered from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).\",\n \"RPMI-1640, MEM and DEMEM media were from Corning Cellgro.\",\n \"7-Aminoactinomycin D dye (7-AAD, excitation at 488 nm and emission at 647 nm) for cell nucleic acid staining was from Invitrogen.\",\n \"Chlorotoxin (CTX) was purchased from Alomone Labs.\",\n \"Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was from MP Biomedicals.\",\n \"Zeba spin desalting columns (MWCO 7k) were from Pierces.\",\n \"The ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) spectra of materials were obtained with a UV-Vis spectrometer (UV-2450 from Shimadzu).\",\n \"Photoluminescence spectra of quantum dots in organic-phase and aqueous-phase were acquired using a spectrophotometer (RF-5301PC from Shimadzu) Photoluminescence intensity of quantum dots in various buffers was obtained using a microplate reader (PerkinElmer 2030 equipped with a 535 nm emission filter and a 405 nm excitation filter).\",\n \"Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra were acquired using a JEOL analytical transmission electron microscope (model JEM 2100F operated with a 200 kV acceleration voltage) equipped with an Oxford Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer.\",\n \"X-ray Diffraction (XRD) data was collected by a coupled Theta:2-Theta scan on a Rigaku Ultima-III diffractometer equipped with Copper X-ray tube with Ni beta filter, parafocusing optics, computer-controlled slits, and D/Tex Ultra 1D strip detector.\",\n \"The hydrodynamic sizes of micelles were measured using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS) equipped with a HeNe laser operating at 632.8 nm and a scattering detector at 173 degrees.\",\n \"Probe sonication was performed with a Misonix ultrasonic processor (QSonica S-4000) equipped with a microtip.\",\n \"Infrared (IR) spectra of materials were collected using a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer Frontier) with Spectrum 10 software and the Universal ATR Sampling Accessory.\",\n \"Cells were imaged using a Leica confocal microscope and images were analyzed using ImageJ.\",\n \"Quantum yields of quantum dots were calculated according to the following equation, using standard references including Rhodamine 6G (emission peak at 556 nm, QY=95% in ethanol) and Oxazine 170 (emission peak at 640 nm, QY=63% in methanol), QYS=QYR×(IS/IR)×(AR/AS)×(nS/nR)2 where QYS and QYR are the quantum yields of sample and a standard reference, respectively; IS and IR are the integrations of fluorescence emissions of sample and a standard reference, respectively; AS and AR are the corresponding absorbance of sample and a standard reference, respectively; and nS and nR are the refractive indices of the corresponding solvents.\",\n \"During quantum yield measurements, the absorbance of each sample or each standard reference deviated by less than 0.1.For each sample, the standard reference with the most similar absorption and/or luminescence characteristics was chosen for quantum yield measurements.\",\n \"AIS/ZnS Quantum Dot Synthesis For a typical synthetic reaction, silver acetate (0.1 mmol), Indium (III) acetate (0.2 mmol), DDT (4 mL) and oleic acid (0.2 mmol, 63.5 μL) were added in a three-necked round bottom flask equipped with a condenser and magnetic stir bar.\",\n \"This mixture was degassed under vacuum for 20 minutes at 130° C. until the solution became clear.\",\n \"The solution temperature was then increased to 170° C. under a flow of Argon.\",\n \"As the temperature was increased, the color of the reaction solution changed gradually from yellow to orange, indicating the nucleation and growth of AIS quantum dots.\",\n \"Small amounts of the reaction solution (0.1-0.2 mL) were collected using a syringe at different time intervals and injected into hexane in clean vials to terminate growth of quantum dots.\",\n \"All solutions collected from the studies were diluted in a quartz cuvette with hexane for UV-Vis absorbance and photoluminescence measurements.\",\n \"After the reaction was complete, the solution was cooled to room temperature.\",\n \"The crude quantum dots solution was purified repeatedly with the solvent combinations of hexane/ethanol and chloroform/acetone by centrifugation and dried under vacuum.\",\n \"For ZnS shell growth, the Zn precursor was prepared by mixing zinc stearate (1.6 mmol) and ODE (4 mL) in a round-bottom flask.\",\n \"The mixture was gradually heated to ˜100° C. with stirring under vacuum until no vigorous bubbling was observed.\",\n \"The temperature was increased to 160° C. under argon until a clear solution was obtained.\",\n \"The sulfur precursor was prepared by dissolving sulfur (1.6 mmol) in DDT (3.2 mL) and TOP (0.8 mL).\",\n \"The ZnS shell coating of AIS quantum dots was carried out in situ without purification of the core.\",\n \"4 mL ODE was added to the crude AIS solution.\",\n \"This core solution was degassed under vacuum at 130° C. for 30 min and then to 210° C. under Argon.\",\n \"Both zinc and sulfur precursors were injected in sequence 5 times to the core growth solution at 210° C. in 0.5 mL portions at 15 min intervals.\",\n \"After reactions were complete, mixtures were cooled down to room temperature and AIS/ZnS quantum dots were purified using hexane/ethanol and chloroform/acetone, and dried under vacuum.\",\n \"It is possible to collect around 40 mg AIS quantum dots and around 100 mg AIS/ZnS quantum dots per reaction.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"18 shows photoluminescence spectra of AIS quantum dots during the time course of growth at 170° C. It can be seen that the quantum yield of AIS quantum dots is enhanced during growth reaching 13% at 75 min.\",\n \"The quantum yield enhancement over time is likely caused by a reduction of quantum dot core defects during heat treatment.\",\n \"Nevertheless, the photoluminescence spectral shift is not significant or sensitive to growth time.\",\n \"This optical characteristic suggests that AIS growth is very slow.\",\n \"The slow growth of AIS quantum dots is probably due to the relatively mild reaction temperature.\",\n \"When using a higher reaction temperature (230° C.), typically for CIS quantum dots, it was found that the products of the AIS synthetic system are hard to solubilize in chloroform and hexane, and thus hard to characterize optically.\",\n \"Characterization of Quantum Dots AIS quantum dots and AIS/ZnS quantum dots were further characterized using TEM.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"19A and 19B present TEM and high resolution TEM (HRTEM) images of AIS and AIS/ZnS quantum dots, respectively.\",\n \"TEM images of CIS quantum dots made using thermal decomposition method embodiments disclosed herein are shown in FIGS.\",\n \"34A (normal resolution) and 34B (high resolution).\",\n \"The HRTEM images reveal crystalline patterns and sizes (˜4.5 nm for AIS and ˜6 nm for AIS/ZnS) of both quantum dots, indicating that the synthesized particles to be nanocrystals.\",\n \"Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra confirm that AIS/ZnS quantum dots are composed of Ag, In, Zn, and S (FIG.\",\n \"19C) and AIS quantum dots are composed of Ag, In and S (FIG.\",\n \"20).\",\n \"More specifically, Table 1 shows the elemental atomic ratios of AIS and AIS/ZnS quantum dots.\",\n \"For AIS quantum dots, the atomic ratio between Ag and In is close to 1:1 with the atomic percentage of In slightly higher.\",\n \"For AIS/ZnS quantum dots, the atomic percentages of Ag and In drop off but the Ag percentage is reduced to a greater extent, and the atomic percentages of Zn and S are increased.\",\n \"The significant reduction of Ag atomic percentage in AIS/ZnS is probably due to Zn etching to replace Ag during the ZnS shell growth.\",\n \"It is generally agreed that cation exchange between Zn ions (from Zn precursor) with Ag (or Cu) in AIS (or CIS) causes photoluminescence blue shift and quantum yield enhancement.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"1, both effects were observed after growing ZnS shell on AIS cores.\",\n \"EDX analysis demonstrates a good match of the observed photoluminescence blue shift and quantum dot brightness enhancement of AIS/ZnS quantum dots compared to AIS quantum dots.\",\n \"The crystal phase of the AIS and AIS/ZnS quantum dots was examined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), as shown in FIG.\",\n \"21.The XRD pattern of AIS quantum dots shows three broad peaks at 2θ=26.8°, 44.6° and 52.2°, which can be assigned respectively to the diffractions of the (112), (204) and (312) planes of the tetragonal AgInS2.No other phases or impurities were observed.\",\n \"The AIS/ZnS quantum dots diffraction pattern shows a similar profile to that of the AIS quantum dots with three right-shifted peaks at 2θ of 27.7°, 46.0° and 54.0°.\",\n \"These peaks can be seen at positions intermediate between the diffractions of (112), (204), and (312) planes of tetragonal AgInS2 and the diffractions of (111), (220), and (311) planes of cubic ZnS, suggesting that Zn atoms were deposited on or diffused into the surface of the AIS cores.\",\n \"It should be noted that all characterized materials MS and AIS/ZnS quantum dots were synthesized with an original Ag:In precursor molar ratio of 1:2.This ratio can be used to avoid possible side products or black precipitates in reactions.\",\n \"AIS quantum dots were synthesized at different Ag:In precursor molar ratios (Ag:In=1:1, 1:2, and 1:4) without changing other conditions.\",\n \"The collected AIS samples were diluted in hexane and their photoluminescence and UV-Vis absorbance spectra were measured.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"22, all samples have similar photoluminescence spectra without obvious shifts.\",\n \"However, as illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"23, AIS quantum dots synthesized with Ag:In=1:1 have a wider absorbance wavelength range than the other two samples.\",\n \"Moreover, the AIS quantum dot solution (Ag:In=1:1) is a dark brown color, as illustrated in the inset of FIG.\",\n \"23.This suggests that there is something else (possibly Ag2S) produced during the reaction with Ag:In=1:1 at 170° C. but particles are not large enough to precipitate.\",\n \"The AIS quantum dot solution (Ag:In=1:1) was further used to grow the ZnS shell on AIS quantum dots and as shown in FIG.\",\n \"24A, the resultant product includes both a green solution and black precipitates.\",\n \"However, after the ZnS shell growth of AIS quantum dots (Ag:In=1:2), the resultants are clear (FIG.\",\n \"24B).\",\n \"These observations lead to the molar ratio of Ag:In=1:2 used in the synthesis.\",\n \"AIS synthesis using Ag:In=1:4 was not performed, because this ratio does not significantly shift quantum dot photoluminescence and excess In precursors in the reaction increase synthesis cost.\",\n \"In the proposed thermal decomposition approach, indium acetate and silver acetate could initially react with DDT to form intermediate compounds of Ag(SC12H25)x and In(SC12H25)x upon heating and are dissolved in DDT.\",\n \"As the reaction temperature is raised to 170° C., the intermediate compounds could act as precursors and further are decomposed into Ag—S and In—S to form Ag—In—S particles.\",\n \"Considering that there are some unexpected materials produced in the reaction with a molar ratio of Ag:In at 1:1, it is possible that Ag(SC12H25)x compounds are decomposed faster than In(SC12H25)x compounds and thus Ag—S are excess to form dark Ag2S particles.\",\n \"This could explain why 1:2 molar ratio of Ag:In is good for the reaction.\",\n \"Of note, the photostability of the produced AIS and AIS/ZnS quantum dots were tested and presented in FIGS.\",\n \"25A and 25B.\",\n \"It can be seen that AIS/ZnS quantum dots remain their photostability but AIS quantum dots are significantly photobleached.\",\n \"The photobleaching of AIS quantum dots could be caused by complex UV-induced chemical reactions at the interface between AIS and organic solvents.\",\n \"For example, electrons excited from AIS react with organic solvents to form free radicals which could further etch the AIS surface and quench the AIS photoluminescence.\",\n \"The photostability of AIS/ZnS quantum dots is believed to benefit from the protection of AIS core by its ZnS shell.\",\n \"To demonstrate potential biomedical applications of the produced AIS/ZnS quantum dots, these quantum dots were loaded into the core of PLGA-PEG based micelles to form quantum dot-micelles.\",\n \"The quantum dot-micelle preparation is schematically illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"26.Briefly, AIS/ZnS quantum dots were mixed with amphiphilic polymers of PLGA-PEG in organic solvents, and then dispersed them into water with sonication.\",\n \"During the vacuuming or water-replacement of organic solvents, the hydrophobic portion (PLGA) of the polymers and quantum dots are self-associated into a semi-solid core, and the hydrophilic portion (PEG) of the polymers forms a coronal layer.\",\n \"Photoluminescence spectra of AIS/ZnS quantum dots before and after water transfer via micelles were measured and are shown in FIG.\",\n \"27.It can be seen that the quantum dot-micelles show a slight red-shift in photoluminescence spectra and remain around 30% quantum yield compared to quantum dots suspended in organic solvents.\",\n \"The red-shift and the quantum yield drop after the phase transfer is believed to be caused by a compact quantum dot cluster in micelle cores.\",\n \"In the compact cluster, the emission photons from smaller quantum dots are absorbed by larger quantum dots to emit at longer wavelengths (a Förster resonance energy transfer process).\",\n \"Moreover, the cluster reduces the total excitation and emission surface area of quantum dots, resulting in a quantum yield drop.\",\n \"In spite of quenching, the quantum dot-micelles are still adequate for optical imaging applications.\",\n \"The insets of FIG.\",\n \"27 show the hydrodynamic sizes (126 nm±53 nm) of the quantum dot-loaded micelles measured by DLS and the TEM image of quantum dot-micelles, respectively.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"28A and 28B show the TEM image and high resolution TEM image of an individual micelle.\",\n \"It can be seen that some dots are presented in a single micelle, and with further zooming into the micelle crystal lattices of dots are observed.\",\n \"Further EDS analysis on micelles (FIG.\",\n \"28C) shows that silver, indium, zinc and sulfur elements are presented in micelles, which are the composites of AIS/ZnS quantum dots.\",\n \"Preparation of AIS/ZnS Micelles The solution of 2.4 mg AIS/ZnS quantum dots and 9.6 mg PEG-PLGA (50% PEG-PLGA and 50% maleimide-PEG-PLGA) in THF/acetonitrile was layered on the top of cold water in a glass vial.\",\n \"The mixture was ultrasonicated using the Misonix Ultrasonic Liquid Processor with a 3 W output power for 1 minute.\",\n \"After sonication, THF/acetonitrile was removed by rotary evaporation at room temperature and the sample filtered through a 0.2 μm syringe filter to remove large aggregates.\",\n \"Empty micelles or single-nanoparticle based micelles were removed by centrifugation at 18,000 rpm for 15 minutes.\",\n \"The collected micelles were then re-filtered through a 0.2 μm syringe filter, concentrated using a centrifugal filter, dispersed in 400 μL of water, and stored at 4° C. until further use.\",\n \"Cell Culture, Cellular Uptake/Internalization of AIS/ZnS Micelles, and Cellular Imaging A U-87 MG human brain glioblastoma cell line (ATCC HTB-14) was maintained in Minimum Essential Media (MEM, Corning Cellgro) supplemented with 10% FBS at 37° C. and 5% CO2.The human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293 (ATCC CRL-1537) was maintained in RPMI-1640 medium (Corning Cellgro) supplemented with 10% FBS at 37° C. and 5% CO2.For the quantum dot-micelle cellular uptake assay, U-87 and HEK-293 cells were plated on 24-well plastic plates and allowed to propagate for 2-3 days until they reached 50-80% confluency.\",\n \"The cells were incubated with CTX-conjugated or non-conjugated AIS/ZnS quantum dot-micelles in cell culture medium with 2% BSA for 2 hours at 37° C. After incubation, the solution was removed and the cells were washed three times with cold PBS buffer (pH 7.4).\",\n \"Then cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS at room temperature for 20 minutes, followed by cell nucleus staining with 7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) for 45 minutes.\",\n \"The cells were examined by a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM, Leica, TCS SP8, Germany).\",\n \"The statistical significance (p<0.05) was determined by the single-tailed student t test.\",\n \"To demonstrate potential biomedical or biological applications of AIS/ZnS quantum dots, these quantum dots were loaded into the core of PLGA-PEG (5 kDa:5 kDa) based micelles to form the AIS/ZnS quantum dot-micelles and further investigated their specific-targeting functionality as cellular imaging probes or contrasts.\",\n \"With functional groups such as maleimide on PEG heads, the quantum dot-micelles were conjugated with chlorotoxin (CTX), a ligand that specifically binds to U-87 brain tumor cells.\",\n \"Cellular imaging studies showed that the quantum dot-micelles conjugated with CTX are specifically internalized into the brain tumor cells.\",\n \"Since the hydrophobic core of micelles can be loaded with both drugs and image contrasts, the specific cellular internalization suggests that the quantum dot-micelle structures could be important and versatile nanoplatforms for cell- or tissue-based diagnosis and therapy.\",\n \"Moreover, loading multiple quantum dots in the hydrophobic cores could avoid the blinking effect of single quantum dot and therefore facilitate continuous image tracking.\",\n \"Notably, the common surface modification approaches using thiolated ligands to exchange hydrophobic ligands capped on quantum dots (CdSe or CdS) are less favorable for AIS/ZnS quantum dots.\",\n \"This is because quantum dots, including AIS/ZnS quantum dots, are usually capped with the strong coordinating ligand dodecanethiol which is hard to displace by other foreign thiols.\",\n \"Although some groups have reported the use of amphiphilic polymers to encapsulate quantum dots (CdSe or CdS), they need an overnight air-dry process followed by a heated film hydration, or a 24-hour dialysis to remove organic solvents or excess amphiphilic polymers.\",\n \"The heated hydration or the prolonged dialysis may be incompatible with certain functional groups (e.g., maleimide) on polymers for bioconjugation.\",\n \"Moreover, these studies used cadmium-based quantum dots, which have been concerns for biomedical applications and environments.\",\n \"Loading cadmium-free AIS/ZnS quantum dots into PLGA-PEG based micelles for biomedical applications is simple and fast and effectively avoids these potential limitations.\",\n \"For CTX conjugation, the thiolation of CTX was completed by dispersing 12.5 nmol of CTX in 100 μL of PBS (pH8, 5 mM EDTA) with 125 nmol of Traut's reagent in 9 μL of PBS (pH 8, 5 mM EDTA) for 1 hour at room temperature.\",\n \"A volume of 87 μL of the prepared micelles in PBS (pH 6.7) was incubated with the thiolated CTX for 2-3 hours at room temperature.\",\n \"The resultant CTX-AIS/ZnS micelle product was purified using Zeba spin desalting columns (MWCO 7k) equilibrated with PBS, resuspended in 400 μL of PBS as a stock solution and stored at 4° C. before use.\",\n \"AIS/ZnS micelles without CTX conjugation were used as controls.\",\n \"For cellular imaging studies, CTX was used as a target ligand and used U-87 MG brain tumor cells as model cells.\",\n \"CTX is a 36-amino acid peptide that was originally isolated from scorpion venom, and specifically binds to tumors of neuroectodermal origin.\",\n \"Further studies have demonstrated that CTX is a specific matrix metalloproteinase II (MMP2) inhibitor and can bind with MMP2 present on the surface of glioma cells with high affinity.\",\n \"The specific binding results in loss of gelatinase activity, disruption in chloride channel currents, reduction in both MMP2 and chloride channel expressions, and internalization of chloride channels.\",\n \"Recent studies have also implicated annexin A2 (ANXA2) as a new recognition target of CTX in multiple tumor cell lines, which may activate similar uptake mechanisms as those of MMP2.U-87 is a human primary glioblastoma cell line expressing MMP2 receptors, and CTX can specifically bind to and be internalized into U-87.In this example, quantum dot-micelles were conjugated with CTX via a maleimide-thiol reaction.\",\n \"The CTX conjugation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"29.The spectrum of the AIS/ZnS quantum dot-micelles exhibits the characteristics of both the alkyl chains in oleic acid and dodecanethiol from AIS/ZnS quantum dots, corresponding to the CH2 stretching vibrations peaks at 2922 cm−1 and 2852 cm−1, and the ester carbonyl in PLGA from PLGA-PEG, corresponding to the C═O peaks at 1757 cm−1.After CTX conjugation with the quantum dot-micelles, a new peak at 1650 cm−1 corresponding to the N—H band of primary amines in lysine and arginine residues of CTX, appears in the spectrum of CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles.\",\n \"This appearance indicates the successful conjugation of CTX with the quantum dot-micelles.\",\n \"In order to verify that (i) CTX conjugated quantum dot-micelles can be internalized into U-87 cells and (ii) the internalization is due to the CTX-MMP2 interaction, two sets of examples were performed.\",\n \"In the first, U-87 cells were incubated with CTX conjugated quantum dot-micelles spiked in DEME with 2% BSA for 2 hours.\",\n \"In the second, 400 μM 1,10-phenanthroline was added to DEME, keeping all other conditions same.\",\n \"1,10-phenanthroline is a broad-spectrum MMP2 inhibitor and can disrupt the MMP2 activity by chelating and removing Zn ions from the catalytic domain of MMP2.As a result, 1,10-phenanthroline can block the interaction between CTX and MMP2 and thus the sequential cellular internalization process.\",\n \"After incubation, the U-87 cells from two sets of examples were washed, fixed, stained and imaged.\",\n \"Representative confocal images shown in FIG.\",\n \"30A demonstrates the cellular uptake/internalization of CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles by U-87 cells.\",\n \"The representative confocal images in FIG.\",\n \"30B illustrate the quenching effect of 1,10-phenanthroline on uptake/internalization.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"30C shows quantitative data (the fluorescence intensity from the internalized quantum dot-micelles per unit cytoplasm area counting >200 cells) comparing cellular uptake/internalization and the quenching effect under the different concentrations or dilutions of CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles (100-800 times dilution).\",\n \"These results demonstrate that the internalization of CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles into U-87 cells is caused by an interaction between CTX and MMP2.To further confirm that CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles is specific to U-87, human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK-293), a nonmalignant cell line that does not express MMP2 and ANXA2 on cell surfaces, was used as controls to examine their response to quantum dot-micelles conjugated with/without CTX and compared to those of U-87.FIGS.\",\n \"31A and 31B and FIGS.\",\n \"31C and 31D show the representative cellular uptake images (overlaid confocal images) for U-87 and HEK-293, respectively, under the same quantum dot-micelle concentration or dilution.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"31E shows fluorescence intensity (from the internalized quantum dot-micelles) per unit cytoplasm area under a series of dilutions of quantum dot-micelles stock solutions.\",\n \"It can be seen that U-87 cells do internalize more CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles (FIG.\",\n \"31E, left-most bar of each bar group) than HEK-293 (FIG.\",\n \"31E, third bar from the left for each bar group), and non-conjugated quantum dot-micelles (FIG.\",\n \"31E, second and fourth bars from the left for each bar group) produce no significant cellular uptake by both cell lines.\",\n \"Through this comparison, it can be concluded that CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles are specific to U-87.Interestingly, it was also observed that HEK-293 did internalize some CTX-conjugated quantum dot-micelles at a high concentration.\",\n \"Some pioneer work has reported that CTX can increase the rate of pinocytic internalization.\",\n \"The cellular uptake of CTX-conjugated micelles may involve pinocytosis mechanisms in high concentration ranges.\",\n \"Using PLGA-PEG to wrap AIS/ZnS quantum dots is an effective approach for phase transfer and bio-applications.\",\n \"The AIS/ZnS quantum dot-micelles can be used as image contrasts or probes can be used to detect endogenous targets expressed on brain tumor cells, or more broadly to cell- or tissue-based diagnosis and therapy.\",\n \"Similar quantum dot-micelles also can be constructed using the zwitterionic polymeric coatings described herein.\",\n \"Synthesis of Cu:AIS Quantum Dots Ag(DDTC) (0.1 mmol), In(Ac)3 (0.2 mmol) and DDT (4 mL) were added in a three-necked round bottom flask equipped with a condenser and magnetic stir bar.\",\n \"This mixture was degassed under vacuum for 30 min at 125° C. until the solution became clear.\",\n \"The solution temperature was then increased to 190˜200° C. under a flow of argon and held at this temperature for 10 min to grow AIS cores.\",\n \"After the reaction was completed, the solution was cooled to room temperature, and 4 mL of ODE was added to the AIS core growth solution without any purification.\",\n \"Then the solution was heated to 120° C. under vacuum for 20 min and then to 190˜200° C. under argon.\",\n \"Copper precursors prepared by dissolving CuI (0.2 mmol) in DDT (8 mL) were injected into the solution for the formation of Cu:AIS quantum dots.\",\n \"After 10 min growth, the solution was cooled to room temperature.\",\n \"The nanocrystal solution was purified repeatedly with the solvent combinations of hexane/ethanol and chloroform/acetone by centrifugation and then dried under vacuum.\",\n \"For the synthesis of Cu:AIS quantum dots with different Cu doping concentrations, the Cu initial concentrations ([Cu]/([Ag]+[In])) were changed in the range from 0˜10 mol %.\",\n \"Small amounts of the reaction solution (0.1˜0.2 mL) were collected using a syringe at different time intervals and injected into hexane in clean vials to terminate growth of quantum dots.\",\n \"All solutions collected from the example were diluted in a quartz cuvette with hexane for UV-Vis absorbance and photoluminescence measurements.\",\n \"Synthesis of Cu:AIS/ZnS Quantum Dots For ZnS shell growth, the zinc precursor was prepared by dissolving zinc stearate (0.4 mmol) in ODE (4 mL) at 140° C., and the sulfur precursor was prepared by dissolving sulfur (0.4 mmol) in DDT (3.2 mL) and TOP (0.8 mL).\",\n \"The growth of the ZnS shell on Cu:AIS quantum dots was conducted in situ without purification of the core solution.\",\n \"Once the growth of cores was completed, the nanocrystal solution was heated up to 210° C. under argon.\",\n \"Then both zinc and sulfur precursors were injected in sequence 3 times to the Cu:AIS growth solution in 0.5 mL portions at 15 min intervals.\",\n \"After the reaction was finished, mixtures were cooled down to room temperature and Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots were purified using hexane/ethanol and chloroform/acetone, and dried under vacuum.\",\n \"Quantum yields of quantum dots were calculated according to the following equation, using standard references including Rhodamine 6G (emission peak at 556 nm, QY=95% in ethanol) and Oxazine 170 (emission peak at 640 nm, QY=63% in methanol), QYS=QYR×(IS/IR)×(AR/AS)×(nS/nR)2 where QYS and QYR are the quantum yields of sample and a standard reference, respectively; IS and IR are the integrations of fluorescence emissions of sample and a standard reference, respectively; AS and AR are the corresponding absorbance of sample and a standard reference, respectively; and nS and nR are the refractive indices of the corresponding solvents.\",\n \"In quantum yield measurements, the absorbance of each sample or each standard reference deviated by less than 0.1.For each sample, the standard reference with the most similar absorption and/or luminescence characteristics was chosen for quantum yield measurements.\",\n \"Amphiphile-Encapsulated Cu:AIS/ZnS Composite Probes for Cellular Imaging 6.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots were encapsulated using zwitterionic polymeric coatings using methods disclosed above.\",\n \"2.4 mg Cu:AgInS2/ZnS quantum dots in THF (900 μL) and 1.6 mg zwitterionic amphiphiles in CHCl3-MeOH (64 μL) were dispersed into water under sonication.\",\n \"After sonication, the organic solvents were removed by rotary evaporation at room temperature and the sample was filtered through a 0.2 μm syringe filter.\",\n \"Empty micelles or single-nanoparticle based micelles were removed by centrifugation at 18 000 rpm for 25 min.\",\n \"The collected micelles were dispersed in 400 μL of water as the micelle stock.\",\n \"60 μL of the micelle stock was reacted with 0.3 mg RGD in borate buffer for 2˜3 hours after the activation of carboxyl groups on micelles' surface using EDC/Sulfo-NHS.\",\n \"The RGD-conjugated micelles were washed by centrifugation, suspended in 200 μL borate, and stored at 4° C. before use as the conjugate stock.\",\n \"The same reaction was done for the conjugation of micelles with RAD peptide, and the RAD-conjugated micelles were used as a negative control.\",\n \"Non-conjugated micelles were also used as a control.\",\n \"A U-87 MG human brain glioblastoma cell line was cultured (37° C., 5% CO2) on glass coverslips coated with gelatin in MEM medium with 10% FBS until 50˜80% confluency was achieved.\",\n \"The human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293 was cultured (37° C., 5% CO2) on glass coverslips coated with PDL (poly-D-lysine) in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS until 50˜80% confluency was achieved.\",\n \"For the specific cell targeting examples, cells were incubated with RGD-conjugated micelles in DMEM with 2% BSA at various concentrations or dilutions.\",\n \"As controls, cells were also incubated with RAD-conjugated micelles and non-conjugated micelles.\",\n \"After 3 h incubation, cells were gently rinsed three times with PBS, fixed with 4% PFA in PBS solution for 20 minutes and washed three times with PBS.\",\n \"For cellular nuclei staining, cells were incubated with DAPI, washed three times with PBS, and then mounted on glass slides.\",\n \"Cells were imaged using a confocal microscope.\",\n \"Two-way ANOVA was applied to detect the differences among two cell lines.\",\n \"SAS (Statistical Analysis Software) 9.4 was used for data analysis.\",\n \"Cu atoms were doped into AIS composites through a surface doping strategy—AIS quantum dots were first grown via thermal decomposition and then Cu precursors were injected into the AIS NC solution to react with AIS quantum dots.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"35A presents the effect of Cu concentrations on the photoluminescence spectra of Cu doped AIS quantum dots (Cu:AIS quantum dots).\",\n \"It can be seen that the photoluminescence peak wavelength shows a continuous red shift from around 600 to 660 nm as Cu concentration in reaction is increased from 0 to 6.67% (molar percentage), and the red shift is not significant for Cu concentration above 6.67% or at 10%.\",\n \"The corresponding UV-vis absorption spectra of these Cu:AIS quantum dots are shown in FIG.\",\n \"35B As the Cu concentration increases, the absorbance edges of these samples are monotonously shifted to longer wavelength.\",\n \"The absorption edge of 10% Cu:AIS is similar to that of 6.67% Cu:AIS.\",\n \"This observation is consistent with their photoluminescence spectra.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"35A it can also be seen that quantum yields of Cu:AIS quantum dots decrease from around 30% to 20% with the increase of Cu concentrations from 0% to 6.67%.\",\n \"Quantum yield of 10% Cu:AIS quantum dots even decrease further even though the photoluminescence is not red shifted.\",\n \"Through further comparing the photoluminescence spectra of Cu:AIS quantum dots, it can be seen that their shapes are also affected by Cu concentrations.\",\n \"The shape dependence on Cu concentration implicates that Cu atoms are incorporated into NC lattices and cause some changes of the lattice energy band or contribute to NC photoluminescence mechanisms.\",\n \"Of note, as shown in the inset of FIG.\",\n \"35A the photoluminescence of non-doped or pure AIS quantum dots prepared in the thermal decomposition is hard to be tuned by the NC growth time.\",\n \"It can be seen that Cu doping is an effective way to tune nanocrystal photoluminescence.\",\n \"The reason to adopt surface doping is that the optical property of quantum dots is more controllable than that using homogenous doping.\",\n \"With 3.33% Cu:AIS quantum dots as a demonstration, FIG.\",\n \"36A shows the evolution of their photoluminescence spectra in the time course of reaction through surface doping.\",\n \"It can be seen that around 45 nm red-shift occurs at 5 min after Cu injection.\",\n \"With further prolonged reaction time, no remarkable change in photoluminescence is observed with respect to peak wavelength and quantum yield.\",\n \"The similar observation is also noticed in their absorption spectra as shown in FIG.\",\n \"36B This demonstrates that the Cu doping of AIS quantum dots is a fast and reliable process.\",\n \"However, with the same starting materials, if Cu precursor is mixed with silver and indium precursors in DDT for thermal decomposition, the photoluminescence of the produced quantum dots is observed to red shift to around 650 nm and then blue shift to around 600 nm, as shown in the inset of FIG.\",\n \"36A.\",\n \"Moreover, the photoluminescence spectra become broader in the time course of reaction.\",\n \"It is possible that the final products could have both sub-populations of doped AIS quantum dots and non-doped (or intrinsic) AIS quantum dots.\",\n \"Clearly, surface doping is a better approach to control the NC optical property.\",\n \"To further understand the optical property of Cu:AIS quantum dots, these quantum dots were first characterized using XRD, TEM and EDX.\",\n \"Three representative samples (pure AIS, 1.67% Cu:AIS and 6.67% Cu:AIS) were investigated.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"37A, the XRD pattern of the pure AIS quantum dots can be indexed with a tetragonal AgInS2 crystal.\",\n \"Three apparent diffraction peaks observed at 20=26.8, 44.7, and 52.6° can be assigned to diffractions from the (112), (204) and (312) planes of the tetragonal phase.\",\n \"Compared to the pure AIS quantum dots, diffraction patterns of Cu:AIS quantum dots slightly shifts to the higher angle side and approaches the 20 values of the tetragonal CuInS2 (CIS) along with the increase of Cu concentration.\",\n \"Since the ionic radius of Cu (0.74 nm) is smaller than that of Ag (1.14 nm), the observed shifts of the XRD patterns indicate the gradual replacement of Ag with Cu to form Cu:AIS quantum dots instead of forming individual CIS quantum dots.\",\n \"These three samples were further characterized using TEM.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"37B-37D present their TEM and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images.\",\n \"TEM images of AIS and Cu:AIS quantum dots show that their sizes are at 4˜5 nm, indicating that the incorporation of Cu does not significantly influence the particle size.\",\n \"The HRTEM images show lattice plane spacings of 0.342, 0.340, and 0.332 nm for AIS, 1.67% Cu:AIS, and 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots, respectively.\",\n \"The values of these spacings are corresponding to (112) planes determined from diffraction peaks at around 26-28° of XRD patterns in FIG.\",\n \"37A.\",\n \"Both HRTEM and XRD data reveal that the obtained Cu:AIS quantum dots are not a mixture of individual AIS and CIS phases, but a Cu:AIS crystal.\",\n \"The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra further confirms that AIS quantum dots are composed of Ag, In, and S and Cu:AIS quantum dots are composed of Cu, Ag, In and S. The resultant elemental compositions of AIS and Cu:AIS quantum dots are summarized in Table 1.For pure AIS quantum dots, the atomic ratio between Ag and In is close to 1:1.For Cu:AIS quantum dots, as Cu concentration is increased in the reaction, more Cu atoms are doped into quantum dots but the atomic percentage of Ag decreases.\",\n \"This observation indicates that Cu atoms enter the AIS structure and partially replace Ag atoms.\",\n \"The reason for the preferential substitution of Ag instead of In probably is that the Ag—S bond is weaker than the In—S bond.\",\n \"More Cu atoms doped into quantum dots could cause more structure or surface defects quenching the NC photoluminescence for lower quantum yields.\",\n \"The EDX analysis of 10% Cu:AIS quantum dots was also conducted and the result shows that the element atomic ratio of Cu:Ag:In:S is 5.1:16.4:27.3:51.2.Compared to the element atomic ratio for 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots (as shown Table 1), more Cu atoms are observed in 10% Cu:AIS quantum dots.\",\n \"It is possible that the Cu level in AIS quantum dots may get saturated for 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots, and thus with a higher Cu concentration in doping, additional Cu atoms may be absorbed on NC surface to quench photoluminescence but not affect the position of photoluminescence peak.\",\n \"To enhance the photoluminescence quantum yield, AIS and Cu:AIS quantum dots were passivated with a shell of ZnS to form AIS/ZnS and Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots.\",\n \"The quantum yields of AIS/ZnS, 1.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS and 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots are around 52.6%, 52.6%, 56.5% quantum yields, respectively.\",\n \"All of them present 30˜50 nm blue shift in their photoluminescence spectra after ZnS coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"38A shows digital photographs of Cu:AIS and Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots suspended in organic solvents under a UV lamp.\",\n \"It can be seen that the emission colors of cores and core/shell structures are Cu-concentration dependent.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"38B demonstrates the typical photoluminescence and absorption spectra of 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots before and after ZnS coating.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"38C shows that the XRD diffraction pattern of the 6.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots has a similar profile to that of 6.67% Cu:AIS cores, and shows a medium phase of Cu:AIS and ZnS crystals.\",\n \"The three main peaks shift to the high angle side and locate in the middle position of the pattern of Cu:AIS quantum dots and the standard pattern of cubic ZnS, which further suggests that Zn atoms are deposited or diffused to the surface of the Cu:AIS cores.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"38D shows the corresponding TEM and HRTEM images.\",\n \"The HRTEM image also reveals that the quantum dots have a clear lattice fringe with a plane spacing of 0.310 nm.\",\n \"The lattice planet spacing is close to that of the (111) plane in cubic ZnS quantum dots.\",\n \"Similar to the core samples, Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots have a size around 4˜5 nm.\",\n \"Probably, the ZnS coating is mainly dominated by zinc etching into core quantum dots.\",\n \"As confirmed by the EDX spectrum of 6.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots, the elemental composition ratios of Cu, Ag, In, Zn, and S obtained from EDX analysis were 2.1%, 9.5%, 19.8%, 12.7%, and 55.8%, respectively.\",\n \"Both the atomic percentages of Ag and In decrease, however, the amount of Ag is reduced to a greater extent.\",\n \"At the same time, the atomic percentage of Zn is increased.\",\n \"The more reduction of Ag atomic percentage in Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots is probably due to Zn etching to preferentially replace Ag during the ZnS shell growth.\",\n \"The Cu concentration in the core/shell structures was observed to be is slightly lower than that of the Cu:AIS cores.\",\n \"Such results suggest that in the Cu doping process, a portion of Cu atoms may sit on the surface of AIS cores and be replaced by zinc atoms during ZnS coating or zinc etching, and another portion of Cu atoms may diffuse into an inner layer of AIS lattice which cannot be replaced by zinc but still affect the photoluminescence of core/shell quantum dots.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"39A shows the decay curves for AIS, 1.67% Cu:AIS, and 6.67% Cu:AIS quantum dots.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"39B presents the decay curves for their corresponding core/shell structures.\",\n \"For each decay curve, a biexponential function (l(t)=A1e−t/τ1+A2e−t/τ2) was used to fit the curve.\",\n \"τ1 and τ2 are the short and long lifetime parameters, respectively.\",\n \"A1 and A2 are the amplitudes of the decay components at t=0.Table 2 lists the extracted characteristics parameters (τ1, τ2, A1, and A2) for all investigated samples.\",\n \"According to literature, the photoluminescence lifetime parameters of AIS quantum dots could be associated with different electron-hole recombination pathways or mechanisms.\",\n \"After light excitation, electrons will be relaxed from conduction bands to surface trap states and donor states.\",\n \"The short lifetime is be attributed to electron transition from surface trap states (caused by surface defects) to valence bands.\",\n \"The long lifetime is attributed to electron transition from donor states to acceptor states, which results in the broad emission peaks of AIS quantum dots.\",\n \"From Table 2, it is observed that upon comparing A1 parameter for each core and its corresponding core/shell structure, A1 parameter is decreased and τ1 is increased after ZnS shell growth.\",\n \"Considering the ZnS shell growth on each core causes quantum yield enhancement, it is reasonable to attribute the decrease of A1 to the minimization of surface defects.\",\n \"The prolonged τ1 of core/shell structures probably is associated with electron transition from near-surface trap states or deep trap states to valence bands.\",\n \"The near-surface trap states or deep trap states could be closer to the donor states in energy levels and thus have a relatively longer lifetime for electrons.\",\n \"Upon examining the effect of Cu concentrations on A1 and τ1 of AIS cores, it can be seen that A1 of Cu:AIS cores is decreased compared to that of non-doped AIS cores.\",\n \"According to the literature model, the A1 decrease should implicate the minimization of surface defects and thus the enhancement of quantum yield upon Cu doping.\",\n \"However, FIG.\",\n \"35A show that Cu doping causes the decrease of quantum yields.\",\n \"Moreover, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"35A with low Cu concentrations, a shoulder in the photoluminescence spectrum is presented at the right side of the main photoluminescence peak.\",\n \"As Cu concentration increases, the shoulder is shifted to the left side of the main photoluminescence peak.\",\n \"As shown in Table 2, Cu doping also prolongs the average photoluminescence lifetime of quantum dots.\",\n \"It seems that although the literature model can well explain the effect of ZnS coating as well as some phenomena of non-doped or intrinsic AIS quantum dots, a more sophisticated model or a different viewpoint is needed to explain the photoluminescence mechanisms of Cu:AIS quantum dots as well as the reason for the prolonged average photoluminescence lifetime upon Cu doping.\",\n \"According to literature, the decrease of quantum yields with the increase of Cu doping levels is probably due to two reasons: (i) more defects in Cu:AIS lattice are created; (ii) high doping concentration causes closer distance between Cu atoms and cause strong Cu—Cu interaction and photoluminescence quenching.\",\n \"The transition/change of the photoluminescence spectrum shape versus Cu concentration in doping may be caused by multiple electron-hole recombination paths.\",\n \"According to literature, Cu doping could introduce additional Cu T2 states in the bandgap of AIS quantum dots.\",\n \"Meanwhile, our material characterization shows that Cu can etch and replace Ag in AIS host quantum dots, and the doped Cu could form a Cu—In—S(CIS) layer on AIS surface.\",\n \"The formed CIS layer could possess some nature of CIS bandgap, and new donor-acceptor pairs from CIS structures could be existing.\",\n \"The new CIS donor-acceptor pairs also are energy levels incorporated in the bandgap of AIS hosts.\",\n \"On the other hand, AIS also has its own donor-acceptor pairs.\",\n \"As a result, there could be several electron-hole recombination paths.\",\n \"The photoluminescence of quantum dots should be a synergistic effect of all these recombination paths.\",\n \"Cu T2 states and/or new CIS donor-acceptor pairs are Cu-concentration dependent, and thus gradually they can be more dominant than AIS donor-acceptor pairs as the Cu concentration increases in the doping process.\",\n \"As a result, the change of the photoluminescence spectrum shape versus Cu concentration can be observed.\",\n \"With respect to the prolonged average photoluminescence lifetime, due to the incorporation of Cu T2 states, the excited-state lifetime of the dopant emission is longer than the excitonic emission and the surface emission.\",\n \"Thus, Cu doped quantum dots gain a prolonged photoluminescence lifetime.\",\n \"The new CIS donor-acceptor pairs also are energy levels in the AIS bandgap and they could function as Cu T2 states to prolong the average photoluminescence lifetime.\",\n \"Of note, these T2 states and/or new CIS donor-acceptor pairs should be the causes for the emission at longer wavelengths (or red-shift in the doping process).\",\n \"Through this measurement on photoluminescence decay, it is also good to know that the average photoluminescence lifetime of the produced quantum dots is in the range of 300˜500 ns.\",\n \"The quantum dots with long lifetimes are attractive for bioimaging—as bioimaging probes, they can be scanned using microscopy not only in regular intensity-based fluorescence mode but also in time-resolved fluorescence mode.\",\n \"Specifically, in the time-resolved mode, the long lifetime can distinguish NC fluorescence signals from the fast decaying autofluorescence in cells/tissue, and ensure quantum dots for more sensitive imaging.\",\n \"TABLE 2 Nanocrystals τ1/ns A1 τ2/ns A2 τavg/ns AIS 49 51.6% 369 48.4% 329 1.67% Cu:AIS 62 45.2% 413 54.8% 374 6.67% Cu:AIS 66 44.8% 414 55.2% 374 AIS/ZnS 125 49.2% 416 50.8% 350 1.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS 131 41.7% 461 58.3% 405 6.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS 151 42.2% 499 57.8% 436 To demonstrate potential biomedical applications of Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots (i.e., specific targeting to brain tumor cells), composites with 6.67% Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots and a zwitterionic polymer coating were formed through self-assembling.\",\n \"Human primary glioblastoma U-87 MG cells and human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK-293) are cell lines used in this example.\",\n \"The cytotoxicity of the micelles was first studied using these two cell lines.\",\n \"Cells were incubated with micelles in growth medium with 10% FBS at various concentrations for 48 hours at 37° C. After incubation, the growth medium was removed and the cells released from well bottom using stempro accutase, and then stained with FDA/PI to determine live vs dead cells using flow cytometry (Dead cells are red staining by PI and live cells are green staining by FDA).\",\n \"The cell viability was calculated as the ratio of live cells over the sum of live cells and dead cells.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"40 shows the measured cell viabilities for U-87 MG (right-most bar for each bar group) and HEK-293 (left-most bar for each bar group) after 48-hour incubation with micelles under different concentrations.\",\n \"It can be seen that for each cell line, the cell viabilities under all different micelle concentrations are around 95%, which are comparable to that of controls (no micelles in incubation).\",\n \"Thus the micelles loaded with Cu:AIS quantum dots are biocompatible.\",\n \"On the basis of the cytotoxicity example, these micelles were further conjugated with RGD and RAD peptides via EDC/Sulfo-NHS mediated reaction.\",\n \"RGD can specifically target to integrin αvβ3 overexpressed on U-87 MG cells and thus it is specific to U-87 MG cells.\",\n \"RAD with a molecular structure similar to RGD but is nonspecific to U-87 MG cells and thus used as a control.\",\n \"HEK-293 not expressing integrin αvβ3 is used as a cell line control.\",\n \"In cellular uptake studies, each cell line was incubated with the RGD-conjugated micelles, RAD-conjugated micelles, and non-conjugated micelles under difference concentrations or dilutions in MEM medium with 2% BSA for 3 hours at 37° C. After incubation, cells were gently rinsed three times with PBS, fixed with 4% PFA in PBS solution for 20 minutes and washed three times with PBS.\",\n \"Afterwards, cells were incubated with DAPI for cellular nuclei staining, washed three times with PBS, and then mounted on glass slides.\",\n \"The mounted cells were then imaged using a Leica confocal microscope and images were analyzed using ImageJ.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"41A-41F shows representative cellular uptake images (overlaid confocal images) for U-87 and HEK-293.Quantitative data counting >100 cells for each experimental condition were presented in FIG.\",\n \"42.It can be seen that for each micelle concentration or dilution, U-87 cells internalize more RGD-conjugated micelles (FIG.\",\n \"42, third bar from the left for each bar group) than HEK-293 (FIG.\",\n \"42, sixth bar from the left for each bar group).\",\n \"RAD-conjugated (FIG.\",\n \"42, second and fifth bars from the left for each bar group) and non-conjugated micelles (FIG.\",\n \"42, left-most and fourth bars from the left for each bar group) had no significant cellular uptake by any of cell lines.\",\n \"Clearly, the micelles using Cu:AIS/ZnS quantum dots can be applied to the detection of endogenous targets expressed on brain tumor cells.\",\n \"In this embodiment, the micelles were scanned in regular intensity-based fluorescence mode.\",\n \"Scanning also could be conducted in time-resolved fluorescence mode to achieve better image quality with respect to signal/noise ratio.\",\n \"In addition, radioactive Cu may be doped into AIS quantum dots so that the achieved quantum dots have dual imaging functionalities for positron emission tomography (PET) and luminescence imaging.\",\n \"Considering the hydrophobic core of micelles can also be loaded with both drugs and image contrasts, the specific cellular internalization suggests that the cadmium-free Cu:AIS/ZnS-micelles may also load drugs to be versatile nanoplatforms for cell- or tissue-based diagnosis and therapy.\",\n \"Effect of Chloride Surface Passivation on AgInS2 (AIS) QDs In these examples, AIS quantum dots re synthesized using In(Ac)3 and then are mixed with InCl3 solution at 130° C. (InCl3 dissolved in a mixture of oleic acid and 1-octadecene).\",\n \"The controls used as comparisons can be synthesized using In(Ac)3 and then mixing with In(Cl)3 solution at 130° C. ((In(Ac)3 dissolved in a mixture of oleic acid and 1-octadecene).\",\n \"At 130° C., such a temperature will not trigger any reactions but promote the diffusion of chloride to quantum dot surfaces.\",\n \"In some examples, AIS QDs were synthesized using silver nitrate (0.1 mmol), In(Ac)3 (0.2 mmol), 1-DDT (8 mL) and oleic acid (250 μL) at 175° C. Then, the quantum dot solution was cooled down from 175° C. and maintained at 130° C. under an Ar flow.\",\n \"0.1 mmol InCl3 or In(Ac)3 was dissolved in a mixture of oleic acid and 1-octadecene at 130° C. 2.5 mL of InCl3 or In(Ac)3 solution was injected into the quantum dot solution for 60 min stirring.\",\n \"The quantum dot solutions were sampled for quantum yield measurements before and after the injection of InCl3 or In(Ac)3 solution.\",\n \"The data are illustrated graphically in FIGS.\",\n \"44A and 44B, wherein FIG.\",\n \"44A shows that with chloride treatment, the quantum dots reach around 40% enhancement, and FIG.\",\n \"44B shows that without chloride treatment, the quantum yield of the quantum dots remains unchanged.\",\n \"Synthesis of Mn-Doped AIZS/ZnS Composites Ag(DDTC) (0.1 mmol), In(Ac)3 (0.2 mmol) and DDT (4 mL) were added into a 50 mL three-necked round bottom flask equipped with a condenser and a magnetic stir bar.\",\n \"The mixture was heated to 125° C. under vacuum until a clear solution was obtained, and to 200° C. under a flow of argon for 10 minute reaction.\",\n \"Then, 0.5 mL of Zn precursors (0.4 mmol zinc stearate in 4 mL of ODE) was added drop-wise into the AIS core solution to form AIZS nanocrystals.\",\n \"Afterwards, 0.25, 0.75 or 1.25 mL of Mn precursors, which were prepared by dissolving 0.1 mmol Mn(Ac)2 in the mixture of 0.75 mL of ODE and 0.25 mL of OAm, were added drop-wise into the AIZS nanocrystal solution and the solution was maintained at 240° C. for 15 minutes.\",\n \"Subsequently, for the ZnS shell coating or nanocrystal surface etching by zinc, 2 mL of Zn precursors were slowly added drop-wise to the Mn-doped AIZS growth solution (cooled to 200° C.) and the solution was then maintained at 200° C. After the reaction was complete, the mixture was cooled down to room temperature.\",\n \"The Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals were purified repeatedly with the solvent combinations of hexane/ethanol and chloroform/acetone by centrifugation and then dried under vacuum.\",\n \"Undoped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals were prepared in the way as described above but without any addition of Mn precursors.\",\n \"Results obtained from this example are shown in FIGS.\",\n \"45A-45C, 46, 47A-47D, and 48.Thermal stability study was performed on these Mn-doped ternary nanocrystals.\",\n \"A small amount of 0.075 mmol-Mn-doped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals were dissolved in ODE and DDT (DDT is a native ligand coated on nanocrystals during synthesis, and it is thus here used as surfactant for nanocrystals).\",\n \"After vacuum and nitrogen filling, the solution was heated from room temperature (RT) to 170° C. and then back to room temperature.\",\n \"In this example, temperatures higher than 170° C. were avoided to avoid thermal decomposition of DDT.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"49, after 50° C., the photoluminescence of the solution apparently fades with a slight blue-shift (towards yellow emission) in the time course of the temperature rising to 170° C. The photoluminescence (intensity and wavelength) of the solution recovers as the temperature is back to RT.\",\n \"This is a reversible photoluminescence quenching.\",\n \"Other two types of Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals were also tested and presented the similar behavior to that of 0.075 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals.\",\n \"The results are illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"49.In another example, Mn-doped AZIS nanocrystals (schematically illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"50A) were prepared using 0.2 mmol Zn precursor, 0.2 mmol In precursor, 0.025 mmol Mn precursor, 0.8 mmol sulfur precursor, and Ag precursor in the range of 0.025˜0.1 mmol.\",\n \"After Mn atoms were doped into AZIS nanocrystals, a Zn precursor and sulfur precursor were added into the reaction flask to grow a ZnS shell on nanocrystals to form Mn-doped AZIS/ZnS nanocrystals.\",\n \"As references, AZIS/ZnS nanocrystals using the exact same conditions above but without any Mn precursors in synthesis were made.\",\n \"Results from analyzing nanocrystals formed in this example are shown in FIGS.\",\n \"50B and 50C.\",\n \"In this example, a composite comprising I(II)-III-VI nanocrystals was made having a composite structure similar to that illustrated schematically in FIG.\",\n \"51A (though a person of ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure recognizes that the synthesized composite may have more or fewer zwitterionic ligands that the four illustrated in FIG.\",\n \"51A).\",\n \"The solution of 0.6 mg MnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles and 2.4 mg I(II)-III-VI nanocrystals in THF (900 μL) and 1.7 mg PMAO-CBSB in CHCl3-MeOH (˜50 μL) was layered on top of cold water in a glass vial.\",\n \"The mixture was ultrasonicated using the Misonix Ultrasonic Liquid Processor with a 5 W output power for 1 minute.\",\n \"After sonication, the organic solvents were removed by rotary evaporation at room temperature and the sample filtered through a 0.2 μm syringe filter.\",\n \"Empty micelles or single-nanoparticle based micelles were removed by centrifugation at 18,000 rpm for 25 min (twice).\",\n \"The collected ZW-MFNP conjugates were dispersed in 400 μL of water, and stored at 4° C. until further use.\",\n \"Representative magnetic resonance image and optical images obtained from such composites at difference concentrations are provided by FIG.\",\n \"51B.\",\n \"In another example, composites were further coupled with chlorotoxin.\",\n \"As shown by FIG.\",\n \"52, such conjugated composites are biocompatible with different cell lines (e.g., U87, HEK293, and activated THP1).\",\n \"In another example, U87 cells were co-incubated with chlorotoxin-conjugated conjugates (7.2 mg NC/mL) and 1 mM LysoTracker (ex465/em535, a fluorescent marker from Invitrogen for secondary endosomes or lysosomes) for 3 hours and 24 hours, respectively.\",\n \"Afterward, U87 cells were fixed and stained with DPAI, and then scanned using confocal microscopy.\",\n \"Representative overlay images for 3 and 24 hr incubation times are shown in FIGS.\",\n \"53A and 53B, respectively.\",\n \"Spot provided by these images represent micelles (smaller peripheral spots relative to the large spots), endosomes/lysosomes (smaller peripheral spots relative to the large spots) and nuclei (large spots).\",\n \"Also indicated in FIGS.\",\n \"53A and 53B is the co-localization of micelles with endosomes/lysosomes.\",\n \"Such co-localization is qualitative, and it is affected by the intensity the different peripheral spots in these images.\",\n \"Mander's and Costes's methods, which are implemented in ImageJ as Plugin Coloc2, were used for colocalization analysis.\",\n \"These approaches are not affected by the intensity difference of two colors or probes, and automatically eliminate image backgrounds caused from autofluorescence, nonspecific labeling of dyes or markers, and probe fluorescence arising from out-of-focus image planes.\",\n \"With ImageJ, the colocalization ratio defined as (pixels of red)colocalized/(pixels of red)total is found to be (0.78±0.25) for 3 hours incubation and (0.10±0.07) for 24 hours incubation, counting 10˜20 cells to analyze the colocalization ratio (in some studies 10˜20 cells were counted).\",\n \"This ratio indicates that the endosome/lysosome escape efficiency, which is defined as (1−colocalization ratio), is low in the early stage of micelle uptake by cells, but high with longer incubation times.\",\n \"Table 3 lists the element atomic ratio for each investigated nanocrystals using EDX.\",\n \"With the increase of Mn levels in doping, the mole fractions of Mn atoms (Mn/(Ag+In+Zn+Mn+S)) that are incorporated in nanocrystals are increased—0.52%, 2.46%, and 2.96% for 0.025 mmol-, 0.075 mmol-, and 0.125 mmol-Mn-doped nanocrystals, respectively.\",\n \"TABLE 3 Measured Atomic Ratio by EDX Nanocrystals Mn Zn Ag In S AIZS/ZnS — 15.16 11.92 16.56 56.36 0.025 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS 0.52 21.48 10.71 18.70 48.60 0.075 mmol-Mn: AIZS/ZnS 2.46 16.40 8.32 18.13 54.69 0.125 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS 2.96 19.56 12.99 13.46 51.05 As shown in Table 4, the fast and slow decays for 0.075 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals are corresponding to τ1 at around 40 μs and τ2 at around 614 μs.\",\n \"These lifetimes are much longer than those of undoped AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals measured at their own photoluminescence peak wavelength.\",\n \"Moreover, the photoluminescence decays of 0.075 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals measured at different wavelengths (550, 585, 700 nm) also present their own τ1 and τ2 in tens of microseconds and hundreds of microseconds.\",\n \"Without being limited to a single theory, it currently is believed that a thin layer of Mn was formed in host AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals, and that Mn clusters or concentrated Mn dopants may exist in this layer.\",\n \"Experimentally, photoluminescence quenching with Mn doping in nanocrystals was observed, which indicates Mn-related defect formation.\",\n \"The fast decay of 0.075 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals could result from radiative decay from trap states (caused by Mn related lattice strains or defects) to the valence band.\",\n \"The trap states could be aligned or overlapping with Mn 3d states, so that excited electrons in conduction band could be relaxed to the trap states directly or through Mn 3d states as relay states.\",\n \"The fast decay of the nanocrystals also could be from the emission of Mn dopants but with Mn—Mn spin coupling due to concentrated Mn in the Mn-doped layer.\",\n \"Additionally, because the AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals act as host nanocrystals, the fast decay may also arise from alloying of Mn with AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals in a thin layer.\",\n \"That means, the new alloys may have new bandgap structures or electron-hole recombination paths.\",\n \"It is also possible that the photoluminescence of 0.075 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals is a synergistic effect of various photoluminescence mechanisms.\",\n \"Notably, from Table 4, the intensity percentage of the slow decayed photoluminescence (i.e., A2) is low as several percent over the whole photoluminescence intensity.\",\n \"Other nanocrystals with different Mn doping were measured in a similar way as 0.075 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals.\",\n \"Their photoluminescence lifetime parameters are also listed in Table 4.The decay behavior of 0.125 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals is very similar to that of 0.075 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals.\",\n \"0.025 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals have smaller τ1 and A2 parameters compared to the other two types of nanocrystals, and thus they present short average photoluminescence lifetimes.\",\n \"According to Table 3, the Mn level in 0.025 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals is much less than that in other two types of nanocrystals.\",\n \"The small τ1 and A2 for 0.025 mmol-Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals could be related to the low Mn level in the hosts.\",\n \"Interestingly, according to the literature, a lower Mn level in host nanocrystals should produce a longer photoluminescence lifetime probably because the Mn—Mn distance is long.\",\n \"Such a conflict indicates that the Mn emission with Mn—Mn coupling could be existing but not be the major photoluminescence mechanism for the fast decay (corresponding to τ1) in Mn:AIZS/ZnS nanocrystals.\",\n \"Without being limited to a single theory, it currently is believed that he radiative decay from trap states or new electron-hole recombination pathways in the Mn-alloyed AISZ layer could be the dominant mechanisms for the fast decayed photoluminescence.\",\n \"With respect to A2, it may be relative to the ratio of the number of Mn pairs or diluted Mn dopants out of the Mn-doped layer over the number of all Mn dopants (in and out of the Mn-doped layer).\",\n \"For a low level Mn (0.025 mmol) in the doping reaction, the Mn spatial distribution in nanocrystals could be more uniform by diffusion when compared to high Mn levels, and thus the ratio of the number of Mn dopants out of the doped layer over the number of Mn dopants in and out of the doped layer (or alternatively A2) would be smaller.\",\n \"Notably, all prepared nanocrystals have their average photoluminescence lifetimes above one hundred microseconds, and they have good potential to be used as time-gated or time resolved probes in biosening/imaging.\",\n \"TABLE 4 Measured τ1 τ2 τavg Nanocrystals Wavelength (ms) A1 (ms) A2 (ms) 0.025 mmol- 525 nm 21.8 98.9% 332.6 1.1% 66.6 Mn:AIZS/ZnS 575 nm 30.1 98.1% 280.0 1.9% 67.5 625 nm 27.2 99.1% 517.0 0.9% 100.6 700 nm 17.5 99.8% 498.9 0.2% 39.9 0.075 mmol- 550 nm 33.0 97.0% 311.1 3.0% 95.3 Mn:AIZS/ZnS 585 nm 41.2 96.6% 519.1 3.4% 187.2 635 nm 40.1 96.0% 614.2 4.0% 263.5 700 nm 31.0 98.2% 480.8 1.8% 129.1 0.125 mmol- 550 nm 33.4 97.8% 321.1 2.2% 85.1 Mn:AIZS/ZnS 585 nm 41.3 96.7% 509.7 3.3% 178.6 642 nm 42.8 96.8% 496.4 3.2% 169.4 700 nm 32.3 98.2% 264.1 1.8% 62.9 FIGS.\",\n \"54A-54C include results obtained from analyzing the fluorescence lifetime of a control (organic dye Coumarin 153 in ethanol) and two Mn-doped composite embodiments of the present disclosure, which were prepared by encapsulating Mn-doped AZIS/ZNS nanocrystals (their average lifetimes at around 0.1 and 1 ms, respectively) with a zwitterionic polymeric coating as described herein.\",\n \"This data was obtained using an optical detection system, which was capable of measuring fluorescence above 520 nm.\",\n \"In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of the present disclosure may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only preferred examples of the present disclosure and should not be taken as limiting the scope.\",\n \"Rather, the scope of the present disclosure is defined by the following claims.\",\n \"We therefore claim as our invention all that comes within the scope and spirit of these claims.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872763"}}},{"rowIdx":4494161,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["BALLISTICS SYSTEMS AND METHODS","A scope may include an adjustment dial, which may be moved among a plurality of positions to configure the scope to compensate for projectile drops.","The adjustment dial may be labeled with dial-calibration data, which may include one or more distance indicators and/or one or more windage hold-off indicators.","The scope may be attached to a gun and the dial-calibration data may be at least partially generated using ballistics performance data based on shots fired by the gun.","The dial-calibration data may be at least partially generated using shooting conditions.","An electronic device may include a derived distance calculation module, which may be configured to use a distance to a target and actual shooting conditions to calculate a derived distance.","The derived distance may be used in connection with an adjustment dial labeled with dial-calibration data at least partially generated using shooting conditions different from the actual shooting conditions."],["1-21.","(canceled) 22.A method of creating a label or an etching for an adjustment dial used to adjust a scope for a gun, said method comprising the steps of: receiving ballistics performance data, said ballistics performance data being associated with shots taken during a range test using the gun to which the scope is attached, wherein the adjustment dial is rotated among indicated positions during the range test; providing a dial-calibration data generation module for generating said dial-calibration data using said ballistics performance data; and creating said label or etching for said adjustment dial using said dial-calibration data, said label or etching including distance indicators, wherein said label or etching is created by at least one of an etching apparatus, a label making apparatus, and a printing apparatus.","23.The method of claim 22, wherein said ballistics performance data comprises impact variance data from one or more shots taken during the range test.","24.The method of claim 23, wherein said impact variance data comprises one or more distances above or below an expected impact point for one or more shots taken at a particular distance during the range test.","25.The method of claim 22, wherein said ballistics performance data is received via the Internet.","26.The method of claim 22, wherein said dial-calibration data generation module is implemented as a part of a web service.","27.The method of claim 26, wherein said web service receives said ballistics performance data from a browser or other software program operating on a computing device.","28.The method of claim 22 further comprising the step of: receiving expected shooting conditions data, said expected shooting conditions data including one or more conditions under which the gun is expected to be used; wherein said dial-calibration data is generated using said ballistics performance data and said expected shooting conditions data.","29.The method of claim 28, wherein said expected shooting conditions data includes at least one of pressure data, temperature data, elevation data and humidity data at which the gun is expected to be used.","30.The method of claim 22 further comprising the steps of: receiving expected shooting conditions data for conditions under which the gun is expected to be used, said expected shooting conditions data including one or more of the following: pressure data; temperature data; elevation data; and humidity data; generating said dial-calibration data using said ballistics performance data and said expected shooting conditions data.","31.The method of claim 22 further comprising the steps of: receiving at least one of: ballistics coefficient data provided by a manufacturer of a projectile to be shot; muzzle velocity data provided by the projectile manufacturer; and shooting conditions data under which the range test is expected to be performed; and generating a projectile trajectory using at least one of said ballistics coefficient data, said muzzle velocity data and said range test expected shooting conditions data.","32.The method of claim 31 further comprising the step of generating a range card using said projectile trajectory.","33.The method of claim 32, wherein said range card includes: distance data indicating one or more distances from which projectiles may be shot as part of the range test; and dial position data indicating one or more positions for the adjustment dial to be used when said projectiles are shot by the gun to which the scope is attached.","34.The method of claim 32, wherein said ballistics performance data may be entered into said range card.","35.The method of claim 22, wherein said label or etching further includes windage hold-off indicators.","36.A method of creating a label or an etching for an adjustment dial used to adjust a scope for a gun, said method comprising the steps of: receiving expected shooting conditions data, said expected shooting conditions data including one or more conditions under which the gun is expected to be used; providing a dial-calibration data generation module for generating dial-calibration data using said expected shooting conditions data; and creating said label or etching for said adjustment dial using said dial-calibration data, said label or etching including distance indicators, wherein said label or etching is created by at least one of an etching apparatus, a label making apparatus, and a printing apparatus.","37.The method of claim 36, wherein said expected shooting conditions data includes at least one of pressure data, temperature data, elevation data, and humidity data at which the gun is expected to be used.","38.The method of claim 36 further comprising the step of: receiving ballistics performance data, said ballistics performance data being associated with shots taken during a range test using the gun to which the scope is attached; wherein said dial-calibration data is generated using said ballistics performance data and said expected shooting conditions data.","39.The method of claim 36, wherein said label or etching further includes windage hold-off indicators.","40.A method of creating a label or an etching for an adjustment dial used to adjust a scope for a gun, wherein said adjustment dial is rotatable among a plurality of positions to configure the scope to compensate for projectile drops associated with various distances to a target, wherein said label or etching includes distance indicators, wherein the improvement comprises: receiving shooting conditions data under which a range test is performed, said range test shooting conditions data including at least one of the following: pressure data; temperature data; elevation data; and humidity data; receiving ballistics performance data obtained during said range test, said ballistics performance data including one or more distances above or below an expected impact point for one or more shots taken at a particular distance during the range test; providing a dial-calibration data generation module for generating dial-calibration data using said range test shooting conditions data and said ballistics performance data; and providing one of an etching apparatus, a label making apparatus, and a printing apparatus for creating said label or etching for said adjustment dial using said dial-calibration data.","41.A system for creating a label or an etching for an adjustment dial used to adjust a scope for a gun, said system comprising: a dial-calibration data generation module that receives expected shooting conditions data and generates dial-calibration data using said expected shooting conditions data; and at least one of an etching apparatus, label making apparatus and printing apparatus that uses said dial-calibration data to create said label or etching for said adjustment dial.","42.The system of claim 41 further comprising a ballistics calculation module that generates a projectile trajectory using one or more the of the following: ballistics coefficient data provided by a manufacturer of a projectile to be shot; muzzle velocity data provided by the projectile manufacturer; and shooting conditions data under which a range test is expected to be performed.","43.The system of claim 42 further comprising a range card generation module that generates a range card, wherein said range card includes: distance data indicating one or more distances from which projectiles may be shot as part of the range test; and dial position data indicating one or more positions for the adjustment dial to be used when said projectiles are shot by the gun to which the scope is attached.","44.The system of claim 41, wherein said expected shooting conditions data includes at least one of pressure data, temperature data, elevation data, and humidity data at which the gun is expected to be used.","45.The system of claim 41, wherein said expected shooting conditions data is received by said dial-calibration data generation module via the Internet."],[" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION "],[" BRIEF SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION A need therefore exists for systems and/or methods that eliminate or diminish the disadvantages and problems described above.","One aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial, which may be moved among a plurality of positions to configure the scope to compensate for projectile drops.","The adjustment dial may be labeled with dial-calibration data, which may include one or more distance indicators.","In particular, the adjustment dial may be sized and configured to move among a plurality of positions to configure the scope to compensate for projectile drops associated with a range of distances to a target, and the distance indicators may be configured to indicate at least some of the distances within the range.","Desirably, the distance indicators may allow a shooter to quickly select a distance to a target to configure the scope to compensate for a projectile drop associated with the selected distance.","Another aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial that may be labeled with dial-calibration data, which may include one or more distance indicators and/or one or more windage hold-off indicators.","The windage hold-off indicators may be configured to indicate a hold-off to compensate for an amount of deflection caused by a crosswind.","To configure the scope to compensate for a projectile drop associated with a particular distance to a target, the shooter may move the adjustment dial to select the distance to the target.","After the adjustment dial has been moved to select the distance to the target, a reference mark's position relative to various windage hold-off indicators may advantageously allow the shooter to quickly identify a hold-off tailored to the selected distance.","The shooter may then apply the hold-off and fire the gun at the target.","A further aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial that may be labeled with dial-calibration data, which may be at least partially generated using one or more of the following factors: sight-height data, muzzle velocity data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, ballistics performance data, projectile-form-factor data, projectile caliber, projectile weight, air-density factors (such as, pressure data, temperature data, elevation data, humidity data and/or other air-density factors) and wind data.","Significantly, using one or more of these factors may allow more accurate dial-calibration data to be generated—thus facilitating more accurate shooting with the scope.","Of course, these factors are not required and other factors may be used to generate the dial-calibration data.","Yet another aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial, which may be used in connection with a plurality of interchangeable components, such as turrets or other components.","The components may be labeled with different dial-calibration data and may be sized and configured to be connected to and disconnected from a portion of the adjustment dial.","For example, a first component may be labeled with first dial-calibration data that is at least partially generated using one set of shooting conditions, while a second component may be labeled with second dial-calibration data that is at least partially generated using a different set of shooting conditions.","This may advantageously allow the adjustment dial to be used with different dial-calibration data tailored to the shooting conditions under which the scope is being used.","If desired, the first and second dial calibration data may be at least partially generated based on one or more shots fired by a gum attached to the scope, which may further tailor the dial-calibration data to the gun.","Still another aspect is a system that may include an electronic device, which may include a derived distance calculation module.","The derived distance calculation module may be configured to use a distance to a target and actual shooting conditions to calculate a derived distance.","The derived distance may be used in connection with a scope's adjustment dial labeled with dial-calibration data that was at least partially generated using shooting conditions different from the actual shooting conditions.","Desirably, this may allow a shooter to accurately aim at a target under shooting conditions that are different from those used to generate the dial-calibration data, which may increase the scope's flexibility.","These and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments and appended claims."],["CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority and the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application 60/822,289, which was filed Aug. 14, 2006 and entitled RAPID FIELD BALLISTIC COMPENSATOR AND METHOD OF PROVIDING THE SAME, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.","BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present application relates generally to ballistics, guns and scopes.","Description of Related Art Hunting and target shooting are very popular activities.","Because accurately aiming guns may become more difficult as the distance to a target increases, scopes are often used in connection with guns.","Generally, a scope may be connected to a gun and a shooter may look through the scope to view and aim at a target.","But, even when using a scope, shooters may find it difficult and/or time consuming to accurately aim at a target.","BRIEF SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION A need therefore exists for systems and/or methods that eliminate or diminish the disadvantages and problems described above.","One aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial, which may be moved among a plurality of positions to configure the scope to compensate for projectile drops.","The adjustment dial may be labeled with dial-calibration data, which may include one or more distance indicators.","In particular, the adjustment dial may be sized and configured to move among a plurality of positions to configure the scope to compensate for projectile drops associated with a range of distances to a target, and the distance indicators may be configured to indicate at least some of the distances within the range.","Desirably, the distance indicators may allow a shooter to quickly select a distance to a target to configure the scope to compensate for a projectile drop associated with the selected distance.","Another aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial that may be labeled with dial-calibration data, which may include one or more distance indicators and/or one or more windage hold-off indicators.","The windage hold-off indicators may be configured to indicate a hold-off to compensate for an amount of deflection caused by a crosswind.","To configure the scope to compensate for a projectile drop associated with a particular distance to a target, the shooter may move the adjustment dial to select the distance to the target.","After the adjustment dial has been moved to select the distance to the target, a reference mark's position relative to various windage hold-off indicators may advantageously allow the shooter to quickly identify a hold-off tailored to the selected distance.","The shooter may then apply the hold-off and fire the gun at the target.","A further aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial that may be labeled with dial-calibration data, which may be at least partially generated using one or more of the following factors: sight-height data, muzzle velocity data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, ballistics performance data, projectile-form-factor data, projectile caliber, projectile weight, air-density factors (such as, pressure data, temperature data, elevation data, humidity data and/or other air-density factors) and wind data.","Significantly, using one or more of these factors may allow more accurate dial-calibration data to be generated—thus facilitating more accurate shooting with the scope.","Of course, these factors are not required and other factors may be used to generate the dial-calibration data.","Yet another aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial, which may be used in connection with a plurality of interchangeable components, such as turrets or other components.","The components may be labeled with different dial-calibration data and may be sized and configured to be connected to and disconnected from a portion of the adjustment dial.","For example, a first component may be labeled with first dial-calibration data that is at least partially generated using one set of shooting conditions, while a second component may be labeled with second dial-calibration data that is at least partially generated using a different set of shooting conditions.","This may advantageously allow the adjustment dial to be used with different dial-calibration data tailored to the shooting conditions under which the scope is being used.","If desired, the first and second dial calibration data may be at least partially generated based on one or more shots fired by a gum attached to the scope, which may further tailor the dial-calibration data to the gun.","Still another aspect is a system that may include an electronic device, which may include a derived distance calculation module.","The derived distance calculation module may be configured to use a distance to a target and actual shooting conditions to calculate a derived distance.","The derived distance may be used in connection with a scope's adjustment dial labeled with dial-calibration data that was at least partially generated using shooting conditions different from the actual shooting conditions.","Desirably, this may allow a shooter to accurately aim at a target under shooting conditions that are different from those used to generate the dial-calibration data, which may increase the scope's flexibility.","These and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments and appended claims.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The appended drawings contain figures of preferred embodiments to further illustrate and clarify the above and other aspects, advantages and features of the present invention.","It will be appreciated that these drawings depict only preferred embodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit its scope.","The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: FIG.","1 is a perspective view of an exemplary scope; FIG.","2 is a diagram of an exemplary reticle that may be used in connection with the scope shown in FIG.","1, illustrating the reticle aiming at an exemplary target; FIG.","3 is an exploded view of the scope shown in FIG.","1; FIG.","4 is another exploded view of the scope shown in FIG.","1; FIG.","5 is a front view of a portion of the scope shown in FIG.","1, illustrating an exemplary adjustment dial; FIG.","6 is a diagram of exemplary dial-calibration data that may be used to label the adjustment dial shown in FIG.","5; FIGS.","7A and 7B are flowcharts illustrating an exemplary method; FIG.","8 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary system; FIG.","9 is a diagram of an exemplary range card; FIG.","10 is a block diagram illustrating another exemplary system; FIG.","11 is a perspective view of an exemplary electronic device; FIG.","12 is a top view of the electronic device shown in FIG.","11; FIG.","13 is a side view of the electronic device shown in FIG.","11; FIG.","14 is a rear view of the electronic device shown in FIG.","11; FIG.","15 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary system, illustrating an exemplary configuration of an electronic device; FIG.","16 is a block diagram illustrating another exemplary system; and FIG.","17 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary configuration of an electronic device.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention is generally directed towards ballistics systems and methods.","The principles of the present invention, however, are not limited to ballistics systems and methods.","It will be understood that, in light of the present disclosure, the ballistics systems and methods disclosed herein can be successfully used in connection with other types of systems and methods.","A detailed description of the ballistics systems and methods now follows.","A scope 10 shown in FIG.","1 may be used to aim a gun, such as a rifle, revolver or other gun.","In particular, the scope 10 may be sized and configured to be connected to the gun and a shooter may look through the scope to view and aim at a target.","The scope 10 preferably comprises a rifle scope sized and configured to be connected to a rifle; however, the scope may be any other suitable scope and may be sized and configured to be connected to any other suitable gun, As shown in FIG.","2, the scope 10 may include a reticle 12 that may facilitate aiming at a target 14.It will be appreciated that the reticle 12 may have any suitable shape and/or configuration and that a target 14 may include animals (such as deer, elk, bears, varmints and the like), inanimate objects (such as paper targets) or any other suitable target.","As shown in FIGS.","2-5, the scope 10 preferably includes an adjustment dial 16 (such as, a turret, a knob, a wheel, a disk or plate, or other adjustment mechanism), which may be used to adjust the scope.","Desirably, the adjustment dial 16 may be rotated or otherwise moved among a plurality of positions to configure the scope to compensate for projectile drops associated with various distances to a target.","In further detail, as shown in FIGS.","5-6, the adjustment dial 16 may include dial-calibration data 18, which may include one or more distance indicators 20 (such as distance indicators 20a-h) configured to indicate a distance to a target.","A distance indicator 20 may include, for example, a number or other symbol 22 indicating a distance to a target.","The distance indicator 20 may also include a reference mark 24, which may be associated with the number or symbol.","The distance indicator 20, however, does not require any number or symbol 22 and may simply include a reference mark 24, if desired.","The dial-calibration data 18 preferably includes a plurality of distance indicators 20 configured to indicate various distances.","For example, a first distance indicator 20 may indicate a first distance to a target and a second distance indicator 20 may indicate a second distance to a target.","Desirably, when the first distance indicator 20 is aligned with a reference mark 26 of the scope 10, the scope is preferably configured to compensate for a first projectile drop associated with the first distance, and when the second distance indicator 20 is aligned with the scope's reference mark 26, the scope is preferably configured to compensate for a second projectile drop associated with the second distance.","Consequently, the adjustment dial 16 may be rotated or otherwise moved within a range of positions in which the reference mark 26 is aligned with, or positioned between, various distance indicators 20.When the reference mark 26 is aligned with a distance indicator 20, the scope 10 is preferably configured to compensate for a projectile drop associated with the distance associated with the distance indicator.","When the reference mark 26 is positioned between a pair of distance indicators 20, the scope 10 is preferably configured to compensate for a projectile drop associated with a distance between the distances associated with the pair of distance indicators.","Desirably, the adjustment dial 16 may be rotated or otherwise moved within a range of discrete positions (using, for example, “clicks”) or within an at least substantially continuous range of positions.","As shown in FIGS.","5-6, the dial-calibration data 18 may include the distance indicators 20a-h configured to indicate 200 yards, 300 yards, 400 yards, 500 yards, 600 yards, 700 yards, 800 yards and 900 yards, respectively.","It will be appreciated, however, that the dial-calibration data 18 may include any other suitable number of distance indicators configured to indicate any other suitable distances.","As shown in FIGS.","5-6, the dial-calibration data 18 may also include one or more windage hold-off indicators 28 (such as windage hold-off indicators 28a-g) configured to indicate a hold-off to compensate for an amount of deflection caused by a crosswind.","An exemplary hold-off may include a number of hash marks, dots or other such features of a reticle; a minutes-of-angle (“MOA”) adjustment; and/or any other suitable hold-off.","A windage hold-off indicator 28 may include, for example, a number or other symbol 30 indicating a hold-off for an amount of crosswind deflection.","The windage hold-off indicator 28 may also include a reference mark 32, which may be associated with the number or symbol.","The windage hold-off indicator 28, however, does not require any number or symbol 30 and may simply include a reference mark 32, if desired.","The dial-calibration data 18 preferably includes a plurality of windage hold-off indicators 28 configured to indicate various hold-offs.","For example, a first windage hold-off indicator 28 may indicate a first hold-off for a first amount of crosswind deflection and a second hold-off indicator 28 may indicate a second hold-off for a second amount of crosswind deflection.","The windage hold-off indicators 28 may be configured to indicate various hold-offs depending, for example, upon the distance to a target.","In further detail, when a windage hold-off indicator 28 is aligned with a distance indicator 20, the windage hold-off indicator 28 preferably indicates a hold-off for crosswind deflection from a target that is located at the distance associated with the distance indicator.","When a windage hold-off indicator 28 is positioned between a pair of distance indicators 20, the windage hold-off indicator 28 preferably indicates a hold-off for crosswind deflection from a target that is located at a distance between the distances associated with the pair of distance indicators.","Thus, the windage hold-off indicators 28 may be configured to indicate various hold-offs depending, for example, upon the distance to target.","Significantly, the windage hold-off indicators 28 may advantageously allow a shooter to quickly and easily apply a hold-off tailored to a selected distance to a target.","In further detail, to configure the scope 10 to compensate for a projectile drop associated with a particular distance to a target, the shooter may rotate or move the adjustment dial 16 within a range of positions in which the reference mark 26 is aligned with, or positioned between, various distance indicators 20, as discussed above.","After the adjustment dial 16 has been rotated or moved to select the distance to the target, the reference mark 26 may be aligned with, or positioned between, various windage hold-off indicators 28, thus advantageously allowing the shooter to quickly identify a hold-off tailored to the selected distance to the target.","In particular, if the reference mark 26 is aligned with a windage hold-off indicator 28, the shooter may know to use the hold-off indicated by the windage hold-off indicator 28.In addition, if the reference mark 26 is positioned between a pair of windage hold-off indicators 28, the shooter may know to use a hold-off between the hold-offs associated with the pair of windage hold-off indicators.","Either way, the shooter may quickly identify a hold-off tailored to the selected distance to the target and then quickly apply that hold-off.","Preferably, some or all of the windage hold-off indicators 28 may be configured to indicate various hold-offs for various amounts of deflection caused by a particular amount of crosswind, but at different distances to a target.","For example, as shown by a notation 34 in FIG.","6, the windage hold-off indicators 28 may be configured to indicate minute-of-angle (“MOA”) adjustments that compensate for particular amount of crosswind, such as a 5 mile-per-hour (“MPH”) crosswind.","In this example, the windage hold-off indicator 28c includes a number “1” that indicates a 1 MOA adjustment for a 5 MPH crosswind, and the windage hold-off indicator 28g includes a number “2” that indicates a 2 MOA adjustment for a 5 MPH crosswind.","In addition, in this example, the windage hold-off indicators 28a, 28b, 28d, 28e, 28f respectively indicate a ½ MOA adjustment, a ¾ MOA adjustment, a 1¼ MOA adjustment, a 1½ MOA adjustment and a 1¾ MOA adjustment for a 5 MPH crosswind.","Thus, for instance, when the adjustment dial 16 has been rotated or moved to select a distance to a target (as discussed above) and the reference mark 26 is aligned with the windage hold-off indicator 28c, a shooter may quickly and easily see that a 1 MOA hold-off should be applied to adjust for a 5 MPH crosswind.","Also, for instance, when the adjustment dial 16 has been rotated or moved to select a distance to a target (as discussed above) and the reference mark 26 is positioned between the windage hold-off indicators 28e, 28f, the shooter may quickly and easily see that a hold-off between 1½ MOA and 1¾ MOA should be applied to adjust for a 5 MPH crosswind.","In some embodiments, where a windage hold-off indicator 28 may be configured to indicate a hold-off for a first amount of crosswind, a shooter may quickly and easily calculate a hold-off for a second amount of crosswind by multiplying the indicated hold-off by (y/x), where x is the first amount of crosswind and y is the second amount of crosswind.","Thus, if the first amount of crosswind is 5 MPH, the indicated hold-off should be doubled when second amount of crosswind is 10 MPH (y/x=10/5=2) or tripled when the second amount of crosswind is 15 MPH (y/x=15/5=3).","Thus, when the adjustment dial 16 has been rotated or moved to select a distance to a target (as discussed above) and the reference mark 26 is aligned with the windage hold-off indicator 28c, a shooter may quickly and easily see that a 1 MOA hold-off should be applied to adjust for a 5 MPH crosswind, a 2 MOA hold-off should be applied to adjust for a 10 MPH crosswind or a 3 MOA hold-off should be applied to adjust for a 15 MPH crosswind.","In the examples above, the windage hold-off indicators 28 may have been illustrated to be configured to indicate hold offs for a 5 MPH crosswind; however, the windage hold-off indicators 28 may be configured to indicate hold-offs for a 1 MPH crosswind, a 2 MPH crosswind, a 5 MPH crosswind, a 10 MPH crosswind, a 20 MPH crosswind or any larger or smaller crosswind, if desired, In addition, although the windage hold-off indicators 28 may have been illustrated to be configured to indicate MOA hold-offs, the windage hold-off indicators 28 need not be configured to indicate MOA hold-offs and that the windage hold-off indicators may be configured to indicate other types of hold-offs.","As shown in FIG.","2, the reticle 12 may include one or more hash marks, dots or other such features sized and configured to indicate one or more hold-offs that may be quickly and easily used to aim at a target 14.For example, the reticle 12 may include hash marks 36a-h, which may indicate various hold-offs from a “zero point” 38.Thus, when the adjustment dial 16 has been rotated or moved to select a distance to a target and the shooter determines the hold-off that should be applied, the shooter may aim the hash mark 36 associated with that hold-off at the target 14.For instance, after determining that the hash mark 36c is associated with the proper hold-off, shooters may aim the hash mark 36c at a desired portion of the target 14, as shown in FIG.","12, and may shoot their gun.","As discussed below with reference to the various processes and systems, the dial-calibration data 18 may be at least partially generated using one or more of the following factors: sight-height data, muzzle velocity data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, ballistics performance data, projectile-form-factor data, projectile caliber, projectile weight, air-density factors (suck as, pressure data, temperature data, elevation data, humidity data and/or other air-density factors) and wind data.","Significantly, using one or more of these factors may allow more accurate dial-calibration data 18 to be generated—thus facilitating more accurate shooting with the scope 10.It will be appreciated, however, that the dial-calibration data 18 may be at least partially generated using these factors and/or other factors using other processes and/or systems.","Thus, the exemplary processes and systems discussed below are not required and are merely used for illustration.","An exemplary method 38 shown in FIGS.","7A-7B may be used to make at least a portion of the scope 10, and an exemplary system 40 shown in FIG.","8 may include a range card generation module 42, a ballistics calculation module 44, a dial-calibration data generation module 46, an etching apparatus 48, a label making apparatus 50 and a printing apparatus 52.Desirably, some or all of the method 38 may be performed by the system 40; the range card generation module 42; the ballistics calculation module 44; the dial-calibration data generation module 46; the etching apparatus 48; the label making apparatus 50; the printing apparatus 52; other systems, modules, apparatuses and the like; or any combination thereof.","Of course, the entire method 38 need not be performed; and any part or parts of the method 38 may be performed alone, or in combination other methods, to provide a useful result.","In further detail, the range card generation module 42 may receive sight-height data at block 54.The sight-height data preferably indicates a position of the scope 10 relative to a gun to which the scope is attached.","For instance, the sight-height data may indicate the distance from the center axis of the scope 10 to the center axis of the barrel of the gun.","At block 56, the range card generation module 42 may receive dial specification data.","The dial specification data preferably indicates a range of positions among which the adjustment dial 16 may be rotated or moved and how those positions configure the scope 10 to compensate for projectile drops.","For example, the dial specification data may indicate a one or more “clicks” among which the adjustment dial 16 may be rotated or moved and how the “clicks” alter the aim of the scope 10 to compensate for projectile drops, such as, a MOA adjustment provided by a “click.” At block 58, the ballistics calculation module 44 may receive first ballistics coefficient data.","The first ballistics coefficient data may indicate a ballistics coefficient, such as a ballistics coefficient provided by a manufacturer of a projectile to be shot by the gun to which the scope 10 is attached.","At block 60, the ballistics calculation module 44 may receive first muzzle velocity data.","The first muzzle velocity data may indicate a muzzle velocity, such as a muzzle velocity provided by the projectile manufacturer.","At block 62, the ballistics calculation module 44 may receive first shooting conditions data.","The first shooting conditions data may indicate one or more shooting conditions under which a range test is expected to be performed.","For example, the first shooting conditions data may include first pressure data, first temperature data, first elevation data and/or first humidity data, which may respectively indicate the barometric pressure, the temperature, the elevation and/or the humidity at which the range test is expected to be performed.","Thus, as shown in FIG.","7A, block 62 may include block 64 at which the ballistics calculation module 44 may receive the first pressure data, the first temperature data, the first elevation data and/or the first humidity data.","The first shooting conditions data, however, does not require the first pressure data, the first temperature data, the first elevation data or the first humidity data and may include data indicating other shooting conditions.","At block 66, the ballistics calculation module 44 may generate first projectile trajectory data configured to indicate a trajectory for a projectile.","The ballistics calculation module 44 may generate the first projectile trajectory data using the first ballistics coefficient data received at block 58, the first muzzle velocity data received at block 60, some or all of the first shooting conditions data received at block 62 and/or other data (for instance, a drag model associated with a projectile's form factor).","At block 68, the range card generation module 42 may generate a range card, such as a range card 70 shown in FIG.","9.As shown in FIG.","6, the range card 70 may include fields (such as fields 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84) into which shooting conditions data, ballistics performance data and/or other data may be entered.","The range card 70 may also include distance data 86 configured to indicate one or more distances from which projectiles may be shot as part of a range test.","The range card 70 may further include dial position data 88 configured to indicate one or more positions for the adjustment dial 16 to be used when those projectiles are shot by the gun to which the scope 10 is attached.","For example, the dial position data 88 may be configured to indicate one or more “clicks” of the adjustment dial 16.In further detail, the block 68 may include blocks 90, 92.At block 90, the range card generation module 42 may select a distance and, at block 92, may generate dial position data 88 associated with the distance selected at the block 90.Preferably, at block 92, the range card generation module 42 may generate dial position data 88 that indicates a position for the adjustment dial 16 that configures the scope 10 to compensate for an expected projectile drop at the selected distance.","In particular, at block 92, the range card generation module 42 preferably generates this dial position data 88 using the first projectile trajectory generated at block 66, the sight-height data received at block 54, the dial specification data received at block 56 and/or other data.","As shown in FIG.","7A, blocks 90, 92 may be repeated for several different distances.","For example, blocks 90, 92 may be repeated to generate dial position data 88 for 200 yards, 300 yards, 400 yards, 500 yards, 600 yards, 700 yards, 800 yards, 900 yards and/or other distances, as illustrated by the range card 70 shown in FIG.","9.As shown in FIG.","7B, a shooter may perform a range test at block 94.For example, the block 94 may include blocks 96, 98, 100 at which the shooter may enter second shooting conditions in the range card 70, take one or more shots at targets positioned at various distances using the gun to which the scope 10 is attached, and enter ballistics performance data associated with those shots in the range card 70.In further detail, the second shooting conditions may include second elevation data, second pressure data, second temperature data, and/second humidity data; and at block 96, the shooter may enter the second elevation data, the second pressure data, the second temperature data, and/the second humidity data into the fields 74, 76, 78, 80 of the range card 70.The second pressure data, the second temperature data, the second elevation data and the second humidity data may respectively indicate the barometric pressure, the temperature, the elevation and/or the humidity at which one or more of the shots are taken at block 98.The second shooting conditions data, however, does not require the second pressure data, the second temperature data, the second elevation data or the second humidity data and may include data indicating other shooting conditions.","At block 98, a shooter may take one or more shots at some or all of the distances indicated by the distance data 86.In particular, after positioning the adjustment dial 16 to the position indicated by the dial position data 88, the shooter may take one or more shots at the distance indicated by its associated distance data 86.For example, after positioning the adjustment dial 16 to the position indicated by the dial position data 88c (twelve “clicks”), the shooter may take one or more shots at the distance indicated by its associated distance data 86c (400 yards).","The shooter preferably takes multiple shots at each distance, for example, about five to ten shots at each distance.","Of course, more or fewer shots may be taken, if desired.","The shooter preferably takes the shots at block 98 using a particular type of projectile (for instance, projectiles sharing the same caliber, weight, form factor, manufacturer and/or the like) to obtain ballistics performance data for that particular type of projectile, as fired by the particular gun connected to the scope 10.As part of the range test performed at block 94, the shooter may “zero” the scope 10, for example, prior to taking some or all of the shots taken at the block 98.For instance, as shown in the range card 70, it may be expected that the adjustment dial 16 will require zero “clicks” to compensate for a projectile drop at 200 yards.","In this example, one or more practice shots at 200 yards may be taken to determine a position of the adjustment dial 16 at which the scope 10 adequately compensates for projectile drop at 200 yards, and after taking these practice shots, the adjustment dial 16 may be recalibrated to a zero point.","In further detail, as shown in FIGS.","3-4, the adjustment dial 16 may include a turret 102 that may be selectively connected to a spindle 103 in a variety of relative positions using, for example, a screw 104.Consequently, with the adjustment dial 16 at which the scope 10 adequately compensates for projectile drop at 200 yards, the adjustment dial 16 may be recalibrated to a zero point by connecting the turret 102 to the spindle 103 at that zero point.","It will be appreciated, however, that the shooter need not “zero” the scope 10 as part of the range test performed at the block 94.The adjustment dial 16 may also include a stop 105, a base 106 and a dust cover 107, if desired.","The adjustment dial 16 may, as discussed above, rotate or move within a range of positions to select various distances to a target, and the stop 105 may be configured to limit that rotation or movement.","In particular, the stop 105 may be configured to limit the rotation of the adjustment dial 16 to one revolution or a fraction of a revolution, which may help avoid confusion relating to rotating the adjustment dial 16 more than one times.","In addition, this may allow the adjustment dial 16 to be quickly returned to a minimum or maximum rotational position, if desired.","The stop 105 preferably has a generally ring-shaped configuration; however, the stop 105 may have other suitable shapes and/or configurations.","It will be appreciated that the adjustment dial 16 does not require the stop 105 and that the adjustment dial 16 may be configured to rotate more than one revolution, if desired.","At block 100, the shooter may record ballistics performance data associated with the shots taken at block 98.For example, the ballistics performance data may include an impact variance, such as a distance above or below an expected impact point.","In particular, the ballistics performance data may include an impact variance for the distances at which the shots were taken, which the shooter may enter into the fields 84.The impact variance may comprise, for instance, an impact variance for a single shot taken at a particular distance or an average, a mean, a median or a mode of the impact variances for some or all of the shots taken the particular distance.","The ballistics performance data may also include a muzzle velocity, which the shooter may enter into the field 72.The muzzle velocity may comprise, for instance, a muzzle velocity for a single shot taken during the range test or an average, a mean, a median or a mode of a muzzle velocity for some or all of the shots taken during the range test As shown in FIG.","7B, at block 108, the ballistics calculation module 44 may receive the second shooting conditions entered at block 96 and may, at block 110, receive the ballistics performance data entered at block 100.At block 112, the ballistics calculation module 44 may calculate second ballistics coefficient data indicating a ballistics coefficient of the projectiles shot at block 98.For example, the ballistics calculation module 44 may calculate the second ballistics coefficient data using the shooting conditions received at block 108, the ballistics performance data received at block 110, the first projectile trajectory generated at block 66 and/or other data.","As mentioned above, the shooter preferably takes the shots at block 98 using a particular type of projectile (for instance, projectiles sharing the same caliber, weight, form factor, manufacturer and/or the like) to obtain ballistics performance data for that particular type of projectile, as fired by the particular gun connected to the scope 10.Thus, if the second ballistics coefficient data is calculated using the ballistics performance data received at block 110, the second ballistics coefficient data may more accurately reflect the ballistics coefficient for this particular type of projectile, as fired by the particular gun connected to the scope 10.At block 114, the dial-calibration data generation module 46 may receive third shooting conditions data and may, at block 116, generate dial-calibration data 18.At block 118, the adjustment dial 16 of the scope may be labeled using the dial-calibration data generated at block 116.In further detail, the third shooting conditions data received at block 114 may indicate one or more expected shooting conditions under which the gun is expected to be used.","For example, the third shooting conditions data may include third pressure data, third temperature data, third elevation data and/or third humidity data, which may respectively indicate the barometric pressure, the temperature, the elevation and/or the humidity at which the gun is expected to be used.","The third shooting conditions data, however, does not require the third pressure data, the third temperature data, the third elevation data or the third humidity data and may include data indicating other shooting conditions.","At block 116, the dial-calibration data generation module 46 may generate dial-calibration data 18, for example, the distance indicators 20, the windage hold-off indicators 28 and their relative positions.","The dial-calibration data generation module 46 may generate dial-calibration data 18 using the second ballistics coefficient data calculated at block 112, the third shooting conditions data received at block 114, the ballistics performance data received at the block 110 (for instance, a muzzle velocity), the first projectile trajectory generated at block 66 and/or other data (such as the sight-height data received at block 54, the dial specification data received at block 56, and/or the first muzzle velocity received at block 60).","Significantly, if the dial-calibration data generation module 46 generates the dial-calibration data 18 using the ballistics performance data received at the block 110 and/or the second ballistics coefficient data, the generated dial-calibration data 18 may be more accurately customized to the gun and type of projectiles shot during the range test performed at block 94.Moreover, if the dial-calibration data generation module 46 generates the dial-calibration data 18 using the sight-height data received at block 54 and/or the dial specification data received at block 56, the generated dial-calibration data 18 may be more accurately customized to the scope 10 and its position relative to the gun.","Further, if the dial-calibration data generation module 46 generates the dial-calibration data 18 using the third shooting conditions data, the generated dial-calibration data 18 may be more accurately customized to particular shooting conditions under which the scope 10 and the gun are expected to be used.","It will be appreciated, however, that the dial-calibration data generation module 46 may generate dial-calibration data 18 without the range test performed at block 94 or its associated ballistics performance data.","For example, the dial-calibration data generation module 46 may receive sight-height data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, muzzle velocity data, shooting conditions data, other data or any combination thereof and may use such data to generate dial-calibration data 18 at block 116.The ballistics coefficient data may indicate a ballistics coefficient, such as a ballistics coefficient provided by a manufacturer of a projectile to be shot by the gun to which the scope 10 is attached.","The muzzle velocity data may indicate a muzzle velocity, such as a muzzle velocity provided by the projectile manufacturer.","The shooting conditions data may indicate one or more shooting conditions under which the gun is expected to be used.","At block 118, the adjustment dial 16 may be labeled using the dial-calibration data 18 generated at block 116.For example, at block 118, the etching apparatus 48 may use the generated dial-calibration data 18 to etch the distance indicators 20 and/or the windage hold-off indicators 28 into a portion of the adjustment dial 16, such as the turret 102.In another example, at block 118, the label making apparatus 50 may use the generated dial-calibration data 18 to create a label including the distance indicators 20 and/or the windage hold-off indicators 28, which label may be placed on a portion of the adjustment dial 16, such as the turret 102.In yet another example, at block 118, the printing apparatus 52 may use the generated dial-calibration data 18 to print the distance indicators 20 and/or the windage hold-off indicators 28 onto a portion of the adjustment dial 16, such as the turret 102.It will be appreciated, however, that the adjustment dial 16 may be labeled using the generated dial-calibration data 18 using other suitable means.","If desired, a plurality of turrets 102 may be interchangeably used with the scope 10.In particular, some or all of the method 38 may be repeatedly performed to create a plurality of turrets 102 that may be interchangeably connected to the scope 10.Significantly, this may allow the turrets 102 to be labeled with different dial-calibration data 18 that is customized to different types of projectiles, different shooting conditions, etc.","For example, a plurality of range tests may be performed to create different turrets 102 suitable for different types of projectiles.","In addition, blocks 114, 116, 118 may be repeated to label multiple turrets 102 with dial-calibration data 18 generated using different shooting conditions.","Thus, the turrets 102 may be customized to the different shooting conditions under which the scope 10 and the gun are expected to be used.","In some instances, the different turrets 102 may include dial-calibration data 18 generated using different elevations (such as, 2,000 feet; 4,000 feet; 6,000 feet; 8,000 feet; etc.).","In such instances, when at a first elevation, a shooter may connect (to the scope 10) a first turret 102 having first dial-calibration data 18 suitable for the first elevation; and when the shooter goes to a second elevation, the shooter may disconnect the first turret and replace it with a second turret 102 having second first dial-calibration data 18 suitable for the second elevation.","As discussed above, the range card module 42, the ballistics calculation module 44 and/or the dial-calibration data generation module 46 may receive sight-height data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, muzzle velocity data, shooting conditions data and/or other data.","As discussed below, the modules may send and/or receive this data in a variety of different ways.","In some embodiments, as shown in FIG.","8, the range card module 42, the ballistics calculation module 44 and/or the dial-calibration data generation module 46 may be implemented as a part of a web service 120, which may be configured to receive this data via a network, such as the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), other types of networks, or the like.","For example, the range card module 42, the ballistics calculation module 44 and/or the dial-calibration data generation module 46 of the web service 120 may receive such data from a browser or other software program 122, which may be operating on a computing device 124, such as a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a palmtop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, other computing devices, and the like.","In particular, the browser 122 may receive and display a web page from the web service 120, and the web page may be configured to receive user input including sight-height data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, muzzle velocity data, shooting conditions data, other data or any combination thereof.","For instance, in one embodiment, the range card 70 generated at block 68 in FIG.","7A may be a web page, which a person may print out.","Using this print-out, a person may manually record the second shooting conditions data and/or ballistics performance data.","Afterwards, the person may enter the second shooting conditions data and/or ballistics performance data into this range-card web page (or another web page) at blocks 96 and 100 in FIG.","7B.","The browser 122 may then send this user input to the web service 120 via the web page.","The web service 120 may be hosted by, for example, a suitable hardware device.","In some embodiments, as shown in FIG.","10, the range card module 42, the ballistics calculation module 44 and/or the dial-calibration data generation module 46 may be implemented as a part of an electronic device 126, such as a computing device, a laser range finder or other suitable electronic device.","The electronic device 126 may include a display 128 and one or more user input devices 130, such as a keyboard, pushbuttons, etc.","The display 128 may display a user interface configured to receive user input including sight-height data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, muzzle velocity data, shooting conditions data and/or other data.","For instance, in one embodiment, the display 128 may display the range card 70 generated at block 68 in FIG.","7A, and a person may use the user input device 130 to enter the second shooting conditions data and/or ballistics performance data into the displayed range card at blocks 96 and 100 in FIG.","7B.","It will be appreciated, however, that the range card module 42, the ballistics calculation module 44 and the dial-calibration data generation module 46 need not be implemented as a part of an electronic device 126 or a web service 120 and may be implemented in other suitable devices, systems, etc.","As shown in FIGS.","11-15, the system 40 may include an electronic device 132.The electronic device 132 preferably includes a derived-distance calculation module 134, which may be configured to use a distance to a target to calculate a derived distance that may be used in connection with an adjustment dial 16.As mentioned above, the adjustment dial 16 may include dial-calibration data 18 that may be customized to a set of shooting conditions under which the scope 10 and the gun are expected to be used.","For example, the dial-calibration data 18 may include one or more distance indicators 20 customized to these expected shooting conditions.","Significantly, when the scope 10 and the gun are to be used under actual shooting conditions that differ from these expected shooting conditions, the derived-distance calculation module 134 may advantageously use a distance to a target to calculate a derived distance that, when the adjustment dial 16 has been rotated or moved to select the derived distance, the scope 10 is configured to compensate for a projectile drop for the distance to the target under the actual shooting conditions.","To calculate the derived distance, the derived-distance calculation module 134 may use the distance to the target and any other suitable data, for instance, the dial-calibration data 18, expected shooting conditions data, sight-height data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, muzzle velocity data, actual shooting conditions data, and/or other data.","The electronic device 132 may include a display 136, which may advantageously display the derived distance to a shooter who may quickly and easily rotate or otherwise move the adjustment dial 16 to select the derived distance.","In further detail, the expected shooting conditions data may include the shooting conditions data received at block 114 of the method 38.The ballistics coefficient data may indicate a ballistics coefficient, such as a ballistics coefficient provided by a manufacturer of a projectile to be shot by the gun or a ballistics coefficient calculated at block 112.The muzzle velocity data may indicate a muzzle velocity, such as a muzzle velocity provided by the projectile manufacturer or a muzzle velocity measured at block 100.The actual shooting conditions data may indicate one or more shooting conditions under which the gun and the scope 10 are to be used.","For example, the actual shooting conditions data may include pressure data, temperature data, elevation data and/or humidity data, which may respectively indicate the barometric pressure, the temperature, the elevation and/or the humidity at which the gun and the scope 10 are to be used.","The actual shooting conditions data may also include wind data, which may indicate an amount and/or direction of wind present when the gun and the scope are to be used.","The actual shooting conditions data may further include compass heading data and/or tilt data, which may respectively indicate the direction and/or the tilt (e.g., incline or decline) at which the gun and the scope 10 are to be used.","The actual shooting conditions data may be different from the expected shooting conditions data in a variety of ways.","For example, the actual shooting conditions data may include additional types of data (such as wind data, compass heading data and/or incline data) that may not have been included in the expected shooting conditions used to generate the adjustment dial's dial-calibration data 18.Also for example, the actual shooting conditions data and the expected shooting conditions data may indicate different conditions, such as different barometric pressures, temperatures, elevations and/or humidity.","The derived-distance calculation module 134 may receive the dial-calibration data 18, the expected shooting conditions data, the sight-height data, the dial specification data, the ballistics coefficient data, the muzzle velocity data, the actual shooting conditions data and/or other data using a variety of means.","In some embodiments, for example, the electronic device 132 may include a barometric pressure sensor 138, a temperature sensor 140, an elevation sensor 142, a humidity sensor 144, a wind sensor 146, a compass heading sensor 148 and/or a tilt sensor 150, which may sense actual shooting conditions and respectively send associated actual shooting conditions data to the derived-distance calculation module 134.In particular, the barometric pressure sensor 138, the temperature sensor 140, the elevation sensor 142, the humidity sensor 144, the wind sensor 146, the compass heading sensor 148 and the tilt sensor 150 may respectively send pressure data, temperature data, elevation data, humidity data, wind data, compass heading data and tilt data to the derived-distance calculation module 134.In some embodiments, the electronic device 132 may include a GPS module that may provide the elevation data or a location from which the elevation data may be derived.","In addition, as best seen in FIGS.","11-15, the electronic device 132 may be a laser range finder, which may include a laser transmit and receive device 152.The laser transmit and receive device 152 may be configured to transmit and receive light, for example, to help the laser range finder determine a distance to a target or other item, which the derived-distance calculation module 134 may use in calculating the derived distance.","It will be appreciated, however, that the electronic device 132 does not require a laser transmit and receive device 152 and that the electronic device 132 need not be laser range finder.","For instance, the electronic device 132 may be a laser range finder, a computing device or any other suitable electronic device.","In some embodiments, the derived-distance calculation module 134 may receive the dial-calibration data 18, the expected shooting conditions data, the sight-height data, the dial specification data, the ballistics coefficient data and/or the muzzle velocity data from the computing device 124 (FIGS.","8 and 15) or the electronic device 126 (FIGS.","10 and 16).","In particular, the electronic device 132 may include an interface 154, such as a USB port, FireWire® port or other interface, via which the computing device 124 or the electronic device 126 may send such data to the derived-distance calculation module 134 of the electronic device 132.The interface 154, however, is not required and some or all of the features of the electronic device 120 may be integrated into the electronic device 132, as shown in FIG.","17.It will be appreciated that the electronic device 132 may receive the dial-calibration data 18, the expected shooting conditions data, the sight-height data, the dial specification data, the ballistics coefficient data, the muzzle velocity data, the actual shooting conditions data and/or other data via sensors, user input (using, for instance, one or more user input devices 156) or any other suitable means.","As shown in FIGS.","15-17, the electronic device 132 may include a windage hold-off calculation module 158, which may be configured to calculate a hold-off to compensate for an amount of deflection caused by a crosswind.","An exemplary hold-off may include a number of hash marks, dots or other such features of a reticle; a minutes-of-angle (“MOA”) adjustment; and/or any other suitable hold-off.","To calculate the hold-of, the windage hold-off calculation module 158 may use the distance to a target, the dial-calibration data 18, the expected shooting conditions data, the sight-height data, the dial specification data, the ballistics coefficient data, the muzzle velocity data, the actual shooting conditions data and/or other data that the derived-distance calculation module 134 may or may not use to calculate the derived distance.","In some embodiments, the windage hold-off calculation module 158 may receive this data in a variety of ways including, but not limited to, the ways discussed above that the derived-distance calculation module 134 may receive this data.","The display 136 of the electronic device 132 may advantageously display the hold-off to a shooter who may quickly and easily apply the hold-off.","If desired, the display 136 of the electronic device 132 may advantageously be configured to display the hold-off, the derived distance, or both.","As shown above, the methods and systems described above can be implemented using one or more modules, which may include, for example, software and/or hardware.","The software and/or hardware may include web services, object-oriented software components, class components, task components, processes, functions, attributes, procedures, subroutines, segments of program code, drivers, firmware, microcode, circuitry, data, databases, data structures, tables, arrays, variables, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), processors, computing devices, firmware, other software components and/or other hardware components.","If desired, the functionality provided for in the modules discussed above may be combined into fewer modules or further separated into additional modules, if desired, Although this invention has been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, other embodiments apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art are also within the scope of this invention.","Accordingly, the scope of the invention is intended to be defined only by the claims which follow."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"BALLISTICS SYSTEMS AND METHODS\",\n \"A scope may include an adjustment dial, which may be moved among a plurality of positions to configure the scope to compensate for projectile drops.\",\n \"The adjustment dial may be labeled with dial-calibration data, which may include one or more distance indicators and/or one or more windage hold-off indicators.\",\n \"The scope may be attached to a gun and the dial-calibration data may be at least partially generated using ballistics performance data based on shots fired by the gun.\",\n \"The dial-calibration data may be at least partially generated using shooting conditions.\",\n \"An electronic device may include a derived distance calculation module, which may be configured to use a distance to a target and actual shooting conditions to calculate a derived distance.\",\n \"The derived distance may be used in connection with an adjustment dial labeled with dial-calibration data at least partially generated using shooting conditions different from the actual shooting conditions.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1-21.\",\n \"(canceled) 22.A method of creating a label or an etching for an adjustment dial used to adjust a scope for a gun, said method comprising the steps of: receiving ballistics performance data, said ballistics performance data being associated with shots taken during a range test using the gun to which the scope is attached, wherein the adjustment dial is rotated among indicated positions during the range test; providing a dial-calibration data generation module for generating said dial-calibration data using said ballistics performance data; and creating said label or etching for said adjustment dial using said dial-calibration data, said label or etching including distance indicators, wherein said label or etching is created by at least one of an etching apparatus, a label making apparatus, and a printing apparatus.\",\n \"23.The method of claim 22, wherein said ballistics performance data comprises impact variance data from one or more shots taken during the range test.\",\n \"24.The method of claim 23, wherein said impact variance data comprises one or more distances above or below an expected impact point for one or more shots taken at a particular distance during the range test.\",\n \"25.The method of claim 22, wherein said ballistics performance data is received via the Internet.\",\n \"26.The method of claim 22, wherein said dial-calibration data generation module is implemented as a part of a web service.\",\n \"27.The method of claim 26, wherein said web service receives said ballistics performance data from a browser or other software program operating on a computing device.\",\n \"28.The method of claim 22 further comprising the step of: receiving expected shooting conditions data, said expected shooting conditions data including one or more conditions under which the gun is expected to be used; wherein said dial-calibration data is generated using said ballistics performance data and said expected shooting conditions data.\",\n \"29.The method of claim 28, wherein said expected shooting conditions data includes at least one of pressure data, temperature data, elevation data and humidity data at which the gun is expected to be used.\",\n \"30.The method of claim 22 further comprising the steps of: receiving expected shooting conditions data for conditions under which the gun is expected to be used, said expected shooting conditions data including one or more of the following: pressure data; temperature data; elevation data; and humidity data; generating said dial-calibration data using said ballistics performance data and said expected shooting conditions data.\",\n \"31.The method of claim 22 further comprising the steps of: receiving at least one of: ballistics coefficient data provided by a manufacturer of a projectile to be shot; muzzle velocity data provided by the projectile manufacturer; and shooting conditions data under which the range test is expected to be performed; and generating a projectile trajectory using at least one of said ballistics coefficient data, said muzzle velocity data and said range test expected shooting conditions data.\",\n \"32.The method of claim 31 further comprising the step of generating a range card using said projectile trajectory.\",\n \"33.The method of claim 32, wherein said range card includes: distance data indicating one or more distances from which projectiles may be shot as part of the range test; and dial position data indicating one or more positions for the adjustment dial to be used when said projectiles are shot by the gun to which the scope is attached.\",\n \"34.The method of claim 32, wherein said ballistics performance data may be entered into said range card.\",\n \"35.The method of claim 22, wherein said label or etching further includes windage hold-off indicators.\",\n \"36.A method of creating a label or an etching for an adjustment dial used to adjust a scope for a gun, said method comprising the steps of: receiving expected shooting conditions data, said expected shooting conditions data including one or more conditions under which the gun is expected to be used; providing a dial-calibration data generation module for generating dial-calibration data using said expected shooting conditions data; and creating said label or etching for said adjustment dial using said dial-calibration data, said label or etching including distance indicators, wherein said label or etching is created by at least one of an etching apparatus, a label making apparatus, and a printing apparatus.\",\n \"37.The method of claim 36, wherein said expected shooting conditions data includes at least one of pressure data, temperature data, elevation data, and humidity data at which the gun is expected to be used.\",\n \"38.The method of claim 36 further comprising the step of: receiving ballistics performance data, said ballistics performance data being associated with shots taken during a range test using the gun to which the scope is attached; wherein said dial-calibration data is generated using said ballistics performance data and said expected shooting conditions data.\",\n \"39.The method of claim 36, wherein said label or etching further includes windage hold-off indicators.\",\n \"40.A method of creating a label or an etching for an adjustment dial used to adjust a scope for a gun, wherein said adjustment dial is rotatable among a plurality of positions to configure the scope to compensate for projectile drops associated with various distances to a target, wherein said label or etching includes distance indicators, wherein the improvement comprises: receiving shooting conditions data under which a range test is performed, said range test shooting conditions data including at least one of the following: pressure data; temperature data; elevation data; and humidity data; receiving ballistics performance data obtained during said range test, said ballistics performance data including one or more distances above or below an expected impact point for one or more shots taken at a particular distance during the range test; providing a dial-calibration data generation module for generating dial-calibration data using said range test shooting conditions data and said ballistics performance data; and providing one of an etching apparatus, a label making apparatus, and a printing apparatus for creating said label or etching for said adjustment dial using said dial-calibration data.\",\n \"41.A system for creating a label or an etching for an adjustment dial used to adjust a scope for a gun, said system comprising: a dial-calibration data generation module that receives expected shooting conditions data and generates dial-calibration data using said expected shooting conditions data; and at least one of an etching apparatus, label making apparatus and printing apparatus that uses said dial-calibration data to create said label or etching for said adjustment dial.\",\n \"42.The system of claim 41 further comprising a ballistics calculation module that generates a projectile trajectory using one or more the of the following: ballistics coefficient data provided by a manufacturer of a projectile to be shot; muzzle velocity data provided by the projectile manufacturer; and shooting conditions data under which a range test is expected to be performed.\",\n \"43.The system of claim 42 further comprising a range card generation module that generates a range card, wherein said range card includes: distance data indicating one or more distances from which projectiles may be shot as part of the range test; and dial position data indicating one or more positions for the adjustment dial to be used when said projectiles are shot by the gun to which the scope is attached.\",\n \"44.The system of claim 41, wherein said expected shooting conditions data includes at least one of pressure data, temperature data, elevation data, and humidity data at which the gun is expected to be used.\",\n \"45.The system of claim 41, wherein said expected shooting conditions data is received by said dial-calibration data generation module via the Internet.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION \"\n ],\n [\n \" BRIEF SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION A need therefore exists for systems and/or methods that eliminate or diminish the disadvantages and problems described above.\",\n \"One aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial, which may be moved among a plurality of positions to configure the scope to compensate for projectile drops.\",\n \"The adjustment dial may be labeled with dial-calibration data, which may include one or more distance indicators.\",\n \"In particular, the adjustment dial may be sized and configured to move among a plurality of positions to configure the scope to compensate for projectile drops associated with a range of distances to a target, and the distance indicators may be configured to indicate at least some of the distances within the range.\",\n \"Desirably, the distance indicators may allow a shooter to quickly select a distance to a target to configure the scope to compensate for a projectile drop associated with the selected distance.\",\n \"Another aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial that may be labeled with dial-calibration data, which may include one or more distance indicators and/or one or more windage hold-off indicators.\",\n \"The windage hold-off indicators may be configured to indicate a hold-off to compensate for an amount of deflection caused by a crosswind.\",\n \"To configure the scope to compensate for a projectile drop associated with a particular distance to a target, the shooter may move the adjustment dial to select the distance to the target.\",\n \"After the adjustment dial has been moved to select the distance to the target, a reference mark's position relative to various windage hold-off indicators may advantageously allow the shooter to quickly identify a hold-off tailored to the selected distance.\",\n \"The shooter may then apply the hold-off and fire the gun at the target.\",\n \"A further aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial that may be labeled with dial-calibration data, which may be at least partially generated using one or more of the following factors: sight-height data, muzzle velocity data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, ballistics performance data, projectile-form-factor data, projectile caliber, projectile weight, air-density factors (such as, pressure data, temperature data, elevation data, humidity data and/or other air-density factors) and wind data.\",\n \"Significantly, using one or more of these factors may allow more accurate dial-calibration data to be generated—thus facilitating more accurate shooting with the scope.\",\n \"Of course, these factors are not required and other factors may be used to generate the dial-calibration data.\",\n \"Yet another aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial, which may be used in connection with a plurality of interchangeable components, such as turrets or other components.\",\n \"The components may be labeled with different dial-calibration data and may be sized and configured to be connected to and disconnected from a portion of the adjustment dial.\",\n \"For example, a first component may be labeled with first dial-calibration data that is at least partially generated using one set of shooting conditions, while a second component may be labeled with second dial-calibration data that is at least partially generated using a different set of shooting conditions.\",\n \"This may advantageously allow the adjustment dial to be used with different dial-calibration data tailored to the shooting conditions under which the scope is being used.\",\n \"If desired, the first and second dial calibration data may be at least partially generated based on one or more shots fired by a gum attached to the scope, which may further tailor the dial-calibration data to the gun.\",\n \"Still another aspect is a system that may include an electronic device, which may include a derived distance calculation module.\",\n \"The derived distance calculation module may be configured to use a distance to a target and actual shooting conditions to calculate a derived distance.\",\n \"The derived distance may be used in connection with a scope's adjustment dial labeled with dial-calibration data that was at least partially generated using shooting conditions different from the actual shooting conditions.\",\n \"Desirably, this may allow a shooter to accurately aim at a target under shooting conditions that are different from those used to generate the dial-calibration data, which may increase the scope's flexibility.\",\n \"These and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments and appended claims.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority and the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application 60/822,289, which was filed Aug. 14, 2006 and entitled RAPID FIELD BALLISTIC COMPENSATOR AND METHOD OF PROVIDING THE SAME, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.\",\n \"BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present application relates generally to ballistics, guns and scopes.\",\n \"Description of Related Art Hunting and target shooting are very popular activities.\",\n \"Because accurately aiming guns may become more difficult as the distance to a target increases, scopes are often used in connection with guns.\",\n \"Generally, a scope may be connected to a gun and a shooter may look through the scope to view and aim at a target.\",\n \"But, even when using a scope, shooters may find it difficult and/or time consuming to accurately aim at a target.\",\n \"BRIEF SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION A need therefore exists for systems and/or methods that eliminate or diminish the disadvantages and problems described above.\",\n \"One aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial, which may be moved among a plurality of positions to configure the scope to compensate for projectile drops.\",\n \"The adjustment dial may be labeled with dial-calibration data, which may include one or more distance indicators.\",\n \"In particular, the adjustment dial may be sized and configured to move among a plurality of positions to configure the scope to compensate for projectile drops associated with a range of distances to a target, and the distance indicators may be configured to indicate at least some of the distances within the range.\",\n \"Desirably, the distance indicators may allow a shooter to quickly select a distance to a target to configure the scope to compensate for a projectile drop associated with the selected distance.\",\n \"Another aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial that may be labeled with dial-calibration data, which may include one or more distance indicators and/or one or more windage hold-off indicators.\",\n \"The windage hold-off indicators may be configured to indicate a hold-off to compensate for an amount of deflection caused by a crosswind.\",\n \"To configure the scope to compensate for a projectile drop associated with a particular distance to a target, the shooter may move the adjustment dial to select the distance to the target.\",\n \"After the adjustment dial has been moved to select the distance to the target, a reference mark's position relative to various windage hold-off indicators may advantageously allow the shooter to quickly identify a hold-off tailored to the selected distance.\",\n \"The shooter may then apply the hold-off and fire the gun at the target.\",\n \"A further aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial that may be labeled with dial-calibration data, which may be at least partially generated using one or more of the following factors: sight-height data, muzzle velocity data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, ballistics performance data, projectile-form-factor data, projectile caliber, projectile weight, air-density factors (such as, pressure data, temperature data, elevation data, humidity data and/or other air-density factors) and wind data.\",\n \"Significantly, using one or more of these factors may allow more accurate dial-calibration data to be generated—thus facilitating more accurate shooting with the scope.\",\n \"Of course, these factors are not required and other factors may be used to generate the dial-calibration data.\",\n \"Yet another aspect is a scope that may include an adjustment dial, which may be used in connection with a plurality of interchangeable components, such as turrets or other components.\",\n \"The components may be labeled with different dial-calibration data and may be sized and configured to be connected to and disconnected from a portion of the adjustment dial.\",\n \"For example, a first component may be labeled with first dial-calibration data that is at least partially generated using one set of shooting conditions, while a second component may be labeled with second dial-calibration data that is at least partially generated using a different set of shooting conditions.\",\n \"This may advantageously allow the adjustment dial to be used with different dial-calibration data tailored to the shooting conditions under which the scope is being used.\",\n \"If desired, the first and second dial calibration data may be at least partially generated based on one or more shots fired by a gum attached to the scope, which may further tailor the dial-calibration data to the gun.\",\n \"Still another aspect is a system that may include an electronic device, which may include a derived distance calculation module.\",\n \"The derived distance calculation module may be configured to use a distance to a target and actual shooting conditions to calculate a derived distance.\",\n \"The derived distance may be used in connection with a scope's adjustment dial labeled with dial-calibration data that was at least partially generated using shooting conditions different from the actual shooting conditions.\",\n \"Desirably, this may allow a shooter to accurately aim at a target under shooting conditions that are different from those used to generate the dial-calibration data, which may increase the scope's flexibility.\",\n \"These and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments and appended claims.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The appended drawings contain figures of preferred embodiments to further illustrate and clarify the above and other aspects, advantages and features of the present invention.\",\n \"It will be appreciated that these drawings depict only preferred embodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit its scope.\",\n \"The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: FIG.\",\n \"1 is a perspective view of an exemplary scope; FIG.\",\n \"2 is a diagram of an exemplary reticle that may be used in connection with the scope shown in FIG.\",\n \"1, illustrating the reticle aiming at an exemplary target; FIG.\",\n \"3 is an exploded view of the scope shown in FIG.\",\n \"1; FIG.\",\n \"4 is another exploded view of the scope shown in FIG.\",\n \"1; FIG.\",\n \"5 is a front view of a portion of the scope shown in FIG.\",\n \"1, illustrating an exemplary adjustment dial; FIG.\",\n \"6 is a diagram of exemplary dial-calibration data that may be used to label the adjustment dial shown in FIG.\",\n \"5; FIGS.\",\n \"7A and 7B are flowcharts illustrating an exemplary method; FIG.\",\n \"8 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary system; FIG.\",\n \"9 is a diagram of an exemplary range card; FIG.\",\n \"10 is a block diagram illustrating another exemplary system; FIG.\",\n \"11 is a perspective view of an exemplary electronic device; FIG.\",\n \"12 is a top view of the electronic device shown in FIG.\",\n \"11; FIG.\",\n \"13 is a side view of the electronic device shown in FIG.\",\n \"11; FIG.\",\n \"14 is a rear view of the electronic device shown in FIG.\",\n \"11; FIG.\",\n \"15 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary system, illustrating an exemplary configuration of an electronic device; FIG.\",\n \"16 is a block diagram illustrating another exemplary system; and FIG.\",\n \"17 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary configuration of an electronic device.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention is generally directed towards ballistics systems and methods.\",\n \"The principles of the present invention, however, are not limited to ballistics systems and methods.\",\n \"It will be understood that, in light of the present disclosure, the ballistics systems and methods disclosed herein can be successfully used in connection with other types of systems and methods.\",\n \"A detailed description of the ballistics systems and methods now follows.\",\n \"A scope 10 shown in FIG.\",\n \"1 may be used to aim a gun, such as a rifle, revolver or other gun.\",\n \"In particular, the scope 10 may be sized and configured to be connected to the gun and a shooter may look through the scope to view and aim at a target.\",\n \"The scope 10 preferably comprises a rifle scope sized and configured to be connected to a rifle; however, the scope may be any other suitable scope and may be sized and configured to be connected to any other suitable gun, As shown in FIG.\",\n \"2, the scope 10 may include a reticle 12 that may facilitate aiming at a target 14.It will be appreciated that the reticle 12 may have any suitable shape and/or configuration and that a target 14 may include animals (such as deer, elk, bears, varmints and the like), inanimate objects (such as paper targets) or any other suitable target.\",\n \"As shown in FIGS.\",\n \"2-5, the scope 10 preferably includes an adjustment dial 16 (such as, a turret, a knob, a wheel, a disk or plate, or other adjustment mechanism), which may be used to adjust the scope.\",\n \"Desirably, the adjustment dial 16 may be rotated or otherwise moved among a plurality of positions to configure the scope to compensate for projectile drops associated with various distances to a target.\",\n \"In further detail, as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"5-6, the adjustment dial 16 may include dial-calibration data 18, which may include one or more distance indicators 20 (such as distance indicators 20a-h) configured to indicate a distance to a target.\",\n \"A distance indicator 20 may include, for example, a number or other symbol 22 indicating a distance to a target.\",\n \"The distance indicator 20 may also include a reference mark 24, which may be associated with the number or symbol.\",\n \"The distance indicator 20, however, does not require any number or symbol 22 and may simply include a reference mark 24, if desired.\",\n \"The dial-calibration data 18 preferably includes a plurality of distance indicators 20 configured to indicate various distances.\",\n \"For example, a first distance indicator 20 may indicate a first distance to a target and a second distance indicator 20 may indicate a second distance to a target.\",\n \"Desirably, when the first distance indicator 20 is aligned with a reference mark 26 of the scope 10, the scope is preferably configured to compensate for a first projectile drop associated with the first distance, and when the second distance indicator 20 is aligned with the scope's reference mark 26, the scope is preferably configured to compensate for a second projectile drop associated with the second distance.\",\n \"Consequently, the adjustment dial 16 may be rotated or otherwise moved within a range of positions in which the reference mark 26 is aligned with, or positioned between, various distance indicators 20.When the reference mark 26 is aligned with a distance indicator 20, the scope 10 is preferably configured to compensate for a projectile drop associated with the distance associated with the distance indicator.\",\n \"When the reference mark 26 is positioned between a pair of distance indicators 20, the scope 10 is preferably configured to compensate for a projectile drop associated with a distance between the distances associated with the pair of distance indicators.\",\n \"Desirably, the adjustment dial 16 may be rotated or otherwise moved within a range of discrete positions (using, for example, “clicks”) or within an at least substantially continuous range of positions.\",\n \"As shown in FIGS.\",\n \"5-6, the dial-calibration data 18 may include the distance indicators 20a-h configured to indicate 200 yards, 300 yards, 400 yards, 500 yards, 600 yards, 700 yards, 800 yards and 900 yards, respectively.\",\n \"It will be appreciated, however, that the dial-calibration data 18 may include any other suitable number of distance indicators configured to indicate any other suitable distances.\",\n \"As shown in FIGS.\",\n \"5-6, the dial-calibration data 18 may also include one or more windage hold-off indicators 28 (such as windage hold-off indicators 28a-g) configured to indicate a hold-off to compensate for an amount of deflection caused by a crosswind.\",\n \"An exemplary hold-off may include a number of hash marks, dots or other such features of a reticle; a minutes-of-angle (“MOA”) adjustment; and/or any other suitable hold-off.\",\n \"A windage hold-off indicator 28 may include, for example, a number or other symbol 30 indicating a hold-off for an amount of crosswind deflection.\",\n \"The windage hold-off indicator 28 may also include a reference mark 32, which may be associated with the number or symbol.\",\n \"The windage hold-off indicator 28, however, does not require any number or symbol 30 and may simply include a reference mark 32, if desired.\",\n \"The dial-calibration data 18 preferably includes a plurality of windage hold-off indicators 28 configured to indicate various hold-offs.\",\n \"For example, a first windage hold-off indicator 28 may indicate a first hold-off for a first amount of crosswind deflection and a second hold-off indicator 28 may indicate a second hold-off for a second amount of crosswind deflection.\",\n \"The windage hold-off indicators 28 may be configured to indicate various hold-offs depending, for example, upon the distance to a target.\",\n \"In further detail, when a windage hold-off indicator 28 is aligned with a distance indicator 20, the windage hold-off indicator 28 preferably indicates a hold-off for crosswind deflection from a target that is located at the distance associated with the distance indicator.\",\n \"When a windage hold-off indicator 28 is positioned between a pair of distance indicators 20, the windage hold-off indicator 28 preferably indicates a hold-off for crosswind deflection from a target that is located at a distance between the distances associated with the pair of distance indicators.\",\n \"Thus, the windage hold-off indicators 28 may be configured to indicate various hold-offs depending, for example, upon the distance to target.\",\n \"Significantly, the windage hold-off indicators 28 may advantageously allow a shooter to quickly and easily apply a hold-off tailored to a selected distance to a target.\",\n \"In further detail, to configure the scope 10 to compensate for a projectile drop associated with a particular distance to a target, the shooter may rotate or move the adjustment dial 16 within a range of positions in which the reference mark 26 is aligned with, or positioned between, various distance indicators 20, as discussed above.\",\n \"After the adjustment dial 16 has been rotated or moved to select the distance to the target, the reference mark 26 may be aligned with, or positioned between, various windage hold-off indicators 28, thus advantageously allowing the shooter to quickly identify a hold-off tailored to the selected distance to the target.\",\n \"In particular, if the reference mark 26 is aligned with a windage hold-off indicator 28, the shooter may know to use the hold-off indicated by the windage hold-off indicator 28.In addition, if the reference mark 26 is positioned between a pair of windage hold-off indicators 28, the shooter may know to use a hold-off between the hold-offs associated with the pair of windage hold-off indicators.\",\n \"Either way, the shooter may quickly identify a hold-off tailored to the selected distance to the target and then quickly apply that hold-off.\",\n \"Preferably, some or all of the windage hold-off indicators 28 may be configured to indicate various hold-offs for various amounts of deflection caused by a particular amount of crosswind, but at different distances to a target.\",\n \"For example, as shown by a notation 34 in FIG.\",\n \"6, the windage hold-off indicators 28 may be configured to indicate minute-of-angle (“MOA”) adjustments that compensate for particular amount of crosswind, such as a 5 mile-per-hour (“MPH”) crosswind.\",\n \"In this example, the windage hold-off indicator 28c includes a number “1” that indicates a 1 MOA adjustment for a 5 MPH crosswind, and the windage hold-off indicator 28g includes a number “2” that indicates a 2 MOA adjustment for a 5 MPH crosswind.\",\n \"In addition, in this example, the windage hold-off indicators 28a, 28b, 28d, 28e, 28f respectively indicate a ½ MOA adjustment, a ¾ MOA adjustment, a 1¼ MOA adjustment, a 1½ MOA adjustment and a 1¾ MOA adjustment for a 5 MPH crosswind.\",\n \"Thus, for instance, when the adjustment dial 16 has been rotated or moved to select a distance to a target (as discussed above) and the reference mark 26 is aligned with the windage hold-off indicator 28c, a shooter may quickly and easily see that a 1 MOA hold-off should be applied to adjust for a 5 MPH crosswind.\",\n \"Also, for instance, when the adjustment dial 16 has been rotated or moved to select a distance to a target (as discussed above) and the reference mark 26 is positioned between the windage hold-off indicators 28e, 28f, the shooter may quickly and easily see that a hold-off between 1½ MOA and 1¾ MOA should be applied to adjust for a 5 MPH crosswind.\",\n \"In some embodiments, where a windage hold-off indicator 28 may be configured to indicate a hold-off for a first amount of crosswind, a shooter may quickly and easily calculate a hold-off for a second amount of crosswind by multiplying the indicated hold-off by (y/x), where x is the first amount of crosswind and y is the second amount of crosswind.\",\n \"Thus, if the first amount of crosswind is 5 MPH, the indicated hold-off should be doubled when second amount of crosswind is 10 MPH (y/x=10/5=2) or tripled when the second amount of crosswind is 15 MPH (y/x=15/5=3).\",\n \"Thus, when the adjustment dial 16 has been rotated or moved to select a distance to a target (as discussed above) and the reference mark 26 is aligned with the windage hold-off indicator 28c, a shooter may quickly and easily see that a 1 MOA hold-off should be applied to adjust for a 5 MPH crosswind, a 2 MOA hold-off should be applied to adjust for a 10 MPH crosswind or a 3 MOA hold-off should be applied to adjust for a 15 MPH crosswind.\",\n \"In the examples above, the windage hold-off indicators 28 may have been illustrated to be configured to indicate hold offs for a 5 MPH crosswind; however, the windage hold-off indicators 28 may be configured to indicate hold-offs for a 1 MPH crosswind, a 2 MPH crosswind, a 5 MPH crosswind, a 10 MPH crosswind, a 20 MPH crosswind or any larger or smaller crosswind, if desired, In addition, although the windage hold-off indicators 28 may have been illustrated to be configured to indicate MOA hold-offs, the windage hold-off indicators 28 need not be configured to indicate MOA hold-offs and that the windage hold-off indicators may be configured to indicate other types of hold-offs.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"2, the reticle 12 may include one or more hash marks, dots or other such features sized and configured to indicate one or more hold-offs that may be quickly and easily used to aim at a target 14.For example, the reticle 12 may include hash marks 36a-h, which may indicate various hold-offs from a “zero point” 38.Thus, when the adjustment dial 16 has been rotated or moved to select a distance to a target and the shooter determines the hold-off that should be applied, the shooter may aim the hash mark 36 associated with that hold-off at the target 14.For instance, after determining that the hash mark 36c is associated with the proper hold-off, shooters may aim the hash mark 36c at a desired portion of the target 14, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"12, and may shoot their gun.\",\n \"As discussed below with reference to the various processes and systems, the dial-calibration data 18 may be at least partially generated using one or more of the following factors: sight-height data, muzzle velocity data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, ballistics performance data, projectile-form-factor data, projectile caliber, projectile weight, air-density factors (suck as, pressure data, temperature data, elevation data, humidity data and/or other air-density factors) and wind data.\",\n \"Significantly, using one or more of these factors may allow more accurate dial-calibration data 18 to be generated—thus facilitating more accurate shooting with the scope 10.It will be appreciated, however, that the dial-calibration data 18 may be at least partially generated using these factors and/or other factors using other processes and/or systems.\",\n \"Thus, the exemplary processes and systems discussed below are not required and are merely used for illustration.\",\n \"An exemplary method 38 shown in FIGS.\",\n \"7A-7B may be used to make at least a portion of the scope 10, and an exemplary system 40 shown in FIG.\",\n \"8 may include a range card generation module 42, a ballistics calculation module 44, a dial-calibration data generation module 46, an etching apparatus 48, a label making apparatus 50 and a printing apparatus 52.Desirably, some or all of the method 38 may be performed by the system 40; the range card generation module 42; the ballistics calculation module 44; the dial-calibration data generation module 46; the etching apparatus 48; the label making apparatus 50; the printing apparatus 52; other systems, modules, apparatuses and the like; or any combination thereof.\",\n \"Of course, the entire method 38 need not be performed; and any part or parts of the method 38 may be performed alone, or in combination other methods, to provide a useful result.\",\n \"In further detail, the range card generation module 42 may receive sight-height data at block 54.The sight-height data preferably indicates a position of the scope 10 relative to a gun to which the scope is attached.\",\n \"For instance, the sight-height data may indicate the distance from the center axis of the scope 10 to the center axis of the barrel of the gun.\",\n \"At block 56, the range card generation module 42 may receive dial specification data.\",\n \"The dial specification data preferably indicates a range of positions among which the adjustment dial 16 may be rotated or moved and how those positions configure the scope 10 to compensate for projectile drops.\",\n \"For example, the dial specification data may indicate a one or more “clicks” among which the adjustment dial 16 may be rotated or moved and how the “clicks” alter the aim of the scope 10 to compensate for projectile drops, such as, a MOA adjustment provided by a “click.” At block 58, the ballistics calculation module 44 may receive first ballistics coefficient data.\",\n \"The first ballistics coefficient data may indicate a ballistics coefficient, such as a ballistics coefficient provided by a manufacturer of a projectile to be shot by the gun to which the scope 10 is attached.\",\n \"At block 60, the ballistics calculation module 44 may receive first muzzle velocity data.\",\n \"The first muzzle velocity data may indicate a muzzle velocity, such as a muzzle velocity provided by the projectile manufacturer.\",\n \"At block 62, the ballistics calculation module 44 may receive first shooting conditions data.\",\n \"The first shooting conditions data may indicate one or more shooting conditions under which a range test is expected to be performed.\",\n \"For example, the first shooting conditions data may include first pressure data, first temperature data, first elevation data and/or first humidity data, which may respectively indicate the barometric pressure, the temperature, the elevation and/or the humidity at which the range test is expected to be performed.\",\n \"Thus, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"7A, block 62 may include block 64 at which the ballistics calculation module 44 may receive the first pressure data, the first temperature data, the first elevation data and/or the first humidity data.\",\n \"The first shooting conditions data, however, does not require the first pressure data, the first temperature data, the first elevation data or the first humidity data and may include data indicating other shooting conditions.\",\n \"At block 66, the ballistics calculation module 44 may generate first projectile trajectory data configured to indicate a trajectory for a projectile.\",\n \"The ballistics calculation module 44 may generate the first projectile trajectory data using the first ballistics coefficient data received at block 58, the first muzzle velocity data received at block 60, some or all of the first shooting conditions data received at block 62 and/or other data (for instance, a drag model associated with a projectile's form factor).\",\n \"At block 68, the range card generation module 42 may generate a range card, such as a range card 70 shown in FIG.\",\n \"9.As shown in FIG.\",\n \"6, the range card 70 may include fields (such as fields 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84) into which shooting conditions data, ballistics performance data and/or other data may be entered.\",\n \"The range card 70 may also include distance data 86 configured to indicate one or more distances from which projectiles may be shot as part of a range test.\",\n \"The range card 70 may further include dial position data 88 configured to indicate one or more positions for the adjustment dial 16 to be used when those projectiles are shot by the gun to which the scope 10 is attached.\",\n \"For example, the dial position data 88 may be configured to indicate one or more “clicks” of the adjustment dial 16.In further detail, the block 68 may include blocks 90, 92.At block 90, the range card generation module 42 may select a distance and, at block 92, may generate dial position data 88 associated with the distance selected at the block 90.Preferably, at block 92, the range card generation module 42 may generate dial position data 88 that indicates a position for the adjustment dial 16 that configures the scope 10 to compensate for an expected projectile drop at the selected distance.\",\n \"In particular, at block 92, the range card generation module 42 preferably generates this dial position data 88 using the first projectile trajectory generated at block 66, the sight-height data received at block 54, the dial specification data received at block 56 and/or other data.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"7A, blocks 90, 92 may be repeated for several different distances.\",\n \"For example, blocks 90, 92 may be repeated to generate dial position data 88 for 200 yards, 300 yards, 400 yards, 500 yards, 600 yards, 700 yards, 800 yards, 900 yards and/or other distances, as illustrated by the range card 70 shown in FIG.\",\n \"9.As shown in FIG.\",\n \"7B, a shooter may perform a range test at block 94.For example, the block 94 may include blocks 96, 98, 100 at which the shooter may enter second shooting conditions in the range card 70, take one or more shots at targets positioned at various distances using the gun to which the scope 10 is attached, and enter ballistics performance data associated with those shots in the range card 70.In further detail, the second shooting conditions may include second elevation data, second pressure data, second temperature data, and/second humidity data; and at block 96, the shooter may enter the second elevation data, the second pressure data, the second temperature data, and/the second humidity data into the fields 74, 76, 78, 80 of the range card 70.The second pressure data, the second temperature data, the second elevation data and the second humidity data may respectively indicate the barometric pressure, the temperature, the elevation and/or the humidity at which one or more of the shots are taken at block 98.The second shooting conditions data, however, does not require the second pressure data, the second temperature data, the second elevation data or the second humidity data and may include data indicating other shooting conditions.\",\n \"At block 98, a shooter may take one or more shots at some or all of the distances indicated by the distance data 86.In particular, after positioning the adjustment dial 16 to the position indicated by the dial position data 88, the shooter may take one or more shots at the distance indicated by its associated distance data 86.For example, after positioning the adjustment dial 16 to the position indicated by the dial position data 88c (twelve “clicks”), the shooter may take one or more shots at the distance indicated by its associated distance data 86c (400 yards).\",\n \"The shooter preferably takes multiple shots at each distance, for example, about five to ten shots at each distance.\",\n \"Of course, more or fewer shots may be taken, if desired.\",\n \"The shooter preferably takes the shots at block 98 using a particular type of projectile (for instance, projectiles sharing the same caliber, weight, form factor, manufacturer and/or the like) to obtain ballistics performance data for that particular type of projectile, as fired by the particular gun connected to the scope 10.As part of the range test performed at block 94, the shooter may “zero” the scope 10, for example, prior to taking some or all of the shots taken at the block 98.For instance, as shown in the range card 70, it may be expected that the adjustment dial 16 will require zero “clicks” to compensate for a projectile drop at 200 yards.\",\n \"In this example, one or more practice shots at 200 yards may be taken to determine a position of the adjustment dial 16 at which the scope 10 adequately compensates for projectile drop at 200 yards, and after taking these practice shots, the adjustment dial 16 may be recalibrated to a zero point.\",\n \"In further detail, as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"3-4, the adjustment dial 16 may include a turret 102 that may be selectively connected to a spindle 103 in a variety of relative positions using, for example, a screw 104.Consequently, with the adjustment dial 16 at which the scope 10 adequately compensates for projectile drop at 200 yards, the adjustment dial 16 may be recalibrated to a zero point by connecting the turret 102 to the spindle 103 at that zero point.\",\n \"It will be appreciated, however, that the shooter need not “zero” the scope 10 as part of the range test performed at the block 94.The adjustment dial 16 may also include a stop 105, a base 106 and a dust cover 107, if desired.\",\n \"The adjustment dial 16 may, as discussed above, rotate or move within a range of positions to select various distances to a target, and the stop 105 may be configured to limit that rotation or movement.\",\n \"In particular, the stop 105 may be configured to limit the rotation of the adjustment dial 16 to one revolution or a fraction of a revolution, which may help avoid confusion relating to rotating the adjustment dial 16 more than one times.\",\n \"In addition, this may allow the adjustment dial 16 to be quickly returned to a minimum or maximum rotational position, if desired.\",\n \"The stop 105 preferably has a generally ring-shaped configuration; however, the stop 105 may have other suitable shapes and/or configurations.\",\n \"It will be appreciated that the adjustment dial 16 does not require the stop 105 and that the adjustment dial 16 may be configured to rotate more than one revolution, if desired.\",\n \"At block 100, the shooter may record ballistics performance data associated with the shots taken at block 98.For example, the ballistics performance data may include an impact variance, such as a distance above or below an expected impact point.\",\n \"In particular, the ballistics performance data may include an impact variance for the distances at which the shots were taken, which the shooter may enter into the fields 84.The impact variance may comprise, for instance, an impact variance for a single shot taken at a particular distance or an average, a mean, a median or a mode of the impact variances for some or all of the shots taken the particular distance.\",\n \"The ballistics performance data may also include a muzzle velocity, which the shooter may enter into the field 72.The muzzle velocity may comprise, for instance, a muzzle velocity for a single shot taken during the range test or an average, a mean, a median or a mode of a muzzle velocity for some or all of the shots taken during the range test As shown in FIG.\",\n \"7B, at block 108, the ballistics calculation module 44 may receive the second shooting conditions entered at block 96 and may, at block 110, receive the ballistics performance data entered at block 100.At block 112, the ballistics calculation module 44 may calculate second ballistics coefficient data indicating a ballistics coefficient of the projectiles shot at block 98.For example, the ballistics calculation module 44 may calculate the second ballistics coefficient data using the shooting conditions received at block 108, the ballistics performance data received at block 110, the first projectile trajectory generated at block 66 and/or other data.\",\n \"As mentioned above, the shooter preferably takes the shots at block 98 using a particular type of projectile (for instance, projectiles sharing the same caliber, weight, form factor, manufacturer and/or the like) to obtain ballistics performance data for that particular type of projectile, as fired by the particular gun connected to the scope 10.Thus, if the second ballistics coefficient data is calculated using the ballistics performance data received at block 110, the second ballistics coefficient data may more accurately reflect the ballistics coefficient for this particular type of projectile, as fired by the particular gun connected to the scope 10.At block 114, the dial-calibration data generation module 46 may receive third shooting conditions data and may, at block 116, generate dial-calibration data 18.At block 118, the adjustment dial 16 of the scope may be labeled using the dial-calibration data generated at block 116.In further detail, the third shooting conditions data received at block 114 may indicate one or more expected shooting conditions under which the gun is expected to be used.\",\n \"For example, the third shooting conditions data may include third pressure data, third temperature data, third elevation data and/or third humidity data, which may respectively indicate the barometric pressure, the temperature, the elevation and/or the humidity at which the gun is expected to be used.\",\n \"The third shooting conditions data, however, does not require the third pressure data, the third temperature data, the third elevation data or the third humidity data and may include data indicating other shooting conditions.\",\n \"At block 116, the dial-calibration data generation module 46 may generate dial-calibration data 18, for example, the distance indicators 20, the windage hold-off indicators 28 and their relative positions.\",\n \"The dial-calibration data generation module 46 may generate dial-calibration data 18 using the second ballistics coefficient data calculated at block 112, the third shooting conditions data received at block 114, the ballistics performance data received at the block 110 (for instance, a muzzle velocity), the first projectile trajectory generated at block 66 and/or other data (such as the sight-height data received at block 54, the dial specification data received at block 56, and/or the first muzzle velocity received at block 60).\",\n \"Significantly, if the dial-calibration data generation module 46 generates the dial-calibration data 18 using the ballistics performance data received at the block 110 and/or the second ballistics coefficient data, the generated dial-calibration data 18 may be more accurately customized to the gun and type of projectiles shot during the range test performed at block 94.Moreover, if the dial-calibration data generation module 46 generates the dial-calibration data 18 using the sight-height data received at block 54 and/or the dial specification data received at block 56, the generated dial-calibration data 18 may be more accurately customized to the scope 10 and its position relative to the gun.\",\n \"Further, if the dial-calibration data generation module 46 generates the dial-calibration data 18 using the third shooting conditions data, the generated dial-calibration data 18 may be more accurately customized to particular shooting conditions under which the scope 10 and the gun are expected to be used.\",\n \"It will be appreciated, however, that the dial-calibration data generation module 46 may generate dial-calibration data 18 without the range test performed at block 94 or its associated ballistics performance data.\",\n \"For example, the dial-calibration data generation module 46 may receive sight-height data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, muzzle velocity data, shooting conditions data, other data or any combination thereof and may use such data to generate dial-calibration data 18 at block 116.The ballistics coefficient data may indicate a ballistics coefficient, such as a ballistics coefficient provided by a manufacturer of a projectile to be shot by the gun to which the scope 10 is attached.\",\n \"The muzzle velocity data may indicate a muzzle velocity, such as a muzzle velocity provided by the projectile manufacturer.\",\n \"The shooting conditions data may indicate one or more shooting conditions under which the gun is expected to be used.\",\n \"At block 118, the adjustment dial 16 may be labeled using the dial-calibration data 18 generated at block 116.For example, at block 118, the etching apparatus 48 may use the generated dial-calibration data 18 to etch the distance indicators 20 and/or the windage hold-off indicators 28 into a portion of the adjustment dial 16, such as the turret 102.In another example, at block 118, the label making apparatus 50 may use the generated dial-calibration data 18 to create a label including the distance indicators 20 and/or the windage hold-off indicators 28, which label may be placed on a portion of the adjustment dial 16, such as the turret 102.In yet another example, at block 118, the printing apparatus 52 may use the generated dial-calibration data 18 to print the distance indicators 20 and/or the windage hold-off indicators 28 onto a portion of the adjustment dial 16, such as the turret 102.It will be appreciated, however, that the adjustment dial 16 may be labeled using the generated dial-calibration data 18 using other suitable means.\",\n \"If desired, a plurality of turrets 102 may be interchangeably used with the scope 10.In particular, some or all of the method 38 may be repeatedly performed to create a plurality of turrets 102 that may be interchangeably connected to the scope 10.Significantly, this may allow the turrets 102 to be labeled with different dial-calibration data 18 that is customized to different types of projectiles, different shooting conditions, etc.\",\n \"For example, a plurality of range tests may be performed to create different turrets 102 suitable for different types of projectiles.\",\n \"In addition, blocks 114, 116, 118 may be repeated to label multiple turrets 102 with dial-calibration data 18 generated using different shooting conditions.\",\n \"Thus, the turrets 102 may be customized to the different shooting conditions under which the scope 10 and the gun are expected to be used.\",\n \"In some instances, the different turrets 102 may include dial-calibration data 18 generated using different elevations (such as, 2,000 feet; 4,000 feet; 6,000 feet; 8,000 feet; etc.).\",\n \"In such instances, when at a first elevation, a shooter may connect (to the scope 10) a first turret 102 having first dial-calibration data 18 suitable for the first elevation; and when the shooter goes to a second elevation, the shooter may disconnect the first turret and replace it with a second turret 102 having second first dial-calibration data 18 suitable for the second elevation.\",\n \"As discussed above, the range card module 42, the ballistics calculation module 44 and/or the dial-calibration data generation module 46 may receive sight-height data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, muzzle velocity data, shooting conditions data and/or other data.\",\n \"As discussed below, the modules may send and/or receive this data in a variety of different ways.\",\n \"In some embodiments, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"8, the range card module 42, the ballistics calculation module 44 and/or the dial-calibration data generation module 46 may be implemented as a part of a web service 120, which may be configured to receive this data via a network, such as the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), other types of networks, or the like.\",\n \"For example, the range card module 42, the ballistics calculation module 44 and/or the dial-calibration data generation module 46 of the web service 120 may receive such data from a browser or other software program 122, which may be operating on a computing device 124, such as a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a palmtop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, other computing devices, and the like.\",\n \"In particular, the browser 122 may receive and display a web page from the web service 120, and the web page may be configured to receive user input including sight-height data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, muzzle velocity data, shooting conditions data, other data or any combination thereof.\",\n \"For instance, in one embodiment, the range card 70 generated at block 68 in FIG.\",\n \"7A may be a web page, which a person may print out.\",\n \"Using this print-out, a person may manually record the second shooting conditions data and/or ballistics performance data.\",\n \"Afterwards, the person may enter the second shooting conditions data and/or ballistics performance data into this range-card web page (or another web page) at blocks 96 and 100 in FIG.\",\n \"7B.\",\n \"The browser 122 may then send this user input to the web service 120 via the web page.\",\n \"The web service 120 may be hosted by, for example, a suitable hardware device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"10, the range card module 42, the ballistics calculation module 44 and/or the dial-calibration data generation module 46 may be implemented as a part of an electronic device 126, such as a computing device, a laser range finder or other suitable electronic device.\",\n \"The electronic device 126 may include a display 128 and one or more user input devices 130, such as a keyboard, pushbuttons, etc.\",\n \"The display 128 may display a user interface configured to receive user input including sight-height data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, muzzle velocity data, shooting conditions data and/or other data.\",\n \"For instance, in one embodiment, the display 128 may display the range card 70 generated at block 68 in FIG.\",\n \"7A, and a person may use the user input device 130 to enter the second shooting conditions data and/or ballistics performance data into the displayed range card at blocks 96 and 100 in FIG.\",\n \"7B.\",\n \"It will be appreciated, however, that the range card module 42, the ballistics calculation module 44 and the dial-calibration data generation module 46 need not be implemented as a part of an electronic device 126 or a web service 120 and may be implemented in other suitable devices, systems, etc.\",\n \"As shown in FIGS.\",\n \"11-15, the system 40 may include an electronic device 132.The electronic device 132 preferably includes a derived-distance calculation module 134, which may be configured to use a distance to a target to calculate a derived distance that may be used in connection with an adjustment dial 16.As mentioned above, the adjustment dial 16 may include dial-calibration data 18 that may be customized to a set of shooting conditions under which the scope 10 and the gun are expected to be used.\",\n \"For example, the dial-calibration data 18 may include one or more distance indicators 20 customized to these expected shooting conditions.\",\n \"Significantly, when the scope 10 and the gun are to be used under actual shooting conditions that differ from these expected shooting conditions, the derived-distance calculation module 134 may advantageously use a distance to a target to calculate a derived distance that, when the adjustment dial 16 has been rotated or moved to select the derived distance, the scope 10 is configured to compensate for a projectile drop for the distance to the target under the actual shooting conditions.\",\n \"To calculate the derived distance, the derived-distance calculation module 134 may use the distance to the target and any other suitable data, for instance, the dial-calibration data 18, expected shooting conditions data, sight-height data, dial specification data, ballistics coefficient data, muzzle velocity data, actual shooting conditions data, and/or other data.\",\n \"The electronic device 132 may include a display 136, which may advantageously display the derived distance to a shooter who may quickly and easily rotate or otherwise move the adjustment dial 16 to select the derived distance.\",\n \"In further detail, the expected shooting conditions data may include the shooting conditions data received at block 114 of the method 38.The ballistics coefficient data may indicate a ballistics coefficient, such as a ballistics coefficient provided by a manufacturer of a projectile to be shot by the gun or a ballistics coefficient calculated at block 112.The muzzle velocity data may indicate a muzzle velocity, such as a muzzle velocity provided by the projectile manufacturer or a muzzle velocity measured at block 100.The actual shooting conditions data may indicate one or more shooting conditions under which the gun and the scope 10 are to be used.\",\n \"For example, the actual shooting conditions data may include pressure data, temperature data, elevation data and/or humidity data, which may respectively indicate the barometric pressure, the temperature, the elevation and/or the humidity at which the gun and the scope 10 are to be used.\",\n \"The actual shooting conditions data may also include wind data, which may indicate an amount and/or direction of wind present when the gun and the scope are to be used.\",\n \"The actual shooting conditions data may further include compass heading data and/or tilt data, which may respectively indicate the direction and/or the tilt (e.g., incline or decline) at which the gun and the scope 10 are to be used.\",\n \"The actual shooting conditions data may be different from the expected shooting conditions data in a variety of ways.\",\n \"For example, the actual shooting conditions data may include additional types of data (such as wind data, compass heading data and/or incline data) that may not have been included in the expected shooting conditions used to generate the adjustment dial's dial-calibration data 18.Also for example, the actual shooting conditions data and the expected shooting conditions data may indicate different conditions, such as different barometric pressures, temperatures, elevations and/or humidity.\",\n \"The derived-distance calculation module 134 may receive the dial-calibration data 18, the expected shooting conditions data, the sight-height data, the dial specification data, the ballistics coefficient data, the muzzle velocity data, the actual shooting conditions data and/or other data using a variety of means.\",\n \"In some embodiments, for example, the electronic device 132 may include a barometric pressure sensor 138, a temperature sensor 140, an elevation sensor 142, a humidity sensor 144, a wind sensor 146, a compass heading sensor 148 and/or a tilt sensor 150, which may sense actual shooting conditions and respectively send associated actual shooting conditions data to the derived-distance calculation module 134.In particular, the barometric pressure sensor 138, the temperature sensor 140, the elevation sensor 142, the humidity sensor 144, the wind sensor 146, the compass heading sensor 148 and the tilt sensor 150 may respectively send pressure data, temperature data, elevation data, humidity data, wind data, compass heading data and tilt data to the derived-distance calculation module 134.In some embodiments, the electronic device 132 may include a GPS module that may provide the elevation data or a location from which the elevation data may be derived.\",\n \"In addition, as best seen in FIGS.\",\n \"11-15, the electronic device 132 may be a laser range finder, which may include a laser transmit and receive device 152.The laser transmit and receive device 152 may be configured to transmit and receive light, for example, to help the laser range finder determine a distance to a target or other item, which the derived-distance calculation module 134 may use in calculating the derived distance.\",\n \"It will be appreciated, however, that the electronic device 132 does not require a laser transmit and receive device 152 and that the electronic device 132 need not be laser range finder.\",\n \"For instance, the electronic device 132 may be a laser range finder, a computing device or any other suitable electronic device.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the derived-distance calculation module 134 may receive the dial-calibration data 18, the expected shooting conditions data, the sight-height data, the dial specification data, the ballistics coefficient data and/or the muzzle velocity data from the computing device 124 (FIGS.\",\n \"8 and 15) or the electronic device 126 (FIGS.\",\n \"10 and 16).\",\n \"In particular, the electronic device 132 may include an interface 154, such as a USB port, FireWire® port or other interface, via which the computing device 124 or the electronic device 126 may send such data to the derived-distance calculation module 134 of the electronic device 132.The interface 154, however, is not required and some or all of the features of the electronic device 120 may be integrated into the electronic device 132, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"17.It will be appreciated that the electronic device 132 may receive the dial-calibration data 18, the expected shooting conditions data, the sight-height data, the dial specification data, the ballistics coefficient data, the muzzle velocity data, the actual shooting conditions data and/or other data via sensors, user input (using, for instance, one or more user input devices 156) or any other suitable means.\",\n \"As shown in FIGS.\",\n \"15-17, the electronic device 132 may include a windage hold-off calculation module 158, which may be configured to calculate a hold-off to compensate for an amount of deflection caused by a crosswind.\",\n \"An exemplary hold-off may include a number of hash marks, dots or other such features of a reticle; a minutes-of-angle (“MOA”) adjustment; and/or any other suitable hold-off.\",\n \"To calculate the hold-of, the windage hold-off calculation module 158 may use the distance to a target, the dial-calibration data 18, the expected shooting conditions data, the sight-height data, the dial specification data, the ballistics coefficient data, the muzzle velocity data, the actual shooting conditions data and/or other data that the derived-distance calculation module 134 may or may not use to calculate the derived distance.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the windage hold-off calculation module 158 may receive this data in a variety of ways including, but not limited to, the ways discussed above that the derived-distance calculation module 134 may receive this data.\",\n \"The display 136 of the electronic device 132 may advantageously display the hold-off to a shooter who may quickly and easily apply the hold-off.\",\n \"If desired, the display 136 of the electronic device 132 may advantageously be configured to display the hold-off, the derived distance, or both.\",\n \"As shown above, the methods and systems described above can be implemented using one or more modules, which may include, for example, software and/or hardware.\",\n \"The software and/or hardware may include web services, object-oriented software components, class components, task components, processes, functions, attributes, procedures, subroutines, segments of program code, drivers, firmware, microcode, circuitry, data, databases, data structures, tables, arrays, variables, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), processors, computing devices, firmware, other software components and/or other hardware components.\",\n \"If desired, the functionality provided for in the modules discussed above may be combined into fewer modules or further separated into additional modules, if desired, Although this invention has been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, other embodiments apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art are also within the scope of this invention.\",\n \"Accordingly, the scope of the invention is intended to be defined only by the claims which follow.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872764"}}},{"rowIdx":4494162,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["CARBONACEOUS NANOPARTICLES, METHODS OF MAKING SAME AND USES THEREOF","Compositions of carbonaceous nanoparticle fabrication and their use for electrode materials in supercapacitors are provided.","The supercapacitor includes a first electrode having a first substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a second electrode comprising a second substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a separator positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrolyte.","Methods of making an electrode for a supercapacitor are also provided."],["1.A supercapacitor, comprising: a first electrode comprising a first substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a second electrode comprising a second substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a separator positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrolyte, wherein the carbonaceous nanoparticles are made according to the method of claim 1.2.The supercapacitor of claim 1, wherein the first substrate comprises a first metal.","3.The supercapcacitor of claim 2, wherein the first metal comprises stainless steel.","4.The supercapacitor of claim 1, wherein the second substrate comprises a second metal.","5.The supercapacitor of claim 4, wherein the second metal comprises stainless steel.","6.The supercapacitor of claim 1, wherein the separator comprises plastic.","7.The supercapacitor of claim 6, wherein the plastic comprises polypropylene.","8.The supercapacitor of claim 6, wherein the plastic comprises a composition resistant to attack by acids and bases.","9.The supercapacitor of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte comprises potassium hydroxide.","10.The supercapacitor of claim 1, wherein the supercapacitor has an energy density greater than or equal to about 2 mMwh/cm3.11.The supercapacitor of claim 1 having a power density, wherein the power density comprises greater than or equal to about 4 kW/cm3.12.A method of making an electrode for a supercapacitor, comprising: applying to a substrate a suspension of a liquid dispersant comprising carbonaceous nanoparticles formed according to a method, said method comprising: reacting a first carbon source with a second carbon source in the presence of a nitrogen source in a DC arc furnace to form a composite nanoparticle, wherein the second carbon source comprises a dopant, wherein the composite nanoparticle comprises a crystalline carbon phase having an amorphous phase comprising dopant or carbide; and removing the amorphous second layer to form the carbonaceous nanoparticle; drying the suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate; and compacting the dried suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate with a uniaxial pressure less than or equal to 1000 MPa to create an electrode.","13.The method of claim 12, wherein the liquid dispersant comprises an alcohol."],[" BACKGROUND A supercapacitor, which is also known as an ultracapacitor and formerly known as an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC)) is a high-capacity electrochemical capacitor with capacitance values up to 10,000 farads at 1.2 volt that bridge the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries.","They typically store 10 to 100 times more energy per unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries, and tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries.","They are however 10 times larger than conventional batteries for a given charge.","Supercapacitors are used in applications requiring many rapid charge/discharge cycles rather than long term compact energy storage: within cars, buses, trains, cranes and elevators, where they are used for recovery energy from braking, short-term energy storage or burst-mode power delivery.","Smaller units are used as memory backup for static random-access memory (SRAM).","The salient feature of a supercapacitor is its ability to deliver much higher power density than a conventional battery.","Supercapacitors are usually large devices owing to specific design requirements.","Supercapacitors are constructed with two metal foils (current collectors), each coated with an electrode material such as activated carbon, which serve as the power connection between the electrode material and the external terminals of the capacitor.","Specifically to the electrode material is its very large surface area.","The activated carbon is electrochemically etched, so that the surface of the material is about a factor 100,000 larger than the smooth surface.","Supercapacitor electrodes are generally thin coatings applied and electrically connected to a conductive, metallic current collector.","Electrodes must have good conductivity, high temperature stability, long-term chemical stability (inertness), high corrosion resistance and high surface areas per unit volume and mass.","Other requirements include environmental friendliness and low cost.","The amount of double-layer as well as pseudocapacitance stored per unit voltage in a supercapacitor is predominantly a function of the electrode surface area.","Therefore supercapacitor electrodes are typically made of porous, spongy material with an extraordinarily high specific surface area, such as activated carbon.","Additionally, the ability of the electrode material to perform faradaic charge transfers enhances the total capacitance.","Generally, the smaller the electrode's pores, the greater the capacitance and energy density.","However, smaller pores increase (ESR) and decrease power density.","Applications with high peak currents require larger pores and low internal losses, while applications requiring high energy density need small pores.","Carbon electrodes for use in superconductors have been made with various carbon sources, including activated carbon, activated carbon fibers, carbon aerogel, carbide-derived carbon, graphene sheets, carbon nanotubes, onion-shaped carbon nanoparticles and template carbon."],[" BRIEF SUMMARY In a first aspect, a method of making a carbonaceous nanoparticle is provided.","The method includes two steps.","The first step includes reacting a first carbon source with a second carbon source in a nitrogen source in a DC arc furnace to form a composite nanoparticle.","The second carbon source includes a dopant.","The composite nanoparticle includes a crystalline carbon phase having an amorphous phase comprising dopant or carbide.","The second step includes removing the amorphous second layer to form the carbonaceous nanoparticle.","In a second aspect, a supercapacitor is provided.","The supercapacitor includes a first electrode having a first substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a second electrode comprising a second substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a separator positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrolyte.","The carbonaceous nanoparticles are preferably made according to the method of the first aspect.","In a third aspect, a method of making an electrode for a supercapacitor is provided.","The method includes the several steps.","The first step includes applying to a substrate a suspension of a liquid dispersant comprising carbonaceous nanoparticles formed according to the method of the first aspect.","The second step includes drying the suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate.","The third step includes compacting the dried suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate with a uniaxial pressure less than or equal to 1000 MPa to create an electrode.","These and other features, objects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood from the description that follows.","In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and in which there is shown by way of illustration, not limitation, embodiments of the invention."],["CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a divisional of U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser.","No.","14/671,758, filed Mar.","27, 2015, which claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C.","119 to U.S. provisional patent application Ser.","No.","61/970,988, filed Mar.","27, 2014, and entitled “Carbonaceous Nanoparticles, Methods of Making Same and Uses Thereof,” the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.","STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST This invention was made with government support under DMR-0843962 awarded by the National Science Foundation.","The government has certain rights in the invention.","FIELD The present disclosure relates to methods for making carbon-based nanoparticles and their uses in supercapacitors.","BACKGROUND A supercapacitor, which is also known as an ultracapacitor and formerly known as an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC)) is a high-capacity electrochemical capacitor with capacitance values up to 10,000 farads at 1.2 volt that bridge the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries.","They typically store 10 to 100 times more energy per unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries, and tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries.","They are however 10 times larger than conventional batteries for a given charge.","Supercapacitors are used in applications requiring many rapid charge/discharge cycles rather than long term compact energy storage: within cars, buses, trains, cranes and elevators, where they are used for recovery energy from braking, short-term energy storage or burst-mode power delivery.","Smaller units are used as memory backup for static random-access memory (SRAM).","The salient feature of a supercapacitor is its ability to deliver much higher power density than a conventional battery.","Supercapacitors are usually large devices owing to specific design requirements.","Supercapacitors are constructed with two metal foils (current collectors), each coated with an electrode material such as activated carbon, which serve as the power connection between the electrode material and the external terminals of the capacitor.","Specifically to the electrode material is its very large surface area.","The activated carbon is electrochemically etched, so that the surface of the material is about a factor 100,000 larger than the smooth surface.","Supercapacitor electrodes are generally thin coatings applied and electrically connected to a conductive, metallic current collector.","Electrodes must have good conductivity, high temperature stability, long-term chemical stability (inertness), high corrosion resistance and high surface areas per unit volume and mass.","Other requirements include environmental friendliness and low cost.","The amount of double-layer as well as pseudocapacitance stored per unit voltage in a supercapacitor is predominantly a function of the electrode surface area.","Therefore supercapacitor electrodes are typically made of porous, spongy material with an extraordinarily high specific surface area, such as activated carbon.","Additionally, the ability of the electrode material to perform faradaic charge transfers enhances the total capacitance.","Generally, the smaller the electrode's pores, the greater the capacitance and energy density.","However, smaller pores increase (ESR) and decrease power density.","Applications with high peak currents require larger pores and low internal losses, while applications requiring high energy density need small pores.","Carbon electrodes for use in superconductors have been made with various carbon sources, including activated carbon, activated carbon fibers, carbon aerogel, carbide-derived carbon, graphene sheets, carbon nanotubes, onion-shaped carbon nanoparticles and template carbon.","BRIEF SUMMARY In a first aspect, a method of making a carbonaceous nanoparticle is provided.","The method includes two steps.","The first step includes reacting a first carbon source with a second carbon source in a nitrogen source in a DC arc furnace to form a composite nanoparticle.","The second carbon source includes a dopant.","The composite nanoparticle includes a crystalline carbon phase having an amorphous phase comprising dopant or carbide.","The second step includes removing the amorphous second layer to form the carbonaceous nanoparticle.","In a second aspect, a supercapacitor is provided.","The supercapacitor includes a first electrode having a first substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a second electrode comprising a second substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a separator positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrolyte.","The carbonaceous nanoparticles are preferably made according to the method of the first aspect.","In a third aspect, a method of making an electrode for a supercapacitor is provided.","The method includes the several steps.","The first step includes applying to a substrate a suspension of a liquid dispersant comprising carbonaceous nanoparticles formed according to the method of the first aspect.","The second step includes drying the suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate.","The third step includes compacting the dried suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate with a uniaxial pressure less than or equal to 1000 MPa to create an electrode.","These and other features, objects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood from the description that follows.","In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and in which there is shown by way of illustration, not limitation, embodiments of the invention.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The features, objects and advantages other than those set forth above will become more readily apparent when consideration is given to the detailed description below.","Such detailed description makes reference to the following drawings.","FIG.","1A depicts the morphological characterization of as-synthesized BN-HCDN, wherein high-resolution SEM image of nanoparticles collected from the chamber wall.","FIG.","1B depicts TEM image of a cluster of these nanoparticles on a holey carbon grid.","FIG.","1C depicts high-resolution TEM images of as-synthesized BN-HCDN.","FIG.","2A shows EELS analysis results for the as-synthesized BN-HCDN, wherein STEM image of as elected BN-HCDN to be mapped by EELS.","FIG.","2B shows EELS spectrum of particle from FIG.","2A showing the B, C, and N edges of EELS.","FIG.","2C shows elemental mapping image of B (188-208 eV).","FIG.","2D shows elemental mapping image of N (401-421 eV).","FIG.","2E shows the over lay image of FIGS.","2C and 2D.","FIG.","3A illustrates the morphological characterization of annealed BN-HCDN (BN-1H), wherein high-resolution annular dark field-STEM images are shown.","FIG.","3B illustrates bright field high-resolution STEM images of single BN-1H particle.","FIG.","3C illustrates a comparison of electron diffraction patterns between as-synthesized BN-HCDN (left) and BN-1H (right).","Bright spots in the right half indicate graphitic (crystalline) characteristics of BN-1H, compared with the hazy pattern of as-synthesized BN-HCDN in the left half.","FIG.","4A illustrates a porosity analysis from the BET measurement, wherein gas adsorption/desorption analysis using N2 (77.4 K) of the BN-HCDN before and after the annealing process for high-resolution N2 isotherms.","FIG.","4B depicts the pore-size distribution of FIG.","4A (calculated by using a slit NLDFT model).","FIG.","5A depicts XPS spectrum analysis for the N, BN, and BN-1H samples for a survey spectrum.","FIG.","5B depicts a high-resolution spectrum of C 1s.","FIG.","5C depicts a high-resolution spectrum of B 1s.","FIG.","5D depicts a high-resolution spectrum of N 1s.","FIG.","6A illustrates electrochemical characterization in three electrode configuration in a comparison study among the samples of N, as-synthesized BN, and BN-1H, wherein CV curves measured in 6 M KOH electrolyte from −1.0 to 0 V at 100 mV s−1.FIG.","6B illustrates galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles at the current density of 3 Ag−1.FIG.","6C depicts an in-depth study of BN-1H, wherein Galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles at different current densities obtained in 6 M of KOH.","FIG.","6D depicts CV curves obtained in different electrolyte systems of 6 M KOH and 1 M of H2SO4 at scan rate of 1 V s−1.FIG.","6E depicts an in-depth study of BN-1H, wherein Galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles at different current densities obtained in 1 M of H2SO4.FIG.","7A depicts electrochemical characterization of thin film supercapacitor, wherein CVs profiles of a thin film supercapacitor of BN-1H in a 6 M KOH, at different scan rates, from low to high.","FIG.","7B depicts galvanostatic charge/discharge curves at different current densities.","FIG.","7C depicts complex plane plot of the impedance analysis, with a magnification for the high-frequency region in the inset.","FIG.","7D depicts the real and imaginary part of the capacitance (C′ and C″) as a function of frequency.","Very low relaxation time constant τ0 (8.5 ms) is confirmed.","While the present invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, exemplary embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail.","It should be understood, however, that the description of exemplary embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the embodiments above and the claims below.","Reference should therefore be made to the embodiments and claims herein for interpreting the scope of the invention.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION The compositions and methods now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all permutations and variations of embodiments of the invention are shown.","Indeed, the invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.","These embodiments are provided in sufficient written detail to describe and enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention, along with disclosure of the best mode for practicing the invention, as defined by the claims and equivalents thereof.","Likewise, many modifications and other embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein will come to mind to one of skill in the art to which the invention pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings.","Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.","Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.","Glossary of Terms and Definitions Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the invention pertains.","Although any methods and materials similar to or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are described herein.","Moreover, reference to an element by the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude the possibility that more than one element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one element.","The indefinite article “a” or “an” thus usually means “at least one.” As used herein, “about” means within a statistically meaningful range of a value or values such as a stated concentration, length, molecular weight, pH, sequence identity, time frame, temperature or volume.","Such a value or range can be within an order of magnitude, typically within 20%, more typically within 10%, and even more typically within 5% of a given value or range.","The allowable variation encompassed by “about” will depend upon the particular system under study, and can be readily appreciated by one of skill in the art.","Ranges recited herein include the defined boundary numerical values as well as sub-ranges encompassing any non-recited numerical values within the recited range.","For example, a range from about 0.01 mM to about 10.0 mM includes both 0.01 mM and 10.0 mM.","Non-recited numerical values within this exemplary recited range also contemplated include, for example, 0.05 mM, 0.10 mM, 0.20 mM, 0.51 mM, 1.0 mM, 1.75 mM, 2.5 mM 5.0 mM, 6.0 mM, 7.5 mM, 8.0 mM, 9.0 mM, and 9.9 mM, among others.","Exemplary sub-ranges within this exemplary range include from about 0.01 mM to about 5.0 mM; from about 0.1 mM to about 2.5 mM; and from about 2.0 mM to about 6.0 mM, among others.","Supercapacitor Designs with Nitrogen and Boron Co-Doped Carbon HDCN A cost-effective approach to fabricate high performance supercapacitors using specially designed and processed nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon HDCN is presented.","The process requires assembly of closely-interconnected nanoparticles with large internal/external surfaces and plenty of sub-nanochannels for high speed charge transport.","The supercapacitor is formed under 700 MPa of uniaxial pressure to reduce the internal resistance of the device and to improve the power density.","This integrated approach provided a power density of nearly 4.58 kW cm−3.In addition, an energy density of 2.45 mWhcm−3 was also obtained.","The described fabrication process can be easily scalable for manufacturing.","The disclosed hierarchical design and assembly of the HCDN is based on vertically integrating optimal materials-performance at each length scale, ranging from the atomic to micrometers in length.","At the atomic level, an abundance of active sites for chemical activity and charge accumulation are needed.","At this level, doping the carbon with nitrogen and boron will alter its electronic properties as well as seeding the structural change for the growth of the HCDN during synthesis.","At the sub-nano level, abundant channels for efficient mass/charge transport of electrolyte species are needed within the nano-structure.","At the nano-structure level, it is necessary to assure that the HCDN has a shape for optimum packing of charges and good electrical contact among the HCDN particles for rapid charge transport.","Finally, at the micron level, the HCDN must be assembled and mechanically compacted between the two electrodes to deliver the maximum power density.","Thus the elastic properties of the HCDN were part of the design consideration.","The HCDN synthesis and characterization at each length scale is presented.","A discussion of the supercapacitor fabrication and product performance is presented in the examples.","In view of the foregoing, including the examples presented herein, specific aspects of the invention are now presented.","In a first aspect, a method of making a carbonaceous nanoparticle is provided.","The method includes two steps.","The first step includes reacting a first carbon source with a second carbon source in the presence of a nitrogen source in a DC arc furnace to form a composite nanoparticle.","The second carbon source includes a dopant.","The composite nanoparticle includes a crystalline carbon phase having an amorphous phase comprising dopant or carbide.","The second step includes removing the amorphous second layer to form the carbonaceous nanoparticle.","In one respect of the first aspect, the first carbon source is selected from graphite and carbon black.","In another respect, the dopant includes boron.","In another respect, the dopant includes boron carbide (B4C).","In another respect, the ratio of the weight percent of the first carbon source to the second carbon source comprising is from about 2:1 to about 20:1.In one respect, the ratio of the weight percent of the first carbon source to the second carbon source includes a ratio of about 9:1.In another respect, the nanoparticle includes a substantially spherical shape having nanohorns and nanographene sheets.","In a second aspect, a supercapacitor is provided.","The supercapacitor includes a first electrode having a first substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a second electrode comprising a second substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a separator positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrolyte.","The carbonaceous nanoparticles are preferably made according to the method of the first aspect.","In one respect, the supercapacitor includes a first substrate having a first metal.","In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes a first metal having stainless steel.","In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes a second substrate having a second metal.","In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes a second metal having stainless steel.","In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes a separator having plastic.","In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes a plastic having polypropylene.","In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes a plastic having a composition resistant to attack by acids and bases.","In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes an electrolyte comprising potassium hydroxide.","In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes an energy density greater than or equal to about 2 mMwh/cm3.In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes a power density of greater than or equal to about 4 kW/cm3.In a third aspect, a method of making an electrode for a supercapacitor is provided.","The method includes the several steps.","The first step includes applying to a substrate a suspension of a liquid dispersant comprising carbonaceous nanoparticles formed according to the method of the first aspect.","The second step includes drying the suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate.","The third step includes compacting the dried suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate with a uniaxial pressure less than or equal to 1000 MPa to create an electrode.","In one respect of the third aspect, the liquid dispersant comprises an alcohol.","In some respect, the alcohol is selected from a group consisting of ethanol, methanol and isopropyl alcohol.","In another respect, the substrate comprises a metal.","In some respects, the metal comprises stainless steel.","In other respects, the first step of applying comprises spraying.","For example, in some respects, spraying comprises electro-spraying.","In other respects, the third aspect includes additional steps, such as repeating the steps to create an additional electrode.","In this regard, the electrode of this aspect further includes the step of providing a separator.","In some respects, separator comprises plastic.","In other respects, the plastic comprises polypropylene.","In yet other respects, the method includes additional steps of sandwiching the separator between the electrodes to create a dry supercapacitor.","In this regard, the method includes an additional step of providing electrolyte.","In this regard, the electrolyte comprises potassium hydroxide.","In this regard, the method further includes the step of soaking the dry supercapacitor with the electrolyte to create the supercapacitor.","EXAMPLES The invention will be more fully understood upon consideration of the following non-limiting examples, which are offered for purposes of illustration, not limitation.","Example 1.Nanoparticle Design and Synthesis BN-HCDN Fabrication and Structural Analysis The first goal is to synthesize a HCDN with near spherical shape consisting of doped crystalline frame-work having numerous internal nano-channels and sharp tips for the transport and accumulation of charges.","To achieve such an architecture the following two-step processing sequence was taken to synthesize the unique HCDN: First, a composite nanoparticle was synthesized consisting of fine lamella layers of crystalline carbon sandwiched between amorphous layers of nitride and/or carbide materials.","Second, the amorphous layers of the composite nanoparticle were selectively etched away by heating the sample in air at 450° C. to produce the desired structure.","DC arcs have been extensively used in nano-carbon studies [see, for example, V. P. Dravid et al., Science 1993, 259:1601; X. K. Wang et al., App.","Phys.","Lett.","1995, 66:2430; N. Li et al., Carbon 2010, 48:255; B. Lee et al., Energy Environ.","Sci.","2012, 5:6941; X. Lin et al., Appl.","Phys.","Lett.","1994, 64:181].","To perform the first step, a DC arc was configured as a high temperature furnace where a hole in the cathode serves as a crucible that can be filled with materials to be incorporated into the products [S. P. Doherty et al., Carbon 2006, 44:1511].","An optimal mixture of 90% graphite powder and 10% B4C powder was used to synthesize the HCDN particles.","B4C was used primarily as a source for boron doping; nitrogen gas was used as the nitrogen source for co-doping.","The arc was operated with high purity nitrogen at 300 Torr and a temperature around 3,000° C. Under these conditions, a composite HCDN was obtained as proposed in step one described above.","Nitrides and carbides in the HCDN remain amorphous while carbon achieved its crystalline form.","(Note: HCDN samples were also synthesized with pure hydrogen and nitrogen gas only.","However, the electrical-chemical properties of these samples were inferior, most likely due to their structural properties.","Thus, this study focused on the B—N co-doped samples.)","The morphology of the as synthesized B—N co-doped HCDN (BN) collected from the chamber wall is shown in the SEM image (FIG.","1A).","The spherical particles are quite uniform in size, and they range between 40-60 nm.","A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image, FIG.","1B, provides a closer view of a cluster of these particles on a holey carbon grid.","FIG.","1C is a higher magnification of a composite particle showing the crystalline carbon as the matrix embedded with amorphous materials.","To study the composition of the as synthesized HCDN, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) was used to map the locations of B, N, and C in the individual particles, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the average amount of each element and their local bonding environment over an assembly of nanoparticles.","FIG.","2A shows a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) image of a selected nanoparticle mapped by EELS.","STEM images and EELS were acquired in a probe-corrected JEOL ARM200F equipped with a GIF Tridiem operated at 80 kV.","The electron energy loss spectrum of the whole nanoparticle clearly shows the B, C, and N edges (FIG.","2B).","From this mapping (FIG.","2C-E) it is clear that both B and N are uniformly present across the nanoparticle indicating that the crystalline and amorphous phases of the composite HCDN are homogeneously distributed within the particle.","In the second step of the synthesis, the amorphous materials in the composite HCDN was selectively etch-removed by heating the sample at 450° C. in air.","FIG.","3A is an annular dark field image of a typical nanoparticle (BN-1H) after 1 hour of treatment to remove the amorphous material from the nanoparticles.","It shows how the dense nano-composite particle has transformed into a nano-porous particle.","By further focusing on a single nanoparticle (FIG.","3B), it is quite revealing to see the transformation of a compact composite nanoparticle into a crystalline carbon “skeleton” framework, which consists of densely populated inter-nested carbon nano-horns [M. Yudasaka et al., Carbon nanotub.","2008, 111:605] and twisted nano-graphite sheets.","The inset to FIG.","3B shows the fine structure of a typical nano-horn.","An electron diffraction pattern (FIG.","3C) was obtained from as deposited BN-HCDN (left half circle) and after 1-hour heat treatment, BN-1H (right half circle).","The existence of diffraction spots in the rings indicates the presence of randomly oriented carbon crystallites in the BN-1H sample.","From the TEM images, it is clear that nanochannels have been created within the particle that will improve charge transport.","Second, the presence of horn-shaped nanostructures will help to induce charging effects around their tips and promote local chemical activities.","Thirdly, the inter-connection among the annealed HCDN particles will further enhance the charge flow among the assemblies of these nanoparticles.","BN-HCDN Nanoparticle Porosity While it is clear from the micrographs that selective etching can transform a dense composite HCDN particle into a highly nano-porous crystalline carbon nanoparticle, it is also desirable to quantify the change in porosity that takes place.","To this end, a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) pore structure analysis was carried out.","The isotherms are Type II IUPAC classification without adsorption hysteresis (FIG.","4A).","The observed adsorption isotherm appears to be representative of an adsorption isotherm on a flat surface.","The etching process results in a remarkably enhanced N2 adsorption uptake at low relative pressure (P/Po), which is indicative of a huge increase in nanoporosity.","Moreover, continuous N2 uptake can be observed in the relative pressure range of 0.3˜0.6, which also implies the presence of large increase in porosity.","The pore size distribution was calculated using the quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) method that was part of the Quarda Win software package (Quanta chrome Instruments, USA), assuming a slit pore geometry.","From this analysis there is only a minor amount of pores with characteristics in the micropore range for the as synthesized BN sample.","On the other hand, there are two obvious peaks in the micropore range for the etched sample: one very sharp peak just above 1 nm and another broad peak (with one tenth the height) between 2-3 nm (FIG.","4B).","This dramatic increase in pore volume around 1 nm can be attributed to the presence of numerous nanochannels and/or sub-nanochannels formed by the intertwined nano-carbon layers and nano-horns left behind in the etched nanoparticle discussed above [S. Bandow et al., Chem.","Phys.","Lett.","2000, 321:514; S. Utsumi et al., J. Phys.","Chem.","B 2005, 109:14319].","As a result, the surface area and pore volume of the etched sample increase over the unetched sample from 193.3 m2 g−1 to 554.3 m2 g−1, and from 0.27 cm3 g−1 to 0.51 cm3 g−1, respectively.","It should be pointed out here that these values remain nearly the same after the HCDN film is compacted with a pressure of 700 MPa.","BN-HCDN XPS Analysis Extensive XPS studies were performed on the BN and BN-1H particles.","From the survey spectrum of the N and BN samples (FIG.","5A) indicates the incorporation of N and B into these materials.","The nitrogen and boron concentrations in the as grown co-doped sample, BN, are about 4 at % and 3 at % respectively (Table 1).","TABLE 1 Summary of XPS peak analysis for N, BN, and BN-1H samples.","C1 B2 N3 Sample C-B C-C C-N C-O Content B-C B-N B-CO2 B-O Content N-6 N-5 N-Q N — 60.9% 21.1% 18.0% — — — 4.0 at % 71.7% 21.8% 6.5% BN 6.7% 69.7% 13.2% 10.4% 3.0 at % 18.7% 50.5% 30.8% — 4.1 at % 58.8% 36.6% 4.6% BN-1h 3.6% 72.3% 10.5% 13.5% 0.8 at % 15.7% 48.7% 27.7% 7.9% 2.2 at % 41.1% 51.1% 7.8% 1C-B (283.4 eV), C-C (284.6 eV), C-N (286.2 eV), and C-O (288.3 eV) 2B-C (189.5 eV), B-N (190.6 eV), B-CO2 (192 eV), and B-O (193 eV) 3N-6 (Pyridinic-398.5 eV), N-5 (Pyrrolic-400.5 eV), and N-Q (Quaternary-401.2 eV) The predominate asymmetric C 1s peak, shown in FIG.","5B, indicates the existence of C—N, C—B, and/or C—O bonds in addition to C—C bonds.","The C 1s spectrum could be deconvoluted into four peaks at 283.5, 284.7, 286.3, and 288.4 eV; these were assigned to C—B, sp2 C═C, C—N, and/or C—O bonds, and π-π sp2 satellite transitions respectively [S. Maldonado et al., Carbon 2006, 44:1429; W. J. Hsieh et al., Carbon 2005, 43:820; P. Hammer et al., J. Vac.","Sci.","Technol.","A 2000, 18:2277; H. Valdés et al.","Langmuir 2002, 18:2111; K. László et al., Carbon 2001, 39, 1217; Y. C. Lin et al., Appl.","Phys.","Lett.","2010, 96:133110; S. T. Jackson et al., Appl.","Surf Sci.","1995, 90:195].","The B1s core level can be divided into maximum 4 peaks of B—O (193 eV), BCO2 (192 eV), B—N (190.6 eV) and B—C (189.5 eV) (FIG.","5C) [W. J. Hsieh et al.","Carbon 2005, 43:820; Y. Kang et al., Carbon 2013, 61:200; S. H. Sheng et al., J.","Mater.","Chem.","2012, 22:390].","The relatively large amount of B—N bonding indicates that N from the reaction gas reacts preferentially with B over C when B is present.","The high resolution N1s peak can be deconvoluted into 3 components (FIG.","5D); N-6 (398.6 eV), N-5 (400.6 eV), and N-Q (401.6 eV) [W. J. Hsieh et al., Carbon 2005, 43:820; Y. C. Lin et al.","Appl.","Phys.","Lett.","2010, 96:133110].","N-6 corresponds to pyridinic substitution in the carbon lattice, N-5 to pyrrolic substitution in the carbon lattice and/or B—N bonding, and N-Q to graphitic substitution in the carbon lattice.","Considering large amount of B—N bonding indicated from the B1s spectra, it can be assumed that there are also large amount of N—B bonding, along with the pyrrolic N substitution, in peak N-6 in the B doped samples.","As depicted above, due to the nature of ternary mixture in BN sample, there are large amount of different bonding at lower binding energy comparing with N sample (including N-6 and N-5).","Although the amount of Band N were somewhat decreased by the 1h annealing, sufficient quantities of B (0.8 at %) and N (2.2 at %) remain to change the surface chemistry of the BN-1h sample thereby increasing its electrochemical activities.","Moreover, it should be noted that most of the nitrogen species present are as pyridinic (N-6) and pyrrolic (N-5) substitution.","This is because nitrogen can act as an edge termination agent during the graphene growth in a role similar to hydrogen in a hydrogen arc growth [Y. C. Lin et al., Appl.","Phys.","Lett.","2010, 96:133110].","These N-6 and N-5 species are favorable for accumulating charges during supercapacitor operation due to their appropriate electron configuration and binding energy [F. M. Hassan et al., J.","Mater.","Chem.","A 2013, 1:2904].","Nitrogen bonding around the nano-graphitic edges favors pyridinic substitution [Lin et al.","(2010)]; density function theory (DFT) calculation indicates this should produce a p-type material [D. Usachov et al., NanoLett.","2011, 11:5401].","XPS also indicates pyrrolic N-substitution where the Fermi level is in the middle of the gap.","After annealing in air, the amount of oxygen species (such as hydroxyl, ester, ketone, and carboxylic groups) on the surface of the HCDN were slightly increased from ca.","7 at % to 10 at %.","Addition of these groups further enhances the redox reaction for more charge accumulation, and also increases the hydrophilic surface property for better wettability of the materials, which eventually increase the overall electrochemical performance of BN-1H HCDN [M. Inagakia et al., J.","Power Sources 2010, 195:7880].","The difference in surface wettability of these samples with contact angle measurements was shown, wherein the BN-1H sample has the best wettability.","BN-HCDN Sample Densification The HCDN nanoparticles were compacted or densified into a film under uniaxial pressure for the fabrication of supercapacitors.","The densification of the HCDN film is needed to optimize the device performance to obtain both the highest energy density and power density.","This requires the optimization of at least two important parameters: charge density (amount of charge per volume) stored in the capacitor, and the supercapacitor charging and discharging rate (which requires the minimization of internal resistance of the device).","In addition, the device needs to possess long-term stability through cycling.","Densification is thus a key step to achieving these properties.","To assure the nanoparticle film was not over-compressed (beyond its elastic limit), in-situ nano-indentation measurements were performed on single selected BN-1H HCDN particles in a HR-TEM.","An AFM-TEM in situ holder from Nanofactory AB was used to perform the compression experiments [G. Casillas et al., Philos.","Mag.","2012, 92:4437; G. Casillas et al., Jose-Yacaman, Nanoscale.","2013, 5:6333].","Briefly, the nanoparticles are drop-casted onto an Au wire, which is mounted in to the AFM-TEM holder and once inside the TEM, they are compressed by a Si tip.","The deflection of the cantilever is used to compute the load applied on the particles and the area of contact is estimated from the TEM images.","The results showed that a single nanoparticle was able to withstand ˜1000 MPa of stress at the contact point without any deformation (except for the sharp tips).","Beyond this stress the nanoparticle started to compress plastically.","According to these results, an uniaxial pressure of 700 MPa was used to ensure that the nanoparticles were not damaged in the film formation process discussed below (See, for example the BET isotherm result for compressed BN-1H sample).","BN-HCDN Electrical Measurement Hall measurements were performed on normally ˜300 μm thick BN-1H co-doped HCDN films.","The HCDN particles were compacted under a uniaxial pressure of 700M Pa to form the films.","The Hall mobility was determined to be ˜2 cm2V−1·s−1 with a p-type carrier density of 5×1019 cm−3 to yield a conductivity of ˜15 S cm−1.This carrier density is about one order of magnitude higher than an N-doped sample grown in the nitrogen arc without boron doping, while the p-type mobility is the same.","Thus, the BN co-doped sample is more conductive by roughly a factor of 10.This information is very important to the design of the supercapacitor.","To achieve high rates of charging and discharging, the internal resistance of the device needs to be very low.","BN-HCDN Electrochemical Analysis As a demonstration of the advantage of its unique structure, the electrochemical activity of B—N co-doped HCDN material was compared with N-doped HCDN samples using a three-electrode cell.","FIG.","6A shows typical cyclic voltammograms (CV) for a three-electrode cell in 6 M KOH at a scan rate of 100 mVs−1.The as-deposited BN-HCDN exhibits a much larger CV curve than the N sample corresponding to superior electrochemical activities for storing charges.","Considering the similar values for surface area (193.3 m2g−1 for the BN sample and 215 m2g−1 for the N sample), the increase in electrochemical activity is attributed to the synergetic effect of B—N co-doping in the carbon structure as discussed earlier.","Sharp response at the voltage changing point represents the fast charge/discharge characteristics owing to the favorable surface chemical properties of B—N co-doping effects.","Heteroatom doping in the carbon framework changes the electronic properties of the material with the heteroatoms being more favorable for the attraction of ions in the electrolyte compared to that of the carbon atoms, thus inducing pseudo capacitance [F. M. Hassan et al., J.","Mater.","Chem.","A 2013, 1:2904].","Additionally, the presence of heteroatoms in the carbon matrix can enhance the wettability (hydrophilicity) between electrolyte and electrode materials [E. Iyyamperumal et al., ACS Nano 2012, 6:5259].","Therefore, the heteroatom doping could not only introduce extra pseudo capacitance but also enhance the electric double-layer capacitance.","The B—N co-doped synergetic effect becomes more significant after 1-hour annealing process.","Due to the highly increased conductivity of the BN-1H sample relative to the BN sample, faster response can be obtained resulting in a nearly rectangular shaped CV curve.","Moreover, characteristics of the redox reaction became more obvious showing the appearance of “humps” in the CV curves (FIG.","6A).","Capacitive behaviors can also be observed, exhibiting linear behavior during the galvanostatic charge/discharge experiments performed at 3 Ag−1 (FIG.","6B).","The specific capacitance of BN-1H sample was calculated from the discharging curves with values of as high as 277 Fg−1 at a current density of 0.2 Ag−1.For the further validation of the advantages of B—N co-doping, an electrochemical activity test was also performed in acidic media (1 M of H2SO4).","FIG.","6C shows charging/discharging scans as a function of current for 6 M KOH solution, while FIG.","6E shows that for 1 M H2SO4 solution.","FIG.","6D compares the differences in the electrolyte solutions in C-V plots.","The specific capacitance of the BN-1H was calculated from galvanostatic charge/discharge curves according to the relation Cspec=I·tm−1·V−1, where I is the charge/discharge current, t is the discharge time, m is the mass of electrode material and V is the voltage difference.","The highest capacitance values, calculated from the discharge curves, were 277 Fg−1, and 245 Fg−1 in 6 M KOH and 1 M H2SO4, respectively.","Considering the surface area (554.3 m2g−1), this value can be converted to a considerably high value of 49.9 μFcm−2 which is much higher value than 10˜30 μFcm−2 which are typically showed in carbon materials [L. L. Zhang and X. S. Zhao, Chem.","Soc.","Rev.","2009, 38:2520; J. Han et al., ACS Nano 2013, 7:19].","This means the BN-1H has highly electrochemical-active surface characteristics.","Example 2.Supercapacitor Fabrication Fabrication and Properties of Two-Electrode BN-HCDN Supercapacitors The above results demonstrate BN-1H particles have superior electro-chemical properties and thus should be used for the fabrication of the two-electrode supercapacitors.","The steps taken to prepare the devices are as follows: BN-1H carbon nanoparticles processed from the arc furnace as describe above are electro-sprayed onto two identical stainless steel substrates to form thin films of BN-1H.","In order to retain high efficiency (low internal resistance), no organic binding material has been used in assembly the BN-1H nanoparticles.","The thin films are further compacted under a pressure of 700 MPa to a thickness of ca.","1 μm.","The two densified electrodes are sandwiched together mechanically with a polypropylene separator layer between them.","This assembly is then soaked in the 6 M of KOH electrolyte.","FIG.","7 shows the characteristics of a typical supercapacitor.","Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) were recorded at scan rates from 1,000 mV s−1 to 10,000 mV s−1 to test the power capability of the thin film supercapacitor (FIG.","7A).","Almost perfect rectangular shaped CV curves, up to the very high scan rate, indicate low resistance, as well as its high power characteristics for the device.","The galvanostatic charge/discharge curves at three current densities are shown in FIG.","7B.","The specific capacitance was calculated from the discharge curves with values of 28.3, 28.1, and 28.1 F cm−3 obtained at current densities of 600, 1200, and 3000 mA cm−3, respectively (FIG.","7B).","Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) further confirms the superior power performance of the compacted BN-1H thin film supercapacitor.","The vertical feature in the Nyquist plot of BN-1H shows the nearly ideal capacitive behavior of the cell.","The equivalent series resistance obtained from the intercept of the plot on the real axis is only 0.34 Ωcm−2.From the expanded high-frequency range data (FIG.","7C, inset), a transition between the RC semicircle and the migration of electrolyte was observed at a frequency ca.","3000 Hz.","The diffusion of electrolyte ions stopped ca.","400 Hz, and thereafter the full capacitance was reached.","The thin film supercapacitor of BN-1H shows superior frequency response with a very small relaxation time constant to of 8.5 ms (τ0 being the minimum time needed to discharge all the energy from the device with an efficiency of greater than 50% [P. Banerjee, I. Perez, L. Henn-Lecordier, S. B. Lee, G. W. Rubloff, Nat.","Nanotech.","2009, 4:292]; FIG.","7D).","This small time constant for BN-1H is very promising compared with previously reported values for planar micro-supercapacitors: activated carbon (700 ms) [D. Pech et al., Nat.","Nanotech.","2010, 5:651], onion-like carbon (26 ms) [Pech (2010)] and direct laser writing graphene device (19 ms) [M. F. El-Kady and R. B. Kaner, Nat.","Commun.","2013, 4:1475].","The measured electrical properties of the BN-1H two-electrode supercapacitor give a high power density (4.58 kW cm−3) and energy density (2.45 mWh cm−3).","Furthermore, the thin film BN-1H supercapacitors show excellent cycling stability, retaining ca.","90% of the initial performance after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles.","Synthesis of Boron and Nitrogen Doped Arc Carbon Materials The arc system used in this study is described in detail elsewhere [L. S. Wang et al., Appl.","Phys.","A 2007, 87:1].","Briefly, the arc consists of two electrodes.","The cathode is a solid ⅜-inch diameter randomly oriented graphite (ROG) rod.","The anode is a cup-like structure fabricated from a ⅜-inch diameter ROG rod with a 3/16-inch diameter hole, 4 inch deep, in the center of the end facing the cathode.","The hole, or cup, in the anode cup is filled with tightly compacted graphite powder; as a boron (B) source 10 wt % B4C was mixed with graphite powder.","After the chamber was evacuated, 300 Torr of Nitrogen (N) gas was introduced.","Nitrogen was used as nitrogen source.","A 100 Amp DC arc was applied to heat the graphite powder inside the hole.","A potential of 27-28 V was maintained between the electrodes by adjusting the spacing between them, typically 0.5 to 0.7 inch.","A typical synthesis experiment lasts ca.","7 min.","The arc soot deposited on the surface of chamber was collected.","Some graphite impurities exist in the as-collected soot, so a purification process was performed to remove un-desired carbon species.","First, the as-collected sample was dispersed in a solution of water and ethanol (9:1) and then sonicated to make a highly dispersed suspension.","The suspension was centrifuged to remove heavy graphitic balls from the arc soot.","After the centrifugation, the supernatant was freeze-dried overnight to yield the purified arc soot.","This sample is designated as the as-synthesized BN-HCDN herein.","For the control experiment, pure graphite powder without B4C addition was introduced into the arc discharge process to produce soot doped with only nitrogen, which is designated as the N sample.","For the synthesis of the BN-1H sample, as-synthesized carbon soot underwent a heat treatment in air at 450° C. to etch-remove of the amorphous portion of the material.","Characterization of Synthesized Materials Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images were obtained using a Hitachi SU8030 field emission SEM (FESEM).","Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) studies were performed using a JEOL 2100F FAST TEM working at 200 kV.","Structural characterization of the arc carbon was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD, D/MAX-A, Rigaku) featuring Jade Analysis software.","The surface area and pore size distribution of the synthesized HCDN were measured by nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, using a Micrometrics ASAP 2020 system.","The sample was degassed at 398 K under vacuum overnight before analysis, to remove any adsorbed impurities.","The surface area was measured using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) model for relative pressures and the distribution of pore dimensions was calculated using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) model.","XPS spectra were recorded on a Thermo Scientific ESCALAB 250Xi.","All binding energies (BEs) are referred to the graphitic C 1s line at 284.7 eV.","Compressing Test for the BN-1H Sample The in situ TEM experiments were performed in a JEOL JEM-2010F.","Images were recorded with an AMT CCD camera.","The sample was diluted in ethanol, ultrasonicated and drop-casted on to a 0.25-mm Au wire that was mounted on an N force-probing holder (AFM-TEM holder) from Nanofactory Instruments AB.","The sample is mounted on a piezotube which enables three-dimensional movement with sub-nanometer precision.","For load measurements, this holder relies on the deflection of a silicon cantilever with a sharp tip.","These experiments were carried out with a cantilever of a spring constant of 2.3 nNm−1.Finally, the stress can be estimated by assuming a circular area of contact and measuring the diameter from the TEM micrographs.","Electrochemical Characterization of Synthesized Materials Three-Electrode Test: Electrochemical measurements were performed using an AUTOLAB PGASTAT 302N potentiostat with a standard three-electrode setup in both 6 M of KOH and 1 M H2SO4.Working electrodes were prepared by drop-casting the samples on a glassy carbon electrode: A Pt plate and an Ag/AgCl electrode saturated with KCl were used as a counter electrode and reference electrode, respectively.","Cyclic voltammograms were recorded within the range from 0 to −1 V in KOH and from 0 to 1 V in H2SO4 at various scan rates.","Galvanostatic charge/discharge was carried out within the same voltage range of CV measurement at various current densities.","Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement was carried out by applying voltage amplitude of 10 mV at OCV (open circuit voltage) in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 50 mHz.","Calculations: The capacitance of each device was calculated from the galvanostatic charge/discharge curves using the formula: For a three electrode configuration: C electrode = i × Δ t Δ V Where i (A) is the discharge current, Δt (s) is the discharge time, ΔV (V) is the voltage change (excluding the iR drop) within the discharge time.","Gravimetric specific capacitance was calculated by dividing capacitance by the mass of electrode material.","For a two electrode thin film configuration: C device = i × Δ t Δ V × 4 Where i (A) is the discharge current, Δt (s) is the discharge time, ΔV (V) is the voltage change (excluding the iR drop) within the discharge time, the multiplier of 4 adjusts the capacitance of the cell and the combined mass of two electrodes to the capacitance and mass of a single electrode.","Specific capacitance was calculated based on the volume of the device according to the following formula: Volumetric capacitance (Cv)=Cdevice/V where V refers to the volume (cm3) of the device.","The energy density (Whcm−3) and power density (Wcm−3) derived from the charge/discharge curves are calculated by the following equations: E = C v × Δ V 2 2 × 3600 P = Δ V 2 4 · R ESR · V For the calculation of maximum power density, RESR (equivalent series resistance) of the device was obtained from the EIS (Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) measurements.","INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE All of the patents, patent applications, patent application publications and other publications recited herein are hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in their entirety.","The present invention has been described in connection with what are presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments.","However, the invention has been presented by way of illustration and is not intended to be limited to the disclosed embodiments.","Accordingly, one of skill in the art will realize that the invention is intended to encompass all modifications and alternative arrangements within the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"CARBONACEOUS NANOPARTICLES, METHODS OF MAKING SAME AND USES THEREOF\",\n \"Compositions of carbonaceous nanoparticle fabrication and their use for electrode materials in supercapacitors are provided.\",\n \"The supercapacitor includes a first electrode having a first substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a second electrode comprising a second substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a separator positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrolyte.\",\n \"Methods of making an electrode for a supercapacitor are also provided.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A supercapacitor, comprising: a first electrode comprising a first substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a second electrode comprising a second substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a separator positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrolyte, wherein the carbonaceous nanoparticles are made according to the method of claim 1.2.The supercapacitor of claim 1, wherein the first substrate comprises a first metal.\",\n \"3.The supercapcacitor of claim 2, wherein the first metal comprises stainless steel.\",\n \"4.The supercapacitor of claim 1, wherein the second substrate comprises a second metal.\",\n \"5.The supercapacitor of claim 4, wherein the second metal comprises stainless steel.\",\n \"6.The supercapacitor of claim 1, wherein the separator comprises plastic.\",\n \"7.The supercapacitor of claim 6, wherein the plastic comprises polypropylene.\",\n \"8.The supercapacitor of claim 6, wherein the plastic comprises a composition resistant to attack by acids and bases.\",\n \"9.The supercapacitor of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte comprises potassium hydroxide.\",\n \"10.The supercapacitor of claim 1, wherein the supercapacitor has an energy density greater than or equal to about 2 mMwh/cm3.11.The supercapacitor of claim 1 having a power density, wherein the power density comprises greater than or equal to about 4 kW/cm3.12.A method of making an electrode for a supercapacitor, comprising: applying to a substrate a suspension of a liquid dispersant comprising carbonaceous nanoparticles formed according to a method, said method comprising: reacting a first carbon source with a second carbon source in the presence of a nitrogen source in a DC arc furnace to form a composite nanoparticle, wherein the second carbon source comprises a dopant, wherein the composite nanoparticle comprises a crystalline carbon phase having an amorphous phase comprising dopant or carbide; and removing the amorphous second layer to form the carbonaceous nanoparticle; drying the suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate; and compacting the dried suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate with a uniaxial pressure less than or equal to 1000 MPa to create an electrode.\",\n \"13.The method of claim 12, wherein the liquid dispersant comprises an alcohol.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND A supercapacitor, which is also known as an ultracapacitor and formerly known as an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC)) is a high-capacity electrochemical capacitor with capacitance values up to 10,000 farads at 1.2 volt that bridge the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries.\",\n \"They typically store 10 to 100 times more energy per unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries, and tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries.\",\n \"They are however 10 times larger than conventional batteries for a given charge.\",\n \"Supercapacitors are used in applications requiring many rapid charge/discharge cycles rather than long term compact energy storage: within cars, buses, trains, cranes and elevators, where they are used for recovery energy from braking, short-term energy storage or burst-mode power delivery.\",\n \"Smaller units are used as memory backup for static random-access memory (SRAM).\",\n \"The salient feature of a supercapacitor is its ability to deliver much higher power density than a conventional battery.\",\n \"Supercapacitors are usually large devices owing to specific design requirements.\",\n \"Supercapacitors are constructed with two metal foils (current collectors), each coated with an electrode material such as activated carbon, which serve as the power connection between the electrode material and the external terminals of the capacitor.\",\n \"Specifically to the electrode material is its very large surface area.\",\n \"The activated carbon is electrochemically etched, so that the surface of the material is about a factor 100,000 larger than the smooth surface.\",\n \"Supercapacitor electrodes are generally thin coatings applied and electrically connected to a conductive, metallic current collector.\",\n \"Electrodes must have good conductivity, high temperature stability, long-term chemical stability (inertness), high corrosion resistance and high surface areas per unit volume and mass.\",\n \"Other requirements include environmental friendliness and low cost.\",\n \"The amount of double-layer as well as pseudocapacitance stored per unit voltage in a supercapacitor is predominantly a function of the electrode surface area.\",\n \"Therefore supercapacitor electrodes are typically made of porous, spongy material with an extraordinarily high specific surface area, such as activated carbon.\",\n \"Additionally, the ability of the electrode material to perform faradaic charge transfers enhances the total capacitance.\",\n \"Generally, the smaller the electrode's pores, the greater the capacitance and energy density.\",\n \"However, smaller pores increase (ESR) and decrease power density.\",\n \"Applications with high peak currents require larger pores and low internal losses, while applications requiring high energy density need small pores.\",\n \"Carbon electrodes for use in superconductors have been made with various carbon sources, including activated carbon, activated carbon fibers, carbon aerogel, carbide-derived carbon, graphene sheets, carbon nanotubes, onion-shaped carbon nanoparticles and template carbon.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BRIEF SUMMARY In a first aspect, a method of making a carbonaceous nanoparticle is provided.\",\n \"The method includes two steps.\",\n \"The first step includes reacting a first carbon source with a second carbon source in a nitrogen source in a DC arc furnace to form a composite nanoparticle.\",\n \"The second carbon source includes a dopant.\",\n \"The composite nanoparticle includes a crystalline carbon phase having an amorphous phase comprising dopant or carbide.\",\n \"The second step includes removing the amorphous second layer to form the carbonaceous nanoparticle.\",\n \"In a second aspect, a supercapacitor is provided.\",\n \"The supercapacitor includes a first electrode having a first substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a second electrode comprising a second substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a separator positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrolyte.\",\n \"The carbonaceous nanoparticles are preferably made according to the method of the first aspect.\",\n \"In a third aspect, a method of making an electrode for a supercapacitor is provided.\",\n \"The method includes the several steps.\",\n \"The first step includes applying to a substrate a suspension of a liquid dispersant comprising carbonaceous nanoparticles formed according to the method of the first aspect.\",\n \"The second step includes drying the suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate.\",\n \"The third step includes compacting the dried suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate with a uniaxial pressure less than or equal to 1000 MPa to create an electrode.\",\n \"These and other features, objects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood from the description that follows.\",\n \"In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and in which there is shown by way of illustration, not limitation, embodiments of the invention.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a divisional of U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/671,758, filed Mar.\",\n \"27, 2015, which claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C.\",\n \"119 to U.S. provisional patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"61/970,988, filed Mar.\",\n \"27, 2014, and entitled “Carbonaceous Nanoparticles, Methods of Making Same and Uses Thereof,” the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.\",\n \"STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST This invention was made with government support under DMR-0843962 awarded by the National Science Foundation.\",\n \"The government has certain rights in the invention.\",\n \"FIELD The present disclosure relates to methods for making carbon-based nanoparticles and their uses in supercapacitors.\",\n \"BACKGROUND A supercapacitor, which is also known as an ultracapacitor and formerly known as an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC)) is a high-capacity electrochemical capacitor with capacitance values up to 10,000 farads at 1.2 volt that bridge the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries.\",\n \"They typically store 10 to 100 times more energy per unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries, and tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries.\",\n \"They are however 10 times larger than conventional batteries for a given charge.\",\n \"Supercapacitors are used in applications requiring many rapid charge/discharge cycles rather than long term compact energy storage: within cars, buses, trains, cranes and elevators, where they are used for recovery energy from braking, short-term energy storage or burst-mode power delivery.\",\n \"Smaller units are used as memory backup for static random-access memory (SRAM).\",\n \"The salient feature of a supercapacitor is its ability to deliver much higher power density than a conventional battery.\",\n \"Supercapacitors are usually large devices owing to specific design requirements.\",\n \"Supercapacitors are constructed with two metal foils (current collectors), each coated with an electrode material such as activated carbon, which serve as the power connection between the electrode material and the external terminals of the capacitor.\",\n \"Specifically to the electrode material is its very large surface area.\",\n \"The activated carbon is electrochemically etched, so that the surface of the material is about a factor 100,000 larger than the smooth surface.\",\n \"Supercapacitor electrodes are generally thin coatings applied and electrically connected to a conductive, metallic current collector.\",\n \"Electrodes must have good conductivity, high temperature stability, long-term chemical stability (inertness), high corrosion resistance and high surface areas per unit volume and mass.\",\n \"Other requirements include environmental friendliness and low cost.\",\n \"The amount of double-layer as well as pseudocapacitance stored per unit voltage in a supercapacitor is predominantly a function of the electrode surface area.\",\n \"Therefore supercapacitor electrodes are typically made of porous, spongy material with an extraordinarily high specific surface area, such as activated carbon.\",\n \"Additionally, the ability of the electrode material to perform faradaic charge transfers enhances the total capacitance.\",\n \"Generally, the smaller the electrode's pores, the greater the capacitance and energy density.\",\n \"However, smaller pores increase (ESR) and decrease power density.\",\n \"Applications with high peak currents require larger pores and low internal losses, while applications requiring high energy density need small pores.\",\n \"Carbon electrodes for use in superconductors have been made with various carbon sources, including activated carbon, activated carbon fibers, carbon aerogel, carbide-derived carbon, graphene sheets, carbon nanotubes, onion-shaped carbon nanoparticles and template carbon.\",\n \"BRIEF SUMMARY In a first aspect, a method of making a carbonaceous nanoparticle is provided.\",\n \"The method includes two steps.\",\n \"The first step includes reacting a first carbon source with a second carbon source in a nitrogen source in a DC arc furnace to form a composite nanoparticle.\",\n \"The second carbon source includes a dopant.\",\n \"The composite nanoparticle includes a crystalline carbon phase having an amorphous phase comprising dopant or carbide.\",\n \"The second step includes removing the amorphous second layer to form the carbonaceous nanoparticle.\",\n \"In a second aspect, a supercapacitor is provided.\",\n \"The supercapacitor includes a first electrode having a first substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a second electrode comprising a second substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a separator positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrolyte.\",\n \"The carbonaceous nanoparticles are preferably made according to the method of the first aspect.\",\n \"In a third aspect, a method of making an electrode for a supercapacitor is provided.\",\n \"The method includes the several steps.\",\n \"The first step includes applying to a substrate a suspension of a liquid dispersant comprising carbonaceous nanoparticles formed according to the method of the first aspect.\",\n \"The second step includes drying the suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate.\",\n \"The third step includes compacting the dried suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate with a uniaxial pressure less than or equal to 1000 MPa to create an electrode.\",\n \"These and other features, objects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood from the description that follows.\",\n \"In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and in which there is shown by way of illustration, not limitation, embodiments of the invention.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The features, objects and advantages other than those set forth above will become more readily apparent when consideration is given to the detailed description below.\",\n \"Such detailed description makes reference to the following drawings.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1A depicts the morphological characterization of as-synthesized BN-HCDN, wherein high-resolution SEM image of nanoparticles collected from the chamber wall.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1B depicts TEM image of a cluster of these nanoparticles on a holey carbon grid.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1C depicts high-resolution TEM images of as-synthesized BN-HCDN.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2A shows EELS analysis results for the as-synthesized BN-HCDN, wherein STEM image of as elected BN-HCDN to be mapped by EELS.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2B shows EELS spectrum of particle from FIG.\",\n \"2A showing the B, C, and N edges of EELS.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2C shows elemental mapping image of B (188-208 eV).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2D shows elemental mapping image of N (401-421 eV).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2E shows the over lay image of FIGS.\",\n \"2C and 2D.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3A illustrates the morphological characterization of annealed BN-HCDN (BN-1H), wherein high-resolution annular dark field-STEM images are shown.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3B illustrates bright field high-resolution STEM images of single BN-1H particle.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3C illustrates a comparison of electron diffraction patterns between as-synthesized BN-HCDN (left) and BN-1H (right).\",\n \"Bright spots in the right half indicate graphitic (crystalline) characteristics of BN-1H, compared with the hazy pattern of as-synthesized BN-HCDN in the left half.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4A illustrates a porosity analysis from the BET measurement, wherein gas adsorption/desorption analysis using N2 (77.4 K) of the BN-HCDN before and after the annealing process for high-resolution N2 isotherms.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4B depicts the pore-size distribution of FIG.\",\n \"4A (calculated by using a slit NLDFT model).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5A depicts XPS spectrum analysis for the N, BN, and BN-1H samples for a survey spectrum.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5B depicts a high-resolution spectrum of C 1s.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5C depicts a high-resolution spectrum of B 1s.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5D depicts a high-resolution spectrum of N 1s.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6A illustrates electrochemical characterization in three electrode configuration in a comparison study among the samples of N, as-synthesized BN, and BN-1H, wherein CV curves measured in 6 M KOH electrolyte from −1.0 to 0 V at 100 mV s−1.FIG.\",\n \"6B illustrates galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles at the current density of 3 Ag−1.FIG.\",\n \"6C depicts an in-depth study of BN-1H, wherein Galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles at different current densities obtained in 6 M of KOH.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6D depicts CV curves obtained in different electrolyte systems of 6 M KOH and 1 M of H2SO4 at scan rate of 1 V s−1.FIG.\",\n \"6E depicts an in-depth study of BN-1H, wherein Galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles at different current densities obtained in 1 M of H2SO4.FIG.\",\n \"7A depicts electrochemical characterization of thin film supercapacitor, wherein CVs profiles of a thin film supercapacitor of BN-1H in a 6 M KOH, at different scan rates, from low to high.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7B depicts galvanostatic charge/discharge curves at different current densities.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7C depicts complex plane plot of the impedance analysis, with a magnification for the high-frequency region in the inset.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7D depicts the real and imaginary part of the capacitance (C′ and C″) as a function of frequency.\",\n \"Very low relaxation time constant τ0 (8.5 ms) is confirmed.\",\n \"While the present invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, exemplary embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail.\",\n \"It should be understood, however, that the description of exemplary embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the embodiments above and the claims below.\",\n \"Reference should therefore be made to the embodiments and claims herein for interpreting the scope of the invention.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION The compositions and methods now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all permutations and variations of embodiments of the invention are shown.\",\n \"Indeed, the invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.\",\n \"These embodiments are provided in sufficient written detail to describe and enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention, along with disclosure of the best mode for practicing the invention, as defined by the claims and equivalents thereof.\",\n \"Likewise, many modifications and other embodiments of the compositions and methods described herein will come to mind to one of skill in the art to which the invention pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings.\",\n \"Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.\",\n \"Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.\",\n \"Glossary of Terms and Definitions Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the invention pertains.\",\n \"Although any methods and materials similar to or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are described herein.\",\n \"Moreover, reference to an element by the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude the possibility that more than one element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one element.\",\n \"The indefinite article “a” or “an” thus usually means “at least one.” As used herein, “about” means within a statistically meaningful range of a value or values such as a stated concentration, length, molecular weight, pH, sequence identity, time frame, temperature or volume.\",\n \"Such a value or range can be within an order of magnitude, typically within 20%, more typically within 10%, and even more typically within 5% of a given value or range.\",\n \"The allowable variation encompassed by “about” will depend upon the particular system under study, and can be readily appreciated by one of skill in the art.\",\n \"Ranges recited herein include the defined boundary numerical values as well as sub-ranges encompassing any non-recited numerical values within the recited range.\",\n \"For example, a range from about 0.01 mM to about 10.0 mM includes both 0.01 mM and 10.0 mM.\",\n \"Non-recited numerical values within this exemplary recited range also contemplated include, for example, 0.05 mM, 0.10 mM, 0.20 mM, 0.51 mM, 1.0 mM, 1.75 mM, 2.5 mM 5.0 mM, 6.0 mM, 7.5 mM, 8.0 mM, 9.0 mM, and 9.9 mM, among others.\",\n \"Exemplary sub-ranges within this exemplary range include from about 0.01 mM to about 5.0 mM; from about 0.1 mM to about 2.5 mM; and from about 2.0 mM to about 6.0 mM, among others.\",\n \"Supercapacitor Designs with Nitrogen and Boron Co-Doped Carbon HDCN A cost-effective approach to fabricate high performance supercapacitors using specially designed and processed nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon HDCN is presented.\",\n \"The process requires assembly of closely-interconnected nanoparticles with large internal/external surfaces and plenty of sub-nanochannels for high speed charge transport.\",\n \"The supercapacitor is formed under 700 MPa of uniaxial pressure to reduce the internal resistance of the device and to improve the power density.\",\n \"This integrated approach provided a power density of nearly 4.58 kW cm−3.In addition, an energy density of 2.45 mWhcm−3 was also obtained.\",\n \"The described fabrication process can be easily scalable for manufacturing.\",\n \"The disclosed hierarchical design and assembly of the HCDN is based on vertically integrating optimal materials-performance at each length scale, ranging from the atomic to micrometers in length.\",\n \"At the atomic level, an abundance of active sites for chemical activity and charge accumulation are needed.\",\n \"At this level, doping the carbon with nitrogen and boron will alter its electronic properties as well as seeding the structural change for the growth of the HCDN during synthesis.\",\n \"At the sub-nano level, abundant channels for efficient mass/charge transport of electrolyte species are needed within the nano-structure.\",\n \"At the nano-structure level, it is necessary to assure that the HCDN has a shape for optimum packing of charges and good electrical contact among the HCDN particles for rapid charge transport.\",\n \"Finally, at the micron level, the HCDN must be assembled and mechanically compacted between the two electrodes to deliver the maximum power density.\",\n \"Thus the elastic properties of the HCDN were part of the design consideration.\",\n \"The HCDN synthesis and characterization at each length scale is presented.\",\n \"A discussion of the supercapacitor fabrication and product performance is presented in the examples.\",\n \"In view of the foregoing, including the examples presented herein, specific aspects of the invention are now presented.\",\n \"In a first aspect, a method of making a carbonaceous nanoparticle is provided.\",\n \"The method includes two steps.\",\n \"The first step includes reacting a first carbon source with a second carbon source in the presence of a nitrogen source in a DC arc furnace to form a composite nanoparticle.\",\n \"The second carbon source includes a dopant.\",\n \"The composite nanoparticle includes a crystalline carbon phase having an amorphous phase comprising dopant or carbide.\",\n \"The second step includes removing the amorphous second layer to form the carbonaceous nanoparticle.\",\n \"In one respect of the first aspect, the first carbon source is selected from graphite and carbon black.\",\n \"In another respect, the dopant includes boron.\",\n \"In another respect, the dopant includes boron carbide (B4C).\",\n \"In another respect, the ratio of the weight percent of the first carbon source to the second carbon source comprising is from about 2:1 to about 20:1.In one respect, the ratio of the weight percent of the first carbon source to the second carbon source includes a ratio of about 9:1.In another respect, the nanoparticle includes a substantially spherical shape having nanohorns and nanographene sheets.\",\n \"In a second aspect, a supercapacitor is provided.\",\n \"The supercapacitor includes a first electrode having a first substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a second electrode comprising a second substrate and carbonaceous nanoparticles; a separator positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrolyte.\",\n \"The carbonaceous nanoparticles are preferably made according to the method of the first aspect.\",\n \"In one respect, the supercapacitor includes a first substrate having a first metal.\",\n \"In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes a first metal having stainless steel.\",\n \"In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes a second substrate having a second metal.\",\n \"In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes a second metal having stainless steel.\",\n \"In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes a separator having plastic.\",\n \"In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes a plastic having polypropylene.\",\n \"In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes a plastic having a composition resistant to attack by acids and bases.\",\n \"In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes an electrolyte comprising potassium hydroxide.\",\n \"In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes an energy density greater than or equal to about 2 mMwh/cm3.In another respect, the supercapcacitor includes a power density of greater than or equal to about 4 kW/cm3.In a third aspect, a method of making an electrode for a supercapacitor is provided.\",\n \"The method includes the several steps.\",\n \"The first step includes applying to a substrate a suspension of a liquid dispersant comprising carbonaceous nanoparticles formed according to the method of the first aspect.\",\n \"The second step includes drying the suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate.\",\n \"The third step includes compacting the dried suspension of carbonaceous nanoparticles on the substrate with a uniaxial pressure less than or equal to 1000 MPa to create an electrode.\",\n \"In one respect of the third aspect, the liquid dispersant comprises an alcohol.\",\n \"In some respect, the alcohol is selected from a group consisting of ethanol, methanol and isopropyl alcohol.\",\n \"In another respect, the substrate comprises a metal.\",\n \"In some respects, the metal comprises stainless steel.\",\n \"In other respects, the first step of applying comprises spraying.\",\n \"For example, in some respects, spraying comprises electro-spraying.\",\n \"In other respects, the third aspect includes additional steps, such as repeating the steps to create an additional electrode.\",\n \"In this regard, the electrode of this aspect further includes the step of providing a separator.\",\n \"In some respects, separator comprises plastic.\",\n \"In other respects, the plastic comprises polypropylene.\",\n \"In yet other respects, the method includes additional steps of sandwiching the separator between the electrodes to create a dry supercapacitor.\",\n \"In this regard, the method includes an additional step of providing electrolyte.\",\n \"In this regard, the electrolyte comprises potassium hydroxide.\",\n \"In this regard, the method further includes the step of soaking the dry supercapacitor with the electrolyte to create the supercapacitor.\",\n \"EXAMPLES The invention will be more fully understood upon consideration of the following non-limiting examples, which are offered for purposes of illustration, not limitation.\",\n \"Example 1.Nanoparticle Design and Synthesis BN-HCDN Fabrication and Structural Analysis The first goal is to synthesize a HCDN with near spherical shape consisting of doped crystalline frame-work having numerous internal nano-channels and sharp tips for the transport and accumulation of charges.\",\n \"To achieve such an architecture the following two-step processing sequence was taken to synthesize the unique HCDN: First, a composite nanoparticle was synthesized consisting of fine lamella layers of crystalline carbon sandwiched between amorphous layers of nitride and/or carbide materials.\",\n \"Second, the amorphous layers of the composite nanoparticle were selectively etched away by heating the sample in air at 450° C. to produce the desired structure.\",\n \"DC arcs have been extensively used in nano-carbon studies [see, for example, V. P. Dravid et al., Science 1993, 259:1601; X. K. Wang et al., App.\",\n \"Phys.\",\n \"Lett.\",\n \"1995, 66:2430; N. Li et al., Carbon 2010, 48:255; B. Lee et al., Energy Environ.\",\n \"Sci.\",\n \"2012, 5:6941; X. Lin et al., Appl.\",\n \"Phys.\",\n \"Lett.\",\n \"1994, 64:181].\",\n \"To perform the first step, a DC arc was configured as a high temperature furnace where a hole in the cathode serves as a crucible that can be filled with materials to be incorporated into the products [S. P. Doherty et al., Carbon 2006, 44:1511].\",\n \"An optimal mixture of 90% graphite powder and 10% B4C powder was used to synthesize the HCDN particles.\",\n \"B4C was used primarily as a source for boron doping; nitrogen gas was used as the nitrogen source for co-doping.\",\n \"The arc was operated with high purity nitrogen at 300 Torr and a temperature around 3,000° C. Under these conditions, a composite HCDN was obtained as proposed in step one described above.\",\n \"Nitrides and carbides in the HCDN remain amorphous while carbon achieved its crystalline form.\",\n \"(Note: HCDN samples were also synthesized with pure hydrogen and nitrogen gas only.\",\n \"However, the electrical-chemical properties of these samples were inferior, most likely due to their structural properties.\",\n \"Thus, this study focused on the B—N co-doped samples.)\",\n \"The morphology of the as synthesized B—N co-doped HCDN (BN) collected from the chamber wall is shown in the SEM image (FIG.\",\n \"1A).\",\n \"The spherical particles are quite uniform in size, and they range between 40-60 nm.\",\n \"A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image, FIG.\",\n \"1B, provides a closer view of a cluster of these particles on a holey carbon grid.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1C is a higher magnification of a composite particle showing the crystalline carbon as the matrix embedded with amorphous materials.\",\n \"To study the composition of the as synthesized HCDN, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) was used to map the locations of B, N, and C in the individual particles, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the average amount of each element and their local bonding environment over an assembly of nanoparticles.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2A shows a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) image of a selected nanoparticle mapped by EELS.\",\n \"STEM images and EELS were acquired in a probe-corrected JEOL ARM200F equipped with a GIF Tridiem operated at 80 kV.\",\n \"The electron energy loss spectrum of the whole nanoparticle clearly shows the B, C, and N edges (FIG.\",\n \"2B).\",\n \"From this mapping (FIG.\",\n \"2C-E) it is clear that both B and N are uniformly present across the nanoparticle indicating that the crystalline and amorphous phases of the composite HCDN are homogeneously distributed within the particle.\",\n \"In the second step of the synthesis, the amorphous materials in the composite HCDN was selectively etch-removed by heating the sample at 450° C. in air.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3A is an annular dark field image of a typical nanoparticle (BN-1H) after 1 hour of treatment to remove the amorphous material from the nanoparticles.\",\n \"It shows how the dense nano-composite particle has transformed into a nano-porous particle.\",\n \"By further focusing on a single nanoparticle (FIG.\",\n \"3B), it is quite revealing to see the transformation of a compact composite nanoparticle into a crystalline carbon “skeleton” framework, which consists of densely populated inter-nested carbon nano-horns [M. Yudasaka et al., Carbon nanotub.\",\n \"2008, 111:605] and twisted nano-graphite sheets.\",\n \"The inset to FIG.\",\n \"3B shows the fine structure of a typical nano-horn.\",\n \"An electron diffraction pattern (FIG.\",\n \"3C) was obtained from as deposited BN-HCDN (left half circle) and after 1-hour heat treatment, BN-1H (right half circle).\",\n \"The existence of diffraction spots in the rings indicates the presence of randomly oriented carbon crystallites in the BN-1H sample.\",\n \"From the TEM images, it is clear that nanochannels have been created within the particle that will improve charge transport.\",\n \"Second, the presence of horn-shaped nanostructures will help to induce charging effects around their tips and promote local chemical activities.\",\n \"Thirdly, the inter-connection among the annealed HCDN particles will further enhance the charge flow among the assemblies of these nanoparticles.\",\n \"BN-HCDN Nanoparticle Porosity While it is clear from the micrographs that selective etching can transform a dense composite HCDN particle into a highly nano-porous crystalline carbon nanoparticle, it is also desirable to quantify the change in porosity that takes place.\",\n \"To this end, a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) pore structure analysis was carried out.\",\n \"The isotherms are Type II IUPAC classification without adsorption hysteresis (FIG.\",\n \"4A).\",\n \"The observed adsorption isotherm appears to be representative of an adsorption isotherm on a flat surface.\",\n \"The etching process results in a remarkably enhanced N2 adsorption uptake at low relative pressure (P/Po), which is indicative of a huge increase in nanoporosity.\",\n \"Moreover, continuous N2 uptake can be observed in the relative pressure range of 0.3˜0.6, which also implies the presence of large increase in porosity.\",\n \"The pore size distribution was calculated using the quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) method that was part of the Quarda Win software package (Quanta chrome Instruments, USA), assuming a slit pore geometry.\",\n \"From this analysis there is only a minor amount of pores with characteristics in the micropore range for the as synthesized BN sample.\",\n \"On the other hand, there are two obvious peaks in the micropore range for the etched sample: one very sharp peak just above 1 nm and another broad peak (with one tenth the height) between 2-3 nm (FIG.\",\n \"4B).\",\n \"This dramatic increase in pore volume around 1 nm can be attributed to the presence of numerous nanochannels and/or sub-nanochannels formed by the intertwined nano-carbon layers and nano-horns left behind in the etched nanoparticle discussed above [S. Bandow et al., Chem.\",\n \"Phys.\",\n \"Lett.\",\n \"2000, 321:514; S. Utsumi et al., J. Phys.\",\n \"Chem.\",\n \"B 2005, 109:14319].\",\n \"As a result, the surface area and pore volume of the etched sample increase over the unetched sample from 193.3 m2 g−1 to 554.3 m2 g−1, and from 0.27 cm3 g−1 to 0.51 cm3 g−1, respectively.\",\n \"It should be pointed out here that these values remain nearly the same after the HCDN film is compacted with a pressure of 700 MPa.\",\n \"BN-HCDN XPS Analysis Extensive XPS studies were performed on the BN and BN-1H particles.\",\n \"From the survey spectrum of the N and BN samples (FIG.\",\n \"5A) indicates the incorporation of N and B into these materials.\",\n \"The nitrogen and boron concentrations in the as grown co-doped sample, BN, are about 4 at % and 3 at % respectively (Table 1).\",\n \"TABLE 1 Summary of XPS peak analysis for N, BN, and BN-1H samples.\",\n \"C1 B2 N3 Sample C-B C-C C-N C-O Content B-C B-N B-CO2 B-O Content N-6 N-5 N-Q N — 60.9% 21.1% 18.0% — — — 4.0 at % 71.7% 21.8% 6.5% BN 6.7% 69.7% 13.2% 10.4% 3.0 at % 18.7% 50.5% 30.8% — 4.1 at % 58.8% 36.6% 4.6% BN-1h 3.6% 72.3% 10.5% 13.5% 0.8 at % 15.7% 48.7% 27.7% 7.9% 2.2 at % 41.1% 51.1% 7.8% 1C-B (283.4 eV), C-C (284.6 eV), C-N (286.2 eV), and C-O (288.3 eV) 2B-C (189.5 eV), B-N (190.6 eV), B-CO2 (192 eV), and B-O (193 eV) 3N-6 (Pyridinic-398.5 eV), N-5 (Pyrrolic-400.5 eV), and N-Q (Quaternary-401.2 eV) The predominate asymmetric C 1s peak, shown in FIG.\",\n \"5B, indicates the existence of C—N, C—B, and/or C—O bonds in addition to C—C bonds.\",\n \"The C 1s spectrum could be deconvoluted into four peaks at 283.5, 284.7, 286.3, and 288.4 eV; these were assigned to C—B, sp2 C═C, C—N, and/or C—O bonds, and π-π sp2 satellite transitions respectively [S. Maldonado et al., Carbon 2006, 44:1429; W. J. Hsieh et al., Carbon 2005, 43:820; P. Hammer et al., J. Vac.\",\n \"Sci.\",\n \"Technol.\",\n \"A 2000, 18:2277; H. Valdés et al.\",\n \"Langmuir 2002, 18:2111; K. László et al., Carbon 2001, 39, 1217; Y. C. Lin et al., Appl.\",\n \"Phys.\",\n \"Lett.\",\n \"2010, 96:133110; S. T. Jackson et al., Appl.\",\n \"Surf Sci.\",\n \"1995, 90:195].\",\n \"The B1s core level can be divided into maximum 4 peaks of B—O (193 eV), BCO2 (192 eV), B—N (190.6 eV) and B—C (189.5 eV) (FIG.\",\n \"5C) [W. J. Hsieh et al.\",\n \"Carbon 2005, 43:820; Y. Kang et al., Carbon 2013, 61:200; S. H. Sheng et al., J.\",\n \"Mater.\",\n \"Chem.\",\n \"2012, 22:390].\",\n \"The relatively large amount of B—N bonding indicates that N from the reaction gas reacts preferentially with B over C when B is present.\",\n \"The high resolution N1s peak can be deconvoluted into 3 components (FIG.\",\n \"5D); N-6 (398.6 eV), N-5 (400.6 eV), and N-Q (401.6 eV) [W. J. Hsieh et al., Carbon 2005, 43:820; Y. C. Lin et al.\",\n \"Appl.\",\n \"Phys.\",\n \"Lett.\",\n \"2010, 96:133110].\",\n \"N-6 corresponds to pyridinic substitution in the carbon lattice, N-5 to pyrrolic substitution in the carbon lattice and/or B—N bonding, and N-Q to graphitic substitution in the carbon lattice.\",\n \"Considering large amount of B—N bonding indicated from the B1s spectra, it can be assumed that there are also large amount of N—B bonding, along with the pyrrolic N substitution, in peak N-6 in the B doped samples.\",\n \"As depicted above, due to the nature of ternary mixture in BN sample, there are large amount of different bonding at lower binding energy comparing with N sample (including N-6 and N-5).\",\n \"Although the amount of Band N were somewhat decreased by the 1h annealing, sufficient quantities of B (0.8 at %) and N (2.2 at %) remain to change the surface chemistry of the BN-1h sample thereby increasing its electrochemical activities.\",\n \"Moreover, it should be noted that most of the nitrogen species present are as pyridinic (N-6) and pyrrolic (N-5) substitution.\",\n \"This is because nitrogen can act as an edge termination agent during the graphene growth in a role similar to hydrogen in a hydrogen arc growth [Y. C. Lin et al., Appl.\",\n \"Phys.\",\n \"Lett.\",\n \"2010, 96:133110].\",\n \"These N-6 and N-5 species are favorable for accumulating charges during supercapacitor operation due to their appropriate electron configuration and binding energy [F. M. Hassan et al., J.\",\n \"Mater.\",\n \"Chem.\",\n \"A 2013, 1:2904].\",\n \"Nitrogen bonding around the nano-graphitic edges favors pyridinic substitution [Lin et al.\",\n \"(2010)]; density function theory (DFT) calculation indicates this should produce a p-type material [D. Usachov et al., NanoLett.\",\n \"2011, 11:5401].\",\n \"XPS also indicates pyrrolic N-substitution where the Fermi level is in the middle of the gap.\",\n \"After annealing in air, the amount of oxygen species (such as hydroxyl, ester, ketone, and carboxylic groups) on the surface of the HCDN were slightly increased from ca.\",\n \"7 at % to 10 at %.\",\n \"Addition of these groups further enhances the redox reaction for more charge accumulation, and also increases the hydrophilic surface property for better wettability of the materials, which eventually increase the overall electrochemical performance of BN-1H HCDN [M. Inagakia et al., J.\",\n \"Power Sources 2010, 195:7880].\",\n \"The difference in surface wettability of these samples with contact angle measurements was shown, wherein the BN-1H sample has the best wettability.\",\n \"BN-HCDN Sample Densification The HCDN nanoparticles were compacted or densified into a film under uniaxial pressure for the fabrication of supercapacitors.\",\n \"The densification of the HCDN film is needed to optimize the device performance to obtain both the highest energy density and power density.\",\n \"This requires the optimization of at least two important parameters: charge density (amount of charge per volume) stored in the capacitor, and the supercapacitor charging and discharging rate (which requires the minimization of internal resistance of the device).\",\n \"In addition, the device needs to possess long-term stability through cycling.\",\n \"Densification is thus a key step to achieving these properties.\",\n \"To assure the nanoparticle film was not over-compressed (beyond its elastic limit), in-situ nano-indentation measurements were performed on single selected BN-1H HCDN particles in a HR-TEM.\",\n \"An AFM-TEM in situ holder from Nanofactory AB was used to perform the compression experiments [G. Casillas et al., Philos.\",\n \"Mag.\",\n \"2012, 92:4437; G. Casillas et al., Jose-Yacaman, Nanoscale.\",\n \"2013, 5:6333].\",\n \"Briefly, the nanoparticles are drop-casted onto an Au wire, which is mounted in to the AFM-TEM holder and once inside the TEM, they are compressed by a Si tip.\",\n \"The deflection of the cantilever is used to compute the load applied on the particles and the area of contact is estimated from the TEM images.\",\n \"The results showed that a single nanoparticle was able to withstand ˜1000 MPa of stress at the contact point without any deformation (except for the sharp tips).\",\n \"Beyond this stress the nanoparticle started to compress plastically.\",\n \"According to these results, an uniaxial pressure of 700 MPa was used to ensure that the nanoparticles were not damaged in the film formation process discussed below (See, for example the BET isotherm result for compressed BN-1H sample).\",\n \"BN-HCDN Electrical Measurement Hall measurements were performed on normally ˜300 μm thick BN-1H co-doped HCDN films.\",\n \"The HCDN particles were compacted under a uniaxial pressure of 700M Pa to form the films.\",\n \"The Hall mobility was determined to be ˜2 cm2V−1·s−1 with a p-type carrier density of 5×1019 cm−3 to yield a conductivity of ˜15 S cm−1.This carrier density is about one order of magnitude higher than an N-doped sample grown in the nitrogen arc without boron doping, while the p-type mobility is the same.\",\n \"Thus, the BN co-doped sample is more conductive by roughly a factor of 10.This information is very important to the design of the supercapacitor.\",\n \"To achieve high rates of charging and discharging, the internal resistance of the device needs to be very low.\",\n \"BN-HCDN Electrochemical Analysis As a demonstration of the advantage of its unique structure, the electrochemical activity of B—N co-doped HCDN material was compared with N-doped HCDN samples using a three-electrode cell.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6A shows typical cyclic voltammograms (CV) for a three-electrode cell in 6 M KOH at a scan rate of 100 mVs−1.The as-deposited BN-HCDN exhibits a much larger CV curve than the N sample corresponding to superior electrochemical activities for storing charges.\",\n \"Considering the similar values for surface area (193.3 m2g−1 for the BN sample and 215 m2g−1 for the N sample), the increase in electrochemical activity is attributed to the synergetic effect of B—N co-doping in the carbon structure as discussed earlier.\",\n \"Sharp response at the voltage changing point represents the fast charge/discharge characteristics owing to the favorable surface chemical properties of B—N co-doping effects.\",\n \"Heteroatom doping in the carbon framework changes the electronic properties of the material with the heteroatoms being more favorable for the attraction of ions in the electrolyte compared to that of the carbon atoms, thus inducing pseudo capacitance [F. M. Hassan et al., J.\",\n \"Mater.\",\n \"Chem.\",\n \"A 2013, 1:2904].\",\n \"Additionally, the presence of heteroatoms in the carbon matrix can enhance the wettability (hydrophilicity) between electrolyte and electrode materials [E. Iyyamperumal et al., ACS Nano 2012, 6:5259].\",\n \"Therefore, the heteroatom doping could not only introduce extra pseudo capacitance but also enhance the electric double-layer capacitance.\",\n \"The B—N co-doped synergetic effect becomes more significant after 1-hour annealing process.\",\n \"Due to the highly increased conductivity of the BN-1H sample relative to the BN sample, faster response can be obtained resulting in a nearly rectangular shaped CV curve.\",\n \"Moreover, characteristics of the redox reaction became more obvious showing the appearance of “humps” in the CV curves (FIG.\",\n \"6A).\",\n \"Capacitive behaviors can also be observed, exhibiting linear behavior during the galvanostatic charge/discharge experiments performed at 3 Ag−1 (FIG.\",\n \"6B).\",\n \"The specific capacitance of BN-1H sample was calculated from the discharging curves with values of as high as 277 Fg−1 at a current density of 0.2 Ag−1.For the further validation of the advantages of B—N co-doping, an electrochemical activity test was also performed in acidic media (1 M of H2SO4).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6C shows charging/discharging scans as a function of current for 6 M KOH solution, while FIG.\",\n \"6E shows that for 1 M H2SO4 solution.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6D compares the differences in the electrolyte solutions in C-V plots.\",\n \"The specific capacitance of the BN-1H was calculated from galvanostatic charge/discharge curves according to the relation Cspec=I·tm−1·V−1, where I is the charge/discharge current, t is the discharge time, m is the mass of electrode material and V is the voltage difference.\",\n \"The highest capacitance values, calculated from the discharge curves, were 277 Fg−1, and 245 Fg−1 in 6 M KOH and 1 M H2SO4, respectively.\",\n \"Considering the surface area (554.3 m2g−1), this value can be converted to a considerably high value of 49.9 μFcm−2 which is much higher value than 10˜30 μFcm−2 which are typically showed in carbon materials [L. L. Zhang and X. S. Zhao, Chem.\",\n \"Soc.\",\n \"Rev.\",\n \"2009, 38:2520; J. Han et al., ACS Nano 2013, 7:19].\",\n \"This means the BN-1H has highly electrochemical-active surface characteristics.\",\n \"Example 2.Supercapacitor Fabrication Fabrication and Properties of Two-Electrode BN-HCDN Supercapacitors The above results demonstrate BN-1H particles have superior electro-chemical properties and thus should be used for the fabrication of the two-electrode supercapacitors.\",\n \"The steps taken to prepare the devices are as follows: BN-1H carbon nanoparticles processed from the arc furnace as describe above are electro-sprayed onto two identical stainless steel substrates to form thin films of BN-1H.\",\n \"In order to retain high efficiency (low internal resistance), no organic binding material has been used in assembly the BN-1H nanoparticles.\",\n \"The thin films are further compacted under a pressure of 700 MPa to a thickness of ca.\",\n \"1 μm.\",\n \"The two densified electrodes are sandwiched together mechanically with a polypropylene separator layer between them.\",\n \"This assembly is then soaked in the 6 M of KOH electrolyte.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7 shows the characteristics of a typical supercapacitor.\",\n \"Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) were recorded at scan rates from 1,000 mV s−1 to 10,000 mV s−1 to test the power capability of the thin film supercapacitor (FIG.\",\n \"7A).\",\n \"Almost perfect rectangular shaped CV curves, up to the very high scan rate, indicate low resistance, as well as its high power characteristics for the device.\",\n \"The galvanostatic charge/discharge curves at three current densities are shown in FIG.\",\n \"7B.\",\n \"The specific capacitance was calculated from the discharge curves with values of 28.3, 28.1, and 28.1 F cm−3 obtained at current densities of 600, 1200, and 3000 mA cm−3, respectively (FIG.\",\n \"7B).\",\n \"Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) further confirms the superior power performance of the compacted BN-1H thin film supercapacitor.\",\n \"The vertical feature in the Nyquist plot of BN-1H shows the nearly ideal capacitive behavior of the cell.\",\n \"The equivalent series resistance obtained from the intercept of the plot on the real axis is only 0.34 Ωcm−2.From the expanded high-frequency range data (FIG.\",\n \"7C, inset), a transition between the RC semicircle and the migration of electrolyte was observed at a frequency ca.\",\n \"3000 Hz.\",\n \"The diffusion of electrolyte ions stopped ca.\",\n \"400 Hz, and thereafter the full capacitance was reached.\",\n \"The thin film supercapacitor of BN-1H shows superior frequency response with a very small relaxation time constant to of 8.5 ms (τ0 being the minimum time needed to discharge all the energy from the device with an efficiency of greater than 50% [P. Banerjee, I. Perez, L. Henn-Lecordier, S. B. Lee, G. W. Rubloff, Nat.\",\n \"Nanotech.\",\n \"2009, 4:292]; FIG.\",\n \"7D).\",\n \"This small time constant for BN-1H is very promising compared with previously reported values for planar micro-supercapacitors: activated carbon (700 ms) [D. Pech et al., Nat.\",\n \"Nanotech.\",\n \"2010, 5:651], onion-like carbon (26 ms) [Pech (2010)] and direct laser writing graphene device (19 ms) [M. F. El-Kady and R. B. Kaner, Nat.\",\n \"Commun.\",\n \"2013, 4:1475].\",\n \"The measured electrical properties of the BN-1H two-electrode supercapacitor give a high power density (4.58 kW cm−3) and energy density (2.45 mWh cm−3).\",\n \"Furthermore, the thin film BN-1H supercapacitors show excellent cycling stability, retaining ca.\",\n \"90% of the initial performance after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles.\",\n \"Synthesis of Boron and Nitrogen Doped Arc Carbon Materials The arc system used in this study is described in detail elsewhere [L. S. Wang et al., Appl.\",\n \"Phys.\",\n \"A 2007, 87:1].\",\n \"Briefly, the arc consists of two electrodes.\",\n \"The cathode is a solid ⅜-inch diameter randomly oriented graphite (ROG) rod.\",\n \"The anode is a cup-like structure fabricated from a ⅜-inch diameter ROG rod with a 3/16-inch diameter hole, 4 inch deep, in the center of the end facing the cathode.\",\n \"The hole, or cup, in the anode cup is filled with tightly compacted graphite powder; as a boron (B) source 10 wt % B4C was mixed with graphite powder.\",\n \"After the chamber was evacuated, 300 Torr of Nitrogen (N) gas was introduced.\",\n \"Nitrogen was used as nitrogen source.\",\n \"A 100 Amp DC arc was applied to heat the graphite powder inside the hole.\",\n \"A potential of 27-28 V was maintained between the electrodes by adjusting the spacing between them, typically 0.5 to 0.7 inch.\",\n \"A typical synthesis experiment lasts ca.\",\n \"7 min.\",\n \"The arc soot deposited on the surface of chamber was collected.\",\n \"Some graphite impurities exist in the as-collected soot, so a purification process was performed to remove un-desired carbon species.\",\n \"First, the as-collected sample was dispersed in a solution of water and ethanol (9:1) and then sonicated to make a highly dispersed suspension.\",\n \"The suspension was centrifuged to remove heavy graphitic balls from the arc soot.\",\n \"After the centrifugation, the supernatant was freeze-dried overnight to yield the purified arc soot.\",\n \"This sample is designated as the as-synthesized BN-HCDN herein.\",\n \"For the control experiment, pure graphite powder without B4C addition was introduced into the arc discharge process to produce soot doped with only nitrogen, which is designated as the N sample.\",\n \"For the synthesis of the BN-1H sample, as-synthesized carbon soot underwent a heat treatment in air at 450° C. to etch-remove of the amorphous portion of the material.\",\n \"Characterization of Synthesized Materials Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images were obtained using a Hitachi SU8030 field emission SEM (FESEM).\",\n \"Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) studies were performed using a JEOL 2100F FAST TEM working at 200 kV.\",\n \"Structural characterization of the arc carbon was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD, D/MAX-A, Rigaku) featuring Jade Analysis software.\",\n \"The surface area and pore size distribution of the synthesized HCDN were measured by nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, using a Micrometrics ASAP 2020 system.\",\n \"The sample was degassed at 398 K under vacuum overnight before analysis, to remove any adsorbed impurities.\",\n \"The surface area was measured using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) model for relative pressures and the distribution of pore dimensions was calculated using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) model.\",\n \"XPS spectra were recorded on a Thermo Scientific ESCALAB 250Xi.\",\n \"All binding energies (BEs) are referred to the graphitic C 1s line at 284.7 eV.\",\n \"Compressing Test for the BN-1H Sample The in situ TEM experiments were performed in a JEOL JEM-2010F.\",\n \"Images were recorded with an AMT CCD camera.\",\n \"The sample was diluted in ethanol, ultrasonicated and drop-casted on to a 0.25-mm Au wire that was mounted on an N force-probing holder (AFM-TEM holder) from Nanofactory Instruments AB.\",\n \"The sample is mounted on a piezotube which enables three-dimensional movement with sub-nanometer precision.\",\n \"For load measurements, this holder relies on the deflection of a silicon cantilever with a sharp tip.\",\n \"These experiments were carried out with a cantilever of a spring constant of 2.3 nNm−1.Finally, the stress can be estimated by assuming a circular area of contact and measuring the diameter from the TEM micrographs.\",\n \"Electrochemical Characterization of Synthesized Materials Three-Electrode Test: Electrochemical measurements were performed using an AUTOLAB PGASTAT 302N potentiostat with a standard three-electrode setup in both 6 M of KOH and 1 M H2SO4.Working electrodes were prepared by drop-casting the samples on a glassy carbon electrode: A Pt plate and an Ag/AgCl electrode saturated with KCl were used as a counter electrode and reference electrode, respectively.\",\n \"Cyclic voltammograms were recorded within the range from 0 to −1 V in KOH and from 0 to 1 V in H2SO4 at various scan rates.\",\n \"Galvanostatic charge/discharge was carried out within the same voltage range of CV measurement at various current densities.\",\n \"Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement was carried out by applying voltage amplitude of 10 mV at OCV (open circuit voltage) in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 50 mHz.\",\n \"Calculations: The capacitance of each device was calculated from the galvanostatic charge/discharge curves using the formula: For a three electrode configuration: C electrode = i × Δ t Δ V Where i (A) is the discharge current, Δt (s) is the discharge time, ΔV (V) is the voltage change (excluding the iR drop) within the discharge time.\",\n \"Gravimetric specific capacitance was calculated by dividing capacitance by the mass of electrode material.\",\n \"For a two electrode thin film configuration: C device = i × Δ t Δ V × 4 Where i (A) is the discharge current, Δt (s) is the discharge time, ΔV (V) is the voltage change (excluding the iR drop) within the discharge time, the multiplier of 4 adjusts the capacitance of the cell and the combined mass of two electrodes to the capacitance and mass of a single electrode.\",\n \"Specific capacitance was calculated based on the volume of the device according to the following formula: Volumetric capacitance (Cv)=Cdevice/V where V refers to the volume (cm3) of the device.\",\n \"The energy density (Whcm−3) and power density (Wcm−3) derived from the charge/discharge curves are calculated by the following equations: E = C v × Δ V 2 2 × 3600 P = Δ V 2 4 · R ESR · V For the calculation of maximum power density, RESR (equivalent series resistance) of the device was obtained from the EIS (Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) measurements.\",\n \"INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE All of the patents, patent applications, patent application publications and other publications recited herein are hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in their entirety.\",\n \"The present invention has been described in connection with what are presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments.\",\n \"However, the invention has been presented by way of illustration and is not intended to be limited to the disclosed embodiments.\",\n \"Accordingly, one of skill in the art will realize that the invention is intended to encompass all modifications and alternative arrangements within the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872768"}}},{"rowIdx":4494163,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["HOCKEY SKILLS TRAINING SYSTEM AND METHOD OF USING THE SAME","A hockey skills training system comprising a foldable high density polymer game board surface; a pair of nested goals disposed on one side of the shooting surface; a handle attached to the shooting surface; and at least one puck; and at least one puck shooting device."],["1.A playing surface for a hockey skills training system, said playing surface comprising a hard low friction polymer surface; a first goal disposed at one end of said surface, said first goal comprising a semi-rigid arch member extending across the end of said surface; second goal, said second goal disposed across the end of said surface and nested within said first goal.","2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the surface is foldable.","3.A system for hockey skills training, said system comprising: a high density polymer game board; a pair of nested goals disposed at one end of said surface; removable attached netting attached to each goal; a handle attached to said shooting surface; at least one puck; and at least one puck shooting device.","4.The system of claim 3, wherein the game board is foldable.","5.A method of playing a hockey skills training game, said method comprising the steps of: providing a pair of game boards; placing each one of said game boards a predetermined distance apart from one another; placing a plurality of pucks on one game board; providing a pair of teams, each team comprising at least one player; placing a team at each board; alternating turns between each team to allow at least one member of each team to shoot at least one puck towards the opposing net on said opposing board; and keeping track of the number of successful attempts by each team."],[" BACKGROUND "],[" SUMMARY In one exemplary embodiment, the present invention comprises a hockey skills training system, said system comprising a hard low friction polymer surface; a net frame disposed at one end of said surface, said net frame comprising a semi-rigid arch member extending across the end of said surface; a second net frame, said second net frame disposed across the end of said surface within said first net frame netting disposed over said first net frame and said second net frame a handle attached to said high density surface.","In another exemplary embodiment, the present invention comprises a hockey skills training, said system comprising: a high density polymer shooting surface; a pair of nested goals disposed at one end of said surface; removable attached netting attached to each goal; a handle attached to said shooting surface; at least one puck; and at least one puck shooting device.","In another exemplary embodiment, the present invention comprises a method of playing a hockey skills training game said method comprising the steps of providing a pair of game boards; placing each one of said game boards a predetermined distance apart from one another; placing a plurality of pucks on one game board; providing a pair of teams, each team comprising at least one player; placing a team at each board; alternating turns between each team to allow at least one member of each team to shoot at least one puck towards the opposing net on said opposing board; and keeping track of the number of successful attempts by each team."],["CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present non-provisional application claims priority to provisional patent application 62/126,060, filed Feb. 27, 2015.BACKGROUND 1.Field of the Art The present invention relates generally to athletic training devices and methods.","More specifically, the present invention relates to a physical game and method of playing the game whereby athletic, specifically hockey, skills are developed.","2.Description of the Prior Art The ability to pass a hockey puck to another player so that it flies through the air like a frisbie over opposing players while still landing flat on the ice for a teammate to control is a very useful hockey skill.","This type of pass is usually executed when a defensive player tries to get his/her stick in between an offensive player with the puck and the offensive player's teammate across ice.","To execute this type of pass, a player “opens” the blade of his/her hockey stick (like a golf wedge) so that the puck is positioned at the heel of the blade.","With a very slight wrist action, the puck is swept across the blade to drive the puck into the air.","Developing a good pass technique requires a lot of practice, and the present invention is a useful aid in developing this skill.","SUMMARY In one exemplary embodiment, the present invention comprises a hockey skills training system, said system comprising a hard low friction polymer surface; a net frame disposed at one end of said surface, said net frame comprising a semi-rigid arch member extending across the end of said surface; a second net frame, said second net frame disposed across the end of said surface within said first net frame netting disposed over said first net frame and said second net frame a handle attached to said high density surface.","In another exemplary embodiment, the present invention comprises a hockey skills training, said system comprising: a high density polymer shooting surface; a pair of nested goals disposed at one end of said surface; removable attached netting attached to each goal; a handle attached to said shooting surface; at least one puck; and at least one puck shooting device.","In another exemplary embodiment, the present invention comprises a method of playing a hockey skills training game said method comprising the steps of providing a pair of game boards; placing each one of said game boards a predetermined distance apart from one another; placing a plurality of pucks on one game board; providing a pair of teams, each team comprising at least one player; placing a team at each board; alternating turns between each team to allow at least one member of each team to shoot at least one puck towards the opposing net on said opposing board; and keeping track of the number of successful attempts by each team.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will be understood more fully from the detailed description given hereinafter and from the accompanying drawings of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, which, however, should not be taken to limit the invention, but are for explanation and understanding only.","In the drawings: FIG.","1 shows a perspective view of a system in accordance with the present invention.","FIG.","2 shows a perspective view of a system arranged to perform the method of the present invention.","FIG.","3 shows an embodiment of game pieces for use with the present invention.","FIG.","4 shows an embodiment of the system of the present invention adapted for transport.","FIG.","5 shows a cross-sectional view of the embodiment shown in FIG.","4.FIG.","6 shows a diagram of a method of using the present invention.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be discussed hereinafter in detail in terms of various exemplary embodiments according to the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.","In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention.","It will be obvious, however, to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details.","In other instances, well-known structures are not shown in detail in order to avoid unnecessary obscuring of the present invention.","Thus, all of the implementations described below are exemplary implementations provided to enable persons skilled in the art to make or use the embodiments of the disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the claims.","As used herein, the word “exemplary” or “illustrative” means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any implementation described herein as “exemplary” or “illustrative” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations.","Moreover, in the present description, the terms “upper”, “lower”, “left”, “rear”, “right”, “front”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, and derivatives thereof shall relate to the invention as oriented in FIG.","1.Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field, background, brief summary or the following detailed description.","It is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts defined in the appended claims.","Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting, unless the claims expressly state otherwise.","Referring first to FIG.","1, hockey skills training system 1000 comprises of at least one playing surface/game board 100.Each board 100 is preferably 24″×42″ with machined sockets for placement of nested goals 200 and 300 at one end.","Both goals 200 and 300 are made of steel and covered with marine grade vinyl trim encapsulating ¾″ high tenacity polypropelene (“HTPP”) square industrial grade netting.","Board 100 comprises a hard low friction surface such as high density polyethlene (“HDPE”) surface attached with 30 zinc plated countersunk screws to an extruded aluminum channel frame with HDPE plastic gussets in each corner.","The aluminum channel has an annodized finish to protect the unit from rusting.","Large goal 200 is 23½ wide by 12″ high and is disposed at one end of board 100.The small goal 300 is 5″ high by 9″ wide and is nested within large goal 200.Goals 200 and 300 are fixedly attached to one end of board 100.The posts of goals 200 and 300 are made of steel and the netting is an industrial grade ¾″ high tenacity polypropylene (“HTPP”) knotless net.","The design of each goal is such that one simply picks up the back of each net to retrieve pucks for each turn.","Steel piping holds the netting snug to the ground containing even hard passes.","Small net 300 is designed to create a pocket for high scoring shots within the game.","Each goal 200 and 300 fits onto the board at one end, and the netting is attached via velcro to the frame to create a pocket.","The posts for each goal 200 and 300 are made of steel, and the netting is an industrial grade ¾″ HTPP knotless net.","Pucks 400 may comprise a soft vinyl puck.","Standard a harder puck can be used.","In one exemplary embodiment, hockey skills training system 1000 comprises two boards 100 with goals 200 and 300 handle 500, and pucks 400 (FIG.","3).","In one exemplary embodiment, a first board 100 is used as a “shooting pad.” Board 100 comprises a plastic shooting surface preferably made of a High Grade High Density Polyethylene (“HDPE”).","The method of the present invention comprises arranging two boards 100 preferably 24 feet apart as shown in FIG.","2.The distance is measured from the front of one board 100 to the front of another board 100.Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other distances may be used.","A game is played preferably with two teams.","Each team preferably comprises two players with three pucks 400 of a distinguished color for each team.","One player from each team takes position on opposing boards 100 and all pucks 400 are started from one side.","Referring now to FIG.","6, the foul line is defined as the front of the board.","A player shall not cross the foul line before the puck is released.","Violation will result in no points for the foul puck, and the puck is to be removed from play before any more pucks are sauced.","Pucks already on the board that have been knocked off the board by a foul puck will be returned to the same location on the board.","Additionally, pucks that are on the board, but are knocked into the net by a foul puck must be returned to their original location on the board.","Pucks that bounce off the ground and come to rest on the board or in the net, do not count, and shall be removed from play before any more pucks are sauced.","Again, if other pucks are contacted, the same rules as above apply.","Pucks that come to rest on the board, but are hanging over the board and touching the ground or grass, do not count, and shall be removed from play before any more pucks are passed.","The team listed on top in the tournament bracket shall begin play first.","Each player throws all four pucks by alternating tosses with the opposing player.","The round is complete after all eight pucks are “sauced.” The points are awarded as follows: 3 points for each puck made in the small net.","1 point for each puck made in the large net.","A puck must go completely in the net to count for 3 points.","Any puck(s) that is partially in the net and partially on the board counts as 1 point.","The score for each round is determined by each team combining their points for all pucks in the net with all pucks on the board.","The team with the higher total subtracts the opposing team's points and earns the points of the difference between the two totals.","The team with the lower total does not earn any points for the round.","The team that scores more points for the round goes first in the next round.","If there is a tie, the team that went first in the previous round shall go first in the next round.","No movements or actions that cause distractions to opposing players are allowed.","A tournament official shall resolve any discrepancies or rulings that cannot be resolved mutually between two teams.","The winner is declared once a team reaches or exceeds 21 points after the completion of a round.","The boards of the present invention work best on a flat surface.","Make sure each board is stable and not rocking during play.","It is best if each board is kept dry, clean, with minimum exposure to UV.","Each board 100 is preferably foldable for convenience transport as shown in FIGS.","4 and 5.The above-described embodiments are merely exemplary illustrations set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the invention.","Many variations, combinations, modifications, or equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention.","It should be understood, therefore, that the above description is of an exemplary embodiment of the invention and included for illustrative purposes only.","The description of the exemplary embodiment is not meant to be limiting of the invention.","A person of ordinary skill in the field of the invention or the relevant technical art will understand that variations of the invention are included within the scope of the claims."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"HOCKEY SKILLS TRAINING SYSTEM AND METHOD OF USING THE SAME\",\n \"A hockey skills training system comprising a foldable high density polymer game board surface; a pair of nested goals disposed on one side of the shooting surface; a handle attached to the shooting surface; and at least one puck; and at least one puck shooting device.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A playing surface for a hockey skills training system, said playing surface comprising a hard low friction polymer surface; a first goal disposed at one end of said surface, said first goal comprising a semi-rigid arch member extending across the end of said surface; second goal, said second goal disposed across the end of said surface and nested within said first goal.\",\n \"2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the surface is foldable.\",\n \"3.A system for hockey skills training, said system comprising: a high density polymer game board; a pair of nested goals disposed at one end of said surface; removable attached netting attached to each goal; a handle attached to said shooting surface; at least one puck; and at least one puck shooting device.\",\n \"4.The system of claim 3, wherein the game board is foldable.\",\n \"5.A method of playing a hockey skills training game, said method comprising the steps of: providing a pair of game boards; placing each one of said game boards a predetermined distance apart from one another; placing a plurality of pucks on one game board; providing a pair of teams, each team comprising at least one player; placing a team at each board; alternating turns between each team to allow at least one member of each team to shoot at least one puck towards the opposing net on said opposing board; and keeping track of the number of successful attempts by each team.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND \"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY In one exemplary embodiment, the present invention comprises a hockey skills training system, said system comprising a hard low friction polymer surface; a net frame disposed at one end of said surface, said net frame comprising a semi-rigid arch member extending across the end of said surface; a second net frame, said second net frame disposed across the end of said surface within said first net frame netting disposed over said first net frame and said second net frame a handle attached to said high density surface.\",\n \"In another exemplary embodiment, the present invention comprises a hockey skills training, said system comprising: a high density polymer shooting surface; a pair of nested goals disposed at one end of said surface; removable attached netting attached to each goal; a handle attached to said shooting surface; at least one puck; and at least one puck shooting device.\",\n \"In another exemplary embodiment, the present invention comprises a method of playing a hockey skills training game said method comprising the steps of providing a pair of game boards; placing each one of said game boards a predetermined distance apart from one another; placing a plurality of pucks on one game board; providing a pair of teams, each team comprising at least one player; placing a team at each board; alternating turns between each team to allow at least one member of each team to shoot at least one puck towards the opposing net on said opposing board; and keeping track of the number of successful attempts by each team.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present non-provisional application claims priority to provisional patent application 62/126,060, filed Feb. 27, 2015.BACKGROUND 1.Field of the Art The present invention relates generally to athletic training devices and methods.\",\n \"More specifically, the present invention relates to a physical game and method of playing the game whereby athletic, specifically hockey, skills are developed.\",\n \"2.Description of the Prior Art The ability to pass a hockey puck to another player so that it flies through the air like a frisbie over opposing players while still landing flat on the ice for a teammate to control is a very useful hockey skill.\",\n \"This type of pass is usually executed when a defensive player tries to get his/her stick in between an offensive player with the puck and the offensive player's teammate across ice.\",\n \"To execute this type of pass, a player “opens” the blade of his/her hockey stick (like a golf wedge) so that the puck is positioned at the heel of the blade.\",\n \"With a very slight wrist action, the puck is swept across the blade to drive the puck into the air.\",\n \"Developing a good pass technique requires a lot of practice, and the present invention is a useful aid in developing this skill.\",\n \"SUMMARY In one exemplary embodiment, the present invention comprises a hockey skills training system, said system comprising a hard low friction polymer surface; a net frame disposed at one end of said surface, said net frame comprising a semi-rigid arch member extending across the end of said surface; a second net frame, said second net frame disposed across the end of said surface within said first net frame netting disposed over said first net frame and said second net frame a handle attached to said high density surface.\",\n \"In another exemplary embodiment, the present invention comprises a hockey skills training, said system comprising: a high density polymer shooting surface; a pair of nested goals disposed at one end of said surface; removable attached netting attached to each goal; a handle attached to said shooting surface; at least one puck; and at least one puck shooting device.\",\n \"In another exemplary embodiment, the present invention comprises a method of playing a hockey skills training game said method comprising the steps of providing a pair of game boards; placing each one of said game boards a predetermined distance apart from one another; placing a plurality of pucks on one game board; providing a pair of teams, each team comprising at least one player; placing a team at each board; alternating turns between each team to allow at least one member of each team to shoot at least one puck towards the opposing net on said opposing board; and keeping track of the number of successful attempts by each team.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will be understood more fully from the detailed description given hereinafter and from the accompanying drawings of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, which, however, should not be taken to limit the invention, but are for explanation and understanding only.\",\n \"In the drawings: FIG.\",\n \"1 shows a perspective view of a system in accordance with the present invention.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 shows a perspective view of a system arranged to perform the method of the present invention.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 shows an embodiment of game pieces for use with the present invention.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4 shows an embodiment of the system of the present invention adapted for transport.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5 shows a cross-sectional view of the embodiment shown in FIG.\",\n \"4.FIG.\",\n \"6 shows a diagram of a method of using the present invention.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be discussed hereinafter in detail in terms of various exemplary embodiments according to the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.\",\n \"In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention.\",\n \"It will be obvious, however, to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details.\",\n \"In other instances, well-known structures are not shown in detail in order to avoid unnecessary obscuring of the present invention.\",\n \"Thus, all of the implementations described below are exemplary implementations provided to enable persons skilled in the art to make or use the embodiments of the disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the claims.\",\n \"As used herein, the word “exemplary” or “illustrative” means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any implementation described herein as “exemplary” or “illustrative” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations.\",\n \"Moreover, in the present description, the terms “upper”, “lower”, “left”, “rear”, “right”, “front”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, and derivatives thereof shall relate to the invention as oriented in FIG.\",\n \"1.Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field, background, brief summary or the following detailed description.\",\n \"It is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts defined in the appended claims.\",\n \"Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting, unless the claims expressly state otherwise.\",\n \"Referring first to FIG.\",\n \"1, hockey skills training system 1000 comprises of at least one playing surface/game board 100.Each board 100 is preferably 24″×42″ with machined sockets for placement of nested goals 200 and 300 at one end.\",\n \"Both goals 200 and 300 are made of steel and covered with marine grade vinyl trim encapsulating ¾″ high tenacity polypropelene (“HTPP”) square industrial grade netting.\",\n \"Board 100 comprises a hard low friction surface such as high density polyethlene (“HDPE”) surface attached with 30 zinc plated countersunk screws to an extruded aluminum channel frame with HDPE plastic gussets in each corner.\",\n \"The aluminum channel has an annodized finish to protect the unit from rusting.\",\n \"Large goal 200 is 23½ wide by 12″ high and is disposed at one end of board 100.The small goal 300 is 5″ high by 9″ wide and is nested within large goal 200.Goals 200 and 300 are fixedly attached to one end of board 100.The posts of goals 200 and 300 are made of steel and the netting is an industrial grade ¾″ high tenacity polypropylene (“HTPP”) knotless net.\",\n \"The design of each goal is such that one simply picks up the back of each net to retrieve pucks for each turn.\",\n \"Steel piping holds the netting snug to the ground containing even hard passes.\",\n \"Small net 300 is designed to create a pocket for high scoring shots within the game.\",\n \"Each goal 200 and 300 fits onto the board at one end, and the netting is attached via velcro to the frame to create a pocket.\",\n \"The posts for each goal 200 and 300 are made of steel, and the netting is an industrial grade ¾″ HTPP knotless net.\",\n \"Pucks 400 may comprise a soft vinyl puck.\",\n \"Standard a harder puck can be used.\",\n \"In one exemplary embodiment, hockey skills training system 1000 comprises two boards 100 with goals 200 and 300 handle 500, and pucks 400 (FIG.\",\n \"3).\",\n \"In one exemplary embodiment, a first board 100 is used as a “shooting pad.” Board 100 comprises a plastic shooting surface preferably made of a High Grade High Density Polyethylene (“HDPE”).\",\n \"The method of the present invention comprises arranging two boards 100 preferably 24 feet apart as shown in FIG.\",\n \"2.The distance is measured from the front of one board 100 to the front of another board 100.Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other distances may be used.\",\n \"A game is played preferably with two teams.\",\n \"Each team preferably comprises two players with three pucks 400 of a distinguished color for each team.\",\n \"One player from each team takes position on opposing boards 100 and all pucks 400 are started from one side.\",\n \"Referring now to FIG.\",\n \"6, the foul line is defined as the front of the board.\",\n \"A player shall not cross the foul line before the puck is released.\",\n \"Violation will result in no points for the foul puck, and the puck is to be removed from play before any more pucks are sauced.\",\n \"Pucks already on the board that have been knocked off the board by a foul puck will be returned to the same location on the board.\",\n \"Additionally, pucks that are on the board, but are knocked into the net by a foul puck must be returned to their original location on the board.\",\n \"Pucks that bounce off the ground and come to rest on the board or in the net, do not count, and shall be removed from play before any more pucks are sauced.\",\n \"Again, if other pucks are contacted, the same rules as above apply.\",\n \"Pucks that come to rest on the board, but are hanging over the board and touching the ground or grass, do not count, and shall be removed from play before any more pucks are passed.\",\n \"The team listed on top in the tournament bracket shall begin play first.\",\n \"Each player throws all four pucks by alternating tosses with the opposing player.\",\n \"The round is complete after all eight pucks are “sauced.” The points are awarded as follows: 3 points for each puck made in the small net.\",\n \"1 point for each puck made in the large net.\",\n \"A puck must go completely in the net to count for 3 points.\",\n \"Any puck(s) that is partially in the net and partially on the board counts as 1 point.\",\n \"The score for each round is determined by each team combining their points for all pucks in the net with all pucks on the board.\",\n \"The team with the higher total subtracts the opposing team's points and earns the points of the difference between the two totals.\",\n \"The team with the lower total does not earn any points for the round.\",\n \"The team that scores more points for the round goes first in the next round.\",\n \"If there is a tie, the team that went first in the previous round shall go first in the next round.\",\n \"No movements or actions that cause distractions to opposing players are allowed.\",\n \"A tournament official shall resolve any discrepancies or rulings that cannot be resolved mutually between two teams.\",\n \"The winner is declared once a team reaches or exceeds 21 points after the completion of a round.\",\n \"The boards of the present invention work best on a flat surface.\",\n \"Make sure each board is stable and not rocking during play.\",\n \"It is best if each board is kept dry, clean, with minimum exposure to UV.\",\n \"Each board 100 is preferably foldable for convenience transport as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"4 and 5.The above-described embodiments are merely exemplary illustrations set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the invention.\",\n \"Many variations, combinations, modifications, or equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention.\",\n \"It should be understood, therefore, that the above description is of an exemplary embodiment of the invention and included for illustrative purposes only.\",\n \"The description of the exemplary embodiment is not meant to be limiting of the invention.\",\n \"A person of ordinary skill in the field of the invention or the relevant technical art will understand that variations of the invention are included within the scope of the claims.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872778"}}},{"rowIdx":4494164,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["REGIONAL OXIMETRY SLEEVE FOR MOBILE DEVICE","A system includes a mobile computing device, a sleeve, a contact surface, a sensor module, and a telemetry module.","The mobile computing device has a first processor within a housing.","The sleeve has an internal surface configured to fit the housing.","The contact surface is disposed on an external surface of the sleeve.","The sensor module is coupled to the contact surface and is configured to generate an electrical signal corresponding to a measured physiological parameter associated with tissue at the contact surface.","The telemetry module is coupled to the sensor module and is configured to communicate data corresponding to the electrical signal to the mobile computing device."],["1.A method comprising: pairing a first communication module of a mobile computing device with a second communication module of a sleeve, the mobile computing device configured to fit an internal surface of the sleeve, the sleeve having a sleeve processor coupled to a sleeve memory and the sleeve having a contact surface; executing instructions using the sleeve processor, the instructions stored on the sleeve memory, the instructions configured to generate a measured signal using an optical sensor coupled to the contact surface, the measured signal corresponding to a tissue at the contact surface; communicating the measured signal from the sleeve to the mobile computing device using the first communication module and using the second communication module; and executing instructions using the device processor to generate display data for a display of the mobile computing device.","2.The method of claim 1 wherein executing the instructions using the sleeve processor includes calculating a temperature using a temperature transducer.","3.The method of claim 1 wherein executing the instructions using the sleeve processor includes emitting light from the optical sensor.","4.The method of claim 1 wherein executing instructions using the sleeve processor includes calculating regional oximetry.","5.The method of claim 1 further including displaying regional oximetry data based on the display data using the display."],[" BACKGROUND A measure of regional oximetry can provide an indication as to tissue health.","Existing technology for measuring regional oximetry is inadequate.","One example includes an optical sensor coupled by a wire to a separate processing module.","The sensor may be secured to the patient by an adhesive or by a strap encircling the patient and is tethered by wire to the processing module.","This arrangement of a sensor and a processor module with a connecting wire is unsatisfactory for certain applications.","For example, in an emergency situation or a battlefield environment, the separate nature of the modules and the connecting wire can be inconvenient and may be prone to failure."],[" BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views.","Like numerals having different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components.","The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present document.","FIG.","1A illustrates a view of a sleeve and mobile computing device, according to one example.","FIG.","1B illustrates a view of a sleeve, according to one example.","FIG.","2 illustrates a view of a sleeve with tissue, according to one example.","FIG.","3 illustrates a block diagram of a system, according to one example.","FIG.","4 illustrates a flow chart of a system, according to one example.","detailed-description description=\"Detailed Description\" end=\"lead\"?"],["CLAIM OF PRIORITY This application is a divisional of and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C.","§ 120 to U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","14/082,950, filed on Nov. 18, 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.","BACKGROUND A measure of regional oximetry can provide an indication as to tissue health.","Existing technology for measuring regional oximetry is inadequate.","One example includes an optical sensor coupled by a wire to a separate processing module.","The sensor may be secured to the patient by an adhesive or by a strap encircling the patient and is tethered by wire to the processing module.","This arrangement of a sensor and a processor module with a connecting wire is unsatisfactory for certain applications.","For example, in an emergency situation or a battlefield environment, the separate nature of the modules and the connecting wire can be inconvenient and may be prone to failure.","OVERVIEW The present inventors have recognized, among other things, that a problem to be solved can include providing a system for measuring regional oximetry based on a rapidly established temporary coupling to the tissue and using a mobile computing device.","The present subject matter can help provide a solution to this problem, such as by a system including a sensor module that can be coupled to a mobile device and manually positioned at a tissue site.","The mobile device can display results and can communicate the data to a remote device using wireless communication.","This overview is intended to provide an overview of subject matter of the present patent application.","It is not intended to provide an exclusive or exhaustive explanation of the invention.","The detailed description is included to provide further information about the present patent application.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views.","Like numerals having different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components.","The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present document.","FIG.","1A illustrates a view of a sleeve and mobile computing device, according to one example.","FIG.","1B illustrates a view of a sleeve, according to one example.","FIG.","2 illustrates a view of a sleeve with tissue, according to one example.","FIG.","3 illustrates a block diagram of a system, according to one example.","FIG.","4 illustrates a flow chart of a system, according to one example.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.","1A illustrates a view of system 100A.","including sleeve 120A and mobile computing device 50A, according to one example.","Mobile computing device 50A includes user interface 60A, here shown as a touch-screen configured for displaying data and for receiving user input.","Mobile computing device 50A includes housing 55A having an outer dimension that can be characterized as a length, a width, or a thickness.","Mobile computing device 50A can include a cellular telephone (such as a smart-phone), a mini computer, or a tablet computer.","Sleeve 120A has inner surface 122A configured to receive housing 55A.","Sleeve 120A can include a rubber molded component or a plastic component having an inner surface configured to securely couple with mobile computing device 50A and to provide physical protection to mobile computing device 50A.","FIG.","1B illustrates a view of sleeve 120B, according to one example.","Sleeve 120B includes inner surface 122B configured to mate with an external dimension of a mobile computing device.","Sleeve 120B includes contact surface 130A.","Contact surface 130A has a sensor module including emitter 138A and emitter 138B.","Emitter 138A emits light that is received by detector 136A along short pathway 140A and light that is received by detector 136B along long pathway 142B.","Emitter 138B emits light that is received by detector 136B along short pathway 140B and light that is received by detector 136A along long pathway 142A, Light received by detector 136A and detector 136B, using the combination of long pathway 142A, long pathway 142B, short pathway 140A, and short pathway 140B can be processed to generate a measure of regional oximetry (also called tissue oximetry).","In one example, the calculation entails addition and subtraction of attenuations as detected by detector 136A and detector 136B.","Detector 136A and detector 136B can include an optical transducer that provides an electrical signal corresponding to detected light.","The arrangement of optical elements (such as emitter 138A, emitter 138B, detector 136A, and detector 136B) and the number of optical elements (or transducers) can be configured for a particular purpose.","In one example, contact surface 130A is arranged such that emitter 138A and emitter 138B are at opposing ends and detector 136A and detector 136B are located there between.","FIG.","2 illustrates a view of sleeve 120C with tissue 20, according to one example.","Sleeve 120C includes an inner surface 122C configured to receive a mobile computing device.","Sleeve 120C includes contact surface 130B.","Contact surface 130B includes a sensor module configured to generate data as to tissue 20 in contact with contact surface 130B.","In the example illustrated, tissue 20 is urged against contact surface 130B with sufficient force, as shown at arrows A, to deflect a complaint surface of contact surface 130B.","As shown, contact surface 130B has a profile as indicated at 70 at a time before tissue 20 is urged into contact surface 130B.","Strap 40 is affixed to sleeve 120C and encircles a portion of tissue 20, here shown as a section view of a limb (such as an arm or a leg).","Strap 40, in one example includes a band or strap to retain tissue 20 and contact surface 130B in close proximity.","In one example, contact surface 130B has a pre-formed contour that conforms to tissue 20.FIG.","3 illustrates a block diagram of system 100B, according to one example.","System 100B includes sleeve 120D and mobile computing device 50B.","Sleeve 120D includes sensor module 134, processor 310, memory 315, telemetry module 320, and power supply 305.Power supply 305 can include a battery and circuitry for regulating power or for charging a battery.","In one example, power 305 derives electrical energy from a wired coupling with power supply 355 of mobile computing device 50B, as shown by link 390.Power supply 305 is coupled to sensor module 134, processor 310, and telemetry module 320.Sensor module 134 can include a one or more optical detectors (such as detector 136A or detector 136B), one or more optical emitters (such as emitter 138A and emitter 138B), a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, or an accelerometer.","In various examples, a sensor can be referred to as a transducer.","Processor 310, along with measured data from sensor module 134, can provide a variety of blood and tissue measurements.","For example, a suitable algorithm and a sensor can be configured to provide data as to the following parameters or conditions: Regional saturation (rSO2) Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in tissue Tissue temperature SpO2 Total hemoglobin (tHb) Hematocrit Anemia CO2 COHb MetHb pH Respiration Perfusion Apnea Pulse wave velocity Blood pressure Interstitial pressure Arterial stiffness Intracranial Pressure Intrauterine pressure/contractions Glucose Cardiac output Bilirubin Hydration Hematoma Vascular compliance Tissue viability Malaria Blood cancer Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) Sepsis Thrombosis Compartment syndrome In addition, a suitable algorithm and sensor module can provide data as to a material property of an object or as to a surface.","This can include processing based on data corresponding to an optical measurement, a mechanical measurement, an acoustic measurement, or an electrical measurement.","For example, data can correspond to an event counter, an event marker (time mark), a density measurement, a conductivity measurement, a concentration measurement, a color measurement, or a light level measurement.","Processor 310 can include a digital processor or an analog processor circuit.","In one example, processor 310 includes a microprocessor.","In the example shown, processor 310 is coupled to memory 315 and processor 310 is configured to execute instructions to implement an algorithm as described elsewhere in this document.","In one example, memory 315 is configured to store data generated by sensor module 134 or configured to store calibration information for sensor module 134.Processor 310 is coupled to telemetry module 320.In one example, telemetry module 320 includes a wired connection with a corresponding telemetry module 360 of mobile computing device 50B, as shown at link 380.In one example, telemetry module 320 communicates with telemetry module 360 by a wireless channel, as depicted by antenna 325 and antenna 365, shown at link 370.In one example, link 370 includes a radio frequency communication channel, one example of which is known commonly as Bluetooth.","In other examples, link 370 includes an infrared communication channel, a near-field inductive coupling, or an ultrasonic (or acoustic) coupling.","Mobile computing device 50B includes I/O module 60B coupled to telephone module 330.I/O module 60B can include a touch-sensitive screen configured to receive user-entered data or keystrokes and configured to display visual data.","Telephone module 330 can include a cellular telephone module, a text message module, or other wireless communication module.","Telephone module 330 can allow data exchange with a cloud-based server or storage facility.","Telephone module 330 is coupled to processor 340.Processor 340 is coupled to memory 345 and coupled to telemetry module 360.Mobile computing device 50B includes power 355 coupled to telephone module 330, processor 340, and telemetry module 360.FIG.","4 illustrates flow chart 400 implemented by a system, according to one example.","Flow chart 400 includes, at 410, pairing communication modules.","In one example, this entails establishing a wireless link between telemetry module 320 (and using antenna 325) and telemetry module 360 (and using antenna 365) in a process known as pairing.","Pairing can include exchanging access credentials and coordinating handshaking protocols, Some communication protocols, such as Bluetooth, are paired by executing a predetermined algorithm.","At 420, method 400 includes executing instructions to generate a measured signal using sensor module 134.This can include executing instructions (stored in memory 315) using processor 310 to implement an algorithm.","The algorithm can entail operating an emitter (such as emitter 138A or emitter 138B) according to a particular protocol and receiving an output signal from a detector (such as detector 136A or detector 136B).","In one example, this can include receiving a temperature signal from a temperature transducer.","At 430, method 400 includes communicating the measured signal to the mobile computing device.","Communicating can include sending and receiving a wireless signal (using wireless telemetry modules) or can include communicating using a wired connection between the sleeve and the mobile computing device.","At 440, method 400 includes executing instructions using processor 340 to generate a visible display of data.","The data can be displayed on user interface 60A or on I/O module 60B.","Various Notes & Examples Example 1 can include a system having a mobile computing device, a sleeve, a contact surface, a sensor module, and a telemetry module.","The mobile computing device can include a first processor within a housing.","The sleeve can include an internal surface configured to fit the housing.","The contact surface can include an external surface of the sleeve.","The sensor module is coupled to the contact surface and can be configured to generate an electrical signal corresponding to a measured physiological parameter associated with tissue at the contact surface.","The telemetry module can be coupled to the sensor module and configured to communicate data corresponding to the electrical signal to the mobile computing device.","Example 2 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the mobile computing device includes a smart telephone.","Example 3 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the contact surface includes a compliant member, the compliant member configured to conform to a tissue contour.","Example 4 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the contact surface has a curved contour.","Example 5 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the contact surface includes a non-stick surface.","Example 6 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the electrical signal corresponds to regional oximetry.","Example 7 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the sensor module includes at least two optical detectors and wherein the electrical signal is determined by a combination of the at least two optical detectors.","Example 8 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the sensor module is coupled to a battery.","Example 9 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include a second processor coupled to the sensor module, the second processor configured to generate the data.","Example 10 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the telemetry module includes a wireless transceiver.","Example 11 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the mobile computing device is configured to execute instructions to communicate with a remote device.","Example 12 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the mobile computing device is configured to execute instructions to communicate with a remote device in near real-time.","Example 13 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the housing includes a retention strap.","Example 14 can include a device having a sleeve, a contact surface, a sensor module, and a telemetry module.","The sleeve can have an internal surface configured to fit an external dimension of a mobile computing device.","The contact surface is on an external surface of the sleeve.","The sensor module is coupled to the contact surface and configured to generate an electrical signal corresponding to a measured physiological parameter associated with tissue at the contact surface.","The telemetry module is coupled to the sensor module and configured to communicate data corresponding to the electrical signal to the mobile computing device.","Example 15 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 14 to optionally include wherein the sleeve includes a rubber housing.","Example 16 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 14 to optionally include wherein the electrical signal corresponds to regional oximetry.","Example 17 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 14 to optionally include wherein the telemetry module includes a radio frequency transceiver.","Example 18 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 14 to optionally include a battery coupled to at least one of the sensor module and the telemetry module.","Example 19 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 14 to optionally include wherein the sensor module includes at least two optical detectors.","Example 20 can include a method including pairing a first communication module of a mobile computing device with a second communication module of a sleeve.","The mobile computing device is configured to fit an internal surface of the sleeve.","The sleeve has a sleeve processor coupled to a sleeve memory and the sleeve has a contact surface.","The method includes executing instructions using the sleeve processor.","The instructions are stored on the sleeve memory.","The instructions are configured to generate a measured signal using an optical sensor coupled to the contact surface.","The measured signal corresponds to a tissue at the contact surface, The method includes communicating the measured signal from the sleeve to the mobile computing device using the first communication module and using the second communication module.","The method includes executing instructions using the device processor to generate display data for a display of the mobile computing device.","Example 21 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 20 to optionally include wherein executing the instructions using the sleeve processor includes calculating a temperature using a temperature transducer.","Example 22 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 20 to optionally include wherein executing the instructions using the sleeve processor includes emitting light from the optical sensor.","Example 23 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 20 to optionally include wherein executing the instructions using the sleeve processor includes calculating regional oximetry.","Example 24 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 20 to optionally include displaying regional oximetry data based on the display data using the display.","Each of these non-limiting examples can stand on its own, or can be combined in various permutations or combinations with one or more of the other examples.","The above detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description.","The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention can be practiced.","These embodiments are also referred to herein as “examples.” Such examples can include elements in addition to those shown or described.","However, the present inventors also contemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided.","Moreover, the present inventors also contemplate examples using any combination or permutation of those elements shown or described (or one or more aspects thereof), either with respect to a particular example (or one or more aspects thereof), or with respect to other examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein.","In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and any documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in this document controls.","In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one, independent of any other instances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” in this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated.","In this document, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device, article, composition, formulation, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim.","Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc.","are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.","Method examples described herein can be machine or computer-implemented at least in part.","Some examples can include a computer-readable medium or machine-readable medium encoded with instructions operable to configure an electronic device to perform methods as described in the above examples.","An implementation of such methods can include code, such as microcode, assembly language code, a higher-level language code, or the like.","Such code can include computer readable instructions for performing various methods.","The code may form portions of computer program products.","Further, in an example, the code can be tangibly stored on one or more volatile, non-transitory, or non-volatile tangible computer-readable media, such as during execution or at other times.","Examples of these tangible computer-readable media can include, but are not limited to, hard disks, removable magnetic disks, removable optical disks (e.g., compact disks and digital video disks), magnetic cassettes, memory cards or sticks, random access memories (RAMS), read only memories (ROMs), and the like.","The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive.","For example, the above-described examples (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other.","Other embodiments can be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description.","The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 CFR.","§ 1.72(b), to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure.","It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.","Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure.","This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosed feature is essential to any claim.","Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment.","Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description as examples or embodiments, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that such embodiments can be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations.","The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"REGIONAL OXIMETRY SLEEVE FOR MOBILE DEVICE\",\n \"A system includes a mobile computing device, a sleeve, a contact surface, a sensor module, and a telemetry module.\",\n \"The mobile computing device has a first processor within a housing.\",\n \"The sleeve has an internal surface configured to fit the housing.\",\n \"The contact surface is disposed on an external surface of the sleeve.\",\n \"The sensor module is coupled to the contact surface and is configured to generate an electrical signal corresponding to a measured physiological parameter associated with tissue at the contact surface.\",\n \"The telemetry module is coupled to the sensor module and is configured to communicate data corresponding to the electrical signal to the mobile computing device.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A method comprising: pairing a first communication module of a mobile computing device with a second communication module of a sleeve, the mobile computing device configured to fit an internal surface of the sleeve, the sleeve having a sleeve processor coupled to a sleeve memory and the sleeve having a contact surface; executing instructions using the sleeve processor, the instructions stored on the sleeve memory, the instructions configured to generate a measured signal using an optical sensor coupled to the contact surface, the measured signal corresponding to a tissue at the contact surface; communicating the measured signal from the sleeve to the mobile computing device using the first communication module and using the second communication module; and executing instructions using the device processor to generate display data for a display of the mobile computing device.\",\n \"2.The method of claim 1 wherein executing the instructions using the sleeve processor includes calculating a temperature using a temperature transducer.\",\n \"3.The method of claim 1 wherein executing the instructions using the sleeve processor includes emitting light from the optical sensor.\",\n \"4.The method of claim 1 wherein executing instructions using the sleeve processor includes calculating regional oximetry.\",\n \"5.The method of claim 1 further including displaying regional oximetry data based on the display data using the display.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND A measure of regional oximetry can provide an indication as to tissue health.\",\n \"Existing technology for measuring regional oximetry is inadequate.\",\n \"One example includes an optical sensor coupled by a wire to a separate processing module.\",\n \"The sensor may be secured to the patient by an adhesive or by a strap encircling the patient and is tethered by wire to the processing module.\",\n \"This arrangement of a sensor and a processor module with a connecting wire is unsatisfactory for certain applications.\",\n \"For example, in an emergency situation or a battlefield environment, the separate nature of the modules and the connecting wire can be inconvenient and may be prone to failure.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views.\",\n \"Like numerals having different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components.\",\n \"The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present document.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1A illustrates a view of a sleeve and mobile computing device, according to one example.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1B illustrates a view of a sleeve, according to one example.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 illustrates a view of a sleeve with tissue, according to one example.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 illustrates a block diagram of a system, according to one example.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4 illustrates a flow chart of a system, according to one example.\",\n \"detailed-description description=\\\"Detailed Description\\\" end=\\\"lead\\\"?\"\n ],\n [\n \"CLAIM OF PRIORITY This application is a divisional of and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C.\",\n \"§ 120 to U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/082,950, filed on Nov. 18, 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.\",\n \"BACKGROUND A measure of regional oximetry can provide an indication as to tissue health.\",\n \"Existing technology for measuring regional oximetry is inadequate.\",\n \"One example includes an optical sensor coupled by a wire to a separate processing module.\",\n \"The sensor may be secured to the patient by an adhesive or by a strap encircling the patient and is tethered by wire to the processing module.\",\n \"This arrangement of a sensor and a processor module with a connecting wire is unsatisfactory for certain applications.\",\n \"For example, in an emergency situation or a battlefield environment, the separate nature of the modules and the connecting wire can be inconvenient and may be prone to failure.\",\n \"OVERVIEW The present inventors have recognized, among other things, that a problem to be solved can include providing a system for measuring regional oximetry based on a rapidly established temporary coupling to the tissue and using a mobile computing device.\",\n \"The present subject matter can help provide a solution to this problem, such as by a system including a sensor module that can be coupled to a mobile device and manually positioned at a tissue site.\",\n \"The mobile device can display results and can communicate the data to a remote device using wireless communication.\",\n \"This overview is intended to provide an overview of subject matter of the present patent application.\",\n \"It is not intended to provide an exclusive or exhaustive explanation of the invention.\",\n \"The detailed description is included to provide further information about the present patent application.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views.\",\n \"Like numerals having different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components.\",\n \"The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present document.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1A illustrates a view of a sleeve and mobile computing device, according to one example.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1B illustrates a view of a sleeve, according to one example.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 illustrates a view of a sleeve with tissue, according to one example.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 illustrates a block diagram of a system, according to one example.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4 illustrates a flow chart of a system, according to one example.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.\",\n \"1A illustrates a view of system 100A.\",\n \"including sleeve 120A and mobile computing device 50A, according to one example.\",\n \"Mobile computing device 50A includes user interface 60A, here shown as a touch-screen configured for displaying data and for receiving user input.\",\n \"Mobile computing device 50A includes housing 55A having an outer dimension that can be characterized as a length, a width, or a thickness.\",\n \"Mobile computing device 50A can include a cellular telephone (such as a smart-phone), a mini computer, or a tablet computer.\",\n \"Sleeve 120A has inner surface 122A configured to receive housing 55A.\",\n \"Sleeve 120A can include a rubber molded component or a plastic component having an inner surface configured to securely couple with mobile computing device 50A and to provide physical protection to mobile computing device 50A.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1B illustrates a view of sleeve 120B, according to one example.\",\n \"Sleeve 120B includes inner surface 122B configured to mate with an external dimension of a mobile computing device.\",\n \"Sleeve 120B includes contact surface 130A.\",\n \"Contact surface 130A has a sensor module including emitter 138A and emitter 138B.\",\n \"Emitter 138A emits light that is received by detector 136A along short pathway 140A and light that is received by detector 136B along long pathway 142B.\",\n \"Emitter 138B emits light that is received by detector 136B along short pathway 140B and light that is received by detector 136A along long pathway 142A, Light received by detector 136A and detector 136B, using the combination of long pathway 142A, long pathway 142B, short pathway 140A, and short pathway 140B can be processed to generate a measure of regional oximetry (also called tissue oximetry).\",\n \"In one example, the calculation entails addition and subtraction of attenuations as detected by detector 136A and detector 136B.\",\n \"Detector 136A and detector 136B can include an optical transducer that provides an electrical signal corresponding to detected light.\",\n \"The arrangement of optical elements (such as emitter 138A, emitter 138B, detector 136A, and detector 136B) and the number of optical elements (or transducers) can be configured for a particular purpose.\",\n \"In one example, contact surface 130A is arranged such that emitter 138A and emitter 138B are at opposing ends and detector 136A and detector 136B are located there between.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 illustrates a view of sleeve 120C with tissue 20, according to one example.\",\n \"Sleeve 120C includes an inner surface 122C configured to receive a mobile computing device.\",\n \"Sleeve 120C includes contact surface 130B.\",\n \"Contact surface 130B includes a sensor module configured to generate data as to tissue 20 in contact with contact surface 130B.\",\n \"In the example illustrated, tissue 20 is urged against contact surface 130B with sufficient force, as shown at arrows A, to deflect a complaint surface of contact surface 130B.\",\n \"As shown, contact surface 130B has a profile as indicated at 70 at a time before tissue 20 is urged into contact surface 130B.\",\n \"Strap 40 is affixed to sleeve 120C and encircles a portion of tissue 20, here shown as a section view of a limb (such as an arm or a leg).\",\n \"Strap 40, in one example includes a band or strap to retain tissue 20 and contact surface 130B in close proximity.\",\n \"In one example, contact surface 130B has a pre-formed contour that conforms to tissue 20.FIG.\",\n \"3 illustrates a block diagram of system 100B, according to one example.\",\n \"System 100B includes sleeve 120D and mobile computing device 50B.\",\n \"Sleeve 120D includes sensor module 134, processor 310, memory 315, telemetry module 320, and power supply 305.Power supply 305 can include a battery and circuitry for regulating power or for charging a battery.\",\n \"In one example, power 305 derives electrical energy from a wired coupling with power supply 355 of mobile computing device 50B, as shown by link 390.Power supply 305 is coupled to sensor module 134, processor 310, and telemetry module 320.Sensor module 134 can include a one or more optical detectors (such as detector 136A or detector 136B), one or more optical emitters (such as emitter 138A and emitter 138B), a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, or an accelerometer.\",\n \"In various examples, a sensor can be referred to as a transducer.\",\n \"Processor 310, along with measured data from sensor module 134, can provide a variety of blood and tissue measurements.\",\n \"For example, a suitable algorithm and a sensor can be configured to provide data as to the following parameters or conditions: Regional saturation (rSO2) Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in tissue Tissue temperature SpO2 Total hemoglobin (tHb) Hematocrit Anemia CO2 COHb MetHb pH Respiration Perfusion Apnea Pulse wave velocity Blood pressure Interstitial pressure Arterial stiffness Intracranial Pressure Intrauterine pressure/contractions Glucose Cardiac output Bilirubin Hydration Hematoma Vascular compliance Tissue viability Malaria Blood cancer Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) Sepsis Thrombosis Compartment syndrome In addition, a suitable algorithm and sensor module can provide data as to a material property of an object or as to a surface.\",\n \"This can include processing based on data corresponding to an optical measurement, a mechanical measurement, an acoustic measurement, or an electrical measurement.\",\n \"For example, data can correspond to an event counter, an event marker (time mark), a density measurement, a conductivity measurement, a concentration measurement, a color measurement, or a light level measurement.\",\n \"Processor 310 can include a digital processor or an analog processor circuit.\",\n \"In one example, processor 310 includes a microprocessor.\",\n \"In the example shown, processor 310 is coupled to memory 315 and processor 310 is configured to execute instructions to implement an algorithm as described elsewhere in this document.\",\n \"In one example, memory 315 is configured to store data generated by sensor module 134 or configured to store calibration information for sensor module 134.Processor 310 is coupled to telemetry module 320.In one example, telemetry module 320 includes a wired connection with a corresponding telemetry module 360 of mobile computing device 50B, as shown at link 380.In one example, telemetry module 320 communicates with telemetry module 360 by a wireless channel, as depicted by antenna 325 and antenna 365, shown at link 370.In one example, link 370 includes a radio frequency communication channel, one example of which is known commonly as Bluetooth.\",\n \"In other examples, link 370 includes an infrared communication channel, a near-field inductive coupling, or an ultrasonic (or acoustic) coupling.\",\n \"Mobile computing device 50B includes I/O module 60B coupled to telephone module 330.I/O module 60B can include a touch-sensitive screen configured to receive user-entered data or keystrokes and configured to display visual data.\",\n \"Telephone module 330 can include a cellular telephone module, a text message module, or other wireless communication module.\",\n \"Telephone module 330 can allow data exchange with a cloud-based server or storage facility.\",\n \"Telephone module 330 is coupled to processor 340.Processor 340 is coupled to memory 345 and coupled to telemetry module 360.Mobile computing device 50B includes power 355 coupled to telephone module 330, processor 340, and telemetry module 360.FIG.\",\n \"4 illustrates flow chart 400 implemented by a system, according to one example.\",\n \"Flow chart 400 includes, at 410, pairing communication modules.\",\n \"In one example, this entails establishing a wireless link between telemetry module 320 (and using antenna 325) and telemetry module 360 (and using antenna 365) in a process known as pairing.\",\n \"Pairing can include exchanging access credentials and coordinating handshaking protocols, Some communication protocols, such as Bluetooth, are paired by executing a predetermined algorithm.\",\n \"At 420, method 400 includes executing instructions to generate a measured signal using sensor module 134.This can include executing instructions (stored in memory 315) using processor 310 to implement an algorithm.\",\n \"The algorithm can entail operating an emitter (such as emitter 138A or emitter 138B) according to a particular protocol and receiving an output signal from a detector (such as detector 136A or detector 136B).\",\n \"In one example, this can include receiving a temperature signal from a temperature transducer.\",\n \"At 430, method 400 includes communicating the measured signal to the mobile computing device.\",\n \"Communicating can include sending and receiving a wireless signal (using wireless telemetry modules) or can include communicating using a wired connection between the sleeve and the mobile computing device.\",\n \"At 440, method 400 includes executing instructions using processor 340 to generate a visible display of data.\",\n \"The data can be displayed on user interface 60A or on I/O module 60B.\",\n \"Various Notes & Examples Example 1 can include a system having a mobile computing device, a sleeve, a contact surface, a sensor module, and a telemetry module.\",\n \"The mobile computing device can include a first processor within a housing.\",\n \"The sleeve can include an internal surface configured to fit the housing.\",\n \"The contact surface can include an external surface of the sleeve.\",\n \"The sensor module is coupled to the contact surface and can be configured to generate an electrical signal corresponding to a measured physiological parameter associated with tissue at the contact surface.\",\n \"The telemetry module can be coupled to the sensor module and configured to communicate data corresponding to the electrical signal to the mobile computing device.\",\n \"Example 2 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the mobile computing device includes a smart telephone.\",\n \"Example 3 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the contact surface includes a compliant member, the compliant member configured to conform to a tissue contour.\",\n \"Example 4 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the contact surface has a curved contour.\",\n \"Example 5 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the contact surface includes a non-stick surface.\",\n \"Example 6 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the electrical signal corresponds to regional oximetry.\",\n \"Example 7 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the sensor module includes at least two optical detectors and wherein the electrical signal is determined by a combination of the at least two optical detectors.\",\n \"Example 8 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the sensor module is coupled to a battery.\",\n \"Example 9 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include a second processor coupled to the sensor module, the second processor configured to generate the data.\",\n \"Example 10 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the telemetry module includes a wireless transceiver.\",\n \"Example 11 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the mobile computing device is configured to execute instructions to communicate with a remote device.\",\n \"Example 12 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the mobile computing device is configured to execute instructions to communicate with a remote device in near real-time.\",\n \"Example 13 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 1 to optionally include wherein the housing includes a retention strap.\",\n \"Example 14 can include a device having a sleeve, a contact surface, a sensor module, and a telemetry module.\",\n \"The sleeve can have an internal surface configured to fit an external dimension of a mobile computing device.\",\n \"The contact surface is on an external surface of the sleeve.\",\n \"The sensor module is coupled to the contact surface and configured to generate an electrical signal corresponding to a measured physiological parameter associated with tissue at the contact surface.\",\n \"The telemetry module is coupled to the sensor module and configured to communicate data corresponding to the electrical signal to the mobile computing device.\",\n \"Example 15 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 14 to optionally include wherein the sleeve includes a rubber housing.\",\n \"Example 16 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 14 to optionally include wherein the electrical signal corresponds to regional oximetry.\",\n \"Example 17 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 14 to optionally include wherein the telemetry module includes a radio frequency transceiver.\",\n \"Example 18 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 14 to optionally include a battery coupled to at least one of the sensor module and the telemetry module.\",\n \"Example 19 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 14 to optionally include wherein the sensor module includes at least two optical detectors.\",\n \"Example 20 can include a method including pairing a first communication module of a mobile computing device with a second communication module of a sleeve.\",\n \"The mobile computing device is configured to fit an internal surface of the sleeve.\",\n \"The sleeve has a sleeve processor coupled to a sleeve memory and the sleeve has a contact surface.\",\n \"The method includes executing instructions using the sleeve processor.\",\n \"The instructions are stored on the sleeve memory.\",\n \"The instructions are configured to generate a measured signal using an optical sensor coupled to the contact surface.\",\n \"The measured signal corresponds to a tissue at the contact surface, The method includes communicating the measured signal from the sleeve to the mobile computing device using the first communication module and using the second communication module.\",\n \"The method includes executing instructions using the device processor to generate display data for a display of the mobile computing device.\",\n \"Example 21 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 20 to optionally include wherein executing the instructions using the sleeve processor includes calculating a temperature using a temperature transducer.\",\n \"Example 22 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 20 to optionally include wherein executing the instructions using the sleeve processor includes emitting light from the optical sensor.\",\n \"Example 23 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 20 to optionally include wherein executing the instructions using the sleeve processor includes calculating regional oximetry.\",\n \"Example 24 can include, or can optionally be combined with the subject matter of Example 20 to optionally include displaying regional oximetry data based on the display data using the display.\",\n \"Each of these non-limiting examples can stand on its own, or can be combined in various permutations or combinations with one or more of the other examples.\",\n \"The above detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description.\",\n \"The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention can be practiced.\",\n \"These embodiments are also referred to herein as “examples.” Such examples can include elements in addition to those shown or described.\",\n \"However, the present inventors also contemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided.\",\n \"Moreover, the present inventors also contemplate examples using any combination or permutation of those elements shown or described (or one or more aspects thereof), either with respect to a particular example (or one or more aspects thereof), or with respect to other examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein.\",\n \"In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and any documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in this document controls.\",\n \"In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one, independent of any other instances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” in this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated.\",\n \"In this document, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device, article, composition, formulation, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim.\",\n \"Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc.\",\n \"are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.\",\n \"Method examples described herein can be machine or computer-implemented at least in part.\",\n \"Some examples can include a computer-readable medium or machine-readable medium encoded with instructions operable to configure an electronic device to perform methods as described in the above examples.\",\n \"An implementation of such methods can include code, such as microcode, assembly language code, a higher-level language code, or the like.\",\n \"Such code can include computer readable instructions for performing various methods.\",\n \"The code may form portions of computer program products.\",\n \"Further, in an example, the code can be tangibly stored on one or more volatile, non-transitory, or non-volatile tangible computer-readable media, such as during execution or at other times.\",\n \"Examples of these tangible computer-readable media can include, but are not limited to, hard disks, removable magnetic disks, removable optical disks (e.g., compact disks and digital video disks), magnetic cassettes, memory cards or sticks, random access memories (RAMS), read only memories (ROMs), and the like.\",\n \"The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive.\",\n \"For example, the above-described examples (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other.\",\n \"Other embodiments can be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description.\",\n \"The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 CFR.\",\n \"§ 1.72(b), to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure.\",\n \"It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.\",\n \"Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure.\",\n \"This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosed feature is essential to any claim.\",\n \"Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment.\",\n \"Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description as examples or embodiments, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that such embodiments can be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations.\",\n \"The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872779"}}},{"rowIdx":4494165,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["DRIVING SUPPORT APPARATUS FOR A VEHICLE","A driving support apparatus for a vehicle is provided.","The apparatus causes an alarm unit to issue an alarm based on a lane marking of an own lane in which an own vehicle runs.","The apparatus includes a leading vehicle detection section that determines a leading vehicle running in the own lane, a crossing over determination section that determines whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at an opposite side of the target, when a target is present at a left side or a right side of the leading vehicle in the own lane, and an alarm inhibition section that inhibits the alarm based on a result of the determination whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the target."],["1.A driving support apparatus for a vehicle, the apparatus causing an alarm unit to issue an alarm based on a lane marking of an own lane in which an own vehicle runs and comprising: an allowance determination section that determines whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking, and an alarm inhibition section that inhibits the alarm when the allowance determination section determines that the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.","2.The driving support apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the allowance determination section determines whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking, based on an obstacle present ahead of the own vehicle or a situation of a leading vehicle.","3.The driving support apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lane marking includes a virtual lane."],[" BACKGROUND "],[" SUMMARY An embodiment provides a driving support apparatus for a vehicle, the apparatus being able to appropriately cause an alarm to be issued which indicates that an own vehicle has crossed over a lane marking.","As an aspect of the embodiment, a driving support apparatus for a vehicle is provided.","The apparatus causes an alarm unit to issue an alarm based on a lane marking of an own lane in which an own vehicle runs.","The apparatus includes: a leading vehicle detection section that determines a leading vehicle running in the own lane; a crossing over determination section that determines whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at an opposite side of the target, when a target is present at a left side or a right side of the leading vehicle in the own lane; and an alarm inhibition section that inhibits the alarm based on a result of the determination whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the target."],["CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is based on and claims the benefit of priority from earlier Japanese Patent Application No.","2015-219820 filed Nov. 9, 2015, the description of which is incorporated herein by reference.","BACKGROUND Technical Field The present invention relates to a driving support apparatus for a vehicle.","Related Art Conventionally, various driving support techniques have been proposed which are for supporting driving of the driver of a vehicle.","For example, a technique is known in which when an own vehicle has deviated from a driving lane, an alarm is issued to the driver of the own vehicle (e.g.","refer to JP-A-2008-117054).","However, in the above conventional technique, it can be considered that deviation of the own vehicle from the traveling lane is allowed in some surrounding environments in which, for example, there are stopped or parked vehicles, persons, structures, or the like at the edge of the lane in which the own vehicle runs.","In this case, it can be considered that an alarm indicating that the own vehicle has deviated from the traveling lane may be unnecessarily issued though the driver is purposefully making the own vehicle deviate from the driving lane.","In this regard, if an unnecessary alarm is issued, the driver may feel discomfort.","Hence, There is room for improvement.","SUMMARY An embodiment provides a driving support apparatus for a vehicle, the apparatus being able to appropriately cause an alarm to be issued which indicates that an own vehicle has crossed over a lane marking.","As an aspect of the embodiment, a driving support apparatus for a vehicle is provided.","The apparatus causes an alarm unit to issue an alarm based on a lane marking of an own lane in which an own vehicle runs.","The apparatus includes: a leading vehicle detection section that determines a leading vehicle running in the own lane; a crossing over determination section that determines whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at an opposite side of the target, when a target is present at a left side or a right side of the leading vehicle in the own lane; and an alarm inhibition section that inhibits the alarm based on a result of the determination whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the target.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the accompanying drawings: FIG.","1 is a drawing showing a configuration of a driving support system; FIG.","2 is a drawing showing a situation in which a vehicle is allowed to cross over a lane marking; FIG.","3 is a drawing illustrating a lateral distance H1 and allowance determination; FIG.","4 is a flowchart illustrating a processing procedure for inhibiting an alarm; FIG.","5 is a drawing illustrating a lateral distance H2 and allowance determination; and FIG.","6 is a flowchart illustrating a processing procedure for inhibiting an alarm.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS First Embodiment Hereinafter, an embodiment of a driving support apparatus for a vehicle will be descried with reference to the drawings.","The driving support apparatus according to the present embodiment is mounted in the vehicle, and performs various driving support processes when the driver drives the vehicle.","First, the schematic configuration of the driving support system will be described with reference to FIG.","1.In FIG.","1, a driving support ECU 10, which is a driving support apparatus, is connected with an imaging unit 21, a radar 22, a yaw rate sensor 23, a steering angle sensor 24, and a vehicle speed sensor 25, from each of which the driving support ECU 10 receives detection signals and various kinds of information.","The imaging unit 21 is an in-vehicle camera and includes a CCD camera, a CMOS image sensor, a near-infrared camera, or the like.","The imaging unit 21 acquires images of surrounding environments of the vehicle including a driving lane of the vehicle.","Then, the imaging unit 21 generates image data representing the acquired images and sequentially outputs the image data to the driving support ECU 10.The imaging unit 21 is disposed, for example, in the vicinity of the upper end of the front windshield of the vehicle, and acquires images of an area extending ahead of the vehicle and in a predetermined angular range centering on the imaging axis thereof.","Note that the imaging unit 21 may be a monocular camera or a stereo camera.","The radar 22 transmits an electromagnetic wave as a transmission wave and receives a reflected wave thereof to detect a target, and is configured by a millimeter-wave radar, a laser radar, or the like.","The radar 22 is mounted on the front part of the vehicle, and scans an area, which extends ahead of the vehicle and over a range of a predetermined angle centering on the optical axis thereof with, a radar signal.","Then, the radar 22 generates distance measurement data based on the time period between the transmission of an electromagnetic wave ahead of the vehicle and the reception of a reflected wave, and sequentially outputs the generated data to the driving support ECU 10.The distance measurement data includes information on a direction in which an object is present, the distance to the object, and a relative speed.","The yaw rate sensor 23 has, for example, an oscillator such as a tuning fork, and detects distortion generated in the oscillator based on the yaw moment of the own vehicle to detect a yaw angle of the own vehicle.","The steering angle sensor 24 detects an operation angle of the steering wheel, that is, a steering angle.","The vehicle sensor 25 is provided to a rotating shaft transferring power to the wheels of the vehicle, and outputs a detection signal depending on the vehicle speed.","In addition, the driving support ECU 10 is connected with an alarm unit 31.The alarm unit 31 informs the driver of the fact that a dangerous situation has arisen in the own vehicle, the fact that any prohibited act has been carried out, or the like.","The alarm unit 31 is, for example, a loudspeaker provided in the vehicle interior.","When the driving support ECU 10 outputs a control command, the alarm unit 31 gives information to the driver by a sound or the like.","Note that, instead of the alarm of the alarm unit 31, information may be given to the driver by applying reaction force against vibration and driving operation to the driver from the steering wheel.","In addition, information may be given to the driver by indication on a display panel such as a display provided to an instrument panel.","The driving support ECU 10 is a computer including a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, and an I/O.","The driving support ECU 10 executes a program installed in the ROM to achieve various functions.","Specifically, as basic operation, the driving support ECU 10 determines whether or not the own vehicle has crossed over a lane marking of the lane in which the own vehicle runs (hereinafter, referred to as own lane).","If the driving support ECU 10 determines that the own vehicle has crossed over a lane marking, the driving support ECU 10 outputs a control command to the alarm unit 31.Thereby, the alarm unit 31 gives information to the driver.","In addition, in the present embodiment, even when the own vehicle has crossed over a lane marking of the own lane, issuing an alarm is inhibited if the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.","As a means for inhibiting an alarm, the driving support ECU 10 achieves, in addition to the above functions, functions of a target detection section 11, a leading vehicle detection section 12, a crossing over determination section 13, an allowance determination section 14, and an alarm inhibition section 15.Based on information (image data and distance measurement data) on an object obtained by the imaging unit 21 and the radar 22, the target detection section 11 detects a target included in the data.","For example, the target detection section 11 combines information on the object extracted from the image data of the imaging unit 21 with information on the object extracted from the distance measurement data of the radar 22 to detect a target.","Instead of this, a target may be detected by using any one of the information on the object extracted from the image data of the imaging unit 21 and the information on the object extracted from the distance measurement data of the radar 22.The target detected by the target detection section 11 is output to the leading vehicle detection section 12.Based on the target detected by the target detection section 11, the leading vehicle detection section 12 detects a forward vehicle, which is one of the vehicles running ahead of the own vehicle and in the own lane, in which the own vehicle runs, as a leading vehicle on condition that the forward vehicle is closest to the own vehicle (the distance between the own vehicle and the forward vehicle is shorter than the distances between the own vehicle and other vehicles running ahead of the own vehicle and in the own lane).","In addition to the above, a leading vehicle may be detected by using a lateral distance between a travel path of the forward vehicle and the own vehicle or an own lane probability map.","In addition, the leading vehicle detection section 12 detects one of the forward vehicles as a leading vehicle on condition that the difference between the width of the own vehicle and the width of the leading vehicle is equal to or less than a threshold value Th1.The crossing over determination section 13 determines whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over a lane marking of the own lane.","Specifically, the crossing over determination section 13 recognizes a white line (lane marking) of the own lane based on the imaging result of the imaging unit 21.Then, the crossing over determination section 13 detects an obstacle at the left side or the right side of the leading vehicle in the own lane, and determines whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over a lane marking present at the opposite side of the obstacle.","The result of the determination whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over a lane marking present at the opposite side of the obstacle is output to the alarm inhibition section 15.Note that the lane marking is not limited to a white line but may be a solid line such as a yellow line, or Botts' Dots.","Furthermore, the lane marking may be a virtual lane obtained based on roadside information on guardrails or the like.","The allowance determination section 14 determines whether or not the own vehicle is in a situation in which the own vehicle is allowed to cross over a lane marking.","Specifically, it is determined whether or not the own vehicle is in a situation in which the own vehicle is allowed to run while crossing over a lane marking based on the size of a travel area (available unobstructed travel area) of the own vehicle, the travel area being other than an area of the own lane which is occupied by obstacles.","The result of the determination whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over a lane marking is output to the alarm inhibition section 15.The alarm inhibition section 15 determines not to cause an alarm to be issued even when the own vehicle has crossed over a lane marking, based on the result of the determination whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the obstacle and the result of the determination whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.","The inhibition about an alarm will be further described.","Depending on the surrounding environments of the own vehicle in which, for example, there are obstacles such as stopped or parked vehicles, persons, structures, and the like at the edge of the own lane, it can be considered that the own vehicle may be allowed to cross over a lane marking.","Referring to FIG.","2, a specific example will be described in which an own vehicle is allowed to cross over a lane marking.","In FIG.","2, an own vehicle M1 and a leading vehicle M2 running ahead of the own vehicle M1 are running in a straight line in an own lane L, and vehicles are present, which are waiting for right turning, at the right side of the leading vehicle M2.In this case, the vehicles waiting for right turning in the own lane L are present as an obstacle B with respect to the leading vehicle M2 and the own vehicle M1 running in a straight line in the own lane L. As shown in FIG.","2, when the leading vehicle M2 runs in the own lane L and in a travel area R at the left side of the obstacle B, if the travel area R is narrower than the width of the leading vehicle M2, the leading vehicle M2 crosses over a lane marking D opposite to the obstacle B.","In addition, also when the own vehicle M1 runs in the travel area R following the leading vehicle M2, the own vehicle M1 crosses over the lane marking D. At this time, the alarm unit 31 issues an alarm indicating that the own vehicle M1 has crossed over the lane marking D. In this case, although the driver has purposefully made the own vehicle M1 cross over the lane marking D, an alarm indicating that the own vehicle M1 has crossed over the lane marking D is unnecessarily issued.","Thus, in the present embodiment, if the crossing over determination section 13 determines that the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking opposite to the obstacle, and if the allowance determination section 14 determines that the width of the leading vehicle is smaller than that of the travel area, the alarm inhibition section 15 determines not to cause an alarm to be issued even if the own vehicle crosses over the lane marking.","The determination whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over a lane marking will be described with reference to FIG.","3.In FIG.","3, the own vehicle M1 and the leading vehicle M2 running ahead of the own vehicle M1 are running in the own lane L, and the obstacle B is present right next to the leading vehicle M2.In addition, the lane marking D is present at the left side of the leading vehicle M2.The allowance determination section 14 obtains a lateral distance H1, which is a distance between the lateral position of the lane marking D in the lane width direction and the lateral position of the obstacle B, and the width W of the leading vehicle M2, and determines whether or not the width W of the leading vehicle M2 is larger than the lateral distance H1.Note that the lateral distance H1 and the width W are obtained from the imaging result of the imaging unit 2.If the width W of the leading vehicle M2 is larger than the lateral distance H1, when the leading vehicle M2 runs in the travel area R, the leading vehicle M2 crosses over the lane marking D. In this case, when the own vehicle M1 runs in the travel area R following the leading vehicle M2, it can be considered that the driver of the own vehicle M1 purposefully makes the own vehicle M1 cross over the lane marking D. Hence, when the leading vehicle M2 has crossed over the lane marking D, if it is determined that the width W of the leading vehicle M2 is larger than the lateral distance H1, it is determined that an alarm is not caused to be issued even if the own vehicle M1 crosses over the lane marking D. Next, a processing procedure for inhibiting an alarm performed by the driving support ECU 10 will be described with reference to the flowchart in FIG.","4.The present process is repeatedly performed by the driving support ECU 10 at predetermined intervals while the vehicle is running.","First, in steps S11 and S12, the target detection section 11 detects a target so that the leading vehicle detection section 12 detects a leading vehicle based on the target.","Next, in step S13, the leading vehicle detection section 12 determines whether or not a leading vehicle is detected.","If Yes in step 13, the present process proceeds to step S14.In S14, if an obstacle is present at the left side or the right side of the leading vehicle in the own lane, the crossing over determination section 13 determines whether or not the leading vehicle has passed over a lane marking present at the opposite side of the obstacle.","In this case, the crossing over determination section 13 may determine that the leading vehicle has passed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the obstacle when the leading vehicle has actually passed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the obstacle.","If Yes in step S14, the present process proceeds to steps S15 and S16, in which the leading vehicle detection section 12 detects the lateral distance H1 and the width of the leading vehicle.","Next, in step S17, the allowance determination section 14 determines whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the lateral distance H1 and the width of the leading vehicle.","If YES in step S17, the present process proceeds to step S18.In step S18, even if the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking when the own vehicle runs in the travel area, the alarm inhibition section 15 determines that an alarm is not caused to be issued.","Then, the present process is ended.","According to the present embodiment described above, the following excellent advantageous effects can be obtained.","In the above configuration, when an obstacle is detected at the right or the left of the leading vehicle, and the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the obstacle, issuing an alarm performed when the own vehicle has passed over the lane marking is inhibited.","In this case, it is determined whether or not an alarm indicating that the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking is necessary, and even if the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking, an alarm is not issued if unnecessary.","Hence, an unnecessary alarm can be inhibited from being issued.","As a result, an alarm indicating that the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking can be appropriately issued.","In the above configuration, it is determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the size of the travel area.","If it is determined to be allowed, an alarm is inhibited from being issued.","In this case, since it is determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking, and an unnecessary alarm is inhibited from being issued, an unnecessary alarm can be appropriately inhibited from being issued.","In the above configuration, if the width of the leading vehicle is larger than the lateral distance H1 between the lane marking and the target, it is determined that the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.","In this case, if the width of the leading vehicle is larger than the lateral distance H1, it is determined that the own vehicle crosses over the lane marking when running in the travel area, whereby the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.","Hence, before the own vehicle runs in the travel area, it can be determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.","Second Embodiment Next, the second embodiment will be described.","In the following description, the configurations similar to those of the above embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant descriptions are appropriately omitted.","A travel path extending from the center position in the width direction of the leading vehicle may be generated.","Based on a lateral distance, which is a distance between a position on the travel path (path position) and a lateral position of an obstacle, it may be determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over a lane marking.","In FIG.","5, a travel path T is generated based on, for example, positions of the leading vehicle obtained at predetermined intervals.","Then, the allowance determination section 14 obtains a lateral distance H2 between the position of the leading vehicle M2 on the travel path (path position) T of the leading vehicle M2 and the lateral position of the obstacle B, the position being obtained before the leading vehicle M2 reaches the travel area R, and the width W of the leading vehicle M2, and determines whether or not the half of the width W of the leading vehicle M2 is larger than the lateral distance H2.If the half of the width W of the leading vehicle M2 is larger than the lateral distance H2, when the leading vehicle M2 runs in the travel area R, the leading vehicle M2 crosses over the lane marking D to avoid the obstacle B.","In this case, when the own vehicle M1 runs in the travel area R following the leading vehicle M2, it can be considered that the driver of the own vehicle M1 purposefully makes the own vehicle M1 cross over the lane marking D. Hence, when the leading vehicle M2 has crossed over the lane marking D, if it is determined that the half of the width W of the leading vehicle M2 is larger than the lateral distance H2, it is determined that an alarm should not be caused to be issued even if the own vehicle M1 crosses over the lane marking D. Next, a processing procedure for inhibiting an alarm performed by the driving support ECU 10 will be described with reference to the flowchart in FIG.","6.The present process is performed instead of the process of FIG.","4.In FIG.","6, the same steps as those of FIG.","4 are denoted by the same step numbers.","FIG.","6 differs from FIG.","4 in that steps S21 to S23 are added.","In steps S11 to S13, the leading vehicle detection section 12 determines that a leading vehicle is detected.","Next, in step S21, the leading vehicle detection section 12 obtains a travel path of the leading vehicle.","In step S14, if the crossing over determination section 13 determines that the leading vehicle has passed over a lane marking, in steps S22 and S16, the leading vehicle detection section 12 obtains the lateral distance H2 and the width of the leading vehicle.","Next, in step S23, the allowance determination section 14 determines whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the lateral distance H2 and the half of the width W. According to the present embodiment described above, the following excellent advantageous effects can be obtained.","In the above configuration, if the half of the width of the leading vehicle is larger than the lateral distance H2 between the position on the path (path position) and the obstacle, it is determined that the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.","In this case, it can be determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the positional relationship between the leading vehicle and the obstacle in the lane width direction.","Other Embodiments The above embodiments may be modified as below.","Even if the width of the leading vehicle is larger than the lateral distance H1, which is a lateral distance between the lane marking and the obstacle, when the width of the own vehicle is smaller than the width of the leading vehicle, it can be considered that the own vehicle may run in the travel area without crossing over the lane marking.","In this regard, in the first embodiment, if the width of the leading vehicle is larger than the lateral distance H1, the driving support ECU 10 determines that the own vehicle is not allowed to cross over the lane marking.","However, this can be modified as below.","Even if the width of the leading vehicle is larger than the travel area, when the difference obtained by subtracting the width of the own vehicle from the width of the leading vehicle is equal to or more than a threshold value Th2 (Th2>0), the driving support ECU 10 may determine that the own vehicle is not allowed to cross over the lane marking.","In this case, considering the difference between the width of the leading vehicle and the width of the own vehicle, it can be accurately determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.","In the first embodiment, it is determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the width of the leading vehicle.","This may be modified so as to determine whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the width of the own vehicle.","In this case, for example, if the width of the own vehicle is larger than the lateral distance H1 between the lane marking and the obstacle, it may be determined that the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.","Hence, regardless of the width of the leading vehicle, it can be determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.","In addition, instead of using the width of the leading vehicle, a predetermined value may be used.","In short, it may be determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the size of the travel area.","In the second embodiment, a travel path of the leading vehicle is generated to obtain the distance between the travel path and an obstacle as the lateral distance H2 between the position on the path (path position) and the obstacle.","This may be modified so as to detect a running position of the own vehicle based on the yaw rate sensor 23, the steering angle sensor 24, and the vehicle sensor 25 and generate a travel path of the own vehicle to obtain the distance between the travel path and the obstacle as the lateral distance H2.When an obstacle is moving, the size of the travel area differs between when the leading vehicle passes through the travel area and when the own vehicle passes through the travel area.","In this regard, it may be determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the moving speed and the moving direction of the obstacle.","Thereby, even when the size of the travel area changes as the obstacle moves, it can be determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking considering the moving speed and the moving direction of the obstacle.","In the above configuration, the present invention is applied to a vehicle driven by driving operation of the driver.","However, the present invention may be applied to a vehicle performing follow-up control under which the vehicle follows a leading vehicle based on the running position of the leading vehicle.","Under this follow-up control, when the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking to avoid an obstacle, the own vehicle following the leading vehicle also crosses over the lane marking if the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.","At this time, the alarm inhibition section 15 inhibits an alarm of the own vehicle.","Although the alarm inhibition section 15 determines that an alarm is not caused to be issued even when the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking.","This can be changed so as to change the manner of the alarm to inhibit the alarm from being issued.","As an aspect of the embodiment, a driving support apparatus for a vehicle is provided.","The apparatus causes an alarm unit (31) to issue an alarm based on a lane marking of an own lane in which an own vehicle (M1) runs.","The apparatus includes: a leading vehicle detection section (12) that determines a leading vehicle (M2) running in the own lane; a crossing over determination section (13) that determines whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at an opposite side of the target, when a target is present at a left side or a right side of the leading vehicle in the own lane; and an alarm inhibition section (15) that inhibits the alarm based on a result of the determination whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the target.","If a target such as a stopped vehicle or a structure is present in the lane, a travel area of the own vehicle may narrow.","In this case, when the own vehicle passes through the travel area, the own vehicle may cross over the lane marking.","When the own vehicle crosses over the lane marking, an unnecessary alarm may be issued.","In this regard, when a target is detected at the right or the left of the leading vehicle, and the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the target, issuing an alarm performed when the own vehicle has passed over the lane marking is inhibited.","In this case, it is determined whether or not an alarm indicating that the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking is necessary, and even if the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking, an alarm is not issued if unnecessary.","Hence, an unnecessary alarm can be inhibited from being issued.","As a result, an alarm indicating that the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking can be appropriately issued.","It will be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to the configurations described above, but any and all modifications, variations or equivalents, which may occur to those who are skilled in the art, should be considered to fall within the scope of the present invention."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"DRIVING SUPPORT APPARATUS FOR A VEHICLE\",\n \"A driving support apparatus for a vehicle is provided.\",\n \"The apparatus causes an alarm unit to issue an alarm based on a lane marking of an own lane in which an own vehicle runs.\",\n \"The apparatus includes a leading vehicle detection section that determines a leading vehicle running in the own lane, a crossing over determination section that determines whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at an opposite side of the target, when a target is present at a left side or a right side of the leading vehicle in the own lane, and an alarm inhibition section that inhibits the alarm based on a result of the determination whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the target.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A driving support apparatus for a vehicle, the apparatus causing an alarm unit to issue an alarm based on a lane marking of an own lane in which an own vehicle runs and comprising: an allowance determination section that determines whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking, and an alarm inhibition section that inhibits the alarm when the allowance determination section determines that the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.\",\n \"2.The driving support apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the allowance determination section determines whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking, based on an obstacle present ahead of the own vehicle or a situation of a leading vehicle.\",\n \"3.The driving support apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the lane marking includes a virtual lane.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND \"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY An embodiment provides a driving support apparatus for a vehicle, the apparatus being able to appropriately cause an alarm to be issued which indicates that an own vehicle has crossed over a lane marking.\",\n \"As an aspect of the embodiment, a driving support apparatus for a vehicle is provided.\",\n \"The apparatus causes an alarm unit to issue an alarm based on a lane marking of an own lane in which an own vehicle runs.\",\n \"The apparatus includes: a leading vehicle detection section that determines a leading vehicle running in the own lane; a crossing over determination section that determines whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at an opposite side of the target, when a target is present at a left side or a right side of the leading vehicle in the own lane; and an alarm inhibition section that inhibits the alarm based on a result of the determination whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the target.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is based on and claims the benefit of priority from earlier Japanese Patent Application No.\",\n \"2015-219820 filed Nov. 9, 2015, the description of which is incorporated herein by reference.\",\n \"BACKGROUND Technical Field The present invention relates to a driving support apparatus for a vehicle.\",\n \"Related Art Conventionally, various driving support techniques have been proposed which are for supporting driving of the driver of a vehicle.\",\n \"For example, a technique is known in which when an own vehicle has deviated from a driving lane, an alarm is issued to the driver of the own vehicle (e.g.\",\n \"refer to JP-A-2008-117054).\",\n \"However, in the above conventional technique, it can be considered that deviation of the own vehicle from the traveling lane is allowed in some surrounding environments in which, for example, there are stopped or parked vehicles, persons, structures, or the like at the edge of the lane in which the own vehicle runs.\",\n \"In this case, it can be considered that an alarm indicating that the own vehicle has deviated from the traveling lane may be unnecessarily issued though the driver is purposefully making the own vehicle deviate from the driving lane.\",\n \"In this regard, if an unnecessary alarm is issued, the driver may feel discomfort.\",\n \"Hence, There is room for improvement.\",\n \"SUMMARY An embodiment provides a driving support apparatus for a vehicle, the apparatus being able to appropriately cause an alarm to be issued which indicates that an own vehicle has crossed over a lane marking.\",\n \"As an aspect of the embodiment, a driving support apparatus for a vehicle is provided.\",\n \"The apparatus causes an alarm unit to issue an alarm based on a lane marking of an own lane in which an own vehicle runs.\",\n \"The apparatus includes: a leading vehicle detection section that determines a leading vehicle running in the own lane; a crossing over determination section that determines whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at an opposite side of the target, when a target is present at a left side or a right side of the leading vehicle in the own lane; and an alarm inhibition section that inhibits the alarm based on a result of the determination whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the target.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the accompanying drawings: FIG.\",\n \"1 is a drawing showing a configuration of a driving support system; FIG.\",\n \"2 is a drawing showing a situation in which a vehicle is allowed to cross over a lane marking; FIG.\",\n \"3 is a drawing illustrating a lateral distance H1 and allowance determination; FIG.\",\n \"4 is a flowchart illustrating a processing procedure for inhibiting an alarm; FIG.\",\n \"5 is a drawing illustrating a lateral distance H2 and allowance determination; and FIG.\",\n \"6 is a flowchart illustrating a processing procedure for inhibiting an alarm.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS First Embodiment Hereinafter, an embodiment of a driving support apparatus for a vehicle will be descried with reference to the drawings.\",\n \"The driving support apparatus according to the present embodiment is mounted in the vehicle, and performs various driving support processes when the driver drives the vehicle.\",\n \"First, the schematic configuration of the driving support system will be described with reference to FIG.\",\n \"1.In FIG.\",\n \"1, a driving support ECU 10, which is a driving support apparatus, is connected with an imaging unit 21, a radar 22, a yaw rate sensor 23, a steering angle sensor 24, and a vehicle speed sensor 25, from each of which the driving support ECU 10 receives detection signals and various kinds of information.\",\n \"The imaging unit 21 is an in-vehicle camera and includes a CCD camera, a CMOS image sensor, a near-infrared camera, or the like.\",\n \"The imaging unit 21 acquires images of surrounding environments of the vehicle including a driving lane of the vehicle.\",\n \"Then, the imaging unit 21 generates image data representing the acquired images and sequentially outputs the image data to the driving support ECU 10.The imaging unit 21 is disposed, for example, in the vicinity of the upper end of the front windshield of the vehicle, and acquires images of an area extending ahead of the vehicle and in a predetermined angular range centering on the imaging axis thereof.\",\n \"Note that the imaging unit 21 may be a monocular camera or a stereo camera.\",\n \"The radar 22 transmits an electromagnetic wave as a transmission wave and receives a reflected wave thereof to detect a target, and is configured by a millimeter-wave radar, a laser radar, or the like.\",\n \"The radar 22 is mounted on the front part of the vehicle, and scans an area, which extends ahead of the vehicle and over a range of a predetermined angle centering on the optical axis thereof with, a radar signal.\",\n \"Then, the radar 22 generates distance measurement data based on the time period between the transmission of an electromagnetic wave ahead of the vehicle and the reception of a reflected wave, and sequentially outputs the generated data to the driving support ECU 10.The distance measurement data includes information on a direction in which an object is present, the distance to the object, and a relative speed.\",\n \"The yaw rate sensor 23 has, for example, an oscillator such as a tuning fork, and detects distortion generated in the oscillator based on the yaw moment of the own vehicle to detect a yaw angle of the own vehicle.\",\n \"The steering angle sensor 24 detects an operation angle of the steering wheel, that is, a steering angle.\",\n \"The vehicle sensor 25 is provided to a rotating shaft transferring power to the wheels of the vehicle, and outputs a detection signal depending on the vehicle speed.\",\n \"In addition, the driving support ECU 10 is connected with an alarm unit 31.The alarm unit 31 informs the driver of the fact that a dangerous situation has arisen in the own vehicle, the fact that any prohibited act has been carried out, or the like.\",\n \"The alarm unit 31 is, for example, a loudspeaker provided in the vehicle interior.\",\n \"When the driving support ECU 10 outputs a control command, the alarm unit 31 gives information to the driver by a sound or the like.\",\n \"Note that, instead of the alarm of the alarm unit 31, information may be given to the driver by applying reaction force against vibration and driving operation to the driver from the steering wheel.\",\n \"In addition, information may be given to the driver by indication on a display panel such as a display provided to an instrument panel.\",\n \"The driving support ECU 10 is a computer including a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, and an I/O.\",\n \"The driving support ECU 10 executes a program installed in the ROM to achieve various functions.\",\n \"Specifically, as basic operation, the driving support ECU 10 determines whether or not the own vehicle has crossed over a lane marking of the lane in which the own vehicle runs (hereinafter, referred to as own lane).\",\n \"If the driving support ECU 10 determines that the own vehicle has crossed over a lane marking, the driving support ECU 10 outputs a control command to the alarm unit 31.Thereby, the alarm unit 31 gives information to the driver.\",\n \"In addition, in the present embodiment, even when the own vehicle has crossed over a lane marking of the own lane, issuing an alarm is inhibited if the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.\",\n \"As a means for inhibiting an alarm, the driving support ECU 10 achieves, in addition to the above functions, functions of a target detection section 11, a leading vehicle detection section 12, a crossing over determination section 13, an allowance determination section 14, and an alarm inhibition section 15.Based on information (image data and distance measurement data) on an object obtained by the imaging unit 21 and the radar 22, the target detection section 11 detects a target included in the data.\",\n \"For example, the target detection section 11 combines information on the object extracted from the image data of the imaging unit 21 with information on the object extracted from the distance measurement data of the radar 22 to detect a target.\",\n \"Instead of this, a target may be detected by using any one of the information on the object extracted from the image data of the imaging unit 21 and the information on the object extracted from the distance measurement data of the radar 22.The target detected by the target detection section 11 is output to the leading vehicle detection section 12.Based on the target detected by the target detection section 11, the leading vehicle detection section 12 detects a forward vehicle, which is one of the vehicles running ahead of the own vehicle and in the own lane, in which the own vehicle runs, as a leading vehicle on condition that the forward vehicle is closest to the own vehicle (the distance between the own vehicle and the forward vehicle is shorter than the distances between the own vehicle and other vehicles running ahead of the own vehicle and in the own lane).\",\n \"In addition to the above, a leading vehicle may be detected by using a lateral distance between a travel path of the forward vehicle and the own vehicle or an own lane probability map.\",\n \"In addition, the leading vehicle detection section 12 detects one of the forward vehicles as a leading vehicle on condition that the difference between the width of the own vehicle and the width of the leading vehicle is equal to or less than a threshold value Th1.The crossing over determination section 13 determines whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over a lane marking of the own lane.\",\n \"Specifically, the crossing over determination section 13 recognizes a white line (lane marking) of the own lane based on the imaging result of the imaging unit 21.Then, the crossing over determination section 13 detects an obstacle at the left side or the right side of the leading vehicle in the own lane, and determines whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over a lane marking present at the opposite side of the obstacle.\",\n \"The result of the determination whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over a lane marking present at the opposite side of the obstacle is output to the alarm inhibition section 15.Note that the lane marking is not limited to a white line but may be a solid line such as a yellow line, or Botts' Dots.\",\n \"Furthermore, the lane marking may be a virtual lane obtained based on roadside information on guardrails or the like.\",\n \"The allowance determination section 14 determines whether or not the own vehicle is in a situation in which the own vehicle is allowed to cross over a lane marking.\",\n \"Specifically, it is determined whether or not the own vehicle is in a situation in which the own vehicle is allowed to run while crossing over a lane marking based on the size of a travel area (available unobstructed travel area) of the own vehicle, the travel area being other than an area of the own lane which is occupied by obstacles.\",\n \"The result of the determination whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over a lane marking is output to the alarm inhibition section 15.The alarm inhibition section 15 determines not to cause an alarm to be issued even when the own vehicle has crossed over a lane marking, based on the result of the determination whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the obstacle and the result of the determination whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.\",\n \"The inhibition about an alarm will be further described.\",\n \"Depending on the surrounding environments of the own vehicle in which, for example, there are obstacles such as stopped or parked vehicles, persons, structures, and the like at the edge of the own lane, it can be considered that the own vehicle may be allowed to cross over a lane marking.\",\n \"Referring to FIG.\",\n \"2, a specific example will be described in which an own vehicle is allowed to cross over a lane marking.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"2, an own vehicle M1 and a leading vehicle M2 running ahead of the own vehicle M1 are running in a straight line in an own lane L, and vehicles are present, which are waiting for right turning, at the right side of the leading vehicle M2.In this case, the vehicles waiting for right turning in the own lane L are present as an obstacle B with respect to the leading vehicle M2 and the own vehicle M1 running in a straight line in the own lane L. As shown in FIG.\",\n \"2, when the leading vehicle M2 runs in the own lane L and in a travel area R at the left side of the obstacle B, if the travel area R is narrower than the width of the leading vehicle M2, the leading vehicle M2 crosses over a lane marking D opposite to the obstacle B.\",\n \"In addition, also when the own vehicle M1 runs in the travel area R following the leading vehicle M2, the own vehicle M1 crosses over the lane marking D. At this time, the alarm unit 31 issues an alarm indicating that the own vehicle M1 has crossed over the lane marking D. In this case, although the driver has purposefully made the own vehicle M1 cross over the lane marking D, an alarm indicating that the own vehicle M1 has crossed over the lane marking D is unnecessarily issued.\",\n \"Thus, in the present embodiment, if the crossing over determination section 13 determines that the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking opposite to the obstacle, and if the allowance determination section 14 determines that the width of the leading vehicle is smaller than that of the travel area, the alarm inhibition section 15 determines not to cause an alarm to be issued even if the own vehicle crosses over the lane marking.\",\n \"The determination whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over a lane marking will be described with reference to FIG.\",\n \"3.In FIG.\",\n \"3, the own vehicle M1 and the leading vehicle M2 running ahead of the own vehicle M1 are running in the own lane L, and the obstacle B is present right next to the leading vehicle M2.In addition, the lane marking D is present at the left side of the leading vehicle M2.The allowance determination section 14 obtains a lateral distance H1, which is a distance between the lateral position of the lane marking D in the lane width direction and the lateral position of the obstacle B, and the width W of the leading vehicle M2, and determines whether or not the width W of the leading vehicle M2 is larger than the lateral distance H1.Note that the lateral distance H1 and the width W are obtained from the imaging result of the imaging unit 2.If the width W of the leading vehicle M2 is larger than the lateral distance H1, when the leading vehicle M2 runs in the travel area R, the leading vehicle M2 crosses over the lane marking D. In this case, when the own vehicle M1 runs in the travel area R following the leading vehicle M2, it can be considered that the driver of the own vehicle M1 purposefully makes the own vehicle M1 cross over the lane marking D. Hence, when the leading vehicle M2 has crossed over the lane marking D, if it is determined that the width W of the leading vehicle M2 is larger than the lateral distance H1, it is determined that an alarm is not caused to be issued even if the own vehicle M1 crosses over the lane marking D. Next, a processing procedure for inhibiting an alarm performed by the driving support ECU 10 will be described with reference to the flowchart in FIG.\",\n \"4.The present process is repeatedly performed by the driving support ECU 10 at predetermined intervals while the vehicle is running.\",\n \"First, in steps S11 and S12, the target detection section 11 detects a target so that the leading vehicle detection section 12 detects a leading vehicle based on the target.\",\n \"Next, in step S13, the leading vehicle detection section 12 determines whether or not a leading vehicle is detected.\",\n \"If Yes in step 13, the present process proceeds to step S14.In S14, if an obstacle is present at the left side or the right side of the leading vehicle in the own lane, the crossing over determination section 13 determines whether or not the leading vehicle has passed over a lane marking present at the opposite side of the obstacle.\",\n \"In this case, the crossing over determination section 13 may determine that the leading vehicle has passed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the obstacle when the leading vehicle has actually passed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the obstacle.\",\n \"If Yes in step S14, the present process proceeds to steps S15 and S16, in which the leading vehicle detection section 12 detects the lateral distance H1 and the width of the leading vehicle.\",\n \"Next, in step S17, the allowance determination section 14 determines whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the lateral distance H1 and the width of the leading vehicle.\",\n \"If YES in step S17, the present process proceeds to step S18.In step S18, even if the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking when the own vehicle runs in the travel area, the alarm inhibition section 15 determines that an alarm is not caused to be issued.\",\n \"Then, the present process is ended.\",\n \"According to the present embodiment described above, the following excellent advantageous effects can be obtained.\",\n \"In the above configuration, when an obstacle is detected at the right or the left of the leading vehicle, and the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the obstacle, issuing an alarm performed when the own vehicle has passed over the lane marking is inhibited.\",\n \"In this case, it is determined whether or not an alarm indicating that the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking is necessary, and even if the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking, an alarm is not issued if unnecessary.\",\n \"Hence, an unnecessary alarm can be inhibited from being issued.\",\n \"As a result, an alarm indicating that the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking can be appropriately issued.\",\n \"In the above configuration, it is determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the size of the travel area.\",\n \"If it is determined to be allowed, an alarm is inhibited from being issued.\",\n \"In this case, since it is determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking, and an unnecessary alarm is inhibited from being issued, an unnecessary alarm can be appropriately inhibited from being issued.\",\n \"In the above configuration, if the width of the leading vehicle is larger than the lateral distance H1 between the lane marking and the target, it is determined that the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.\",\n \"In this case, if the width of the leading vehicle is larger than the lateral distance H1, it is determined that the own vehicle crosses over the lane marking when running in the travel area, whereby the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.\",\n \"Hence, before the own vehicle runs in the travel area, it can be determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.\",\n \"Second Embodiment Next, the second embodiment will be described.\",\n \"In the following description, the configurations similar to those of the above embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant descriptions are appropriately omitted.\",\n \"A travel path extending from the center position in the width direction of the leading vehicle may be generated.\",\n \"Based on a lateral distance, which is a distance between a position on the travel path (path position) and a lateral position of an obstacle, it may be determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over a lane marking.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5, a travel path T is generated based on, for example, positions of the leading vehicle obtained at predetermined intervals.\",\n \"Then, the allowance determination section 14 obtains a lateral distance H2 between the position of the leading vehicle M2 on the travel path (path position) T of the leading vehicle M2 and the lateral position of the obstacle B, the position being obtained before the leading vehicle M2 reaches the travel area R, and the width W of the leading vehicle M2, and determines whether or not the half of the width W of the leading vehicle M2 is larger than the lateral distance H2.If the half of the width W of the leading vehicle M2 is larger than the lateral distance H2, when the leading vehicle M2 runs in the travel area R, the leading vehicle M2 crosses over the lane marking D to avoid the obstacle B.\",\n \"In this case, when the own vehicle M1 runs in the travel area R following the leading vehicle M2, it can be considered that the driver of the own vehicle M1 purposefully makes the own vehicle M1 cross over the lane marking D. Hence, when the leading vehicle M2 has crossed over the lane marking D, if it is determined that the half of the width W of the leading vehicle M2 is larger than the lateral distance H2, it is determined that an alarm should not be caused to be issued even if the own vehicle M1 crosses over the lane marking D. Next, a processing procedure for inhibiting an alarm performed by the driving support ECU 10 will be described with reference to the flowchart in FIG.\",\n \"6.The present process is performed instead of the process of FIG.\",\n \"4.In FIG.\",\n \"6, the same steps as those of FIG.\",\n \"4 are denoted by the same step numbers.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 differs from FIG.\",\n \"4 in that steps S21 to S23 are added.\",\n \"In steps S11 to S13, the leading vehicle detection section 12 determines that a leading vehicle is detected.\",\n \"Next, in step S21, the leading vehicle detection section 12 obtains a travel path of the leading vehicle.\",\n \"In step S14, if the crossing over determination section 13 determines that the leading vehicle has passed over a lane marking, in steps S22 and S16, the leading vehicle detection section 12 obtains the lateral distance H2 and the width of the leading vehicle.\",\n \"Next, in step S23, the allowance determination section 14 determines whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the lateral distance H2 and the half of the width W. According to the present embodiment described above, the following excellent advantageous effects can be obtained.\",\n \"In the above configuration, if the half of the width of the leading vehicle is larger than the lateral distance H2 between the position on the path (path position) and the obstacle, it is determined that the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.\",\n \"In this case, it can be determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the positional relationship between the leading vehicle and the obstacle in the lane width direction.\",\n \"Other Embodiments The above embodiments may be modified as below.\",\n \"Even if the width of the leading vehicle is larger than the lateral distance H1, which is a lateral distance between the lane marking and the obstacle, when the width of the own vehicle is smaller than the width of the leading vehicle, it can be considered that the own vehicle may run in the travel area without crossing over the lane marking.\",\n \"In this regard, in the first embodiment, if the width of the leading vehicle is larger than the lateral distance H1, the driving support ECU 10 determines that the own vehicle is not allowed to cross over the lane marking.\",\n \"However, this can be modified as below.\",\n \"Even if the width of the leading vehicle is larger than the travel area, when the difference obtained by subtracting the width of the own vehicle from the width of the leading vehicle is equal to or more than a threshold value Th2 (Th2>0), the driving support ECU 10 may determine that the own vehicle is not allowed to cross over the lane marking.\",\n \"In this case, considering the difference between the width of the leading vehicle and the width of the own vehicle, it can be accurately determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.\",\n \"In the first embodiment, it is determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the width of the leading vehicle.\",\n \"This may be modified so as to determine whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the width of the own vehicle.\",\n \"In this case, for example, if the width of the own vehicle is larger than the lateral distance H1 between the lane marking and the obstacle, it may be determined that the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.\",\n \"Hence, regardless of the width of the leading vehicle, it can be determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.\",\n \"In addition, instead of using the width of the leading vehicle, a predetermined value may be used.\",\n \"In short, it may be determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the size of the travel area.\",\n \"In the second embodiment, a travel path of the leading vehicle is generated to obtain the distance between the travel path and an obstacle as the lateral distance H2 between the position on the path (path position) and the obstacle.\",\n \"This may be modified so as to detect a running position of the own vehicle based on the yaw rate sensor 23, the steering angle sensor 24, and the vehicle sensor 25 and generate a travel path of the own vehicle to obtain the distance between the travel path and the obstacle as the lateral distance H2.When an obstacle is moving, the size of the travel area differs between when the leading vehicle passes through the travel area and when the own vehicle passes through the travel area.\",\n \"In this regard, it may be determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking based on the moving speed and the moving direction of the obstacle.\",\n \"Thereby, even when the size of the travel area changes as the obstacle moves, it can be determined whether or not the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking considering the moving speed and the moving direction of the obstacle.\",\n \"In the above configuration, the present invention is applied to a vehicle driven by driving operation of the driver.\",\n \"However, the present invention may be applied to a vehicle performing follow-up control under which the vehicle follows a leading vehicle based on the running position of the leading vehicle.\",\n \"Under this follow-up control, when the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking to avoid an obstacle, the own vehicle following the leading vehicle also crosses over the lane marking if the own vehicle is allowed to cross over the lane marking.\",\n \"At this time, the alarm inhibition section 15 inhibits an alarm of the own vehicle.\",\n \"Although the alarm inhibition section 15 determines that an alarm is not caused to be issued even when the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking.\",\n \"This can be changed so as to change the manner of the alarm to inhibit the alarm from being issued.\",\n \"As an aspect of the embodiment, a driving support apparatus for a vehicle is provided.\",\n \"The apparatus causes an alarm unit (31) to issue an alarm based on a lane marking of an own lane in which an own vehicle (M1) runs.\",\n \"The apparatus includes: a leading vehicle detection section (12) that determines a leading vehicle (M2) running in the own lane; a crossing over determination section (13) that determines whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at an opposite side of the target, when a target is present at a left side or a right side of the leading vehicle in the own lane; and an alarm inhibition section (15) that inhibits the alarm based on a result of the determination whether or not the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the target.\",\n \"If a target such as a stopped vehicle or a structure is present in the lane, a travel area of the own vehicle may narrow.\",\n \"In this case, when the own vehicle passes through the travel area, the own vehicle may cross over the lane marking.\",\n \"When the own vehicle crosses over the lane marking, an unnecessary alarm may be issued.\",\n \"In this regard, when a target is detected at the right or the left of the leading vehicle, and the leading vehicle has crossed over the lane marking present at the opposite side of the target, issuing an alarm performed when the own vehicle has passed over the lane marking is inhibited.\",\n \"In this case, it is determined whether or not an alarm indicating that the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking is necessary, and even if the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking, an alarm is not issued if unnecessary.\",\n \"Hence, an unnecessary alarm can be inhibited from being issued.\",\n \"As a result, an alarm indicating that the own vehicle has crossed over the lane marking can be appropriately issued.\",\n \"It will be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to the configurations described above, but any and all modifications, variations or equivalents, which may occur to those who are skilled in the art, should be considered to fall within the scope of the present invention.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872780"}}},{"rowIdx":4494166,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["CAPACITY CONTROL VALVE","A capacity control valve includes: a pressure-sensitive body positioned in a third valve chamber; an adapter provided on the free end of the pressure sensitive body having a circular seating surface; a third valve part that moves integrally with a valve element in the third valve chamber and has a circular engagement surface that opens/closes intake-side passages by engaging with and separating from the seating surface of the adapter; and a solenoid that applies an electromagnetic drive force to the valve element in the direction of closing a first valve part, wherein the pressure-sensitive body is formed by a formed bellows made of material having greater yield stress than phosphor bronze, and the formed bellows has its diameter set smaller and its stroke longer than the diameter and stroke of a phosphor bronze bellows."],["1.A capacity control valve, comprising: discharge-side passages communicating a discharge chamber that discharges fluid and a control chamber that controls a discharge rate of fluid; a first valve chamber formed along the discharge-side passages; intake-side passages communicating an intake chamber that takes in fluid and the control chamber; a second valve chamber formed along the intake-side passages; a valve element that integrally has a first valve part that opens/closes the discharge-side passages in the first valve chamber and a second valve part that opens/closes the intake-side passages in the second valve chamber, where the first and second valve parts open/close in opposite directions due to reciprocating motion; a valve body accommodating the valve element in a manner allowing a reciprocating motion, and cooperating with the valve element to form the first valve chamber and the second valve chamber; a third valve chamber formed along the intake-side passages at a position closer to the control chamber than to the second valve chamber; a pressure-sensitive body positioned in the third valve chamber to apply, by extending, a bias force in a direction of opening the first valve part, and also to contract as a surrounding pressure increases; an adapter provided on a free end of the pressure-sensitive body in extending/contracting direction and having a circular seating surface; a third valve part that moves integrally with the valve element in the third valve chamber and has a circular engagement surface that opens/closes the intake-side passages by engaging with and separating from the seating surface of the adapter; and a solenoid that applies an electromagnetic drive force to the valve element in a direction of closing the first valve part; the capacity control valve characterized in that: the valve element is located between the first valve chamber and the second valve chamber, and has an outer circumferential face part slidably movable relative to an inner circumferential face of the valve body; plural of screw grooves are formed on the outer circumferential face part; each of the plural threads of screw grooves communicates with the first valve chamber and does not communicate with the second valve chamber, when the first valve part is closed, and communicates neither with the first valve chamber nor the second valve chamber, when the first valve part is opened.","2.A capacity control valve according to claim 1, wherein the plural threads of screw grooves are provided in a position equally spaced in the circumferential direction.","3.A capacity control valve according to claim 1, wherein at least one end in the side of the first valve chamber of each of the plural threads of screw grooves is an incomplete screw part.","4.A capacity control valve according to claim 1, wherein each of the plural threads of screw grooves communicates with the first valve chamber, in such a manner that only the incomplete screw part opens to the first valve chamber, when the first valve part is closed."],[" BACKGROUND ART A swashplate type variable-capacity compressor used for an automobile air-conditioning system, etc., comprises, for example, a rotational axis driven by the rotational force of an engine to turn; a swashplate connected to the rotational axis in a manner allowing for change in its inclination angle relative to the rotational axis; and a compression piston connected to the swashplate, wherein the inclination angle of the swashplate is changed to change the stroke of the piston and thereby control the discharge rate of refrigerant gas.","This inclination angle of the swashplate is continuously changed by utilizing the intake pressure in an intake chamber that takes in refrigerant gas, the discharge pressure in a discharge chamber that discharges refrigerant gas pressurized by the piston, and the control chamber pressure in a control chamber (crank chamber) that houses the swashplate, while also using a capacity control valve driven by electromagnetic force to open/close in order to control the pressure in the control chamber as deemed appropriate, thereby adjusting the balance of pressures acting upon both sides of the piston.","For such capacity control valve, one comprising the following, for example, is known, as shown in FIG.","4 (hereinafter referred to as “Prior Art 1”; refer to Patent Literature 1, for example) discharge-side passages 73 , 77 communicating a discharge chamber and control chamber; a first valve chamber 82 formed along the discharge-side passages; intake-side passages 71 , 72 communicating an intake chamber and the control chamber; a second valve chamber (actuation chamber) 83 formed along the intake-side passages; a valve element 81 where a first valve part 76 positioned in the first valve chamber 82 to open/close the discharge-side passages 73 , 77 undergoes reciprocating motion integrally with a second valve part 75 positioned in the second valve chamber 83 to open/close the intake-side passages 71 , 72 , and the two valve parts open/close in opposite directions; a third valve chamber (capacity chamber) 84 formed along the intake-side passages 71 , 72 at a position closer to the control chamber; a pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78 positioned in the third valve chamber to apply a bias force in the extending (expanding) direction and also to contract as the surrounding pressure increases; a valve seat body (engagement part) 80 provided on the free end of the pressure-sensitive body in the expanding/contracting direction and having a circular seating surface; a third valve part (valve-opening connection part) 79 that moves integrally with the valve element 81 in the third valve chamber 84 and is able to open/close the intake-side passages by engaging with and separating from the valve seat body 80 ; and a solenoid S that applies an electromagnetic drive force to the valve element 81 .","The capacity control valve 70 is also designed in such a way that, if a need arises during capacity control to change the control chamber pressure on the variable-capacity compressor, the discharge chamber and control chamber can be connected to allow for adjustment of the pressure in the control chamber (control chamber pressure) Pc, without having to provide a clutch mechanism on the compressor.","Additionally, its constitution is such that, if the control chamber pressure Pc rises while the variable-capacity compressor is stopped, the third valve part (valve-opening connection part) 79 is separated from the valve seat body (engagement part) 80 to open the intake-side passages and thereby communicate the intake chamber and control chamber.","On the capacity control valve 70 thus constituted, the relational expression of the force of each installed spring that generates a snapping force, and the balancing force generated by the pressure of working fluid that flows in, is given by Pc (Ab−Ar 1 )+Pc (Ar 1 −As)+Pd (As−Ar 2 )+Ps (Ar 2 −Ar 1 )+Ps×Ar 1 =Fb+S 1 −Fsol, based on the constitution shown in FIG.","4 .","This relational expression can be organized as Pc (Ab−As)+Pd (As−Ar 2 )+Ps×Ar 2 =Fb+S 1 −Fsol.","Then, assuming the relationship of pressure-receiving areas including the effective pressure-receiving area Ab of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78 , seal pressure-receiving area As of the first valve part 76 , and pressure-receiving area Ar 2 of the second valve part 75 , to be Ab=As=Ar 2 , the above expression can be rewritten as Ps×Ar 2 =Fb+S 1 −Fsol.","In other words, by making the effective pressure-receiving area Ab of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78 , seal pressure-receiving area As of the first valve part 76 , and pressure-receiving area Ar 2 of the second valve part 75 identical or roughly identical, the control accuracy of the capacity control valve 1 will improve because only the intake pressure Ps flowing from the intake-side passage 71 acts upon the valve element 81 .","The symbols in the aforementioned expression are as follows: Ab - - - Effective pressure-receiving area of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78 Ar 1 - - - Pressure-receiving area (cross-section area) of the third valve part 79 As - - - Seal pressure-receiving area of the first valve part 76 Ar 2 - - - Pressure-receiving area of the second valve part 75 Fb - - - Snapping (spring) force of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) (overall) S 1 - - - Spring (snapping) means 85 Fsol - - - Electromagnetic force of the electromagnetic coil Ps - - - Intake pressure Pd - - - Discharge pressure Pc - - - Control pressure (crank chamber pressure) As described above, to achieve a capacity control valve of good control accuracy, the relationship of pressure-receiving areas including the effective pressure-receiving area Ab of the pressure-sensitive body 78 , seal pressure-receiving area As of the first valve part 76 , and pressure-receiving area Ar 2 of the second valve part 75 , must be Ab=As=Ar 2 , and therefore it can be said that the diameter of the capacity control valve is determined by the diameter of the pressure-sensitive body 78 or diameter of the valve element 81 .","In Prior Art 1, the pressure-sensitive body 78 hermetically connects one end of a metal bellows 78 A to a partition adjustment part 86 and connects the other end to the valve seat body 80 , and a coil spring 87 is housed in the bellows 78 A.","This bellows 78 A is made of phosphor bronze to achieve good workability, but from the viewpoint of spring property, phosphor bronze has a small yield stress as a material itself and cannot ensure a long stroke, and also a bellows made of phosphor bronze tends to undergo characteristic changes such as drop in load when an excessive pressure is applied or during use at high temperature, which makes it impossible to reduce the diameter or eliminate the coil spring 87 .","To reduce the diameter of a phosphor bronze bellows, the thickness of the bellows must be increased and its length also increased in order to ensure long-enough stroke, meaning that a length dimension greater than the overall length of the current bellows is needed, which could result in poor formability and might also cause the bellows to project from the outer diameter dimension of the compressor because the overall length in the axial direction must be extended.","For these reasons, the diameter of the valve element 81 must be increased in order to ensure the “maximum flow rate (valve full-open flow rate)” which is an important characteristic required of a capacity control valve.","In other words, producing the bellows 78 A using phosphor bronze makes it impossible to ensure a long stroke and therefore necessitates increasing the diameter of the pressure-sensitive body 78 and that of the valve element 81 , and also in light of the tendency of such bellows to undergo characteristic changes, the coil spring 87 must be included, and consequently the diameter of the capacity control valve increases.","On the other hand, it is proposed that a control valve of simple structure comprising a pressure-sensitive unit provided in a solenoid unit be obtained by designing the pressure-sensitive unit with a movable end formed on one end of a bellows using strong magnetic material and a fixed end formed on the other end of the bellows using strong magnetic material, and by opposingly positioning the movable end and fixed end inside the bellows with a specified gap provided in between so that the movable end and fixed end form a magnetic circuit for the solenoid unit; wherein such control valve is such that the bellows is formed with stainless material by considering the joining property of the movable end and fixed end formed with strong magnetic material (hereinafter referred to as “Prior Art 2,” refer to Patent Literature 2).","However, the invention of Prior Art 2 was developed with the object of allowing the components of the pressure-sensitive unit to also function as the components of the solenoid unit because the magnetic circuit for the solenoid unit is formed in the pressure-sensitive unit, thereby simplifying the structure and helping reduce the cost, while also making it easy to assemble the control valve, and furthermore the idea of forming the bellows with stainless material is simply a way to achieve good joining property of the movable end and fixed end formed with strong magnetic material and it does not reduce the diameter of the capacity control valve, and consequently the diameter of the capacity control valve, including the outer diameter of the coil, remains large."],[" SUMMARY OF INVENTION "],["CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","14/384,045, filed Sep. 9, 2014, which is the US National Phase under 35 USC § 371 of International Application PCT/JP2013/063501, filed May 15, 2013, which claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No.","2012-118385, filed May 24, 2012.The International Application was published under.","PCT Article 21(2) in a language other than English.","TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a capacity control valve that variably controls the capacity or pressure of working fluid, and specifically to a capacity control valve that controls the discharge rate of a variable-capacity compressor, etc., used for an automobile air-conditioning system, etc., according to the pressure load.","BACKGROUND ART A swashplate type variable-capacity compressor used for an automobile air-conditioning system, etc., comprises, for example, a rotational axis driven by the rotational force of an engine to turn; a swashplate connected to the rotational axis in a manner allowing for change in its inclination angle relative to the rotational axis; and a compression piston connected to the swashplate, wherein the inclination angle of the swashplate is changed to change the stroke of the piston and thereby control the discharge rate of refrigerant gas.","This inclination angle of the swashplate is continuously changed by utilizing the intake pressure in an intake chamber that takes in refrigerant gas, the discharge pressure in a discharge chamber that discharges refrigerant gas pressurized by the piston, and the control chamber pressure in a control chamber (crank chamber) that houses the swashplate, while also using a capacity control valve driven by electromagnetic force to open/close in order to control the pressure in the control chamber as deemed appropriate, thereby adjusting the balance of pressures acting upon both sides of the piston.","For such capacity control valve, one comprising the following, for example, is known, as shown in FIG.","4 (hereinafter referred to as “Prior Art 1”; refer to Patent Literature 1, for example) discharge-side passages 73, 77 communicating a discharge chamber and control chamber; a first valve chamber 82 formed along the discharge-side passages; intake-side passages 71, 72 communicating an intake chamber and the control chamber; a second valve chamber (actuation chamber) 83 formed along the intake-side passages; a valve element 81 where a first valve part 76 positioned in the first valve chamber 82 to open/close the discharge-side passages 73, 77 undergoes reciprocating motion integrally with a second valve part 75 positioned in the second valve chamber 83 to open/close the intake-side passages 71, 72, and the two valve parts open/close in opposite directions; a third valve chamber (capacity chamber) 84 formed along the intake-side passages 71, 72 at a position closer to the control chamber; a pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78 positioned in the third valve chamber to apply a bias force in the extending (expanding) direction and also to contract as the surrounding pressure increases; a valve seat body (engagement part) 80 provided on the free end of the pressure-sensitive body in the expanding/contracting direction and having a circular seating surface; a third valve part (valve-opening connection part) 79 that moves integrally with the valve element 81 in the third valve chamber 84 and is able to open/close the intake-side passages by engaging with and separating from the valve seat body 80; and a solenoid S that applies an electromagnetic drive force to the valve element 81.The capacity control valve 70 is also designed in such a way that, if a need arises during capacity control to change the control chamber pressure on the variable-capacity compressor, the discharge chamber and control chamber can be connected to allow for adjustment of the pressure in the control chamber (control chamber pressure) Pc, without having to provide a clutch mechanism on the compressor.","Additionally, its constitution is such that, if the control chamber pressure Pc rises while the variable-capacity compressor is stopped, the third valve part (valve-opening connection part) 79 is separated from the valve seat body (engagement part) 80 to open the intake-side passages and thereby communicate the intake chamber and control chamber.","On the capacity control valve 70 thus constituted, the relational expression of the force of each installed spring that generates a snapping force, and the balancing force generated by the pressure of working fluid that flows in, is given by Pc (Ab−Ar1)+Pc (Ar1−As)+Pd (As−Ar2)+Ps (Ar2−Ar1)+Ps×Ar1=Fb+S1−Fsol, based on the constitution shown in FIG.","4.This relational expression can be organized as Pc (Ab−As)+Pd (As−Ar2)+Ps×Ar2=Fb+S1−Fsol.","Then, assuming the relationship of pressure-receiving areas including the effective pressure-receiving area Ab of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78, seal pressure-receiving area As of the first valve part 76, and pressure-receiving area Ar2 of the second valve part 75, to be Ab=As=Ar2, the above expression can be rewritten as Ps×Ar2=Fb+S1−Fsol.","In other words, by making the effective pressure-receiving area Ab of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78, seal pressure-receiving area As of the first valve part 76, and pressure-receiving area Ar2 of the second valve part 75 identical or roughly identical, the control accuracy of the capacity control valve 1 will improve because only the intake pressure Ps flowing from the intake-side passage 71 acts upon the valve element 81.The symbols in the aforementioned expression are as follows: Ab - - - Effective pressure-receiving area of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78 Ar1 - - - Pressure-receiving area (cross-section area) of the third valve part 79 As - - - Seal pressure-receiving area of the first valve part 76 Ar2 - - - Pressure-receiving area of the second valve part 75 Fb - - - Snapping (spring) force of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) (overall) S1 - - - Spring (snapping) means 85 Fsol - - - Electromagnetic force of the electromagnetic coil Ps - - - Intake pressure Pd - - - Discharge pressure Pc - - - Control pressure (crank chamber pressure) As described above, to achieve a capacity control valve of good control accuracy, the relationship of pressure-receiving areas including the effective pressure-receiving area Ab of the pressure-sensitive body 78, seal pressure-receiving area As of the first valve part 76, and pressure-receiving area Ar2 of the second valve part 75, must be Ab=As=Ar2, and therefore it can be said that the diameter of the capacity control valve is determined by the diameter of the pressure-sensitive body 78 or diameter of the valve element 81.In Prior Art 1, the pressure-sensitive body 78 hermetically connects one end of a metal bellows 78A to a partition adjustment part 86 and connects the other end to the valve seat body 80, and a coil spring 87 is housed in the bellows 78A.","This bellows 78A is made of phosphor bronze to achieve good workability, but from the viewpoint of spring property, phosphor bronze has a small yield stress as a material itself and cannot ensure a long stroke, and also a bellows made of phosphor bronze tends to undergo characteristic changes such as drop in load when an excessive pressure is applied or during use at high temperature, which makes it impossible to reduce the diameter or eliminate the coil spring 87.To reduce the diameter of a phosphor bronze bellows, the thickness of the bellows must be increased and its length also increased in order to ensure long-enough stroke, meaning that a length dimension greater than the overall length of the current bellows is needed, which could result in poor formability and might also cause the bellows to project from the outer diameter dimension of the compressor because the overall length in the axial direction must be extended.","For these reasons, the diameter of the valve element 81 must be increased in order to ensure the “maximum flow rate (valve full-open flow rate)” which is an important characteristic required of a capacity control valve.","In other words, producing the bellows 78A using phosphor bronze makes it impossible to ensure a long stroke and therefore necessitates increasing the diameter of the pressure-sensitive body 78 and that of the valve element 81, and also in light of the tendency of such bellows to undergo characteristic changes, the coil spring 87 must be included, and consequently the diameter of the capacity control valve increases.","On the other hand, it is proposed that a control valve of simple structure comprising a pressure-sensitive unit provided in a solenoid unit be obtained by designing the pressure-sensitive unit with a movable end formed on one end of a bellows using strong magnetic material and a fixed end formed on the other end of the bellows using strong magnetic material, and by opposingly positioning the movable end and fixed end inside the bellows with a specified gap provided in between so that the movable end and fixed end form a magnetic circuit for the solenoid unit; wherein such control valve is such that the bellows is formed with stainless material by considering the joining property of the movable end and fixed end formed with strong magnetic material (hereinafter referred to as “Prior Art 2,” refer to Patent Literature 2).","However, the invention of Prior Art 2 was developed with the object of allowing the components of the pressure-sensitive unit to also function as the components of the solenoid unit because the magnetic circuit for the solenoid unit is formed in the pressure-sensitive unit, thereby simplifying the structure and helping reduce the cost, while also making it easy to assemble the control valve, and furthermore the idea of forming the bellows with stainless material is simply a way to achieve good joining property of the movable end and fixed end formed with strong magnetic material and it does not reduce the diameter of the capacity control valve, and consequently the diameter of the capacity control valve, including the outer diameter of the coil, remains large.","CITATION LIST Patent Literatures Patent Literature 1: International Patent Laid-open No.","2007/119380 Patent Literature 2: Japanese Patent Laid-open No.","2011-117396 SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem The present invention was developed to solve the problems of Prior Arts 1 and 2 mentioned above, and the object of the present invention is to provide a capacity control valve which has no internal spring positioned in the bellows of the pressure-sensitive unit and also reduces the diameter of the valve element and that of the bellows to achieve size reduction and weight reduction.","Solution to Problem To achieve the aforementioned object, firstly the capacity control valve proposed by the present invention comprises: discharge-side passages communicating a discharge chamber that discharges fluid and a control chamber that controls the discharge rate of fluid; a first valve chamber formed along the discharge-side passages; intake-side passages communicating an intake chamber that takes in fluid and the control chamber; a second valve chamber formed along the intake-side passages; a valve element that integrally has a first valve part that opens/closes the discharge-side passages in the first valve chamber and a second valve part that opens/closes the intake-side passages in the second valve chamber, where the two valve parts open/close in opposite directions due to reciprocating motion; a third valve chamber formed along the intake-side passages at a position closer to the control chamber than to the second valve chamber; a pressure-sensitive body positioned in the third valve chamber to apply, by extending, a bias force in the direction of opening the first valve part, and also to contract as the surrounding pressure increases; an adapter provided on the free end of the pressure-sensitive body in the extending/contracting directions, and having a circular seating surface; a third valve part that moves integrally with the valve element in the third valve chamber, and has a circular engagement surface that opens/closes the intake-side passages by engaging with and separating from the seating surface of the adapter; and a solenoid that applies an electromagnetic drive force to the valve element in the direction of closing the first valve part; wherein such capacity control valve is characterized in that: the pressure-sensitive body is formed by a formed bellows made of material having greater yield stress than phosphor bronze; and the formed bellows has its diameter set smaller and its stroke longer than the diameter and stroke of a phosphor bronze bellows.","According to these features, the diameter of the bellows and that of the valve element can be reduced and response of the valve element can be improved, while at the same time the diameter of the valve body can be reduced.","Furthermore, the diameter of the capacity control valve containing the solenoid can be reduced and consequently the capacity control valve can be made lighter and more space-saving.","Eventually, such capacity control valve can contribute to the size reduction and weight reduction of a swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor and weight reduction of a vehicle, thus helping provide environmentally friendly products.","Additionally, a smaller bellows diameter leads to a smaller adapter diameter, which in turn improves the vibration resistance of the bellows and also improves the vibration resistances of other movable parts as a result of reduced weights of the parts due to diameter reduction.","All these can ultimately contribute to improved durability.","Secondly, the capacity control valve proposed by the present invention is characterized in that, in the first feature, the pressure-sensitive body is preferably formed with austenitic stainless material.","According to these features, a pressure-sensitive body having high spring property and yield stress and suitable for diameter reduction can be obtained.","Thirdly, the capacity control valve proposed by the present invention is characterized in that, in the first or second features, the adapter provided on the free end of the formed bellows and partition adjustment member provided on the fixed end are formed with non-magnetic material.","Fourthly, the capacity control valve proposed by the present invention is characterized in that, in the third feature, the partition adjustment member is preferably formed with austenitic stainless material.","According to the third and fourth features, good sliding property is achieved when the pressure-sensitive body is press-fit into the valve body via the partition adjustment member, which leads to ease of manufacturing.","Fifthly, the capacity control valve proposed by the present invention is characterized in that, in the third or fourth feature, the formed bellows, adapter, and partition adjustment member are fixed by means of electron beam welding, and the interior of the formed bellows is kept in an absolute vacuum state.","According to these features, the interior of the formed bellows can be kept in an absolute vacuum state by utilizing the advantages of electron beam welding, which in turn makes it possible to sense the absolute intake pressure and which thereby improves the sensing accuracy.","Also because the bellows, partition adjustment member, and adapter, all formed with the same non-magnetic material, are fixed by means of electron beam welding, welding becomes easy and welding reliability can be improved.","Advantageous Effects of Invention The present invention has excellent effects as described below: (1) The pressure-sensitive body is formed by a formed bellows made of material having greater yield stress than phosphor bronze, and the formed bellows has its diameter set smaller and its stroke longer than the diameter and stroke of a phosphor bronze bellows, and therefore the diameter of the bellows and that of the valve element can be reduced and response of the valve element can be improved and also the diameter of the valve body can be reduced.","Furthermore, the diameter of the capacity control valve containing the solenoid can be reduced and consequently the capacity control valve can be made lighter and more space-saving.","Eventually, such capacity control valve can contribute to the size reduction and weight reduction of a swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor and weight reduction of a vehicle, thus helping provide environmentally friendly products.","Additionally, a smaller bellows diameter leads to a smaller adapter diameter, which in turn improves the vibration resistance of the bellows and also improves the vibration resistances of other movable parts as a result of reduced weights of the parts due to diameter reduction.","All these reductions can ultimately contribute to improved durability.","(2) The pressure-sensitive body is preferably formed with austenitic stainless material such that a pressure-sensitive body having high spring property and yield stress and which is suitable for diameter reduction can be obtained.","(3) The adapter provided on the free end of the formed bellows and partition adjustment member provided on the fixed end are formed with non-magnetic material, and the partition adjustment member is preferably formed with austenitic stainless material, and therefore good sliding property is achieved when the pressure-sensitive body is press-fit into the valve body via the partition adjustment member, which leads to ease of manufacturing.","(4) The formed bellows, adapter, and partition adjustment member are fixed by means of electron beam welding, and the interior of the formed bellows is kept in an absolute vacuum state, and since the interior of the formed bellows can be kept in an absolute vacuum state by utilizing the advantages of electron beam welding, it becomes possible to sense the absolute intake pressure and the sensing accuracy improves as a result.","Also because the bellows, partition adjustment member, and adapter, all formed with the same non-magnetic material, are fixed by means of electron beam welding, welding becomes easy and welding reliability can be improved.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG.","1 This is a schematic block diagram showing a swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor equipped with a capacity control valve conforming to the present invention.","FIG.","2 This is a longitudinal section view showing an overview of the capacity control valve pertaining to an embodiment of the present invention.","FIG.","3 These are enlarged views of pressure-sensitive bodies of capacity control valves, where (a) shows the capacity control valve pertaining to an embodiment of the present invention, while (b) shows the capacity control valve in Prior Art 1.FIG.","4 This is a longitudinal section view showing an overview of the capacity control valve in Prior Art 1.FIG.","5 This is an enlarged section view of the capacity control valve pertaining to another embodiment of the present invention, showing a position of the screw grooves when the first valve part is closed.","FIG.","6 This is an enlarged section view of the capacity control valve pertaining to said another embodiment of the present invention, showing a position of the screw grooves when the first valve part is opened.","DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS A mode for carrying out a capacity control valve pertaining to the present invention is explained in detail by referring to the drawings, but it should be noted that interpretations of the present invention are not at all limited to the following, and various changes, modifications, and improvements can be added based on the knowledge of those skilled in the art so long as they do not deviate from the scope of the present invention.","As shown in FIG.","1, a swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor M comprises, for example: a casing 10 that defines a discharge chamber 11, a control chamber (also referred to as “crank chamber”) 12, an intake chamber 13, multiple cylinders 14, a port lib that communicates each cylinder 14 and the discharge chamber 11 and is opened/closed by a discharge valve 11a, a port 13b that communicates each cylinder 14 and the intake chamber 13 and is opened/closed by an intake valve 13a, a discharge port 11c and intake port 13c connected to an external cooling circuit, a connection passage 15 that serves as a discharge-side passage communicating the discharge chamber 11 and control chamber 12, a connection passage 16 that serves as the discharge-side passage and also as an intake-side passage communicating the control chamber 12 and intake chamber 13; and a connection passage 17 that serves as an intake-side passage, etc.","; a rotational axis 20 projecting outward from inside the control chamber (crank chamber) 12 in a freely rotatable manner; a swashplate 21 that turns integrally with the rotational axis 20 and is connected in a manner allowing for change in its inclination angle relative to the rotational axis 20; multiple pistons 22 engaged in the respective cylinders 14 in a manner freely undergoing reciprocating motion; multiple connection members 23 connecting the swashplate 21 and respective pistons 22; a driven pulley 24 installed on the rotational axis 20; and a capacity control valve V conforming to the present invention which is embedded in the casing 10.Also, the swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor M has a connection passage 18 that directly communicates the control chamber (crank chamber) 12 and intake chamber 13, where a fixed orifice 19 is provided in the connection passage 18.Furthermore, this swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor M has a cooling circuit connected to the discharge port 11c and intake port 13c, and a condenser 25, expansion valve 26, and evaporator 27 are sequentially provided in this cooling circuit.","As shown in FIG.","2, the capacity control valve V comprises, for example: a valve body 30 formed with metal material or resin material; a valve element 40 positioned in the valve body 30 in a manner freely undergoing reciprocating motion; a pressure-sensitive body 50 that biases the valve element 40 in one direction; and a solenoid 60 connected to the valve body 30 and applying an electromagnetic drive force to the valve element 40.The solenoid 60 comprises, for example: a casing 62 connected to the valve body 30; a sleeve 63 having one end closed; a cylindrical fixed iron core 64 positioned on the interior side of the casing 62 and sleeve 63; a driving rod 65 forming a connection passage 44 on the interior side of the fixed iron core 64 in a manner freely undergoing reciprocating motion, with its tip connected to the valve element 40; a movable iron core 66 bonded to the other end of the driving rod 65; a coil spring 67 that biases the movable iron core 66 in the direction of opening a first valve part 41; and an excitation coil 68 wound on the exterior side of the sleeve 63 via a bobbin.","The valve body 30 comprises, for example: connection passages 31, 32, 33 that function as discharge-side passages; connection passages 33, 34 that function as intake-side passages together with the connection passage 44 of the valve element 40 described later; a first valve chamber 35 formed along the discharge-side passages; a second valve chamber 36 formed along the intake-side passages; a guide passage 37 that guides the valve element 40; and a third valve chamber 38 formed along the discharge-side passages and intake-side passages at a position closer to the control chamber 12.Also, a partition adjustment member 39 that defines the third valve chamber 38 and also constitutes a part of the valve body 30 is press-fit into the valve body 30.In other words, the connection passage 33 and third valve chamber 38 are formed in a manner also serving as a part of the discharge-side passages and intake-side passages, while the connection passage 32 communicates the first valve chamber 35 and third valve chamber 38 and also forms a valve hole through which the valve element 40 is inserted (gaps through which fluid flows are ensured as the valve element 40 is inserted).","Note that the connection passages 31, 33, 34 are each provided in a multiple number (such as four at 90-degree intervals) and positioned radially in the circumferential direction.","Also, in the first valve chamber 35, a seating surface 35a on which the first valve part 41 of the valve element 40 described later is seated is formed on the rim of the connection passage (valve hole) 32, while, in the second valve chamber 36, a seating surface 36a on which the second valve part 42 of the valve element 40 described later is seated is formed at the edge of the fixed iron core 64 described later.","The valve element 40 is formed in an approximate cylinder shape and comprises, for example: a first valve part 41 on one end; a second valve part 42 on the other end; a third valve part 43 connected as an add-on to a side opposite to the second valve part 42 side by sandwiching the first valve part 41 in between; and a connection passage 44 that penetrates from the second valve part 42 to the third valve part 43 in the axial direction and functions as an intake-side passage.","The third valve part 43 is formed in a manner flaring from a diameter-reduced state from the first valve chamber 35 toward the third valve chamber 38 and is guided through the connection passage (valve hole) 32, and also comprises a circular engagement surface 43a opposingly facing the adapter 53 described later on its outer periphery rim.","The pressure-sensitive body 50 comprises a bellows 51, adapter 53 and partition adjustment member 39, for example.","The bellows 51 is fixed on one end to the partition adjustment member 39 and retains the adapter 53 on the other end (free end).","As shown in FIG.","3, the adapter 53 has a hollow cylindrical part 53a whose tip engages with the third valve part 43 and whose cross-section has an approximate C shape, as well as a bulging part 53c that bulges into the bellows 51, and a circular seating surface 53b that opposingly engages with and separates from the engagement surface 43a of the third valve 43 is provided at the tip of the hollow cylindrical part 53a.","The pressure-sensitive body 50 is positioned in the third valve chamber 38 to apply, by extending (expanding), a bias force in the direction of opening the first valve part 41, and also to contract as the surrounding pressure (in the third valve chamber 38 and connection passage 44 of the valve element 40) increases, thereby actuating to weaken the bias force applied to the first valve part 41.FIG.","3 shows enlarged views of pressure-sensitive bodies of capacity control valves, where (a) shows the capacity control valve pertaining to the embodiment of the present invention, while (b) shows the capacity control valve in Prior Art 1.In FIG.","3, the bellows 51 of the pressure-sensitive body 50 in the capacity control valve V pertaining to the embodiment of the present invention shown in (a) is formed by a formed bellows made of material having greater yield stress than phosphor bronze, or, for example, preferably by a formed bellows made of austenitic stainless material, where the bellows 51 has its diameter set smaller and its stroke longer than the diameter and stroke of the phosphor bronze bellows 78A under Prior Art 1 shown in (b).","Also, while the pressure-sensitive body 78 under Prior Art 1 has a coil spring 87 in the bellows 78A, no internal spring or other such member is provided in the bellows 51 of the pressure-sensitive body 50 under the present invention.","Furthermore, the gap a between the end of the bulging part 39a that bulges into the bellows 51 of the partition adjustment member 39 on one hand, and the end of the bulging part 53c that bulges into the bellows 51 of the adapter 53 on the other, is set larger than the corresponding gap under Prior Art 1.One end (fixed end) of the bellows 51 is fixed to the partition adjustment member 39, while the adapter 53 is retained at the other end (free end), where the partition adjustment member 39, and adapter 53 are formed with non-magnetic material.","The partition adjustment member 39 is preferably formed with austenitic stainless material.","The bellows 51, partition adjustment member 39, and adapter 53 are fixed by means of electron beam welding and the interior of the formed bellows is kept in an absolute vacuum state.","The formed bellows pertaining to the embodiment of the present invention, made of material having greater yield stress than phosphor bronze, has higher spring property compared to the phosphor bronze bellows and thus allows the internal spring to be eliminated and diameter B1 of the bellows 51 to be reduced, and because its yield stress itself is also high, a longer stroke can be provided.","Even when the diameter of the valve element 40 is reduced, therefore, a long stroke can be provided to compensate for the smaller degree of opening of the valve element 40, effectively permitting diameter reduction of the valve element 40 and improving the response of the valve element 40.Because the diameter of the valve element 40 can be reduced, the diameter B2 of the valve body 30 can also be reduced.","Furthermore, the diameter B3 of the capacity control valve V containing the solenoid 60 can also be reduced, which makes the capacity control valve lighter and more space-saving.","This space-saving design also contributes to the size reduction and weight reduction of a swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor M and weight reduction of a vehicle, thus helping provide environmentally friendly products.","Furthermore, a smaller bellows 51 diameter leads to a smaller adapter 53 diameter, which in turn improves the vibration resistance of the bellows 51 and also improves the vibration resistances of other movable parts as a result of reduced weights of the parts due to diameter reduction.","All these can ultimately contribute to improved durability.","When the capacity control valve V pertaining to an embodiment of the present invention is compared with the capacity control valve 70 under Prior Art 1, the following are found: Bellows diameter B1/B1′=5.95/7.9=0.75 Valve body diameter B2/B2′=14.9/18.8=0.79 Capacity control valve diameter B3/B3′=21.7/23.6=0.92 As the figures show, the diameters are significantly smaller.","Additionally, since the valve body 30 is normally made of brass, use of phosphor bronze for the pressure-sensitive body 78 under Prior Art 1 results in the two parts having similar hardness and consequently, poor sliding property when the partition adjustment part 86 is press-fit into the valve body 30.On the other hand, the capacity control valve V pertaining to an embodiment of the present invention allows its partition adjustment member 39, and adapter 53 to be formed with non-magnetic material instead of strong magnetic material as in Prior Art 2, and therefore when at least the partition adjustment member 39 is formed with austenitic stainless material, greater sliding property is achieved when the partition adjustment member 39 is press-fit into the valve body 30 because both have a different hardness, and ease of manufacturing is ensured as a result.","Furthermore, the capacity control valve V pertaining to an embodiment of the present invention is such that the bellows 51, partition adjustment member 39, and adapter 53 are fixed by means of electron beam welding, and by positioning the cathode in the formed bellows, the interior of the formed bellows can be kept in an absolute vacuum state when the parts are welded, and this allows for sensing of the absolute intake pressure Ps and improves the sensing accuracy compared to when the interior of the bellows is simply kept in negative pressure as is the case of Prior Art 2.Also, because the bellows 51, partition adjustment member 39, and adapter 53 can be formed with the same stainless material, stable production is possible by means of electron beam welding and the reliability improves as a result.","The foregoing explained an embodiment of the present invention by referring to the drawings, but specific constitutions are not at all limited to the embodiment and the present invention also includes changes and additions made to the extent that they do not deviate from the gist of the present invention.","For example, the aforementioned embodiment cited austenitic stainless material as a favorable material for the pressure-sensitive body because it has greater yield stress than phosphor bronze and therefore demonstrates higher spring property and yield stress and is suitable for diameter reduction.","However, the material is not at all limited to the foregoing and ferritic stainless material may be used, as well.","Also in the aforementioned embodiment, the partition adjustment member and adapter were formed with non-magnetic material, for example.","However, their material is not at all limited to the foregoing and, if the pressure-sensitive body uses ferritic stainless material, the same material may be used, as well.","FIG.","5 and FIG.","6 are diagrams showing an enlarged section of the capacity control valve pertaining to the second example of the present invention.","In the explanation below, the example shown in FIG.","1, FIG.","2 and FIG.","3(a) is referred to as first example, and the example shown in FIG.","5 and FIG.","6 is referred to as second example.","FIG.","5 and FIG.","6 are enlarged section views for showing difference with the first example, which show positions of the valve element when the first valve part is closed and when the first valve part is opened, respectively.","In explanation of the second example, a component identical to that of the first example is designated with the same sign, and an explanation thereof is omitted to avoid an overlapping explanation, and mainly, portions different from the first example are explained.","In FIG.","5 and FIG.","6, the capacity control valve V100 representing the second example comprises, for example, a valve element 110, a pressure-sensitive body 50 and a solenoid 60.The valve element 110 integrally has a first valve part 41 that opens/closes connection passages 31 and 32 as discharge-side passages in a first valve chamber 35 and a second valve part 42 that opens/closes a connection passage 34 as an intake-side passage in a second valve chamber 36, where the two valve parts open/close in opposite directions due to reciprocating motion.","Needless to say, the valve element 110 is also driven by an electromagnetic drive force of a solenoid 60 shown in FIG.","2 (illustration omitted in FIG.","5 and FIG.","6), so as to be moved to the side of the pressure-sensitive body 50 as in the first example.","The valve element 110 is accommodated in a valve body 30 so as to be allowed a reciprocating motion, and cooperate with the valve body 30 to define the first valve chamber 35 and the second valve chamber 36.The valve element 110 is located between the first valve chamber 35 and the second valve chamber 36, and has an outer circumferential face part 120 which is slidably movable relative to an inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30.On this outer circumferential face part 120, multiple-thread screw grooves 130 are formed.","In the second example shown in FIG.","5 and FIG.","6, the pressure-sensitive body 50 is a springless type pressure-sensitive body which is not provided with a spring for biasing the valve element 110 toward the side of the solenoid 60, similarly as in the first example shown in FIG.","1, FIG.","2, and FIG.","3(a), the springless type referring to such a type that is not provided with the spring 87 in the conventional capacity control valve shown in FIG.","3 (b) and FIG.","4.In the second example in which such a springless type pressure-sensitive body 50 is used, it is possible to make the bias force against the valve element 110 comparatively small, by keeping the interior of the bellows 51 in a vacuum state.","As a result, it is possible to reduce the electromagnetic drive force of the solenoid 60 and achieve an energy-saving effect.","However, on the other hand, there is a possibility that, when released from the electromagnetic drive force of the solenoid 60, the valve element 110 becomes hard to be brought back to the side of the solenoid 60 by a comparative small bias force of the bellows 51.Specifically, between the outer circumferential face part 120 of the valve element 110 and the inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30, an adhesive force is partially generated between the outer circumferential face part 120 and the inner circumferential face 30a, due to an eccentricity.","As a result, a frictional force gives a comparatively significant influence to a relative movement of the valve element 110 and the valve body 30.In such a case, the valve element 110 receives the comparatively significant influence of the adhesive force or the frictional force between the outer circumferential face part 120 and the inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30, causing a poor functioning that the valve element 110 becomes hard to move.","In order to sort out this poor functioning, the capacity control valve V100 is provided with the screw grooves 130 that is an important feature of the present invention.","As shown in FIG.","5, when the first valve part 41 is closed, each of the screw grooves 130 communicates with the first valve chamber 35 and does not communicate with the second valve chamber 36.Meanwhile, as shown in FIG.","6, when the first valve part 41 is opened, each of the screw grooves 130 communicates neither with the first valve chamber 35 nor the second valve chamber 36.In this connection, the closed state of the first valve part 41 is a state where the first valve part 41 is seated on the valve seat 30b as shown in FIG.","5, and the open state is a state where the first valve part 41 is separated from the valve seat 30b as shown in FIG.","6.In the second example shown in FIG.","5 and FIG.","6, the screw grooves 130 are provided in two threads, in a position equally spaced in the circumferential direction.","In other words, when the first valve part 41 is closed, the screw grooves 130 of two threads each communicate with the first valve chamber 35 at a position 180° turned around the central axis of the valve element 110.At least one end in the side of the first valve chamber 35 of each of the screw grooves 130 is an incomplete screw part 130a.","The incomplete screw part 130a refers to an end of a screw groove in which a depth and a width of a screw groove 130 is gradually reduced toward the screw end.","In the second example, a length of the incomplete screw part 130a is set such that when the first valve part 41 is closed, only the incomplete screw part 130a in a screw groove 130 opens to the first valve chamber 35 to communicate with the first valve chamber 35, as shown in FIG.","5.On the other hand, the end in the side of the second valve chamber 36 of a screw groove 130 may be an incomplete screw part, though not illustrated.","The capacity control valve V100 configured as described above not only naturally has the effects similar to those of the capacity control valve V1 of the first example shown in FIG.","1, FIG.","2 and FIG.","3 (a), but further has the following effects.","When the solenoid 60 applies an electromagnetic drive force to the valve element 110, and the valve element 110 moves to the side of the pressure-sensitive body 50, the first valve chamber 35 is closed.","At this time, the incomplete screw parts 130a of the screw grooves 130 open to the first valve chamber 35 so that the first valve chamber 35 communicates with the screw grooves 130, and the screw grooves 130 are filled with a working fluid in the first valve chamber 35.Next, when the electromagnetic drive force of the solenoid 60 is removed, the valve element 110 is to be moved toward the side of the solenoid 60 by an extension (expansion) of the pressure-sensitive body 50.At this time, there is a concern that the valve element 110 becomes hard to be moved due to a comparatively significant influence of an adhesive force and a frictional force between the outer circumferential face part 120 and the inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30.However, the working fluid, which filled the screw grooves 130 when the first valve part 41 is closed, is not discharged from the screw grooves 130, since when the first valve part 41 is opened, the screw grooves 130 have no communication with the first valve chamber 35, and the working fluid is taken between the inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30 and the outer circumferential face part 120 of the valve element 110 to allow a high pressure to be maintained over the entire circumference.","As a result, a lubricating effect of the working fluid in the screw grooves 130 reduces the adhesive force and the frictional force between the inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30 and the outer circumferential face part 120 of the valve element 110.Accordingly, even a weak bias force of the pressure-sensitive body 50 to the valve element 110 can smoothly move the valve element 110 to the side of the solenoid 60, and can surely open the first valve part 41 to a targeted degree of opening.","In addition, since the screw grooves 130 are provided in a position equally spaced in the circumferential direction, it is possible to capture the working fluid of the first valve chamber 35 evenly between the valve element 110 and the valve body 30, and it is possible to reduce the frictional force between the inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30 and the outer circumferential face part 120 of the valve element 110 uniformly in the circumferential direction.","Furthermore, since at least one end in the side of the first valve chamber 35 of each of the screw grooves 130 is the incomplete screw part 130a, it is possible to reduce a level difference of the screw groove 130 relative to the outer circumferential face part 120 of the valve element 110, in the incomplete screw part 130a.","As a result, at a start of movement of the valve element 110, it is possible to control a rapid change of pressure of the working fluid, in the level difference of the incomplete screw part 130a which opens to the first valve chamber 35.In addition, since the incomplete screw part 130a is formed at the end in the side of the first valve chamber of the screw grooves 130 as described above, when the valve element 110 is moved from the direction of closing the first valve chamber 35 to the direction of opening the first valve chamber 35, it is possible to inhibit the working fluid in the screw grooves 130 from being discharged to the first valve chamber 35, and accordingly, a sufficient lubricating effect by a high pressure working fluid is secured between the inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30 and the outer circumferential face part 120 of the valve element 110.Furthermore, when the first valve part 41 is closed, each of the screw grooves 130 communicates with the first valve chamber 35, in such a manner that only the incomplete screw part 130a in the end in the side of the first valve chamber 35 opens to the first valve chamber 35.Therefore, it is possible to further control the above-described rapid change of the working fluid at a start of movement of the valve element 110 and the discharge of the working fluid in the screw grooves 130 to the first valve chamber 35 when the first valve chamber is opened, and accordingly, it is possible to further ensure the improvement in lubricating performance.","Incidentally, the capacity control valve pertaining to the present invention should not be limited to those in the second example shown in FIG.","5 and FIG.","6, and other modified modes are naturally included in the scope of the present invention, so long as they are in a scope not deviate from the gist of the present invention.","REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 10 Casing 11 Discharge chamber 12 Control chamber (crank chamber) 13 Intake chamber 14 Cylinder 15 Connection passage 16 Connection passage 17 Connection passage 18 Connection passage 19 Fixed orifice 20 Rotational axis 21 Swashplate 22 Piston 23 Connection member 24 Driven pulley 25 Condenser 26 Expansion valve 27 Evaporator 30 Valve body 30a Inner circumferential face 30b Valve seat 31, 32 Connection passage (discharge-side passage) 33 Connection passage (control chamber-side passage) 34 Connection passage (intake-side passage) 35 First valve chamber 35a Seating surface 36 Second valve chamber 36a Seating surface 37 Guide passage 38 Third valve chamber 39 Partition adjustment member 40 Valve element 41 First valve part 42 Second valve part 43 Third valve part 43a Engagement surface 44 Connection passage 50 Pressure-sensitive body 51 Bellows 53 Adapter 53a Hollow cylindrical part 53b Circular seating surface 53c Bulging part 60 Solenoid 62 Casing 63 Sleeve 64 Fixed iron core 65 Driving rod 66 Movable iron core 67 Coil spring 68 Excitation coil 87 Spring 110 Valve element 120 Outer circumferential face part 130 Screw grooves 130a Screw part M Swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor V Capacity control valve Pd Discharge pressure Ps Intake pressure Pc Control chamber pressure"]],"string":"[\n [\n \"CAPACITY CONTROL VALVE\",\n \"A capacity control valve includes: a pressure-sensitive body positioned in a third valve chamber; an adapter provided on the free end of the pressure sensitive body having a circular seating surface; a third valve part that moves integrally with a valve element in the third valve chamber and has a circular engagement surface that opens/closes intake-side passages by engaging with and separating from the seating surface of the adapter; and a solenoid that applies an electromagnetic drive force to the valve element in the direction of closing a first valve part, wherein the pressure-sensitive body is formed by a formed bellows made of material having greater yield stress than phosphor bronze, and the formed bellows has its diameter set smaller and its stroke longer than the diameter and stroke of a phosphor bronze bellows.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A capacity control valve, comprising: discharge-side passages communicating a discharge chamber that discharges fluid and a control chamber that controls a discharge rate of fluid; a first valve chamber formed along the discharge-side passages; intake-side passages communicating an intake chamber that takes in fluid and the control chamber; a second valve chamber formed along the intake-side passages; a valve element that integrally has a first valve part that opens/closes the discharge-side passages in the first valve chamber and a second valve part that opens/closes the intake-side passages in the second valve chamber, where the first and second valve parts open/close in opposite directions due to reciprocating motion; a valve body accommodating the valve element in a manner allowing a reciprocating motion, and cooperating with the valve element to form the first valve chamber and the second valve chamber; a third valve chamber formed along the intake-side passages at a position closer to the control chamber than to the second valve chamber; a pressure-sensitive body positioned in the third valve chamber to apply, by extending, a bias force in a direction of opening the first valve part, and also to contract as a surrounding pressure increases; an adapter provided on a free end of the pressure-sensitive body in extending/contracting direction and having a circular seating surface; a third valve part that moves integrally with the valve element in the third valve chamber and has a circular engagement surface that opens/closes the intake-side passages by engaging with and separating from the seating surface of the adapter; and a solenoid that applies an electromagnetic drive force to the valve element in a direction of closing the first valve part; the capacity control valve characterized in that: the valve element is located between the first valve chamber and the second valve chamber, and has an outer circumferential face part slidably movable relative to an inner circumferential face of the valve body; plural of screw grooves are formed on the outer circumferential face part; each of the plural threads of screw grooves communicates with the first valve chamber and does not communicate with the second valve chamber, when the first valve part is closed, and communicates neither with the first valve chamber nor the second valve chamber, when the first valve part is opened.\",\n \"2.A capacity control valve according to claim 1, wherein the plural threads of screw grooves are provided in a position equally spaced in the circumferential direction.\",\n \"3.A capacity control valve according to claim 1, wherein at least one end in the side of the first valve chamber of each of the plural threads of screw grooves is an incomplete screw part.\",\n \"4.A capacity control valve according to claim 1, wherein each of the plural threads of screw grooves communicates with the first valve chamber, in such a manner that only the incomplete screw part opens to the first valve chamber, when the first valve part is closed.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND ART A swashplate type variable-capacity compressor used for an automobile air-conditioning system, etc., comprises, for example, a rotational axis driven by the rotational force of an engine to turn; a swashplate connected to the rotational axis in a manner allowing for change in its inclination angle relative to the rotational axis; and a compression piston connected to the swashplate, wherein the inclination angle of the swashplate is changed to change the stroke of the piston and thereby control the discharge rate of refrigerant gas.\",\n \"This inclination angle of the swashplate is continuously changed by utilizing the intake pressure in an intake chamber that takes in refrigerant gas, the discharge pressure in a discharge chamber that discharges refrigerant gas pressurized by the piston, and the control chamber pressure in a control chamber (crank chamber) that houses the swashplate, while also using a capacity control valve driven by electromagnetic force to open/close in order to control the pressure in the control chamber as deemed appropriate, thereby adjusting the balance of pressures acting upon both sides of the piston.\",\n \"For such capacity control valve, one comprising the following, for example, is known, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"4 (hereinafter referred to as “Prior Art 1”; refer to Patent Literature 1, for example) discharge-side passages 73 , 77 communicating a discharge chamber and control chamber; a first valve chamber 82 formed along the discharge-side passages; intake-side passages 71 , 72 communicating an intake chamber and the control chamber; a second valve chamber (actuation chamber) 83 formed along the intake-side passages; a valve element 81 where a first valve part 76 positioned in the first valve chamber 82 to open/close the discharge-side passages 73 , 77 undergoes reciprocating motion integrally with a second valve part 75 positioned in the second valve chamber 83 to open/close the intake-side passages 71 , 72 , and the two valve parts open/close in opposite directions; a third valve chamber (capacity chamber) 84 formed along the intake-side passages 71 , 72 at a position closer to the control chamber; a pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78 positioned in the third valve chamber to apply a bias force in the extending (expanding) direction and also to contract as the surrounding pressure increases; a valve seat body (engagement part) 80 provided on the free end of the pressure-sensitive body in the expanding/contracting direction and having a circular seating surface; a third valve part (valve-opening connection part) 79 that moves integrally with the valve element 81 in the third valve chamber 84 and is able to open/close the intake-side passages by engaging with and separating from the valve seat body 80 ; and a solenoid S that applies an electromagnetic drive force to the valve element 81 .\",\n \"The capacity control valve 70 is also designed in such a way that, if a need arises during capacity control to change the control chamber pressure on the variable-capacity compressor, the discharge chamber and control chamber can be connected to allow for adjustment of the pressure in the control chamber (control chamber pressure) Pc, without having to provide a clutch mechanism on the compressor.\",\n \"Additionally, its constitution is such that, if the control chamber pressure Pc rises while the variable-capacity compressor is stopped, the third valve part (valve-opening connection part) 79 is separated from the valve seat body (engagement part) 80 to open the intake-side passages and thereby communicate the intake chamber and control chamber.\",\n \"On the capacity control valve 70 thus constituted, the relational expression of the force of each installed spring that generates a snapping force, and the balancing force generated by the pressure of working fluid that flows in, is given by Pc (Ab−Ar 1 )+Pc (Ar 1 −As)+Pd (As−Ar 2 )+Ps (Ar 2 −Ar 1 )+Ps×Ar 1 =Fb+S 1 −Fsol, based on the constitution shown in FIG.\",\n \"4 .\",\n \"This relational expression can be organized as Pc (Ab−As)+Pd (As−Ar 2 )+Ps×Ar 2 =Fb+S 1 −Fsol.\",\n \"Then, assuming the relationship of pressure-receiving areas including the effective pressure-receiving area Ab of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78 , seal pressure-receiving area As of the first valve part 76 , and pressure-receiving area Ar 2 of the second valve part 75 , to be Ab=As=Ar 2 , the above expression can be rewritten as Ps×Ar 2 =Fb+S 1 −Fsol.\",\n \"In other words, by making the effective pressure-receiving area Ab of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78 , seal pressure-receiving area As of the first valve part 76 , and pressure-receiving area Ar 2 of the second valve part 75 identical or roughly identical, the control accuracy of the capacity control valve 1 will improve because only the intake pressure Ps flowing from the intake-side passage 71 acts upon the valve element 81 .\",\n \"The symbols in the aforementioned expression are as follows: Ab - - - Effective pressure-receiving area of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78 Ar 1 - - - Pressure-receiving area (cross-section area) of the third valve part 79 As - - - Seal pressure-receiving area of the first valve part 76 Ar 2 - - - Pressure-receiving area of the second valve part 75 Fb - - - Snapping (spring) force of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) (overall) S 1 - - - Spring (snapping) means 85 Fsol - - - Electromagnetic force of the electromagnetic coil Ps - - - Intake pressure Pd - - - Discharge pressure Pc - - - Control pressure (crank chamber pressure) As described above, to achieve a capacity control valve of good control accuracy, the relationship of pressure-receiving areas including the effective pressure-receiving area Ab of the pressure-sensitive body 78 , seal pressure-receiving area As of the first valve part 76 , and pressure-receiving area Ar 2 of the second valve part 75 , must be Ab=As=Ar 2 , and therefore it can be said that the diameter of the capacity control valve is determined by the diameter of the pressure-sensitive body 78 or diameter of the valve element 81 .\",\n \"In Prior Art 1, the pressure-sensitive body 78 hermetically connects one end of a metal bellows 78 A to a partition adjustment part 86 and connects the other end to the valve seat body 80 , and a coil spring 87 is housed in the bellows 78 A.\",\n \"This bellows 78 A is made of phosphor bronze to achieve good workability, but from the viewpoint of spring property, phosphor bronze has a small yield stress as a material itself and cannot ensure a long stroke, and also a bellows made of phosphor bronze tends to undergo characteristic changes such as drop in load when an excessive pressure is applied or during use at high temperature, which makes it impossible to reduce the diameter or eliminate the coil spring 87 .\",\n \"To reduce the diameter of a phosphor bronze bellows, the thickness of the bellows must be increased and its length also increased in order to ensure long-enough stroke, meaning that a length dimension greater than the overall length of the current bellows is needed, which could result in poor formability and might also cause the bellows to project from the outer diameter dimension of the compressor because the overall length in the axial direction must be extended.\",\n \"For these reasons, the diameter of the valve element 81 must be increased in order to ensure the “maximum flow rate (valve full-open flow rate)” which is an important characteristic required of a capacity control valve.\",\n \"In other words, producing the bellows 78 A using phosphor bronze makes it impossible to ensure a long stroke and therefore necessitates increasing the diameter of the pressure-sensitive body 78 and that of the valve element 81 , and also in light of the tendency of such bellows to undergo characteristic changes, the coil spring 87 must be included, and consequently the diameter of the capacity control valve increases.\",\n \"On the other hand, it is proposed that a control valve of simple structure comprising a pressure-sensitive unit provided in a solenoid unit be obtained by designing the pressure-sensitive unit with a movable end formed on one end of a bellows using strong magnetic material and a fixed end formed on the other end of the bellows using strong magnetic material, and by opposingly positioning the movable end and fixed end inside the bellows with a specified gap provided in between so that the movable end and fixed end form a magnetic circuit for the solenoid unit; wherein such control valve is such that the bellows is formed with stainless material by considering the joining property of the movable end and fixed end formed with strong magnetic material (hereinafter referred to as “Prior Art 2,” refer to Patent Literature 2).\",\n \"However, the invention of Prior Art 2 was developed with the object of allowing the components of the pressure-sensitive unit to also function as the components of the solenoid unit because the magnetic circuit for the solenoid unit is formed in the pressure-sensitive unit, thereby simplifying the structure and helping reduce the cost, while also making it easy to assemble the control valve, and furthermore the idea of forming the bellows with stainless material is simply a way to achieve good joining property of the movable end and fixed end formed with strong magnetic material and it does not reduce the diameter of the capacity control valve, and consequently the diameter of the capacity control valve, including the outer diameter of the coil, remains large.\"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY OF INVENTION \"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/384,045, filed Sep. 9, 2014, which is the US National Phase under 35 USC § 371 of International Application PCT/JP2013/063501, filed May 15, 2013, which claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No.\",\n \"2012-118385, filed May 24, 2012.The International Application was published under.\",\n \"PCT Article 21(2) in a language other than English.\",\n \"TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a capacity control valve that variably controls the capacity or pressure of working fluid, and specifically to a capacity control valve that controls the discharge rate of a variable-capacity compressor, etc., used for an automobile air-conditioning system, etc., according to the pressure load.\",\n \"BACKGROUND ART A swashplate type variable-capacity compressor used for an automobile air-conditioning system, etc., comprises, for example, a rotational axis driven by the rotational force of an engine to turn; a swashplate connected to the rotational axis in a manner allowing for change in its inclination angle relative to the rotational axis; and a compression piston connected to the swashplate, wherein the inclination angle of the swashplate is changed to change the stroke of the piston and thereby control the discharge rate of refrigerant gas.\",\n \"This inclination angle of the swashplate is continuously changed by utilizing the intake pressure in an intake chamber that takes in refrigerant gas, the discharge pressure in a discharge chamber that discharges refrigerant gas pressurized by the piston, and the control chamber pressure in a control chamber (crank chamber) that houses the swashplate, while also using a capacity control valve driven by electromagnetic force to open/close in order to control the pressure in the control chamber as deemed appropriate, thereby adjusting the balance of pressures acting upon both sides of the piston.\",\n \"For such capacity control valve, one comprising the following, for example, is known, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"4 (hereinafter referred to as “Prior Art 1”; refer to Patent Literature 1, for example) discharge-side passages 73, 77 communicating a discharge chamber and control chamber; a first valve chamber 82 formed along the discharge-side passages; intake-side passages 71, 72 communicating an intake chamber and the control chamber; a second valve chamber (actuation chamber) 83 formed along the intake-side passages; a valve element 81 where a first valve part 76 positioned in the first valve chamber 82 to open/close the discharge-side passages 73, 77 undergoes reciprocating motion integrally with a second valve part 75 positioned in the second valve chamber 83 to open/close the intake-side passages 71, 72, and the two valve parts open/close in opposite directions; a third valve chamber (capacity chamber) 84 formed along the intake-side passages 71, 72 at a position closer to the control chamber; a pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78 positioned in the third valve chamber to apply a bias force in the extending (expanding) direction and also to contract as the surrounding pressure increases; a valve seat body (engagement part) 80 provided on the free end of the pressure-sensitive body in the expanding/contracting direction and having a circular seating surface; a third valve part (valve-opening connection part) 79 that moves integrally with the valve element 81 in the third valve chamber 84 and is able to open/close the intake-side passages by engaging with and separating from the valve seat body 80; and a solenoid S that applies an electromagnetic drive force to the valve element 81.The capacity control valve 70 is also designed in such a way that, if a need arises during capacity control to change the control chamber pressure on the variable-capacity compressor, the discharge chamber and control chamber can be connected to allow for adjustment of the pressure in the control chamber (control chamber pressure) Pc, without having to provide a clutch mechanism on the compressor.\",\n \"Additionally, its constitution is such that, if the control chamber pressure Pc rises while the variable-capacity compressor is stopped, the third valve part (valve-opening connection part) 79 is separated from the valve seat body (engagement part) 80 to open the intake-side passages and thereby communicate the intake chamber and control chamber.\",\n \"On the capacity control valve 70 thus constituted, the relational expression of the force of each installed spring that generates a snapping force, and the balancing force generated by the pressure of working fluid that flows in, is given by Pc (Ab−Ar1)+Pc (Ar1−As)+Pd (As−Ar2)+Ps (Ar2−Ar1)+Ps×Ar1=Fb+S1−Fsol, based on the constitution shown in FIG.\",\n \"4.This relational expression can be organized as Pc (Ab−As)+Pd (As−Ar2)+Ps×Ar2=Fb+S1−Fsol.\",\n \"Then, assuming the relationship of pressure-receiving areas including the effective pressure-receiving area Ab of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78, seal pressure-receiving area As of the first valve part 76, and pressure-receiving area Ar2 of the second valve part 75, to be Ab=As=Ar2, the above expression can be rewritten as Ps×Ar2=Fb+S1−Fsol.\",\n \"In other words, by making the effective pressure-receiving area Ab of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78, seal pressure-receiving area As of the first valve part 76, and pressure-receiving area Ar2 of the second valve part 75 identical or roughly identical, the control accuracy of the capacity control valve 1 will improve because only the intake pressure Ps flowing from the intake-side passage 71 acts upon the valve element 81.The symbols in the aforementioned expression are as follows: Ab - - - Effective pressure-receiving area of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) 78 Ar1 - - - Pressure-receiving area (cross-section area) of the third valve part 79 As - - - Seal pressure-receiving area of the first valve part 76 Ar2 - - - Pressure-receiving area of the second valve part 75 Fb - - - Snapping (spring) force of the pressure-sensitive body (bellows) (overall) S1 - - - Spring (snapping) means 85 Fsol - - - Electromagnetic force of the electromagnetic coil Ps - - - Intake pressure Pd - - - Discharge pressure Pc - - - Control pressure (crank chamber pressure) As described above, to achieve a capacity control valve of good control accuracy, the relationship of pressure-receiving areas including the effective pressure-receiving area Ab of the pressure-sensitive body 78, seal pressure-receiving area As of the first valve part 76, and pressure-receiving area Ar2 of the second valve part 75, must be Ab=As=Ar2, and therefore it can be said that the diameter of the capacity control valve is determined by the diameter of the pressure-sensitive body 78 or diameter of the valve element 81.In Prior Art 1, the pressure-sensitive body 78 hermetically connects one end of a metal bellows 78A to a partition adjustment part 86 and connects the other end to the valve seat body 80, and a coil spring 87 is housed in the bellows 78A.\",\n \"This bellows 78A is made of phosphor bronze to achieve good workability, but from the viewpoint of spring property, phosphor bronze has a small yield stress as a material itself and cannot ensure a long stroke, and also a bellows made of phosphor bronze tends to undergo characteristic changes such as drop in load when an excessive pressure is applied or during use at high temperature, which makes it impossible to reduce the diameter or eliminate the coil spring 87.To reduce the diameter of a phosphor bronze bellows, the thickness of the bellows must be increased and its length also increased in order to ensure long-enough stroke, meaning that a length dimension greater than the overall length of the current bellows is needed, which could result in poor formability and might also cause the bellows to project from the outer diameter dimension of the compressor because the overall length in the axial direction must be extended.\",\n \"For these reasons, the diameter of the valve element 81 must be increased in order to ensure the “maximum flow rate (valve full-open flow rate)” which is an important characteristic required of a capacity control valve.\",\n \"In other words, producing the bellows 78A using phosphor bronze makes it impossible to ensure a long stroke and therefore necessitates increasing the diameter of the pressure-sensitive body 78 and that of the valve element 81, and also in light of the tendency of such bellows to undergo characteristic changes, the coil spring 87 must be included, and consequently the diameter of the capacity control valve increases.\",\n \"On the other hand, it is proposed that a control valve of simple structure comprising a pressure-sensitive unit provided in a solenoid unit be obtained by designing the pressure-sensitive unit with a movable end formed on one end of a bellows using strong magnetic material and a fixed end formed on the other end of the bellows using strong magnetic material, and by opposingly positioning the movable end and fixed end inside the bellows with a specified gap provided in between so that the movable end and fixed end form a magnetic circuit for the solenoid unit; wherein such control valve is such that the bellows is formed with stainless material by considering the joining property of the movable end and fixed end formed with strong magnetic material (hereinafter referred to as “Prior Art 2,” refer to Patent Literature 2).\",\n \"However, the invention of Prior Art 2 was developed with the object of allowing the components of the pressure-sensitive unit to also function as the components of the solenoid unit because the magnetic circuit for the solenoid unit is formed in the pressure-sensitive unit, thereby simplifying the structure and helping reduce the cost, while also making it easy to assemble the control valve, and furthermore the idea of forming the bellows with stainless material is simply a way to achieve good joining property of the movable end and fixed end formed with strong magnetic material and it does not reduce the diameter of the capacity control valve, and consequently the diameter of the capacity control valve, including the outer diameter of the coil, remains large.\",\n \"CITATION LIST Patent Literatures Patent Literature 1: International Patent Laid-open No.\",\n \"2007/119380 Patent Literature 2: Japanese Patent Laid-open No.\",\n \"2011-117396 SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem The present invention was developed to solve the problems of Prior Arts 1 and 2 mentioned above, and the object of the present invention is to provide a capacity control valve which has no internal spring positioned in the bellows of the pressure-sensitive unit and also reduces the diameter of the valve element and that of the bellows to achieve size reduction and weight reduction.\",\n \"Solution to Problem To achieve the aforementioned object, firstly the capacity control valve proposed by the present invention comprises: discharge-side passages communicating a discharge chamber that discharges fluid and a control chamber that controls the discharge rate of fluid; a first valve chamber formed along the discharge-side passages; intake-side passages communicating an intake chamber that takes in fluid and the control chamber; a second valve chamber formed along the intake-side passages; a valve element that integrally has a first valve part that opens/closes the discharge-side passages in the first valve chamber and a second valve part that opens/closes the intake-side passages in the second valve chamber, where the two valve parts open/close in opposite directions due to reciprocating motion; a third valve chamber formed along the intake-side passages at a position closer to the control chamber than to the second valve chamber; a pressure-sensitive body positioned in the third valve chamber to apply, by extending, a bias force in the direction of opening the first valve part, and also to contract as the surrounding pressure increases; an adapter provided on the free end of the pressure-sensitive body in the extending/contracting directions, and having a circular seating surface; a third valve part that moves integrally with the valve element in the third valve chamber, and has a circular engagement surface that opens/closes the intake-side passages by engaging with and separating from the seating surface of the adapter; and a solenoid that applies an electromagnetic drive force to the valve element in the direction of closing the first valve part; wherein such capacity control valve is characterized in that: the pressure-sensitive body is formed by a formed bellows made of material having greater yield stress than phosphor bronze; and the formed bellows has its diameter set smaller and its stroke longer than the diameter and stroke of a phosphor bronze bellows.\",\n \"According to these features, the diameter of the bellows and that of the valve element can be reduced and response of the valve element can be improved, while at the same time the diameter of the valve body can be reduced.\",\n \"Furthermore, the diameter of the capacity control valve containing the solenoid can be reduced and consequently the capacity control valve can be made lighter and more space-saving.\",\n \"Eventually, such capacity control valve can contribute to the size reduction and weight reduction of a swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor and weight reduction of a vehicle, thus helping provide environmentally friendly products.\",\n \"Additionally, a smaller bellows diameter leads to a smaller adapter diameter, which in turn improves the vibration resistance of the bellows and also improves the vibration resistances of other movable parts as a result of reduced weights of the parts due to diameter reduction.\",\n \"All these can ultimately contribute to improved durability.\",\n \"Secondly, the capacity control valve proposed by the present invention is characterized in that, in the first feature, the pressure-sensitive body is preferably formed with austenitic stainless material.\",\n \"According to these features, a pressure-sensitive body having high spring property and yield stress and suitable for diameter reduction can be obtained.\",\n \"Thirdly, the capacity control valve proposed by the present invention is characterized in that, in the first or second features, the adapter provided on the free end of the formed bellows and partition adjustment member provided on the fixed end are formed with non-magnetic material.\",\n \"Fourthly, the capacity control valve proposed by the present invention is characterized in that, in the third feature, the partition adjustment member is preferably formed with austenitic stainless material.\",\n \"According to the third and fourth features, good sliding property is achieved when the pressure-sensitive body is press-fit into the valve body via the partition adjustment member, which leads to ease of manufacturing.\",\n \"Fifthly, the capacity control valve proposed by the present invention is characterized in that, in the third or fourth feature, the formed bellows, adapter, and partition adjustment member are fixed by means of electron beam welding, and the interior of the formed bellows is kept in an absolute vacuum state.\",\n \"According to these features, the interior of the formed bellows can be kept in an absolute vacuum state by utilizing the advantages of electron beam welding, which in turn makes it possible to sense the absolute intake pressure and which thereby improves the sensing accuracy.\",\n \"Also because the bellows, partition adjustment member, and adapter, all formed with the same non-magnetic material, are fixed by means of electron beam welding, welding becomes easy and welding reliability can be improved.\",\n \"Advantageous Effects of Invention The present invention has excellent effects as described below: (1) The pressure-sensitive body is formed by a formed bellows made of material having greater yield stress than phosphor bronze, and the formed bellows has its diameter set smaller and its stroke longer than the diameter and stroke of a phosphor bronze bellows, and therefore the diameter of the bellows and that of the valve element can be reduced and response of the valve element can be improved and also the diameter of the valve body can be reduced.\",\n \"Furthermore, the diameter of the capacity control valve containing the solenoid can be reduced and consequently the capacity control valve can be made lighter and more space-saving.\",\n \"Eventually, such capacity control valve can contribute to the size reduction and weight reduction of a swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor and weight reduction of a vehicle, thus helping provide environmentally friendly products.\",\n \"Additionally, a smaller bellows diameter leads to a smaller adapter diameter, which in turn improves the vibration resistance of the bellows and also improves the vibration resistances of other movable parts as a result of reduced weights of the parts due to diameter reduction.\",\n \"All these reductions can ultimately contribute to improved durability.\",\n \"(2) The pressure-sensitive body is preferably formed with austenitic stainless material such that a pressure-sensitive body having high spring property and yield stress and which is suitable for diameter reduction can be obtained.\",\n \"(3) The adapter provided on the free end of the formed bellows and partition adjustment member provided on the fixed end are formed with non-magnetic material, and the partition adjustment member is preferably formed with austenitic stainless material, and therefore good sliding property is achieved when the pressure-sensitive body is press-fit into the valve body via the partition adjustment member, which leads to ease of manufacturing.\",\n \"(4) The formed bellows, adapter, and partition adjustment member are fixed by means of electron beam welding, and the interior of the formed bellows is kept in an absolute vacuum state, and since the interior of the formed bellows can be kept in an absolute vacuum state by utilizing the advantages of electron beam welding, it becomes possible to sense the absolute intake pressure and the sensing accuracy improves as a result.\",\n \"Also because the bellows, partition adjustment member, and adapter, all formed with the same non-magnetic material, are fixed by means of electron beam welding, welding becomes easy and welding reliability can be improved.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG.\",\n \"1 This is a schematic block diagram showing a swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor equipped with a capacity control valve conforming to the present invention.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 This is a longitudinal section view showing an overview of the capacity control valve pertaining to an embodiment of the present invention.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 These are enlarged views of pressure-sensitive bodies of capacity control valves, where (a) shows the capacity control valve pertaining to an embodiment of the present invention, while (b) shows the capacity control valve in Prior Art 1.FIG.\",\n \"4 This is a longitudinal section view showing an overview of the capacity control valve in Prior Art 1.FIG.\",\n \"5 This is an enlarged section view of the capacity control valve pertaining to another embodiment of the present invention, showing a position of the screw grooves when the first valve part is closed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 This is an enlarged section view of the capacity control valve pertaining to said another embodiment of the present invention, showing a position of the screw grooves when the first valve part is opened.\",\n \"DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS A mode for carrying out a capacity control valve pertaining to the present invention is explained in detail by referring to the drawings, but it should be noted that interpretations of the present invention are not at all limited to the following, and various changes, modifications, and improvements can be added based on the knowledge of those skilled in the art so long as they do not deviate from the scope of the present invention.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"1, a swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor M comprises, for example: a casing 10 that defines a discharge chamber 11, a control chamber (also referred to as “crank chamber”) 12, an intake chamber 13, multiple cylinders 14, a port lib that communicates each cylinder 14 and the discharge chamber 11 and is opened/closed by a discharge valve 11a, a port 13b that communicates each cylinder 14 and the intake chamber 13 and is opened/closed by an intake valve 13a, a discharge port 11c and intake port 13c connected to an external cooling circuit, a connection passage 15 that serves as a discharge-side passage communicating the discharge chamber 11 and control chamber 12, a connection passage 16 that serves as the discharge-side passage and also as an intake-side passage communicating the control chamber 12 and intake chamber 13; and a connection passage 17 that serves as an intake-side passage, etc.\",\n \"; a rotational axis 20 projecting outward from inside the control chamber (crank chamber) 12 in a freely rotatable manner; a swashplate 21 that turns integrally with the rotational axis 20 and is connected in a manner allowing for change in its inclination angle relative to the rotational axis 20; multiple pistons 22 engaged in the respective cylinders 14 in a manner freely undergoing reciprocating motion; multiple connection members 23 connecting the swashplate 21 and respective pistons 22; a driven pulley 24 installed on the rotational axis 20; and a capacity control valve V conforming to the present invention which is embedded in the casing 10.Also, the swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor M has a connection passage 18 that directly communicates the control chamber (crank chamber) 12 and intake chamber 13, where a fixed orifice 19 is provided in the connection passage 18.Furthermore, this swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor M has a cooling circuit connected to the discharge port 11c and intake port 13c, and a condenser 25, expansion valve 26, and evaporator 27 are sequentially provided in this cooling circuit.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"2, the capacity control valve V comprises, for example: a valve body 30 formed with metal material or resin material; a valve element 40 positioned in the valve body 30 in a manner freely undergoing reciprocating motion; a pressure-sensitive body 50 that biases the valve element 40 in one direction; and a solenoid 60 connected to the valve body 30 and applying an electromagnetic drive force to the valve element 40.The solenoid 60 comprises, for example: a casing 62 connected to the valve body 30; a sleeve 63 having one end closed; a cylindrical fixed iron core 64 positioned on the interior side of the casing 62 and sleeve 63; a driving rod 65 forming a connection passage 44 on the interior side of the fixed iron core 64 in a manner freely undergoing reciprocating motion, with its tip connected to the valve element 40; a movable iron core 66 bonded to the other end of the driving rod 65; a coil spring 67 that biases the movable iron core 66 in the direction of opening a first valve part 41; and an excitation coil 68 wound on the exterior side of the sleeve 63 via a bobbin.\",\n \"The valve body 30 comprises, for example: connection passages 31, 32, 33 that function as discharge-side passages; connection passages 33, 34 that function as intake-side passages together with the connection passage 44 of the valve element 40 described later; a first valve chamber 35 formed along the discharge-side passages; a second valve chamber 36 formed along the intake-side passages; a guide passage 37 that guides the valve element 40; and a third valve chamber 38 formed along the discharge-side passages and intake-side passages at a position closer to the control chamber 12.Also, a partition adjustment member 39 that defines the third valve chamber 38 and also constitutes a part of the valve body 30 is press-fit into the valve body 30.In other words, the connection passage 33 and third valve chamber 38 are formed in a manner also serving as a part of the discharge-side passages and intake-side passages, while the connection passage 32 communicates the first valve chamber 35 and third valve chamber 38 and also forms a valve hole through which the valve element 40 is inserted (gaps through which fluid flows are ensured as the valve element 40 is inserted).\",\n \"Note that the connection passages 31, 33, 34 are each provided in a multiple number (such as four at 90-degree intervals) and positioned radially in the circumferential direction.\",\n \"Also, in the first valve chamber 35, a seating surface 35a on which the first valve part 41 of the valve element 40 described later is seated is formed on the rim of the connection passage (valve hole) 32, while, in the second valve chamber 36, a seating surface 36a on which the second valve part 42 of the valve element 40 described later is seated is formed at the edge of the fixed iron core 64 described later.\",\n \"The valve element 40 is formed in an approximate cylinder shape and comprises, for example: a first valve part 41 on one end; a second valve part 42 on the other end; a third valve part 43 connected as an add-on to a side opposite to the second valve part 42 side by sandwiching the first valve part 41 in between; and a connection passage 44 that penetrates from the second valve part 42 to the third valve part 43 in the axial direction and functions as an intake-side passage.\",\n \"The third valve part 43 is formed in a manner flaring from a diameter-reduced state from the first valve chamber 35 toward the third valve chamber 38 and is guided through the connection passage (valve hole) 32, and also comprises a circular engagement surface 43a opposingly facing the adapter 53 described later on its outer periphery rim.\",\n \"The pressure-sensitive body 50 comprises a bellows 51, adapter 53 and partition adjustment member 39, for example.\",\n \"The bellows 51 is fixed on one end to the partition adjustment member 39 and retains the adapter 53 on the other end (free end).\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"3, the adapter 53 has a hollow cylindrical part 53a whose tip engages with the third valve part 43 and whose cross-section has an approximate C shape, as well as a bulging part 53c that bulges into the bellows 51, and a circular seating surface 53b that opposingly engages with and separates from the engagement surface 43a of the third valve 43 is provided at the tip of the hollow cylindrical part 53a.\",\n \"The pressure-sensitive body 50 is positioned in the third valve chamber 38 to apply, by extending (expanding), a bias force in the direction of opening the first valve part 41, and also to contract as the surrounding pressure (in the third valve chamber 38 and connection passage 44 of the valve element 40) increases, thereby actuating to weaken the bias force applied to the first valve part 41.FIG.\",\n \"3 shows enlarged views of pressure-sensitive bodies of capacity control valves, where (a) shows the capacity control valve pertaining to the embodiment of the present invention, while (b) shows the capacity control valve in Prior Art 1.In FIG.\",\n \"3, the bellows 51 of the pressure-sensitive body 50 in the capacity control valve V pertaining to the embodiment of the present invention shown in (a) is formed by a formed bellows made of material having greater yield stress than phosphor bronze, or, for example, preferably by a formed bellows made of austenitic stainless material, where the bellows 51 has its diameter set smaller and its stroke longer than the diameter and stroke of the phosphor bronze bellows 78A under Prior Art 1 shown in (b).\",\n \"Also, while the pressure-sensitive body 78 under Prior Art 1 has a coil spring 87 in the bellows 78A, no internal spring or other such member is provided in the bellows 51 of the pressure-sensitive body 50 under the present invention.\",\n \"Furthermore, the gap a between the end of the bulging part 39a that bulges into the bellows 51 of the partition adjustment member 39 on one hand, and the end of the bulging part 53c that bulges into the bellows 51 of the adapter 53 on the other, is set larger than the corresponding gap under Prior Art 1.One end (fixed end) of the bellows 51 is fixed to the partition adjustment member 39, while the adapter 53 is retained at the other end (free end), where the partition adjustment member 39, and adapter 53 are formed with non-magnetic material.\",\n \"The partition adjustment member 39 is preferably formed with austenitic stainless material.\",\n \"The bellows 51, partition adjustment member 39, and adapter 53 are fixed by means of electron beam welding and the interior of the formed bellows is kept in an absolute vacuum state.\",\n \"The formed bellows pertaining to the embodiment of the present invention, made of material having greater yield stress than phosphor bronze, has higher spring property compared to the phosphor bronze bellows and thus allows the internal spring to be eliminated and diameter B1 of the bellows 51 to be reduced, and because its yield stress itself is also high, a longer stroke can be provided.\",\n \"Even when the diameter of the valve element 40 is reduced, therefore, a long stroke can be provided to compensate for the smaller degree of opening of the valve element 40, effectively permitting diameter reduction of the valve element 40 and improving the response of the valve element 40.Because the diameter of the valve element 40 can be reduced, the diameter B2 of the valve body 30 can also be reduced.\",\n \"Furthermore, the diameter B3 of the capacity control valve V containing the solenoid 60 can also be reduced, which makes the capacity control valve lighter and more space-saving.\",\n \"This space-saving design also contributes to the size reduction and weight reduction of a swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor M and weight reduction of a vehicle, thus helping provide environmentally friendly products.\",\n \"Furthermore, a smaller bellows 51 diameter leads to a smaller adapter 53 diameter, which in turn improves the vibration resistance of the bellows 51 and also improves the vibration resistances of other movable parts as a result of reduced weights of the parts due to diameter reduction.\",\n \"All these can ultimately contribute to improved durability.\",\n \"When the capacity control valve V pertaining to an embodiment of the present invention is compared with the capacity control valve 70 under Prior Art 1, the following are found: Bellows diameter B1/B1′=5.95/7.9=0.75 Valve body diameter B2/B2′=14.9/18.8=0.79 Capacity control valve diameter B3/B3′=21.7/23.6=0.92 As the figures show, the diameters are significantly smaller.\",\n \"Additionally, since the valve body 30 is normally made of brass, use of phosphor bronze for the pressure-sensitive body 78 under Prior Art 1 results in the two parts having similar hardness and consequently, poor sliding property when the partition adjustment part 86 is press-fit into the valve body 30.On the other hand, the capacity control valve V pertaining to an embodiment of the present invention allows its partition adjustment member 39, and adapter 53 to be formed with non-magnetic material instead of strong magnetic material as in Prior Art 2, and therefore when at least the partition adjustment member 39 is formed with austenitic stainless material, greater sliding property is achieved when the partition adjustment member 39 is press-fit into the valve body 30 because both have a different hardness, and ease of manufacturing is ensured as a result.\",\n \"Furthermore, the capacity control valve V pertaining to an embodiment of the present invention is such that the bellows 51, partition adjustment member 39, and adapter 53 are fixed by means of electron beam welding, and by positioning the cathode in the formed bellows, the interior of the formed bellows can be kept in an absolute vacuum state when the parts are welded, and this allows for sensing of the absolute intake pressure Ps and improves the sensing accuracy compared to when the interior of the bellows is simply kept in negative pressure as is the case of Prior Art 2.Also, because the bellows 51, partition adjustment member 39, and adapter 53 can be formed with the same stainless material, stable production is possible by means of electron beam welding and the reliability improves as a result.\",\n \"The foregoing explained an embodiment of the present invention by referring to the drawings, but specific constitutions are not at all limited to the embodiment and the present invention also includes changes and additions made to the extent that they do not deviate from the gist of the present invention.\",\n \"For example, the aforementioned embodiment cited austenitic stainless material as a favorable material for the pressure-sensitive body because it has greater yield stress than phosphor bronze and therefore demonstrates higher spring property and yield stress and is suitable for diameter reduction.\",\n \"However, the material is not at all limited to the foregoing and ferritic stainless material may be used, as well.\",\n \"Also in the aforementioned embodiment, the partition adjustment member and adapter were formed with non-magnetic material, for example.\",\n \"However, their material is not at all limited to the foregoing and, if the pressure-sensitive body uses ferritic stainless material, the same material may be used, as well.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5 and FIG.\",\n \"6 are diagrams showing an enlarged section of the capacity control valve pertaining to the second example of the present invention.\",\n \"In the explanation below, the example shown in FIG.\",\n \"1, FIG.\",\n \"2 and FIG.\",\n \"3(a) is referred to as first example, and the example shown in FIG.\",\n \"5 and FIG.\",\n \"6 is referred to as second example.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5 and FIG.\",\n \"6 are enlarged section views for showing difference with the first example, which show positions of the valve element when the first valve part is closed and when the first valve part is opened, respectively.\",\n \"In explanation of the second example, a component identical to that of the first example is designated with the same sign, and an explanation thereof is omitted to avoid an overlapping explanation, and mainly, portions different from the first example are explained.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5 and FIG.\",\n \"6, the capacity control valve V100 representing the second example comprises, for example, a valve element 110, a pressure-sensitive body 50 and a solenoid 60.The valve element 110 integrally has a first valve part 41 that opens/closes connection passages 31 and 32 as discharge-side passages in a first valve chamber 35 and a second valve part 42 that opens/closes a connection passage 34 as an intake-side passage in a second valve chamber 36, where the two valve parts open/close in opposite directions due to reciprocating motion.\",\n \"Needless to say, the valve element 110 is also driven by an electromagnetic drive force of a solenoid 60 shown in FIG.\",\n \"2 (illustration omitted in FIG.\",\n \"5 and FIG.\",\n \"6), so as to be moved to the side of the pressure-sensitive body 50 as in the first example.\",\n \"The valve element 110 is accommodated in a valve body 30 so as to be allowed a reciprocating motion, and cooperate with the valve body 30 to define the first valve chamber 35 and the second valve chamber 36.The valve element 110 is located between the first valve chamber 35 and the second valve chamber 36, and has an outer circumferential face part 120 which is slidably movable relative to an inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30.On this outer circumferential face part 120, multiple-thread screw grooves 130 are formed.\",\n \"In the second example shown in FIG.\",\n \"5 and FIG.\",\n \"6, the pressure-sensitive body 50 is a springless type pressure-sensitive body which is not provided with a spring for biasing the valve element 110 toward the side of the solenoid 60, similarly as in the first example shown in FIG.\",\n \"1, FIG.\",\n \"2, and FIG.\",\n \"3(a), the springless type referring to such a type that is not provided with the spring 87 in the conventional capacity control valve shown in FIG.\",\n \"3 (b) and FIG.\",\n \"4.In the second example in which such a springless type pressure-sensitive body 50 is used, it is possible to make the bias force against the valve element 110 comparatively small, by keeping the interior of the bellows 51 in a vacuum state.\",\n \"As a result, it is possible to reduce the electromagnetic drive force of the solenoid 60 and achieve an energy-saving effect.\",\n \"However, on the other hand, there is a possibility that, when released from the electromagnetic drive force of the solenoid 60, the valve element 110 becomes hard to be brought back to the side of the solenoid 60 by a comparative small bias force of the bellows 51.Specifically, between the outer circumferential face part 120 of the valve element 110 and the inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30, an adhesive force is partially generated between the outer circumferential face part 120 and the inner circumferential face 30a, due to an eccentricity.\",\n \"As a result, a frictional force gives a comparatively significant influence to a relative movement of the valve element 110 and the valve body 30.In such a case, the valve element 110 receives the comparatively significant influence of the adhesive force or the frictional force between the outer circumferential face part 120 and the inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30, causing a poor functioning that the valve element 110 becomes hard to move.\",\n \"In order to sort out this poor functioning, the capacity control valve V100 is provided with the screw grooves 130 that is an important feature of the present invention.\",\n \"As shown in FIG.\",\n \"5, when the first valve part 41 is closed, each of the screw grooves 130 communicates with the first valve chamber 35 and does not communicate with the second valve chamber 36.Meanwhile, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"6, when the first valve part 41 is opened, each of the screw grooves 130 communicates neither with the first valve chamber 35 nor the second valve chamber 36.In this connection, the closed state of the first valve part 41 is a state where the first valve part 41 is seated on the valve seat 30b as shown in FIG.\",\n \"5, and the open state is a state where the first valve part 41 is separated from the valve seat 30b as shown in FIG.\",\n \"6.In the second example shown in FIG.\",\n \"5 and FIG.\",\n \"6, the screw grooves 130 are provided in two threads, in a position equally spaced in the circumferential direction.\",\n \"In other words, when the first valve part 41 is closed, the screw grooves 130 of two threads each communicate with the first valve chamber 35 at a position 180° turned around the central axis of the valve element 110.At least one end in the side of the first valve chamber 35 of each of the screw grooves 130 is an incomplete screw part 130a.\",\n \"The incomplete screw part 130a refers to an end of a screw groove in which a depth and a width of a screw groove 130 is gradually reduced toward the screw end.\",\n \"In the second example, a length of the incomplete screw part 130a is set such that when the first valve part 41 is closed, only the incomplete screw part 130a in a screw groove 130 opens to the first valve chamber 35 to communicate with the first valve chamber 35, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"5.On the other hand, the end in the side of the second valve chamber 36 of a screw groove 130 may be an incomplete screw part, though not illustrated.\",\n \"The capacity control valve V100 configured as described above not only naturally has the effects similar to those of the capacity control valve V1 of the first example shown in FIG.\",\n \"1, FIG.\",\n \"2 and FIG.\",\n \"3 (a), but further has the following effects.\",\n \"When the solenoid 60 applies an electromagnetic drive force to the valve element 110, and the valve element 110 moves to the side of the pressure-sensitive body 50, the first valve chamber 35 is closed.\",\n \"At this time, the incomplete screw parts 130a of the screw grooves 130 open to the first valve chamber 35 so that the first valve chamber 35 communicates with the screw grooves 130, and the screw grooves 130 are filled with a working fluid in the first valve chamber 35.Next, when the electromagnetic drive force of the solenoid 60 is removed, the valve element 110 is to be moved toward the side of the solenoid 60 by an extension (expansion) of the pressure-sensitive body 50.At this time, there is a concern that the valve element 110 becomes hard to be moved due to a comparatively significant influence of an adhesive force and a frictional force between the outer circumferential face part 120 and the inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30.However, the working fluid, which filled the screw grooves 130 when the first valve part 41 is closed, is not discharged from the screw grooves 130, since when the first valve part 41 is opened, the screw grooves 130 have no communication with the first valve chamber 35, and the working fluid is taken between the inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30 and the outer circumferential face part 120 of the valve element 110 to allow a high pressure to be maintained over the entire circumference.\",\n \"As a result, a lubricating effect of the working fluid in the screw grooves 130 reduces the adhesive force and the frictional force between the inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30 and the outer circumferential face part 120 of the valve element 110.Accordingly, even a weak bias force of the pressure-sensitive body 50 to the valve element 110 can smoothly move the valve element 110 to the side of the solenoid 60, and can surely open the first valve part 41 to a targeted degree of opening.\",\n \"In addition, since the screw grooves 130 are provided in a position equally spaced in the circumferential direction, it is possible to capture the working fluid of the first valve chamber 35 evenly between the valve element 110 and the valve body 30, and it is possible to reduce the frictional force between the inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30 and the outer circumferential face part 120 of the valve element 110 uniformly in the circumferential direction.\",\n \"Furthermore, since at least one end in the side of the first valve chamber 35 of each of the screw grooves 130 is the incomplete screw part 130a, it is possible to reduce a level difference of the screw groove 130 relative to the outer circumferential face part 120 of the valve element 110, in the incomplete screw part 130a.\",\n \"As a result, at a start of movement of the valve element 110, it is possible to control a rapid change of pressure of the working fluid, in the level difference of the incomplete screw part 130a which opens to the first valve chamber 35.In addition, since the incomplete screw part 130a is formed at the end in the side of the first valve chamber of the screw grooves 130 as described above, when the valve element 110 is moved from the direction of closing the first valve chamber 35 to the direction of opening the first valve chamber 35, it is possible to inhibit the working fluid in the screw grooves 130 from being discharged to the first valve chamber 35, and accordingly, a sufficient lubricating effect by a high pressure working fluid is secured between the inner circumferential face 30a of the valve body 30 and the outer circumferential face part 120 of the valve element 110.Furthermore, when the first valve part 41 is closed, each of the screw grooves 130 communicates with the first valve chamber 35, in such a manner that only the incomplete screw part 130a in the end in the side of the first valve chamber 35 opens to the first valve chamber 35.Therefore, it is possible to further control the above-described rapid change of the working fluid at a start of movement of the valve element 110 and the discharge of the working fluid in the screw grooves 130 to the first valve chamber 35 when the first valve chamber is opened, and accordingly, it is possible to further ensure the improvement in lubricating performance.\",\n \"Incidentally, the capacity control valve pertaining to the present invention should not be limited to those in the second example shown in FIG.\",\n \"5 and FIG.\",\n \"6, and other modified modes are naturally included in the scope of the present invention, so long as they are in a scope not deviate from the gist of the present invention.\",\n \"REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 10 Casing 11 Discharge chamber 12 Control chamber (crank chamber) 13 Intake chamber 14 Cylinder 15 Connection passage 16 Connection passage 17 Connection passage 18 Connection passage 19 Fixed orifice 20 Rotational axis 21 Swashplate 22 Piston 23 Connection member 24 Driven pulley 25 Condenser 26 Expansion valve 27 Evaporator 30 Valve body 30a Inner circumferential face 30b Valve seat 31, 32 Connection passage (discharge-side passage) 33 Connection passage (control chamber-side passage) 34 Connection passage (intake-side passage) 35 First valve chamber 35a Seating surface 36 Second valve chamber 36a Seating surface 37 Guide passage 38 Third valve chamber 39 Partition adjustment member 40 Valve element 41 First valve part 42 Second valve part 43 Third valve part 43a Engagement surface 44 Connection passage 50 Pressure-sensitive body 51 Bellows 53 Adapter 53a Hollow cylindrical part 53b Circular seating surface 53c Bulging part 60 Solenoid 62 Casing 63 Sleeve 64 Fixed iron core 65 Driving rod 66 Movable iron core 67 Coil spring 68 Excitation coil 87 Spring 110 Valve element 120 Outer circumferential face part 130 Screw grooves 130a Screw part M Swashplate-type variable-capacity compressor V Capacity control valve Pd Discharge pressure Ps Intake pressure Pc Control chamber pressure\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872781"}}},{"rowIdx":4494167,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["BLADE COMPRISING A SHANK, PROVIDED WITH A DEPRESSED PORTION","The shank of a blade includes a first side and a second side provided with a depression.","By concentrating this depression on a single side, a shank that is more rigid and resistant with an equal lightening is obtained, with the stress concentrations depending on the depth of the depression but being absent from first flat side.","The vibrations and bending deformations are also reduced."],["1.A blade comprising: a vane; and a foot, the foot comprising successively, by moving away from the vane, a platform, a shank and a bulb, the shank being connected to the platform and to the bulb by junction lines, the shank comprising first and second main faces respectively directed in a suction side and a pressure side of the blade and parallel, wherein the first main face is substantially plane or curvilinear, and the second main face is provided with a depressed portion extending over a depth of at least 25% of a thickness of the shank between the first and second main faces, and the depressed portion is limited by two main sides respectively parallel to the junction lines, said main sides being separated, along each line in a height direction of the blade which extends from the bulb to a tip edge of the vane, by a distance D1 which is at least 50% of a distance D2 separating the junction lines.","2.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the depressed portion extends over at least 35% of the thickness of the shank.","3.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the depressed portion has a bottom that is substantially flat or curvilinear surrounded by a curved edge that connects to the bottom without forming an angle.","4.The blade according to claim 2, wherein the depressed portion has a bottom that is substantially flat or curvilinear surrounded by a curved edge that connects to the bottom without forming an angle.","5.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the depressed portion is limited by rectilinear sides joined by curvilinear transitions.","6.The blade according to claim 1, wherein said two main sides are separated by at least 66% of the distance separating the junction lines.","7.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the depressed portion has a maximal dimension D1max in said height direction superior to at least 0.67 times a maximal dimension in a length direction of the foot which is perpendicular to the height direction.","8.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the depressed portion spans at least 40% of a distance L2 between two opposite free edges of said second main face.","9.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the depressed portion spans at least 50% of a distance L2 between two opposite free edges of said second main face.","10.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the depressed portion is limited by three sides only including said two main sides, and transitions between said three sides, the transition between said two main sides being curvilinear with a constant radius of curvature, a third side of said three sides being parallel to a free edge of said second main face.","11.The blade according to claim 10, wherein the blade is a blade at a first stage of blades in a compressor.","12.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the shank connects to the bulb by a juncture having a constant radius of curvature and portions joined to the shank and the bulb and respectively tangent thereto."],["CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser.","No.","14/579,426 filed Dec. 22, 2014, which claims priority to France Application No.","13 63374 filed Dec. 23, 2013.U.S.","application Ser.","No.","14/579,426 is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.","DESCRIPTION This invention relates to a blade comprising a shank provided with a depressed portion on a single side.","This blade, which can be a turbomachine compressor blade, comprises an outside vane subjected to aerodynamic forces, and a foot retained in a rotating disc; the foot comprises a platform flush with the surface of the disc and from which the vane rises, a bulb retaining the blade against the centrifugal forces and retained in an enlargement of a groove of the disc, and a shank joining the bulb to the platform, and housed in a main portion of the groove.","Portions with a depression have sometimes been dug into the main or lateral faces of the shank so as to lighten the blade.","Disadvantages, such as local increases in the static stresses and an alteration in the frequency of the bending modes, have however been observed with respect to blades of which the shanks are devoid of a depression.","In French patent application 12 60527, it was undertaken to reduce these disadvantages and to bring the behaviour of the blade provided with portions with a depression closer to that of a blade with perfectly flat shanks, by choosing dissymmetric portions with a depression, in particular with regards to the depth.","This application clearly specifies that the portions with a depression are established on the two main sides of the shank.","Document U.S. Pat.","No.","5,435,694 A describes a blade wherein the shank is joined to the platform or to the bulb by fillets, which are mouldings with a slightly concave section, in order to reduce the stress that the blade in service is subjected to.","Portions slightly with a depression are added in order to reinforce this effect, by decreasing the concentrations of stress around the fillets.","These portions with a depression are defined by two successive radii of curvature and are superficial.","They are much smaller in height (they extend only in a part of the shank height between the platform and the bulb) than in the length direction of the shank.","It is not sought to lighten the blade by means of these portions with a depression or by fillets, which are shallow, but only to relieve stress concentrations.","GB 2 162 588 A describes a blade shank provided with a recess that opens onto one of the end faces of the shank in order to lighten it.","This design is suitable for relatively thick shanks.","The structure of the shank remains symmetrical in the angular direction on either side of a median plane extending in the length of the shank.","The invention relates to a lightened blade, designed to minimise the degradations in aeromechanical performance, in particular concerning the concentrations of stress and the frequency of the bending modes.","According to the invention, one of the main faces of the shank is substantially plane or curvilinear—in any case with a regular surface without relief—while the other of the main faces is provided with a depressed portion, extending over a depth of at least 25%, and advantageously by at least 35%, of a thickness of the shank, between the main faces.","It is specified that the main faces of the shank—which extends roughly in the axial direction of the disc and of the turbomachine to which the blade belongs—are the lateral faces with the largest surface area, roughly perpendicular to the angular direction of the disc and of the machine, giving onto the intrados and extrados sides of the blade, and extending in the length direction of the foot of the blade, which corresponds to its direction of insertion into the cutout of the disc, and in the height direction of the foot, which corresponds to the radial direction of the blade in the machine, from the foot to the tip of the vane.","And the depressed portion is limited by two main sides, respectively parallel to junction lines of the shank to the bulb and to the platform, said main sides being separated, along each line in the height direction of the blade crossing said main sides, by at least 50% of a distance separating said junction lines.","Unlike in U.S. Pat.","No.","5,435,694 A, the greatest possible area and a greater depth are allotted to the depressed portion in order to obtain an important lightening.","But this lightening should not entail a loss of mechanical characteristics, especially stiffness to vibrations and resistance to shocks produced by ingestion of solid bodies, compared to blades having a foot with a uniform cross-section and a regular shape.","A satisfactory result in these aspects has been stated with the blade feet of the invention, which have a dissymmetric cross-section, since the depressed portion is provided on one face only, the other face remaining smooth: this other face maintains the resistance and stiffness qualities of the blade almost completely, even when an important lightening has been obtained after the opposite face has been hollowed.","Depressed portions symmetrically arranged in both main faces would not maintain these characteristics well, nor would a general thickness reduction of the shank.","For the same reasons, the inventive depressed portion does not extend to the free ends of the foot (in the length direction thereof), and it is normally defined by a closed, continuous outline.","The degradation in the performance obtained on the blade is then clearly less substantial than with portions with a depression distributed symmetrically on the two sides of the shank, or even than with the portions with a depression opposite and moderately dissymmetric considered in application FR 12 60527.And GB 2 162 588 does not suggest that a dissymmetric shank in the angular direction would improve the rigidity of the shank in the same direction wherein the bending of the blade is exerted.","Indeed, flatness maintained on one of the main faces increases the rigidity of the blade with regards to the deformations in bending and prevents the introduction of concentrations of stress on one side: it can therefore be considered to arrange the depression on the side where the concentrations of stress are the least feared, i.e.","the side that is the least loaded in the critical situations to be considered, such as the loss of a blade, in order to obtain a globally satisfactory distribution over the blade by not weakening the other side.","According to other optional improvements, the depressed portion has a bottom that is substantially flat or curvilinear (parallel to the main face, and therefore at a uniform depth), surrounded by a curved edge, connecting to the bottom without forming an angle, in order to obtain a good lightening without favouring concentrations of stress at the edge of the portion; and it is advantageously limited by rectilinear sides joined by curvilinear transitions.","The dimensioning of the depressed portion can also comply with certain general rules, pursuant to the principle mentioned above that the area is advantageously as great as possible for obtaining a great lightening.","The height of the depressed portion (in the height direction of the foot, or radial direction of the blade) is thus not limited to the 50% value of the distance between the junction lines of the shank to the bulb and the platform; contrarily, it is advantageous that this height be superior, e. g. at least 66% of this distance.","Similarly, a great span of the depressed portion in the length direction of the foot (between the free ends) is sought.","If this is possible, the depressed portion can extend from 30% to 80% (typically at least 40% or 50% in ordinary blade designs) of the distance between the opposite edges, at the free ends, of the main face on which it is provided.","This arrangement is not always practicable, however, in situations in which the shank height steeply varies along the feet and may become too low near an end to receive the depression.","The situation may arise e. g. for blades at the entrance of compressors, which is a place where one can favourably consider to insert the inventive blades.","In a typical design, the depressed portion is limited by only three sides then, i. e. the two main sides already mentioned, which are linked with a curved transition having a constant radius of curvature, and a third side, parallel to a free edge of the face.","Even then, the span of the depressed portion in the length direction of the foot is advantageously as great as possible.","To synthesize the foregoing rules, one may remember that the depressed portion advantageously has, in the height direction, a maximal dimension which is superior to at least 0.67 times a maximal dimension in the perpendicular direction, or length direction, of the foot; and the depth of the depression is at least 25%, and more preferably 35%, of the shank thickness.","It is contemplated that the shank will connect the bulb with a transition having a constant radius, and junctions to the shank and the bulb respectively tangent thereto so that no recess is present at this connection between the bulb and the shank.","The invention shall now be described in liaison with the following figures: FIG.","1 is a general view of the blade in the angular direction; FIG.","2 is a view of the foot of the blade in the axial direction; FIGS.","3 and 4 illustrate a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention; and FIG.","5 illustrates the connection of the shank to the bulb.","FIG.","1 shows a blade in accordance with the invention, provided with a vane 1 to the exterior and with a foot 2 engaged in the rotating disc 3, with the foot 2 comprising a platform 4 joined to the vane 1, a bulb 5 opposite the platform 4, and a shank 6, joining the two latter items.","As the platform 4 is conical, the shank 6 is trapezoidal.","A tip edge of the vane 1 is referred to by 9, and a height direction R of the blade extends from the bulb 5 to the tip edge 9.The shank 6 comprises two main faces 7 and 8 opposite, shown in FIG.","2, giving onto the pressure side and suction sides of the blade and extending roughly in the direction of the axis of rotation of the disc 3.The main face 7 is flat (smooth, with a linear or curvilinear extension), but the main face 8 is provided with a depressed portion 10, taking a flat bottom 12 and an edge 14 connecting the bottom 12 to the main face 8.The edge 14 is connected to the bottom 12 without forming any sharp angle, but with a progressive rounding.","The depressed portion 10 is of trapezoidal shape, as shown in FIG.","1, with a first longitudinal side 15, close to the bulb 5 and parallel to its junction with the shank 6, a second longitudinal side 16 close to the platform 4 and parallel to the connection between it and the shank 6, and two other sides 17 and 18, connecting the latter together and curvilinear at least at the ends.","The depressed portion 10 can be present according to case on the pressure side or the suction side of the blade.","By making use of a depression on a single side of the shank 6, the gain in mass is provided while still minimising the effect on the aerodynamic and mechanical behaviour of the blade: the static stress, the position of the first bending mode and the response of the first bending mode under substantial stress, are improved with respect to a blade comprising, for the same lightening, portions with a depression on the two sides.","In relation to such a blade comprising two portions with a depression, it has been observed, in a design in accordance with the invention, wherein the thickness of the shank 6 (distance between the two main faces 7 and 8) was 15.4 mm and the depressed portion had a depth of 5.7 mm, a static stress at the output of the blade, on its contact surfaces with the disc 3, reduced by 5% in the most loaded zone with respect to a blade having depressions on the two sides and a similar lightening; and for a first bending mode, the deformations measured in the shank 6 were reduced by 30% following substantial stress such as floating (instability due to the interaction of the fluid with the structure of the vanes 1 which has for effect to amplify the vibration of the blades), ingestions of foreign bodies or the loss of a vane 1.It is therefore possible to hope for a better resistance, or a longer resistance in the case of fatigue, of the foot 2, and better resistance of the vanes 1 with regards to vibrations.","It is to be added that the frequency of the bending mode is not modified by the concentration of the lightening of a single side, in such a way that the invention does not require having to again optimise the blade with regards to these frequencies, once the optimisation has been carried out for blades with shanks recessed on the two sides.","The same considerations apply to blade shanks of which the main faces would be curvilinear instead of being flat: the depressed portion would again be located on only one of its main faces and would be dimensioned in the same way.","A particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is represented in FIGS.","3 and 4, which illustrate a blade to be disposed at the first stage in an inlet of a compressor in a turbojet machine.","A part of the description of FIGS.","1 and 2 holds here, and the elements of this embodiment that correspond to similar elements of the foregoing embodiment will carry the same numerals with an increase of 100.They are the vane 101, foot 102, platform 104, bulb 105, shank 106, the flat main face (the suction side here) 107, the other main face (the pressure side here) 108, depressed portion 110, bottom 112 and edge 114.Hereunder we indicate some characteristics specific to this embodiment, or which particularly deserve to be mentioned.","The inner radius of the vane 101 steeply varies along the foot 102, and the shank 106 has a strongly trapezoidal shape, almost triangular here, the platform 104 being adjacent to the bulb 105 at a free edge 120 of the shank 106.The depressed portion 110 has the greatest possible area, taking into account the dimensions of the shank 106 and the curvature of the edge 114.It is triangular here, and it is defined by three rectilinear sides 115, 116 and 118.The side 115 is parallel to the junction line 121 between the bulb 105 and the shank 106, and adjacent thereto.","The side 116 is approximately parallel to the junction line 122 between the shank 106 and the platform 104 and not far therefrom; because of reinforcing bumpers 123 of the platform 104 that connect to the upper part of shank 106, a distance must nonetheless be kept between this junction line 122 and the side 116.It is generally advantageous that the distance D1 between the main sides 115 and 116 which are parallel to the junction lines 121 and 122, and the distance D2 between these junction lines, satisfy the ratio D1/D2>50% at least, and better D1/D2>66%.","This relationship is valid for any line extending in the height direction R (corresponding to the radial direction of the blade when it is installed in the machine, from the foot 102 to the tip of the vane 101), and intersecting the main sides 115 and 116, that is for almost all the area of the depressed portion 110 (except the ends in the length direction X, at which it is limited by other sides and curved junctions), although both D1 and D2 vary in the length direction X.","The third side 118 of the depressed portion 110 is parallel to the free end 124 of the shank 106, opposite to the other free end 120 in the length direction X of the foot 102, perpendicular to the height direction R and corresponding to a direction of insertion of the foot 102 into a groove of the disc.","Here again, the main sides are connected by curvilinear transitions having a great radius, one of which joining the main sides 115 and 116 adjacent to the junction lines 121 and 122.In the present case in which the shank 106 becomes very low near one of the free ends 120, the dimension L1 of the depressed portion 110 in the length direction X must be reduced so that the juncture 125 keeps a sufficient radius; if the shank 106 has a more regular height, the depressed portion could have a quadrangular shape and a greater length L1 so that a ratio L1/L2, in which L2 is the distance between the free ends 120 and 124, could reach 50% or more, up to 80%.","This ratio L1/L2 may be over 30%, preferably over 40%, in embodiments similar to FIGS.","3 and 4.The great span of the depressed portion 10 or 110 in the height direction R is illustrated also by this ratio, which is advantageous complied with: D1max/L1>0.67, greater values being more preferred.","D1max is the maximal dimension of the depressed portion 10 or 110 in the height direction R. The depth of the depressed portion 110 in this embodiment conforms to the foregoing rules and may be 30% to 40% of the thickness of the shank 106.It will be noticed (FIG.","5) that the junction line 121 between the bulb 105 and shank 106 does not comprise any depression but has a constant radius of curvature in cross-section, connecting to the surfaces of the bulb 105 and shank 106 with portions 126 and 127 tangent thereto, so that any sudden change of orientation or inclination is avoided, and no concavity is created, at this place."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"BLADE COMPRISING A SHANK, PROVIDED WITH A DEPRESSED PORTION\",\n \"The shank of a blade includes a first side and a second side provided with a depression.\",\n \"By concentrating this depression on a single side, a shank that is more rigid and resistant with an equal lightening is obtained, with the stress concentrations depending on the depth of the depression but being absent from first flat side.\",\n \"The vibrations and bending deformations are also reduced.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A blade comprising: a vane; and a foot, the foot comprising successively, by moving away from the vane, a platform, a shank and a bulb, the shank being connected to the platform and to the bulb by junction lines, the shank comprising first and second main faces respectively directed in a suction side and a pressure side of the blade and parallel, wherein the first main face is substantially plane or curvilinear, and the second main face is provided with a depressed portion extending over a depth of at least 25% of a thickness of the shank between the first and second main faces, and the depressed portion is limited by two main sides respectively parallel to the junction lines, said main sides being separated, along each line in a height direction of the blade which extends from the bulb to a tip edge of the vane, by a distance D1 which is at least 50% of a distance D2 separating the junction lines.\",\n \"2.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the depressed portion extends over at least 35% of the thickness of the shank.\",\n \"3.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the depressed portion has a bottom that is substantially flat or curvilinear surrounded by a curved edge that connects to the bottom without forming an angle.\",\n \"4.The blade according to claim 2, wherein the depressed portion has a bottom that is substantially flat or curvilinear surrounded by a curved edge that connects to the bottom without forming an angle.\",\n \"5.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the depressed portion is limited by rectilinear sides joined by curvilinear transitions.\",\n \"6.The blade according to claim 1, wherein said two main sides are separated by at least 66% of the distance separating the junction lines.\",\n \"7.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the depressed portion has a maximal dimension D1max in said height direction superior to at least 0.67 times a maximal dimension in a length direction of the foot which is perpendicular to the height direction.\",\n \"8.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the depressed portion spans at least 40% of a distance L2 between two opposite free edges of said second main face.\",\n \"9.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the depressed portion spans at least 50% of a distance L2 between two opposite free edges of said second main face.\",\n \"10.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the depressed portion is limited by three sides only including said two main sides, and transitions between said three sides, the transition between said two main sides being curvilinear with a constant radius of curvature, a third side of said three sides being parallel to a free edge of said second main face.\",\n \"11.The blade according to claim 10, wherein the blade is a blade at a first stage of blades in a compressor.\",\n \"12.The blade according to claim 1, wherein the shank connects to the bulb by a juncture having a constant radius of curvature and portions joined to the shank and the bulb and respectively tangent thereto.\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/579,426 filed Dec. 22, 2014, which claims priority to France Application No.\",\n \"13 63374 filed Dec. 23, 2013.U.S.\",\n \"application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"14/579,426 is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.\",\n \"DESCRIPTION This invention relates to a blade comprising a shank provided with a depressed portion on a single side.\",\n \"This blade, which can be a turbomachine compressor blade, comprises an outside vane subjected to aerodynamic forces, and a foot retained in a rotating disc; the foot comprises a platform flush with the surface of the disc and from which the vane rises, a bulb retaining the blade against the centrifugal forces and retained in an enlargement of a groove of the disc, and a shank joining the bulb to the platform, and housed in a main portion of the groove.\",\n \"Portions with a depression have sometimes been dug into the main or lateral faces of the shank so as to lighten the blade.\",\n \"Disadvantages, such as local increases in the static stresses and an alteration in the frequency of the bending modes, have however been observed with respect to blades of which the shanks are devoid of a depression.\",\n \"In French patent application 12 60527, it was undertaken to reduce these disadvantages and to bring the behaviour of the blade provided with portions with a depression closer to that of a blade with perfectly flat shanks, by choosing dissymmetric portions with a depression, in particular with regards to the depth.\",\n \"This application clearly specifies that the portions with a depression are established on the two main sides of the shank.\",\n \"Document U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"5,435,694 A describes a blade wherein the shank is joined to the platform or to the bulb by fillets, which are mouldings with a slightly concave section, in order to reduce the stress that the blade in service is subjected to.\",\n \"Portions slightly with a depression are added in order to reinforce this effect, by decreasing the concentrations of stress around the fillets.\",\n \"These portions with a depression are defined by two successive radii of curvature and are superficial.\",\n \"They are much smaller in height (they extend only in a part of the shank height between the platform and the bulb) than in the length direction of the shank.\",\n \"It is not sought to lighten the blade by means of these portions with a depression or by fillets, which are shallow, but only to relieve stress concentrations.\",\n \"GB 2 162 588 A describes a blade shank provided with a recess that opens onto one of the end faces of the shank in order to lighten it.\",\n \"This design is suitable for relatively thick shanks.\",\n \"The structure of the shank remains symmetrical in the angular direction on either side of a median plane extending in the length of the shank.\",\n \"The invention relates to a lightened blade, designed to minimise the degradations in aeromechanical performance, in particular concerning the concentrations of stress and the frequency of the bending modes.\",\n \"According to the invention, one of the main faces of the shank is substantially plane or curvilinear—in any case with a regular surface without relief—while the other of the main faces is provided with a depressed portion, extending over a depth of at least 25%, and advantageously by at least 35%, of a thickness of the shank, between the main faces.\",\n \"It is specified that the main faces of the shank—which extends roughly in the axial direction of the disc and of the turbomachine to which the blade belongs—are the lateral faces with the largest surface area, roughly perpendicular to the angular direction of the disc and of the machine, giving onto the intrados and extrados sides of the blade, and extending in the length direction of the foot of the blade, which corresponds to its direction of insertion into the cutout of the disc, and in the height direction of the foot, which corresponds to the radial direction of the blade in the machine, from the foot to the tip of the vane.\",\n \"And the depressed portion is limited by two main sides, respectively parallel to junction lines of the shank to the bulb and to the platform, said main sides being separated, along each line in the height direction of the blade crossing said main sides, by at least 50% of a distance separating said junction lines.\",\n \"Unlike in U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"5,435,694 A, the greatest possible area and a greater depth are allotted to the depressed portion in order to obtain an important lightening.\",\n \"But this lightening should not entail a loss of mechanical characteristics, especially stiffness to vibrations and resistance to shocks produced by ingestion of solid bodies, compared to blades having a foot with a uniform cross-section and a regular shape.\",\n \"A satisfactory result in these aspects has been stated with the blade feet of the invention, which have a dissymmetric cross-section, since the depressed portion is provided on one face only, the other face remaining smooth: this other face maintains the resistance and stiffness qualities of the blade almost completely, even when an important lightening has been obtained after the opposite face has been hollowed.\",\n \"Depressed portions symmetrically arranged in both main faces would not maintain these characteristics well, nor would a general thickness reduction of the shank.\",\n \"For the same reasons, the inventive depressed portion does not extend to the free ends of the foot (in the length direction thereof), and it is normally defined by a closed, continuous outline.\",\n \"The degradation in the performance obtained on the blade is then clearly less substantial than with portions with a depression distributed symmetrically on the two sides of the shank, or even than with the portions with a depression opposite and moderately dissymmetric considered in application FR 12 60527.And GB 2 162 588 does not suggest that a dissymmetric shank in the angular direction would improve the rigidity of the shank in the same direction wherein the bending of the blade is exerted.\",\n \"Indeed, flatness maintained on one of the main faces increases the rigidity of the blade with regards to the deformations in bending and prevents the introduction of concentrations of stress on one side: it can therefore be considered to arrange the depression on the side where the concentrations of stress are the least feared, i.e.\",\n \"the side that is the least loaded in the critical situations to be considered, such as the loss of a blade, in order to obtain a globally satisfactory distribution over the blade by not weakening the other side.\",\n \"According to other optional improvements, the depressed portion has a bottom that is substantially flat or curvilinear (parallel to the main face, and therefore at a uniform depth), surrounded by a curved edge, connecting to the bottom without forming an angle, in order to obtain a good lightening without favouring concentrations of stress at the edge of the portion; and it is advantageously limited by rectilinear sides joined by curvilinear transitions.\",\n \"The dimensioning of the depressed portion can also comply with certain general rules, pursuant to the principle mentioned above that the area is advantageously as great as possible for obtaining a great lightening.\",\n \"The height of the depressed portion (in the height direction of the foot, or radial direction of the blade) is thus not limited to the 50% value of the distance between the junction lines of the shank to the bulb and the platform; contrarily, it is advantageous that this height be superior, e. g. at least 66% of this distance.\",\n \"Similarly, a great span of the depressed portion in the length direction of the foot (between the free ends) is sought.\",\n \"If this is possible, the depressed portion can extend from 30% to 80% (typically at least 40% or 50% in ordinary blade designs) of the distance between the opposite edges, at the free ends, of the main face on which it is provided.\",\n \"This arrangement is not always practicable, however, in situations in which the shank height steeply varies along the feet and may become too low near an end to receive the depression.\",\n \"The situation may arise e. g. for blades at the entrance of compressors, which is a place where one can favourably consider to insert the inventive blades.\",\n \"In a typical design, the depressed portion is limited by only three sides then, i. e. the two main sides already mentioned, which are linked with a curved transition having a constant radius of curvature, and a third side, parallel to a free edge of the face.\",\n \"Even then, the span of the depressed portion in the length direction of the foot is advantageously as great as possible.\",\n \"To synthesize the foregoing rules, one may remember that the depressed portion advantageously has, in the height direction, a maximal dimension which is superior to at least 0.67 times a maximal dimension in the perpendicular direction, or length direction, of the foot; and the depth of the depression is at least 25%, and more preferably 35%, of the shank thickness.\",\n \"It is contemplated that the shank will connect the bulb with a transition having a constant radius, and junctions to the shank and the bulb respectively tangent thereto so that no recess is present at this connection between the bulb and the shank.\",\n \"The invention shall now be described in liaison with the following figures: FIG.\",\n \"1 is a general view of the blade in the angular direction; FIG.\",\n \"2 is a view of the foot of the blade in the axial direction; FIGS.\",\n \"3 and 4 illustrate a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention; and FIG.\",\n \"5 illustrates the connection of the shank to the bulb.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1 shows a blade in accordance with the invention, provided with a vane 1 to the exterior and with a foot 2 engaged in the rotating disc 3, with the foot 2 comprising a platform 4 joined to the vane 1, a bulb 5 opposite the platform 4, and a shank 6, joining the two latter items.\",\n \"As the platform 4 is conical, the shank 6 is trapezoidal.\",\n \"A tip edge of the vane 1 is referred to by 9, and a height direction R of the blade extends from the bulb 5 to the tip edge 9.The shank 6 comprises two main faces 7 and 8 opposite, shown in FIG.\",\n \"2, giving onto the pressure side and suction sides of the blade and extending roughly in the direction of the axis of rotation of the disc 3.The main face 7 is flat (smooth, with a linear or curvilinear extension), but the main face 8 is provided with a depressed portion 10, taking a flat bottom 12 and an edge 14 connecting the bottom 12 to the main face 8.The edge 14 is connected to the bottom 12 without forming any sharp angle, but with a progressive rounding.\",\n \"The depressed portion 10 is of trapezoidal shape, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"1, with a first longitudinal side 15, close to the bulb 5 and parallel to its junction with the shank 6, a second longitudinal side 16 close to the platform 4 and parallel to the connection between it and the shank 6, and two other sides 17 and 18, connecting the latter together and curvilinear at least at the ends.\",\n \"The depressed portion 10 can be present according to case on the pressure side or the suction side of the blade.\",\n \"By making use of a depression on a single side of the shank 6, the gain in mass is provided while still minimising the effect on the aerodynamic and mechanical behaviour of the blade: the static stress, the position of the first bending mode and the response of the first bending mode under substantial stress, are improved with respect to a blade comprising, for the same lightening, portions with a depression on the two sides.\",\n \"In relation to such a blade comprising two portions with a depression, it has been observed, in a design in accordance with the invention, wherein the thickness of the shank 6 (distance between the two main faces 7 and 8) was 15.4 mm and the depressed portion had a depth of 5.7 mm, a static stress at the output of the blade, on its contact surfaces with the disc 3, reduced by 5% in the most loaded zone with respect to a blade having depressions on the two sides and a similar lightening; and for a first bending mode, the deformations measured in the shank 6 were reduced by 30% following substantial stress such as floating (instability due to the interaction of the fluid with the structure of the vanes 1 which has for effect to amplify the vibration of the blades), ingestions of foreign bodies or the loss of a vane 1.It is therefore possible to hope for a better resistance, or a longer resistance in the case of fatigue, of the foot 2, and better resistance of the vanes 1 with regards to vibrations.\",\n \"It is to be added that the frequency of the bending mode is not modified by the concentration of the lightening of a single side, in such a way that the invention does not require having to again optimise the blade with regards to these frequencies, once the optimisation has been carried out for blades with shanks recessed on the two sides.\",\n \"The same considerations apply to blade shanks of which the main faces would be curvilinear instead of being flat: the depressed portion would again be located on only one of its main faces and would be dimensioned in the same way.\",\n \"A particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is represented in FIGS.\",\n \"3 and 4, which illustrate a blade to be disposed at the first stage in an inlet of a compressor in a turbojet machine.\",\n \"A part of the description of FIGS.\",\n \"1 and 2 holds here, and the elements of this embodiment that correspond to similar elements of the foregoing embodiment will carry the same numerals with an increase of 100.They are the vane 101, foot 102, platform 104, bulb 105, shank 106, the flat main face (the suction side here) 107, the other main face (the pressure side here) 108, depressed portion 110, bottom 112 and edge 114.Hereunder we indicate some characteristics specific to this embodiment, or which particularly deserve to be mentioned.\",\n \"The inner radius of the vane 101 steeply varies along the foot 102, and the shank 106 has a strongly trapezoidal shape, almost triangular here, the platform 104 being adjacent to the bulb 105 at a free edge 120 of the shank 106.The depressed portion 110 has the greatest possible area, taking into account the dimensions of the shank 106 and the curvature of the edge 114.It is triangular here, and it is defined by three rectilinear sides 115, 116 and 118.The side 115 is parallel to the junction line 121 between the bulb 105 and the shank 106, and adjacent thereto.\",\n \"The side 116 is approximately parallel to the junction line 122 between the shank 106 and the platform 104 and not far therefrom; because of reinforcing bumpers 123 of the platform 104 that connect to the upper part of shank 106, a distance must nonetheless be kept between this junction line 122 and the side 116.It is generally advantageous that the distance D1 between the main sides 115 and 116 which are parallel to the junction lines 121 and 122, and the distance D2 between these junction lines, satisfy the ratio D1/D2>50% at least, and better D1/D2>66%.\",\n \"This relationship is valid for any line extending in the height direction R (corresponding to the radial direction of the blade when it is installed in the machine, from the foot 102 to the tip of the vane 101), and intersecting the main sides 115 and 116, that is for almost all the area of the depressed portion 110 (except the ends in the length direction X, at which it is limited by other sides and curved junctions), although both D1 and D2 vary in the length direction X.\",\n \"The third side 118 of the depressed portion 110 is parallel to the free end 124 of the shank 106, opposite to the other free end 120 in the length direction X of the foot 102, perpendicular to the height direction R and corresponding to a direction of insertion of the foot 102 into a groove of the disc.\",\n \"Here again, the main sides are connected by curvilinear transitions having a great radius, one of which joining the main sides 115 and 116 adjacent to the junction lines 121 and 122.In the present case in which the shank 106 becomes very low near one of the free ends 120, the dimension L1 of the depressed portion 110 in the length direction X must be reduced so that the juncture 125 keeps a sufficient radius; if the shank 106 has a more regular height, the depressed portion could have a quadrangular shape and a greater length L1 so that a ratio L1/L2, in which L2 is the distance between the free ends 120 and 124, could reach 50% or more, up to 80%.\",\n \"This ratio L1/L2 may be over 30%, preferably over 40%, in embodiments similar to FIGS.\",\n \"3 and 4.The great span of the depressed portion 10 or 110 in the height direction R is illustrated also by this ratio, which is advantageous complied with: D1max/L1>0.67, greater values being more preferred.\",\n \"D1max is the maximal dimension of the depressed portion 10 or 110 in the height direction R. The depth of the depressed portion 110 in this embodiment conforms to the foregoing rules and may be 30% to 40% of the thickness of the shank 106.It will be noticed (FIG.\",\n \"5) that the junction line 121 between the bulb 105 and shank 106 does not comprise any depression but has a constant radius of curvature in cross-section, connecting to the surfaces of the bulb 105 and shank 106 with portions 126 and 127 tangent thereto, so that any sudden change of orientation or inclination is avoided, and no concavity is created, at this place.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872782"}}},{"rowIdx":4494168,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["Shaft seal assembly","An illustrative embodiment of a shaft seal assembly generally includes a fixed stator, a floating stator, and a sealing member.","In the illustrative embodiment the fixed stator may be formed with one or more fluid conduits that are in fluid communication with one or fluid conduits formed in the floating stator.","The fluid conduits in the floating stator may be in fluid communication with one or more fluid conduits formed in a sealing member.","A rotational interface may exist between the sealing member and a shaft, and the various fluid conduits may be configured to create a fluid barrier at that interface.","Other embodiments of a shaft seal assembly may create a fluid barrier at a rotational interface between a rotor and a floating stator."],["1.A method of creating a pressurized fluid barrier between a shaft and a sealing member at an interface therebetween, said method comprising the steps of: a. engaging a fixed stator with a housing, wherein said shaft protrudes from and is rotatable with respect to said housing, and wherein said fixed stator comprises: i. an annular recess along a portion of a radial-interior surface of said fixed stator, wherein said annular recess includes first and second radially oriented surfaces and a circumferential axially oriented surface; ii.","an inlet extending from a radial-exterior surface of said fixed stator to said annular recess in a generally radial direction, wherein said fixed stator is engaged with a housing at an aperture of said housing, wherein a shaft rotatable with respect to said housing extends outward from said aperture; b. positioning said shaft sealing member in said annular recess, wherein a predetermined clearance in a radial dimension between a radial-exterior surface said shaft sealing member and said radial-interior surface of said annular recess in said fixed stator is equal to an amount of allowed relative movement between said shaft sealing member and said fixed stator in said radial dimension, and wherein said shaft sealing member comprises: i. a floating stator having a radial-interior surface that is substantially concave in shape, wherein a pin recess is formed in said floating stator and extends from said radial-exterior surface of said shaft sealing member to said radial-interior surface of said floating stator; ii.","a sealing member, wherein said sealing member includes a radial-exterior surface with a substantially convex shape that corresponds to the radial-interior surface of said floating stator so as to create a spherical interface therebetween, wherein said sealing member is positioned adjacent said shaft extending from said housing; and, iii.","a plurality of radial bores extending from said radial-exterior surface of said sealing member to said radial-interior surface thereof; and, c. providing a pressurized sealing fluid to said inlet formed in said fixed stator, wherein said pressurized sealing fluid travels through said inlet to said pin recess formed in said floating stator, through said pin recess to said sealing member, and through said plurality of radial bores formed in said sealing member to form a pressurized fluid barrier between said radial-interior surface of said sealing member and said shaft.","2.The method according to claim 1 wherein said plurality of radial bores is further defined as 16 radial bores evenly spaced about the periphery of said sealing member.","3.The method according to claim 1 wherein said plurality of radial bores is further defined as being arranged in corresponding pairs, and wherein said plurality of radial bores are evenly spaced about the periphery of said sealing member.","4.The method according to claim 1 wherein said plurality of radial bores is further defined as being unevenly spaced about the periphery of said sealing member.","5.The method according to claim 1 wherein said fixed stator further comprises an inlet, and wherein said pressurized sealing fluid is provided to said inlet.","6.The method according to claim 5 wherein said floating stator further comprises a fluid conduit, wherein said fluid conduit is in fluid communication with both said inlet and said spherical interface.","7.The method according to claim 6 wherein said fluid conduit in said floating stator is further defined as being a second pin recess.","8.The shaft seal assembly according to claim 7 wherein said pin recess further comprises a pin recess enlarged portion on a radially inward portion thereof adjacent said sealing member.","9.The method according to claim 1 wherein said sealing member further comprises a recess formed in said radial-exterior surface thereof, wherein said recess does not extend to said radial-interior surface of said sealing member.","10.The method according to claim 9 further comprising a pin, wherein a first portion of said pin is positioned in said pin recess and a second portion of said pin is positioned in said recess.","11.The shaft seal assembly according to claim 1, wherein said annular recess is defined by a first and a second radially oriented surface and a circumferential axially oriented surface.","12.The shaft seal assembly according to claim 11 wherein said fixed stator is further defined as comprising a main body and a face plate, wherein said face plate is selectively engageable with said main body, and wherein an interior surface of said face plate forms said first radially oriented surface of said annular recess.","13.The shaft seal assembly according to claim 12 wherein said face plate is further defined as having a face plate pin recess formed in said interior surface thereof.","14.The shaft seal assembly according to claim 13 wherein said face plate is further defined as having a face plate seal groove formed in said interior surface thereof, wherein a seal is positioned in said face plate seal groove.","15.The shaft seal assembly according to claim 14 wherein said floating stator is further defined as having a floating stator seal groove formed in said radial-interior surface thereof, wherein a seal is positioned in said floating stator seal groove."],[" FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a shaft seal assembly with multiple embodiments.","In certain embodiments, the shaft seal assembly may be used as a product seal between a product vessel and a shaft therein."],[" BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In order that the advantages of the invention will be readily understood, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments illustrated in the appended drawings.","Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered limited of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings.","FIG.","1 is a perspective exterior view of the shaft seal assembly.","FIG.","2 is an exterior end view of the shaft seal assembly with the shaft element aligned.","FIG.","3 is a sectional view of a first embodiment of the shaft seal assembly, as shown in FIG.","2 and mounted to a housing.","FIG.","3A illustrates the first surface seal-shaft integrity during angular and radial shaft alignment.","FIG.","3B illustrates second surface seal-shaft integrity during angular and radial shaft alignment.","FIG.","4 is an exterior end view with the shaft misaligned.","FIG.","5 is a sectional view of the first embodiment as shown in FIG.","3 with both angular and radial misalignment of the shaft applied.","FIG.","5A illustrates first seal-shaft integrity allowed by articulation during angular and radial shaft misalignment.","FIG.","5B illustrates second seal-shaft integrity allowed by articulation during angular and radial shaft misalignment.","FIG.","6 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of the shaft seal assembly as shown in FIG.","2 .","FIG.","7 is a sectional view of a third embodiment as shown in FIG.","2 .","FIG.","8 is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment as mounted to a vessel wall.","FIG.","9 is a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly mounted to a housing wherein the shaft is in alignment.","FIG.","9A is a detailed view of the portion of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the vent wherein the shaft is in alignment.","FIG.","9B is a detailed view of the portion of first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the fluid return pathway wherein the shaft is in alignment.","FIG.","10 is a cross-sectional view of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly shown during shaft misalignment.","FIG.","10A is a detailed view of the portion of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the vent wherein the shaft is misaligned.","FIG.","10B is a detailed view of the portion of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the fluid return pathway wherein the shaft is misaligned.","FIG.","11 is a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly wherein the shaft is in alignment.","FIG.","12 is a cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly wherein the shaft is in alignment.","FIG.","13 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a bearing isolator (or shaft seal assembly) configured with a rotor.","FIG.","14 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of yet another embodiment of a bearing isolator (or shaft seal assembly) configured with a rotor.","FIG.","14A is a cross-sectional view of the portion of the embodiment of a bearing isolator shown in FIG.","14 with the shaft misaligned and/or radially displaced.","FIG.","15 is a partial cross-sectional view of the embodiment of a bearing isolator shown in FIG.","13 wherein the shaft is misaligned and/or radially displaced.","FIG.","15A is a detailed view of a portion of the embodiment bearing isolator shown in FIG.","15 .","FIG.","16A is an exterior face view of an illustrative embodiment of a multi-hole shaft seal assembly, wherein certain hidden surfaces are shown with broken lines.","FIG.","16B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of a multi-hole shaft seal assembly shown in FIG.","16A along line A-A.","FIG.","17A is an exterior face view of one embodiment of a sealing member that may be used with various embodiments of a multi-hole shaft seal assembly.","FIG.","17B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of a sealing member shown in FIG.","17A along line K-K. detailed-description description=\"Detailed Description\" end=\"lead\"?"],["CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS Applicant Inpro/Seal LLC, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the state of Delaware and the United States of America, states that this application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","15/026,205 filed on Mar.","30, 2016, which application was filed as an entry into the National Phase in the United States, claimed the filing benefit of, and was based on PCT Patent Application assigned serial number PCT/US2014/058325, filed on Sep. 30, 2014, which claimed priority from provisional U.S. Pat.","App.","No.","61/884,880 filed on Sep. 30, 2013, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.","FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a shaft seal assembly with multiple embodiments.","In certain embodiments, the shaft seal assembly may be used as a product seal between a product vessel and a shaft therein.","STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT No federal funds were used to create or develop the invention herein.","REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISK APPENDIX N/A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In order that the advantages of the invention will be readily understood, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments illustrated in the appended drawings.","Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered limited of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings.","FIG.","1 is a perspective exterior view of the shaft seal assembly.","FIG.","2 is an exterior end view of the shaft seal assembly with the shaft element aligned.","FIG.","3 is a sectional view of a first embodiment of the shaft seal assembly, as shown in FIG.","2 and mounted to a housing.","FIG.","3A illustrates the first surface seal-shaft integrity during angular and radial shaft alignment.","FIG.","3B illustrates second surface seal-shaft integrity during angular and radial shaft alignment.","FIG.","4 is an exterior end view with the shaft misaligned.","FIG.","5 is a sectional view of the first embodiment as shown in FIG.","3 with both angular and radial misalignment of the shaft applied.","FIG.","5A illustrates first seal-shaft integrity allowed by articulation during angular and radial shaft misalignment.","FIG.","5B illustrates second seal-shaft integrity allowed by articulation during angular and radial shaft misalignment.","FIG.","6 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of the shaft seal assembly as shown in FIG.","2.FIG.","7 is a sectional view of a third embodiment as shown in FIG.","2.FIG.","8 is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment as mounted to a vessel wall.","FIG.","9 is a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly mounted to a housing wherein the shaft is in alignment.","FIG.","9A is a detailed view of the portion of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the vent wherein the shaft is in alignment.","FIG.","9B is a detailed view of the portion of first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the fluid return pathway wherein the shaft is in alignment.","FIG.","10 is a cross-sectional view of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly shown during shaft misalignment.","FIG.","10A is a detailed view of the portion of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the vent wherein the shaft is misaligned.","FIG.","10B is a detailed view of the portion of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the fluid return pathway wherein the shaft is misaligned.","FIG.","11 is a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly wherein the shaft is in alignment.","FIG.","12 is a cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly wherein the shaft is in alignment.","FIG.","13 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a bearing isolator (or shaft seal assembly) configured with a rotor.","FIG.","14 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of yet another embodiment of a bearing isolator (or shaft seal assembly) configured with a rotor.","FIG.","14A is a cross-sectional view of the portion of the embodiment of a bearing isolator shown in FIG.","14 with the shaft misaligned and/or radially displaced.","FIG.","15 is a partial cross-sectional view of the embodiment of a bearing isolator shown in FIG.","13 wherein the shaft is misaligned and/or radially displaced.","FIG.","15A is a detailed view of a portion of the embodiment bearing isolator shown in FIG.","15.FIG.","16A is an exterior face view of an illustrative embodiment of a multi-hole shaft seal assembly, wherein certain hidden surfaces are shown with broken lines.","FIG.","16B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of a multi-hole shaft seal assembly shown in FIG.","16A along line A-A.","FIG.","17A is an exterior face view of one embodiment of a sealing member that may be used with various embodiments of a multi-hole shaft seal assembly.","FIG.","17B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of a sealing member shown in FIG.","17A along line K-K.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION Element Listing (FIGS.","1-12) Description Element No.","Shaft 1 Fixed stator 2 Fixed stator (part-line) 2a Labyrinth seal 3 Radiused face 3a Floating stator 4 Fluid return pathway 5 Shaft seal clearance 6 First o-ring 7 Anti-rotation pin 8 Vent 9 Anti-rotation groove (floating stator) 10 Spherical interface 11 Anti-rotation pin 12 Second o-ring 13 Labyrinth seal pattern grooves 14 First o-ring channel 15 Cavity for anti-rotation device (fixed stator) 16 Axial face of labyrinth seal 17 Axial face of floating stator 18 Second o-ring channel 19 First clearance between floating stator/fixed stator 20 Second clearance between floating stator/fixed stator 21 Throttle groove 22 Labyrinth pattern annular groove 23 Sleeve 24 Shaft seal assembly 25 Throttle (alignment skate) 26 Floating stator annular groove 27 Labyrinth seal passage 28 Floating stator passage 29 Housing 30 Angle of misalignment 31 Bearings and bearing cavity 32 Mounting bolts 33 Vessel wall 34 Pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 Labyrinth seal interior face 42 Floating stator interior face 44 Pressure balancing annular channel 46 First radial interface 47a Second radial interface 47b Fixed stator annular groove 48 Annular groove radial-interior surface 48a Detailed Description Before the various embodiments of the present invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangements of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings.","The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways.","Also, it is to be understood that phraseology and terminology used herein with reference to device or element orientation (such as, for example, terms like “front”, “back”, “up”, “down”, “top”, “bottom”, and the like) are only used to simplify description of the present invention, and do not alone indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation.","In addition, terms such as “first”, “second”, and “third” are used herein and in the appended claims for purposes of description and are not intended to indicate or imply relative importance or significance.","Furthermore, any dimensions recited or called out herein are for exemplary purposes only and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way unless so recited in the claims.","FIGS.","1-5 provide various views of a first illustrative embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 25 that allows for sealing various lubricating solutions within bearing housing 30 and/or preventing ingress of contaminants to the housing 30, which may be configured as a bearing housing.","FIGS.","6 and 7 provide alternative illustrative embodiments of the shaft seal assembly 25 wherein sealing fluids are used.","Applicant herein defines sealing fluids to include at least both liquids and vapors.","Applicant considers air, nitrogen, water and steam as well as any other fluid that may work with the proposed shaft seal assembly to provide a pressurized fluid barrier for any and all embodiments disclosed herein to be within the purview of the present disclosure.","The gas or fluid chosen may be based at least upon process suitability with the product to be sealed.","FIG.","1 is a perspective exterior view of the first illustrative embodiment of a shaft seal assembly 25 arranged and engaged with a shaft 1 inserted through the fixed stator 2 of shaft seal assembly 25.FIG.","2 is an exterior end view of the shaft seal assembly with shaft 1 aligned within the shaft seal assembly 25.FIG.","3 is a sectional view of a first embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 25 shown in FIG.","2 illustrating that the shaft seal assembly 25 may be configured as a labyrinth seal for retaining lubrication solution within the bearing cavity 32 of housing 30 and/or preventing ingress of contaminants into the housing 30.The shaft 1 shown in FIG.","3 may experience radial, angular or axial movement relative to the fixed stator 2 or a portion thereof at various times.","The fixed stator 2 of the shaft seal assembly 25 may be engaged with a housing 30 via any suitable method and/or structure, including but not limited to flange-mounted or press-fit.","The shaft seal assembly 25 may also be used in applications with a rotating housing and stationary shaft.","(Not shown) As required by the particular application of the shaft 1 and/or shaft seal assembly 25, the shaft 1 may be allowed to move freely in the axial direction in relation to the shaft seal assembly 25.A labyrinth seal 3 having an interior surface may be positioned adjacent shaft 1.A defined clearance 6 may exist between the interior surface of said labyrinth seal 3 and the shaft 1.A radiused surface 3a may be configured such that it is opposite the interior surface of the labyrinth seal 3.The radiused surface 3a of the labyrinth seal 3 and the interior of the floating stator 4 may be configured to form a spherical interface 11.O-ring channels 15 and o-rings 7 may be disposed to cooperate with the radiused surface 3a of the labyrinth seal 3 to seal (or trap) fluid migration through, between and along engaged labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4 while maintaining a spherical interface 11, which spherical interface 11 may allow limited relative rotational movement (articulation) between labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4.O-ring channels 15, as shown, may be machined into the floating stator 4 and may be positioned at the spherical interface 11 with labyrinth seal 3.O-ring channels 15 may be configured such that they are annular and continuous in relation to labyrinth seal 3.The o-ring channel 15 and o-ring 7 may also be placed in the labyrinth seal 3 adjacent the spherical interface 11.In certain embodiments, o-rings 7 may be constructed of materials that are compatible with both the product to be sealed and the preferred sealing fluid.","O-ring channels 15 and o-rings 7 are but one possible combination of structures that may be used to seal various potions within the shaft seal assembly 25.Any other structures and/or method suitable for the particular embodiment of a shaft seal assembly 25 may be used without limitation.","Strategically placed anti-rotation pin(s) 12 may be inserted into anti-rotation grooves 10 and may serve to limit relative rotational movement between labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4.A plurality of anti-rotation grooves 10 and pins 12 may be placed around the radius of the shaft 1.If the shaft seal assembly 25 is used in combination with a sealing fluid, strategic anti-rotation pins 12 may be removed allowing corresponding anti-rotation grooves 10 to serve as a fluid passage through vent 9 and lubricant return 5, one illustrative embodiment of which is shown in FIG.","7.Additionally, the relationship of the diameters of anti-rotation pins 12 and anti-rotation grooves 10 may be selected to allow more or less angular misalignment of the shaft 1, respectively.","For example, a relatively small-diameter anti-rotation pin 12 used with a large-diameter anti-rotation groove 10 would allow for greater relative movement of the labyrinth seal 3 in relation to the floating stator 4 in response to angular misalignment of shaft 1.A labyrinth seal 3 is one possible embodiment of a sealing structure that may be used adjacent to the shaft 1 within the shaft seal assembly 25.However, other structures and/or methods may be used to achieve similar functionality without limitation.","An annular channel may be formed within fixed stator 2 and may be defined by clearance 20 and 21 as allowed between the exterior of said floating stator 4 and the interior of the fixed stator 2 of shaft seal assembly 25.The annular channel of fixed stator 2 is highlighted as A-A′ in FIG.","2.The annular channel of the fixed stator 2 may be formed with interior surfaces that are configured such that they are substantially perpendicular to said shaft 1.The exterior surfaces of the floating stator 4, which may be substantially encompassed within the annular channel of the fixed stator 2, may cooperatively engage with the first and second interior perpendicular faces of the fixed stator 2.An inner interface may be formed by the first (shaft seal assembly 25 inboard side) perpendicular annular channel surface of the fixed stator 2 engaging with the first (inboard side) perpendicular face of the floating stator 4.An outer interface may be formed by the second (shaft seal assembly 25 outboard side) perpendicular annular interior channel surface of the fixed stator 2 engaging with the second (outboard side) perpendicular face of the floating stator 4.O-ring channels 19 and o-rings 13 may be disposed therein and may cooperate with the surfaces of floating stator 4 that are in perpendicular to relation to shaft 1.These o-rings 13 may function to seal (or trap) fluid migration between and along engaged floating stator 4 while allowing limited relative rotational movement between floating stator 4 and fixed stator 2.Floating stator 4 and fixed stator 2 are one possible embodiment of cooperatively engaged portions of a shaft seal assembly 25 that may be configured to allow relative motion between the portions in at least one dimension, and which may be used in combination with labyrinth seal 3 within the shaft seal assembly 25.However, other structures and/or methods may be used to achieve similar functionality without limitation.","O-ring channels 19 may be configured such that they are annular and continuous in relation to shaft 1.In an embodiment not shown herein, the o-ring channels 19 and o-rings 13 may be placed in the body of the floating stator 4 rather than the fixed stator 2.It is contemplated that for many applications it may be optimal to place those o-ring channels 19 and corresponding o-rings 13 in similar proximal relation.","In certain embodiments, o-rings 7 may be constructed of materials that are compatible with both the product to be sealed and the preferred sealing fluid.","O-ring channels 15 and o-rings 7 are but one possible combination of structures that may be used to seal various potions within the shaft seal assembly 25.Any other structures and/or method suitable for the particular embodiment of a shaft seal assembly 25 may be used without limitation.","Strategically placed anti-rotation pin(s) 8 may be inserted into anti-rotation groove(s) 16 and may serve to limit both relative radial and rotational movement between floating stator 4 and interior side of fixed stator 2.A plurality of anti-rotation grooves 16 and pins 8 may be placed around the radius of the shaft 1.The relationship of the diameters of anti-rotation pins 8 and anti-rotation grooves 16 may also be selected to allow more or less angular misalignment of the shaft.","For example, a small-diameter anti-rotation pin 8 and large-diameter fixed stator anti-rotation groove may allow for greater relative movement of the labyrinth seal 3 in response to angular misalignment of shaft 1.The labyrinth pattern seal grooves 14 may be pressure equalized by venting through one or more vents 9.If so desired, the vents 9 may be supplied with a pressurized sealing fluid such that the sealing fluid over-pressurizes the labyrinth area 14 and shaft seal clearance 6 to increase the efficacy of shaft seal assembly 25.A spherical interface 11 between the labyrinth seal 3 and the floating stator 4 may be configured to allow for angular misalignment between the shaft 1 and fixed stator 2.O-ring channels 19 are annular with the shaft 1 and, as shown, may be machined into the fixed stator 2 and positioned at the interface between the fixed stator 2 and floating stator 4.O-ring channel 19 may also be placed in the floating stator 4 and may be engaged with o-rings 13, which may be configured to provide sealing contact with the fixed stator 2.FIG.","3A illustrates seal-shaft integrity during angular and radial shaft 1 alignment.","This view highlights the alignment of the axial face 17 of the labyrinth seal 3 and the axial face 18 of the floating stator 4.Particular focus is drawn to the alignment of the axial faces 17, 18 at the spherical interface 11 between the floating stator 4 and labyrinth 3.FIG.","3B illustrates the shaft-seal integrity during angular and radial shaft 1 alignment at the surface opposite that shown in FIG.","3A.","This view highlights the alignment of the axial faces 17, 18 of labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4, respectively, for the opposite portion of the shaft seal assembly 25 as shown in FIG.","3A.","Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that because the shaft 1 and the illustrative embodiments of a shaft seal assembly 25 are of a circular shape and nature, the surfaces are shown 360 degrees around shaft 1.Again, particular focus is drawn to the alignment of the axial faces 17, 18 at the spherical interface 11 between the labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4.FIGS.","3A and 3B also illustrate the first defined clearance 20 between the floating stator 4 and the fixed stator 2 and the second defined clearance 21 between the floating stator 4 and fixed stator 2 and opposite the first defined clearance 20.In FIGS.","2, 3, 3A and 3B, the shaft 1 is not experiencing radial, angular or axial movement with respect to a housing 30.Accordingly, in the illustrative embodiments the width of the defined clearances 20 and 21, which may be substantially equal, may indicate little movement or misalignment upon the floating stator 4.FIG.","4 is an exterior end view of the shaft seal assembly 25 with the rotatable shaft 1 misaligned therein.","FIG.","5 is a sectional view of the first embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 25 as shown in FIG.","3 with both angular and radial misalignment of the shaft 1 applied.","The shaft 1 as shown in FIG.","5 is also of the type that may experience radial, angular or axial movement relative to the fixed stator 2 (and/or housing 30) of the shaft seal assembly 25.As shown at FIG.","5, the defined radial clearance 6 of labyrinth seal 3 with shaft 1 may be maintained even though the angle of shaft misalignment 31 has changed.","The shaft 1 still may be allowed to move freely in the axial direction even though the angle of shaft misalignment 31 has changed.","The arrangement of the shaft seal assembly 25 may allow the labyrinth seal 3 to move with the floating stator 4 upon introduction of radial movement of said shaft 1.The labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4 may be secured together by one or more compressed o-rings 7 or any other suitable structure and/or method.","Rotation of the labyrinth seal 3 within the floating stator 4 may be prevented by anti-rotation members, which may include but are not limited to screws, anti-rotation pins 8, or similar devices to inhibit rotation.","The pins as shown in FIGS.","3, 3A, 3B, 5, 6 and 7 are one structure for preventing rotation of the labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4.However, any other suitable structure and/or method may be used to achieve similar results without limitation.","Lubricant, sealing fluid, or other media may be collected and drained through a series of one or more optional drains or lubricant return pathways 5.The labyrinth seal 3 may be pressure-equalized by venting through one or more vents 9.If so desired, the vents 9 may be supplied with pressurized air or other gas or fluid media to over-pressurize the labyrinth seal 3 to increase seal efficacy.","The combination of close tolerances between the cooperatively engaged mechanical portions of the shaft seal assembly 25 and pressurized sealing fluid may inhibit both product and contaminant contact with the internals of the shaft seal assembly 25.The spherical interface 11 between the labyrinth seal 3 and the floating stator 4 may be configured to allow for angular misalignment between the shaft 1 and fixed stator 2.O-ring channel 19 and o-ring 13, which may be disposed therein, may cooperate with the opposing faces of the floating stator 4, which may be configured such that they are substantially in perpendicular relation to the rotational axis of the shaft 1.In this manner, the o-rings 13 may cooperate with the floating stator 4 to seal (or trap) fluid migration between and along the floating stator 4 while allowing relative radial movement between stator 4 and fixed stator 2.FIG.","5A illustrates seal-shaft integrity allowed by the shaft seal assembly 25 during angular and radial shaft 1 misalignment.","This view highlights the offset or articulation of the axial faces 17 of the labyrinth seal 3 may have in relation the axial faces 18 of the floating stator 4 for a first portion of the shaft seal assembly 25.Particular focus is drawn to the offset of the axial faces 17, 18 at the spherical interface 11 between labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4.FIG.","5B illustrates seal-shaft integrity for a second surface, opposite the first surface shown in FIG.","5A, during angular and radial shaft misalignment.","This view highlights that during misalignment of shaft 1, axial faces 17, 18, of the labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4, respectively, may not be aligned but instead move (articulate) in relation to each other.","The shaft-to-seal clearance 6 may be maintained in response to the shaft 1 misalignment and the overall seal integrity may not be compromised because the seal integrity of the floating stator 4 to fixed stator 2 and the floating stator 4 to labyrinth seal 3 may be maintained during shaft 1 misalignment.","Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that because the shaft 1 and shaft seal assembly 25 may be circular in shape and nature, the surfaces are shown 360 degrees around shaft 1.FIGS.","5A and 5B also illustrate the first clearance or gap 20 between the floating stator 4 and the fixed stator 2 and the second clearance or gap 21 between the floating stator 4 and fixed stator 2 and opposite the first clearance or gap 20 during relative movement (other than rotational) between the shaft 1 and the housing 30.In FIGS.","4, 5, 5A and 5B, the shaft 1 is experiencing radial, angular, or axial movement during rotation of the shaft 1 and the width of the gaps or clearances 20, 21 are shown as having changed in response to that movement as compared to the gaps or clearances 20, 21 depicted in FIGS.","3, 3A and 3B.","The change in dimensions of clearance 20, 21 indicate the floating stator 4 may move in response to the movement or angular misalignment of shaft 1.The shaft seal assembly 25 may allow articulation between axial faces 17, 18, maintenance of spherical interface 11 and radial movement at first and second clearance, 20, 21, respectively, while maintaining shaft seal clearance 6.FIG.","6 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 25 as shown in FIG.","2 for over-pressurization with alternative labyrinth seal pattern grooves 14.In this embodiment, the labyrinth seal pattern grooves 14 may be comprised of a friction-reducing substance such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), wherein the friction-reducing substance may be configured such that it forms a close clearance to the shaft 1.PTFE is also sometimes referred to as Teflon®, which is manufactured and marketed by Dupont.","PTFE is a plastic with high chemical resistance, low and high temperature capability, resistance to weathering, low friction, electrical and thermal insulation, and high lubricity.","Carbon or any other materials without limitation may be substituted for PTFE to provide the necessary sealing qualities and lubricous qualities for labyrinth seal pattern grooves 14.Pressurized sealing fluids may be supplied to over-pressurize the lubricious labyrinth pattern 26 as shown in FIG.","6.The pressurized sealing fluids may be introduced to the annular groove 23 of the throttle 26 through one or more inlets.","Throttle 26 may also be referred to as “an alignment skate” by those of ordinary skill in the art.","Throttle 26 may allow the labyrinth seal 3 to respond to movement of the shaft 1 caused by the misalignment of the shaft 1.The pressurized sealing fluid may pass through the close clearance formed between the shaft 1 and labyrinth seal 3 having throttle 26.The close proximity of the throttle 26 to the shaft 1 also may create resistance to the sealing fluid flow over the shaft 1 and may cause pressure to build up inside the annular groove 23.Floating annular groove 27 in cooperation and connection with annular groove 23 also may provide an outlet for excess sealing fluid to be bled out of shaft seal assembly 25 for pressure equalization or to maintain a continuous fluid purge on the shaft sealing assembly 25 during operation.","An advantage afforded by this aspect of the shaft sealing assembly 25 is its application wherein “clean-in place” product-seal decontamination procedures are preferred or required.","Examples would include food grade applications.","FIG.","7 illustrates shaft seal assembly 25 with the anti-rotation pin 12 removed to improve visualization of the inlets.","These would typically be comprised of, but are not limited to, a series of ports, inlets or passages about the circumference of the shaft seal assembly 25.FIG.","7 also illustrates that the shape and pattern of the labyrinth seal 3 may be varied from one embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 25 to the next.","The shape of throttles 26 may also be varied as shown by the square profile shown at throttle groove 22 in addition to the circular-type 26.Also note that where direct contact with the shaft 1 is not desired, the shaft seal assembly 25 may be used in combination with a separate sleeve 24 that would be attached by varied means to the shaft 1.FIG.","8 shows that another embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 25 wherein the shaft seal assembly 25 has been affixed to a vessel wall 34.The shaft seal assembly 25 may be affixed to vessel wall 34 through securement members (e.g., including but not limited to mounting bolts 33) to ensure improved sealing wherein shaft 1 is subjected to angular misalignment.","The mounting bolts 33 and slots (not numbered) through the shaft seal assembly 25 exterior are one structure and method of mounting the shaft seal assembly 25 to a housing 30.However, any suitable structure and/or method may be used without limitation.","In certain applications, especially those wherein the process side of shaft seal assembly 25 (generally the area to the left of the shaft seal assembly 25 as shown in FIGS.","3-3B and 5-7) is at an increased pressure, it is desirable for the shaft seal assembly 25 to be configured to balance the pressure experienced by the shaft seal assembly 25 in the axial direction.","A pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 that balances the pressure (in the axial direction) that the product applies to the labyrinth seal interior face 42 and floating stator interior face 44 is shown in FIGS.","9-12.In the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly as shown in FIGS.","9-10B, the shaft sealing member (i.e., the labyrinth seal 3 in combination with the floating stator 4) includes a pressure balancing annular channel 46.Save for the pressure balancing annular channel 46, the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 may operate in generally the same manner as the shaft seal assembly 25 shown in FIGS.","1-8 and described in detail above.","That is, the floating stator 4 may be positioned in the fixed stator annular groove 48.The first clearance between floating stator/fixed stator 20, which in the embodiments pictured herein may be between the floating stator radial-exterior surface 45 and the annular groove radial-interior surface 48a (shown in FIGS.","9A and 9B), may account at least for radial perturbations of the shaft 1 with respect to the housing 30.The spherical interface 11 between the floating stator 4 and the labyrinth seal 3 may account at least for angular perturbations of the shaft 1 with respect to the housing 30.The pressure balancing annular channel 46 may be formed in the floating stator 4 adjacent the first radial interface 47a between the floating stator 4 and the fixed stator 2, as shown in FIGS.","9-10 for the first embodiment.","As shown in the various embodiments pictured herein, the first radial interface 47a between the floating stator 4 and the fixed stator 2 may be adjacent the portion of the fixed stator 2 fashioned with the cavity for anti-rotation device 16.That is, the axial face of the floating stator 4 that is positioned within the fixed stator 2 and furthest from the process side of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40.A second radial interface 47b between the floating stator 4 and fixed stator 2, which may be substantially parallel to the first radial interface 47a, may be positioned closer to the process side of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 as compared to the first radial interface 47a.","In many applications the optimal radial dimension of the pressure balancing annular channel 46 may be substantially similar to the radial dimension of the floating stator interior face 44 so that the area of the floating stator 4 acted upon by the product and the area of the floating stator 4 acted upon by the sealing fluid may have relatively equal surface areas.","In such a configuration, the axial forces may generally balance if the product and the sealing fluid are pressurized to approximately the same value.","Accordingly, the optimal radial dimension of the pressure balancing annular channel 46 may depend on the design characteristics of the entire system, and the radial dimension of the pressure balancing annular channel 46 may be any suitable amount for a particular application, whether greater or less than the radial dimension of the floating stator interior face 44.The axial dimension of the pressure balancing annular channel 46 may also vary depending on the design characteristics of the entire system, including but not limited to the specific sealing fluid that is used, the product pressure, and the pressure of the sealing fluid.","In some applications the optimal axial dimension of the pressure balancing annular channel 46 will be 0.005 of an inch, but may be greater in other embodiments and less in still other embodiments.","The pressure balancing annular channel 46 may allow sealing fluid introduced into the first clearance between floating stator/fixed stator 20 (from where the sealing fluid may enter the pressure balancing annular channel 46) to act upon the floating stator 4 in an axial direction.","Typically, the process side of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 (generally the area to the left of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 as shown in FIGS.","9-12) experiences forces from the process fluid acting upon the labyrinth seal interior face 42 and floating stator interior face 44.These forces are most often due to the pressure generated by the rotating equipment to which the shaft 1 is coupled.","For example, if the shaft 1 is coupled to a fluid pump generating seventy pounds per square inch (psi) of head pressure, the process side of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 may be pressurized to approximately 70 psi.","This pressurized fluid may act upon the labyrinth seal interior face 42 and floating stator interior face 44, and consequently urge the labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4 in the axial direction away from the process side of the pressure balancing shaft seal assembly 40 (i.e., generally to the right side of the drawing as depicted in FIGS.","9-12).","By contrast, sealing fluid located in the pressure balancing annular channel 46 may urge the labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4 in the axial direction toward the process side of the pressure balancing shaft seal assembly 40, which may substantially cancel the axial force the product exerts upon the pressure balancing shaft seal assembly 40, depending on the design of the sealing fluid system.","FIGS.","11 and 12 show a second and third embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40, respectively.","The second and third embodiments of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 generally correspond to the second and third embodiments of the shaft seal assembly 25 as shown in FIGS.","7 and 8 and described in detail above.","However, as with the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 as shown in FIGS.","9-10B, the second and third embodiments include a pressure balancing annular channel 46.The various embodiments of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 pictured and described herein may be formed with a fixed stator 2 and floating stator 4 that may be comprised of two distinct portions.","These embodiments may facilitate assembly of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 since in the embodiments pictured herein the majority of the floating stator 4 may be positioned within the fixed stator 2.When installing a pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 according to the first embodiment (as pictured in FIGS.","9-10B), the first portion of fixed stator 2 (i.e., the portion adjacent the process side of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40) may be affixed to a housing 30.Next, the floating stator 4 and labyrinth seal 3 may be positioned as a singular assembled piece (wherein the components forming the spherical interface 11 have been preassembled) between the shaft 1 and the first portion of the fixed stator 2.The placement of the floating stator 4 and labyrinth seal 3 within the fixed stator 3 may forms the second axial interface 47b between the fixed stator 2 and floating stator 4.Finally, the second portion of the fixed stator 2 (i.e., the portion furthest from the process side of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40) may be positioned adjacent to and affixed to the first portion of the fixed stator 2.The positioning of the second portion of the fixed stator 2 subsequently may form the first radial interface 47a between the fixed stator 2 and floating stator 4.Alternatively, the floating stator 4 and labyrinth seal 3 may be separately positioned within the fixed stator annular groove 48.For example, after the first portion of the fixed stator 2 has been affixed to the housing 30, the first portion of the floating stator 4 may be positioned within the fixed stator annular groove 48.The placement of the first portion of the floating stator 4 within the fixed stator annular groove 48 may form the second axial interface 47b between the fixed stator 2 and floating stator 4.Next, the labyrinth seal 3 may be positioned adjacent the shaft 3, the placement of which may form a portion of the spherical interface 11 between the floating stator 4 and labyrinth seal 3.Next, the second portion of the floating stator 4 may be positioned adjacent the first portion of the floating stator 4 and affixed thereto with a plurality of anti-rotation pins 8, which may complete the spherical interface 11 between the floating stator 4 and labyrinth seal 3.Finally, the second portion of the fixed stator 2 may be affixed to the first portion of the fixed stator 2 with a plurality of bolts, rivets, or other fasteners without limitation, the placement of which may form the first axial interface 47a between the floating stator 4 and fixed stator 2.Any suitable securing members known to those skilled in the art may be used to affix the first and second portions of the floating stator 4 to one another or to affix the first and second portions of the fixed stator 2 to one another in any embodiments of a shaft seal assembly 25 or pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 without limitation.","Element Listing (FIGS.","13-15A) Description Element No.","Shaft 10 Bearing isolator 18 Housing 19 Rotor 20 Stator 30, 31a Fixed stator 31 Passage 40, 40a Spherical surface 50, 51 Clearance 52 Frictional seal 60 Flange unit 61a Center point 80 Conduit 99 Fluid 100 Pin 101 Annular recess 102 FIG.","13 shows another embodiment of a bearing isolator 18 (or shaft seal assembly) mounted adjacent a shaft 10.The shaft 10 may extend through the bearing isolator 18 and/or the housing 19.A source of gas or fluid, 100 which may include but is not limited water, gas, vapor and/or lubricant, may also be in communication with the bearing isolator 18 via conduit 99.The rotor 20 may be affixed to the shaft 10 by means by a frictional seal 60, which may be configured as one or more o-rings.","The rotor 20 may be configured to follow the rotational movement of the shaft 10 because of the frictional engagement of the seals 60.The passages 40 and 40a may be configured as shown but will not be described in detail here because such description is already understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.","A pair of corresponding spherical surfaces 50 and 51 may be used to create a self-aligning radial clearance 52 between the rotor 20 and the stator 30 prior to, during, and after use.","This clearance 52 may be maintained at a constant value even as the shaft 10 becomes misaligned during use.","Various amounts and direction of misalignment between the centerline of the shaft 10 and the housing 19 are illustrated in FIGS.","15-17.An annular recess 102 between the stator 30 and fixed stator 31 may allow the bearing isolator 18 to accommodate a predetermined amount of radial shaft displacement.","In the embodiments shown herein, the spherical surfaces 50, 51 may have a center point identical from the axial faces of both the rotor and stator 20, 30, respectively.","However, the spherical surfaces 50, 51 may be radially, and/or as shown, vertically spaced apart.","These spherical surfaces 50, 51 may move radially in response to and/or in connection with and/or in concert with the radially positioning of other components of the bearing isolator 18.Typically, if the shaft 10 becomes misaligned with respect to the housing 19, the rotor 20 may consequently become misaligned with respect thereto, and then the spherical surfaces 50, 51 and/or the stator 30, moving radially within the annular recess of the fixed stator 31, may compensate for the misalignment.","FIGS.","15 and 15A illustrate that in one embodiment of the bearing isolator 18, the rotor 20 may move with respect to the stator 30, 31 as shaft 10 is misaligned with respect to housing 19 through the interaction between spherical surfaces 50, 51.Such relative movement to help to ensure the distances between the center points of the rotor 20 and stator 30 and a fixed point on the housing 19 are constant or relatively constant during use.","In the embodiment of the bearing isolator 18 shown in FIGS.","14 and 14A, the spherical surfaces 50, 51 may be positioned on a fixed stator 31 and stator 31a, respectively, rather than on the rotor 20 and stator 30.Still referring to FIGS.","14 and 14A, this design may allow the rotor 20 and stator 31a to move with respect to the fixed stator 31, flange unit 61a, and/or housing 19.The rotor 20, stator 31a, and fixed stator 31 may move radially with respect to the flange unit 61a (and consequently with respect to the housing 19) as best shown in FIG.","14A.","In this embodiment of the bearing isolator 18 there may be a very minimal amount of relative rotation between the spherical surfaces 50, 51.The embodiment of the bearing isolator 18 shown in FIGS.","14 and 14A may provide for controlled radial movement of the fixed stator 31, stator 31a, and/or rotor 20 with respect to flange unit 61a, which flange unit 61a may be engaged with a housing 19.Rotational movement of the fixed stator 30 with respect to the flange unit 61a may be prevented by anti-rotational pins 101.The fixed stator 31 may be frictionally secured to the flange unit 61a using a frictional seal 61, which may be made of any material with sufficient elasticity and frictional characteristics to hold the fixed stator 31 in a fixed radial position with respect to the flange unit 61a but still be responsive to the radial forces when the shaft 10 is misaligned.","Changes to the radial position of the fixed stator 31, stator 31a, and/or rotor 20 and the resulting positions thereof (as well as the resulting position of the interface between the fixed stator 31 and stator 31a) may occur until the radial force is fully accommodated or until the maximum radial displacement of the bearing isolator 18 is reached.","Referring now to FIGS.","15 and 15A, in operation the rotor 20 may be moved radially as the shaft 10 becomes misaligned with respect to the housing 19.Radial movement of the spherical surfaces 50, 51 between the stator 31a and fixed stator 31 may result from this pressure.","FIG.","15 shows potential resultant radial movement of center point 80 as the shaft 10 is misaligned.","During normal operation, the shaft 10 is typically horizontal with respect to the orientation shown in FIG.","15, as represented by line A.","As the shaft 10 becomes misaligned in a manner represented by line B, the center point 80 may move to a point along line A″.","As the shaft 10 becomes misaligned in a manner represented by line B′, the center point 80 may move to a point along line A′.","However, in other shaft 10 misalignments, the radial positions of the rotor 20, stator 30, and/or fixed stator 31 may be constant and the spherical surfaces 50, 51 may compensate for the shaft 10 misalignment.","From the preceding description it will be apparent that the bearing isolator 18 may provide a constant seal around the shaft 10 because the distance between the spherical surfaces 50, 51 may be maintained as a constant regardless of shaft 10 misalignment of a normal or design nature.","The physical dimensions of the spherical surfaces 50 and 51 may vary in linear value and in distance from the center point 80, depending on the specific application of the bearing isolator 18.These variations will be utilized to accommodate different sizes of shafts and seals and different amounts of misalignment, and therefore in no way limit the scope of the bearing isolator 18 as disclosed herein.","Additionally, and suitable structure and/or method for engaging various elements with one another either rotationally, fixedly, or with various degrees of freedom of motion therebetween may be used with the shaft seal assembly 18 without limitation, including but not limited to screws, bolts, pins, chemical adhesives, interference fits, and/or combinations thereof.","Element Listing (FIGS.","16-17) Description Element No.","Shaft seal assembly 10 Shaft 12 Fastener 14 Fixed stator 20 Fixed stator seal groove 20a Main body 21 Face plate 22 Face plate pin recess 22a Face plate seal groove 22b Inlet 24 Annular recess 26 Seal 28 Floating stator 30 Floating stator seal groove 30a Radial exterior surface 32 First pin recess 33 Pin 34 Second pin recess 35 Second pin recess enlarged portion 35a Floating stator annular groove 37 Concave surface 38 Sealing member 40 Recess 42 Radial bore 44 Radial bore inlet 44a Radial bore outlet 44b Radial interior surface 46 Convex surface 48 Another embodiment of a shaft seal assembly 10 is shown in FIGS.","16A & 16B.","This embodiment is similar to the embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 25 described above and shown in FIGS.","1-12.The shaft seal assembly 10 may include a fixed stator 20, floating stator 30, and a sealing member 40, as shown.","In the pictured embodiment, the sealing member 40 may be positioned adjacent a shaft 12 that is rotatable with respect to the shaft seal assembly 10 and/or housing.","Accordingly, a rotational interface may exist between a radial interior surface 46 of the sealing member 40 positioned adjacent the shaft 12 and an exterior portion of the shaft 12.In other embodiments of the shaft seal assembly 10 not pictured herein, the sealing member 40 may be engaged with the shaft 12 such that it rotates therewith (e.g., the shaft seal assembly 10 may be configured with a rotor).","In such an embodiment, a rotational interface may exist between a concave surface 38 of the floating stator 30 and a convex surface 48 of the sealing member 40.Accordingly, the scope of the shaft seal assembly 10 as disclosed herein extends to shaft seal assemblies 10 in which the sealing member 40 does or does not rotate with a shaft 12.The embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 10 shown in FIGS.","16A & 16B may include a fixed stator 20 that may be securely mounted to a housing (not shown in FIGS.","16A & 16B) by any suitable methods and/or structure.","The fixed stator 20 may include a main body 21 and a face plate 22 that may be engaged with one another via one or more fasteners 14.It is contemplated that a fixed stator 20 formed with a main body 21 and face plate 22 may facilitate ease of installation of the shaft seal assembly 10 in certain applications.","In such applications, the main body 21 may be affixed to the housing, the sealing member 40 and floating stator 30 may be positioned appropriately, and then the face plate 22 may be secured to the main body 21.However, the scope of the present disclosure is in no way limited by the specific mounting and/or installation method of the shaft seal assembly 10.The fixed stator 20 may be formed with an annular recess 26 into which a portion of the floating stator 30 and/or sealing member 40 may be positioned.","A predetermined clearance between the radial exterior surface 32 of the floating stator 30 (as well as the axial exterior surfaces thereof) and the interior surfaces of the annular recess 26 may be selected to allow for a predetermined amount of relative radial and/or axial movement between the fixed stator 20 and floating stator 30.At least one pin 34 (which may be radially oriented as in the embodiment shown in FIGS.","16A & 16B) may be engaged with the floating stator 30 at a second pin recess 35, and a portion of the pin 34 may extend into a recess 42 formed in the sealing member 40.Additionally, other pins (not shown, but which may be axially oriented) also may be engaged with the floating stator about a first pin recess 33, and a portion of that pin may extend into a face plate pin recess 22a.","In the illustrative embodiment shown in FIGS.","16A & 16B, the pins 35 may mitigate relative rotation between the floating stator 30 and the sealing member 40.Axially oriented pins (not shown) may mitigate relative rotation between the floating stator 30 and the fixed stator 20.The axial interfaces between the floating stator 30 and fixed stator 20 may be sealed with seals 28, which seals 28 may be positioned in fixed stator seal grooves 20a and/or face plate seal grooves 22b.","The seals 28 may be configured as o-rings, but may be differently configured in other embodiments of the shaft seal assembly 10 without limitation.","The floating stator 30 may also be formed with a concave surface 38 in a radial interior portion thereof.","This concave surface 38 may form a semi-spherical interface with a corresponding convex surface 48 formed in the radial exterior portion of the sealing member 40.Accordingly, the shaft seal assembly 10 shown in FIGS.","16A & 16B may accommodate shaft 12 misalignment, shaft 12 radial movement, and shaft 12 axial movement with respect to the shaft seal assembly 10 and/or equipment housing in an identical and/or similar manner to that previously described for the shaft seal assemblies 25 shown in FIGS.","1-12.The illustrative embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 10 also may include various fluid conduits for applying a sealing fluid to the shaft seal assembly 10.The fixed stator 20 may be formed with one or more inlets 24 for introduction of a sealing fluid to the shaft seal assembly 10.The inlet 24 may be in fluid communication with the annular recess 26 formed in the fixed stator 20, which annular recess 26 may be in fluid communication with one or more radial passages (not shown) formed in the floating stator 30 and extending from the radial exterior surface 32 thereof to the concave surface 38 thereof.","Alternatively, or in addition to the one or more radial passages, the second pin recess 35 formed in the floating stator 30 may be configured to allow a specific amount of sealing fluid to traverse the length of the second pin recess 35 in a radially inward direction.","The radially interior terminus of the second pin recess 35 may be formed with a second pin recess enlarged portion 35a.","Alternatively, the floating stator 30 may be formed with a floating stator annular groove 37 on the concave surface 38 thereof.","These radial passages, second pin recess 35, second pin recess enlarged portion 35a, and/or floating stator annular groove 37 may serve as a conduit for sealing fluid from the annular recess 26 of the fixed stator 20 to the convex surface 48 of the sealing member 40.Accordingly, the scope of the shaft seal assembly 10 is not limited by the specific combinations of fluid conduits disclosed herein, but extends to all configurations of fluid conduits that may supply a sealing fluid to the sealing member 40.The fixed stator 20 and/or seals 28 between the fixed stator 20 and floating stator 30 may be configured so that the majority of sealing fluid introduced to the inlet 24 passes through the floating stator 30 (by any fluid conduit configuration, as explained above) in a radially inward direction.","The semi-spherical interface between the floating stator 30 concave surface 38 and the sealing member 40 convex surface 48 may be sealed with seals 28, which seals 28 may be positioned in floating stator seal grooves 30a and/or sealing member seal grooves (not shown).","The seals 28 may be configured as o-rings, but any suitable structure and/or method may be used without limitation.","The floating stator 30, sealing member 40, and/or seals 28 therebetween may be configured so that the majority of sealing fluid exiting the floating stator 30 passes through the sealing member 40 through a plurality of radial bores 44 in a direction from the convex surface 48 of the sealing member 40 to the radial interior surface 46 thereof (i.e., in a generally radially inward direction, such that the sealing fluid exits the shaft seal assembly 10 adjacent the shaft 12).","The fixed stator 20, floating stator 30, and/or sealing member 40 may be configured such that the fluid conduits formed therein allow the majority of sealing fluid to exit the shaft seal assembly 10 from an area between the sealing member 40 and shaft 12 at a predetermined rate for a given set of operation parameters (e.g., sealing fluid viscosity, pressure, and/or volumetric flow rate, rpm of shaft 12, etc.).","The illustrative embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 10 may be formed with thirty two (32) radial bores 44 in the sealing member 40 in corresponding pairs equally spaced about the circumference of the sealing member, which is best shown in FIGS.","17A & 17B.","Each radial bore 44 may be formed with a radial bore inlet 44a adjacent the convex surface 48 and a radial bore outlet 44b adjacent the radial interior surface 46.However, in other embodiments of the sealing member 40 not shown herein, the sealing member 40 may be configured with differently configured radial bores 44, different numbers of radial bores 44, and/or different relative positions of radial bores 44 without limitation.","It is contemplated that the configuration of radial bores 44 shown in the embodiment of a sealing member 40 pictured in FIGS.","17A and 17B may be more efficient than other configurations in that a lower volumetric flow rate of sealing fluid may be required for a given set of operational parameters when compared to the prior art.","Additionally, the smooth, generally cylindrical configuration of the radial interior surface 46 may create a pressurized fluid barrier between the shaft 12 and the sealing member 40 at the interface thereof (e.g., a “lift-off” seal).","This may lead to a nearly frictionless shaft seal assembly 10 with no and/or minimal contact between the shaft 12 and the sealing member 40 during operation.","However, in other embodiments, different numbers, spacing, and/or configurations of the fluid conduits in the fixed stator 20, floating stator 30, and/or sealing member 40 may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the shaft seal assembly 10 as disclosed and claimed herein.","In light of the present disclosure, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the configuration of fluid conduits disclosed herein may be adapted to create a pressurized fluid barrier between any interface at which two elements are rotating with respect to one another, such as the articulated seal disclosed in U.S. Pat.","No.","7,090,403.U.S.","Pat.","No.","7,090,403 is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, and discloses embodiments of a shaft seal assembly having a spherical rotational interface between a rotor and a floating stator (such as those shown in FIGS.","13, 15, and 15A) and embodiments of a shaft seal assembly having a generally non-rotating spherical interface between two portions of a stator (such as those shown in FIGS.","14 and 14A).","Accordingly, the scope of the shaft seal assembly 10 as disclosed herein is not limited by the location and/or type of rotational interface the shaft seal assembly 10 is configured to accommodate.","For example, in an embodiment not pictured herein, the stator 30 of an embodiment similar to that shown in FIGS.","13, 15, and 15A may be configured with one or more generally narrow diameter radial bores (which may be generally similar to those shown in the embodiment in FIGS.","17A and 17B).","Those radial bores may be configured so as to provide fluid from an external source (which may be in fluid communication with passage 40) to the interface between spherical surfaces on the stator portions 31, 31a (which may be configured as a concave surface on stator 31 and a convex surface on stator 31a).","Alternatively, the stator 31 may be configured with radial bores that serve to provide fluid from an external source (which may be in fluid communication with passage 40) to the interface between stator 31a and rotor 20, which may be a rotational interface having a labyrinth seal pattern and/or one or more seals (which may be configured as o-rings) therein.","The specific configuration and/or physical dimensions of the various features of the fixed stator 20, floating stator 30, and/or sealing member 40 (e.g., the radial dimension of the annular recess 26, the surface area of the concave surface 38 and/or convex surface 48, the diameter, length, and orientation of the radial bores 44, etc.)","may vary depending on the specific application of the shaft seal assembly 10.These variations may be utilized to accommodate different sizes of shafts 12 and/or shaft seal assemblies 10 and different amounts and/or types of relative movement between a shaft 12 and shaft seal assembly 10.The materials used to construct the shaft seal assemblies 10, 25 and various elements thereof will vary depending on the specific application, but it is contemplated that bronze, brass, stainless steel, or other non-sparking metals and/or metallic alloys and/or combinations thereof will be especially useful for some applications.","Accordingly, the above-referenced elements may be constructed of any material known to those skilled in the art or later developed, which material is appropriate for the specific application of the shaft seal assembly 10, 25, without departing from the spirit and scope of the shaft seal assemblies 10, 25 as disclosed and claimed herein.","Having described the preferred embodiments, other features of the shaft seal assemblies 10, 25 will undoubtedly occur to those of ordinary skill in the art, as will numerous modifications and alterations in the embodiments as illustrated herein, all of which may be achieved without departing from the spirit and scope of the shaft seal assemblies 10, 25 disclosed herein.","Accordingly, the methods and embodiments pictured and described herein are for illustrative purposes only.","It should be noted that the shaft seal assemblies 10, 25 are not limited to the specific embodiments pictured and described herein, but are intended to apply to all similar apparatuses and methods for accommodating shaft(s) misalignment with respect to a housing and/or shaft seal assembly 10, 25, whether the misalignment is angular, radial, and/or axial; and for configuring a shaft seal assembly 10 to create a pressurized fluid barrier between a rotating element and a non-rotating element.","Modifications and alterations from the described embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art without departure from the spirit and scope of the shaft seal assemblies 10, 25."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"Shaft seal assembly\",\n \"An illustrative embodiment of a shaft seal assembly generally includes a fixed stator, a floating stator, and a sealing member.\",\n \"In the illustrative embodiment the fixed stator may be formed with one or more fluid conduits that are in fluid communication with one or fluid conduits formed in the floating stator.\",\n \"The fluid conduits in the floating stator may be in fluid communication with one or more fluid conduits formed in a sealing member.\",\n \"A rotational interface may exist between the sealing member and a shaft, and the various fluid conduits may be configured to create a fluid barrier at that interface.\",\n \"Other embodiments of a shaft seal assembly may create a fluid barrier at a rotational interface between a rotor and a floating stator.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A method of creating a pressurized fluid barrier between a shaft and a sealing member at an interface therebetween, said method comprising the steps of: a. engaging a fixed stator with a housing, wherein said shaft protrudes from and is rotatable with respect to said housing, and wherein said fixed stator comprises: i. an annular recess along a portion of a radial-interior surface of said fixed stator, wherein said annular recess includes first and second radially oriented surfaces and a circumferential axially oriented surface; ii.\",\n \"an inlet extending from a radial-exterior surface of said fixed stator to said annular recess in a generally radial direction, wherein said fixed stator is engaged with a housing at an aperture of said housing, wherein a shaft rotatable with respect to said housing extends outward from said aperture; b. positioning said shaft sealing member in said annular recess, wherein a predetermined clearance in a radial dimension between a radial-exterior surface said shaft sealing member and said radial-interior surface of said annular recess in said fixed stator is equal to an amount of allowed relative movement between said shaft sealing member and said fixed stator in said radial dimension, and wherein said shaft sealing member comprises: i. a floating stator having a radial-interior surface that is substantially concave in shape, wherein a pin recess is formed in said floating stator and extends from said radial-exterior surface of said shaft sealing member to said radial-interior surface of said floating stator; ii.\",\n \"a sealing member, wherein said sealing member includes a radial-exterior surface with a substantially convex shape that corresponds to the radial-interior surface of said floating stator so as to create a spherical interface therebetween, wherein said sealing member is positioned adjacent said shaft extending from said housing; and, iii.\",\n \"a plurality of radial bores extending from said radial-exterior surface of said sealing member to said radial-interior surface thereof; and, c. providing a pressurized sealing fluid to said inlet formed in said fixed stator, wherein said pressurized sealing fluid travels through said inlet to said pin recess formed in said floating stator, through said pin recess to said sealing member, and through said plurality of radial bores formed in said sealing member to form a pressurized fluid barrier between said radial-interior surface of said sealing member and said shaft.\",\n \"2.The method according to claim 1 wherein said plurality of radial bores is further defined as 16 radial bores evenly spaced about the periphery of said sealing member.\",\n \"3.The method according to claim 1 wherein said plurality of radial bores is further defined as being arranged in corresponding pairs, and wherein said plurality of radial bores are evenly spaced about the periphery of said sealing member.\",\n \"4.The method according to claim 1 wherein said plurality of radial bores is further defined as being unevenly spaced about the periphery of said sealing member.\",\n \"5.The method according to claim 1 wherein said fixed stator further comprises an inlet, and wherein said pressurized sealing fluid is provided to said inlet.\",\n \"6.The method according to claim 5 wherein said floating stator further comprises a fluid conduit, wherein said fluid conduit is in fluid communication with both said inlet and said spherical interface.\",\n \"7.The method according to claim 6 wherein said fluid conduit in said floating stator is further defined as being a second pin recess.\",\n \"8.The shaft seal assembly according to claim 7 wherein said pin recess further comprises a pin recess enlarged portion on a radially inward portion thereof adjacent said sealing member.\",\n \"9.The method according to claim 1 wherein said sealing member further comprises a recess formed in said radial-exterior surface thereof, wherein said recess does not extend to said radial-interior surface of said sealing member.\",\n \"10.The method according to claim 9 further comprising a pin, wherein a first portion of said pin is positioned in said pin recess and a second portion of said pin is positioned in said recess.\",\n \"11.The shaft seal assembly according to claim 1, wherein said annular recess is defined by a first and a second radially oriented surface and a circumferential axially oriented surface.\",\n \"12.The shaft seal assembly according to claim 11 wherein said fixed stator is further defined as comprising a main body and a face plate, wherein said face plate is selectively engageable with said main body, and wherein an interior surface of said face plate forms said first radially oriented surface of said annular recess.\",\n \"13.The shaft seal assembly according to claim 12 wherein said face plate is further defined as having a face plate pin recess formed in said interior surface thereof.\",\n \"14.The shaft seal assembly according to claim 13 wherein said face plate is further defined as having a face plate seal groove formed in said interior surface thereof, wherein a seal is positioned in said face plate seal groove.\",\n \"15.The shaft seal assembly according to claim 14 wherein said floating stator is further defined as having a floating stator seal groove formed in said radial-interior surface thereof, wherein a seal is positioned in said floating stator seal groove.\"\n ],\n [\n \" FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a shaft seal assembly with multiple embodiments.\",\n \"In certain embodiments, the shaft seal assembly may be used as a product seal between a product vessel and a shaft therein.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In order that the advantages of the invention will be readily understood, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments illustrated in the appended drawings.\",\n \"Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered limited of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1 is a perspective exterior view of the shaft seal assembly.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is an exterior end view of the shaft seal assembly with the shaft element aligned.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 is a sectional view of a first embodiment of the shaft seal assembly, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"2 and mounted to a housing.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3A illustrates the first surface seal-shaft integrity during angular and radial shaft alignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3B illustrates second surface seal-shaft integrity during angular and radial shaft alignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4 is an exterior end view with the shaft misaligned.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5 is a sectional view of the first embodiment as shown in FIG.\",\n \"3 with both angular and radial misalignment of the shaft applied.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5A illustrates first seal-shaft integrity allowed by articulation during angular and radial shaft misalignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5B illustrates second seal-shaft integrity allowed by articulation during angular and radial shaft misalignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of the shaft seal assembly as shown in FIG.\",\n \"2 .\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7 is a sectional view of a third embodiment as shown in FIG.\",\n \"2 .\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8 is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment as mounted to a vessel wall.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 is a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly mounted to a housing wherein the shaft is in alignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9A is a detailed view of the portion of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the vent wherein the shaft is in alignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9B is a detailed view of the portion of first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the fluid return pathway wherein the shaft is in alignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10 is a cross-sectional view of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly shown during shaft misalignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10A is a detailed view of the portion of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the vent wherein the shaft is misaligned.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10B is a detailed view of the portion of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the fluid return pathway wherein the shaft is misaligned.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11 is a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly wherein the shaft is in alignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"12 is a cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly wherein the shaft is in alignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"13 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a bearing isolator (or shaft seal assembly) configured with a rotor.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of yet another embodiment of a bearing isolator (or shaft seal assembly) configured with a rotor.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14A is a cross-sectional view of the portion of the embodiment of a bearing isolator shown in FIG.\",\n \"14 with the shaft misaligned and/or radially displaced.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"15 is a partial cross-sectional view of the embodiment of a bearing isolator shown in FIG.\",\n \"13 wherein the shaft is misaligned and/or radially displaced.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"15A is a detailed view of a portion of the embodiment bearing isolator shown in FIG.\",\n \"15 .\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"16A is an exterior face view of an illustrative embodiment of a multi-hole shaft seal assembly, wherein certain hidden surfaces are shown with broken lines.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"16B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of a multi-hole shaft seal assembly shown in FIG.\",\n \"16A along line A-A.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"17A is an exterior face view of one embodiment of a sealing member that may be used with various embodiments of a multi-hole shaft seal assembly.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"17B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of a sealing member shown in FIG.\",\n \"17A along line K-K. detailed-description description=\\\"Detailed Description\\\" end=\\\"lead\\\"?\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS Applicant Inpro/Seal LLC, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the state of Delaware and the United States of America, states that this application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"15/026,205 filed on Mar.\",\n \"30, 2016, which application was filed as an entry into the National Phase in the United States, claimed the filing benefit of, and was based on PCT Patent Application assigned serial number PCT/US2014/058325, filed on Sep. 30, 2014, which claimed priority from provisional U.S. Pat.\",\n \"App.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"61/884,880 filed on Sep. 30, 2013, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.\",\n \"FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a shaft seal assembly with multiple embodiments.\",\n \"In certain embodiments, the shaft seal assembly may be used as a product seal between a product vessel and a shaft therein.\",\n \"STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT No federal funds were used to create or develop the invention herein.\",\n \"REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISK APPENDIX N/A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In order that the advantages of the invention will be readily understood, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments illustrated in the appended drawings.\",\n \"Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered limited of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1 is a perspective exterior view of the shaft seal assembly.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is an exterior end view of the shaft seal assembly with the shaft element aligned.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3 is a sectional view of a first embodiment of the shaft seal assembly, as shown in FIG.\",\n \"2 and mounted to a housing.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3A illustrates the first surface seal-shaft integrity during angular and radial shaft alignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3B illustrates second surface seal-shaft integrity during angular and radial shaft alignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4 is an exterior end view with the shaft misaligned.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5 is a sectional view of the first embodiment as shown in FIG.\",\n \"3 with both angular and radial misalignment of the shaft applied.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5A illustrates first seal-shaft integrity allowed by articulation during angular and radial shaft misalignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5B illustrates second seal-shaft integrity allowed by articulation during angular and radial shaft misalignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of the shaft seal assembly as shown in FIG.\",\n \"2.FIG.\",\n \"7 is a sectional view of a third embodiment as shown in FIG.\",\n \"2.FIG.\",\n \"8 is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment as mounted to a vessel wall.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 is a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly mounted to a housing wherein the shaft is in alignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9A is a detailed view of the portion of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the vent wherein the shaft is in alignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9B is a detailed view of the portion of first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the fluid return pathway wherein the shaft is in alignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10 is a cross-sectional view of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly shown during shaft misalignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10A is a detailed view of the portion of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the vent wherein the shaft is misaligned.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"10B is a detailed view of the portion of the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly adjacent the fluid return pathway wherein the shaft is misaligned.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"11 is a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly wherein the shaft is in alignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"12 is a cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly wherein the shaft is in alignment.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"13 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a bearing isolator (or shaft seal assembly) configured with a rotor.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of yet another embodiment of a bearing isolator (or shaft seal assembly) configured with a rotor.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"14A is a cross-sectional view of the portion of the embodiment of a bearing isolator shown in FIG.\",\n \"14 with the shaft misaligned and/or radially displaced.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"15 is a partial cross-sectional view of the embodiment of a bearing isolator shown in FIG.\",\n \"13 wherein the shaft is misaligned and/or radially displaced.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"15A is a detailed view of a portion of the embodiment bearing isolator shown in FIG.\",\n \"15.FIG.\",\n \"16A is an exterior face view of an illustrative embodiment of a multi-hole shaft seal assembly, wherein certain hidden surfaces are shown with broken lines.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"16B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of a multi-hole shaft seal assembly shown in FIG.\",\n \"16A along line A-A.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"17A is an exterior face view of one embodiment of a sealing member that may be used with various embodiments of a multi-hole shaft seal assembly.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"17B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of a sealing member shown in FIG.\",\n \"17A along line K-K.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION Element Listing (FIGS.\",\n \"1-12) Description Element No.\",\n \"Shaft 1 Fixed stator 2 Fixed stator (part-line) 2a Labyrinth seal 3 Radiused face 3a Floating stator 4 Fluid return pathway 5 Shaft seal clearance 6 First o-ring 7 Anti-rotation pin 8 Vent 9 Anti-rotation groove (floating stator) 10 Spherical interface 11 Anti-rotation pin 12 Second o-ring 13 Labyrinth seal pattern grooves 14 First o-ring channel 15 Cavity for anti-rotation device (fixed stator) 16 Axial face of labyrinth seal 17 Axial face of floating stator 18 Second o-ring channel 19 First clearance between floating stator/fixed stator 20 Second clearance between floating stator/fixed stator 21 Throttle groove 22 Labyrinth pattern annular groove 23 Sleeve 24 Shaft seal assembly 25 Throttle (alignment skate) 26 Floating stator annular groove 27 Labyrinth seal passage 28 Floating stator passage 29 Housing 30 Angle of misalignment 31 Bearings and bearing cavity 32 Mounting bolts 33 Vessel wall 34 Pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 Labyrinth seal interior face 42 Floating stator interior face 44 Pressure balancing annular channel 46 First radial interface 47a Second radial interface 47b Fixed stator annular groove 48 Annular groove radial-interior surface 48a Detailed Description Before the various embodiments of the present invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangements of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings.\",\n \"The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways.\",\n \"Also, it is to be understood that phraseology and terminology used herein with reference to device or element orientation (such as, for example, terms like “front”, “back”, “up”, “down”, “top”, “bottom”, and the like) are only used to simplify description of the present invention, and do not alone indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation.\",\n \"In addition, terms such as “first”, “second”, and “third” are used herein and in the appended claims for purposes of description and are not intended to indicate or imply relative importance or significance.\",\n \"Furthermore, any dimensions recited or called out herein are for exemplary purposes only and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way unless so recited in the claims.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"1-5 provide various views of a first illustrative embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 25 that allows for sealing various lubricating solutions within bearing housing 30 and/or preventing ingress of contaminants to the housing 30, which may be configured as a bearing housing.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"6 and 7 provide alternative illustrative embodiments of the shaft seal assembly 25 wherein sealing fluids are used.\",\n \"Applicant herein defines sealing fluids to include at least both liquids and vapors.\",\n \"Applicant considers air, nitrogen, water and steam as well as any other fluid that may work with the proposed shaft seal assembly to provide a pressurized fluid barrier for any and all embodiments disclosed herein to be within the purview of the present disclosure.\",\n \"The gas or fluid chosen may be based at least upon process suitability with the product to be sealed.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"1 is a perspective exterior view of the first illustrative embodiment of a shaft seal assembly 25 arranged and engaged with a shaft 1 inserted through the fixed stator 2 of shaft seal assembly 25.FIG.\",\n \"2 is an exterior end view of the shaft seal assembly with shaft 1 aligned within the shaft seal assembly 25.FIG.\",\n \"3 is a sectional view of a first embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 25 shown in FIG.\",\n \"2 illustrating that the shaft seal assembly 25 may be configured as a labyrinth seal for retaining lubrication solution within the bearing cavity 32 of housing 30 and/or preventing ingress of contaminants into the housing 30.The shaft 1 shown in FIG.\",\n \"3 may experience radial, angular or axial movement relative to the fixed stator 2 or a portion thereof at various times.\",\n \"The fixed stator 2 of the shaft seal assembly 25 may be engaged with a housing 30 via any suitable method and/or structure, including but not limited to flange-mounted or press-fit.\",\n \"The shaft seal assembly 25 may also be used in applications with a rotating housing and stationary shaft.\",\n \"(Not shown) As required by the particular application of the shaft 1 and/or shaft seal assembly 25, the shaft 1 may be allowed to move freely in the axial direction in relation to the shaft seal assembly 25.A labyrinth seal 3 having an interior surface may be positioned adjacent shaft 1.A defined clearance 6 may exist between the interior surface of said labyrinth seal 3 and the shaft 1.A radiused surface 3a may be configured such that it is opposite the interior surface of the labyrinth seal 3.The radiused surface 3a of the labyrinth seal 3 and the interior of the floating stator 4 may be configured to form a spherical interface 11.O-ring channels 15 and o-rings 7 may be disposed to cooperate with the radiused surface 3a of the labyrinth seal 3 to seal (or trap) fluid migration through, between and along engaged labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4 while maintaining a spherical interface 11, which spherical interface 11 may allow limited relative rotational movement (articulation) between labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4.O-ring channels 15, as shown, may be machined into the floating stator 4 and may be positioned at the spherical interface 11 with labyrinth seal 3.O-ring channels 15 may be configured such that they are annular and continuous in relation to labyrinth seal 3.The o-ring channel 15 and o-ring 7 may also be placed in the labyrinth seal 3 adjacent the spherical interface 11.In certain embodiments, o-rings 7 may be constructed of materials that are compatible with both the product to be sealed and the preferred sealing fluid.\",\n \"O-ring channels 15 and o-rings 7 are but one possible combination of structures that may be used to seal various potions within the shaft seal assembly 25.Any other structures and/or method suitable for the particular embodiment of a shaft seal assembly 25 may be used without limitation.\",\n \"Strategically placed anti-rotation pin(s) 12 may be inserted into anti-rotation grooves 10 and may serve to limit relative rotational movement between labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4.A plurality of anti-rotation grooves 10 and pins 12 may be placed around the radius of the shaft 1.If the shaft seal assembly 25 is used in combination with a sealing fluid, strategic anti-rotation pins 12 may be removed allowing corresponding anti-rotation grooves 10 to serve as a fluid passage through vent 9 and lubricant return 5, one illustrative embodiment of which is shown in FIG.\",\n \"7.Additionally, the relationship of the diameters of anti-rotation pins 12 and anti-rotation grooves 10 may be selected to allow more or less angular misalignment of the shaft 1, respectively.\",\n \"For example, a relatively small-diameter anti-rotation pin 12 used with a large-diameter anti-rotation groove 10 would allow for greater relative movement of the labyrinth seal 3 in relation to the floating stator 4 in response to angular misalignment of shaft 1.A labyrinth seal 3 is one possible embodiment of a sealing structure that may be used adjacent to the shaft 1 within the shaft seal assembly 25.However, other structures and/or methods may be used to achieve similar functionality without limitation.\",\n \"An annular channel may be formed within fixed stator 2 and may be defined by clearance 20 and 21 as allowed between the exterior of said floating stator 4 and the interior of the fixed stator 2 of shaft seal assembly 25.The annular channel of fixed stator 2 is highlighted as A-A′ in FIG.\",\n \"2.The annular channel of the fixed stator 2 may be formed with interior surfaces that are configured such that they are substantially perpendicular to said shaft 1.The exterior surfaces of the floating stator 4, which may be substantially encompassed within the annular channel of the fixed stator 2, may cooperatively engage with the first and second interior perpendicular faces of the fixed stator 2.An inner interface may be formed by the first (shaft seal assembly 25 inboard side) perpendicular annular channel surface of the fixed stator 2 engaging with the first (inboard side) perpendicular face of the floating stator 4.An outer interface may be formed by the second (shaft seal assembly 25 outboard side) perpendicular annular interior channel surface of the fixed stator 2 engaging with the second (outboard side) perpendicular face of the floating stator 4.O-ring channels 19 and o-rings 13 may be disposed therein and may cooperate with the surfaces of floating stator 4 that are in perpendicular to relation to shaft 1.These o-rings 13 may function to seal (or trap) fluid migration between and along engaged floating stator 4 while allowing limited relative rotational movement between floating stator 4 and fixed stator 2.Floating stator 4 and fixed stator 2 are one possible embodiment of cooperatively engaged portions of a shaft seal assembly 25 that may be configured to allow relative motion between the portions in at least one dimension, and which may be used in combination with labyrinth seal 3 within the shaft seal assembly 25.However, other structures and/or methods may be used to achieve similar functionality without limitation.\",\n \"O-ring channels 19 may be configured such that they are annular and continuous in relation to shaft 1.In an embodiment not shown herein, the o-ring channels 19 and o-rings 13 may be placed in the body of the floating stator 4 rather than the fixed stator 2.It is contemplated that for many applications it may be optimal to place those o-ring channels 19 and corresponding o-rings 13 in similar proximal relation.\",\n \"In certain embodiments, o-rings 7 may be constructed of materials that are compatible with both the product to be sealed and the preferred sealing fluid.\",\n \"O-ring channels 15 and o-rings 7 are but one possible combination of structures that may be used to seal various potions within the shaft seal assembly 25.Any other structures and/or method suitable for the particular embodiment of a shaft seal assembly 25 may be used without limitation.\",\n \"Strategically placed anti-rotation pin(s) 8 may be inserted into anti-rotation groove(s) 16 and may serve to limit both relative radial and rotational movement between floating stator 4 and interior side of fixed stator 2.A plurality of anti-rotation grooves 16 and pins 8 may be placed around the radius of the shaft 1.The relationship of the diameters of anti-rotation pins 8 and anti-rotation grooves 16 may also be selected to allow more or less angular misalignment of the shaft.\",\n \"For example, a small-diameter anti-rotation pin 8 and large-diameter fixed stator anti-rotation groove may allow for greater relative movement of the labyrinth seal 3 in response to angular misalignment of shaft 1.The labyrinth pattern seal grooves 14 may be pressure equalized by venting through one or more vents 9.If so desired, the vents 9 may be supplied with a pressurized sealing fluid such that the sealing fluid over-pressurizes the labyrinth area 14 and shaft seal clearance 6 to increase the efficacy of shaft seal assembly 25.A spherical interface 11 between the labyrinth seal 3 and the floating stator 4 may be configured to allow for angular misalignment between the shaft 1 and fixed stator 2.O-ring channels 19 are annular with the shaft 1 and, as shown, may be machined into the fixed stator 2 and positioned at the interface between the fixed stator 2 and floating stator 4.O-ring channel 19 may also be placed in the floating stator 4 and may be engaged with o-rings 13, which may be configured to provide sealing contact with the fixed stator 2.FIG.\",\n \"3A illustrates seal-shaft integrity during angular and radial shaft 1 alignment.\",\n \"This view highlights the alignment of the axial face 17 of the labyrinth seal 3 and the axial face 18 of the floating stator 4.Particular focus is drawn to the alignment of the axial faces 17, 18 at the spherical interface 11 between the floating stator 4 and labyrinth 3.FIG.\",\n \"3B illustrates the shaft-seal integrity during angular and radial shaft 1 alignment at the surface opposite that shown in FIG.\",\n \"3A.\",\n \"This view highlights the alignment of the axial faces 17, 18 of labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4, respectively, for the opposite portion of the shaft seal assembly 25 as shown in FIG.\",\n \"3A.\",\n \"Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that because the shaft 1 and the illustrative embodiments of a shaft seal assembly 25 are of a circular shape and nature, the surfaces are shown 360 degrees around shaft 1.Again, particular focus is drawn to the alignment of the axial faces 17, 18 at the spherical interface 11 between the labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4.FIGS.\",\n \"3A and 3B also illustrate the first defined clearance 20 between the floating stator 4 and the fixed stator 2 and the second defined clearance 21 between the floating stator 4 and fixed stator 2 and opposite the first defined clearance 20.In FIGS.\",\n \"2, 3, 3A and 3B, the shaft 1 is not experiencing radial, angular or axial movement with respect to a housing 30.Accordingly, in the illustrative embodiments the width of the defined clearances 20 and 21, which may be substantially equal, may indicate little movement or misalignment upon the floating stator 4.FIG.\",\n \"4 is an exterior end view of the shaft seal assembly 25 with the rotatable shaft 1 misaligned therein.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5 is a sectional view of the first embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 25 as shown in FIG.\",\n \"3 with both angular and radial misalignment of the shaft 1 applied.\",\n \"The shaft 1 as shown in FIG.\",\n \"5 is also of the type that may experience radial, angular or axial movement relative to the fixed stator 2 (and/or housing 30) of the shaft seal assembly 25.As shown at FIG.\",\n \"5, the defined radial clearance 6 of labyrinth seal 3 with shaft 1 may be maintained even though the angle of shaft misalignment 31 has changed.\",\n \"The shaft 1 still may be allowed to move freely in the axial direction even though the angle of shaft misalignment 31 has changed.\",\n \"The arrangement of the shaft seal assembly 25 may allow the labyrinth seal 3 to move with the floating stator 4 upon introduction of radial movement of said shaft 1.The labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4 may be secured together by one or more compressed o-rings 7 or any other suitable structure and/or method.\",\n \"Rotation of the labyrinth seal 3 within the floating stator 4 may be prevented by anti-rotation members, which may include but are not limited to screws, anti-rotation pins 8, or similar devices to inhibit rotation.\",\n \"The pins as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"3, 3A, 3B, 5, 6 and 7 are one structure for preventing rotation of the labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4.However, any other suitable structure and/or method may be used to achieve similar results without limitation.\",\n \"Lubricant, sealing fluid, or other media may be collected and drained through a series of one or more optional drains or lubricant return pathways 5.The labyrinth seal 3 may be pressure-equalized by venting through one or more vents 9.If so desired, the vents 9 may be supplied with pressurized air or other gas or fluid media to over-pressurize the labyrinth seal 3 to increase seal efficacy.\",\n \"The combination of close tolerances between the cooperatively engaged mechanical portions of the shaft seal assembly 25 and pressurized sealing fluid may inhibit both product and contaminant contact with the internals of the shaft seal assembly 25.The spherical interface 11 between the labyrinth seal 3 and the floating stator 4 may be configured to allow for angular misalignment between the shaft 1 and fixed stator 2.O-ring channel 19 and o-ring 13, which may be disposed therein, may cooperate with the opposing faces of the floating stator 4, which may be configured such that they are substantially in perpendicular relation to the rotational axis of the shaft 1.In this manner, the o-rings 13 may cooperate with the floating stator 4 to seal (or trap) fluid migration between and along the floating stator 4 while allowing relative radial movement between stator 4 and fixed stator 2.FIG.\",\n \"5A illustrates seal-shaft integrity allowed by the shaft seal assembly 25 during angular and radial shaft 1 misalignment.\",\n \"This view highlights the offset or articulation of the axial faces 17 of the labyrinth seal 3 may have in relation the axial faces 18 of the floating stator 4 for a first portion of the shaft seal assembly 25.Particular focus is drawn to the offset of the axial faces 17, 18 at the spherical interface 11 between labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4.FIG.\",\n \"5B illustrates seal-shaft integrity for a second surface, opposite the first surface shown in FIG.\",\n \"5A, during angular and radial shaft misalignment.\",\n \"This view highlights that during misalignment of shaft 1, axial faces 17, 18, of the labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4, respectively, may not be aligned but instead move (articulate) in relation to each other.\",\n \"The shaft-to-seal clearance 6 may be maintained in response to the shaft 1 misalignment and the overall seal integrity may not be compromised because the seal integrity of the floating stator 4 to fixed stator 2 and the floating stator 4 to labyrinth seal 3 may be maintained during shaft 1 misalignment.\",\n \"Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that because the shaft 1 and shaft seal assembly 25 may be circular in shape and nature, the surfaces are shown 360 degrees around shaft 1.FIGS.\",\n \"5A and 5B also illustrate the first clearance or gap 20 between the floating stator 4 and the fixed stator 2 and the second clearance or gap 21 between the floating stator 4 and fixed stator 2 and opposite the first clearance or gap 20 during relative movement (other than rotational) between the shaft 1 and the housing 30.In FIGS.\",\n \"4, 5, 5A and 5B, the shaft 1 is experiencing radial, angular, or axial movement during rotation of the shaft 1 and the width of the gaps or clearances 20, 21 are shown as having changed in response to that movement as compared to the gaps or clearances 20, 21 depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"3, 3A and 3B.\",\n \"The change in dimensions of clearance 20, 21 indicate the floating stator 4 may move in response to the movement or angular misalignment of shaft 1.The shaft seal assembly 25 may allow articulation between axial faces 17, 18, maintenance of spherical interface 11 and radial movement at first and second clearance, 20, 21, respectively, while maintaining shaft seal clearance 6.FIG.\",\n \"6 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 25 as shown in FIG.\",\n \"2 for over-pressurization with alternative labyrinth seal pattern grooves 14.In this embodiment, the labyrinth seal pattern grooves 14 may be comprised of a friction-reducing substance such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), wherein the friction-reducing substance may be configured such that it forms a close clearance to the shaft 1.PTFE is also sometimes referred to as Teflon®, which is manufactured and marketed by Dupont.\",\n \"PTFE is a plastic with high chemical resistance, low and high temperature capability, resistance to weathering, low friction, electrical and thermal insulation, and high lubricity.\",\n \"Carbon or any other materials without limitation may be substituted for PTFE to provide the necessary sealing qualities and lubricous qualities for labyrinth seal pattern grooves 14.Pressurized sealing fluids may be supplied to over-pressurize the lubricious labyrinth pattern 26 as shown in FIG.\",\n \"6.The pressurized sealing fluids may be introduced to the annular groove 23 of the throttle 26 through one or more inlets.\",\n \"Throttle 26 may also be referred to as “an alignment skate” by those of ordinary skill in the art.\",\n \"Throttle 26 may allow the labyrinth seal 3 to respond to movement of the shaft 1 caused by the misalignment of the shaft 1.The pressurized sealing fluid may pass through the close clearance formed between the shaft 1 and labyrinth seal 3 having throttle 26.The close proximity of the throttle 26 to the shaft 1 also may create resistance to the sealing fluid flow over the shaft 1 and may cause pressure to build up inside the annular groove 23.Floating annular groove 27 in cooperation and connection with annular groove 23 also may provide an outlet for excess sealing fluid to be bled out of shaft seal assembly 25 for pressure equalization or to maintain a continuous fluid purge on the shaft sealing assembly 25 during operation.\",\n \"An advantage afforded by this aspect of the shaft sealing assembly 25 is its application wherein “clean-in place” product-seal decontamination procedures are preferred or required.\",\n \"Examples would include food grade applications.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7 illustrates shaft seal assembly 25 with the anti-rotation pin 12 removed to improve visualization of the inlets.\",\n \"These would typically be comprised of, but are not limited to, a series of ports, inlets or passages about the circumference of the shaft seal assembly 25.FIG.\",\n \"7 also illustrates that the shape and pattern of the labyrinth seal 3 may be varied from one embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 25 to the next.\",\n \"The shape of throttles 26 may also be varied as shown by the square profile shown at throttle groove 22 in addition to the circular-type 26.Also note that where direct contact with the shaft 1 is not desired, the shaft seal assembly 25 may be used in combination with a separate sleeve 24 that would be attached by varied means to the shaft 1.FIG.\",\n \"8 shows that another embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 25 wherein the shaft seal assembly 25 has been affixed to a vessel wall 34.The shaft seal assembly 25 may be affixed to vessel wall 34 through securement members (e.g., including but not limited to mounting bolts 33) to ensure improved sealing wherein shaft 1 is subjected to angular misalignment.\",\n \"The mounting bolts 33 and slots (not numbered) through the shaft seal assembly 25 exterior are one structure and method of mounting the shaft seal assembly 25 to a housing 30.However, any suitable structure and/or method may be used without limitation.\",\n \"In certain applications, especially those wherein the process side of shaft seal assembly 25 (generally the area to the left of the shaft seal assembly 25 as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"3-3B and 5-7) is at an increased pressure, it is desirable for the shaft seal assembly 25 to be configured to balance the pressure experienced by the shaft seal assembly 25 in the axial direction.\",\n \"A pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 that balances the pressure (in the axial direction) that the product applies to the labyrinth seal interior face 42 and floating stator interior face 44 is shown in FIGS.\",\n \"9-12.In the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"9-10B, the shaft sealing member (i.e., the labyrinth seal 3 in combination with the floating stator 4) includes a pressure balancing annular channel 46.Save for the pressure balancing annular channel 46, the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 may operate in generally the same manner as the shaft seal assembly 25 shown in FIGS.\",\n \"1-8 and described in detail above.\",\n \"That is, the floating stator 4 may be positioned in the fixed stator annular groove 48.The first clearance between floating stator/fixed stator 20, which in the embodiments pictured herein may be between the floating stator radial-exterior surface 45 and the annular groove radial-interior surface 48a (shown in FIGS.\",\n \"9A and 9B), may account at least for radial perturbations of the shaft 1 with respect to the housing 30.The spherical interface 11 between the floating stator 4 and the labyrinth seal 3 may account at least for angular perturbations of the shaft 1 with respect to the housing 30.The pressure balancing annular channel 46 may be formed in the floating stator 4 adjacent the first radial interface 47a between the floating stator 4 and the fixed stator 2, as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"9-10 for the first embodiment.\",\n \"As shown in the various embodiments pictured herein, the first radial interface 47a between the floating stator 4 and the fixed stator 2 may be adjacent the portion of the fixed stator 2 fashioned with the cavity for anti-rotation device 16.That is, the axial face of the floating stator 4 that is positioned within the fixed stator 2 and furthest from the process side of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40.A second radial interface 47b between the floating stator 4 and fixed stator 2, which may be substantially parallel to the first radial interface 47a, may be positioned closer to the process side of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 as compared to the first radial interface 47a.\",\n \"In many applications the optimal radial dimension of the pressure balancing annular channel 46 may be substantially similar to the radial dimension of the floating stator interior face 44 so that the area of the floating stator 4 acted upon by the product and the area of the floating stator 4 acted upon by the sealing fluid may have relatively equal surface areas.\",\n \"In such a configuration, the axial forces may generally balance if the product and the sealing fluid are pressurized to approximately the same value.\",\n \"Accordingly, the optimal radial dimension of the pressure balancing annular channel 46 may depend on the design characteristics of the entire system, and the radial dimension of the pressure balancing annular channel 46 may be any suitable amount for a particular application, whether greater or less than the radial dimension of the floating stator interior face 44.The axial dimension of the pressure balancing annular channel 46 may also vary depending on the design characteristics of the entire system, including but not limited to the specific sealing fluid that is used, the product pressure, and the pressure of the sealing fluid.\",\n \"In some applications the optimal axial dimension of the pressure balancing annular channel 46 will be 0.005 of an inch, but may be greater in other embodiments and less in still other embodiments.\",\n \"The pressure balancing annular channel 46 may allow sealing fluid introduced into the first clearance between floating stator/fixed stator 20 (from where the sealing fluid may enter the pressure balancing annular channel 46) to act upon the floating stator 4 in an axial direction.\",\n \"Typically, the process side of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 (generally the area to the left of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"9-12) experiences forces from the process fluid acting upon the labyrinth seal interior face 42 and floating stator interior face 44.These forces are most often due to the pressure generated by the rotating equipment to which the shaft 1 is coupled.\",\n \"For example, if the shaft 1 is coupled to a fluid pump generating seventy pounds per square inch (psi) of head pressure, the process side of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 may be pressurized to approximately 70 psi.\",\n \"This pressurized fluid may act upon the labyrinth seal interior face 42 and floating stator interior face 44, and consequently urge the labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4 in the axial direction away from the process side of the pressure balancing shaft seal assembly 40 (i.e., generally to the right side of the drawing as depicted in FIGS.\",\n \"9-12).\",\n \"By contrast, sealing fluid located in the pressure balancing annular channel 46 may urge the labyrinth seal 3 and floating stator 4 in the axial direction toward the process side of the pressure balancing shaft seal assembly 40, which may substantially cancel the axial force the product exerts upon the pressure balancing shaft seal assembly 40, depending on the design of the sealing fluid system.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"11 and 12 show a second and third embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40, respectively.\",\n \"The second and third embodiments of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 generally correspond to the second and third embodiments of the shaft seal assembly 25 as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"7 and 8 and described in detail above.\",\n \"However, as with the first embodiment of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 as shown in FIGS.\",\n \"9-10B, the second and third embodiments include a pressure balancing annular channel 46.The various embodiments of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 pictured and described herein may be formed with a fixed stator 2 and floating stator 4 that may be comprised of two distinct portions.\",\n \"These embodiments may facilitate assembly of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 since in the embodiments pictured herein the majority of the floating stator 4 may be positioned within the fixed stator 2.When installing a pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 according to the first embodiment (as pictured in FIGS.\",\n \"9-10B), the first portion of fixed stator 2 (i.e., the portion adjacent the process side of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40) may be affixed to a housing 30.Next, the floating stator 4 and labyrinth seal 3 may be positioned as a singular assembled piece (wherein the components forming the spherical interface 11 have been preassembled) between the shaft 1 and the first portion of the fixed stator 2.The placement of the floating stator 4 and labyrinth seal 3 within the fixed stator 3 may forms the second axial interface 47b between the fixed stator 2 and floating stator 4.Finally, the second portion of the fixed stator 2 (i.e., the portion furthest from the process side of the pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40) may be positioned adjacent to and affixed to the first portion of the fixed stator 2.The positioning of the second portion of the fixed stator 2 subsequently may form the first radial interface 47a between the fixed stator 2 and floating stator 4.Alternatively, the floating stator 4 and labyrinth seal 3 may be separately positioned within the fixed stator annular groove 48.For example, after the first portion of the fixed stator 2 has been affixed to the housing 30, the first portion of the floating stator 4 may be positioned within the fixed stator annular groove 48.The placement of the first portion of the floating stator 4 within the fixed stator annular groove 48 may form the second axial interface 47b between the fixed stator 2 and floating stator 4.Next, the labyrinth seal 3 may be positioned adjacent the shaft 3, the placement of which may form a portion of the spherical interface 11 between the floating stator 4 and labyrinth seal 3.Next, the second portion of the floating stator 4 may be positioned adjacent the first portion of the floating stator 4 and affixed thereto with a plurality of anti-rotation pins 8, which may complete the spherical interface 11 between the floating stator 4 and labyrinth seal 3.Finally, the second portion of the fixed stator 2 may be affixed to the first portion of the fixed stator 2 with a plurality of bolts, rivets, or other fasteners without limitation, the placement of which may form the first axial interface 47a between the floating stator 4 and fixed stator 2.Any suitable securing members known to those skilled in the art may be used to affix the first and second portions of the floating stator 4 to one another or to affix the first and second portions of the fixed stator 2 to one another in any embodiments of a shaft seal assembly 25 or pressure balanced shaft seal assembly 40 without limitation.\",\n \"Element Listing (FIGS.\",\n \"13-15A) Description Element No.\",\n \"Shaft 10 Bearing isolator 18 Housing 19 Rotor 20 Stator 30, 31a Fixed stator 31 Passage 40, 40a Spherical surface 50, 51 Clearance 52 Frictional seal 60 Flange unit 61a Center point 80 Conduit 99 Fluid 100 Pin 101 Annular recess 102 FIG.\",\n \"13 shows another embodiment of a bearing isolator 18 (or shaft seal assembly) mounted adjacent a shaft 10.The shaft 10 may extend through the bearing isolator 18 and/or the housing 19.A source of gas or fluid, 100 which may include but is not limited water, gas, vapor and/or lubricant, may also be in communication with the bearing isolator 18 via conduit 99.The rotor 20 may be affixed to the shaft 10 by means by a frictional seal 60, which may be configured as one or more o-rings.\",\n \"The rotor 20 may be configured to follow the rotational movement of the shaft 10 because of the frictional engagement of the seals 60.The passages 40 and 40a may be configured as shown but will not be described in detail here because such description is already understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.\",\n \"A pair of corresponding spherical surfaces 50 and 51 may be used to create a self-aligning radial clearance 52 between the rotor 20 and the stator 30 prior to, during, and after use.\",\n \"This clearance 52 may be maintained at a constant value even as the shaft 10 becomes misaligned during use.\",\n \"Various amounts and direction of misalignment between the centerline of the shaft 10 and the housing 19 are illustrated in FIGS.\",\n \"15-17.An annular recess 102 between the stator 30 and fixed stator 31 may allow the bearing isolator 18 to accommodate a predetermined amount of radial shaft displacement.\",\n \"In the embodiments shown herein, the spherical surfaces 50, 51 may have a center point identical from the axial faces of both the rotor and stator 20, 30, respectively.\",\n \"However, the spherical surfaces 50, 51 may be radially, and/or as shown, vertically spaced apart.\",\n \"These spherical surfaces 50, 51 may move radially in response to and/or in connection with and/or in concert with the radially positioning of other components of the bearing isolator 18.Typically, if the shaft 10 becomes misaligned with respect to the housing 19, the rotor 20 may consequently become misaligned with respect thereto, and then the spherical surfaces 50, 51 and/or the stator 30, moving radially within the annular recess of the fixed stator 31, may compensate for the misalignment.\",\n \"FIGS.\",\n \"15 and 15A illustrate that in one embodiment of the bearing isolator 18, the rotor 20 may move with respect to the stator 30, 31 as shaft 10 is misaligned with respect to housing 19 through the interaction between spherical surfaces 50, 51.Such relative movement to help to ensure the distances between the center points of the rotor 20 and stator 30 and a fixed point on the housing 19 are constant or relatively constant during use.\",\n \"In the embodiment of the bearing isolator 18 shown in FIGS.\",\n \"14 and 14A, the spherical surfaces 50, 51 may be positioned on a fixed stator 31 and stator 31a, respectively, rather than on the rotor 20 and stator 30.Still referring to FIGS.\",\n \"14 and 14A, this design may allow the rotor 20 and stator 31a to move with respect to the fixed stator 31, flange unit 61a, and/or housing 19.The rotor 20, stator 31a, and fixed stator 31 may move radially with respect to the flange unit 61a (and consequently with respect to the housing 19) as best shown in FIG.\",\n \"14A.\",\n \"In this embodiment of the bearing isolator 18 there may be a very minimal amount of relative rotation between the spherical surfaces 50, 51.The embodiment of the bearing isolator 18 shown in FIGS.\",\n \"14 and 14A may provide for controlled radial movement of the fixed stator 31, stator 31a, and/or rotor 20 with respect to flange unit 61a, which flange unit 61a may be engaged with a housing 19.Rotational movement of the fixed stator 30 with respect to the flange unit 61a may be prevented by anti-rotational pins 101.The fixed stator 31 may be frictionally secured to the flange unit 61a using a frictional seal 61, which may be made of any material with sufficient elasticity and frictional characteristics to hold the fixed stator 31 in a fixed radial position with respect to the flange unit 61a but still be responsive to the radial forces when the shaft 10 is misaligned.\",\n \"Changes to the radial position of the fixed stator 31, stator 31a, and/or rotor 20 and the resulting positions thereof (as well as the resulting position of the interface between the fixed stator 31 and stator 31a) may occur until the radial force is fully accommodated or until the maximum radial displacement of the bearing isolator 18 is reached.\",\n \"Referring now to FIGS.\",\n \"15 and 15A, in operation the rotor 20 may be moved radially as the shaft 10 becomes misaligned with respect to the housing 19.Radial movement of the spherical surfaces 50, 51 between the stator 31a and fixed stator 31 may result from this pressure.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"15 shows potential resultant radial movement of center point 80 as the shaft 10 is misaligned.\",\n \"During normal operation, the shaft 10 is typically horizontal with respect to the orientation shown in FIG.\",\n \"15, as represented by line A.\",\n \"As the shaft 10 becomes misaligned in a manner represented by line B, the center point 80 may move to a point along line A″.\",\n \"As the shaft 10 becomes misaligned in a manner represented by line B′, the center point 80 may move to a point along line A′.\",\n \"However, in other shaft 10 misalignments, the radial positions of the rotor 20, stator 30, and/or fixed stator 31 may be constant and the spherical surfaces 50, 51 may compensate for the shaft 10 misalignment.\",\n \"From the preceding description it will be apparent that the bearing isolator 18 may provide a constant seal around the shaft 10 because the distance between the spherical surfaces 50, 51 may be maintained as a constant regardless of shaft 10 misalignment of a normal or design nature.\",\n \"The physical dimensions of the spherical surfaces 50 and 51 may vary in linear value and in distance from the center point 80, depending on the specific application of the bearing isolator 18.These variations will be utilized to accommodate different sizes of shafts and seals and different amounts of misalignment, and therefore in no way limit the scope of the bearing isolator 18 as disclosed herein.\",\n \"Additionally, and suitable structure and/or method for engaging various elements with one another either rotationally, fixedly, or with various degrees of freedom of motion therebetween may be used with the shaft seal assembly 18 without limitation, including but not limited to screws, bolts, pins, chemical adhesives, interference fits, and/or combinations thereof.\",\n \"Element Listing (FIGS.\",\n \"16-17) Description Element No.\",\n \"Shaft seal assembly 10 Shaft 12 Fastener 14 Fixed stator 20 Fixed stator seal groove 20a Main body 21 Face plate 22 Face plate pin recess 22a Face plate seal groove 22b Inlet 24 Annular recess 26 Seal 28 Floating stator 30 Floating stator seal groove 30a Radial exterior surface 32 First pin recess 33 Pin 34 Second pin recess 35 Second pin recess enlarged portion 35a Floating stator annular groove 37 Concave surface 38 Sealing member 40 Recess 42 Radial bore 44 Radial bore inlet 44a Radial bore outlet 44b Radial interior surface 46 Convex surface 48 Another embodiment of a shaft seal assembly 10 is shown in FIGS.\",\n \"16A & 16B.\",\n \"This embodiment is similar to the embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 25 described above and shown in FIGS.\",\n \"1-12.The shaft seal assembly 10 may include a fixed stator 20, floating stator 30, and a sealing member 40, as shown.\",\n \"In the pictured embodiment, the sealing member 40 may be positioned adjacent a shaft 12 that is rotatable with respect to the shaft seal assembly 10 and/or housing.\",\n \"Accordingly, a rotational interface may exist between a radial interior surface 46 of the sealing member 40 positioned adjacent the shaft 12 and an exterior portion of the shaft 12.In other embodiments of the shaft seal assembly 10 not pictured herein, the sealing member 40 may be engaged with the shaft 12 such that it rotates therewith (e.g., the shaft seal assembly 10 may be configured with a rotor).\",\n \"In such an embodiment, a rotational interface may exist between a concave surface 38 of the floating stator 30 and a convex surface 48 of the sealing member 40.Accordingly, the scope of the shaft seal assembly 10 as disclosed herein extends to shaft seal assemblies 10 in which the sealing member 40 does or does not rotate with a shaft 12.The embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 10 shown in FIGS.\",\n \"16A & 16B may include a fixed stator 20 that may be securely mounted to a housing (not shown in FIGS.\",\n \"16A & 16B) by any suitable methods and/or structure.\",\n \"The fixed stator 20 may include a main body 21 and a face plate 22 that may be engaged with one another via one or more fasteners 14.It is contemplated that a fixed stator 20 formed with a main body 21 and face plate 22 may facilitate ease of installation of the shaft seal assembly 10 in certain applications.\",\n \"In such applications, the main body 21 may be affixed to the housing, the sealing member 40 and floating stator 30 may be positioned appropriately, and then the face plate 22 may be secured to the main body 21.However, the scope of the present disclosure is in no way limited by the specific mounting and/or installation method of the shaft seal assembly 10.The fixed stator 20 may be formed with an annular recess 26 into which a portion of the floating stator 30 and/or sealing member 40 may be positioned.\",\n \"A predetermined clearance between the radial exterior surface 32 of the floating stator 30 (as well as the axial exterior surfaces thereof) and the interior surfaces of the annular recess 26 may be selected to allow for a predetermined amount of relative radial and/or axial movement between the fixed stator 20 and floating stator 30.At least one pin 34 (which may be radially oriented as in the embodiment shown in FIGS.\",\n \"16A & 16B) may be engaged with the floating stator 30 at a second pin recess 35, and a portion of the pin 34 may extend into a recess 42 formed in the sealing member 40.Additionally, other pins (not shown, but which may be axially oriented) also may be engaged with the floating stator about a first pin recess 33, and a portion of that pin may extend into a face plate pin recess 22a.\",\n \"In the illustrative embodiment shown in FIGS.\",\n \"16A & 16B, the pins 35 may mitigate relative rotation between the floating stator 30 and the sealing member 40.Axially oriented pins (not shown) may mitigate relative rotation between the floating stator 30 and the fixed stator 20.The axial interfaces between the floating stator 30 and fixed stator 20 may be sealed with seals 28, which seals 28 may be positioned in fixed stator seal grooves 20a and/or face plate seal grooves 22b.\",\n \"The seals 28 may be configured as o-rings, but may be differently configured in other embodiments of the shaft seal assembly 10 without limitation.\",\n \"The floating stator 30 may also be formed with a concave surface 38 in a radial interior portion thereof.\",\n \"This concave surface 38 may form a semi-spherical interface with a corresponding convex surface 48 formed in the radial exterior portion of the sealing member 40.Accordingly, the shaft seal assembly 10 shown in FIGS.\",\n \"16A & 16B may accommodate shaft 12 misalignment, shaft 12 radial movement, and shaft 12 axial movement with respect to the shaft seal assembly 10 and/or equipment housing in an identical and/or similar manner to that previously described for the shaft seal assemblies 25 shown in FIGS.\",\n \"1-12.The illustrative embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 10 also may include various fluid conduits for applying a sealing fluid to the shaft seal assembly 10.The fixed stator 20 may be formed with one or more inlets 24 for introduction of a sealing fluid to the shaft seal assembly 10.The inlet 24 may be in fluid communication with the annular recess 26 formed in the fixed stator 20, which annular recess 26 may be in fluid communication with one or more radial passages (not shown) formed in the floating stator 30 and extending from the radial exterior surface 32 thereof to the concave surface 38 thereof.\",\n \"Alternatively, or in addition to the one or more radial passages, the second pin recess 35 formed in the floating stator 30 may be configured to allow a specific amount of sealing fluid to traverse the length of the second pin recess 35 in a radially inward direction.\",\n \"The radially interior terminus of the second pin recess 35 may be formed with a second pin recess enlarged portion 35a.\",\n \"Alternatively, the floating stator 30 may be formed with a floating stator annular groove 37 on the concave surface 38 thereof.\",\n \"These radial passages, second pin recess 35, second pin recess enlarged portion 35a, and/or floating stator annular groove 37 may serve as a conduit for sealing fluid from the annular recess 26 of the fixed stator 20 to the convex surface 48 of the sealing member 40.Accordingly, the scope of the shaft seal assembly 10 is not limited by the specific combinations of fluid conduits disclosed herein, but extends to all configurations of fluid conduits that may supply a sealing fluid to the sealing member 40.The fixed stator 20 and/or seals 28 between the fixed stator 20 and floating stator 30 may be configured so that the majority of sealing fluid introduced to the inlet 24 passes through the floating stator 30 (by any fluid conduit configuration, as explained above) in a radially inward direction.\",\n \"The semi-spherical interface between the floating stator 30 concave surface 38 and the sealing member 40 convex surface 48 may be sealed with seals 28, which seals 28 may be positioned in floating stator seal grooves 30a and/or sealing member seal grooves (not shown).\",\n \"The seals 28 may be configured as o-rings, but any suitable structure and/or method may be used without limitation.\",\n \"The floating stator 30, sealing member 40, and/or seals 28 therebetween may be configured so that the majority of sealing fluid exiting the floating stator 30 passes through the sealing member 40 through a plurality of radial bores 44 in a direction from the convex surface 48 of the sealing member 40 to the radial interior surface 46 thereof (i.e., in a generally radially inward direction, such that the sealing fluid exits the shaft seal assembly 10 adjacent the shaft 12).\",\n \"The fixed stator 20, floating stator 30, and/or sealing member 40 may be configured such that the fluid conduits formed therein allow the majority of sealing fluid to exit the shaft seal assembly 10 from an area between the sealing member 40 and shaft 12 at a predetermined rate for a given set of operation parameters (e.g., sealing fluid viscosity, pressure, and/or volumetric flow rate, rpm of shaft 12, etc.).\",\n \"The illustrative embodiment of the shaft seal assembly 10 may be formed with thirty two (32) radial bores 44 in the sealing member 40 in corresponding pairs equally spaced about the circumference of the sealing member, which is best shown in FIGS.\",\n \"17A & 17B.\",\n \"Each radial bore 44 may be formed with a radial bore inlet 44a adjacent the convex surface 48 and a radial bore outlet 44b adjacent the radial interior surface 46.However, in other embodiments of the sealing member 40 not shown herein, the sealing member 40 may be configured with differently configured radial bores 44, different numbers of radial bores 44, and/or different relative positions of radial bores 44 without limitation.\",\n \"It is contemplated that the configuration of radial bores 44 shown in the embodiment of a sealing member 40 pictured in FIGS.\",\n \"17A and 17B may be more efficient than other configurations in that a lower volumetric flow rate of sealing fluid may be required for a given set of operational parameters when compared to the prior art.\",\n \"Additionally, the smooth, generally cylindrical configuration of the radial interior surface 46 may create a pressurized fluid barrier between the shaft 12 and the sealing member 40 at the interface thereof (e.g., a “lift-off” seal).\",\n \"This may lead to a nearly frictionless shaft seal assembly 10 with no and/or minimal contact between the shaft 12 and the sealing member 40 during operation.\",\n \"However, in other embodiments, different numbers, spacing, and/or configurations of the fluid conduits in the fixed stator 20, floating stator 30, and/or sealing member 40 may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the shaft seal assembly 10 as disclosed and claimed herein.\",\n \"In light of the present disclosure, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the configuration of fluid conduits disclosed herein may be adapted to create a pressurized fluid barrier between any interface at which two elements are rotating with respect to one another, such as the articulated seal disclosed in U.S. Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"7,090,403.U.S.\",\n \"Pat.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"7,090,403 is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, and discloses embodiments of a shaft seal assembly having a spherical rotational interface between a rotor and a floating stator (such as those shown in FIGS.\",\n \"13, 15, and 15A) and embodiments of a shaft seal assembly having a generally non-rotating spherical interface between two portions of a stator (such as those shown in FIGS.\",\n \"14 and 14A).\",\n \"Accordingly, the scope of the shaft seal assembly 10 as disclosed herein is not limited by the location and/or type of rotational interface the shaft seal assembly 10 is configured to accommodate.\",\n \"For example, in an embodiment not pictured herein, the stator 30 of an embodiment similar to that shown in FIGS.\",\n \"13, 15, and 15A may be configured with one or more generally narrow diameter radial bores (which may be generally similar to those shown in the embodiment in FIGS.\",\n \"17A and 17B).\",\n \"Those radial bores may be configured so as to provide fluid from an external source (which may be in fluid communication with passage 40) to the interface between spherical surfaces on the stator portions 31, 31a (which may be configured as a concave surface on stator 31 and a convex surface on stator 31a).\",\n \"Alternatively, the stator 31 may be configured with radial bores that serve to provide fluid from an external source (which may be in fluid communication with passage 40) to the interface between stator 31a and rotor 20, which may be a rotational interface having a labyrinth seal pattern and/or one or more seals (which may be configured as o-rings) therein.\",\n \"The specific configuration and/or physical dimensions of the various features of the fixed stator 20, floating stator 30, and/or sealing member 40 (e.g., the radial dimension of the annular recess 26, the surface area of the concave surface 38 and/or convex surface 48, the diameter, length, and orientation of the radial bores 44, etc.)\",\n \"may vary depending on the specific application of the shaft seal assembly 10.These variations may be utilized to accommodate different sizes of shafts 12 and/or shaft seal assemblies 10 and different amounts and/or types of relative movement between a shaft 12 and shaft seal assembly 10.The materials used to construct the shaft seal assemblies 10, 25 and various elements thereof will vary depending on the specific application, but it is contemplated that bronze, brass, stainless steel, or other non-sparking metals and/or metallic alloys and/or combinations thereof will be especially useful for some applications.\",\n \"Accordingly, the above-referenced elements may be constructed of any material known to those skilled in the art or later developed, which material is appropriate for the specific application of the shaft seal assembly 10, 25, without departing from the spirit and scope of the shaft seal assemblies 10, 25 as disclosed and claimed herein.\",\n \"Having described the preferred embodiments, other features of the shaft seal assemblies 10, 25 will undoubtedly occur to those of ordinary skill in the art, as will numerous modifications and alterations in the embodiments as illustrated herein, all of which may be achieved without departing from the spirit and scope of the shaft seal assemblies 10, 25 disclosed herein.\",\n \"Accordingly, the methods and embodiments pictured and described herein are for illustrative purposes only.\",\n \"It should be noted that the shaft seal assemblies 10, 25 are not limited to the specific embodiments pictured and described herein, but are intended to apply to all similar apparatuses and methods for accommodating shaft(s) misalignment with respect to a housing and/or shaft seal assembly 10, 25, whether the misalignment is angular, radial, and/or axial; and for configuring a shaft seal assembly 10 to create a pressurized fluid barrier between a rotating element and a non-rotating element.\",\n \"Modifications and alterations from the described embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art without departure from the spirit and scope of the shaft seal assemblies 10, 25.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872783"}}},{"rowIdx":4494169,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["FUEL COMPOSITION FOR GCI ENGINES AND METHOD OF PRODUCTION","GCI fuel compositions and methods of making them are described.","The GCI fuel compositions comprises a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27, the fuel blend comprising a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream."],["1.A GCI fuel composition comprising: a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27, the fuel blend comprising a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream.","2.The fuel composition of claim 1 wherein the fuel composition has at least one of: an olefin content of the fuel composition less than about 18 lv %; an aromatic content of the fuel composition less than about 35 lv %; a sulfur content of the fuel composition less than about 10 wt ppm; and a benzene content of the fuel composition less than about 1 lv %.","3.The fuel composition of claim 1: wherein the naphtha stream comprises at least one of: a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; an isomerate stream; a butane stream; a reformate stream; a gasoline stream; a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; and an alkylate stream.","4.A method of making a GCI fuel composition comprising: blending a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream to form a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27.5.The method of claim 4 wherein wherein the naphtha stream comprises at least one of: a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; an isomerate stream; a butane stream; a reformate stream; a gasoline stream; a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; and an alkylate stream.","6.The method of claim 4 wherein the naphtha stream comprises a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream and wherein the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream is formed by: hydrotreating a straight run naphtha stream.","7.The method of claim 4 wherein the naphtha stream comprises an isomerate stream and wherein the isomerate stream is formed by: isomerizing at least a portion of a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.","8.The method of claim 4 wherein the naphtha stream comprises a reformate stream and wherein the reformate stream is formed by: reforming at least a portion of a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.","9.The method of claim 4 wherein the naphtha stream comprises a gasoline stream and wherein the gasoline stream comprises a blend of one or more of butane, reformate, isomerate, FCC naphtha, and alkylate.","10.The method of claim 4 wherein the naphtha stream comprises a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream, and wherein the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream is formed by: fluid catalytically cracking at least one of an atmospheric gas oil stream, a vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, an unconverted oil stream, a light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream; separating the FCC stream into the FCC naphtha stream and at least one other stream; and hydrotreating the FCC naphtha stream.","11.The method of claim 10 wherein separating the FCC stream into the FCC naphtha stream and the at least one other stream comprises: separating the FCC stream into at least the FCC naphtha stream and a FCC cycle oil stream; and hydrotreating and separating the FCC cycle oil stream into at least a hydrotreated kerosene stream, and wherein the kerosene stream comprises the hydrotreated kerosene stream.","12.The method of claim 4 wherein the naphtha stream comprises an alkylate stream and wherein the alkylate stream is formed by: fluid catalytically cracking at least one of an atmospheric gas oil stream, a vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, an unconverted oil stream, a light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream; separating the FCC stream into a C3/C4 stream and at least one other stream; separating the C3/C4 stream into at least a C3 olefin stream and a C4 stream; and alkylating at least a portion of the C3 olefin steam, the C4 stream, or both.","13.The method of claim 4 wherein the kerosene stream is formed by at least one of: separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into a first straight run kerosene stream and at least one other stream, and hydrotreating the first straight run kerosene stream; or separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into a first straight run kerosene/diesel stream and at least one other stream, and hydrotreating and separating the first straight run kerosene/diesel stream into a second straight run kerosene stream, and at least one other stream.","14.The method of claim 4 wherein the kerosene stream is formed by at least one of: hydrocracking a first atmospheric gas oil stream, and separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a first kerosene stream and at least one other stream; or hydrocracking a second atmospheric gas oil stream, separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a kerosene/diesel stream and at least one other stream; and separating the kerosene/diesel stream into a second kerosene stream and at least one other stream.","15.The method of claim 14 wherein separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into the first kerosene stream and the at least one other stream comprises separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into at least the first kerosene stream, a hydrocracker heavy naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream.","16.The method of claim 14 wherein separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into the kerosene/diesel stream and the at least one other stream comprises separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into at least the kerosene/diesel stream, a hydrocracker heavy naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream.","17.The method of claim 14 wherein the first or second atmospheric gas oil stream is formed by: separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into the first or second atmospheric gas oil stream and at least one other stream.","18.The method of claim 4 further comprising: separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into at least a straight run naphtha stream, a straight run kerosene/diesel stream, an atmospheric gas oil stream, and an atmospheric residue stream; hydrotreating the straight run naphtha stream to form a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; isomerizing the at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream to form an isomerate stream; reforming at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream to form a reformate stream; hydrotreating and separating the straight run kerosene/diesel stream into at least a hydrotreated straight run kerosene stream and at least one other stream; hydrocracking at least a portion of the atmospheric gas oil stream to form a hydrocracked stream; separating the hydrocracked stream to form at least a second kerosene/diesel stream, a hydrocracker naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream; hydrotreating and separating the second kerosene/diesel stream into a second hydrotreated kerosene stream and at least one other stream; vacuum separating the atmospheric residue stream to form at least a light vacuum gas oil stream and a vacuum gas oil stream; optionally partially hydrocracking at least a portion of one or more of the atmospheric gas oil stream, the light vacuum gas oil, or the unconverted oil stream; fluid catalytically cracking at least one of the atmospheric gas oil stream, the vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, the unconverted oil stream, the light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream; separating the FCC stream into at least a C3/C4 stream, a FCC naphtha stream, and a FCC cycle oil stream; and hydrotreating the FCC naphtha stream to form a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; hydrotreating and separating the FCC cycle oil stream into at least a third hydrotreated kerosene stream; separating the C3/C4 stream into at least a C3 olefin stream and a C4 stream; and alkylating at least a portion of the C3 olefin steam, the C4 stream, or both to form an alkylate stream; wherein the naphtha stream comprises at least one of: the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; the isomerate stream; the reformate stream; the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; and the alkylate stream; and wherein the kerosene stream comprises at least one of: the straight run hydrotreated kerosene stream; the second hydrotreated kerosene stream; and the third hydrotreated kerosene stream.","19.The method of claim 18 further comprising at least one of: combining at least a portion of the atmospheric gas oil stream with the light vacuum gas oil stream; and combining the hydrocracker naphtha stream with the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.","20.The method of stream 18 further comprising: coking the vacuum gas oil stream to form a coked vacuum gas oil stream; separating the coked vacuum gas oil stream into at least a coker naphtha stream, a coker gas oil stream, and a coke stream; and at least one of: combining the coker gas oil stream with the light vacuum gas oil stream, or the atmospheric gas oil stream, or both; and combining the coker naphtha stream with the straight run naphtha stream."],[" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Global transport will continue to be powered largely by petroleum-based liquid fuels in the next few decades.","The increase in demand for transportation fuel will be mostly in the commercial transport sector (heavy duty road, air, marine and rail), and much more diesel and jet fuel will be needed in the future compared to gasoline.","Moreover, gasoline octane quality needs to increase to enable more efficient spark ignition engines.","This poses significant challenges to the refining industry and is likely to increase the availability of low octane components in the gasoline boiling range.","One approach to mitigate the imbalance in demand growth between gasoline and middle distillates is to change the demand requirements of future engines.","There is little prospect of moving aviation from using conventional jet fuel to any significant degree, but some compression ignition (CI) engines could move from conventional diesel to natural gas (NG), particularly in markets such as the U.S. where the shale gas revolution has brought in an era of cheap and abundant gas.","Development trends in internal combustion (IC) engines are likely to have a significant impact on the properties required of future fuels.","Moreover, there are very good opportunities to develop new engine/fuel systems which can be beneficial from the fuel and engine side as well as help to mitigate the demand imbalance.","For instance, CI engines running on low octane (research octane number (RON) of about 70) gasoline and with more relaxed volatility requirements compared to current gasoline could be at least as efficient as current diesel engines but cheaper.","This concept is known as Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI).","Today's IC engines are either spark ignition (SI) engines running on gasoline or CI engines running on diesel fuel.","In SI engines, gasoline is premixed with air, and the mixture is compressed.","Heat release occurs in an expanding turbulent flame initiated by a spark near the top of the compression stroke, top dead center (TDC).","In a diesel engine, air is compressed, and fuel is injected near TDC.","Combustion is initiated by autoignition as the fuel vaporizes, mixes, and reacts with oxygen in the engine cylinder.","Currently, the passenger car sector is dominated by SI engines, whereas the commercial sector (heavy duty road, air, rail and marine) is dominated by CI engines.","SI engines are run at a stoichiometric fuel and air mixture that enables a three-way catalyst to be used to treat the exhaust and reduce tail-pipe emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and NOx to extremely low levels.","CI engines are more efficient than SI engines, but suffer from high engine-out emissions of particulates and NOx (nitrogen oxides) which are very difficult to control by after-treatment of the oxygen-rich exhaust with catalysts.","Particulates are formed in diesel engines because diesel fuel with a Cetane Number (CN) greater than about 40 autoignites too easily, before it has had a chance to mix adequately with oxygen.","Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) can be used to control NOx, but it reduces in-cylinder particulate oxidation and leads to increased engine-out particulate emissions.","Hence, it is very difficult to control particulates and NOx simultaneously in diesel engines.","Engine manufacturers are currently trying to solve this problem by using very expensive technology such as very high injection pressures and complex after-treatment systems to control NOx and particulates.","Some of these technologies compromise fuel efficiency.","Controlling particulates and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at reasonable cost without compromising efficiency would be much easier to meet if diesel engines were run on fuels which do not ignite as easily as diesel fuel, allowing more time for fuel and air to mix before combustion starts.","Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) engines are currently under development that can achieve substantially higher combustion efficiency than conventional diesel and gasoline spark ignition engines.","These new GCI engines are similar in operation to Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines, but have the fuel injection just prior to TDC on the compression stroke.","These new engines can utilize different fuel compositions than conventional internal combustion engines.","GCI engines may be at least as efficient as CI engines, and more efficient than the most advanced SI engines.","They may also be less expensive than advanced CI engines.","There is a need for a fuel which has acceptable particulate and NOx emissions and which can be used in GCI engines, and for methods of making the fuel."],[" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the invention is a GCI fuel composition.","In one embodiment, the GCI fuel composition comprises a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27, the fuel blend comprising a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream.","Another aspect of the invention is method of making a GCI fuel composition.","In one embodiment, the method includes blending a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream to form a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27."],["This application is a continuation of co-pending International Application No.","PCT/US16/41755, entitled FUEL COMPOSITION FOR GCI ENGINES AND METHOD OF PRODUCTION, filed Jul.","11, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S.","Provisional Application Ser.","No.","62/194,631, entitled FUEL COMPOSITION AND METHOD OF MAKING, filed Jul.","20, 2015, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.","BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Global transport will continue to be powered largely by petroleum-based liquid fuels in the next few decades.","The increase in demand for transportation fuel will be mostly in the commercial transport sector (heavy duty road, air, marine and rail), and much more diesel and jet fuel will be needed in the future compared to gasoline.","Moreover, gasoline octane quality needs to increase to enable more efficient spark ignition engines.","This poses significant challenges to the refining industry and is likely to increase the availability of low octane components in the gasoline boiling range.","One approach to mitigate the imbalance in demand growth between gasoline and middle distillates is to change the demand requirements of future engines.","There is little prospect of moving aviation from using conventional jet fuel to any significant degree, but some compression ignition (CI) engines could move from conventional diesel to natural gas (NG), particularly in markets such as the U.S. where the shale gas revolution has brought in an era of cheap and abundant gas.","Development trends in internal combustion (IC) engines are likely to have a significant impact on the properties required of future fuels.","Moreover, there are very good opportunities to develop new engine/fuel systems which can be beneficial from the fuel and engine side as well as help to mitigate the demand imbalance.","For instance, CI engines running on low octane (research octane number (RON) of about 70) gasoline and with more relaxed volatility requirements compared to current gasoline could be at least as efficient as current diesel engines but cheaper.","This concept is known as Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI).","Today's IC engines are either spark ignition (SI) engines running on gasoline or CI engines running on diesel fuel.","In SI engines, gasoline is premixed with air, and the mixture is compressed.","Heat release occurs in an expanding turbulent flame initiated by a spark near the top of the compression stroke, top dead center (TDC).","In a diesel engine, air is compressed, and fuel is injected near TDC.","Combustion is initiated by autoignition as the fuel vaporizes, mixes, and reacts with oxygen in the engine cylinder.","Currently, the passenger car sector is dominated by SI engines, whereas the commercial sector (heavy duty road, air, rail and marine) is dominated by CI engines.","SI engines are run at a stoichiometric fuel and air mixture that enables a three-way catalyst to be used to treat the exhaust and reduce tail-pipe emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and NOx to extremely low levels.","CI engines are more efficient than SI engines, but suffer from high engine-out emissions of particulates and NOx (nitrogen oxides) which are very difficult to control by after-treatment of the oxygen-rich exhaust with catalysts.","Particulates are formed in diesel engines because diesel fuel with a Cetane Number (CN) greater than about 40 autoignites too easily, before it has had a chance to mix adequately with oxygen.","Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) can be used to control NOx, but it reduces in-cylinder particulate oxidation and leads to increased engine-out particulate emissions.","Hence, it is very difficult to control particulates and NOx simultaneously in diesel engines.","Engine manufacturers are currently trying to solve this problem by using very expensive technology such as very high injection pressures and complex after-treatment systems to control NOx and particulates.","Some of these technologies compromise fuel efficiency.","Controlling particulates and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at reasonable cost without compromising efficiency would be much easier to meet if diesel engines were run on fuels which do not ignite as easily as diesel fuel, allowing more time for fuel and air to mix before combustion starts.","Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) engines are currently under development that can achieve substantially higher combustion efficiency than conventional diesel and gasoline spark ignition engines.","These new GCI engines are similar in operation to Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines, but have the fuel injection just prior to TDC on the compression stroke.","These new engines can utilize different fuel compositions than conventional internal combustion engines.","GCI engines may be at least as efficient as CI engines, and more efficient than the most advanced SI engines.","They may also be less expensive than advanced CI engines.","There is a need for a fuel which has acceptable particulate and NOx emissions and which can be used in GCI engines, and for methods of making the fuel.","SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the invention is a GCI fuel composition.","In one embodiment, the GCI fuel composition comprises a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27, the fuel blend comprising a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream.","Another aspect of the invention is method of making a GCI fuel composition.","In one embodiment, the method includes blending a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream to form a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The FIGURE is an illustration of one embodiment of a refining process according the present invention.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A new low octane fuel composition has been identified for use in GCI engines, as well as a refinery process to produce the new fuel composition.","The GCI fuel composition has a wide boiling range from light naphtha to kerosene, a low RON, and a low CN, while meeting all other gasoline specifications for olefins, aromatics, and sulfur.","The GCI fuel composition is injected earlier in the engine cycle compared to normal diesel fuel.","Particulates and NOx can be far more easily controlled by using fuels with high ignition delay.","The final boiling point (FBP) of the GCI fuel composition is higher than that of conventional gasoline, which provides more time for the fuel to mix with oxygen before combustion starts so that particulate formation can be minimized.","This makes it easier to control NOx using EGR.","Also, the injection pressure does not need to be as high as it is for CI engines (e.g., about 40-50 MPa); rather, it can be closer to the pressure of turbo-charged SI engines (e.g., about 15 MPa).","Consequently, the after-treatment focus can be on the oxidation of hydrocarbons (HC) and CO rather than control of NOx and particulates.","The efficiency if the GCI engine is at least as high as with conventional diesel combustion.","The GCI fuel composition comprises a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a RON of about 70 to about 85, and a CN of less than about 27.Desirably, the olefin content is less than about 18 lv % (liquid volume %), and the aromatic content is less than about 35 lv %.","Desirably, the fuel composition has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm, and a benzene content of less than about 1 lv %.","The cetane number is generally at least about 5 or at least about 10.The GCI fuel composition can be made by blending a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream to have a fuel blend having the specified properties.","The final boiling point can be in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., or about 193° C. to less than 245° C., or about 193° C. to less than 240° C., or about 193° C. to less than 235° C., or about 193° C. to less than 230° C., or about 193° C. to less than 225° C., or about 193° C. to less than 220° C., or about 193° C. to less than 215° C. A unique specification of the new GCI fuel composition is the end point limitation of less than 250° C., coupled with a cetane number less than 27.Directionally, as the hydrocarbon chain length increases (higher end point), the autoignition temperature for a hydrocarbon/air mixture decreases, autoigniting quicker.","NOx and particulates are formed when fuel autoignites before mixing adequately with oxygen.","The lower end point of new GCI fuel composition, less than 250° C., limits the amount of diesel (longer hydrocarbon chain) into the new GCI fuel composition.","Jet and kerosene streams have lower cetane values than diesel; i.e., about 40 vs. higher cetane numbers for diesel.","(The EU-V diesel specification for cetane number is at least 51).","The higher the cetane number, the easier it is for the fuel to autoignite.","Consequently, the end point limitation will limit the hydrocarbon chain length, minimizing the formation of NOx and particulates due to limiting autoignition, resulting in a cleaner fuel with reduced emissions.","The new GCI fuel composition can be produced in a conventional refinery with modifications.","One unique characteristic of the process is that, in some embodiments, the heavy naphtha can bypass the reforming unit and be blended with light naphtha and a kerosene fraction that only needs to be hydrotreated to reduce sulfur content.","This reduces the refinery operating cost to produce the fuel and increases the produced fuel volume by avoiding volume loss across the reforming unit.","The naphtha stream can comprise one or more of a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; an isomerate stream; a butane stream; a reformate stream; a gasoline stream; a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; and an alkylate stream.","The kerosene stream can be hydrotreated straight run kerosene or hydrotreated kerosene made from FCC cycle oil.","The kerosene stream can include jet fuel, either straight run jet fuel or jet fuel made from FCC cycle oil.","One advantage of the new GCI fuel composition is that lower value streams, such as nC4 (RONC about 94), light naphtha (C5-C6, RONC about 65), and isomerate (C5/C6, RONC about 80-90), can be used in the composition.","This allows other high RONC gasoline blending streams, e.g., 2-methylpropane (iC4, RONC about 105), reformate (RONC about 90-104), alkylate (RONC about 94-96), and/or methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE, RONC about 117) to be used for the higher RONC gasoline blends.","Isomerate is a gasoline blend stock, but the amount allowed in gasoline is limited due to distillation and Reed vapor pressure (RVP) constraints to a maximum of about 50 lv %.","However, the new GCI fuel composition allows for higher amounts, e.g., up to about 80 lv %.","MTBE and alkylate are very valuable blend stocks for gasoline.","They are not required for the GCI fuel composition, although they can be used if desired.","The amount of MTBE being produced in a refinery is typically limited by the amount of iC4 olefins from the FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) and Coker units.","The MTBE produced is typically consumed by the refiner for the higher gasoline blends.","Alkylate is also another key blend stock which will not be required for the GCI fuel composition.","Alkylate is a desired blend stock due to its properties: no aromatics, no benzene, and low RVP with high RONC.","As gasoline trends toward higher RONC, alkylate and MTBE will be required for the higher RONC blends, making them more valuable blend stocks.","This reduces the desirability of using them in the GCI fuel composition.","One limiting specification for the GCI fuel composition is the specific gravity.","However, since the upper limit of the final boiling point can be higher than for gasoline, kerosene can be blended to increase the specific gravity and energy content.","Thus, the GCI fuel composition provides the refiner significant product blending flexibility and a value added disposition for low value streams.","The naphtha stream has an initial boiling point range of about 0° C. to about 104° C. and a final boiling point range of about 146° C. to about 226° C. In some embodiments, the naphtha stream contains hydrotreated straight run naphtha, including light naphtha and/or heavy naphtha, having an initial boiling point range of about 0° C. to about 104° C. and a final boiling point range of about 146° C. to about 204° C. The hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream typically has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.","The hydrotreated straight run light naphtha stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 0° C. to about 35° C. and a final boiling point range of about 74° C. to about 104° C. The hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 74° C. to about 104° C. and a final boiling point range of about 146° C. to about 204° C. The isomerate stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 27° C. to about 32° C. and a final boiling point range of about 79° C. about 107° C. The butane stream typically has an initial boiling point of about −12° C. and a final boiling point of about −1° C. The reformate stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 27° C. to about 32° C. and a final boiling point range of about 182° C. to about 222° C. The gasoline stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 32° C. to about 49° C. and a final boiling point range of about 182° C. to about 216° C. The hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 32° C. to about 49° C. and a final boiling point range of about 82° C. to about 216° C. The hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream typically has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.","The alkylate stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 32° C. to about 49° C. and a final boiling point range of about 171° C. to about 188° C. The kerosene stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 146° C. to about 166° C. and a final boiling point range of about 249° C. to about 271° C. In some embodiments, the kerosene stream can include jet fuel.","The hydrotreated kerosene stream typically has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.","The jet fuel stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 149° C. to about 166° C. and a final boiling point range of about 243° C. to about 252° C. The hydrotreated jet fuel stream typically has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.","The hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream is typically present in an amount of about 0 to about 30 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 25 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 20 lv %, or about 5 lv % to about 30 lv %, or about 10 lv % to about 30 lv %.","The isomerate stream is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 80 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 75 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 70 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 65 lv %, or about 5 lv % to about 80 lv %, or about 10 lv % to about 80 lv %, or about 20 lv % to about 80 lv %, or about 30 lv % to about 80 lv %, or about 40 lv % to about 80 lv %, or about 50 lv % to about 80 lv % or about 5 lv % to about 65 lv %, or about 10 lv % to about 65 lv %, or about 20 lv % to about 65 lv %, or about 30 lv % to about 65 lv %, or about 40 lv % to about 65 lv %, or about 50 lv % to about 65 lv %.","The butane stream is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 10 lv %.","The reformate stream is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 40 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 30 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 20 lv %, about 0 lv % to about 15 lv %.","The gasoline stream is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 40 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 30 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 20 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 10 lv %, or about 10 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 20 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 30 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 40 lv % to about 50 lv %.","The hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 40 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 35 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 30 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 25 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 20 lv %.","The alkylate stream is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 35 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 30 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 25 lv %.","The kerosene stream (straight run and/or made by hydrocracking) is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 45 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 40 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 35 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 30 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 25 lv %, or about 5 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 10 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 15 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 20 lv % to about 50 lv %.","The jet fuel stream (straight run and/or made by hydrocracking) is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 40 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 35 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 30 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 25 lv %.","The hydrotreated kerosene and/or jet fuel streams typically have a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.","In some embodiments, the GCI fuel composition includes about 0 lv % to about 20 lv % hydrotreated heavy naphtha, about 50 lv % to about 70 lv % isomerate, about 0 lv % to about 10 lv % butanes, about 0 lv % to about 15 lv % reformate, about 0 lv % to about 20 lv % hydrotreated FCC naphtha, and about 0 lv % to about 35 lv % hydrotreated kerosene.","Shown below are only a few non-limiting examples of possible blends for the GCI fuel composition.","The blends highlight the flexibility and the large ranges possible.","The GCI fuel composition increases the refiners blending flexibility and profitability by using the lower value streams.","Blend Blend stock liq vol A B C Kerosene lv % 29.0% 26.7% 0.1% Hydrotreated FCC Naphtha lv % 0.1% 14.7% 17.2% Hydrotreated Straight Run lv % 0.0% 0.0% 17.2% Heavy Naphtha Isomerate lv % 63.8% 57.3% 53.2% nC4 lv % 7.0% 1.3% 0.4% Reformate lv % 0.0% 0.0% 11.8% Total lv % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% In some embodiments, the hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream is formed by hydrotreating a straight run naphtha stream to form a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.","In some embodiments, the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream can be separated into a hydrotreated straight run light naphtha stream and a hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream.","The hydrotreated straight run light and heavy naphtha streams typically have a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.","In some embodiments, the isomerate stream can be formed by isomerizing at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha, e.g., the hydrotreated straight run light naphtha stream.","In some embodiments, the butanes stream can be formed by fractionating and treating (e.g., with an amine treatment) a hydrocarbon feed stream.","Alternatively, the butanes stream can be formed as byproducts of various processes in the refinery, including, but not limited to, reforming, fluid catalytic cracking, coking, and hydrocracking.","One or more of the byproduct streams from these processes can be combined, treated (e.g., with an amine treatment), and fractionated to form the butane stream.","In some embodiments, the reformate stream can be formed by reforming at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream, e.g., the hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream.","In some embodiments, the gasoline stream is formed by blending one or more of butanes, reformate, isomerate, FCC naphtha, and alkylate.","The gasoline stream would meet the product specification for gasoline, e.g., the specifications for olefins, sulfur (e.g., less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm), and aromatics.","In some embodiments, the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream can be formed by fluid catalytically cracking at least one of an atmospheric gas oil stream, a vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, an unconverted oil stream, a light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream.","The FCC stream can be separated into a FCC naphtha stream (typically along with one or more other streams), which can then be hydrotreated.","In some embodiments, the other streams can include a FCC cycle oil stream.","In some embodiments, the FCC cycle oil stream can be hydrotreated and separated into a kerosene stream (including jet fuel or the jet fuel can be a separate stream, as desired) (typically along with one or more other streams).","In some embodiments, the alkylate stream can be formed by fluid catalytically cracking at least one of an atmospheric gas oil stream, a vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, an atmospheric gas oil stream, a heavy cycle oil stream, a light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream.","The FCC stream can be separated into a C3/C4 stream (typically along with one or more other streams).","The C3/C4 stream includes C3 and C4 paraffins and olefins.","In some embodiments, the C3/C4 stream can be separated into at least a C3 olefin stream and a C4 stream.","Further separation can take place, if desired, such as separating the C4 stream into a C4 olefin stream and a C4 paraffin stream, and/or separating the iC4 olefins from the C4 stream or the C4 olefin stream.","The C3 olefins and/or all or a portion of the C4 stream can be alkylated.","All or a portion of the iC4 olefin stream can be converted to methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE).","Alternatively, a C4 stream could be formed by separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into different fractions including a C4 olefin stream and/or an iC4 olefin stream.","In some embodiments, the kerosene stream can be formed by separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into a straight run kerosene stream (typically along with one or more other streams) and hydrotreating the straight run kerosene stream, or by separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into a straight run kerosene/diesel stream (typically along with one or more other streams), and hydrotreating and separating the straight run kerosene/diesel stream into a hydrotrotreated straight run kerosene stream (including jet fuel or the jet fuel can be a separate stream, as desired) (typically along with one or more other streams).","The hydrotreated kerosene stream typically has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.","In some embodiments, the kerosene stream can be formed by at least one of: hydrocracking a first atmospheric gas oil stream, and separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a first kerosene stream and at least one other stream; or hydrocracking a second atmospheric gas oil stream, separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a kerosene/diesel stream and at least one other stream; and separating the kerosene/diesel stream into a second kerosene stream and at least one other stream.","In some embodiments, the first and/or second kerosene streams can be optionally hydrotreated if desired.","The hydrotreated kerosene stream typically has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.","In some embodiments, a jet fuel stream can be formed by separating a hydrocarbon feed into a straight run jet fuel stream (typically along with one or more other streams), and hydrotreating the straight run jet fuel stream; separating a hydrocarbon feed into a straight run jet/diesel stream (typically along with one or more other streams), and hydrotreating and separating the straight run jet/diesel stream into a hydrotreated jet fuel stream (typically along with one or more other streams); hydrocracking an atmospheric gas oil stream, and separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a jet fuel stream (typically along with one or more other streams), or by hydrocracking an atmospheric gas oil stream, and separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a kerosene/diesel stream (typically along with one or more other streams), and separating the kerosene/diesel stream into a jet fuel stream, (typically along with one or more other streams).","In some embodiments, the jet fuel streams made by hydrocracking the atmospheric gas oil stream can be optionally hydrotreated if desired.","The hydrotreated jet fuel stream(s) typically has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.","In some embodiments, as discussed above, rather than forming separate jet fuel and kerosene streams, a single stream containing kerosene and jet fuel can be formed.","In some embodiments, the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream is separated into at least the jet fuel stream or the kerosene/diesel stream, a hydrocracker heavy naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream.","In some embodiments, the hydrocracker heavy naphtha stream can be combined with the straight run naphtha stream.","In some embodiments, the atmospheric gas oil stream can be formed by separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into the atmospheric gas oil stream (typically along with one or more other streams).","In some embodiments, a hydrocarbon feed stream is separated into at least a straight run naphtha stream, a straight run kerosene/diesel stream, an atmospheric gas oil stream, and an atmospheric residue stream.","The straight run naphtha stream can be hydrotreated to form a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.","At least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream can be isomerized to form an isomerate stream.","At least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream can be reformed to form the reformate stream.","The straight run kerosene/diesel stream can be hydrotreated and separated into at least a hydrotreated straight run kerosene stream and at least one other stream.","At least a portion of the atmospheric gas oil stream can be hydrocracked to form a hydrocracked stream.","The hydrocracked stream can be separated to form at least a second kerosene/diesel stream, a hydrocracker naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream.","The kerosene/diesel stream can be separated (and optionally hydrotreated) into at least a second kerosene stream and at least one other stream.","The atmospheric residue stream can be vacuum separated to form a light vacuum gas oil stream and a vacuum gas oil stream.","Optionally, at least a portion of one or more of the atmospheric gas oil stream, the light vacuum gas oil, or the unconverted oil stream can be partially hydrocracked.","At least one of the atmospheric gas oil stream, the vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, the unconverted oil stream, the light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream can be fluid catalytically cracked to form an FCC stream.","The FCC stream can be separated into at least a C3/C4 stream, an FCC naphtha stream, and an FCC cycle oil stream (including light and/or heavy cycle oil).","The FCC naphtha stream can be hydrotreated to form a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream.","The FCC cycle oil stream can be hydrotreated and separated into at least a third hydrotreated kerosene stream.","The C3/C4 stream can be separated into at least a C3 olefin stream and a C4 stream.","At least a portion of the C3 olefin steam, the C4 stream, or both can be alkylated to form an alkylate stream.","The naphtha stream comprises at least one of: the straight run hydrotreated naphtha stream; the isomerate stream; the reformate stream; the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; the alkylate stream, a butane stream, and a gasoline stream.","The straight run hydrotreated naphtha stream and the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream typically have a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.","The kerosene stream comprises at least one of: the straight run hydrotreated kerosene stream; the second kerosene stream; and the third hydrotreated kerosene stream.","The straight run hydrotreated kerosene stream and the third hydrotreated kerosene streams typically have a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.","In some embodiments, the method can include at least one of: combining at least a portion of the atmospheric gas oil stream with the light vacuum gas oil stream; and combining the hydrocracker naphtha stream with the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.","In some embodiments, the vacuum gas oil stream can be coked to form a coked vacuum gas oil stream.","The coked vacuum gas oil stream can be separated into at least a coker naphtha stream, a coker gas oil stream, and a coke stream.","The method can include at least one of: combining the coker gas oil stream with the light vacuum gas oil stream, or the atmospheric gas oil stream, or both; and combining the coker naphtha stream with the straight run naphtha stream.","The FIGURE illustrates one embodiment of a process 100 for making the GCI fuel composition.","A hydrocarbon feed stream 105 is fed to a crude distillation unit 110 where it is separated into multiple streams including e.g., liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stream 115, straight run naphtha stream 120, straight run kerosene/diesel stream 125, atmospheric gas oil stream 130, and atmospheric residue stream 135.The LPG stream 115 can be recovered and be sold or used as feed for a hydrogen plant, for example.","The straight run naphtha stream 120 can be sent to naphtha hydrotreating zone 140 where it is hydrotreated in the presence of hydrogen over a hydrotreating catalyst to remove heteroatoms, such as sulfur, nitrogen, and metals from the hydrocarbon feedstock, and to saturate hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds and aromatics.","In some embodiments, the hydrotreated straight run naphtha may be separated into a hydrotreated straight run light naphtha stream 145 and a hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream 150.The hydrotreated straight run light naphtha stream 145 can be sent to isomerization zone 155 where the hydrotreated straight run light naphtha is isomerized over an isomerization catalyst to increase alkyl branching on the naphtha molecules.","The isomerate stream 160 can be sent to a gasoline pool 162 for blending.","At least a portion 165 of the isomerate stream 160 can be sent to the blending zone 170 for the GCI fuel composition.","At least a portion 175 of the hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream 150 can bypass the catalytic reforming zone 180 and be sent to the blending zone 170.At least a portion 185 of the hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream 150 can be sent to the catalytic reforming zone 180 for reforming over reforming catalyst to increase the alkyl branching and aromaticization of the naphtha molecules.","The reformate stream 190 can be sent to the gasoline pool 162.A portion 195 of the reformate stream 190 can be sent to the blending zone 170.The straight run kerosene/diesel stream 125 can be hydrotreated over hydrotreating catalyst in the presence of hydrogen and separated in a hydrotreating and separation zone 196 into at least kerosene stream 197 and diesel stream 198, and optionally straight run jet fuel stream 199.Kerosene stream 197 and/or optional jet fuel stream 199 can be sent to the blending zone 170.Diesel stream 198 can be sent to the diesel pool (not shown).","Alternatively, separate straight run kerosene, jet fuel, and diesel streams could be formed in the crude distillation unit 110.The atmospheric gas oil stream 130 can be sent to a hydrocracking zone 200 for hydrocracking the atmospheric gas oil stream over a hydrocracking catalyst in the presence of hydrogen.","The hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil is then separated into multiple streams including, e.g., a hydrocracker naphtha stream 205, a kerosene/diesel stream 210, and an unconverted oil stream 215.The hydrocracker naphtha stream 205 can be combined with hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream 150, if desired.","The kerosene/diesel stream 210 can be separated into jet fuel stream 220, kerosene stream 222, and diesel stream 225 in separation zone 217.Separation zone 217 can include optionally hydrotreating the jet fuel stream 220, kerosene stream 222, and diesel stream 225 in the presence of hydrogen over a hydrotreating catalyst, if desired.","Jet fuel stream 220 and/or kerosene stream 222 can be sent to the blending zone 170, while diesel stream 225 can be sent to the diesel pool.","Alternatively, the kerosene stream and jet fuel streams can be combined.","The atmospheric residue stream 135 can be sent to a vacuum separation zone 230 where it is separated into light vacuum gas oil stream 235 and vacuum gas oil stream 240.Light vacuum gas oil stream 235 is sent to partial hydrocracking zone 245 for partial hydrocracking over hydrocracking catalyst in the presence of hydrogen.","The hydrocracked stream 250 is sent to a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) zone 255.The FCC stream is separated into a C3/C4 stream 260, FCC naphtha stream 265, FCC cycle oil stream 270, and slurry oil stream 275.The C3/C4 stream 260 can be separated into two or more streams, such as a C3 olefin stream and a C4 stream.","The C3 olefins and/or a portion of the C4 stream can be sent to an alkylation zone 285 for alkylation.","The alkylate stream 290 can be sent to the gasoline pool 162.A portion 293 of the alkylate stream 290 can be sent to the blending zone 170.An iC4 olefin portion 295 of stream 260 can be sent to an etherification zone 300 where it is reacted to form an MTBE stream 305.The MTBE stream 305 can be sent to the gasoline pool 162.The FCC naphtha stream 265 can be sent to hydrotreating zone 280 where it is hydrotreated over hydrotreating catalyst in the presence of hydrogen.","The hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream 307 can be sent to the gasoline pool 162.A portion 310 of the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream 307 can be sent to the blending zone 170.In some embodiments, a butane stream 311 can be sent to the blending zone 170.In some embodiments, a gasoline stream 313 from the gasoline pool 162 can be sent to the blending zone 170.In some embodiments, the FCC cycle oil stream 270 can be sent to hydrotreating and separation zone 196 to be hydrotreated and separated into hydrotreated kerosene stream 197, hydrotreated diesel stream 198, and hydrotreated jet fuel stream 199.Alternatively, the kerosene and jet fuel streams can be combined.","The slurry oil stream 275 can be used as fuel oil.","In some embodiments, the vacuum gas oil stream 240 can be sent to a coking zone 315 for coking.","It can be separated into a coker naphtha stream 320, a coker gas oil stream 325, and a coke stream 330.The coker naphtha stream 320 can be sent to the naphtha hydrotreating zone 140.In some embodiments, the coker gas oil stream 325 can be combined with light vacuum gas oil stream 235 and/or atmospheric gas oil stream 130.The coke stream 330 can be used for fuel in the refineries utilities.","Depending on the metal content, it could also be sold for use as fuel for industrial boilers, for use in cement, and for use in synthetic graphite.","In some embodiments, a portion 335 of the atmospheric gas oil stream 130 can be sent to the fluid catalytic cracking zone 255.In some embodiments, a portion 340 of the atmospheric gas oil stream 130 can be sent to the partial hydrocracking zone 245.In some embodiments, a portion 345 of the light vacuum gas oil stream 235 can be combined with the atmospheric gas oil stream 130.The GCI fuel composition is a blend of naphtha and kerosene.","The naphtha can comprise one or more of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream, hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream 175, the isomerate stream 165, the butane stream 311, the reformate stream 195, the gasoline stream 313, the FCC naphtha stream 310, and the alkylate stream 293.The kerosene can comprise one or more of the kerosene streams 197 and 222, and the jet fuel streams 199 and 220.As used herein, the term about means within 10% of the value, or within 5%, or within 1%.","While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist.","It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the claimed subject matter in any way.","Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment or embodiments.","It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope set forth in the appended claims.","SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS While the following is described in conjunction with specific embodiments, it will be understood that this description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the preceding description and the appended claims.","A first embodiment of the invention is a GCI fuel composition comprising a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27, the fuel blend comprising a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the first embodiment in this paragraph wherein the fuel composition has at least one of: an olefin content of the fuel composition less than about 18 lv %; an aromatic content of the fuel composition less than about 35 lv %; a sulfur content of the fuel composition less than about 10 wt ppm; and a benzene content of the fuel composition less than about 1 lv %.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the first embodiment in this paragraph wherein the naphtha stream comprises at least one of a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; an isomerate stream; a butane stream; a reformate stream; a gasoline stream; a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; and an alkylate stream.","A second embodiment of the invention is a method of making a GCI fuel composition comprising blending a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream to form a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27.An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the naphtha stream comprises at least one of a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; an isomerate stream; a butane stream; a reformate stream; a gasoline stream; a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; and an alkylate stream.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream is formed by hydrotreating a straight run naphtha stream.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the isomerate stream is formed by isomerizing at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the reformate stream is formed by reforming at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the gasoline stream comprises a blend of one or more of butane, reformate, isomerate, FCC naphtha, and alkylate.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream is formed by fluid catalytically cracking at least one of an atmospheric gas oil stream, a vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, an unconverted oil stream, a light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream; separating the FCC stream into the FCC naphtha stream and at least one other stream; and hydrotreating the FCC naphtha stream.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein separating the FCC stream into the FCC naphtha stream and the at least one other stream comprises separating the FCC stream into at least the FCC naphtha stream and a FCC cycle oil stream; and hydrotreating and separating the FCC cycle oil stream into at least a hydrotreated kerosene stream.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the alkylate stream is formed by fluid catalytically cracking at least one of an atmospheric gas oil stream, a vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, an unconverted oil stream, a light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream; separating the FCC stream into a C3/C4 stream and at least one other stream; separating the C3/C4 stream into at least a C3 olefin stream and a C4 stream; and alkylating at least a portion of the C3 olefin steam, the C4 stream, or both.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the kerosene stream is formed by at least one of separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into a first straight run kerosene stream and at least one other stream, and hydrotreating the first straight run kerosene stream; or separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into a first straight run kerosene/diesel stream and at least one other stream, and hydrotreating and separating the first straight run kerosene/diesel stream into a second straight run kerosene stream, and at least one other stream.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the kerosene stream is formed by at least one of hydrocracking a first atmospheric gas oil stream, and separating (and optionally hydrotreating) the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a first kerosene stream and at least one other stream; or hydrocracking a second atmospheric gas oil stream, separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a kerosene/diesel stream and at least one other stream; and separating (and optionally hydrotreating) the kerosene/diesel stream into a second kerosene stream and at least one other stream.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into the first kerosene stream and the at least one other stream comprises separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into at least the first kerosene stream, a hydrocracker heavy naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into the kerosene/diesel stream and the at least one other stream comprises separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into at least the kerosene/diesel stream, a hydrocracker heavy naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the first or second atmospheric gas oil stream is formed by separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into the first or second atmospheric gas oil stream and at least one other stream.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph further comprising separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into at least a straight run naphtha stream, a straight run kerosene/diesel stream, an atmospheric gas oil stream, and an atmospheric residue stream; hydrotreating the straight run naphtha stream to form a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; isomerizing the at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream to form an isomerate stream; reforming at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream to form a reformate stream; hydrotreating and separating the straight run kerosene/diesel stream into at least a hydrotreated straight run kerosene stream and at least one other stream; hydrocracking at least a portion of the atmospheric gas oil stream to form a hydrocracked stream; separating the hydrocracked stream to form at least a second kerosene/diesel stream, a hydrocracker naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream; separating (and optionally hydrotreating) the second kerosene/diesel stream into a second kerosene stream and at least one other stream; vacuum separating the atmospheric residue stream to form at least a light vacuum gas oil stream and a vacuum gas oil stream; optionally partially hydrocracking at least a portion of one or more of the atmospheric gas oil stream, the light vacuum gas oil, or the unconverted oil stream; fluid catalytically cracking at least one of the atmospheric gas oil stream, the vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, the unconverted oil stream, the light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream; separating the FCC stream into at least a C3/C4 stream, a FCC naphtha stream, and a FCC cycle oil stream; and hydrotreating the FCC naphtha stream to form a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; hydrotreating and separating the FCC cycle oil stream into at least a third hydrotreated kerosene stream; separating the C3/C4 stream into at least a C3 olefin stream and a C4 stream; and alkylating at least a portion of the C3 olefin steam, the C4 stream, or both to form an alkylate stream; wherein the naphtha stream comprises at least one of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; the isomerate stream; the reformate stream; the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; the alkylate stream, a butane stream, and a gasoline stream; and wherein the kerosene stream comprises at least one of the straight run hydrotreated kerosene stream; the second kerosene stream; and the third hydrotreated kerosene stream.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph further comprising at least one of combining at least a portion of the atmospheric gas oil stream with the light vacuum gas oil stream; and combining the hydrocracker naphtha stream with the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.","The method of stream 18 further comprising coking the vacuum gas oil stream to form a coked vacuum gas oil stream; separating the coked vacuum gas oil stream into at least a coker naphtha stream, a coker gas oil stream, and a coke stream; and at least one of combining the coker gas oil stream with the light vacuum gas oil stream, or the atmospheric gas oil stream, or both; and combining the coker naphtha stream with the straight run naphtha stream.","An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the GCI fuel composition has at least one of an olefin content of the fuel composition less than about 18 lv %; an aromatic content of the fuel composition less than about 35 lv %; a sulfur content of the fuel composition less than about 10 wt ppm; and a benzene content of the fuel composition less than about 1 lv %.","Without further elaboration, it is believed that using the preceding description that one skilled in the art can utilize the present invention to its fullest extent and easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, to make various changes and modifications of the invention and to adapt it to various usages and conditions.","The preceding preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limiting the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever, and that it is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the appended claims.","In the foregoing, all temperatures are set forth in degrees Celsius and, all parts and percentages are by weight, unless otherwise indicated."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"FUEL COMPOSITION FOR GCI ENGINES AND METHOD OF PRODUCTION\",\n \"GCI fuel compositions and methods of making them are described.\",\n \"The GCI fuel compositions comprises a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27, the fuel blend comprising a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A GCI fuel composition comprising: a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27, the fuel blend comprising a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream.\",\n \"2.The fuel composition of claim 1 wherein the fuel composition has at least one of: an olefin content of the fuel composition less than about 18 lv %; an aromatic content of the fuel composition less than about 35 lv %; a sulfur content of the fuel composition less than about 10 wt ppm; and a benzene content of the fuel composition less than about 1 lv %.\",\n \"3.The fuel composition of claim 1: wherein the naphtha stream comprises at least one of: a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; an isomerate stream; a butane stream; a reformate stream; a gasoline stream; a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; and an alkylate stream.\",\n \"4.A method of making a GCI fuel composition comprising: blending a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream to form a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27.5.The method of claim 4 wherein wherein the naphtha stream comprises at least one of: a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; an isomerate stream; a butane stream; a reformate stream; a gasoline stream; a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; and an alkylate stream.\",\n \"6.The method of claim 4 wherein the naphtha stream comprises a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream and wherein the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream is formed by: hydrotreating a straight run naphtha stream.\",\n \"7.The method of claim 4 wherein the naphtha stream comprises an isomerate stream and wherein the isomerate stream is formed by: isomerizing at least a portion of a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.\",\n \"8.The method of claim 4 wherein the naphtha stream comprises a reformate stream and wherein the reformate stream is formed by: reforming at least a portion of a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.\",\n \"9.The method of claim 4 wherein the naphtha stream comprises a gasoline stream and wherein the gasoline stream comprises a blend of one or more of butane, reformate, isomerate, FCC naphtha, and alkylate.\",\n \"10.The method of claim 4 wherein the naphtha stream comprises a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream, and wherein the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream is formed by: fluid catalytically cracking at least one of an atmospheric gas oil stream, a vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, an unconverted oil stream, a light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream; separating the FCC stream into the FCC naphtha stream and at least one other stream; and hydrotreating the FCC naphtha stream.\",\n \"11.The method of claim 10 wherein separating the FCC stream into the FCC naphtha stream and the at least one other stream comprises: separating the FCC stream into at least the FCC naphtha stream and a FCC cycle oil stream; and hydrotreating and separating the FCC cycle oil stream into at least a hydrotreated kerosene stream, and wherein the kerosene stream comprises the hydrotreated kerosene stream.\",\n \"12.The method of claim 4 wherein the naphtha stream comprises an alkylate stream and wherein the alkylate stream is formed by: fluid catalytically cracking at least one of an atmospheric gas oil stream, a vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, an unconverted oil stream, a light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream; separating the FCC stream into a C3/C4 stream and at least one other stream; separating the C3/C4 stream into at least a C3 olefin stream and a C4 stream; and alkylating at least a portion of the C3 olefin steam, the C4 stream, or both.\",\n \"13.The method of claim 4 wherein the kerosene stream is formed by at least one of: separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into a first straight run kerosene stream and at least one other stream, and hydrotreating the first straight run kerosene stream; or separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into a first straight run kerosene/diesel stream and at least one other stream, and hydrotreating and separating the first straight run kerosene/diesel stream into a second straight run kerosene stream, and at least one other stream.\",\n \"14.The method of claim 4 wherein the kerosene stream is formed by at least one of: hydrocracking a first atmospheric gas oil stream, and separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a first kerosene stream and at least one other stream; or hydrocracking a second atmospheric gas oil stream, separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a kerosene/diesel stream and at least one other stream; and separating the kerosene/diesel stream into a second kerosene stream and at least one other stream.\",\n \"15.The method of claim 14 wherein separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into the first kerosene stream and the at least one other stream comprises separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into at least the first kerosene stream, a hydrocracker heavy naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream.\",\n \"16.The method of claim 14 wherein separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into the kerosene/diesel stream and the at least one other stream comprises separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into at least the kerosene/diesel stream, a hydrocracker heavy naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream.\",\n \"17.The method of claim 14 wherein the first or second atmospheric gas oil stream is formed by: separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into the first or second atmospheric gas oil stream and at least one other stream.\",\n \"18.The method of claim 4 further comprising: separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into at least a straight run naphtha stream, a straight run kerosene/diesel stream, an atmospheric gas oil stream, and an atmospheric residue stream; hydrotreating the straight run naphtha stream to form a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; isomerizing the at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream to form an isomerate stream; reforming at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream to form a reformate stream; hydrotreating and separating the straight run kerosene/diesel stream into at least a hydrotreated straight run kerosene stream and at least one other stream; hydrocracking at least a portion of the atmospheric gas oil stream to form a hydrocracked stream; separating the hydrocracked stream to form at least a second kerosene/diesel stream, a hydrocracker naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream; hydrotreating and separating the second kerosene/diesel stream into a second hydrotreated kerosene stream and at least one other stream; vacuum separating the atmospheric residue stream to form at least a light vacuum gas oil stream and a vacuum gas oil stream; optionally partially hydrocracking at least a portion of one or more of the atmospheric gas oil stream, the light vacuum gas oil, or the unconverted oil stream; fluid catalytically cracking at least one of the atmospheric gas oil stream, the vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, the unconverted oil stream, the light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream; separating the FCC stream into at least a C3/C4 stream, a FCC naphtha stream, and a FCC cycle oil stream; and hydrotreating the FCC naphtha stream to form a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; hydrotreating and separating the FCC cycle oil stream into at least a third hydrotreated kerosene stream; separating the C3/C4 stream into at least a C3 olefin stream and a C4 stream; and alkylating at least a portion of the C3 olefin steam, the C4 stream, or both to form an alkylate stream; wherein the naphtha stream comprises at least one of: the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; the isomerate stream; the reformate stream; the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; and the alkylate stream; and wherein the kerosene stream comprises at least one of: the straight run hydrotreated kerosene stream; the second hydrotreated kerosene stream; and the third hydrotreated kerosene stream.\",\n \"19.The method of claim 18 further comprising at least one of: combining at least a portion of the atmospheric gas oil stream with the light vacuum gas oil stream; and combining the hydrocracker naphtha stream with the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.\",\n \"20.The method of stream 18 further comprising: coking the vacuum gas oil stream to form a coked vacuum gas oil stream; separating the coked vacuum gas oil stream into at least a coker naphtha stream, a coker gas oil stream, and a coke stream; and at least one of: combining the coker gas oil stream with the light vacuum gas oil stream, or the atmospheric gas oil stream, or both; and combining the coker naphtha stream with the straight run naphtha stream.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Global transport will continue to be powered largely by petroleum-based liquid fuels in the next few decades.\",\n \"The increase in demand for transportation fuel will be mostly in the commercial transport sector (heavy duty road, air, marine and rail), and much more diesel and jet fuel will be needed in the future compared to gasoline.\",\n \"Moreover, gasoline octane quality needs to increase to enable more efficient spark ignition engines.\",\n \"This poses significant challenges to the refining industry and is likely to increase the availability of low octane components in the gasoline boiling range.\",\n \"One approach to mitigate the imbalance in demand growth between gasoline and middle distillates is to change the demand requirements of future engines.\",\n \"There is little prospect of moving aviation from using conventional jet fuel to any significant degree, but some compression ignition (CI) engines could move from conventional diesel to natural gas (NG), particularly in markets such as the U.S. where the shale gas revolution has brought in an era of cheap and abundant gas.\",\n \"Development trends in internal combustion (IC) engines are likely to have a significant impact on the properties required of future fuels.\",\n \"Moreover, there are very good opportunities to develop new engine/fuel systems which can be beneficial from the fuel and engine side as well as help to mitigate the demand imbalance.\",\n \"For instance, CI engines running on low octane (research octane number (RON) of about 70) gasoline and with more relaxed volatility requirements compared to current gasoline could be at least as efficient as current diesel engines but cheaper.\",\n \"This concept is known as Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI).\",\n \"Today's IC engines are either spark ignition (SI) engines running on gasoline or CI engines running on diesel fuel.\",\n \"In SI engines, gasoline is premixed with air, and the mixture is compressed.\",\n \"Heat release occurs in an expanding turbulent flame initiated by a spark near the top of the compression stroke, top dead center (TDC).\",\n \"In a diesel engine, air is compressed, and fuel is injected near TDC.\",\n \"Combustion is initiated by autoignition as the fuel vaporizes, mixes, and reacts with oxygen in the engine cylinder.\",\n \"Currently, the passenger car sector is dominated by SI engines, whereas the commercial sector (heavy duty road, air, rail and marine) is dominated by CI engines.\",\n \"SI engines are run at a stoichiometric fuel and air mixture that enables a three-way catalyst to be used to treat the exhaust and reduce tail-pipe emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and NOx to extremely low levels.\",\n \"CI engines are more efficient than SI engines, but suffer from high engine-out emissions of particulates and NOx (nitrogen oxides) which are very difficult to control by after-treatment of the oxygen-rich exhaust with catalysts.\",\n \"Particulates are formed in diesel engines because diesel fuel with a Cetane Number (CN) greater than about 40 autoignites too easily, before it has had a chance to mix adequately with oxygen.\",\n \"Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) can be used to control NOx, but it reduces in-cylinder particulate oxidation and leads to increased engine-out particulate emissions.\",\n \"Hence, it is very difficult to control particulates and NOx simultaneously in diesel engines.\",\n \"Engine manufacturers are currently trying to solve this problem by using very expensive technology such as very high injection pressures and complex after-treatment systems to control NOx and particulates.\",\n \"Some of these technologies compromise fuel efficiency.\",\n \"Controlling particulates and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at reasonable cost without compromising efficiency would be much easier to meet if diesel engines were run on fuels which do not ignite as easily as diesel fuel, allowing more time for fuel and air to mix before combustion starts.\",\n \"Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) engines are currently under development that can achieve substantially higher combustion efficiency than conventional diesel and gasoline spark ignition engines.\",\n \"These new GCI engines are similar in operation to Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines, but have the fuel injection just prior to TDC on the compression stroke.\",\n \"These new engines can utilize different fuel compositions than conventional internal combustion engines.\",\n \"GCI engines may be at least as efficient as CI engines, and more efficient than the most advanced SI engines.\",\n \"They may also be less expensive than advanced CI engines.\",\n \"There is a need for a fuel which has acceptable particulate and NOx emissions and which can be used in GCI engines, and for methods of making the fuel.\"\n ],\n [\n \" SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the invention is a GCI fuel composition.\",\n \"In one embodiment, the GCI fuel composition comprises a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27, the fuel blend comprising a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream.\",\n \"Another aspect of the invention is method of making a GCI fuel composition.\",\n \"In one embodiment, the method includes blending a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream to form a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27.\"\n ],\n [\n \"This application is a continuation of co-pending International Application No.\",\n \"PCT/US16/41755, entitled FUEL COMPOSITION FOR GCI ENGINES AND METHOD OF PRODUCTION, filed Jul.\",\n \"11, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S.\",\n \"Provisional Application Ser.\",\n \"No.\",\n \"62/194,631, entitled FUEL COMPOSITION AND METHOD OF MAKING, filed Jul.\",\n \"20, 2015, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.\",\n \"BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Global transport will continue to be powered largely by petroleum-based liquid fuels in the next few decades.\",\n \"The increase in demand for transportation fuel will be mostly in the commercial transport sector (heavy duty road, air, marine and rail), and much more diesel and jet fuel will be needed in the future compared to gasoline.\",\n \"Moreover, gasoline octane quality needs to increase to enable more efficient spark ignition engines.\",\n \"This poses significant challenges to the refining industry and is likely to increase the availability of low octane components in the gasoline boiling range.\",\n \"One approach to mitigate the imbalance in demand growth between gasoline and middle distillates is to change the demand requirements of future engines.\",\n \"There is little prospect of moving aviation from using conventional jet fuel to any significant degree, but some compression ignition (CI) engines could move from conventional diesel to natural gas (NG), particularly in markets such as the U.S. where the shale gas revolution has brought in an era of cheap and abundant gas.\",\n \"Development trends in internal combustion (IC) engines are likely to have a significant impact on the properties required of future fuels.\",\n \"Moreover, there are very good opportunities to develop new engine/fuel systems which can be beneficial from the fuel and engine side as well as help to mitigate the demand imbalance.\",\n \"For instance, CI engines running on low octane (research octane number (RON) of about 70) gasoline and with more relaxed volatility requirements compared to current gasoline could be at least as efficient as current diesel engines but cheaper.\",\n \"This concept is known as Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI).\",\n \"Today's IC engines are either spark ignition (SI) engines running on gasoline or CI engines running on diesel fuel.\",\n \"In SI engines, gasoline is premixed with air, and the mixture is compressed.\",\n \"Heat release occurs in an expanding turbulent flame initiated by a spark near the top of the compression stroke, top dead center (TDC).\",\n \"In a diesel engine, air is compressed, and fuel is injected near TDC.\",\n \"Combustion is initiated by autoignition as the fuel vaporizes, mixes, and reacts with oxygen in the engine cylinder.\",\n \"Currently, the passenger car sector is dominated by SI engines, whereas the commercial sector (heavy duty road, air, rail and marine) is dominated by CI engines.\",\n \"SI engines are run at a stoichiometric fuel and air mixture that enables a three-way catalyst to be used to treat the exhaust and reduce tail-pipe emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and NOx to extremely low levels.\",\n \"CI engines are more efficient than SI engines, but suffer from high engine-out emissions of particulates and NOx (nitrogen oxides) which are very difficult to control by after-treatment of the oxygen-rich exhaust with catalysts.\",\n \"Particulates are formed in diesel engines because diesel fuel with a Cetane Number (CN) greater than about 40 autoignites too easily, before it has had a chance to mix adequately with oxygen.\",\n \"Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) can be used to control NOx, but it reduces in-cylinder particulate oxidation and leads to increased engine-out particulate emissions.\",\n \"Hence, it is very difficult to control particulates and NOx simultaneously in diesel engines.\",\n \"Engine manufacturers are currently trying to solve this problem by using very expensive technology such as very high injection pressures and complex after-treatment systems to control NOx and particulates.\",\n \"Some of these technologies compromise fuel efficiency.\",\n \"Controlling particulates and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at reasonable cost without compromising efficiency would be much easier to meet if diesel engines were run on fuels which do not ignite as easily as diesel fuel, allowing more time for fuel and air to mix before combustion starts.\",\n \"Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) engines are currently under development that can achieve substantially higher combustion efficiency than conventional diesel and gasoline spark ignition engines.\",\n \"These new GCI engines are similar in operation to Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines, but have the fuel injection just prior to TDC on the compression stroke.\",\n \"These new engines can utilize different fuel compositions than conventional internal combustion engines.\",\n \"GCI engines may be at least as efficient as CI engines, and more efficient than the most advanced SI engines.\",\n \"They may also be less expensive than advanced CI engines.\",\n \"There is a need for a fuel which has acceptable particulate and NOx emissions and which can be used in GCI engines, and for methods of making the fuel.\",\n \"SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the invention is a GCI fuel composition.\",\n \"In one embodiment, the GCI fuel composition comprises a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27, the fuel blend comprising a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream.\",\n \"Another aspect of the invention is method of making a GCI fuel composition.\",\n \"In one embodiment, the method includes blending a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream to form a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The FIGURE is an illustration of one embodiment of a refining process according the present invention.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A new low octane fuel composition has been identified for use in GCI engines, as well as a refinery process to produce the new fuel composition.\",\n \"The GCI fuel composition has a wide boiling range from light naphtha to kerosene, a low RON, and a low CN, while meeting all other gasoline specifications for olefins, aromatics, and sulfur.\",\n \"The GCI fuel composition is injected earlier in the engine cycle compared to normal diesel fuel.\",\n \"Particulates and NOx can be far more easily controlled by using fuels with high ignition delay.\",\n \"The final boiling point (FBP) of the GCI fuel composition is higher than that of conventional gasoline, which provides more time for the fuel to mix with oxygen before combustion starts so that particulate formation can be minimized.\",\n \"This makes it easier to control NOx using EGR.\",\n \"Also, the injection pressure does not need to be as high as it is for CI engines (e.g., about 40-50 MPa); rather, it can be closer to the pressure of turbo-charged SI engines (e.g., about 15 MPa).\",\n \"Consequently, the after-treatment focus can be on the oxidation of hydrocarbons (HC) and CO rather than control of NOx and particulates.\",\n \"The efficiency if the GCI engine is at least as high as with conventional diesel combustion.\",\n \"The GCI fuel composition comprises a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a RON of about 70 to about 85, and a CN of less than about 27.Desirably, the olefin content is less than about 18 lv % (liquid volume %), and the aromatic content is less than about 35 lv %.\",\n \"Desirably, the fuel composition has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm, and a benzene content of less than about 1 lv %.\",\n \"The cetane number is generally at least about 5 or at least about 10.The GCI fuel composition can be made by blending a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream to have a fuel blend having the specified properties.\",\n \"The final boiling point can be in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., or about 193° C. to less than 245° C., or about 193° C. to less than 240° C., or about 193° C. to less than 235° C., or about 193° C. to less than 230° C., or about 193° C. to less than 225° C., or about 193° C. to less than 220° C., or about 193° C. to less than 215° C. A unique specification of the new GCI fuel composition is the end point limitation of less than 250° C., coupled with a cetane number less than 27.Directionally, as the hydrocarbon chain length increases (higher end point), the autoignition temperature for a hydrocarbon/air mixture decreases, autoigniting quicker.\",\n \"NOx and particulates are formed when fuel autoignites before mixing adequately with oxygen.\",\n \"The lower end point of new GCI fuel composition, less than 250° C., limits the amount of diesel (longer hydrocarbon chain) into the new GCI fuel composition.\",\n \"Jet and kerosene streams have lower cetane values than diesel; i.e., about 40 vs. higher cetane numbers for diesel.\",\n \"(The EU-V diesel specification for cetane number is at least 51).\",\n \"The higher the cetane number, the easier it is for the fuel to autoignite.\",\n \"Consequently, the end point limitation will limit the hydrocarbon chain length, minimizing the formation of NOx and particulates due to limiting autoignition, resulting in a cleaner fuel with reduced emissions.\",\n \"The new GCI fuel composition can be produced in a conventional refinery with modifications.\",\n \"One unique characteristic of the process is that, in some embodiments, the heavy naphtha can bypass the reforming unit and be blended with light naphtha and a kerosene fraction that only needs to be hydrotreated to reduce sulfur content.\",\n \"This reduces the refinery operating cost to produce the fuel and increases the produced fuel volume by avoiding volume loss across the reforming unit.\",\n \"The naphtha stream can comprise one or more of a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; an isomerate stream; a butane stream; a reformate stream; a gasoline stream; a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; and an alkylate stream.\",\n \"The kerosene stream can be hydrotreated straight run kerosene or hydrotreated kerosene made from FCC cycle oil.\",\n \"The kerosene stream can include jet fuel, either straight run jet fuel or jet fuel made from FCC cycle oil.\",\n \"One advantage of the new GCI fuel composition is that lower value streams, such as nC4 (RONC about 94), light naphtha (C5-C6, RONC about 65), and isomerate (C5/C6, RONC about 80-90), can be used in the composition.\",\n \"This allows other high RONC gasoline blending streams, e.g., 2-methylpropane (iC4, RONC about 105), reformate (RONC about 90-104), alkylate (RONC about 94-96), and/or methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE, RONC about 117) to be used for the higher RONC gasoline blends.\",\n \"Isomerate is a gasoline blend stock, but the amount allowed in gasoline is limited due to distillation and Reed vapor pressure (RVP) constraints to a maximum of about 50 lv %.\",\n \"However, the new GCI fuel composition allows for higher amounts, e.g., up to about 80 lv %.\",\n \"MTBE and alkylate are very valuable blend stocks for gasoline.\",\n \"They are not required for the GCI fuel composition, although they can be used if desired.\",\n \"The amount of MTBE being produced in a refinery is typically limited by the amount of iC4 olefins from the FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) and Coker units.\",\n \"The MTBE produced is typically consumed by the refiner for the higher gasoline blends.\",\n \"Alkylate is also another key blend stock which will not be required for the GCI fuel composition.\",\n \"Alkylate is a desired blend stock due to its properties: no aromatics, no benzene, and low RVP with high RONC.\",\n \"As gasoline trends toward higher RONC, alkylate and MTBE will be required for the higher RONC blends, making them more valuable blend stocks.\",\n \"This reduces the desirability of using them in the GCI fuel composition.\",\n \"One limiting specification for the GCI fuel composition is the specific gravity.\",\n \"However, since the upper limit of the final boiling point can be higher than for gasoline, kerosene can be blended to increase the specific gravity and energy content.\",\n \"Thus, the GCI fuel composition provides the refiner significant product blending flexibility and a value added disposition for low value streams.\",\n \"The naphtha stream has an initial boiling point range of about 0° C. to about 104° C. and a final boiling point range of about 146° C. to about 226° C. In some embodiments, the naphtha stream contains hydrotreated straight run naphtha, including light naphtha and/or heavy naphtha, having an initial boiling point range of about 0° C. to about 104° C. and a final boiling point range of about 146° C. to about 204° C. The hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream typically has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.\",\n \"The hydrotreated straight run light naphtha stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 0° C. to about 35° C. and a final boiling point range of about 74° C. to about 104° C. The hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 74° C. to about 104° C. and a final boiling point range of about 146° C. to about 204° C. The isomerate stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 27° C. to about 32° C. and a final boiling point range of about 79° C. about 107° C. The butane stream typically has an initial boiling point of about −12° C. and a final boiling point of about −1° C. The reformate stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 27° C. to about 32° C. and a final boiling point range of about 182° C. to about 222° C. The gasoline stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 32° C. to about 49° C. and a final boiling point range of about 182° C. to about 216° C. The hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 32° C. to about 49° C. and a final boiling point range of about 82° C. to about 216° C. The hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream typically has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.\",\n \"The alkylate stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 32° C. to about 49° C. and a final boiling point range of about 171° C. to about 188° C. The kerosene stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 146° C. to about 166° C. and a final boiling point range of about 249° C. to about 271° C. In some embodiments, the kerosene stream can include jet fuel.\",\n \"The hydrotreated kerosene stream typically has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.\",\n \"The jet fuel stream typically has an initial boiling point range of about 149° C. to about 166° C. and a final boiling point range of about 243° C. to about 252° C. The hydrotreated jet fuel stream typically has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.\",\n \"The hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream is typically present in an amount of about 0 to about 30 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 25 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 20 lv %, or about 5 lv % to about 30 lv %, or about 10 lv % to about 30 lv %.\",\n \"The isomerate stream is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 80 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 75 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 70 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 65 lv %, or about 5 lv % to about 80 lv %, or about 10 lv % to about 80 lv %, or about 20 lv % to about 80 lv %, or about 30 lv % to about 80 lv %, or about 40 lv % to about 80 lv %, or about 50 lv % to about 80 lv % or about 5 lv % to about 65 lv %, or about 10 lv % to about 65 lv %, or about 20 lv % to about 65 lv %, or about 30 lv % to about 65 lv %, or about 40 lv % to about 65 lv %, or about 50 lv % to about 65 lv %.\",\n \"The butane stream is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 10 lv %.\",\n \"The reformate stream is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 40 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 30 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 20 lv %, about 0 lv % to about 15 lv %.\",\n \"The gasoline stream is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 40 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 30 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 20 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 10 lv %, or about 10 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 20 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 30 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 40 lv % to about 50 lv %.\",\n \"The hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 40 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 35 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 30 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 25 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 20 lv %.\",\n \"The alkylate stream is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 35 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 30 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 25 lv %.\",\n \"The kerosene stream (straight run and/or made by hydrocracking) is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 45 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 40 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 35 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 30 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 25 lv %, or about 5 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 10 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 15 lv % to about 50 lv %, or about 20 lv % to about 50 lv %.\",\n \"The jet fuel stream (straight run and/or made by hydrocracking) is typically present in an amount of about 0 lv % to about 40 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 35 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 30 lv %, or about 0 lv % to about 25 lv %.\",\n \"The hydrotreated kerosene and/or jet fuel streams typically have a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the GCI fuel composition includes about 0 lv % to about 20 lv % hydrotreated heavy naphtha, about 50 lv % to about 70 lv % isomerate, about 0 lv % to about 10 lv % butanes, about 0 lv % to about 15 lv % reformate, about 0 lv % to about 20 lv % hydrotreated FCC naphtha, and about 0 lv % to about 35 lv % hydrotreated kerosene.\",\n \"Shown below are only a few non-limiting examples of possible blends for the GCI fuel composition.\",\n \"The blends highlight the flexibility and the large ranges possible.\",\n \"The GCI fuel composition increases the refiners blending flexibility and profitability by using the lower value streams.\",\n \"Blend Blend stock liq vol A B C Kerosene lv % 29.0% 26.7% 0.1% Hydrotreated FCC Naphtha lv % 0.1% 14.7% 17.2% Hydrotreated Straight Run lv % 0.0% 0.0% 17.2% Heavy Naphtha Isomerate lv % 63.8% 57.3% 53.2% nC4 lv % 7.0% 1.3% 0.4% Reformate lv % 0.0% 0.0% 11.8% Total lv % 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% In some embodiments, the hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream is formed by hydrotreating a straight run naphtha stream to form a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream can be separated into a hydrotreated straight run light naphtha stream and a hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream.\",\n \"The hydrotreated straight run light and heavy naphtha streams typically have a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the isomerate stream can be formed by isomerizing at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha, e.g., the hydrotreated straight run light naphtha stream.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the butanes stream can be formed by fractionating and treating (e.g., with an amine treatment) a hydrocarbon feed stream.\",\n \"Alternatively, the butanes stream can be formed as byproducts of various processes in the refinery, including, but not limited to, reforming, fluid catalytic cracking, coking, and hydrocracking.\",\n \"One or more of the byproduct streams from these processes can be combined, treated (e.g., with an amine treatment), and fractionated to form the butane stream.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the reformate stream can be formed by reforming at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream, e.g., the hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the gasoline stream is formed by blending one or more of butanes, reformate, isomerate, FCC naphtha, and alkylate.\",\n \"The gasoline stream would meet the product specification for gasoline, e.g., the specifications for olefins, sulfur (e.g., less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm), and aromatics.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream can be formed by fluid catalytically cracking at least one of an atmospheric gas oil stream, a vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, an unconverted oil stream, a light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream.\",\n \"The FCC stream can be separated into a FCC naphtha stream (typically along with one or more other streams), which can then be hydrotreated.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the other streams can include a FCC cycle oil stream.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the FCC cycle oil stream can be hydrotreated and separated into a kerosene stream (including jet fuel or the jet fuel can be a separate stream, as desired) (typically along with one or more other streams).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the alkylate stream can be formed by fluid catalytically cracking at least one of an atmospheric gas oil stream, a vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, an atmospheric gas oil stream, a heavy cycle oil stream, a light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream.\",\n \"The FCC stream can be separated into a C3/C4 stream (typically along with one or more other streams).\",\n \"The C3/C4 stream includes C3 and C4 paraffins and olefins.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the C3/C4 stream can be separated into at least a C3 olefin stream and a C4 stream.\",\n \"Further separation can take place, if desired, such as separating the C4 stream into a C4 olefin stream and a C4 paraffin stream, and/or separating the iC4 olefins from the C4 stream or the C4 olefin stream.\",\n \"The C3 olefins and/or all or a portion of the C4 stream can be alkylated.\",\n \"All or a portion of the iC4 olefin stream can be converted to methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE).\",\n \"Alternatively, a C4 stream could be formed by separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into different fractions including a C4 olefin stream and/or an iC4 olefin stream.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the kerosene stream can be formed by separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into a straight run kerosene stream (typically along with one or more other streams) and hydrotreating the straight run kerosene stream, or by separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into a straight run kerosene/diesel stream (typically along with one or more other streams), and hydrotreating and separating the straight run kerosene/diesel stream into a hydrotrotreated straight run kerosene stream (including jet fuel or the jet fuel can be a separate stream, as desired) (typically along with one or more other streams).\",\n \"The hydrotreated kerosene stream typically has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the kerosene stream can be formed by at least one of: hydrocracking a first atmospheric gas oil stream, and separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a first kerosene stream and at least one other stream; or hydrocracking a second atmospheric gas oil stream, separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a kerosene/diesel stream and at least one other stream; and separating the kerosene/diesel stream into a second kerosene stream and at least one other stream.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the first and/or second kerosene streams can be optionally hydrotreated if desired.\",\n \"The hydrotreated kerosene stream typically has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a jet fuel stream can be formed by separating a hydrocarbon feed into a straight run jet fuel stream (typically along with one or more other streams), and hydrotreating the straight run jet fuel stream; separating a hydrocarbon feed into a straight run jet/diesel stream (typically along with one or more other streams), and hydrotreating and separating the straight run jet/diesel stream into a hydrotreated jet fuel stream (typically along with one or more other streams); hydrocracking an atmospheric gas oil stream, and separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a jet fuel stream (typically along with one or more other streams), or by hydrocracking an atmospheric gas oil stream, and separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a kerosene/diesel stream (typically along with one or more other streams), and separating the kerosene/diesel stream into a jet fuel stream, (typically along with one or more other streams).\",\n \"In some embodiments, the jet fuel streams made by hydrocracking the atmospheric gas oil stream can be optionally hydrotreated if desired.\",\n \"The hydrotreated jet fuel stream(s) typically has a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.\",\n \"In some embodiments, as discussed above, rather than forming separate jet fuel and kerosene streams, a single stream containing kerosene and jet fuel can be formed.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream is separated into at least the jet fuel stream or the kerosene/diesel stream, a hydrocracker heavy naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the hydrocracker heavy naphtha stream can be combined with the straight run naphtha stream.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the atmospheric gas oil stream can be formed by separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into the atmospheric gas oil stream (typically along with one or more other streams).\",\n \"In some embodiments, a hydrocarbon feed stream is separated into at least a straight run naphtha stream, a straight run kerosene/diesel stream, an atmospheric gas oil stream, and an atmospheric residue stream.\",\n \"The straight run naphtha stream can be hydrotreated to form a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.\",\n \"At least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream can be isomerized to form an isomerate stream.\",\n \"At least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream can be reformed to form the reformate stream.\",\n \"The straight run kerosene/diesel stream can be hydrotreated and separated into at least a hydrotreated straight run kerosene stream and at least one other stream.\",\n \"At least a portion of the atmospheric gas oil stream can be hydrocracked to form a hydrocracked stream.\",\n \"The hydrocracked stream can be separated to form at least a second kerosene/diesel stream, a hydrocracker naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream.\",\n \"The kerosene/diesel stream can be separated (and optionally hydrotreated) into at least a second kerosene stream and at least one other stream.\",\n \"The atmospheric residue stream can be vacuum separated to form a light vacuum gas oil stream and a vacuum gas oil stream.\",\n \"Optionally, at least a portion of one or more of the atmospheric gas oil stream, the light vacuum gas oil, or the unconverted oil stream can be partially hydrocracked.\",\n \"At least one of the atmospheric gas oil stream, the vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, the unconverted oil stream, the light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream can be fluid catalytically cracked to form an FCC stream.\",\n \"The FCC stream can be separated into at least a C3/C4 stream, an FCC naphtha stream, and an FCC cycle oil stream (including light and/or heavy cycle oil).\",\n \"The FCC naphtha stream can be hydrotreated to form a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream.\",\n \"The FCC cycle oil stream can be hydrotreated and separated into at least a third hydrotreated kerosene stream.\",\n \"The C3/C4 stream can be separated into at least a C3 olefin stream and a C4 stream.\",\n \"At least a portion of the C3 olefin steam, the C4 stream, or both can be alkylated to form an alkylate stream.\",\n \"The naphtha stream comprises at least one of: the straight run hydrotreated naphtha stream; the isomerate stream; the reformate stream; the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; the alkylate stream, a butane stream, and a gasoline stream.\",\n \"The straight run hydrotreated naphtha stream and the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream typically have a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.\",\n \"The kerosene stream comprises at least one of: the straight run hydrotreated kerosene stream; the second kerosene stream; and the third hydrotreated kerosene stream.\",\n \"The straight run hydrotreated kerosene stream and the third hydrotreated kerosene streams typically have a sulfur content of less than about 50 wt ppm, or less than about 10 wt ppm.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the method can include at least one of: combining at least a portion of the atmospheric gas oil stream with the light vacuum gas oil stream; and combining the hydrocracker naphtha stream with the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vacuum gas oil stream can be coked to form a coked vacuum gas oil stream.\",\n \"The coked vacuum gas oil stream can be separated into at least a coker naphtha stream, a coker gas oil stream, and a coke stream.\",\n \"The method can include at least one of: combining the coker gas oil stream with the light vacuum gas oil stream, or the atmospheric gas oil stream, or both; and combining the coker naphtha stream with the straight run naphtha stream.\",\n \"The FIGURE illustrates one embodiment of a process 100 for making the GCI fuel composition.\",\n \"A hydrocarbon feed stream 105 is fed to a crude distillation unit 110 where it is separated into multiple streams including e.g., liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stream 115, straight run naphtha stream 120, straight run kerosene/diesel stream 125, atmospheric gas oil stream 130, and atmospheric residue stream 135.The LPG stream 115 can be recovered and be sold or used as feed for a hydrogen plant, for example.\",\n \"The straight run naphtha stream 120 can be sent to naphtha hydrotreating zone 140 where it is hydrotreated in the presence of hydrogen over a hydrotreating catalyst to remove heteroatoms, such as sulfur, nitrogen, and metals from the hydrocarbon feedstock, and to saturate hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds and aromatics.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the hydrotreated straight run naphtha may be separated into a hydrotreated straight run light naphtha stream 145 and a hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream 150.The hydrotreated straight run light naphtha stream 145 can be sent to isomerization zone 155 where the hydrotreated straight run light naphtha is isomerized over an isomerization catalyst to increase alkyl branching on the naphtha molecules.\",\n \"The isomerate stream 160 can be sent to a gasoline pool 162 for blending.\",\n \"At least a portion 165 of the isomerate stream 160 can be sent to the blending zone 170 for the GCI fuel composition.\",\n \"At least a portion 175 of the hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream 150 can bypass the catalytic reforming zone 180 and be sent to the blending zone 170.At least a portion 185 of the hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream 150 can be sent to the catalytic reforming zone 180 for reforming over reforming catalyst to increase the alkyl branching and aromaticization of the naphtha molecules.\",\n \"The reformate stream 190 can be sent to the gasoline pool 162.A portion 195 of the reformate stream 190 can be sent to the blending zone 170.The straight run kerosene/diesel stream 125 can be hydrotreated over hydrotreating catalyst in the presence of hydrogen and separated in a hydrotreating and separation zone 196 into at least kerosene stream 197 and diesel stream 198, and optionally straight run jet fuel stream 199.Kerosene stream 197 and/or optional jet fuel stream 199 can be sent to the blending zone 170.Diesel stream 198 can be sent to the diesel pool (not shown).\",\n \"Alternatively, separate straight run kerosene, jet fuel, and diesel streams could be formed in the crude distillation unit 110.The atmospheric gas oil stream 130 can be sent to a hydrocracking zone 200 for hydrocracking the atmospheric gas oil stream over a hydrocracking catalyst in the presence of hydrogen.\",\n \"The hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil is then separated into multiple streams including, e.g., a hydrocracker naphtha stream 205, a kerosene/diesel stream 210, and an unconverted oil stream 215.The hydrocracker naphtha stream 205 can be combined with hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream 150, if desired.\",\n \"The kerosene/diesel stream 210 can be separated into jet fuel stream 220, kerosene stream 222, and diesel stream 225 in separation zone 217.Separation zone 217 can include optionally hydrotreating the jet fuel stream 220, kerosene stream 222, and diesel stream 225 in the presence of hydrogen over a hydrotreating catalyst, if desired.\",\n \"Jet fuel stream 220 and/or kerosene stream 222 can be sent to the blending zone 170, while diesel stream 225 can be sent to the diesel pool.\",\n \"Alternatively, the kerosene stream and jet fuel streams can be combined.\",\n \"The atmospheric residue stream 135 can be sent to a vacuum separation zone 230 where it is separated into light vacuum gas oil stream 235 and vacuum gas oil stream 240.Light vacuum gas oil stream 235 is sent to partial hydrocracking zone 245 for partial hydrocracking over hydrocracking catalyst in the presence of hydrogen.\",\n \"The hydrocracked stream 250 is sent to a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) zone 255.The FCC stream is separated into a C3/C4 stream 260, FCC naphtha stream 265, FCC cycle oil stream 270, and slurry oil stream 275.The C3/C4 stream 260 can be separated into two or more streams, such as a C3 olefin stream and a C4 stream.\",\n \"The C3 olefins and/or a portion of the C4 stream can be sent to an alkylation zone 285 for alkylation.\",\n \"The alkylate stream 290 can be sent to the gasoline pool 162.A portion 293 of the alkylate stream 290 can be sent to the blending zone 170.An iC4 olefin portion 295 of stream 260 can be sent to an etherification zone 300 where it is reacted to form an MTBE stream 305.The MTBE stream 305 can be sent to the gasoline pool 162.The FCC naphtha stream 265 can be sent to hydrotreating zone 280 where it is hydrotreated over hydrotreating catalyst in the presence of hydrogen.\",\n \"The hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream 307 can be sent to the gasoline pool 162.A portion 310 of the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream 307 can be sent to the blending zone 170.In some embodiments, a butane stream 311 can be sent to the blending zone 170.In some embodiments, a gasoline stream 313 from the gasoline pool 162 can be sent to the blending zone 170.In some embodiments, the FCC cycle oil stream 270 can be sent to hydrotreating and separation zone 196 to be hydrotreated and separated into hydrotreated kerosene stream 197, hydrotreated diesel stream 198, and hydrotreated jet fuel stream 199.Alternatively, the kerosene and jet fuel streams can be combined.\",\n \"The slurry oil stream 275 can be used as fuel oil.\",\n \"In some embodiments, the vacuum gas oil stream 240 can be sent to a coking zone 315 for coking.\",\n \"It can be separated into a coker naphtha stream 320, a coker gas oil stream 325, and a coke stream 330.The coker naphtha stream 320 can be sent to the naphtha hydrotreating zone 140.In some embodiments, the coker gas oil stream 325 can be combined with light vacuum gas oil stream 235 and/or atmospheric gas oil stream 130.The coke stream 330 can be used for fuel in the refineries utilities.\",\n \"Depending on the metal content, it could also be sold for use as fuel for industrial boilers, for use in cement, and for use in synthetic graphite.\",\n \"In some embodiments, a portion 335 of the atmospheric gas oil stream 130 can be sent to the fluid catalytic cracking zone 255.In some embodiments, a portion 340 of the atmospheric gas oil stream 130 can be sent to the partial hydrocracking zone 245.In some embodiments, a portion 345 of the light vacuum gas oil stream 235 can be combined with the atmospheric gas oil stream 130.The GCI fuel composition is a blend of naphtha and kerosene.\",\n \"The naphtha can comprise one or more of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream, hydrotreated straight run heavy naphtha stream 175, the isomerate stream 165, the butane stream 311, the reformate stream 195, the gasoline stream 313, the FCC naphtha stream 310, and the alkylate stream 293.The kerosene can comprise one or more of the kerosene streams 197 and 222, and the jet fuel streams 199 and 220.As used herein, the term about means within 10% of the value, or within 5%, or within 1%.\",\n \"While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist.\",\n \"It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the claimed subject matter in any way.\",\n \"Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment or embodiments.\",\n \"It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope set forth in the appended claims.\",\n \"SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS While the following is described in conjunction with specific embodiments, it will be understood that this description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the preceding description and the appended claims.\",\n \"A first embodiment of the invention is a GCI fuel composition comprising a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27, the fuel blend comprising a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the first embodiment in this paragraph wherein the fuel composition has at least one of: an olefin content of the fuel composition less than about 18 lv %; an aromatic content of the fuel composition less than about 35 lv %; a sulfur content of the fuel composition less than about 10 wt ppm; and a benzene content of the fuel composition less than about 1 lv %.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the first embodiment in this paragraph wherein the naphtha stream comprises at least one of a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; an isomerate stream; a butane stream; a reformate stream; a gasoline stream; a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; and an alkylate stream.\",\n \"A second embodiment of the invention is a method of making a GCI fuel composition comprising blending a naphtha stream and a kerosene stream to form a fuel blend having an initial boiling point in a range of about 26° C. to about 38° C. and a final boiling point in a range of about 193° C. to less than 250° C., a density of about 0.72 kg/l to about 0.8 kg/l at 15° C., a research octane number of about 70 to about 85, and a cetane number of less than about 27.An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the naphtha stream comprises at least one of a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; an isomerate stream; a butane stream; a reformate stream; a gasoline stream; a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; and an alkylate stream.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream is formed by hydrotreating a straight run naphtha stream.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the isomerate stream is formed by isomerizing at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the reformate stream is formed by reforming at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the gasoline stream comprises a blend of one or more of butane, reformate, isomerate, FCC naphtha, and alkylate.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream is formed by fluid catalytically cracking at least one of an atmospheric gas oil stream, a vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, an unconverted oil stream, a light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream; separating the FCC stream into the FCC naphtha stream and at least one other stream; and hydrotreating the FCC naphtha stream.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein separating the FCC stream into the FCC naphtha stream and the at least one other stream comprises separating the FCC stream into at least the FCC naphtha stream and a FCC cycle oil stream; and hydrotreating and separating the FCC cycle oil stream into at least a hydrotreated kerosene stream.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the alkylate stream is formed by fluid catalytically cracking at least one of an atmospheric gas oil stream, a vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, an unconverted oil stream, a light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream; separating the FCC stream into a C3/C4 stream and at least one other stream; separating the C3/C4 stream into at least a C3 olefin stream and a C4 stream; and alkylating at least a portion of the C3 olefin steam, the C4 stream, or both.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the kerosene stream is formed by at least one of separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into a first straight run kerosene stream and at least one other stream, and hydrotreating the first straight run kerosene stream; or separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into a first straight run kerosene/diesel stream and at least one other stream, and hydrotreating and separating the first straight run kerosene/diesel stream into a second straight run kerosene stream, and at least one other stream.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the kerosene stream is formed by at least one of hydrocracking a first atmospheric gas oil stream, and separating (and optionally hydrotreating) the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a first kerosene stream and at least one other stream; or hydrocracking a second atmospheric gas oil stream, separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into a kerosene/diesel stream and at least one other stream; and separating (and optionally hydrotreating) the kerosene/diesel stream into a second kerosene stream and at least one other stream.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into the first kerosene stream and the at least one other stream comprises separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into at least the first kerosene stream, a hydrocracker heavy naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into the kerosene/diesel stream and the at least one other stream comprises separating the hydrocracked atmospheric gas oil stream into at least the kerosene/diesel stream, a hydrocracker heavy naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the first or second atmospheric gas oil stream is formed by separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into the first or second atmospheric gas oil stream and at least one other stream.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph further comprising separating a hydrocarbon feed stream into at least a straight run naphtha stream, a straight run kerosene/diesel stream, an atmospheric gas oil stream, and an atmospheric residue stream; hydrotreating the straight run naphtha stream to form a hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; isomerizing the at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream to form an isomerate stream; reforming at least a portion of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream to form a reformate stream; hydrotreating and separating the straight run kerosene/diesel stream into at least a hydrotreated straight run kerosene stream and at least one other stream; hydrocracking at least a portion of the atmospheric gas oil stream to form a hydrocracked stream; separating the hydrocracked stream to form at least a second kerosene/diesel stream, a hydrocracker naphtha stream, and an unconverted oil stream; separating (and optionally hydrotreating) the second kerosene/diesel stream into a second kerosene stream and at least one other stream; vacuum separating the atmospheric residue stream to form at least a light vacuum gas oil stream and a vacuum gas oil stream; optionally partially hydrocracking at least a portion of one or more of the atmospheric gas oil stream, the light vacuum gas oil, or the unconverted oil stream; fluid catalytically cracking at least one of the atmospheric gas oil stream, the vacuum gas oil stream, a coker gas oil stream, the unconverted oil stream, the light vacuum gas oil stream, or a hydrotreated gas oil stream to form an FCC stream; separating the FCC stream into at least a C3/C4 stream, a FCC naphtha stream, and a FCC cycle oil stream; and hydrotreating the FCC naphtha stream to form a hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; hydrotreating and separating the FCC cycle oil stream into at least a third hydrotreated kerosene stream; separating the C3/C4 stream into at least a C3 olefin stream and a C4 stream; and alkylating at least a portion of the C3 olefin steam, the C4 stream, or both to form an alkylate stream; wherein the naphtha stream comprises at least one of the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream; the isomerate stream; the reformate stream; the hydrotreated FCC naphtha stream; the alkylate stream, a butane stream, and a gasoline stream; and wherein the kerosene stream comprises at least one of the straight run hydrotreated kerosene stream; the second kerosene stream; and the third hydrotreated kerosene stream.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph further comprising at least one of combining at least a portion of the atmospheric gas oil stream with the light vacuum gas oil stream; and combining the hydrocracker naphtha stream with the hydrotreated straight run naphtha stream.\",\n \"The method of stream 18 further comprising coking the vacuum gas oil stream to form a coked vacuum gas oil stream; separating the coked vacuum gas oil stream into at least a coker naphtha stream, a coker gas oil stream, and a coke stream; and at least one of combining the coker gas oil stream with the light vacuum gas oil stream, or the atmospheric gas oil stream, or both; and combining the coker naphtha stream with the straight run naphtha stream.\",\n \"An embodiment of the invention is one, any or all of prior embodiments in this paragraph up through the second embodiment in this paragraph wherein the GCI fuel composition has at least one of an olefin content of the fuel composition less than about 18 lv %; an aromatic content of the fuel composition less than about 35 lv %; a sulfur content of the fuel composition less than about 10 wt ppm; and a benzene content of the fuel composition less than about 1 lv %.\",\n \"Without further elaboration, it is believed that using the preceding description that one skilled in the art can utilize the present invention to its fullest extent and easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, to make various changes and modifications of the invention and to adapt it to various usages and conditions.\",\n \"The preceding preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limiting the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever, and that it is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the appended claims.\",\n \"In the foregoing, all temperatures are set forth in degrees Celsius and, all parts and percentages are by weight, unless otherwise indicated.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872796"}}},{"rowIdx":4494170,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["Hierarchical transmission in wireless communications","A wireless communication device includes a communication interface and a processor that operate to generate a first transmission stream by processing first information based on first parameter(s) and a second transmission stream by processing second information based on second parameter(s).","In some examples, the second at least one parameter is relatively less robust than the first at least one parameter, and the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information.","The wireless communication device then transmits the first transmission stream and the second transmission stream to at least one other wireless communication device.","Examples of such parameters include forward error correction (FEC) code, error correction code (ECC), modulation coding set (MCS), modulation type including a mapping of constellation points arranged in a constellation, power (e.g., transmit (TX) power), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) configuration, and/or a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration."],["1.A wireless communication device comprising: a communication interface; and processing circuitry that is coupled to the communication interface, wherein at least one of the communication interface or the processing circuitry configured to: generate a first symbol stream by processing first information based on a first at least one parameter; generate a second symbol stream by processing second information based on a second at least one parameter that is less robust than the first at least one parameter, wherein the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information; and transmit the first symbol stream and the second symbol stream to at least one other wireless communication device.","2.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein at least one of: the first at least one parameter includes at least one of: a first forward error correction (FEC) code; a first error correction code (ECC); a first modulation coding set (MCS); a first modulation type including a first mapping of a first plurality of constellation points arranged in a first constellation; a first power; a first orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) configuration; or a first multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration; or the second at least one parameter includes at least one of: a second FEC code; a second ECC; a second MCS; a second modulation type including a second mapping of a second plurality of constellation points arranged in a second constellation; a second power; a second OFDM configuration; or a second MIMO configuration.","3.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein: the first symbol stream includes a first plurality of symbols each having a first number of bits; and the second symbol stream includes a second plurality of symbols each having a second number of bits that is greater than the first number of bits.","4.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein: the first information corresponds to a video stream based on a first resolution; and the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information to generate the video stream based on a second resolution that is higher than the first resolution.","5.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein: the first information corresponds to an image based on a first resolution; and the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information to generate the image based on a second resolution that is higher than the first resolution.","6.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the communication interface or the processing circuitry is further configured to: select the first at least one parameter based on a first signal to noise ratio (SNR) corresponding to a first communication pathway via which the first symbol stream is to be transmitted; and select the second at least one parameter based on a second SNR corresponding to a second communication pathway via which the second symbol stream is to be transmitted, wherein the second SNR is higher than the first SNR.","7.The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: an access point (AP), wherein the at least one other wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA).","8.The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: a wireless station (STA), wherein the at least one other wireless communication device includes an access point (AP).","9.A wireless communication device comprising: a communication interface; and processing circuitry that is coupled to the communication interface, wherein at least one of the communication interface or the processing circuitry configured to: generate a first symbol stream by processing first information based on a first at least one parameter, wherein the first symbol stream includes a first plurality of symbols each having a first number of bits; generate a second symbol stream by processing second information based on a second at least one parameter that is less robust than the first at least one parameter, wherein the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information, wherein the second symbol stream includes a second plurality of symbols each having a second number of bits that is greater than the first number of bits; and transmit the first symbol stream and the second symbol stream to at least one other wireless communication device, wherein the first information corresponds to media based on a first resolution, and wherein the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information to generate the media based on a second resolution that is higher than the first resolution.","10.The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein at least one of: the first at least one parameter includes at least one of: a first forward error correction (FEC) code; a first error correction code (ECC); a first modulation coding set (MCS); a first modulation type including a first mapping of a first plurality of constellation points arranged in a first constellation; a first power; a first orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) configuration; or a first multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration; or the second at least one parameter includes at least one of: a second FEC code; a second ECC; a second MCS; a second modulation type including a second mapping of a second plurality of constellation points arranged in a second constellation; a second power; a second OFDM configuration; or a second MIMO configuration.","11.The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein the at least one of the communication interface or the processing circuitry is further configured to: select the first at least one parameter based on a first signal to noise ratio (SNR) corresponding to a first communication pathway via which the first symbol stream is to be transmitted; and select the second at least one parameter based on a second SNR corresponding to a second communication pathway via which the second symbol stream is to be transmitted, wherein the second SNR is higher than the first SNR.","12.The wireless communication device of claim 9 further comprising: an access point (AP), wherein the at least one other wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA).","13.The wireless communication device of claim 9 further comprising: a wireless station (STA), wherein the at least one other wireless communication device includes an access point (AP).","14.A method for execution by a wireless communication device, the method comprising: generating a first symbol stream by processing first information based on a first at least one parameter; generating a second symbol stream by processing second information based on a second at least one parameter that is less robust than the first at least one parameter, wherein the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information; and transmitting, via a communication interface of the wireless communication device, the first symbol stream and the second symbol stream to at least one other wireless communication device.","15.The method of claim 14, wherein at least one of: the first at least one parameter includes at least one of: a first forward error correction (FEC) code; a first error correction code (ECC); a first modulation coding set (MCS); a first modulation type including a first mapping of a first plurality of constellation points arranged in a first constellation; a first power; a first orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) configuration; or a first multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration; or the second at least one parameter includes at least one of: a second FEC code; a second ECC; a second MCS; a second modulation type including a second mapping of a second plurality of constellation points arranged in a second constellation; a second power; a second OFDM configuration; or a second MIMO configuration.","16.The method of claim 14, wherein: the first symbol stream includes a first plurality of symbols each having a first number of bits; and the second symbol stream includes a second plurality of symbols each having a second number of bits that is greater than the first number of bits.","17.The method of claim 14, wherein: the first information corresponds to media based on a first resolution; and the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information to generate the media based on a second resolution that is higher than the first resolution.","18.The method of claim 14, wherein: the first information corresponds to a video stream based on a first resolution; and the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information to generate the video stream based on a second resolution that is higher than the first resolution.","19.The method of claim 14, wherein: the first information corresponds to an image based on a first resolution; and the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information to generate the image based on a second resolution that is higher than the first resolution.","20.The method of claim 14, wherein the wireless communication device includes an access point (AP), and the at least one other wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA)."],[" BACKGROUND "],[" BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.","1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication system.","FIG.","2 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of dense deployment of wireless communication devices.","FIG.","3A is a diagram illustrating an example of communication between wireless communication devices.","FIG.","3B is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.","FIG.","3C is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.","FIG.","3D is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.","FIG.","3E is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.","FIG.","4A is a diagram illustrating an example of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and/or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA).","FIG.","4B is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.","FIG.","4C is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.","FIG.","4D is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.","FIG.","5A is a diagram illustrating an example of power allocation among different bit streams (e.g., encoded bit streams).","FIG.","5B is a diagram illustrating another example of power allocation among different bit streams (e.g., encoded bit streams).","FIG.","5C is a diagram illustrating an example of adaptive encoding for different transmission streams.","FIG.","5D is a diagram illustrating another example of adaptive encoding for different transmission streams.","FIG.","6A is a diagram illustrating an example of different types of modulations or modulation coding sets (MCSs) used for modulation of different bit or symbol streams.","FIG.","6B is a diagram illustrating an example of different labeling of constellation points in a constellation.","FIG.","6C is a diagram illustrating an example of different arrangements of constellation points in a type of constellation.","FIG.","6D is a diagram illustrating an example of adaptive symbol mapping/modulation for different transmission streams.","FIG.","6E is a diagram illustrating an example of adaptive symbol mapping/modulation for different transmission streams.","FIG.","7A is a diagram illustrating an example of constellation point distribution of a constellation points in a constellation (e.g., with different power allocations).","FIG.","7B is a diagram illustrating another example of constellation point distribution of a constellation points in a constellation (e.g., with different power allocations).","FIG.","7C is a diagram illustrating an example of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.","FIG.","8A is a diagram illustrating another example of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.","FIG.","8B is a diagram illustrating another example of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.","FIG.","8C is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.","FIG.","8D is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.","FIG.","9 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.","detailed-description description=\"Detailed Description\" end=\"lead\"?"],["CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS/PATENT APPLICATIONS The present U.S. Utility patent application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C.","§ 120 as a continuation of U.S. Utility application No.","14/510,510, entitled “Hierarchical transmission in wireless communications,” filed Oct. 9, 2014, pending, which claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C.","§ 119(e) to U.S.","Provisional Application No.","61/888,813, entitled “Hierarchical transmission in wireless communications,” filed Oct. 9, 2013, both of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility patent application for all purposes.","BACKGROUND Technical Field The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems; and, more particularly, to hierarchical transmission and reception of communications within single user, multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications.","Description of Related Art Communication systems support wireless and wire lined communications between wireless and/or wire lined communication devices.","The systems can range from national and/or international cellular telephone systems, to the Internet, to point-to-point in-home wireless networks and can operate in accordance with one or more communication standards.","For example, wireless communication systems may operate in accordance with one or more standards including, but not limited to, IEEE 802.11x (where x may be various extensions such as a, b, n, g, etc.","), Bluetooth, advanced mobile phone services (AMPS), digital AMPS, global system for mobile communications (GSM), etc., and/or variations thereof.","In some instances, wireless communication is made between a transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) using single-input-single-output (SISO) communication.","Another type of wireless communication is single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) in which a single TX processes data into radio frequency (RF) signals that are transmitted to a RX that includes two or more antennae and two or more RX paths.","Yet an alternative type of wireless communication is multiple-input-single-output (MISO) in which a TX includes two or more transmission paths that each respectively converts a corresponding portion of baseband signals into RF signals, which are transmitted via corresponding antennae to a RX.","Another type of wireless communication is multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) in which a TX and RX each respectively includes multiple paths such that a TX parallel processes data using a spatial and time encoding function to produce two or more streams of data and a RX receives the multiple RF signals via multiple RX paths that recapture the streams of data utilizing a spatial and time decoding function.","Some communication systems suffer deleteriously from interference, noise, etc.","There may be instances in which a first device is able to communicate at a first signal to noise ratio (SNR) while a second device is able to communicate only at a second SNR that is different than the first SNR.","Typically, communications for both the first and second devices is being tailored to the lower SNR among the first and second SNRs.","As such, the device that is able to communicate at the relatively higher SNR is forced to communicate at the relatively lower SNR of the other device.","The prior art does not provide an adequate solution to address these and other deficiencies.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.","1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication system.","FIG.","2 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of dense deployment of wireless communication devices.","FIG.","3A is a diagram illustrating an example of communication between wireless communication devices.","FIG.","3B is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.","FIG.","3C is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.","FIG.","3D is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.","FIG.","3E is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.","FIG.","4A is a diagram illustrating an example of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and/or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA).","FIG.","4B is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.","FIG.","4C is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.","FIG.","4D is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.","FIG.","5A is a diagram illustrating an example of power allocation among different bit streams (e.g., encoded bit streams).","FIG.","5B is a diagram illustrating another example of power allocation among different bit streams (e.g., encoded bit streams).","FIG.","5C is a diagram illustrating an example of adaptive encoding for different transmission streams.","FIG.","5D is a diagram illustrating another example of adaptive encoding for different transmission streams.","FIG.","6A is a diagram illustrating an example of different types of modulations or modulation coding sets (MCSs) used for modulation of different bit or symbol streams.","FIG.","6B is a diagram illustrating an example of different labeling of constellation points in a constellation.","FIG.","6C is a diagram illustrating an example of different arrangements of constellation points in a type of constellation.","FIG.","6D is a diagram illustrating an example of adaptive symbol mapping/modulation for different transmission streams.","FIG.","6E is a diagram illustrating an example of adaptive symbol mapping/modulation for different transmission streams.","FIG.","7A is a diagram illustrating an example of constellation point distribution of a constellation points in a constellation (e.g., with different power allocations).","FIG.","7B is a diagram illustrating another example of constellation point distribution of a constellation points in a constellation (e.g., with different power allocations).","FIG.","7C is a diagram illustrating an example of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.","FIG.","8A is a diagram illustrating another example of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.","FIG.","8B is a diagram illustrating another example of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.","FIG.","8C is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.","FIG.","8D is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.","FIG.","9 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.","1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication system 100.The wireless communication system 100 includes base stations and/or access points 112-116, wireless communication devices 118-132 (e.g., wireless stations (STAs)), and a network hardware component 134.The wireless communication devices 118-132 may be laptop computers, or tablets, 118 and 126, personal digital assistants 120 and 130, personal computers 124 and 132 and/or cellular telephones 122 and 128.The details of an embodiment of such wireless communication devices are described in greater detail with reference to FIG.","2.The base stations (BSs) or access points (APs) 112-116 are operably coupled to the network hardware 134 via local area network connections 136, 138, and 140.The network hardware 134, which may be a router, switch, bridge, modem, system controller, etc., provides a wide area network connection 142 for the communication system 100.Each of the base stations or access points 112-116 has an associated antenna or antenna array to communicate with the wireless communication devices in its area.","Typically, the wireless communication devices register with a particular base station or access point 112-116 to receive services from the communication system 100.For direct connections (i.e., point-to-point communications), wireless communication devices communicate directly via an allocated channel.","Any of the various wireless communication devices (WDEVs) 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116 may include a processor and a communication interface to support communications with any other of the wireless communication devices 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116.In an example of operation, a processor implemented within one of the devices (e.g., any one of the WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116) is configured to process at least one signal received from and/or to generate at least one signal to be transmitted to another one of the devices (e.g., any other one of the WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116).","Note that general reference to a communication device, such as a wireless communication device (e.g., WDEVs) 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116 in FIG.","1, or any other communication devices and/or wireless communication devices may alternatively be made generally herein using the term ‘device’ (e.g., with respect to FIG.","2 below, “device 210” when referring to “wireless communication device 210” or “WDEV 210,” or “devices 210-234” when referring to “wireless communication devices 210-234”; or with respect to FIG.","3 below, use of “device 310” may alternatively be used when referring to “wireless communication device 310”, or “devices 390 and 391 (or 390-391)” when referring to wireless communication devices 390 and 391 or WDEVs 390 and 391).","The processor of any one of the various devices, WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116, may be configured to support communications via at least one communication interface with any other of the various devices, WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116.Such communications may be uni-directional or bi-directional between devices.","Also, such communications may be uni-directional between devices at one time and bi-directional between those devices at another time.","In an example of operation, one of the devices, such as device 130, includes a communication interface and a processor that cooperatively operate to support communications with another device, such as device 116, among others within the system.","The processor is operative to generate and interpret different signals, frames, packets, symbols, etc.","for transmission to other devices and that have been received from other devices.","Considering one particular type of transmission between devices, the device 130 generates an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol (or a packet or frame that includes one or more OFDM symbols).","The device 130 generates two or more transmission streams based on different information and different parameters.","In one specific example, the device 130 generates a first transmission stream by processing first information based on a first at least one parameter and a second transmission stream by processing second information based on a second at least one parameter.","The second at least one parameter is different than the first at least one parameter and can be relatively more or less robust than the first at least one parameter.","In some instances, the second transmission stream includes entirely different information than and is unrelated to the first transmission stream.","However, in other instances, the second transmission stream includes information that, when combined with the first information within the first transmission stream, modifies the first information.","For example, the second transmission stream can include second information to augment the first information within the first transmission stream.","In another example of operation, device 130 receives a first transmission stream and a second transmission stream from device 116.The device 130 processes the first transmission stream to extract first information there from.","The device 130 processes the second transmission stream to determine whether or not second information may be successfully extracted from the second transmission stream.","For example, the first transmission stream may be transmitted from device 116 with sufficient robustness in a noisy environment such that it is successfully received and can be successfully processed by device 130, but the second transmission stream may be transmitted from device 116 with relatively less robustness in the noisy environment such that it cannot be successfully received or processed by device 130.Depending on the determination of whether or not the second information from the second transmission stream may be recovered successfully, the device 130 generates an output signal based on either the first information only that is extracted from the first transmission stream (e.g., when the second information within the second transmission stream cannot be successfully recovered) or both the first information and the second information that are extracted from the first and second transmission streams (e.g., when the second information within the second transmission stream can be successfully recovered).","In certain examples, the first transmission stream is transmitted with sufficiently robust parameters that it can be received and processed by device 130 even in a relatively very noisy environment.","As such, an assumption can be made that the first transmission stream will be successfully received and processed by device 130.However, the second transmission stream may not always be successfully received and processed by device 130 (e.g., depending on the noise, interference, signal to noise ratio (SNR), signal to interference noise ratio (SINR), etc.)","of a communication pathway between devices 116 and 130.In an example in which the second information is successfully recovered and the second information is wholly independent from the first information, the device 130 recovers both the first information and the second information and may use them for different purposes.","In another example in which the second information is successfully recovered and the second information is related to or tied to the first information, the device 130 recovers both the first information and the second information and utilizes them together for a given purpose.","In examples with one or more additional transmission streams, if any of the one or more additional transmission streams can be received and information recovered there from, then any information recovered from the one or more additional transmission streams may also be used in conjunction with information recovered from the first, second, and/or other one or more additional transmission streams.","For example, a first device (e.g., device 130) may be able only to recover information from a first transmission stream, a second device (e.g., device 128) may be able to recover information from both the first transmission stream and a second transmission stream, and a third device (e.g., device 132) may be able to recover information from both the first and second transmission streams and a third transmission stream.","As such, the first device (e.g., device 130) can generate a first output signal based on information from the first transmission stream, the second device (e.g., device 128) can generate a second output signal based on information from both the first and second transmission streams, and the third device (e.g., device 132) can generate a third output signal based on information from all of the first, second, and third second transmission streams.","In a video signaling example, the first output signal may be 480i resolution video, the second output signal may be 720i resolution video, and the third output signal may be 1080i resolution video (e.g., such that output signals of greater or improved quality can be generated when information can be recovered from additional transmission stream(s)).","FIG.","2 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment 200 of dense deployment of wireless communication devices (shown as WDEVs in the diagram).","Any of the various WDEVs 210-234 may be access points (APs) or wireless stations (STAs).","For example, WDEV 210 may be an AP or an AP-operative STA that communicates with WDEVs 212, 214, 216, and 218 that are STAs.","WDEV 220 may be an AP or an AP-operative STA that communicates with WDEVs 222, 224, 226, and 228 that are STAs.","In certain instances, at least one additional AP or AP-operative STA may be deployed, such as WDEV 230 that communicates with WDEVs 232 and 234 that are STAs.","The STAs may be any type of one or more wireless communication device types including wireless communication devices 118-132, and the APs or AP-operative STAs may be any type of one or more wireless communication devices including as BSs or APs 112-116.Different groups of the WDEVs 210-234 may be partitioned into different basic services sets (BSSs).","In some instances, at least one of the WDEVs 210-234 are included within at least one overlapping basic services set (OBSS) that cover two or more BSSs.","As described above with the association of WDEVs in an AP-STA relationship, one of the WDEVs may be operative as an AP and certain WDEVs of the WDEVs can be implemented within the same basic services set (BSS).","This disclosure presents novel architectures, methods, approaches, etc.","that allow for improved spatial re-use for next generation WiFi or wireless local area network (WLAN) systems.","Next generation WiFi systems are expected to improve performance in dense deployments where many clients and AP are packed in a given area (e.g., which may be an area [indoor and/or outdoor] with a high density of devices, such as a train station, airport, stadium, building, shopping mall, arenas, convention centers, colleges, downtown city centers, etc.","to name just some examples).","Large numbers of devices operating within a given area can be problematic if not impossible using prior technologies.","In an example of operation, devices 210 and 216 communicate with one another.","The device 210 includes a communication interface and a processor that cooperatively operate to support communications with another device, such as device 216, among others within the system.","The processor is operative to generate and interpret different signals, frames, packets, symbols, etc.","for transmission to other devices and that have been received from other devices.","Considering one particular type of transmission between devices, the device 210 generates an OFDM packet that includes one or more OFDM symbols.","The device 210 generates two or more transmission streams by processing different information based on different parameters and transmits the two or more transmission streams to device 216.In this embodiment 200, there may be rapidly changing or varying noise, interference, SNRs, etc.","of the various communication links between the devices.","The device 210 generates and transmits the two or more transmission streams based on different parameters such that a first at least one of the transmission streams is transmitted in such a way of (e.g., using one or more parameters that are relatively robust) that most or all of the other devices in the system are able to receive, demodulate, and successfully recover information there from.","The device 210 generates a second at least one transmission stream with at least one different parameter than the first at least one of the transmission stream (e.g., using one or more parameters that are relatively less robust, provide for greater throughput, greater information carrying capacity, etc.).","A device, such as device 216, should always or almost always be able to recover information from the first at least one transmission stream successfully.","However, there may be times in which device 216 cannot recover information from the second at least one transmission stream successfully.","The device 210 generates an output signal based on either only the information that is extracted from the first at least one transmission stream (e.g., when information from the second at least one transmission stream cannot be successfully recovered) or information extracted from both the first and second at least one transmission streams.","In certain examples, the first at least one transmission stream is transmitted with sufficiently robust parameters that it can be received and processed by device 210 even in a relatively very noisy environment.","As such, an assumption can be made that the first transmission stream will be successfully received and processed by device 210.However, the second transmission stream may not always be successfully received and processed by device 210 (e.g., depending on the noise, interference, signal to noise ratio (SNR), signal to interference noise ratio (SINR), etc.)","of a communication pathway between devices 210 and 216.FIG.","3A is a diagram illustrating an example 301 of communication between wireless communication devices.","A wireless communication device 310 (e.g., which may be any one of devices 118-132 as with reference to FIG.","1) is in communication with another wireless communication device 390 via a transmission medium.","The wireless communication device 310 includes a communication interface 320 to perform transmitting and receiving of at least one packet or frame (e.g., using a transmitter 322 and a receiver 324) (note that general reference to packet or frame may be used interchangeably).","The wireless communication device 310 also includes a processor 330, and an associated memory 340, to execute various operations including interpreting at least one packet or frame transmitted to wireless communication device 390 and/or received from the wireless communication device 390 and/or wireless communication device 391.The wireless communication devices 310 and 390 (and/or 391) may be implemented using at least one integrated circuit in accordance with any desired configuration or combination of components, modules, etc.","within at least one integrated circuit.","Also, the wireless communication devices 310, 390, and 391 may each include more than one antenna for transmitting and receiving of at least one packet or frame (e.g., WDEV 390 may include m antennae, and WDEV 391 may include n antennae).","FIG.","3B is a diagram illustrating another example 302 of communication between wireless communication devices.","In an example of operation, the processor 330 of device 310 generates and interprets different signals, frames, packets, symbols, etc.","for transmission to other devices and that have been received, via communication interface 320, from other devices (e.g., device 390).","Considering one particular type of transmission between devices, the processor 330 of device 310 generates an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol (or a packet or frame that includes one or more OFDM symbols).","The processor 330 generates two or more transmission streams based on different information and different parameters.","In one specific example, the processor 330 generates a first transmission stream by processing first information based on a first at least one parameter and a second transmission stream by processing second information based on a second at least one parameter.","The second at least one parameter is different than the first at least one parameter and can be relatively more or less robust than the first at least one parameter.","In some instances, the second transmission stream includes entirely different information than and is unrelated to the first transmission stream.","However, in other instances, the second transmission stream includes information that, when combined with the first information within the first transmission stream, modifies the first information.","For example, the second transmission stream can include second information to augment the first information within the first transmission stream.","In another example of operation, processor 330 receives a first transmission stream and a second transmission stream from processor 390.The processor 330 processes the first transmission stream to extract first information there from.","The processor 330 processes the second transmission stream to determine whether or not second information may be successfully extracted from the second transmission stream.","For example, the first transmission stream may be transmitted from processor 390 with sufficient robustness in a noisy environment such that it is successfully received and can be successfully processed by processor 330, but the second transmission stream may be transmitted from processor 390 with relatively less robustness in the noisy environment such that it cannot be successfully received or processed by processor 330.Depending on the determination of whether or not the second information from the second transmission stream may be recovered successfully, the processor 330 generates an output signal based on either the first information only that is extracted from the first transmission stream (e.g., when the second information within the second transmission stream cannot be successfully recovered) or both the first information and the second information that are extracted from the first and second transmission streams (e.g., when the second information within the second transmission stream can be successfully recovered).","In certain examples, the first transmission stream is transmitted with sufficiently robust parameters that it can be received and processed by processor 330 even in a relatively very noisy environment.","As such, an assumption can be made that the first transmission stream will be successfully received and processed by processor 330.However, the second transmission stream may not always be successfully received and processed by processor 330 (e.g., depending on the noise, interference, signal to noise ratio (SNR), signal to interference noise ratio (SINR), etc.)","of a communication pathway between devices 310 and 390.Some examples of some parameters used to generate transmission streams include forward error correction (FEC) code, error correction code (ECC), modulation coding set (MCS), modulation type including a mapping of constellation points arranged in a constellation, power (e.g., transmit (TX) power), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) configuration, and/or a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration.","The first and second transmission streams may vary by as few as one parameter or as many as all parameters.","For example, the first transmission stream may be based on any one or more of a first FEC code, a first ECC, a first MCS, a first modulation type including a first mapping of first constellation points arranged in a first constellation, a first power, first OFDM configuration, and the second transmission stream may be based on any one or more of a second FEC code, a second ECC, a second MCS, a second modulation type including a second mapping of second constellation points arranged in a second constellation, a second power, second OFDM configuration, and/or second MIMO configuration.","Examples of FEC codes or ECCs may include turbo code, convolutional code, turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM), low density parity check (LDPC) code, Reed-Solomon (RS) code, BCH (Bose and Ray-Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem) code, binary convolutional code (BCC), etc.","Examples of MCSs may include any of a variety of different combinations of modulation, symbol mapping, etc.","such as within various communication protocols, standards, and/or recommended practices (e.g., MCS0, MCS1, etc.).","Examples of modulation types may include constellations of a particular type or shape quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 16 QAM, M-QAM (e.g., where M=64, 256, etc.)","etc.","among other types of modulation, and may specify particular constellation point labeling within those constellations.","Examples of powers, such as transmission powers, can include a first transmission power, second transmission power, etc.","Examples of OFDM configurations can include identification of one or more frequency bands, one or more channels within the one or more frequency bands, number of sub-carriers, spacing between such sub-carriers, any OFDM framing, number of symbols within such OFDM framing, and/or any other related characteristic dealing with OFDM.","Examples of MIMO configurations may include specifying which antenna are to transmit certain transmission streams, a number of streams, a number of space time streams, a type of beamforming performed by the antennas, transmit powers of the antennas, antenna weight vectors (AWVs), etc.","and/or any other related characteristic dealing with MIMO configuration.","The processor 330 may generate the second transmission stream using certain parameters relative to the first transmission stream that are relatively less robust yet provide for a greater throughput of information.","For example, when generating the second transmission stream relative to the first transmission stream, the processor 330 uses a second FEC code that is relatively less robust and has relatively higher code rate than the first FEC of the first transmission stream or a second ECC that is relatively less robust and has relatively higher code rate than the first ECC of the first transmission stream.","In another example, when generating the second transmission stream, the processor 330 uses a second MCS that is relatively less robust and provides for relatively higher throughput than the first MCS of the first transmission stream.","In another example, when generating the second transmission stream, the processor 330 generates symbols based on a modulation having relatively more constellation points than used for the first transmission stream and symbols within the second transmission stream include relatively more bits per symbol than the symbols within the first transmission stream.","In another example, when transmitting the second transmission stream, the processor 330 transmits, via the communication interface 320, the second transmission stream with relatively lower power than the first transmission stream.","In such an example, the processor 330 transmits, via the communication interface 320, the first transmission stream at a relatively higher power to provide for a greater probability that the first transmission stream will be successfully received by the recipient device, such as device 390.In some examples, the operations shown within FIG.","3C, FIG.","3D, FIG.","3E can be viewed as being performed at or during three successive periods of time (e.g., FIG.","3C at or during a first time, FIG.","3D at or during a second time, and FIG.","3 at or during a third time).","FIG.","3C is a diagram illustrating another example 303 of communication between wireless communication devices.","In this diagram, the device 310 generates and transmits a first transmission stream and a second transmission stream to one or more other devices 390-391.The first transmission stream is generated by processing first information based on a first at least one parameter, and the second transmission stream is generated by processing second information based on a second at least one parameter.","The first and second transmission streams may be wholly independent from one another or related such that second information within the second transmission stream modifies or augments the first information within the first transmission stream.","In certain examples, device 310 generates and transmits the first transmission stream using the first at least one parameter that is selected to ensure that all of devices 390-391 will be able successfully to recover the first information therein (e.g., first at least one parameter selected based on at least one characteristic of a first communication pathway such as noise, interference, SNR, SINR, etc.","), and the device 310 generates and transmits a second transmission stream using the second at least one parameter that is selected based on a relatively lower robustness and higher throughput and such that at least one, though perhaps not all in some instances, of the devices 390 through 391 will be able successfully recovered the second information therein (e.g., second at least one parameter selected based on at least one characteristic of a second communication pathway such as noise, interference, SNR, SINR, etc.).","FIG.","3D is a diagram illustrating another example 304 of communication between wireless communication devices.","In this diagram, one or both of devices 390-391 provides feedback information to device 310.This feedback information may be related to channel estimation, channel characterization, noise estimation, interference estimation, inter-symbol interference (ISI), signal to noise ratio (SNR), signal to interference noise ratio (SINR), and/or any other feedback information including characterization of the communication pathway between the device providing the feedback information and device 310.For example, device 390 may provide first feedback information to device 310 relating to the communication pathway between devices 390 and 310, and device therein anyone may provide second feedback information to device 310 relating to the communication pathway between devices 390 and 310.FIG.","3E is a diagram illustrating another example 305 of communication between wireless communication devices.","In this diagram, relative to the diagram of FIG.","3C, the device 310 generates and transmits a first transmission stream and a second transmission stream to one or more other devices 390-391 but using at least one different parameter than is used in FIG.","3C.","For example, based on feedback information received from one or both of devices 390-391, device 310 can modify at least one parameter used to generate one or both of the first and second transmission streams.","Generally speaking, different transmission streams may be adapted and changed over time based on information related to local and/or remote operating conditions relative to device 310, local and/or remote operating conditions relative to devices 390-391, etc.","Note that device 310 can generate the first and second transmission streams based on any of a variety of different signaling schemes (e.g., orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), multi-user multiple-input-multiple-output (MU-MIMO), single-user multiple-input-multiple-output (SU-MIMO), etc.).","In one example, device 310 employs OFDM signaling.","Some information regarding OFDM and/or OFDMA is provided below.","FIG.","4A is a diagram illustrating an example 401 of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and/or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA).","OFDM's modulation may be viewed as dividing up an available spectrum into a plurality of narrowband sub-carriers (e.g., relatively lower data rate carriers).","The sub-carriers are included within an available frequency spectrum portion or band.","This available frequency spectrum is divided into the sub-carriers or tones used for the OFDM or OFDMA symbols and packets/frames.","Typically, the frequency responses of these sub-carriers are non-overlapping and orthogonal.","Each sub-carrier may be modulated using any of a variety of modulation coding techniques (e.g., as shown by the vertical axis of modulated data).","A communication device may be configured to perform encoding of one or more bits to generate one or more coded bits used to generate the modulation data (or generally, data).","For example, a processor of a communication device may be configured to perform forward error correction (FEC) and/or error correction code (ECC) of one or more bits to generate one or more coded bits.","Examples of FEC and/or ECC may include turbo code, convolutional code, turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM), low density parity check (LDPC) code, Reed-Solomon (RS) code, BCH (Bose and Ray-Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem) code, etc.","The one or more coded bits may then undergo modulation or symbol mapping to generate modulation symbols.","The modulation symbols may include data intended for one or more recipient devices.","Note that such modulation symbols may be generated using any of various types of modulation coding techniques.","Examples of such modulation coding techniques may include binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8-phase shift keying (PSK), 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 32 amplitude and phase shift keying (APSK), etc., uncoded modulation, and/or any other desired types of modulation including higher ordered modulations that may include even greater number of constellation points (e.g., 1024 QAM, etc.).","FIG.","4B is a diagram illustrating another example 402 of OFDM and/or OFDMA.","A transmitting device transmits modulation symbols via the sub-carriers.","OFDM and/or OFDMA modulation may operate by performing simultaneous transmission of a large number of narrowband carriers (or multi-tones).","In some applications, a guard interval (GI) or guard space is sometimes employed between the various OFDM symbols to try to minimize the effects of ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference) that may be caused by the effects of multi-path within the communication system, which can be particularly of concern in wireless communication systems.","In addition, a CP (Cyclic Prefix) and/or cyclic suffix (CS) (shown in right hand side of FIG.","4A) that may be a copy of the CP may also be employed within the guard interval to allow switching time, such as when jumping to a new communication channel or sub-channel, and to help maintain orthogonality of the OFDM and/or OFDMA symbols.","Generally speaking, an OFDM and/or OFDMA system design is based on the expected delay spread within the communication system (e.g., the expected delay spread of the communication channel).","In a single-user system in which one or more OFDM symbols or OFDM packets/frames are transmitted between a transmitter device and a receiver device, all of the sub-carriers or tones are dedicated for use in transmitting modulated data between the transmitter and receiver devices.","In a multiple user system in which one or more OFDM symbols or OFDM packets/frames are transmitted between a transmitter device and multiple recipient or receiver devices, the various sub-carriers or tones may be mapped to different respective receiver devices as described below with respect to FIG.","4C.","FIG.","4C is a diagram illustrating another example 403 of OFDM and/or OFDMA.","Comparing OFDMA to OFDM, OFDMA is a multi-user version of the popular orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation scheme.","Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual recipient devices or users.","For example, first sub-carrier(s)/tone(s) may be assigned to a user 1, second sub-carrier(s)/tone(s) may be assigned to a user 2, and so on up to any desired number of users.","In addition, such sub-carrier/tone assignment may be dynamic among different respective transmissions (e.g., a first assignment for a first packet/frame, a second assignment for second packet/frame, etc.).","An OFDM packet/frame may include more than one OFDM symbol.","Similarly, an OFDMA packet/frame may include more than one OFDMA symbol.","In addition, such sub-carrier/tone assignment may be dynamic among different respective symbols within a given packet/frame or superframe (e.g., a first assignment for a first OFDMA symbol within a packet/frame, a second assignment for a second OFDMA symbol within the packet/frame, etc.).","Generally speaking, an OFDMA symbol is a particular type of OFDM symbol, and general reference to OFDM symbol herein includes both OFDM and OFDMA symbols (and general reference to OFDM packet/frame herein includes both OFDM and OFDMA packets/frames, and vice versa).","FIG.","4C shows example 403 where the assignments of sub-carriers to different users are intermingled among one another (e.g., sub-carriers assigned to a first user includes non-adjacent sub-carriers and at least one sub-carrier assigned to a second user is located in between two sub-carriers assigned to the first user).","The different groups of sub-carriers associated with each user may be viewed as being respective channels of a plurality of channels that compose all of the available sub-carriers for OFDM signaling.","FIG.","4D is a diagram illustrating another example 404 of OFDM and/or OFDMA.","In this example 404, the assignments of sub-carriers to different users are located in different groups of adjacent sub-carriers (e.g., first sub-carriers assigned to a first user include first adjacently located sub-carrier group, second sub-carriers assigned to a second user include second adjacently located sub-carrier group, etc.).","The different groups of adjacently located sub-carriers associated with each user may be viewed as being respective channels of a plurality of channels that compose all of the available sub-carriers for OFDM signaling.","Generally, a communication device may be configured to include a processor configured to process received OFDM or OFDMA symbols and/or frames and to generate such OFDM or OFDMA symbols and/or frames.","Note that general reference to OFDM herein, such as with respect to an OFDM packet, may be adapted to include OFDM or OFDMA.","The processor of any communication device described herein may be implemented to generate an OFDM packet based on any of the examples, embodiments, or variants described herein.","That communication device may then be implemented to transmit such an OFDM packet to another communication device.","This disclosure presents hierarchical transmission mechanisms for wireless communications that enable at least a portion of the information carried in a packet to be received successfully with higher probability than others.","In comparison to prior art approaches, current transmission modes based on prior IEEE 802.11 standards, protocols, and/or recommended practices operates based on an all or nothing approach (e.g., a transmission is either received successfully or not, and a re-transmission of the entire packet must occur when not received successfully).","This disclosure also presents approaches to improve performance of wireless communications when high levels or fluctuation of overlapping basic services set (OBSS) interference occurs.","In this case, changes in the predicted signal to interference noise ratio (SINR) occur even mid-packet and make it harder for the link adaptation to converge to the right modulation coding set (MCS) or number of spatial streams (e.g., in next generation type IEEE 802.11 systems such as described with reference to FIG.","3).","In such an environment, a wireless communication device (e.g., receiver) can employ techniques to be able to decode a portion of the information if the SINR drops lower (e.g., than some threshold) and the full information if SINR is high are very useful.","However, note that a penalty or reduction of performance may be incurred since the SINR required to decode the full information is higher than the SINR required under normal currently used transmissions in existing IEEE 802.11 standards, protocols, and/or recommended practices.","A wireless communication device may be configured to choose the transmission parameters carefully depending on feedback signal over a period of time for a given communication link (e.g., from a receiver wireless communication device) as each communication link may experience different levels of interference with different fluctuation over time.","Multi-layered transmission splits the information (e.g., which can be encoded information, uncoded information, and/or any combination thereof) into 2 or more bit streams where the first stream is mapped to the more robust layer (e.g., requiring lower SINR to decode) and the second stream is mapped to the less robust layer (e.g., requiring higher SINR to decode).","Two techniques are described below as follows: 1.Use of 2 or more encoded streams superposed over each other with different power allocation (e.g.","the second stream can be 10 dB weaker to enable robust decoding of the first stream which is designed to work at SINR<10 dB).","Users first decode the more robust stream.","Users with high SINR can decode the second stream by subtracting the first.","The power allocation ratio is a system tradeoff that is determined based on the expected signal coverage—lowest signal to noise ratio (SNR) expected to highest SNR expected such that all users can decode the baseline layer and a high percentage of users can decode the second layer and is signaled in the SIG field (e.g.","4 bits denoting a certain range from 3 dB to 15 dB).","Note that usage of multiple streams can be used in conjunction with one or more antennas at the transmit and receive side (e.g., such as using wireless communication devices 410 and 490 with any desired numbers of antennas).","2.Use of stretched modulation symbols (e.g., QAM symbols) where each quadrant constellation point is shifted away from the origin (0,0) point.","A user with lower SNR only decodes the correct quadrant (the 2 most reliable bits of the QAM symbol) that provides a portion of the information.","A user with higher SNR can decode all QAM points.","Similarly to the previous method the stretching level is determined by the system depending on the SNR expected.","Note also that any desired type of modulation or modulations may be used and be scaled accordingly (e.g., 4-QAM/QPSK, 8-phase shift keying (PSK), 32 amplitude and phase shift keying (APSK), 64-QAM, 128-QAM, 256-QAM, etc.","and/or even higher ordered modulations including larger numbers of constellation points).","FIG.","5A is a diagram illustrating an example 501 of power allocation among different bit streams (e.g., encoded bit streams).","At least two different bit streams (e.g., encoded streams) are mapped to different layers (e.g., having one or more different operational parameters).","The multi-layered transmission splits the information (e.g., which can be encoded information, uncoded information, and/or any combination thereof) into 2 or more bit streams where the first stream is mapped to the more robust layer (e.g., requiring lower SINR to decode) and the second stream is mapped to the less robust layer (e.g., requiring higher SINR to decode).","In some embodiments, there can be additional streams (e.g., up to n).","In FIG.","5A, a first stream is mapped to a first layer having a first power allocation, and a second stream is mapped to a second layer having a second power allocation.","In some embodiments, another stream n is mapped to another layer n having an n-th power allocation.","FIG.","5B is a diagram illustrating another example 502 of power allocation among different bit streams (e.g., encoded bit streams).","The respective streams (e.g., 1, 2, and so on up to n) are mapped differently than in FIG.","5A.","In FIG.","5B, the first stream is mapped to a first layer having a first modified power allocation (e.g., different than the first power allocation), and a second stream is mapped to a second layer having a second modified power allocation (e.g., different than the second power allocation).","In some embodiments, another stream n is mapped to another layer n having an n-th modified power allocation (e.g., different than the n-th power allocation).","A wireless communication device may be configured to perform adaptive power allocation among 2 or more streams at different times based on any desired considerations.","Multi-Layer Transmission (e.g., for Video Applications) Multi-layered transmission can be used to provide higher throughput to devices with better link (e.g., with communication pathways with higher SNR or SINR, lower noise, lower interference, etc.","or generally a communication link that allows for communications based on relatively less robust and/or higher throughput parameters).","These techniques are usually coupled with splitting the video transmission to 2 or more bit streams where the first stream provides a baseline video quality and is mapped to the more robust layer and the second stream provides higher resolution video quality (e.g., 15 frames per second (fps) vs. 30 or 60 fps) or standard definition television (SDTV) resolution vs. high definition television (HDTV) vs. 8K HDTV resolution) and is mapped to the less robust layer.","Two techniques are described as follows: 1.Use of 2 or more encoded streams superposed over each other with different power allocation (e.g., the second stream can be 10 dB weaker to enable robust decoding of the first stream which is designed to work at signal to interference noise ratio (SINR)<10 dB).","Receiver wireless communication devices (e.g., users) first decode the more robust stream.","Those receiver wireless communication devices (e.g., users) with high SNR can decode the second stream by subtracting the first.","The power allocation ratio is a system tradeoff that is determined based on the expected signal coverage as defined in terms of the lowest SNR expected to highest SNR expected such that all users can decode the baseline layer and a high percentage of users can decode the second layer and is signaled in the SIG field (e.g., 4 bits denoting a certain range from 3 dB to 15 dB).","Note that usage of multiple streams can be used in conjunction with one or more antennas at the transmit and receive sides.","2.Use of stretched quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols where each quadrant constellation point is shifted away from the origin (0,0) point.","A user with lower SNR only decodes the correct quadrant (the 2 most reliable bits of the QAM symbol) that provides the baseline video quality.","A user with higher SNR can be able to decode all QAM points.","Similarly to the previous method the stretching level is determined by the system depending on the SNR expected.","FIG.","5C is a diagram illustrating an example 503 of adaptive encoding for different transmission streams.","In this diagram, a processor of a device (e.g., processor 330 of device 310) is implemented to perform encoding processing using any one or more of different types of FEC codes or ECCs.","The processor generates two or more encoded streams based on the various FEC codes or ECCs.","In some examples, two or more encoded streams are based on the same FEC code or ECC.","In other examples, two or more encoded streams are based on different FEC codes or ECCs.","In this example, at or during a first time, the processor generates a first encoded stream based on low density parity check (LDPC) code, and a second encoded stream based on Reed-Solomon (RS) code.","Generally, any number of additional encoded streams may be generated based on any one or more FEC codes or ECCs (e.g., up to an n-th encoded stream based on turbo code).","Note that these encoded streams subsequently undergo appropriate processing to generate transmission streams for transmission to one or more other devices (e.g., including processing such as that performed by an analog front end (AFE) which may include digital to analog conversion, scaling, frequency shifting, filtering, etc.).","FIG.","5D is a diagram illustrating another example 504 of adaptive encoding for different transmission streams.","The operations of this diagram may be viewed as being at or during a different time than the first time of FIG.","5C.","Based on one or more considerations, the processor adapts one or more of the FEC codes or ECCs used to generate the two or more encoded streams.","For example, based on feedback provided from a recipient device to which the two or more encoded streams of FIG.","5C have been transmitted, the processor selects different one or more FEC codes or ECCs to generate the two or more encoded streams.","In this example, at or during a second time, the processor generates the first encoded stream based on BCH (Bose and Ray-Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem) code.","Generally speaking adaptation between different FEC codes or ECCs may be made for the various encoded streams at different times based on different criteria.","FIG.","6A is a diagram illustrating an example 601 of different types of modulations or modulation coding sets (MCSs) used for modulation of different bit or symbol streams.","Information, data, etc.","may be modulated using various modulation coding techniques.","Examples of such modulation coding techniques may include binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 8-phase shift keying (PSK), 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 32 amplitude and phase shift keying (APSK), 64-QAM, etc., uncoded modulation, and/or any other desired types of modulation including higher ordered modulations that may include even greater number of constellation points (e.g., 1024 QAM, etc.).","Generally, a device that generates two or more transmission streams based on different parameters can generate a first transmission stream based on a first at least one parameter such as a first MCS that is relatively more robust and provides for relatively lower throughput than a second transmission stream based on a second at least one parameter such as a second MCS that is relatively less robust and provides for relatively higher throughput.","Relatively lower-ordered modulation/MCS (e.g., relatively fewer bits per symbol, relatively fewer constellation points per constellation, etc.)","may be used for the first transmission stream to ensure reception by a recipient device and so that the recipient device can successfully recover information therein (e.g., being relatively more robust, easier to demodulate, decode, etc.).","Relatively higher-ordered modulation/MCS (e.g., relatively more bits per symbol, relatively more constellation points per constellation, etc.)","may be used for the second transmission stream so that any recipient device that can successfully recover information there from can use it as well.","This second information within the second transmission stream may be separate and independent from first information included within the first transmission stream or may be intended for use in conjunction with the first information included within the first transmission stream.","FIG.","6B is a diagram illustrating an example 602 of different labeling of constellation points in a constellation.","This diagram uses an example of a QPSK/QAM shaped constellation having different labeling of the constellation points therein that may be used at different times.","In an example operation, a device generates a transmission stream based on the labeling 1 at or during a first time and based on the labeling 2 at or during a second time.","The particular labeling of constellation points within a constellation is one example of a parameter that may be used to generate a transmission stream and that may change and vary over time.","FIG.","6C is a diagram illustrating an example 603 of different arrangements of constellation points in a type of constellation.","This diagram also uses an example of a QPSK/QAM shaped constellation but with varying placement of the four constellation points based on different forms of QPSK (e.g., QPSK1, QPSK2, and QPSK3).","Note that the relative distance of the four constellation points may be scaled differently at different times, yet such that each constellation point is included within a separate quadrant.","Comparing QPSK2 to QPSK1, the constellation points of QPSK2 are relatively further from the origin than QPSK1.Comparing QPSK3 to QPSK2, the constellation points of QPSK3 are shifted up or down relative to QPSK2.Note that any other type of shape of constellation may similarly be varied based on the principles described with respect to FIG.","6B and FIG.","6C.","For example, the labeling and or placement of the constellation points within a 8-PSK type constellation, a 16 QAM type constellation, and/or any other type constellation may change in very as a function of time based on any desired consideration as well.","FIG.","6D is a diagram illustrating an example 604 of adaptive symbol mapping/modulation for different transmission streams.","In this diagram, a processor of a device (e.g., processor 330 of device 310) is implemented to perform symbol mapping or modulation based on different modulations, symbol mappings, MCSs, etc.","at or during different times.","In some examples, two or more encoded streams are based on the same modulation, symbol mapping, MCS, etc.","In other examples, two or more encoded streams are based on different modulations, symbol mappings, MCSs, etc.","In this example, at or during a first time, the processor generates a first symbol stream based on a first QAM/QPSK mode (e.g., QPSK1 of FIG.","6C) and a second symbol stream based on a second QAM/QPSK mode (e.g., QPSK2 of FIG.","6C).","Generally, any number of additional symbol streams may be generated based on any one or more modulations, symbol mappings, MCSs, etc.","(e.g., up to an n-th symbol stream based on 16 QAM).","Note that these symbol streams subsequently undergo appropriate processing to generate transmission streams for transmission to one or more other devices (e.g., including processing such as that performed by an analog front end (AFE) which may include digital to analog conversion, scaling, frequency shifting, filtering, etc.).","FIG.","6E is a diagram illustrating an example 605 of adaptive symbol mapping/modulation for different transmission streams.","The operations of this diagram may be viewed as being at or during a different time than the first time of FIG.","6D.","Based on one or more considerations, the processor adapts one or more of the modulations, symbol mappings, MCSs, etc.","used to generate the two or more symbol streams.","For example, based on feedback provided from a recipient device to which the two or more encoded streams of FIG.","6D have been transmitted, the processor selects different one or more modulations, symbol mappings, MCSs, etc.","to generate the two or more symbol streams.","In this example, at or during a second time, the processor generates the first symbol stream based on 16 QAM, the second symbol stream based on 64 QAM, and optional an n-th symbol stream based on 256 QAM.","FIG.","7A is a diagram illustrating an example 701 of constellation point distribution of a constellation points in a constellation (e.g., with different power allocations).","Generally, a 16-QAM modulation includes 16 constellation points, and each constellation point corresponds to a respective 4-bit label or 4-bit symbol (e.g., 0000, 0001, 0010, and so on up to 1111).","FIG.","7B is a diagram illustrating another example 702 of constellation point distribution of a constellation points in a constellation (e.g., with different power allocations).","Relative to FIG.","7A, this variant 16 QAM constellation includes constellation points that are extended out relative to the constellation points of FIG.","7A.","FIG.","7B depicts constellation points of both 16 QAM shaped constellations (e.g., one having constellation points extended out relative to the other).","FIG.","7B has a larger gap requiring much higher SNR to decode all bits but needing lower SNR to decode the un-stretched constellation points.","In a specific example using FIG.","7B, the constellation plot of this diagram shows two examples of stretched 16 QAM where 2 bits are used mapped to the correct quadrant (shown as the hashed constellation points and identified as QPSK1/QAM1) and are relatively more robust then the 2 bits that are used to map to a specific point within the quadrant (shown as the empty constellation points and identified as QPSK2/QAM2).","For example, a first transmission stream may include 2 bits symbols that identify the particular quadrant of interest such as being centrally located within a cluster of four other constellation points in each quadrant.","This first transmission stream will map each symbol therein to one of the four hashed constellation points that is identified as QPSK1/QAM1.A second transmission stream may also include 2 bits symbols.","The second transmission stream will map each symbol therein to one of the four empty constellation points that is identified as QPSK2/QAM2 that are clustered around the identified hashed constellation point that has been identified from the first transmission stream using QPSK1/QAM1.FIG.","7C is a diagram illustrating an example 703 of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.","In this diagram, a first transmission stream includes 2 bits symbols as identified by the hashed constellation points as QPSK1/QAM1 and each symbol of the first transmission stream includes information and also identifies a particular one of the four quadrants.","A first transmission stream includes 4 bits symbols as identified by the empty constellation points as 16 QAM that are clustered around each of the four constellation points associated with the first transmission stream.","A recipient device that is able to recover first information from the first transmission stream can use that first information.","When the recipient device is able to recover information from the second transmission stream, the device can use that second information as well (e.g., either in for use in conjunction with the first information or separately from the first information).","In a first specific example, the first information included within the first transmission stream corresponds to 480i or 480p resolution video, and the second information included within the second transmission stream corresponds to 1080i or 1080p resolution video.","In a second specific example, the first information included within the first transmission stream corresponds to 480i or 480p resolution video, and the second information included within the second transmission stream, when combined with the first information recovered from the first transmission stream, corresponds to 1080i or 1080p resolution video (e.g., the device combines the first information and the second information to recover the 1080i or 1080p resolution video).","Note that using different transmission streams to convey video of different resolutions is just one example of use for such hierarchical transmission is described herein.","Any of a variety of types of information may be transmitted via the different transmission streams (e.g., any type of media including images, video, audio, etc., any type of data including files, e-mails, text messages, etc., and/or any other type of information that may be transmitted between devices within a communication system).","Note that other types of modulations may be used for different transmission streams or the same type of modulation may be used for different transmission streams.","For example, as shown with respect to FIG.","7B, both a first and a second transmission stream use a QPSK type constellation such that symbols of the second transmission stream are mapped around a particular QPSK constellation that is identified by a centrally located constellation point from information recovered from the first transmission stream.","Note that any types of combinations of different modulations may be used for the different transmission streams (e.g., example 1: QPSK for the first transmission stream and 8-PSK for the second transmission stream; example 2: 8-PSK for the first transmission stream and QPSK for the second transmission stream; example 3: 16 QAM for the first transmission stream and QPSK for the second transmission stream; etc.).","FIG.","8A is a diagram illustrating another example 801 of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.","FIG.","8B is a diagram illustrating another example 802 of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.","These figures, FIGS.","8A and 8B, show different constellation point distributions of a particular modulation (e.g., with different power allocations).","The plots in these diagrams show two specific examples of a 16 QAM modulation and also show the relative magnitudes of the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) axes.","One of the modulations is stretched 16 QAM (FIG.","8B) where 2 bits are mapped to the quadrant and are more robust and 2 bits mapped to the specific point within the quadrant.","FIG.","8A uses lower stretching level leading to smaller gap between the two groups of bits.","FIG.","8B has a larger gap requiring much higher SNR to decode all bits but needing lower SNR to decode the un-stretched constellation points.","The stretching factor is a system parameter (e.g., one of the parameters by which a device generates transmission streams), similarly to one or more multi-layer transmissions, that may be selected or optimized for one or more specific applications or deployments.","Such information may be signaled in a particular field of a packet or frame (e.g., a signal field (SIG) field of an OFDM packet communication).","The current acknowledgement (ACK) needs to be expanded to support feedback of the number of layers received correctly.","For example, in a 2 layer hierarchical transmission, a receiver wireless communication device (e.g., wireless station (STA)) may ACK reception of the base layer only or both layers.","Based on the feedback, the transmitter can decide whether to use the regular transmission mode or hierarchical transmission mode.","For example, wireless communication devices or users that are close to an access point (AP), and those wireless communication devices don't experience large SNR fluctuations may use the regular transmission mode.","Users at the cell edge or coverage region edge are more likely to use hierarchical transmission mode.","Referring again to these figures, FIG.","8A and 8B, FIG.","8A uses lower stretching level leading to smaller gap between the two groups of bits.","FIG.","8B has larger gap requiring much higher SNR to decode all bits but needing lower SNR to decode the un-stretched constellation points.","Similar to the multi-layer transmission the stretching factor is a system parameter optimized for a specific deployments and signaled in the SIG field.","Determination of Modulation Coding Set (MCS) Whether a communication system operates using a single MCS single layer transmission scheme or a multi-layer transmission scheme as described herein, the MCS and the multi-layer transmission parameters need to be determined.","At least three novel ways to perform this are presented herein.","Any one of these three ways can be used to augment another one of the other three: 1.A-priori knowledge about the deployment (AP density, path loss) can enable prediction of the parameters (collecting location information using location queries or geolocation protocol, such as global positioning system (GPS)).","This may correspond to the location of APs and clients (e.g., STAs).","2.Feedback (RSSI, recommended MCS) of unicast (UCAST) transmissions (management frames, ACKs response) may be used.","The aggregated power of all APs is predicted/accounted for.","For example, the received power for every STA from all APs maybe summed up to predict received power in broadcast mode.","3.Feedback of actual broadcast transmissions may be used.","The system could start from more robust parameters and progress based on feedback.","FIG.","8C is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method 803 for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.","The method 803 begins by generating a first transmission stream by processing first information based on a first at least one parameter (block 810).","The method 803 continues by generating a second transmission stream by processing second information based on a second at least one parameter that is relatively less robust than the first at least one parameter (block 820).","In one example, the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information.","In another example, the first and second information are wholly independent from one another.","The method 803 then operates by transmitting, via a communication interface of the wireless communication device, the first transmission stream and the second transmission stream to at least one other wireless communication device (block 830).","FIG.","8D is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method 804 for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.","The method 804 begins by generating a first transmission stream corresponding to 480p video (block 811).","The method 804 continues by generating a second transmission stream corresponding to 1080i video (block 821).","In some examples, the second transmission stream, when combined with the first transmission stream, corresponds to 1080i video.","The method 804 then operates by transmitting, via a communication interface of the wireless communication device, the first transmission stream and the second transmission stream to at least one other wireless communication device (block 831).","FIG.","9 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method 900 for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.","The method 900 begins by receiving a first transmission stream from another wireless communication device, wherein the first transmission stream includes first information that is based on a first at least one parameter (block 910).","The method 900 continues by receiving a second transmission stream from the other wireless communication device (block 920).","In one example, the second transmission stream includes second information that is based on a second at least one parameter.","In another example, the first and second transmission streams are independent from one another.","The method 900 then operates by processing the first transmission stream to extract the first information there from (block 930).","The method 900 continues by processing the second transmission stream to determine whether the second information may be successfully extracted from the second transmission stream (block 940).","When it is determined that the second information may be successfully extracted from the second transmission stream (block 950), the method 900 continues by processing the second transmission stream to extract the first information there from and generate a first output signal based on both the first information and the second information (block 960).","Alternatively, when it is determined that the second information cannot be successfully extracted from the second transmission stream (block 950), the method 900 then operates by generating a second output signal based on only the first information (block 970).","It is noted that the various operations and functions described within various methods herein may be performed within a wireless communication device (e.g., such as by the processor 330, communication interface 320, and memory 340 as described with reference to FIG.","3A) and/or other components therein.","Generally, a communication interface and processor in a wireless communication device can perform such operations.","Examples of some components may include one of more baseband processing modules, one or more media access control (MAC) layer components, one or more physical layer (PHY) components, and/or other components, etc.","For example, such a processor can perform baseband processing operations and can operate in conjunction with a radio, analog front end (AFE), etc.","The processor can generate such signals, packets, frames, and/or equivalents etc.","as described herein as well as perform various operations described herein and/or their respective equivalents.","In some embodiments, such a baseband processing module and/or a processing module (which may be implemented in the same device or separate devices) can perform such processing to generate signals for transmission to another wireless communication device using any number of radios and antennae.","In some embodiments, such processing is performed cooperatively by a processor in a first device and another processor within a second device.","In other embodiments, such processing is performed wholly by a processor within one device.","As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately” provides an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/or relativity between items.","Such an industry-accepted tolerance ranges from less than one percent to fifty percent and corresponds to, but is not limited to, component values, integrated circuit process variations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, and/or thermal noise.","Such relativity between items ranges from a difference of a few percent to magnitude differences.","As may also be used herein, the term(s) “configured to,” “operably coupled to,” “coupled to,” and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/or indirect coupling between items via an intervening item (e.g., an item includes, but is not limited to, a component, an element, a circuit, and/or a module) where, for an example of indirect coupling, the intervening item does not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or power level.","As may further be used herein, inferred coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another element by inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two items in the same manner as “coupled to”.","As may even further be used herein, the term “configured to,” “operable to,” “coupled to,” or “operably coupled to” indicates that an item includes one or more of power connections, input(s), output(s), etc., to perform, when activated, one or more its corresponding functions and may further include inferred coupling to one or more other items.","As may still further be used herein, the term “associated with,” includes direct and/or indirect coupling of separate items and/or one item being embedded within another item.","As may be used herein, the term “compares favorably” or equivalent, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., provides a desired relationship.","For example, when the desired relationship is that signal 1 has a greater magnitude than signal 2, a favorable comparison may be achieved when the magnitude of signal 1 is greater than that of signal 2 or when the magnitude of signal 2 is less than that of signal 1.As may also be used herein, the terms “processing module,” “processing circuit,” “processor,” and/or “processing unit” may be a single processing device or a plurality of processing devices.","Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on hard coding of the circuitry and/or operational instructions.","The processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit may be, or further include, memory and/or an integrated memory element, which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory devices, and/or embedded circuitry of another processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit.","Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information.","Note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit includes more than one processing device, the processing devices may be centrally located (e.g., directly coupled together via a wired and/or wireless bus structure) or may be distributedly located (e.g., cloud computing via indirect coupling via a local area network and/or a wide area network).","Further note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry.","Still further note that, the memory element may store, and the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit executes, hard coded and/or operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated in one or more of the Figures.","Such a memory device or memory element can be included in an article of manufacture.","One or more embodiments of an invention have been described above with the aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof.","The boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocks and method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience of description.","Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships are appropriately performed.","Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims.","Further, the boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of description.","Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed.","Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality.","To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significant functionality.","Such alternate definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention.","One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof.","The one or more embodiments are used herein to illustrate one or more aspects, one or more features, one or more concepts, and/or one or more examples of the invention.","A physical embodiment of an apparatus, an article of manufacture, a machine, and/or of a process may include one or more of the aspects, features, concepts, examples, etc.","described with reference to one or more of the embodiments discussed herein.","Further, from figure to figure, the embodiments may incorporate the same or similarly named functions, steps, modules, etc.","that may use the same or different reference numbers and, as such, the functions, steps, modules, etc.","may be the same or similar functions, steps, modules, etc.","or different ones.","Unless specifically stated to the contra, signals to, from, and/or between elements in a figure of any of the figures presented herein may be analog or digital, continuous time or discrete time, and single-ended or differential.","For instance, if a signal path is shown as a single-ended path, it also represents a differential signal path.","Similarly, if a signal path is shown as a differential path, it also represents a single-ended signal path.","While one or more particular architectures are described herein, other architectures can likewise be implemented that use one or more data buses not expressly shown, direct connectivity between elements, and/or indirect coupling between other elements as recognized by one of average skill in the art.","The term “module” is used in the description of one or more of the embodiments.","A module includes a processing module, a processor, a functional block, hardware, and/or memory that stores operational instructions for performing one or more functions as may be described herein.","Note that, if the module is implemented via hardware, the hardware may operate independently and/or in conjunction with software and/or firmware.","As also used herein, a module may contain one or more sub-modules, each of which may be one or more modules.","While particular combinations of various functions and features of the one or more embodiments have been expressly described herein, other combinations of these features and functions are likewise possible.","The present disclosure of an invention is not limited by the particular examples disclosed herein and expressly incorporates these other combinations."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"Hierarchical transmission in wireless communications\",\n \"A wireless communication device includes a communication interface and a processor that operate to generate a first transmission stream by processing first information based on first parameter(s) and a second transmission stream by processing second information based on second parameter(s).\",\n \"In some examples, the second at least one parameter is relatively less robust than the first at least one parameter, and the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information.\",\n \"The wireless communication device then transmits the first transmission stream and the second transmission stream to at least one other wireless communication device.\",\n \"Examples of such parameters include forward error correction (FEC) code, error correction code (ECC), modulation coding set (MCS), modulation type including a mapping of constellation points arranged in a constellation, power (e.g., transmit (TX) power), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) configuration, and/or a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A wireless communication device comprising: a communication interface; and processing circuitry that is coupled to the communication interface, wherein at least one of the communication interface or the processing circuitry configured to: generate a first symbol stream by processing first information based on a first at least one parameter; generate a second symbol stream by processing second information based on a second at least one parameter that is less robust than the first at least one parameter, wherein the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information; and transmit the first symbol stream and the second symbol stream to at least one other wireless communication device.\",\n \"2.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein at least one of: the first at least one parameter includes at least one of: a first forward error correction (FEC) code; a first error correction code (ECC); a first modulation coding set (MCS); a first modulation type including a first mapping of a first plurality of constellation points arranged in a first constellation; a first power; a first orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) configuration; or a first multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration; or the second at least one parameter includes at least one of: a second FEC code; a second ECC; a second MCS; a second modulation type including a second mapping of a second plurality of constellation points arranged in a second constellation; a second power; a second OFDM configuration; or a second MIMO configuration.\",\n \"3.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein: the first symbol stream includes a first plurality of symbols each having a first number of bits; and the second symbol stream includes a second plurality of symbols each having a second number of bits that is greater than the first number of bits.\",\n \"4.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein: the first information corresponds to a video stream based on a first resolution; and the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information to generate the video stream based on a second resolution that is higher than the first resolution.\",\n \"5.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein: the first information corresponds to an image based on a first resolution; and the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information to generate the image based on a second resolution that is higher than the first resolution.\",\n \"6.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the communication interface or the processing circuitry is further configured to: select the first at least one parameter based on a first signal to noise ratio (SNR) corresponding to a first communication pathway via which the first symbol stream is to be transmitted; and select the second at least one parameter based on a second SNR corresponding to a second communication pathway via which the second symbol stream is to be transmitted, wherein the second SNR is higher than the first SNR.\",\n \"7.The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: an access point (AP), wherein the at least one other wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA).\",\n \"8.The wireless communication device of claim 1 further comprising: a wireless station (STA), wherein the at least one other wireless communication device includes an access point (AP).\",\n \"9.A wireless communication device comprising: a communication interface; and processing circuitry that is coupled to the communication interface, wherein at least one of the communication interface or the processing circuitry configured to: generate a first symbol stream by processing first information based on a first at least one parameter, wherein the first symbol stream includes a first plurality of symbols each having a first number of bits; generate a second symbol stream by processing second information based on a second at least one parameter that is less robust than the first at least one parameter, wherein the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information, wherein the second symbol stream includes a second plurality of symbols each having a second number of bits that is greater than the first number of bits; and transmit the first symbol stream and the second symbol stream to at least one other wireless communication device, wherein the first information corresponds to media based on a first resolution, and wherein the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information to generate the media based on a second resolution that is higher than the first resolution.\",\n \"10.The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein at least one of: the first at least one parameter includes at least one of: a first forward error correction (FEC) code; a first error correction code (ECC); a first modulation coding set (MCS); a first modulation type including a first mapping of a first plurality of constellation points arranged in a first constellation; a first power; a first orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) configuration; or a first multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration; or the second at least one parameter includes at least one of: a second FEC code; a second ECC; a second MCS; a second modulation type including a second mapping of a second plurality of constellation points arranged in a second constellation; a second power; a second OFDM configuration; or a second MIMO configuration.\",\n \"11.The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein the at least one of the communication interface or the processing circuitry is further configured to: select the first at least one parameter based on a first signal to noise ratio (SNR) corresponding to a first communication pathway via which the first symbol stream is to be transmitted; and select the second at least one parameter based on a second SNR corresponding to a second communication pathway via which the second symbol stream is to be transmitted, wherein the second SNR is higher than the first SNR.\",\n \"12.The wireless communication device of claim 9 further comprising: an access point (AP), wherein the at least one other wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA).\",\n \"13.The wireless communication device of claim 9 further comprising: a wireless station (STA), wherein the at least one other wireless communication device includes an access point (AP).\",\n \"14.A method for execution by a wireless communication device, the method comprising: generating a first symbol stream by processing first information based on a first at least one parameter; generating a second symbol stream by processing second information based on a second at least one parameter that is less robust than the first at least one parameter, wherein the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information; and transmitting, via a communication interface of the wireless communication device, the first symbol stream and the second symbol stream to at least one other wireless communication device.\",\n \"15.The method of claim 14, wherein at least one of: the first at least one parameter includes at least one of: a first forward error correction (FEC) code; a first error correction code (ECC); a first modulation coding set (MCS); a first modulation type including a first mapping of a first plurality of constellation points arranged in a first constellation; a first power; a first orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) configuration; or a first multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration; or the second at least one parameter includes at least one of: a second FEC code; a second ECC; a second MCS; a second modulation type including a second mapping of a second plurality of constellation points arranged in a second constellation; a second power; a second OFDM configuration; or a second MIMO configuration.\",\n \"16.The method of claim 14, wherein: the first symbol stream includes a first plurality of symbols each having a first number of bits; and the second symbol stream includes a second plurality of symbols each having a second number of bits that is greater than the first number of bits.\",\n \"17.The method of claim 14, wherein: the first information corresponds to media based on a first resolution; and the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information to generate the media based on a second resolution that is higher than the first resolution.\",\n \"18.The method of claim 14, wherein: the first information corresponds to a video stream based on a first resolution; and the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information to generate the video stream based on a second resolution that is higher than the first resolution.\",\n \"19.The method of claim 14, wherein: the first information corresponds to an image based on a first resolution; and the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information to generate the image based on a second resolution that is higher than the first resolution.\",\n \"20.The method of claim 14, wherein the wireless communication device includes an access point (AP), and the at least one other wireless communication device includes a wireless station (STA).\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND \"\n ],\n [\n \" BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.\",\n \"1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication system.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of dense deployment of wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3A is a diagram illustrating an example of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3B is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3C is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3D is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3E is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4A is a diagram illustrating an example of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and/or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4B is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4C is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4D is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5A is a diagram illustrating an example of power allocation among different bit streams (e.g., encoded bit streams).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5B is a diagram illustrating another example of power allocation among different bit streams (e.g., encoded bit streams).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5C is a diagram illustrating an example of adaptive encoding for different transmission streams.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5D is a diagram illustrating another example of adaptive encoding for different transmission streams.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6A is a diagram illustrating an example of different types of modulations or modulation coding sets (MCSs) used for modulation of different bit or symbol streams.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6B is a diagram illustrating an example of different labeling of constellation points in a constellation.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6C is a diagram illustrating an example of different arrangements of constellation points in a type of constellation.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6D is a diagram illustrating an example of adaptive symbol mapping/modulation for different transmission streams.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6E is a diagram illustrating an example of adaptive symbol mapping/modulation for different transmission streams.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7A is a diagram illustrating an example of constellation point distribution of a constellation points in a constellation (e.g., with different power allocations).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7B is a diagram illustrating another example of constellation point distribution of a constellation points in a constellation (e.g., with different power allocations).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7C is a diagram illustrating an example of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8A is a diagram illustrating another example of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8B is a diagram illustrating another example of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8C is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8D is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.\",\n \"detailed-description description=\\\"Detailed Description\\\" end=\\\"lead\\\"?\"\n ],\n [\n \"CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS/PATENT APPLICATIONS The present U.S. Utility patent application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C.\",\n \"§ 120 as a continuation of U.S. Utility application No.\",\n \"14/510,510, entitled “Hierarchical transmission in wireless communications,” filed Oct. 9, 2014, pending, which claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C.\",\n \"§ 119(e) to U.S.\",\n \"Provisional Application No.\",\n \"61/888,813, entitled “Hierarchical transmission in wireless communications,” filed Oct. 9, 2013, both of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility patent application for all purposes.\",\n \"BACKGROUND Technical Field The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems; and, more particularly, to hierarchical transmission and reception of communications within single user, multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications.\",\n \"Description of Related Art Communication systems support wireless and wire lined communications between wireless and/or wire lined communication devices.\",\n \"The systems can range from national and/or international cellular telephone systems, to the Internet, to point-to-point in-home wireless networks and can operate in accordance with one or more communication standards.\",\n \"For example, wireless communication systems may operate in accordance with one or more standards including, but not limited to, IEEE 802.11x (where x may be various extensions such as a, b, n, g, etc.\",\n \"), Bluetooth, advanced mobile phone services (AMPS), digital AMPS, global system for mobile communications (GSM), etc., and/or variations thereof.\",\n \"In some instances, wireless communication is made between a transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) using single-input-single-output (SISO) communication.\",\n \"Another type of wireless communication is single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) in which a single TX processes data into radio frequency (RF) signals that are transmitted to a RX that includes two or more antennae and two or more RX paths.\",\n \"Yet an alternative type of wireless communication is multiple-input-single-output (MISO) in which a TX includes two or more transmission paths that each respectively converts a corresponding portion of baseband signals into RF signals, which are transmitted via corresponding antennae to a RX.\",\n \"Another type of wireless communication is multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) in which a TX and RX each respectively includes multiple paths such that a TX parallel processes data using a spatial and time encoding function to produce two or more streams of data and a RX receives the multiple RF signals via multiple RX paths that recapture the streams of data utilizing a spatial and time decoding function.\",\n \"Some communication systems suffer deleteriously from interference, noise, etc.\",\n \"There may be instances in which a first device is able to communicate at a first signal to noise ratio (SNR) while a second device is able to communicate only at a second SNR that is different than the first SNR.\",\n \"Typically, communications for both the first and second devices is being tailored to the lower SNR among the first and second SNRs.\",\n \"As such, the device that is able to communicate at the relatively higher SNR is forced to communicate at the relatively lower SNR of the other device.\",\n \"The prior art does not provide an adequate solution to address these and other deficiencies.\",\n \"BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.\",\n \"1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication system.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of dense deployment of wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3A is a diagram illustrating an example of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3B is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3C is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3D is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3E is a diagram illustrating another example of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4A is a diagram illustrating an example of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and/or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4B is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4C is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4D is a diagram illustrating another example of OFDM and/or OFDMA.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5A is a diagram illustrating an example of power allocation among different bit streams (e.g., encoded bit streams).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5B is a diagram illustrating another example of power allocation among different bit streams (e.g., encoded bit streams).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5C is a diagram illustrating an example of adaptive encoding for different transmission streams.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5D is a diagram illustrating another example of adaptive encoding for different transmission streams.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6A is a diagram illustrating an example of different types of modulations or modulation coding sets (MCSs) used for modulation of different bit or symbol streams.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6B is a diagram illustrating an example of different labeling of constellation points in a constellation.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6C is a diagram illustrating an example of different arrangements of constellation points in a type of constellation.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6D is a diagram illustrating an example of adaptive symbol mapping/modulation for different transmission streams.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6E is a diagram illustrating an example of adaptive symbol mapping/modulation for different transmission streams.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7A is a diagram illustrating an example of constellation point distribution of a constellation points in a constellation (e.g., with different power allocations).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7B is a diagram illustrating another example of constellation point distribution of a constellation points in a constellation (e.g., with different power allocations).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7C is a diagram illustrating an example of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8A is a diagram illustrating another example of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8B is a diagram illustrating another example of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8C is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8D is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.\",\n \"DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.\",\n \"1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless communication system 100.The wireless communication system 100 includes base stations and/or access points 112-116, wireless communication devices 118-132 (e.g., wireless stations (STAs)), and a network hardware component 134.The wireless communication devices 118-132 may be laptop computers, or tablets, 118 and 126, personal digital assistants 120 and 130, personal computers 124 and 132 and/or cellular telephones 122 and 128.The details of an embodiment of such wireless communication devices are described in greater detail with reference to FIG.\",\n \"2.The base stations (BSs) or access points (APs) 112-116 are operably coupled to the network hardware 134 via local area network connections 136, 138, and 140.The network hardware 134, which may be a router, switch, bridge, modem, system controller, etc., provides a wide area network connection 142 for the communication system 100.Each of the base stations or access points 112-116 has an associated antenna or antenna array to communicate with the wireless communication devices in its area.\",\n \"Typically, the wireless communication devices register with a particular base station or access point 112-116 to receive services from the communication system 100.For direct connections (i.e., point-to-point communications), wireless communication devices communicate directly via an allocated channel.\",\n \"Any of the various wireless communication devices (WDEVs) 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116 may include a processor and a communication interface to support communications with any other of the wireless communication devices 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116.In an example of operation, a processor implemented within one of the devices (e.g., any one of the WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116) is configured to process at least one signal received from and/or to generate at least one signal to be transmitted to another one of the devices (e.g., any other one of the WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116).\",\n \"Note that general reference to a communication device, such as a wireless communication device (e.g., WDEVs) 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116 in FIG.\",\n \"1, or any other communication devices and/or wireless communication devices may alternatively be made generally herein using the term ‘device’ (e.g., with respect to FIG.\",\n \"2 below, “device 210” when referring to “wireless communication device 210” or “WDEV 210,” or “devices 210-234” when referring to “wireless communication devices 210-234”; or with respect to FIG.\",\n \"3 below, use of “device 310” may alternatively be used when referring to “wireless communication device 310”, or “devices 390 and 391 (or 390-391)” when referring to wireless communication devices 390 and 391 or WDEVs 390 and 391).\",\n \"The processor of any one of the various devices, WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116, may be configured to support communications via at least one communication interface with any other of the various devices, WDEVs 118-132 and BSs or APs 112-116.Such communications may be uni-directional or bi-directional between devices.\",\n \"Also, such communications may be uni-directional between devices at one time and bi-directional between those devices at another time.\",\n \"In an example of operation, one of the devices, such as device 130, includes a communication interface and a processor that cooperatively operate to support communications with another device, such as device 116, among others within the system.\",\n \"The processor is operative to generate and interpret different signals, frames, packets, symbols, etc.\",\n \"for transmission to other devices and that have been received from other devices.\",\n \"Considering one particular type of transmission between devices, the device 130 generates an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol (or a packet or frame that includes one or more OFDM symbols).\",\n \"The device 130 generates two or more transmission streams based on different information and different parameters.\",\n \"In one specific example, the device 130 generates a first transmission stream by processing first information based on a first at least one parameter and a second transmission stream by processing second information based on a second at least one parameter.\",\n \"The second at least one parameter is different than the first at least one parameter and can be relatively more or less robust than the first at least one parameter.\",\n \"In some instances, the second transmission stream includes entirely different information than and is unrelated to the first transmission stream.\",\n \"However, in other instances, the second transmission stream includes information that, when combined with the first information within the first transmission stream, modifies the first information.\",\n \"For example, the second transmission stream can include second information to augment the first information within the first transmission stream.\",\n \"In another example of operation, device 130 receives a first transmission stream and a second transmission stream from device 116.The device 130 processes the first transmission stream to extract first information there from.\",\n \"The device 130 processes the second transmission stream to determine whether or not second information may be successfully extracted from the second transmission stream.\",\n \"For example, the first transmission stream may be transmitted from device 116 with sufficient robustness in a noisy environment such that it is successfully received and can be successfully processed by device 130, but the second transmission stream may be transmitted from device 116 with relatively less robustness in the noisy environment such that it cannot be successfully received or processed by device 130.Depending on the determination of whether or not the second information from the second transmission stream may be recovered successfully, the device 130 generates an output signal based on either the first information only that is extracted from the first transmission stream (e.g., when the second information within the second transmission stream cannot be successfully recovered) or both the first information and the second information that are extracted from the first and second transmission streams (e.g., when the second information within the second transmission stream can be successfully recovered).\",\n \"In certain examples, the first transmission stream is transmitted with sufficiently robust parameters that it can be received and processed by device 130 even in a relatively very noisy environment.\",\n \"As such, an assumption can be made that the first transmission stream will be successfully received and processed by device 130.However, the second transmission stream may not always be successfully received and processed by device 130 (e.g., depending on the noise, interference, signal to noise ratio (SNR), signal to interference noise ratio (SINR), etc.)\",\n \"of a communication pathway between devices 116 and 130.In an example in which the second information is successfully recovered and the second information is wholly independent from the first information, the device 130 recovers both the first information and the second information and may use them for different purposes.\",\n \"In another example in which the second information is successfully recovered and the second information is related to or tied to the first information, the device 130 recovers both the first information and the second information and utilizes them together for a given purpose.\",\n \"In examples with one or more additional transmission streams, if any of the one or more additional transmission streams can be received and information recovered there from, then any information recovered from the one or more additional transmission streams may also be used in conjunction with information recovered from the first, second, and/or other one or more additional transmission streams.\",\n \"For example, a first device (e.g., device 130) may be able only to recover information from a first transmission stream, a second device (e.g., device 128) may be able to recover information from both the first transmission stream and a second transmission stream, and a third device (e.g., device 132) may be able to recover information from both the first and second transmission streams and a third transmission stream.\",\n \"As such, the first device (e.g., device 130) can generate a first output signal based on information from the first transmission stream, the second device (e.g., device 128) can generate a second output signal based on information from both the first and second transmission streams, and the third device (e.g., device 132) can generate a third output signal based on information from all of the first, second, and third second transmission streams.\",\n \"In a video signaling example, the first output signal may be 480i resolution video, the second output signal may be 720i resolution video, and the third output signal may be 1080i resolution video (e.g., such that output signals of greater or improved quality can be generated when information can be recovered from additional transmission stream(s)).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"2 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment 200 of dense deployment of wireless communication devices (shown as WDEVs in the diagram).\",\n \"Any of the various WDEVs 210-234 may be access points (APs) or wireless stations (STAs).\",\n \"For example, WDEV 210 may be an AP or an AP-operative STA that communicates with WDEVs 212, 214, 216, and 218 that are STAs.\",\n \"WDEV 220 may be an AP or an AP-operative STA that communicates with WDEVs 222, 224, 226, and 228 that are STAs.\",\n \"In certain instances, at least one additional AP or AP-operative STA may be deployed, such as WDEV 230 that communicates with WDEVs 232 and 234 that are STAs.\",\n \"The STAs may be any type of one or more wireless communication device types including wireless communication devices 118-132, and the APs or AP-operative STAs may be any type of one or more wireless communication devices including as BSs or APs 112-116.Different groups of the WDEVs 210-234 may be partitioned into different basic services sets (BSSs).\",\n \"In some instances, at least one of the WDEVs 210-234 are included within at least one overlapping basic services set (OBSS) that cover two or more BSSs.\",\n \"As described above with the association of WDEVs in an AP-STA relationship, one of the WDEVs may be operative as an AP and certain WDEVs of the WDEVs can be implemented within the same basic services set (BSS).\",\n \"This disclosure presents novel architectures, methods, approaches, etc.\",\n \"that allow for improved spatial re-use for next generation WiFi or wireless local area network (WLAN) systems.\",\n \"Next generation WiFi systems are expected to improve performance in dense deployments where many clients and AP are packed in a given area (e.g., which may be an area [indoor and/or outdoor] with a high density of devices, such as a train station, airport, stadium, building, shopping mall, arenas, convention centers, colleges, downtown city centers, etc.\",\n \"to name just some examples).\",\n \"Large numbers of devices operating within a given area can be problematic if not impossible using prior technologies.\",\n \"In an example of operation, devices 210 and 216 communicate with one another.\",\n \"The device 210 includes a communication interface and a processor that cooperatively operate to support communications with another device, such as device 216, among others within the system.\",\n \"The processor is operative to generate and interpret different signals, frames, packets, symbols, etc.\",\n \"for transmission to other devices and that have been received from other devices.\",\n \"Considering one particular type of transmission between devices, the device 210 generates an OFDM packet that includes one or more OFDM symbols.\",\n \"The device 210 generates two or more transmission streams by processing different information based on different parameters and transmits the two or more transmission streams to device 216.In this embodiment 200, there may be rapidly changing or varying noise, interference, SNRs, etc.\",\n \"of the various communication links between the devices.\",\n \"The device 210 generates and transmits the two or more transmission streams based on different parameters such that a first at least one of the transmission streams is transmitted in such a way of (e.g., using one or more parameters that are relatively robust) that most or all of the other devices in the system are able to receive, demodulate, and successfully recover information there from.\",\n \"The device 210 generates a second at least one transmission stream with at least one different parameter than the first at least one of the transmission stream (e.g., using one or more parameters that are relatively less robust, provide for greater throughput, greater information carrying capacity, etc.).\",\n \"A device, such as device 216, should always or almost always be able to recover information from the first at least one transmission stream successfully.\",\n \"However, there may be times in which device 216 cannot recover information from the second at least one transmission stream successfully.\",\n \"The device 210 generates an output signal based on either only the information that is extracted from the first at least one transmission stream (e.g., when information from the second at least one transmission stream cannot be successfully recovered) or information extracted from both the first and second at least one transmission streams.\",\n \"In certain examples, the first at least one transmission stream is transmitted with sufficiently robust parameters that it can be received and processed by device 210 even in a relatively very noisy environment.\",\n \"As such, an assumption can be made that the first transmission stream will be successfully received and processed by device 210.However, the second transmission stream may not always be successfully received and processed by device 210 (e.g., depending on the noise, interference, signal to noise ratio (SNR), signal to interference noise ratio (SINR), etc.)\",\n \"of a communication pathway between devices 210 and 216.FIG.\",\n \"3A is a diagram illustrating an example 301 of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"A wireless communication device 310 (e.g., which may be any one of devices 118-132 as with reference to FIG.\",\n \"1) is in communication with another wireless communication device 390 via a transmission medium.\",\n \"The wireless communication device 310 includes a communication interface 320 to perform transmitting and receiving of at least one packet or frame (e.g., using a transmitter 322 and a receiver 324) (note that general reference to packet or frame may be used interchangeably).\",\n \"The wireless communication device 310 also includes a processor 330, and an associated memory 340, to execute various operations including interpreting at least one packet or frame transmitted to wireless communication device 390 and/or received from the wireless communication device 390 and/or wireless communication device 391.The wireless communication devices 310 and 390 (and/or 391) may be implemented using at least one integrated circuit in accordance with any desired configuration or combination of components, modules, etc.\",\n \"within at least one integrated circuit.\",\n \"Also, the wireless communication devices 310, 390, and 391 may each include more than one antenna for transmitting and receiving of at least one packet or frame (e.g., WDEV 390 may include m antennae, and WDEV 391 may include n antennae).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3B is a diagram illustrating another example 302 of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"In an example of operation, the processor 330 of device 310 generates and interprets different signals, frames, packets, symbols, etc.\",\n \"for transmission to other devices and that have been received, via communication interface 320, from other devices (e.g., device 390).\",\n \"Considering one particular type of transmission between devices, the processor 330 of device 310 generates an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol (or a packet or frame that includes one or more OFDM symbols).\",\n \"The processor 330 generates two or more transmission streams based on different information and different parameters.\",\n \"In one specific example, the processor 330 generates a first transmission stream by processing first information based on a first at least one parameter and a second transmission stream by processing second information based on a second at least one parameter.\",\n \"The second at least one parameter is different than the first at least one parameter and can be relatively more or less robust than the first at least one parameter.\",\n \"In some instances, the second transmission stream includes entirely different information than and is unrelated to the first transmission stream.\",\n \"However, in other instances, the second transmission stream includes information that, when combined with the first information within the first transmission stream, modifies the first information.\",\n \"For example, the second transmission stream can include second information to augment the first information within the first transmission stream.\",\n \"In another example of operation, processor 330 receives a first transmission stream and a second transmission stream from processor 390.The processor 330 processes the first transmission stream to extract first information there from.\",\n \"The processor 330 processes the second transmission stream to determine whether or not second information may be successfully extracted from the second transmission stream.\",\n \"For example, the first transmission stream may be transmitted from processor 390 with sufficient robustness in a noisy environment such that it is successfully received and can be successfully processed by processor 330, but the second transmission stream may be transmitted from processor 390 with relatively less robustness in the noisy environment such that it cannot be successfully received or processed by processor 330.Depending on the determination of whether or not the second information from the second transmission stream may be recovered successfully, the processor 330 generates an output signal based on either the first information only that is extracted from the first transmission stream (e.g., when the second information within the second transmission stream cannot be successfully recovered) or both the first information and the second information that are extracted from the first and second transmission streams (e.g., when the second information within the second transmission stream can be successfully recovered).\",\n \"In certain examples, the first transmission stream is transmitted with sufficiently robust parameters that it can be received and processed by processor 330 even in a relatively very noisy environment.\",\n \"As such, an assumption can be made that the first transmission stream will be successfully received and processed by processor 330.However, the second transmission stream may not always be successfully received and processed by processor 330 (e.g., depending on the noise, interference, signal to noise ratio (SNR), signal to interference noise ratio (SINR), etc.)\",\n \"of a communication pathway between devices 310 and 390.Some examples of some parameters used to generate transmission streams include forward error correction (FEC) code, error correction code (ECC), modulation coding set (MCS), modulation type including a mapping of constellation points arranged in a constellation, power (e.g., transmit (TX) power), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) configuration, and/or a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration.\",\n \"The first and second transmission streams may vary by as few as one parameter or as many as all parameters.\",\n \"For example, the first transmission stream may be based on any one or more of a first FEC code, a first ECC, a first MCS, a first modulation type including a first mapping of first constellation points arranged in a first constellation, a first power, first OFDM configuration, and the second transmission stream may be based on any one or more of a second FEC code, a second ECC, a second MCS, a second modulation type including a second mapping of second constellation points arranged in a second constellation, a second power, second OFDM configuration, and/or second MIMO configuration.\",\n \"Examples of FEC codes or ECCs may include turbo code, convolutional code, turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM), low density parity check (LDPC) code, Reed-Solomon (RS) code, BCH (Bose and Ray-Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem) code, binary convolutional code (BCC), etc.\",\n \"Examples of MCSs may include any of a variety of different combinations of modulation, symbol mapping, etc.\",\n \"such as within various communication protocols, standards, and/or recommended practices (e.g., MCS0, MCS1, etc.).\",\n \"Examples of modulation types may include constellations of a particular type or shape quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 16 QAM, M-QAM (e.g., where M=64, 256, etc.)\",\n \"etc.\",\n \"among other types of modulation, and may specify particular constellation point labeling within those constellations.\",\n \"Examples of powers, such as transmission powers, can include a first transmission power, second transmission power, etc.\",\n \"Examples of OFDM configurations can include identification of one or more frequency bands, one or more channels within the one or more frequency bands, number of sub-carriers, spacing between such sub-carriers, any OFDM framing, number of symbols within such OFDM framing, and/or any other related characteristic dealing with OFDM.\",\n \"Examples of MIMO configurations may include specifying which antenna are to transmit certain transmission streams, a number of streams, a number of space time streams, a type of beamforming performed by the antennas, transmit powers of the antennas, antenna weight vectors (AWVs), etc.\",\n \"and/or any other related characteristic dealing with MIMO configuration.\",\n \"The processor 330 may generate the second transmission stream using certain parameters relative to the first transmission stream that are relatively less robust yet provide for a greater throughput of information.\",\n \"For example, when generating the second transmission stream relative to the first transmission stream, the processor 330 uses a second FEC code that is relatively less robust and has relatively higher code rate than the first FEC of the first transmission stream or a second ECC that is relatively less robust and has relatively higher code rate than the first ECC of the first transmission stream.\",\n \"In another example, when generating the second transmission stream, the processor 330 uses a second MCS that is relatively less robust and provides for relatively higher throughput than the first MCS of the first transmission stream.\",\n \"In another example, when generating the second transmission stream, the processor 330 generates symbols based on a modulation having relatively more constellation points than used for the first transmission stream and symbols within the second transmission stream include relatively more bits per symbol than the symbols within the first transmission stream.\",\n \"In another example, when transmitting the second transmission stream, the processor 330 transmits, via the communication interface 320, the second transmission stream with relatively lower power than the first transmission stream.\",\n \"In such an example, the processor 330 transmits, via the communication interface 320, the first transmission stream at a relatively higher power to provide for a greater probability that the first transmission stream will be successfully received by the recipient device, such as device 390.In some examples, the operations shown within FIG.\",\n \"3C, FIG.\",\n \"3D, FIG.\",\n \"3E can be viewed as being performed at or during three successive periods of time (e.g., FIG.\",\n \"3C at or during a first time, FIG.\",\n \"3D at or during a second time, and FIG.\",\n \"3 at or during a third time).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3C is a diagram illustrating another example 303 of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"In this diagram, the device 310 generates and transmits a first transmission stream and a second transmission stream to one or more other devices 390-391.The first transmission stream is generated by processing first information based on a first at least one parameter, and the second transmission stream is generated by processing second information based on a second at least one parameter.\",\n \"The first and second transmission streams may be wholly independent from one another or related such that second information within the second transmission stream modifies or augments the first information within the first transmission stream.\",\n \"In certain examples, device 310 generates and transmits the first transmission stream using the first at least one parameter that is selected to ensure that all of devices 390-391 will be able successfully to recover the first information therein (e.g., first at least one parameter selected based on at least one characteristic of a first communication pathway such as noise, interference, SNR, SINR, etc.\",\n \"), and the device 310 generates and transmits a second transmission stream using the second at least one parameter that is selected based on a relatively lower robustness and higher throughput and such that at least one, though perhaps not all in some instances, of the devices 390 through 391 will be able successfully recovered the second information therein (e.g., second at least one parameter selected based on at least one characteristic of a second communication pathway such as noise, interference, SNR, SINR, etc.).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"3D is a diagram illustrating another example 304 of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"In this diagram, one or both of devices 390-391 provides feedback information to device 310.This feedback information may be related to channel estimation, channel characterization, noise estimation, interference estimation, inter-symbol interference (ISI), signal to noise ratio (SNR), signal to interference noise ratio (SINR), and/or any other feedback information including characterization of the communication pathway between the device providing the feedback information and device 310.For example, device 390 may provide first feedback information to device 310 relating to the communication pathway between devices 390 and 310, and device therein anyone may provide second feedback information to device 310 relating to the communication pathway between devices 390 and 310.FIG.\",\n \"3E is a diagram illustrating another example 305 of communication between wireless communication devices.\",\n \"In this diagram, relative to the diagram of FIG.\",\n \"3C, the device 310 generates and transmits a first transmission stream and a second transmission stream to one or more other devices 390-391 but using at least one different parameter than is used in FIG.\",\n \"3C.\",\n \"For example, based on feedback information received from one or both of devices 390-391, device 310 can modify at least one parameter used to generate one or both of the first and second transmission streams.\",\n \"Generally speaking, different transmission streams may be adapted and changed over time based on information related to local and/or remote operating conditions relative to device 310, local and/or remote operating conditions relative to devices 390-391, etc.\",\n \"Note that device 310 can generate the first and second transmission streams based on any of a variety of different signaling schemes (e.g., orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), multi-user multiple-input-multiple-output (MU-MIMO), single-user multiple-input-multiple-output (SU-MIMO), etc.).\",\n \"In one example, device 310 employs OFDM signaling.\",\n \"Some information regarding OFDM and/or OFDMA is provided below.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4A is a diagram illustrating an example 401 of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and/or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA).\",\n \"OFDM's modulation may be viewed as dividing up an available spectrum into a plurality of narrowband sub-carriers (e.g., relatively lower data rate carriers).\",\n \"The sub-carriers are included within an available frequency spectrum portion or band.\",\n \"This available frequency spectrum is divided into the sub-carriers or tones used for the OFDM or OFDMA symbols and packets/frames.\",\n \"Typically, the frequency responses of these sub-carriers are non-overlapping and orthogonal.\",\n \"Each sub-carrier may be modulated using any of a variety of modulation coding techniques (e.g., as shown by the vertical axis of modulated data).\",\n \"A communication device may be configured to perform encoding of one or more bits to generate one or more coded bits used to generate the modulation data (or generally, data).\",\n \"For example, a processor of a communication device may be configured to perform forward error correction (FEC) and/or error correction code (ECC) of one or more bits to generate one or more coded bits.\",\n \"Examples of FEC and/or ECC may include turbo code, convolutional code, turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM), low density parity check (LDPC) code, Reed-Solomon (RS) code, BCH (Bose and Ray-Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem) code, etc.\",\n \"The one or more coded bits may then undergo modulation or symbol mapping to generate modulation symbols.\",\n \"The modulation symbols may include data intended for one or more recipient devices.\",\n \"Note that such modulation symbols may be generated using any of various types of modulation coding techniques.\",\n \"Examples of such modulation coding techniques may include binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8-phase shift keying (PSK), 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 32 amplitude and phase shift keying (APSK), etc., uncoded modulation, and/or any other desired types of modulation including higher ordered modulations that may include even greater number of constellation points (e.g., 1024 QAM, etc.).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4B is a diagram illustrating another example 402 of OFDM and/or OFDMA.\",\n \"A transmitting device transmits modulation symbols via the sub-carriers.\",\n \"OFDM and/or OFDMA modulation may operate by performing simultaneous transmission of a large number of narrowband carriers (or multi-tones).\",\n \"In some applications, a guard interval (GI) or guard space is sometimes employed between the various OFDM symbols to try to minimize the effects of ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference) that may be caused by the effects of multi-path within the communication system, which can be particularly of concern in wireless communication systems.\",\n \"In addition, a CP (Cyclic Prefix) and/or cyclic suffix (CS) (shown in right hand side of FIG.\",\n \"4A) that may be a copy of the CP may also be employed within the guard interval to allow switching time, such as when jumping to a new communication channel or sub-channel, and to help maintain orthogonality of the OFDM and/or OFDMA symbols.\",\n \"Generally speaking, an OFDM and/or OFDMA system design is based on the expected delay spread within the communication system (e.g., the expected delay spread of the communication channel).\",\n \"In a single-user system in which one or more OFDM symbols or OFDM packets/frames are transmitted between a transmitter device and a receiver device, all of the sub-carriers or tones are dedicated for use in transmitting modulated data between the transmitter and receiver devices.\",\n \"In a multiple user system in which one or more OFDM symbols or OFDM packets/frames are transmitted between a transmitter device and multiple recipient or receiver devices, the various sub-carriers or tones may be mapped to different respective receiver devices as described below with respect to FIG.\",\n \"4C.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4C is a diagram illustrating another example 403 of OFDM and/or OFDMA.\",\n \"Comparing OFDMA to OFDM, OFDMA is a multi-user version of the popular orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation scheme.\",\n \"Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual recipient devices or users.\",\n \"For example, first sub-carrier(s)/tone(s) may be assigned to a user 1, second sub-carrier(s)/tone(s) may be assigned to a user 2, and so on up to any desired number of users.\",\n \"In addition, such sub-carrier/tone assignment may be dynamic among different respective transmissions (e.g., a first assignment for a first packet/frame, a second assignment for second packet/frame, etc.).\",\n \"An OFDM packet/frame may include more than one OFDM symbol.\",\n \"Similarly, an OFDMA packet/frame may include more than one OFDMA symbol.\",\n \"In addition, such sub-carrier/tone assignment may be dynamic among different respective symbols within a given packet/frame or superframe (e.g., a first assignment for a first OFDMA symbol within a packet/frame, a second assignment for a second OFDMA symbol within the packet/frame, etc.).\",\n \"Generally speaking, an OFDMA symbol is a particular type of OFDM symbol, and general reference to OFDM symbol herein includes both OFDM and OFDMA symbols (and general reference to OFDM packet/frame herein includes both OFDM and OFDMA packets/frames, and vice versa).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4C shows example 403 where the assignments of sub-carriers to different users are intermingled among one another (e.g., sub-carriers assigned to a first user includes non-adjacent sub-carriers and at least one sub-carrier assigned to a second user is located in between two sub-carriers assigned to the first user).\",\n \"The different groups of sub-carriers associated with each user may be viewed as being respective channels of a plurality of channels that compose all of the available sub-carriers for OFDM signaling.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"4D is a diagram illustrating another example 404 of OFDM and/or OFDMA.\",\n \"In this example 404, the assignments of sub-carriers to different users are located in different groups of adjacent sub-carriers (e.g., first sub-carriers assigned to a first user include first adjacently located sub-carrier group, second sub-carriers assigned to a second user include second adjacently located sub-carrier group, etc.).\",\n \"The different groups of adjacently located sub-carriers associated with each user may be viewed as being respective channels of a plurality of channels that compose all of the available sub-carriers for OFDM signaling.\",\n \"Generally, a communication device may be configured to include a processor configured to process received OFDM or OFDMA symbols and/or frames and to generate such OFDM or OFDMA symbols and/or frames.\",\n \"Note that general reference to OFDM herein, such as with respect to an OFDM packet, may be adapted to include OFDM or OFDMA.\",\n \"The processor of any communication device described herein may be implemented to generate an OFDM packet based on any of the examples, embodiments, or variants described herein.\",\n \"That communication device may then be implemented to transmit such an OFDM packet to another communication device.\",\n \"This disclosure presents hierarchical transmission mechanisms for wireless communications that enable at least a portion of the information carried in a packet to be received successfully with higher probability than others.\",\n \"In comparison to prior art approaches, current transmission modes based on prior IEEE 802.11 standards, protocols, and/or recommended practices operates based on an all or nothing approach (e.g., a transmission is either received successfully or not, and a re-transmission of the entire packet must occur when not received successfully).\",\n \"This disclosure also presents approaches to improve performance of wireless communications when high levels or fluctuation of overlapping basic services set (OBSS) interference occurs.\",\n \"In this case, changes in the predicted signal to interference noise ratio (SINR) occur even mid-packet and make it harder for the link adaptation to converge to the right modulation coding set (MCS) or number of spatial streams (e.g., in next generation type IEEE 802.11 systems such as described with reference to FIG.\",\n \"3).\",\n \"In such an environment, a wireless communication device (e.g., receiver) can employ techniques to be able to decode a portion of the information if the SINR drops lower (e.g., than some threshold) and the full information if SINR is high are very useful.\",\n \"However, note that a penalty or reduction of performance may be incurred since the SINR required to decode the full information is higher than the SINR required under normal currently used transmissions in existing IEEE 802.11 standards, protocols, and/or recommended practices.\",\n \"A wireless communication device may be configured to choose the transmission parameters carefully depending on feedback signal over a period of time for a given communication link (e.g., from a receiver wireless communication device) as each communication link may experience different levels of interference with different fluctuation over time.\",\n \"Multi-layered transmission splits the information (e.g., which can be encoded information, uncoded information, and/or any combination thereof) into 2 or more bit streams where the first stream is mapped to the more robust layer (e.g., requiring lower SINR to decode) and the second stream is mapped to the less robust layer (e.g., requiring higher SINR to decode).\",\n \"Two techniques are described below as follows: 1.Use of 2 or more encoded streams superposed over each other with different power allocation (e.g.\",\n \"the second stream can be 10 dB weaker to enable robust decoding of the first stream which is designed to work at SINR<10 dB).\",\n \"Users first decode the more robust stream.\",\n \"Users with high SINR can decode the second stream by subtracting the first.\",\n \"The power allocation ratio is a system tradeoff that is determined based on the expected signal coverage—lowest signal to noise ratio (SNR) expected to highest SNR expected such that all users can decode the baseline layer and a high percentage of users can decode the second layer and is signaled in the SIG field (e.g.\",\n \"4 bits denoting a certain range from 3 dB to 15 dB).\",\n \"Note that usage of multiple streams can be used in conjunction with one or more antennas at the transmit and receive side (e.g., such as using wireless communication devices 410 and 490 with any desired numbers of antennas).\",\n \"2.Use of stretched modulation symbols (e.g., QAM symbols) where each quadrant constellation point is shifted away from the origin (0,0) point.\",\n \"A user with lower SNR only decodes the correct quadrant (the 2 most reliable bits of the QAM symbol) that provides a portion of the information.\",\n \"A user with higher SNR can decode all QAM points.\",\n \"Similarly to the previous method the stretching level is determined by the system depending on the SNR expected.\",\n \"Note also that any desired type of modulation or modulations may be used and be scaled accordingly (e.g., 4-QAM/QPSK, 8-phase shift keying (PSK), 32 amplitude and phase shift keying (APSK), 64-QAM, 128-QAM, 256-QAM, etc.\",\n \"and/or even higher ordered modulations including larger numbers of constellation points).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5A is a diagram illustrating an example 501 of power allocation among different bit streams (e.g., encoded bit streams).\",\n \"At least two different bit streams (e.g., encoded streams) are mapped to different layers (e.g., having one or more different operational parameters).\",\n \"The multi-layered transmission splits the information (e.g., which can be encoded information, uncoded information, and/or any combination thereof) into 2 or more bit streams where the first stream is mapped to the more robust layer (e.g., requiring lower SINR to decode) and the second stream is mapped to the less robust layer (e.g., requiring higher SINR to decode).\",\n \"In some embodiments, there can be additional streams (e.g., up to n).\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5A, a first stream is mapped to a first layer having a first power allocation, and a second stream is mapped to a second layer having a second power allocation.\",\n \"In some embodiments, another stream n is mapped to another layer n having an n-th power allocation.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5B is a diagram illustrating another example 502 of power allocation among different bit streams (e.g., encoded bit streams).\",\n \"The respective streams (e.g., 1, 2, and so on up to n) are mapped differently than in FIG.\",\n \"5A.\",\n \"In FIG.\",\n \"5B, the first stream is mapped to a first layer having a first modified power allocation (e.g., different than the first power allocation), and a second stream is mapped to a second layer having a second modified power allocation (e.g., different than the second power allocation).\",\n \"In some embodiments, another stream n is mapped to another layer n having an n-th modified power allocation (e.g., different than the n-th power allocation).\",\n \"A wireless communication device may be configured to perform adaptive power allocation among 2 or more streams at different times based on any desired considerations.\",\n \"Multi-Layer Transmission (e.g., for Video Applications) Multi-layered transmission can be used to provide higher throughput to devices with better link (e.g., with communication pathways with higher SNR or SINR, lower noise, lower interference, etc.\",\n \"or generally a communication link that allows for communications based on relatively less robust and/or higher throughput parameters).\",\n \"These techniques are usually coupled with splitting the video transmission to 2 or more bit streams where the first stream provides a baseline video quality and is mapped to the more robust layer and the second stream provides higher resolution video quality (e.g., 15 frames per second (fps) vs. 30 or 60 fps) or standard definition television (SDTV) resolution vs. high definition television (HDTV) vs. 8K HDTV resolution) and is mapped to the less robust layer.\",\n \"Two techniques are described as follows: 1.Use of 2 or more encoded streams superposed over each other with different power allocation (e.g., the second stream can be 10 dB weaker to enable robust decoding of the first stream which is designed to work at signal to interference noise ratio (SINR)<10 dB).\",\n \"Receiver wireless communication devices (e.g., users) first decode the more robust stream.\",\n \"Those receiver wireless communication devices (e.g., users) with high SNR can decode the second stream by subtracting the first.\",\n \"The power allocation ratio is a system tradeoff that is determined based on the expected signal coverage as defined in terms of the lowest SNR expected to highest SNR expected such that all users can decode the baseline layer and a high percentage of users can decode the second layer and is signaled in the SIG field (e.g., 4 bits denoting a certain range from 3 dB to 15 dB).\",\n \"Note that usage of multiple streams can be used in conjunction with one or more antennas at the transmit and receive sides.\",\n \"2.Use of stretched quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols where each quadrant constellation point is shifted away from the origin (0,0) point.\",\n \"A user with lower SNR only decodes the correct quadrant (the 2 most reliable bits of the QAM symbol) that provides the baseline video quality.\",\n \"A user with higher SNR can be able to decode all QAM points.\",\n \"Similarly to the previous method the stretching level is determined by the system depending on the SNR expected.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5C is a diagram illustrating an example 503 of adaptive encoding for different transmission streams.\",\n \"In this diagram, a processor of a device (e.g., processor 330 of device 310) is implemented to perform encoding processing using any one or more of different types of FEC codes or ECCs.\",\n \"The processor generates two or more encoded streams based on the various FEC codes or ECCs.\",\n \"In some examples, two or more encoded streams are based on the same FEC code or ECC.\",\n \"In other examples, two or more encoded streams are based on different FEC codes or ECCs.\",\n \"In this example, at or during a first time, the processor generates a first encoded stream based on low density parity check (LDPC) code, and a second encoded stream based on Reed-Solomon (RS) code.\",\n \"Generally, any number of additional encoded streams may be generated based on any one or more FEC codes or ECCs (e.g., up to an n-th encoded stream based on turbo code).\",\n \"Note that these encoded streams subsequently undergo appropriate processing to generate transmission streams for transmission to one or more other devices (e.g., including processing such as that performed by an analog front end (AFE) which may include digital to analog conversion, scaling, frequency shifting, filtering, etc.).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"5D is a diagram illustrating another example 504 of adaptive encoding for different transmission streams.\",\n \"The operations of this diagram may be viewed as being at or during a different time than the first time of FIG.\",\n \"5C.\",\n \"Based on one or more considerations, the processor adapts one or more of the FEC codes or ECCs used to generate the two or more encoded streams.\",\n \"For example, based on feedback provided from a recipient device to which the two or more encoded streams of FIG.\",\n \"5C have been transmitted, the processor selects different one or more FEC codes or ECCs to generate the two or more encoded streams.\",\n \"In this example, at or during a second time, the processor generates the first encoded stream based on BCH (Bose and Ray-Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem) code.\",\n \"Generally speaking adaptation between different FEC codes or ECCs may be made for the various encoded streams at different times based on different criteria.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6A is a diagram illustrating an example 601 of different types of modulations or modulation coding sets (MCSs) used for modulation of different bit or symbol streams.\",\n \"Information, data, etc.\",\n \"may be modulated using various modulation coding techniques.\",\n \"Examples of such modulation coding techniques may include binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 8-phase shift keying (PSK), 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 32 amplitude and phase shift keying (APSK), 64-QAM, etc., uncoded modulation, and/or any other desired types of modulation including higher ordered modulations that may include even greater number of constellation points (e.g., 1024 QAM, etc.).\",\n \"Generally, a device that generates two or more transmission streams based on different parameters can generate a first transmission stream based on a first at least one parameter such as a first MCS that is relatively more robust and provides for relatively lower throughput than a second transmission stream based on a second at least one parameter such as a second MCS that is relatively less robust and provides for relatively higher throughput.\",\n \"Relatively lower-ordered modulation/MCS (e.g., relatively fewer bits per symbol, relatively fewer constellation points per constellation, etc.)\",\n \"may be used for the first transmission stream to ensure reception by a recipient device and so that the recipient device can successfully recover information therein (e.g., being relatively more robust, easier to demodulate, decode, etc.).\",\n \"Relatively higher-ordered modulation/MCS (e.g., relatively more bits per symbol, relatively more constellation points per constellation, etc.)\",\n \"may be used for the second transmission stream so that any recipient device that can successfully recover information there from can use it as well.\",\n \"This second information within the second transmission stream may be separate and independent from first information included within the first transmission stream or may be intended for use in conjunction with the first information included within the first transmission stream.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6B is a diagram illustrating an example 602 of different labeling of constellation points in a constellation.\",\n \"This diagram uses an example of a QPSK/QAM shaped constellation having different labeling of the constellation points therein that may be used at different times.\",\n \"In an example operation, a device generates a transmission stream based on the labeling 1 at or during a first time and based on the labeling 2 at or during a second time.\",\n \"The particular labeling of constellation points within a constellation is one example of a parameter that may be used to generate a transmission stream and that may change and vary over time.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6C is a diagram illustrating an example 603 of different arrangements of constellation points in a type of constellation.\",\n \"This diagram also uses an example of a QPSK/QAM shaped constellation but with varying placement of the four constellation points based on different forms of QPSK (e.g., QPSK1, QPSK2, and QPSK3).\",\n \"Note that the relative distance of the four constellation points may be scaled differently at different times, yet such that each constellation point is included within a separate quadrant.\",\n \"Comparing QPSK2 to QPSK1, the constellation points of QPSK2 are relatively further from the origin than QPSK1.Comparing QPSK3 to QPSK2, the constellation points of QPSK3 are shifted up or down relative to QPSK2.Note that any other type of shape of constellation may similarly be varied based on the principles described with respect to FIG.\",\n \"6B and FIG.\",\n \"6C.\",\n \"For example, the labeling and or placement of the constellation points within a 8-PSK type constellation, a 16 QAM type constellation, and/or any other type constellation may change in very as a function of time based on any desired consideration as well.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6D is a diagram illustrating an example 604 of adaptive symbol mapping/modulation for different transmission streams.\",\n \"In this diagram, a processor of a device (e.g., processor 330 of device 310) is implemented to perform symbol mapping or modulation based on different modulations, symbol mappings, MCSs, etc.\",\n \"at or during different times.\",\n \"In some examples, two or more encoded streams are based on the same modulation, symbol mapping, MCS, etc.\",\n \"In other examples, two or more encoded streams are based on different modulations, symbol mappings, MCSs, etc.\",\n \"In this example, at or during a first time, the processor generates a first symbol stream based on a first QAM/QPSK mode (e.g., QPSK1 of FIG.\",\n \"6C) and a second symbol stream based on a second QAM/QPSK mode (e.g., QPSK2 of FIG.\",\n \"6C).\",\n \"Generally, any number of additional symbol streams may be generated based on any one or more modulations, symbol mappings, MCSs, etc.\",\n \"(e.g., up to an n-th symbol stream based on 16 QAM).\",\n \"Note that these symbol streams subsequently undergo appropriate processing to generate transmission streams for transmission to one or more other devices (e.g., including processing such as that performed by an analog front end (AFE) which may include digital to analog conversion, scaling, frequency shifting, filtering, etc.).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"6E is a diagram illustrating an example 605 of adaptive symbol mapping/modulation for different transmission streams.\",\n \"The operations of this diagram may be viewed as being at or during a different time than the first time of FIG.\",\n \"6D.\",\n \"Based on one or more considerations, the processor adapts one or more of the modulations, symbol mappings, MCSs, etc.\",\n \"used to generate the two or more symbol streams.\",\n \"For example, based on feedback provided from a recipient device to which the two or more encoded streams of FIG.\",\n \"6D have been transmitted, the processor selects different one or more modulations, symbol mappings, MCSs, etc.\",\n \"to generate the two or more symbol streams.\",\n \"In this example, at or during a second time, the processor generates the first symbol stream based on 16 QAM, the second symbol stream based on 64 QAM, and optional an n-th symbol stream based on 256 QAM.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7A is a diagram illustrating an example 701 of constellation point distribution of a constellation points in a constellation (e.g., with different power allocations).\",\n \"Generally, a 16-QAM modulation includes 16 constellation points, and each constellation point corresponds to a respective 4-bit label or 4-bit symbol (e.g., 0000, 0001, 0010, and so on up to 1111).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7B is a diagram illustrating another example 702 of constellation point distribution of a constellation points in a constellation (e.g., with different power allocations).\",\n \"Relative to FIG.\",\n \"7A, this variant 16 QAM constellation includes constellation points that are extended out relative to the constellation points of FIG.\",\n \"7A.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7B depicts constellation points of both 16 QAM shaped constellations (e.g., one having constellation points extended out relative to the other).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"7B has a larger gap requiring much higher SNR to decode all bits but needing lower SNR to decode the un-stretched constellation points.\",\n \"In a specific example using FIG.\",\n \"7B, the constellation plot of this diagram shows two examples of stretched 16 QAM where 2 bits are used mapped to the correct quadrant (shown as the hashed constellation points and identified as QPSK1/QAM1) and are relatively more robust then the 2 bits that are used to map to a specific point within the quadrant (shown as the empty constellation points and identified as QPSK2/QAM2).\",\n \"For example, a first transmission stream may include 2 bits symbols that identify the particular quadrant of interest such as being centrally located within a cluster of four other constellation points in each quadrant.\",\n \"This first transmission stream will map each symbol therein to one of the four hashed constellation points that is identified as QPSK1/QAM1.A second transmission stream may also include 2 bits symbols.\",\n \"The second transmission stream will map each symbol therein to one of the four empty constellation points that is identified as QPSK2/QAM2 that are clustered around the identified hashed constellation point that has been identified from the first transmission stream using QPSK1/QAM1.FIG.\",\n \"7C is a diagram illustrating an example 703 of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.\",\n \"In this diagram, a first transmission stream includes 2 bits symbols as identified by the hashed constellation points as QPSK1/QAM1 and each symbol of the first transmission stream includes information and also identifies a particular one of the four quadrants.\",\n \"A first transmission stream includes 4 bits symbols as identified by the empty constellation points as 16 QAM that are clustered around each of the four constellation points associated with the first transmission stream.\",\n \"A recipient device that is able to recover first information from the first transmission stream can use that first information.\",\n \"When the recipient device is able to recover information from the second transmission stream, the device can use that second information as well (e.g., either in for use in conjunction with the first information or separately from the first information).\",\n \"In a first specific example, the first information included within the first transmission stream corresponds to 480i or 480p resolution video, and the second information included within the second transmission stream corresponds to 1080i or 1080p resolution video.\",\n \"In a second specific example, the first information included within the first transmission stream corresponds to 480i or 480p resolution video, and the second information included within the second transmission stream, when combined with the first information recovered from the first transmission stream, corresponds to 1080i or 1080p resolution video (e.g., the device combines the first information and the second information to recover the 1080i or 1080p resolution video).\",\n \"Note that using different transmission streams to convey video of different resolutions is just one example of use for such hierarchical transmission is described herein.\",\n \"Any of a variety of types of information may be transmitted via the different transmission streams (e.g., any type of media including images, video, audio, etc., any type of data including files, e-mails, text messages, etc., and/or any other type of information that may be transmitted between devices within a communication system).\",\n \"Note that other types of modulations may be used for different transmission streams or the same type of modulation may be used for different transmission streams.\",\n \"For example, as shown with respect to FIG.\",\n \"7B, both a first and a second transmission stream use a QPSK type constellation such that symbols of the second transmission stream are mapped around a particular QPSK constellation that is identified by a centrally located constellation point from information recovered from the first transmission stream.\",\n \"Note that any types of combinations of different modulations may be used for the different transmission streams (e.g., example 1: QPSK for the first transmission stream and 8-PSK for the second transmission stream; example 2: 8-PSK for the first transmission stream and QPSK for the second transmission stream; example 3: 16 QAM for the first transmission stream and QPSK for the second transmission stream; etc.).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8A is a diagram illustrating another example 801 of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8B is a diagram illustrating another example 802 of different transmission streams associated with different modulations.\",\n \"These figures, FIGS.\",\n \"8A and 8B, show different constellation point distributions of a particular modulation (e.g., with different power allocations).\",\n \"The plots in these diagrams show two specific examples of a 16 QAM modulation and also show the relative magnitudes of the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) axes.\",\n \"One of the modulations is stretched 16 QAM (FIG.\",\n \"8B) where 2 bits are mapped to the quadrant and are more robust and 2 bits mapped to the specific point within the quadrant.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8A uses lower stretching level leading to smaller gap between the two groups of bits.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8B has a larger gap requiring much higher SNR to decode all bits but needing lower SNR to decode the un-stretched constellation points.\",\n \"The stretching factor is a system parameter (e.g., one of the parameters by which a device generates transmission streams), similarly to one or more multi-layer transmissions, that may be selected or optimized for one or more specific applications or deployments.\",\n \"Such information may be signaled in a particular field of a packet or frame (e.g., a signal field (SIG) field of an OFDM packet communication).\",\n \"The current acknowledgement (ACK) needs to be expanded to support feedback of the number of layers received correctly.\",\n \"For example, in a 2 layer hierarchical transmission, a receiver wireless communication device (e.g., wireless station (STA)) may ACK reception of the base layer only or both layers.\",\n \"Based on the feedback, the transmitter can decide whether to use the regular transmission mode or hierarchical transmission mode.\",\n \"For example, wireless communication devices or users that are close to an access point (AP), and those wireless communication devices don't experience large SNR fluctuations may use the regular transmission mode.\",\n \"Users at the cell edge or coverage region edge are more likely to use hierarchical transmission mode.\",\n \"Referring again to these figures, FIG.\",\n \"8A and 8B, FIG.\",\n \"8A uses lower stretching level leading to smaller gap between the two groups of bits.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8B has larger gap requiring much higher SNR to decode all bits but needing lower SNR to decode the un-stretched constellation points.\",\n \"Similar to the multi-layer transmission the stretching factor is a system parameter optimized for a specific deployments and signaled in the SIG field.\",\n \"Determination of Modulation Coding Set (MCS) Whether a communication system operates using a single MCS single layer transmission scheme or a multi-layer transmission scheme as described herein, the MCS and the multi-layer transmission parameters need to be determined.\",\n \"At least three novel ways to perform this are presented herein.\",\n \"Any one of these three ways can be used to augment another one of the other three: 1.A-priori knowledge about the deployment (AP density, path loss) can enable prediction of the parameters (collecting location information using location queries or geolocation protocol, such as global positioning system (GPS)).\",\n \"This may correspond to the location of APs and clients (e.g., STAs).\",\n \"2.Feedback (RSSI, recommended MCS) of unicast (UCAST) transmissions (management frames, ACKs response) may be used.\",\n \"The aggregated power of all APs is predicted/accounted for.\",\n \"For example, the received power for every STA from all APs maybe summed up to predict received power in broadcast mode.\",\n \"3.Feedback of actual broadcast transmissions may be used.\",\n \"The system could start from more robust parameters and progress based on feedback.\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8C is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method 803 for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.\",\n \"The method 803 begins by generating a first transmission stream by processing first information based on a first at least one parameter (block 810).\",\n \"The method 803 continues by generating a second transmission stream by processing second information based on a second at least one parameter that is relatively less robust than the first at least one parameter (block 820).\",\n \"In one example, the second information augments the first information when combined with the first information.\",\n \"In another example, the first and second information are wholly independent from one another.\",\n \"The method 803 then operates by transmitting, via a communication interface of the wireless communication device, the first transmission stream and the second transmission stream to at least one other wireless communication device (block 830).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"8D is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method 804 for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.\",\n \"The method 804 begins by generating a first transmission stream corresponding to 480p video (block 811).\",\n \"The method 804 continues by generating a second transmission stream corresponding to 1080i video (block 821).\",\n \"In some examples, the second transmission stream, when combined with the first transmission stream, corresponds to 1080i video.\",\n \"The method 804 then operates by transmitting, via a communication interface of the wireless communication device, the first transmission stream and the second transmission stream to at least one other wireless communication device (block 831).\",\n \"FIG.\",\n \"9 is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method 900 for execution by one or more wireless communication devices.\",\n \"The method 900 begins by receiving a first transmission stream from another wireless communication device, wherein the first transmission stream includes first information that is based on a first at least one parameter (block 910).\",\n \"The method 900 continues by receiving a second transmission stream from the other wireless communication device (block 920).\",\n \"In one example, the second transmission stream includes second information that is based on a second at least one parameter.\",\n \"In another example, the first and second transmission streams are independent from one another.\",\n \"The method 900 then operates by processing the first transmission stream to extract the first information there from (block 930).\",\n \"The method 900 continues by processing the second transmission stream to determine whether the second information may be successfully extracted from the second transmission stream (block 940).\",\n \"When it is determined that the second information may be successfully extracted from the second transmission stream (block 950), the method 900 continues by processing the second transmission stream to extract the first information there from and generate a first output signal based on both the first information and the second information (block 960).\",\n \"Alternatively, when it is determined that the second information cannot be successfully extracted from the second transmission stream (block 950), the method 900 then operates by generating a second output signal based on only the first information (block 970).\",\n \"It is noted that the various operations and functions described within various methods herein may be performed within a wireless communication device (e.g., such as by the processor 330, communication interface 320, and memory 340 as described with reference to FIG.\",\n \"3A) and/or other components therein.\",\n \"Generally, a communication interface and processor in a wireless communication device can perform such operations.\",\n \"Examples of some components may include one of more baseband processing modules, one or more media access control (MAC) layer components, one or more physical layer (PHY) components, and/or other components, etc.\",\n \"For example, such a processor can perform baseband processing operations and can operate in conjunction with a radio, analog front end (AFE), etc.\",\n \"The processor can generate such signals, packets, frames, and/or equivalents etc.\",\n \"as described herein as well as perform various operations described herein and/or their respective equivalents.\",\n \"In some embodiments, such a baseband processing module and/or a processing module (which may be implemented in the same device or separate devices) can perform such processing to generate signals for transmission to another wireless communication device using any number of radios and antennae.\",\n \"In some embodiments, such processing is performed cooperatively by a processor in a first device and another processor within a second device.\",\n \"In other embodiments, such processing is performed wholly by a processor within one device.\",\n \"As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately” provides an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/or relativity between items.\",\n \"Such an industry-accepted tolerance ranges from less than one percent to fifty percent and corresponds to, but is not limited to, component values, integrated circuit process variations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, and/or thermal noise.\",\n \"Such relativity between items ranges from a difference of a few percent to magnitude differences.\",\n \"As may also be used herein, the term(s) “configured to,” “operably coupled to,” “coupled to,” and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/or indirect coupling between items via an intervening item (e.g., an item includes, but is not limited to, a component, an element, a circuit, and/or a module) where, for an example of indirect coupling, the intervening item does not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or power level.\",\n \"As may further be used herein, inferred coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another element by inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two items in the same manner as “coupled to”.\",\n \"As may even further be used herein, the term “configured to,” “operable to,” “coupled to,” or “operably coupled to” indicates that an item includes one or more of power connections, input(s), output(s), etc., to perform, when activated, one or more its corresponding functions and may further include inferred coupling to one or more other items.\",\n \"As may still further be used herein, the term “associated with,” includes direct and/or indirect coupling of separate items and/or one item being embedded within another item.\",\n \"As may be used herein, the term “compares favorably” or equivalent, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., provides a desired relationship.\",\n \"For example, when the desired relationship is that signal 1 has a greater magnitude than signal 2, a favorable comparison may be achieved when the magnitude of signal 1 is greater than that of signal 2 or when the magnitude of signal 2 is less than that of signal 1.As may also be used herein, the terms “processing module,” “processing circuit,” “processor,” and/or “processing unit” may be a single processing device or a plurality of processing devices.\",\n \"Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on hard coding of the circuitry and/or operational instructions.\",\n \"The processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit may be, or further include, memory and/or an integrated memory element, which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory devices, and/or embedded circuitry of another processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit.\",\n \"Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information.\",\n \"Note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit includes more than one processing device, the processing devices may be centrally located (e.g., directly coupled together via a wired and/or wireless bus structure) or may be distributedly located (e.g., cloud computing via indirect coupling via a local area network and/or a wide area network).\",\n \"Further note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry.\",\n \"Still further note that, the memory element may store, and the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit executes, hard coded and/or operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated in one or more of the Figures.\",\n \"Such a memory device or memory element can be included in an article of manufacture.\",\n \"One or more embodiments of an invention have been described above with the aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof.\",\n \"The boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocks and method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience of description.\",\n \"Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships are appropriately performed.\",\n \"Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims.\",\n \"Further, the boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of description.\",\n \"Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed.\",\n \"Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality.\",\n \"To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significant functionality.\",\n \"Such alternate definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention.\",\n \"One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof.\",\n \"The one or more embodiments are used herein to illustrate one or more aspects, one or more features, one or more concepts, and/or one or more examples of the invention.\",\n \"A physical embodiment of an apparatus, an article of manufacture, a machine, and/or of a process may include one or more of the aspects, features, concepts, examples, etc.\",\n \"described with reference to one or more of the embodiments discussed herein.\",\n \"Further, from figure to figure, the embodiments may incorporate the same or similarly named functions, steps, modules, etc.\",\n \"that may use the same or different reference numbers and, as such, the functions, steps, modules, etc.\",\n \"may be the same or similar functions, steps, modules, etc.\",\n \"or different ones.\",\n \"Unless specifically stated to the contra, signals to, from, and/or between elements in a figure of any of the figures presented herein may be analog or digital, continuous time or discrete time, and single-ended or differential.\",\n \"For instance, if a signal path is shown as a single-ended path, it also represents a differential signal path.\",\n \"Similarly, if a signal path is shown as a differential path, it also represents a single-ended signal path.\",\n \"While one or more particular architectures are described herein, other architectures can likewise be implemented that use one or more data buses not expressly shown, direct connectivity between elements, and/or indirect coupling between other elements as recognized by one of average skill in the art.\",\n \"The term “module” is used in the description of one or more of the embodiments.\",\n \"A module includes a processing module, a processor, a functional block, hardware, and/or memory that stores operational instructions for performing one or more functions as may be described herein.\",\n \"Note that, if the module is implemented via hardware, the hardware may operate independently and/or in conjunction with software and/or firmware.\",\n \"As also used herein, a module may contain one or more sub-modules, each of which may be one or more modules.\",\n \"While particular combinations of various functions and features of the one or more embodiments have been expressly described herein, other combinations of these features and functions are likewise possible.\",\n \"The present disclosure of an invention is not limited by the particular examples disclosed herein and expressly incorporates these other combinations.\"\n ]\n]"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"Patent_15872798"}}},{"rowIdx":4494171,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"list like","value":[["METHOD OF ESTABLISHING COMMUNICATIONS","A method of establishing communications with a first device is disclosed.","The method includes: the first device presenting connection information to a second device; receiving a response from a second device; establishing an association with the second device; transmitting, in response to a determination that the first device and the second device are connected for data, first data to the second device, the first data comprising addressing information for a server; receiving second data from the second device, the second data comprising second information for establishing communications with the first device; and configuring the first device to receive third data from a location remote to the first device using the second information from the second data."],["1.A method of establishing communications with a first device, the method comprising, at the first device: connecting to the second device; in response to a determination that the first device and the second device are connected, transmitting first data to the second device, the first data comprising addressing information for a server; receiving an activation payload from the second device, the activation payload comprising information from the server; and in response to receiving the activation payload from the second device, configuring, using the information from the server, the first device to receive data from a location remote to the first device.","2.The method of claim 1, wherein: the first device is not able to connect to the server directly, and the second device is able to connect to the server directly.","3.The method of claim 1, wherein: the first device and the second device have network capabilities, the network capabilities of the first device are more limited than the network capabilities of the second device, and receiving data from a location remote to the first device comprises receiving the data using the network capabilities of the second device.","4.The method of claim 3, wherein: the network capabilities of the first device include access to a LAN, the network capabilities of the second device include access to one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network, and the network capabilities of the first device do not include access to the one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network.","5.The method of claim 1, wherein: receiving data from a location remote to the first device comprises receiving the data via one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network, and the network capabilities of the first device do not include access to the one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network.","6.The method of claim 1, wherein connecting to the second device comprises: pairing with the second device; and establishing a communication channel with the second device.","7.The method of claim 1, wherein the first data comprises an activation package.","8.The method of claim 1, wherein the activation payload comprises authentication information.","9.The method of claim 1, wherein the second device comprises the server.","10.The method of claim 1, wherein the location remote to the first device corresponds to the location of a cloud server.","11.The method of claim 1, wherein the location remote to the first device corresponds to the location of the second device.","12.The method of claim 1, wherein the first device and the second device are connected to a network, and the remote location corresponds to the location of a third device connected to the network.","13.The method of claim 1, wherein the second device comprises a network gateway.","14.The method of claim 1, wherein the second device is one of a tablet PC, a smartphone, a cellular phone, a digital media player, an electronic reader, an electronic wearable device, a smart TV, a video game console, a desktop computer, and a laptop computer.","15.The method of claim 1, wherein receiving data from a location remote to the first device comprises synchronizing data between the first device and the location remote to the first device.","16.A method of establishing communications with a first device, the method comprising, at a second device: connecting to the first device; in response to a determination that the first device and the second device are connected, receiving first data from the first device, the first data comprising addressing information for a server; connecting to the server using the first data; sending an activation payload to the first device, the activation payload comprising information from the server; and in response to the first device being configured to receive data from a location remote to the first device using the information from the server, sending data to the first device.","17.The method of claim 16, wherein: the first device is not able to connect to the server directly, and the second device is able to connect to the server directly.","18.The method of claim 16, wherein: the first device and the second device have network capabilities, the network capabilities of the first device are more limited than the network capabilities of the second device, and the first device receiving data from a location remote to the first device comprises the first device receiving the data using the network capabilities of the second device.","19.The method of claim 18, wherein: the network capabilities of the first device include access to a LAN, the network capabilities of the second device include access to one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network, and the network capabilities of the first device do not include access to the one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network.","20.The method of claim 16, wherein: the first device receiving data from a location remote to the first device comprises the first device receiving the data via one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network, and the network capabilities of the first device do not include access to the one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network.","21.The method of claim 16, wherein connecting to the first device comprises: pairing with the first device; and establishing a communication channel with the first device.","22.The method of claim 16, wherein the second device comprises the server.","23.The method of claim 16, wherein the second device comprises a network gateway.","24.The method of claim 16, wherein the location remote to the first device corresponds to the location of the second device.","25.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which, when executed by a processor of a first device, perform a method comprising, at the first device: connecting to the second device; in response to a determination that the first device and the second device are connected, transmitting first data to the second device, the first data comprising addressing information for a server; receiving an activation payload from the second device, the activation payload comprising information from the server; and in response to receiving the activation payload from the second device, configuring, using the information from the server, the first device to receive data from a location remote to the first device.","26.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which, when executed by a processor of a second device, perform a method comprising, at the second device: connecting to the first device; in response to a determination that the first device and the second device are connected, receiving first data from the first device, the first data comprising addressing information for a server; connecting to the server using the first data; sending an activation payload to the first device, the activation payload comprising information from the server; and in response to the first device being configured to receive data from a location remote to the first device using the information from the server, sending data to the first device."],[" BACKGROUND A new (or freshly-restored) electronic device usually needs to be activated before it can be used.","The activation process can typically involve, for example, initializing some basic settings (e.g., date/time, language), security (e.g., username, password), and/or other system and network settings (e.g., phone number, network account) associated with the device.","Some devices (e.g., smartphones) require a network connection for at least part of the activation process to, for example, register with and receive confirmation from a network server and/or download data from a network.","However, the activation process can be a challenge for devices restricted by their limited network capabilities and other limitations."],[" SUMMARY This generally relates to activating an electronic device using another electronic device.","In the embodiments discussed below, the device being activated can be referred to as the first device and the device assisting with the activation of the first device can be referred to as the second device.","The first device can have limited network capability and/or restricted by its form factor, which can make it difficult for it to perform a self-activation.","The first device can be paired with the second device.","A secure channel can be established between the paired devices to allow the first device to pass data to the second device.","The second device can, in turn, serve as a proxy to make the activation request on behalf of the first device and return the necessary information to the first device to complete the activation process."],["CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","15/599,088, filed May 18, 2017 and published on Sep. 7, 2017 as U.S. Patent Publication No.","2017-0257756, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","14/474,716, filed Sep. 2, 2014 and issued on May 23, 2017 as U.S. Pat.","No.","9,661,495, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.","FIELD This relates generally to methods and systems for activating a device, and more particularly, to using a second device to activate a first device.","BACKGROUND A new (or freshly-restored) electronic device usually needs to be activated before it can be used.","The activation process can typically involve, for example, initializing some basic settings (e.g., date/time, language), security (e.g., username, password), and/or other system and network settings (e.g., phone number, network account) associated with the device.","Some devices (e.g., smartphones) require a network connection for at least part of the activation process to, for example, register with and receive confirmation from a network server and/or download data from a network.","However, the activation process can be a challenge for devices restricted by their limited network capabilities and other limitations.","SUMMARY This generally relates to activating an electronic device using another electronic device.","In the embodiments discussed below, the device being activated can be referred to as the first device and the device assisting with the activation of the first device can be referred to as the second device.","The first device can have limited network capability and/or restricted by its form factor, which can make it difficult for it to perform a self-activation.","The first device can be paired with the second device.","A secure channel can be established between the paired devices to allow the first device to pass data to the second device.","The second device can, in turn, serve as a proxy to make the activation request on behalf of the first device and return the necessary information to the first device to complete the activation process.","BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.","1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary network including a first device and a second device, according to an embodiment of the disclosure.","FIG.","2 is a flowchart illustrating exemplary steps of activating a first device using a second device as a proxy, according to an embodiment of the disclosure.","FIG.","3 is a block diagram illustrating the exemplary modules of a first device, according to an embodiment of the disclosure.","FIG.","4 is a block diagram illustrating the exemplary modules of a second device, according to an embodiment of the disclosure.","FIG.","5 is a block diagram illustrating the exemplary modules of the network server, according to an embodiment of the disclosure.","FIG.","6 illustrates exemplary components of a computing system such as the first device or second device described in the embodiments of the disclosure.","DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following description of example embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings in which it is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments that can be practiced.","It is to be understood that other embodiments can be used and structural changes can be made without departing from the scope of the various embodiments.","This generally relates to activating an electronic device using another electronic device.","In the embodiments discussed below, the device being activated can be referred to as the first device and the device assisting with the activation of the first device can be referred to as the second device.","The first device can have limited network capability and/or restricted by its form factor, which can make it difficult for it to perform a self-activation.","The first device can be paired with the second device.","A secure channel can be established between the paired devices to allow the first device to pass data to the second device.","The second device can, in turn, serve as a proxy to make the activation request on behalf of the first device and return the necessary information to the first device to complete the activation process.","FIG.","1 illustrates an exemplary network including the first and second devices 100, 102.The first device 100 can be any electronic device including, but not limited to, a tablet PC, smartphone, cellular phone, digital media player, electronic reader, electronic wearable device, smart TV, video game console, a personal computer (PC), and Mac.","In some embodiments, the first device 100 can have limited network capability, at least before it is activated.","For example, the first device 100 may not be able to connect to a cellular or Wi-Fi network and can be limited to having only short distance wireless connections such as a Bluetooth connection.","The cellular or Wi-Fi capabilities can be unavailable before the activation process is completed.","Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the first device 100 can be limited by its form factor.","For example, the first device 100 may not include a virtual or physical keypad that allows a user to enter input such as a Wi-Fi password to establish a Wi-Fi connection.","As such, the first device 100 may not be able to perform one or more steps of the activation process (e.g., a step that requires a Wi-Fi connection to a network server) on its own.","In the embodiments described below, the first device 100 can use the second device 102 as its proxy to solve this problem.","More specifically, the second device 102 can perform a number of steps including, for example, making the activation request to a network server 104 on behalf of the first device 100 and forwarding a confirmation and other information from the network server 104 to the first device 100.The second device 102 can also be any electronic device including, but not limited to, a tablet PC, smartphone, cellular phone, digital media player, electronic reader, electronic wearable device, smart TV, video game console, a personal computer (PC), and Mac.","Preferably, unlike the first device 100, the second device 102 can be network enabled to connect to, for example, a Wi-Fi or cellular network to communicate with other devices (e.g., network server 104) on the same network.","Accordingly, the second device 102 can perform its own activation without assistance from another device.","The second device 102 can additionally have short distance network capability such as Bluetooth that allows it to communicate with the first device 100, as will be detailed below.","In addition, the second device can include common I/O devices such as a camera, scanner, microphone, and/or display for interfacing with a user and/or another device.","Referring back to FIG.","1, the second device can be connected to a network server 104 via a network.","The network can be any type of computer network including, but not limited to, a local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), the Internet, Wi-Fi network, and cellular network.","The network server 104 can be a cloud server or any other types of computer servers.","In this embodiment, the first device may not be able to connect to the network server 104 directly when it has not been activated yet.","FIG.","2 is a flowchart illustrating the exemplary steps in a method of activating the first device 100, according to an embodiment of the disclosure.","In this embodiment, the second device 102 can serve as a proxy for the first device 100 by passing the required information back and forth between the first device 100 and the network server 104.As illustrated in FIG.","2, the activation process can start by powering up the first device (step 201).","In one embodiment, a welcome screen can be shown followed by one or more screens that allow one or more local setup steps (e.g., selecting a language) to be performed (step 202).","If the first device is a wearable device, the first device can determine if it is being worn by the user.","This can be done using one or more sensors (e.g., a touch, proximity sensor, a heart rate sensor, or other biological sensor) built in the first device.","If it is determined that the first device is not being worn by the user, the first device can display a message asking the user to put on the device to continue the activation process (step 203).","This step can be optional if the device is already being worn by the user or if the device is not a wearable device.","In some embodiments, this step can be optional regardless of whether the device is a wearable device or not.","In this embodiment, because of its limited network capability, the first device may not be able to connect to the network directly.","Accordingly, the first device can be required to connect to a proxy device such as the second device to continue the activation process.","For example, the first device can launch an application (e.g., a mobile app) to display a computer-readable code (e.g., a Quick Response (QR) code or bar code) on its display (step 204).","Specific examples of computer-readable code are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser.","No.","14/339,754, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirely.","In some implementations, the computer readable code is not visible or is difficult to be seen by the human eye.","The computer-readable code can encode information that can be used in the activation process.","For example, the computer-readable code can include a device ID for identifying the first device to another device (e.g., the second device).","In addition, the computer-readable code can include a Bluetooth out-of-band ID (or other similar information) for establishing a communication channel between the first device and the second device.","In this embodiment, when the computer-readable code is displayed on the first device, the first device can start advertising itself to other devices using, for example, the Bluetooth LE standard advertising protocol (step 205).","The first device can remain in this state until a response from another device (e.g., the second device) is received.","Alternatively, the advertising can end after a predetermined period of time.","To initiate the pairing process, the second device can, for example, scan the computer-readable code displayed on the first device (step 206).","In one embodiment, a code-scanning app can be launched on the second device.","The app can turn on the camera on the second device and use the camera to scan the code (e.g., a QR code) displayed on the first device.","The second device can then use the app to extract the information such as the device ID and the Bluetooth out-of-band key from the code (step 207).","In other embodiments, different mechanisms can be used to pass the same information from the first device to the second device.","For example, in one embodiment, the information can be encoded in, for example, an audio clip, that can be captured by a microphone on the second device.","In another embodiment, a user can tap the two devices together to transfer the information.","It should be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the mechanisms mentioned in this document and that any suitable means can be used for passing information between the two devices in order to pair the devices.","In one embodiment, the pairing process can include the first and second devices performing a “handshake” to make sure that the devices are connectible.","Once it is determined that they can connect, the devices can be connected using, for example, the Bluetooth out-of-band key (e.g., a 16-byte key) extracted from the computer-readable code.","The key can define the first device as a re-connectable device to the second device and be plugged in on both devices to pair the devices.","If successful, a Bluetooth secure channel can be brought up (step 208).","With the secure channel in place, the devices can verify if their identity services (IDS) are running normally (step 209).","The IDS can include a queue for storing forward messages between the two devices and, thus, be used as a messaging system for facilitating communications between the first and second devices.","Part of bringing up the IDS can also include checking whether both devices are valid to make sure that not only that there can be a secure connection between them, but that the devices themselves are trusted devices.","In one embodiment, a device can be deemed a trusted device if it runs the same OS or is on the same platform with respect to the other device.","After the second device determines that the pairing with the first device is successful and the devices are connected for data, the second device can notify the first device to activate using the IDS channel that has been brought up (step 210).","This communication can be transmitted via the secure channel within the IDS.","Although a secure channel within IDS is described as the communication channel between the two devices in this embodiment, it should be understood that other suitable communication channels/services can also be used for performing the same tasks.","Then, the first device can put together a package of activation data, which can include, for example, the device type, serial number, and unique ID associated with the first device along with a network address such as a uniform resource locator (URL) that identifies the location of a network server.","The first device can send the package to the second device via the secure channel (step 212).","After receiving the activation package from the first device, the second device can connect to the network server based on the network address and perform a proxy activation at the network server (step 213).","The network server can, in turn, send an activation payload back to the second device (step 214).","The activation payload can include, for example, a confirmation that the first device is a valid device, updates for the first device's regulatory images, and one or more keys for digital rights management (DRM) security.","The second device can pass this activation payload to the first device via the secured channel within the IDS (step 215).","Using the information in the activation payload, the first device can complete the activation by, for example, updating its regulatory images, setting up its DRM security, and performing other necessary steps to put itself in an activated state.","The first device can then notify the second device whether the activation is successful (step 216).","If the activation is successful, the process is finished.","If not, the first device can request the second device to display a message to inform the user that the activation has failed and provide an option for the user to try activating the first device again.","Because IDS can also be used by a messaging service on the devices, they can also leverage a high-level user account (e.g., an Apple ID) associated with the first device to provide additional and/or more advanced features on the first device.","In one embodiment, the first device can receive a temporary account to identify itself when it is paired with the second device.","Thereafter, the first device can ask the user to authorize the device using his high-level user account (e.g., Apple ID).","When authorization is done, additional processes such as software opt-ins and data synchronization (e.g., copying or moving data from the second device and/or another remote location, e.g., a cloud storage, to the first device) can be performed.","Additionally or alternatively, with the upgraded account, the first device can have direct Wi-Fi access and/or connect to a cloud server by using a push token associated with the account.","Additionally or alternatively, storage space for the first device can be allocated on the second device or a remote server for backing up and storing data from the first device.","The secure channel within the IDS can be preserved after the pairing stage to facilitate further communications between the two devices.","Although embodiment of FIG.","2 illustrates using one device (e.g., the second device) to activate another device (e.g., the first device), it should be understood that any suitable device within Bluetooth range of the first device can be used to activate the first device.","FIG.","3 is a block diagram illustrating the exemplary modules of the first device 100 of FIG.","1.The first device 100 can include, for example, a prompting module 301, display module 302, advertising module 303, connecting module 304, activation package creating module 305, transmitting module 306, receiving module 307, and notifying module 308.The prompting module 301 can prompt the user to wear the first device.","Additionally or alternatively, the prompting module 301 can prompt the user to select some of the local settings (e.g., language) of the first device 100.The display module 301 can display a computer-readable code such as a QR code to be used for pairing the first device with another device.","The advertising module 302 can advertise the first device to other devices in its vicinity (e.g., within the Bluetooth connection radius).","The connecting module 303 can establish a connection (e.g., a secure channel within IDS) between the first device and the second device.","The activation package creating module 304 can create an activation package including information that can be used by the second device to perform a proxy activation.","The transmitting module 305 can transmit the activation package to the second device.","The receiving module 306 can receive an activation payload from the second device.","The notifying module 307 can notify the second device whether the activation process is a success.","It should be understood that some of the modules illustrated in FIG.","3 can be optional and the first device 100 can include other modules not illustrated in FIG.","3.FIG.","4 is a block diagram illustrating the exemplary modules of the second device 102 of FIG.","1.The second device 102 can include, for example, a scanning module 401, extracting module 402, connecting module 403, notifying module 404, proxy activation module 405, and activation payload forwarding module 406.The scanning module 401 can scan the computer-readable code displayed on a device being activated (e.g., the first device).","The extracting module 402 can extract information from the scanned computer-readable code.","The connecting module 403 can establish a communication channel with the first device using information extracted from the scanned computer-readable code.","The notifying module 404 can notify the first device (e.g., the first device) that a communication channel has been established for transmitting information required to complete the activation of the first device.","The proxy activating module 405 can perform a proxy activation at a network server in response to a request from the first device.","The activation payload forward module 406 can forward an activation payload received from the network server to the first device.","It should be understood that some of the modules illustrated in FIG.","4 can be optional and the second device 102 can include other modules not illustrated in FIG.","4.FIG.","5 is a block diagram illustrating the exemplary modules of the network server 104 of FIG.","1.The network server 104 can include a receiving module 501 configured to receive an activation request from a device on the network.","The device can be a device to be activated or a device (e.g., the second device 102) serving as a proxy to the device (e.g., the first device 100) being activated.","The network server 104 can also include an activation payload generating module 502 that can generate an activation payload to be used in activating a device and a transmitting module 503 that can transmit the activation payload to either the device being activated or the device serving as a proxy to the device being activated.","Each of the modules of FIGS.","3-5 can be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination of the two.","In some embodiments, one or more of the modules of the first device 100, second device 102, and network server 104 can be implemented in software and stored and/or transported within any non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions.","In the context of this document, a “non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” can be any medium that can contain or store the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.","The non-transitory computer readable storage medium can include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus or device, a portable computer diskette (magnetic), a random access memory (RAM) (magnetic), a read-only memory (ROM) (magnetic), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) (magnetic), a portable optical disc such a CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD-R, or DVD-RW, or flash memory such as compact flash cards, secured digital cards, USB memory devices, memory sticks, and the like.","The non-transitory computer readable storage medium can be part of a computing system that can be the first device, second device, or network server in the above-described embodiments.","FIG.","6 illustrates exemplary common components of one such computing system.","As illustrated, the system 600 can include a central processing unit (CPU) 602, I/O components 604 including, but not limited to one or more of display, keypad, touch screen, speaker, and microphone, storage medium 606 such as the ones listed in the last paragraph, and network interface 608, all of which can be connected to each other via a system bus 610.The storage medium 606 can include the modules of FIGS.","3-5 depending on whether the system is the first device 100, second device 102, or network server 104.Although embodiments have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art.","Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the various embodiments as defined by the appended claims."]],"string":"[\n [\n \"METHOD OF ESTABLISHING COMMUNICATIONS\",\n \"A method of establishing communications with a first device is disclosed.\",\n \"The method includes: the first device presenting connection information to a second device; receiving a response from a second device; establishing an association with the second device; transmitting, in response to a determination that the first device and the second device are connected for data, first data to the second device, the first data comprising addressing information for a server; receiving second data from the second device, the second data comprising second information for establishing communications with the first device; and configuring the first device to receive third data from a location remote to the first device using the second information from the second data.\"\n ],\n [\n \"1.A method of establishing communications with a first device, the method comprising, at the first device: connecting to the second device; in response to a determination that the first device and the second device are connected, transmitting first data to the second device, the first data comprising addressing information for a server; receiving an activation payload from the second device, the activation payload comprising information from the server; and in response to receiving the activation payload from the second device, configuring, using the information from the server, the first device to receive data from a location remote to the first device.\",\n \"2.The method of claim 1, wherein: the first device is not able to connect to the server directly, and the second device is able to connect to the server directly.\",\n \"3.The method of claim 1, wherein: the first device and the second device have network capabilities, the network capabilities of the first device are more limited than the network capabilities of the second device, and receiving data from a location remote to the first device comprises receiving the data using the network capabilities of the second device.\",\n \"4.The method of claim 3, wherein: the network capabilities of the first device include access to a LAN, the network capabilities of the second device include access to one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network, and the network capabilities of the first device do not include access to the one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network.\",\n \"5.The method of claim 1, wherein: receiving data from a location remote to the first device comprises receiving the data via one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network, and the network capabilities of the first device do not include access to the one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network.\",\n \"6.The method of claim 1, wherein connecting to the second device comprises: pairing with the second device; and establishing a communication channel with the second device.\",\n \"7.The method of claim 1, wherein the first data comprises an activation package.\",\n \"8.The method of claim 1, wherein the activation payload comprises authentication information.\",\n \"9.The method of claim 1, wherein the second device comprises the server.\",\n \"10.The method of claim 1, wherein the location remote to the first device corresponds to the location of a cloud server.\",\n \"11.The method of claim 1, wherein the location remote to the first device corresponds to the location of the second device.\",\n \"12.The method of claim 1, wherein the first device and the second device are connected to a network, and the remote location corresponds to the location of a third device connected to the network.\",\n \"13.The method of claim 1, wherein the second device comprises a network gateway.\",\n \"14.The method of claim 1, wherein the second device is one of a tablet PC, a smartphone, a cellular phone, a digital media player, an electronic reader, an electronic wearable device, a smart TV, a video game console, a desktop computer, and a laptop computer.\",\n \"15.The method of claim 1, wherein receiving data from a location remote to the first device comprises synchronizing data between the first device and the location remote to the first device.\",\n \"16.A method of establishing communications with a first device, the method comprising, at a second device: connecting to the first device; in response to a determination that the first device and the second device are connected, receiving first data from the first device, the first data comprising addressing information for a server; connecting to the server using the first data; sending an activation payload to the first device, the activation payload comprising information from the server; and in response to the first device being configured to receive data from a location remote to the first device using the information from the server, sending data to the first device.\",\n \"17.The method of claim 16, wherein: the first device is not able to connect to the server directly, and the second device is able to connect to the server directly.\",\n \"18.The method of claim 16, wherein: the first device and the second device have network capabilities, the network capabilities of the first device are more limited than the network capabilities of the second device, and the first device receiving data from a location remote to the first device comprises the first device receiving the data using the network capabilities of the second device.\",\n \"19.The method of claim 18, wherein: the network capabilities of the first device include access to a LAN, the network capabilities of the second device include access to one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network, and the network capabilities of the first device do not include access to the one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network.\",\n \"20.The method of claim 16, wherein: the first device receiving data from a location remote to the first device comprises the first device receiving the data via one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network, and the network capabilities of the first device do not include access to the one or more of a WAN, the Internet, a Wi-Fi network, and a cellular network.\",\n \"21.The method of claim 16, wherein connecting to the first device comprises: pairing with the first device; and establishing a communication channel with the first device.\",\n \"22.The method of claim 16, wherein the second device comprises the server.\",\n \"23.The method of claim 16, wherein the second device comprises a network gateway.\",\n \"24.The method of claim 16, wherein the location remote to the first device corresponds to the location of the second device.\",\n \"25.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which, when executed by a processor of a first device, perform a method comprising, at the first device: connecting to the second device; in response to a determination that the first device and the second device are connected, transmitting first data to the second device, the first data comprising addressing information for a server; receiving an activation payload from the second device, the activation payload comprising information from the server; and in response to receiving the activation payload from the second device, configuring, using the information from the server, the first device to receive data from a location remote to the first device.\",\n \"26.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which, when executed by a processor of a second device, perform a method comprising, at the second device: connecting to the first device; in response to a determination that the first device and the second device are connected, receiving first data from the first device, the first data comprising addressing information for a server; connecting to the server using the first data; sending an activation payload to the first device, the activation payload comprising information from the server; and in response to the first device being configured to receive data from a location remote to the first device using the information from the server, sending data to the first device.\"\n ],\n [\n \" BACKGROUND A new (or freshly-restored) electronic device usually needs to be activated before it can be used.\",\n \"The activation process can typically involve, for example, initializing some basic settings (e.g., date/time, language), security (e.g., username, password), and/or other system and network settings (e.g., phone number, network account) associated with the device.\",\n \"Some devices (e.g., smartphones) require a network connection for at least part of the activation process to, for example, register with and receive confirmation from a network server and/or download data from a network.\",\n \"However, the activation process can be a challenge for devices restricted by their limited network capabilities and other limitations.\"\n ],\n [\n \"