Split (1)

train · 5.99M rows

text listlengths 3 270	source stringclasses 1 value
[ [ "List of largest companies in Asia" ], [ "Introduction", "This list comprises the '''largest companies''' currently in Asia by '''revenue''' and market cap as of 2024." ], [ "By revenue", "Below are the 30 largest companies by revenue in 2023 (mostly for fiscal year 2022) according to the Fortune Global 500.RankNameIndustryRevenueProfitEmployeesHeadquartersUSD millions1Saudi AramcoOil and gas$603,651$159,06970,496 Saudi Arabia2State Grid Corporation of ChinaElectricity$530,009$8,192870,287 China3China National Petroleum CorporationOil and gas $483,019$21,0801,087,049 China4China Petrochemical CorporationOil and gas $471,154$9,657527,487 China5TrafiguraCommodities $318,476$6,99412,347 Singapore6China State Construction EngineeringConstruction $305,885$4,234382,492 China7ToyotaAutomotive$274,491$18,110375,235 Japan8Samsung ElectronicsElectronics $234,129$42,398270,372 South Korea9FoxconnElectronics $222,535$4,751767,062 Taiwan10Industrial and Commercial Bank of ChinaFinancials$214,766$53,589427,587 China11China Construction BankFinancials$202,753$48,145376,682 China12Agricultural Bank of ChinaFinancials$187,061$38,524452,258 China13Ping An InsuranceFinancials$181,566$12,454344,223 China14SinochemChemicals$173,834–$1220,760 China15China Railway Engineering CorporationConstruction$171,669$2,035314,792 China16China National Offshore Oil CorporationOil and gas$164,762$16,98881,775 China17China Railway Construction CorporationConstruction$163,037$1,800342,098 China18BaowuSteel $161,698$2,493245,675 China19Mitsubishi GroupConglomerate$159,371$8,72379,706 Japan20JD.comE-commerce$155,533$1,543450,679 China21China Life Insurance CompanyInsurance$151,487$6,859180,619 China22China MobileTelecommunications$139,597$14,718452,202 China23China MinmetalsMining$133,541$877183,298 China24Alibaba GroupTechnology$129,059$10,625235,216 China25Xiamen C & DLogistics$125,971$45440,959 China26Honda MotorAutomotive$124,912$4,813197,039 Japan27Shandong EnergyMining$124,089$33232,841 China28China ResourcesConglomerate$121,643$4,662379,944 China29China Energy InvestmentEnergy$121,427$5,699310,753 China30China Southern Power GridElectricity$113,674$1,516271,202 China" ], [ "By market value", "Below are the 20 largest companies in Asia by market capitalization as of 5th January 2024.RankNameIndustryMarket capitalization(USD billions)Headquarters1Saudi AramcoOil and gas2,083.70 Saudi Arabia2TSMCElectronics481.283Samsung ElectronicsElectronics386.91 South Korea4TencentTechnology355.05 China5Kweichow MoutaiBeverages297.91 China6ToyotaAutomotive251.20 Japan7ICBCBanking223.89 China8Reliance IndustriesConglomerate211.769PDD HoldingsE-commerce201.21 China10Alibaba GroupTechnology183.48 China11PetroChina CompanyOil and gas181.19 China12China MobileTelecommunications178.24 China13Agricultural Bank of ChinaBanking176.83 China14Tata Consultancy ServicesTechnology162.98 15HDFC BankBanking152.69 16Bank of ChinaBanking150.71 China17China Construction BankBanking148.88 China18SonyTechnology114.3519Mitsubishi UFJ Financial GroupFinance104.13 20KeyenceTechnology103.01" ], [ "See also", "List of companies by revenueList of largest manufacturing companies by revenueList of largest employersList of companies by profit and lossList of public corporations by market capitalizationFortune Global 500* Economy of Africa" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2000–01 RCD Espanyol season" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2000–01 season''' was the 66th season in the existence of RCD Espanyol and the club's seventh consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football.", "In addition to the domestic league, Espanyol participated in this season's edition of the Copa del Rey, Supercopa de España, and UEFA Cup." ], [ "La Liga" ], [ "Squad statistics", "Updated on 18 January 2023''Players who have left the club after the start of the season:''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "William Angus (lawman)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''William \"Red\" Angus''' (born November 9, 1849 c. 1922) was a former soldier and sheriff in Wyoming who became a principal leader and combatant during the infamous Johnson County War." ], [ "Early life", "William Angus was born on Zanesville, Ohio on November 9, 1849.His childhood and family history had largely been undocumented.", "He began a career in the military, first as a military teamster, and then as a member of the Kansas Volunteer Cavalry.", "He participated in the Battle of the Washita under General George Custer against Black Kettle.Afterwards, he retired from the army and continued work as a teamster, wagon driver, and even worked as a cowboy who herded cattle from Texas to Wyoming in 1880.He soon decided to stay in Wyoming, where he opened a bar.", "In 1886, he was elected as sheriff of Johnson County." ], [ "Johnson County War", "A range war erupted in Johnson County between the large cattle ranchers and the small ranchers or homesteaders.", "Both parties competed and fought for livestock, as well as the grass and water needed to grow said livestock.", "The war became the sight of lynchings, assassinations, and a few larger gun battles.", "At that time, local politicians participated in the conflict.", "Sheriff Red Angus sided with the homesteaders, whom he believed was being preyed upon by the cattle barons and large ranchers.Angus became the leader during the climactic battle of the Johnson County War – the Siege of the TA Ranch.", "A large group of cattle barons and their hired gunmen murdered a prominent leader of the homesteaders, Nate Champion, on April 8, 1892.When he heard this, Angus called upon the people of the nearby town of Buffalo and formed a posse numbering 200.They caught the cattle barons in TA Ranch, who numbered somewhere around 50 men.Angus, a former soldier, together with a few Civil War veterans, conducted a formidable siege.", "They surrounded the barn house, killed the invader's horses, and built pits and trenches.", "Their siege caused a number of casualties on the cattle barons's side, before it was stopped by the arrival of the 6th cavalry from Fort McKinney.", "The officer-in-charge, Colonel J.J. Van Horn, negotiated with Angus to allow them custody of the cattle barons and their gunmen in exchange for a proper trial." ], [ "Later years", "Angus ran again for sheriff in 1893 but lost.", "Nonetheless, he stayed in Buffalo, where he worked at the Occidental Hotel and served as a Deputy County Clerk and Johnson County Treasurer.", "He also ran a ranch in Kaycee, Wyoming.", "He died of natural causes somewhere in 1922." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Aymoreana" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Aymoreana nitida''''' is a species of flowering plant in the family Acanthaceae.", "It is native to Bahia and Espírito Santo states in eastern Brazil.", "It is the sole species in genus '''''Aymoreana'''''.The speces was first described as ''Ebermaiera nitida'' by Spencer Le Marchant Moore in 1879.In 2021 it was placed in the new monotypic genus ''Aymoreana'' by Braz, T.F.Daniel & Kiel." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Vilnius Region under Lithuanian administration (1939-1940)" ], [ "Introduction", "As a result of the German-Soviet Invasion of Poland part of '''Vilnius Region was under Lithuanian administration''' in the period lasting from the takeover of the city from the occupying Soviet administration on October 27, 1939, to the occupation of all of Lithuania including Vilnius on June 15, 1940.As a result of the Polish-Lithuanian conflict of 1919–1920, and the Polish-Soviet war of 1919–1921, Vilnius and the surrounding region became part of Poland.", "Lithuania claimed the region, still considering Vilnius as its constitutional capital.", "The strained relations between the two countries did not improve until 1938.In the following year, however, Poland became the victim of a joint German-Soviet invasion in September 1939; as a result of the defeat, its territory was divided between the two occupiers.", "Lithuania didn't join the invasion, but on 19 September 1939 claimed its right to Vilnius.", "The Soviets offered Lithuania to cede Vilnius and the Vilnius region in return for placing their military bases on its territory.The Lithuanians agreed to this proposal.", "The annexation of Vilnius that was completed on 27 October 1939 was celebrated as an act of historical justice, even though it involved a de facto loss of sovereignty.", "It also led to the severance of diplomatic relations with the Polish government-in-exile, which regarded Lithuanian rule as an occupation.", "Lithuania chose not to immediately move the capital to Vilnius, embarking on a policy of Lithuanization.", "It hit the Polish population, who made up the majority of the population of the annexed territory, particularly hard.", "Particularly severe was the closure of all Polish organisations and the withdrawal of civil rights from a population that Lithuania considered foreign.", "Despite this, Lithuanian rule was considered by the Polish population to be much better than the terror carried out by the Germans and Soviets in their occupation zones.In June 1940, the Soviets demanded that Lithuania form a friendly government and allow Soviet troops into the entire territory of the state.", "This act meant the complete loss of sovereignty and the incorporation of the whole of Lithuania into the Soviet Union." ], [ "Entry of Lithuanian troops into the Vilnius region", "The Lithuanian Army's parade upon its entry into Vilnius in October 1939Memorandum from Vladimir Potemkin to Vyacheslav Molotov regarding the appointment of a commission to demarcate the state border between Lithuania and Soviet Western Belarus (after the transfer of Vilnius to Lithuania).", "October 31, 1939After the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, Lithuania was pressured by German diplomacy to enter Vilnius.", "Despite the idea's popularity among the Lithuanian public, the Lithuanian government rejected it.", "German pressure ceased on September 16.A day later, The USSR began its aggression against Poland and the borders were crossed by the Red Army, which occupied Vilnius on the night of September 18–19, after fighting the Polish Army units defending the city.", "Vilnius became the unofficial capital of Western Belarus, and a brief period of Belarusization began for the region, which the Belorussian Communists believed would soon be incorporated into Soviet Belarus.On September 19, Lithuanian envoy in Moscow Ladas Natkevičius claimed Lithuanian rights to Vilnius.", "After the new German-Soviet border was established on September 28, the Soviets invited the Lithuanians to talks.", "Negotiations lasted from October 3 to 10.The result of the talks was the \"Treaty on Mutual Assistance and Transfer of Vilnius and Vilnius Region to Lithuania,\" under which, in exchange for Vilnius, Lithuania agreed to establish Soviet military bases on its territory.", "The treaty was ratified by the Lithuanian Seimas on October 14.Lithuanian diplomats had no doubt that the presence of Soviet troops meant preparation for annexation.", "During negotiations, the Soviets threatened the possibility of annexing Vilnius to Soviet Belarus, and even the possibility of reconstituting the Lithuanian-Belarusian SSR.", "In addition, Lithuania received only a fragment of territory that had been recognized by Soviet Russia as part of Lithuania under the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty of July 12, 1920.Lithuania annexed most of Wilno-Troki County with Vilnius, half of Święciany County, and parts of Grodno, Lida, Oszmiany and Brasław counties.", "Soviet troops remained in Lithuanian-ruled Vilnius region, deploying in Naujoji Vilnia, Gaižiūnai, Prienai and Alytus.Polish envoy in Kaunas Franciszek Charwat submitted a protest note on behalf of the Polish government.", "The Lithuanian side responded that Vilnius was and is an inseparable part of Lithuania, which Poland occupied since 1920.According to Polish military attaché , the Lithuanians' response was even harsher, they were to state that they did not recognize the Polish government in Paris and for them Poland ceased to exist.", "In response, Charwat left Lithuania, thus breaking off Polish-Lithuanian relations.", "Michał Römer (Mykolas Römeris), a Lithuanian specialist in international law and rector of University of Kaunas, argued that Lithuania had not violated Poland's sovereignty because it had taken over its capital peacefully, from the state under whose administration it was temporarily located.", "He argued that, from the Lithuanian point of view, Poland had never acquired the right to possess Vilnius, so in view of this, Lithuania remained neutral with respect to Poland.", "On October 18, 1939, the Polish government lodged a formal protest to the government of Lithuania and other countries with which it had diplomatic relations against Lithuania's takeover of Vilnius.The Lithuanian public generally welcomed the news of the annexation of Vilnius with enthusiasm, and there were mass demonstrations in the streets of Kaunas.", "Left-leaning journalist Justas Paleckis gave a gratitude speech toward the Soviet Union, in which he demanded freedom for political prisoners and the resignation of President Smetona; for this he was sent to a forced labor camp.", "However, most of the better politically oriented Lithuanian intelligentsia realized that this was only a prelude to the occupation of Lithuania by Soviet forces.Throughout the interwar period, official propaganda for the recapture of Vilnius built up an image of Vilnius as a country suffering poverty and backwardness under Polish rule; this impression was compounded by the ongoing hostilities.", "As a result, there were initiatives in Lithuania to send humanitarian aid to Vilnius, and an official proclamation issued on October 13 called for this.", "The director of the Kaunas State Theater, Antanas Juška, headed the Relief Committee for the Vilnius Country.On October 19, the Soviet Workers' Guard was disbanded.", "As early as October 22, Lithuanian flags appeared on buildings in Vilnius, and the first Lithuanian officials also arrived in the city and began forming a Lithuanian militia.", "Soviet units were leaving the city, carrying out looting.", "In addition, about 3,000 Jewish residents of the city were allowed to leave for the depths of the USSR - mainly those previously involved in the formation of the foundations of Soviet power.Lithuanian Vickers M1936 light tanks on their way to VilniusLithuanian troops crossed the Polish-Lithuanian border in several places.", "The main route of the march led from Kaunas through the border crossing at Zawiasy, where the barrier was ceremoniously sawed through and border wreaths were burned.", "On October 28, Lithuanian army units, commanded by Vincas Vitkauskas, entered Vilnius.", "The encroaching troops were welcomed by delegations of Vilnius Lithuanians, Byelorussians, Tatars, Jews, and Polish Krajowcy.", "The parade in the city was recorded on color film.", "Volunteers were brought in from Kaunas Lithuania to form a cheering crowd in honor of the Lithuanian army.Polish residents of the city greeted the Lithuanian army with indifference, and sometimes with interest.", "The general feeling was that Lithuanian rule in Vilnius would be short-lived.", "There was also a prevailing sense of relief at the end of the brutal Soviet occupation, during which 348 people were arrested and deported, among them political leaders and university professors.", "Archbishop Romuald Jałbrzykowski refused to greet Lithuanian troops by ringing bells, and during his sermon called the Lithuanians the next occupiers.", "The very next day, a Polish patriotic demonstration was organized, attended by about 700-800 people; it was dispersed by the police." ], [ "Demography of the region", "The actual demography of the region, and especially the ethnic breakdown, is difficult to determine.", "Mainly because the area that began to be ruled by Lithuania went across the Polish administrative division, so that Polish statistics from the 1931 census cannot be a direct basis for making estimates.", "Undoubtedly, the Polish population dominated in and around Vilnius, while the Lithuanian population was in the minority, grouped in the southwestern slice of Wilno-Troki County and parts of Święciany County.", "The areas of pre-war Poland, where the concentration of Lithuanian population was greatest, were outside the Lithuanian administration.In Vilnius alone, the number of Lithuanians ranged between 1.4 and 7 thousand.", "This number, as a result of immigration from Kaunas, has risen to 30-40 thousand.", "Making an accurate estimate is also prevented by population shifts related to the war effort.", "In Vilnius alone, at the end of October 1939, there were 18,000-20,000 refugees, half of whom were Jews.Two Lithuanian researchers, Leonas Sabaliūnas and , have made their own estimates of the demography of the area ruled by Lithuania, which differ significantly.+ Leonas Sabaliūnas Regina Žepkaitė'''Poles'''321,70059%180,00039,37%'''Jews'''107,60019,5%156,00034,16%'''Belarusians'''75,20013,7% – –'''Lithuanians'''31,3005,7%88,00019,23%'''Other'''13,2002%33,0007,24%'''Total''''''549,000''''''457,000'''" ], [ "Economy of the region", "The Vilnius region was hit quite hard by the hostilities and the month-long Soviet occupation.", "There were many refugees from other regions of Poland, unemployment was rising, and rising food prices were also a problem.", "The Lithuanian government made an effort to relieve the major problems plaguing the region.", "In the fall of 1939, a mandatory loan of 50 million litas was dispersed to Vilnius.", "It was charged to civil servants' salaries, as well as income tax payers.", "By the end of April, the budget had received 30.1 million litas from it.", "This allowed the budget of the city of Vilnius to be set at 28.5 million litas, which exceeded the pre-war Polish budget; this was heavily emphasized by the Lithuanian press.", "Additional funds were used to invest in urban infrastructure.Less successful was the fight against unemployment.", "At the beginning of December 1939, there were 8815 unemployed people in Vilnius, later the number only increased.", "This was caused by the paralysis of industry related to the loss of markets, this was equally true for all of Lithuania, whose trade had collapsed due to the outbreak of war.", "The reason was also the deliberate activity of the Lithuanian authorities to close Polish enterprises and cooperatives and replace them with Lithuanian ones.Poverty began to prevail in the city.", "The authorities estimated the number of people in need of permanent support at 150,000, but they themselves were able to provide assistance to 25,000, the Red Cross to a further 27,000.When distributing aid, the Lithuanian authorities preferred groups considered loyal, thus aid was directed primarily to the Lithuanian population, followed by members of the Belarusian and Jewish minorities.", "Very little aid was given to Polish Army reservists.", "Lithuanian policy toward the peasants was much friendlier, and efforts were made to win them over, primarily through land reform.", "This was also aimed at weakening the Polish landed gentry.", "A significant concession was their exemption from taxation for the second half of 1939.However, the land reform was very limited in scope, covering only estates of more than 150 hectares, of which there were not many in Vilnius (about 114), primarily the estates of the Sołtans and Tyszkiewiczs.", "In total, the acreage subject to reform was less than 20,000 hectares.", "The expropriation proceeded very slowly, in principle only forest areas were covered.", "When receiving land, priority was given to Lithuanian army volunteers from Vilnius, as well as those persecuted by the Polish government for their Lithuanian activities during the interwar.", "The symbol of the failure of the land reform was the expropriation of 185 hectares of the Andrzejowo estate, which belonged to Gen. Lucjan Żeligowski.", "This was presented in the press as an act of historical justice.", "In fact, immediately after the expropriation, the property was leased to Żeligowski's brother-in-law Petras Kaziunas, married to his sister Maria." ], [ "The course of the Lithuanian rule", "=== Lithuanian plans for the Vilnius region ===Although the Lithuanian authorities treated Vilnius as their state's legitimate capital, for fear of unrest in the city, they decided not to immediately transfer all offices from Kaunas.", "Vilnius was transformed into a special administrative unit headed by a commissioner of the Lithuanian government.", "The first of these was Antanas Merkys, who spoke Polish well and made some conciliatory decisions toward Poles (including approval for the resumption of the Polish press and the establishment of the Polish Committee), but his successor, Kazys Bizauskas, advocated a stricter policy toward Poles.According to the Lithuanian government, the primary goal during the transition period was to be the full Lithuanianization of Vilnius, by which was meant the full domination of Lithuanians in political and cultural life.", "At the outset, the idea of granting autonomous status to Vilnius was rejected, as this would not have been accepted by public opinion, as well as the German and Soviet governments.", "The Lithuanian intelligentsia was divided into two camps.", "The moderate party grouped around the magazine ''Naujoji Romuva'' advocated gradual Lithuanianization, the introduction of extensive land reform, and tolerance for the non-Lithuanian population.", "On the other wing was the nationalist party with its organ ''Vairas'', which advocated immediate Lithuanianization and exclusion of the Polish population from public life.", "Both parties shared the view that the majority of Vilnius residents were Lithuanians who had lost their national consciousness, undergoing Polonization, but racially belonged to the Lithuanian nation.", "Even the moderate wing called for separating war refugees and newcomers who appeared in Vilnius after 1920 from the local Polish community, deeming those impossible to \"relithuanianization\".The Nationalist Union, ruling Lithuania in an authoritarian manner, was closer to the latter option.", "Moreover, the conviction of the final nature of the border changes and that even if Poland was to be restored after the war, it would not encompass the eastern territories encouraged them to take a hard line.", "Also crucial were the transformations made by the Germans in the Polish territories: the destruction of any signs of Polish autonomy and the creation of the General Government; Germany also pressured Lithuania to take a hard line against the Poles.=== First days ===Lithuanian soldier observing captured VilniusUpper Castle in Vilnius, on the Gediminas' HillOne of the first decisions of the Lithuanian authorities, on October 30, was to forcibly exchange Polish currency for Lithuanian, at an unfavorable rate of 5 to 1.This triggered further increases in food prices, which in turn led to more protests in the city, this time organized by leftist circles.", "The next day the protests continued from the morning, with pro-Soviet slogans appearing.", "The protesters were opposed by Endecja aligned militias.", "The situation turned into an anti-Jewish pogrom, which ended only with the intervention of Lithuanian police and the Soviet army.", "During the pogrom, 200 stores, houses and apartments were damaged, about 200 people were battered, 22 severely.The next day, All Saints' Day (November 1), there were more demonstrations, and a demonstration of several thousand at the Ross cemetery.", "On All Souls' Day (November 2), there was another demonstration of 20,000 Poles, this time legal, but which also escalated into clashes with the police.", "Similar demonstrations also took place in other towns in the region, including Naujoji Vilnia, Maišiagala, and Lentvaris.The result of the demonstration was the decision to reduce the currency exchange rate to a ratio of 2 to 1.Lithuanian propaganda tried to exploit the anti-Jewish incidents by portraying Poles as fierce anti-Semites and making concessions to the Jewish population, including the introduction of Yiddish broadcasts on Vilnius radio.=== Stripping of the civil rights of the Polish population ===On 27 October, the Law on Citizenship of the Residents of Vilnius and Vilnius Region was passed.", "The law recognised as \"aliens\" (), which were deprived of the civil rights, all persons who were not able to prove that at the age of 18 they had lived in Lithuania within the 1939 borders on 12 July 1920 (the date of the signing of the Lithuanian-Soviet Peace Treaty)) and on 27 October 1939.The problem with the law was that it concerned two specific dates, and because both fell within the period of warfare, many people were unable to provide proper evidence.", "The law provided facilities for acquiring citizenship for persons who did not meet these conditions, but claimed to be Lithuanian nationals or were \"meritorious to Lithuania\".The process of granting citizenship began on 30 November 1939.", "\"Aliens\" had their freedom of movement restricted (they could only leave their place of residence for 7 days with the permission of the local police station), they were deprived of the right to engage in wage labour, with the exception of agriculture, belonging to social organisations, practising medicine or law, running pharmacies, bookshops or publishing houses, working in public offices, owning property, and even talking in public places.", "A severe restriction was preventing relatives who found themselves under German occupation from being brought to Vilnius region.", "The Lithuanian authorities also refused to pay pensions and allowances to foreigners, despite the seizure of huge assets accumulated by the Polish Universal Mutual Insurance Company.", "These restrictions were aimed at inducing Poles to leave Vilnius or declare Lithuanian nationality.Out of Vilnius' population of 200,000, only 30,000-40,000 were granted citizenship.", "In May 1940, there were 97,893 \"aliens\" in the Vilnius region, of whom 87,616 were in Vilnius.", "Those who managed to maintain their citizenship were forced to indicate their Lithuanian nationality in their passports and to Lithuanianise their names.", "The Lithuanian government also attempted the removal of \"aliens\" and refugees from the city and by the start of the Soviet occupation, had succeeded in removing 5,220 people, including 1,975 Poles and 3,425 Jews.=== Closure of non-Lithuanian organisations ===The incidents of the early days of the Lithuanian administration resulted in a tougher stance by the Lithuanian authorities, which took the form of an accelerated and forced Lithuanization.", "The Lithuanian language was made compulsory in offices and workplaces.", "Clerks who do not speak the language have been dismissed.", "As part of this process, street names, signboards, advertisements and school curricula were replaced with Lithuanian ones, and Polish emblems and emblems were removed.", "By the decision of the Lithuanian authorities, all Polish provisions and laws ceased to be valid on 27 October 1939, and the country became subject to Lithuanian law.In practice, this meant the liquidation of all organisations which, in Lithuanian interpretation, operated under foreign law.", "As a result, 202 Polish organisations (including Stefan Batory University), 176 Jewish i 4 Belarusian became illegal.", "Trade unions were also abolished in this way, and in their place the Lithuanian government established corporate labour chambers, modelled on the fascist ones.", "From then on, the trade unions operated semi-legally, but this also came to an end with the preventive arrest of trade union leaders just before 1 May 1940.=== Lithuanization of the Church ===Archbishop of Vilnius Romuald JałbrzykowskiThe Lithuanian authorities had an aversive attitude towards Archbishop Romuald Jałbrzykowski, who was accused of Polish nationalism and the Polonisation of the Church in Lithuania.", "The authorities tried to the Holy See to have Jałbrzykowski removed from his position and Vilnius incorporated into the Lithuanian ecclesiastical province, but their efforts failed.In the spring of 1940, the Lithuanian authorities tried to introduce the Lithuanian language into the churches, resulting in another wave of riots and clashes with the police.", "In addition, groups of Lithuanian students provoked incidents in churches where Polish masses were celebrated, jamming the service with loud singing of religious songs in Lithuanian.", "The Polish Committee stood up for Polish rights in the churches, but its intervention was ignored.", "Inspired by the Polish underground, a silent anti-Lithuanian demonstration took place in Vilnius on 15 May.", "Lithuanian pressure eventually led to the introduction of services in Lithuanian in the more important churches of Vilnius.=== Cultural life ===Program of the Pohulanka Theatre in Polish and Lithuanian for the 1939-1940 seasonDuring the period of Lithuanian rule, the Polish population was able to enjoy a certain freedom in cultural life, e.g.", "in autumn 1939, the publication of the ''Kurier Wileński'' (Vilnius Courier) and ''Gazeta Codzienna'' (Daily Newspaper) was resumed, as well as the distribution of the Kaunas-based ''Chata Rodzinna'' (Family Cottage) and ''Dzień Polski'' (Polish Day).", "Polish films were screened in cinemas, which was met with outrage by Lithuanian nationalist circles.", "On 11 November 1939, celebrations of the Polish Independence Day also took place, although their nature was limited by the orders of the Lithuanian authorities.", "There were also Polish theatres in Vilnius, where refugees from areas occupied by the Third Reich and the USSR also performed, and new books by Polish authors were sold and even published.", "On the other hand, in February 1940, under the pretext of saving paper, the Kaunas weekly magazines ''Głos Młodych'' and ''Chata Rodzinna'' were closed down.", "At the beginning of 1940, the Lithuanian press began to criticise the existence of Polish theatre, which led to the closure of some of them.=== Lituanisation of education ===In Lithuanian-administered territories, there were 46 kindergartens, 486 primary schools, 23 gymnasia, 17 secondary schools, 5 teachers' schools, 26 vocational schools and 2 Polish universities.", "Due to the war and the Soviet occupation, many schools were deprived of teachers, and the Lithuanian government also decided to immediately dismiss half of the Polish teaching staff.", "Their place was taken by Lithuanians, often with low qualifications.", "There was also a gradual replacement of the Polish language by Lithuanian.", "The number of Polish language lessons in schools was reduced, Lithuanian language and history and geography of Lithuania were introduced.This led to a protest by Polish schoolchildren on 3–6 December 1939.The result was the removal of around 200 students from schools and the dismissal of 11 teachers.", "This did not stop the conflicts in schools, which actually lasted until the start of the Soviet occupation.On 15 December 1939, Stefan Batory University in Vilnius was closed down.", "By June 1940, the majority of Polish gymnasia and pro-gymnasia had also been liquidated, and gymnasia operating in pre-war Lithuania were closed down.", "Primary schools survived the liquidation operation better.", "The Polish university was replaced by the Lithuanian university, which became operational in January 1940, with as its rector.", "The two faculties, humanities and law, which were transferred from Kaunas University, had 1,061 students.", "The new institution aimed to educate the new Lithuanian intelligentsia of Vilnius and cadres for Lithuanian offices.=== Transferring the capital to Vilnius ===According to the Lithuanian constitution, Vilnius was the capital from the moment of the creation of the state, while Kaunas performed this function only temporarily.", "After the annexation of Vilnius, Vilnius did not assume the function of a proper capital at once, the process was gradual and not completed until Lithuania lost its independence.", "The first step towards this was the external Lithuanization of the city: the removal of Polish signs, inscriptions, local names, Polish uniforms of public service employees.An important step towards giving the city a Lithuanian appearance was to change the names of the streets.", "Initially, the plan was to simply translate most of the names into Lithuanian, but eventually the option to change the names and patrons of most streets prevailed.", "Names clearly associated with Poland were changed, so Lucjan Żeligowski Street was renamed to Klaipėda Street, Józef Piłsudski Street to Algirdas Street, and 3th May Street to 16th February Street.", "A symbolically significant change was the renaming of the city's main artery, Mickiewicz Street, to Gediminas Street.", "One of the streets in Žvėrynas (Ziwerzyniec) district has been named after Mickiewicz.", "One of the few names that remained was Antoni Wiwulski Street.", "By the beginning of May 1940, 490 streets had been renamed; the names of the remaining 153 streets, 12 markets, 13 squares, 11 cemeteries and 5 mountains had been changed by the end of the Lithuanian rule.WMany central celebrations were organised in the city to emphasise the capital's character.", "On 10 December 1939, the Congress of Commanders of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union was organised in Vilnius, which gathered about 1,000 participants.", "On 1 June 1940, the Congress of Mayors of Lithuanian Cities was held in Vilnius, highlighting the transfer of leadership of Lithuanian cities from Kaunas to Vilnius.", "On 29–30 June 1940, a festival of Lithuanian art was organised in Vilnius to begin the programme to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the death of Grand Duke Gediminas, the founder of Vilnius.On 2 June 1940, the office of the Commissar of the Government of Lithuania was abolished and the incorporation of Vilnius into the system of Lithuanian administration began, but these activities were interrupted by the annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union." ], [ "Polish resistance and conspiracy", "=== Polish Committee ===Polish society tried to oppose the repressive actions of the Lithuanian government.", "The semi-official representation of Polish society became the Polish Committee, headed by Bolesław Krzyżanowski, which was approved by Antanas Merkys on 6 November 1939.The Committee conducted its activities openly.", "However, it had limited capacities, its activities were basically limited to sending resolutions and protests to the Lithuanian local and central authorities, which were, mostly ignored.", "The Polish Committee included representatives of science and culture, as well as representatives of the main political parties: Maciej Dobrzański from the PPS, Aleksander Zwierzyński from the National Party and Witold Staniewicz representing the Sanacja camp.=== Secret teaching ===Society's response to the Lithuanization of education and the closure of Polish schools and universities was the organisation of secret teaching.", "The closure of the Stefan Batory University on 15 December 1939 did not put an end to its activities; the University Senate, headed by Rector , continued to meet secretly, and lectures and examinations were held.", "At the beginning of 1940, an Aid Committee for former university employees was organised, headed by Stefan Kempisty.=== Conspiracy ===From the very beginning of the Lithuanian administration, secret political and military organisations began emerging.", "One of the first was the Government Commissariat, founded in Vilnius at the turn of September and October 1939, by Rajmund Gostkowski and Bronisław Świątnicki.", "It was an anti-Sanation organisation, with a peasant orientation.", "Contrary to its name, it had no contacts with the government-in-exile, but only with the Polish missions in Kaunas and Riga.", "At the head was an unknown commander with the pseudonym \"Jołan\" (probably it was Gostkowski).", "The Department B (intelligence) was commanded by Zygmunt Sroczyński, the Military Department by Antoni Olechnowicz \"Meteor\".", "The organisation was being investigated by the Lithuanian police.", "It had up to 400 members.On the basis of the military units stationed in the Vilnius region, as well as those interned in Lithuania, underground Regimental Circles began to be formed.", "They were headed by Lt. Col. Adam Obtułowicz \"Leon\".", "The main aim of the Circles was to organise help and support for soldiers, organise escape routes to the west and continue the fight for Poland's freedom.", "The Civil Commissioner by the commandant was Józef Święcicki.", "There was also a youth organisation attached to the Regimental Circle, headed by Major Władysław Zarzycki 'Rojan'.The Union of Free Poles was founded on the night of 17–18 September 1939 on the basis of the pre-war League of Free Poles, as its armed arm; it was a synarchic organisation based on Christian doctrine.", "It was headed by student Jan Kazimierz Mackiewicz; its sympathiser and protector was Lt Col Edward Perkowicz.", "Mackiewicz adopted the pseudonym \"Konrad\" and became the group's commander.The Union of Independence Fighters was founded on 18 October 1939, on the 18th anniversary of the founding of the 13th Vilnius Scout Troop, as a scout conspiracy.", "It was headed by scoutmaster Józef Grzesiak \"Czarny\".Associated with the National Democracy was the National Military Organisation (NOW), which was formed after the Lithuanians entered Vilnius.", "The commander of NOW was Modest Gramz \"Maurycy\".", "The organisation soon joined the ranks of the mainstream Service for Poland's Victory.", "The ONR-Falanga milieu founded the Military Organisation of the Fighting Nation, as early as September 1939, headed by Antoni Rymaszewski.A smaller Sanacja associated organization was the Committee for Struggle for Liberation founded at the end of September 1939 by Major Władysław Kamiński \"Śliwa\".", "Witold Staniewicz led the other Sanacja associated organisation: Independence Camp.", "The Organisation of Fighting Poland was a fairly strong organisation in Vilnius; it was involved in propaganda and was distinguished by the radio station it owned, from which broadcasts were made under the name Radio Wolność (Freedom).The Polish Socialist Party had two clandestine organisations in Vilnius: the Socialist Fighting Organisation and the Socialist-Independentist Organisation \"Freedom\".", "Both subordinated themselves at the beginning of 1940 to the Service for Poland's Victory.", "The Catholic-Socialist organisation was People's Action, led by Father Henryk Hlebowicz.The largest secret youth organisation was the Young Eagles.", "The women's organisation, organised by female activists of the Polish Military Organisation, was led by Jadwiga Łukaszewiczowa.At the turn of November and December 1939, the Provincial Command of the Service for Poland's Victory (SZP) was established, to be headed by Colonel Janusz Gaładyk \"Strzała\", who had arrived from Warsaw, but was arrested by the Lithuanian police and imprisoned in Kaunas Fort VI.", "Thanks to the mediation of Father Kazimierz Kucharski, the Regimental Circles were incorporated into the SZP, and their commander Lt. Col. Obtułowicz became the provincial commander of the SZP in Vilnius.", "However, Obtułowicz was unpopular as being associated with the Sanacja regime, and his place was taken by Lt Col Nikodem Sulik.", "These changes were accepted by the headquarters in Warsaw." ], [ "Annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union", "In early June, the USSR issued an ultimatum to Lithuania demanding the formation of a friendly government and the freedom of its troops to stay on Lithuanian territory.", "In practice, this meant the full annexation of Lithuania by the USSR.", "The Lithuanian government accepted the terms of the ultimatum on the night of 14–15 June.", "One of the last decisions of the Lithuanian government before the occupation of Lithuania by the USSR was an order of 14 June 1940, by which the Minister of Education ordered the closure of two out of three Polish secondary schools in the Kaunas region and the liquidation of all eight primary schools." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* * * * * * * * *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Murders of William Redmond and Helen Phelps" ], [ "Introduction", "On December 31, 1980, '''William Patrick \"Pat\" Redmond''' and his mother-in-law '''Helen Genevieve Phelps''' were murdered at Redmond's home in Phoenix, Arizona.", "Three men knocked on the door of Redmond's home holding a gun and ordered Redmond, Phelps, and Redmond's wife, Marilyn, to a bedroom, where they were forced to lie down as their hands were bound.", "William was then fatally shot in the back of the head along with Phelps.", "Marilyn was also shot in the back of the head but survived.Phoenix police initially believed the murders were the result of a home invasion and suggested robbery was the motive, as some jewelry and cash were taken.", "However, when Edward Lonzo McCall Jr., a former police officer, was arrested in connection with the murders, reports suggested the murders were the result of a murder-for-hire scheme and that the murders were contract killings.", "Marilyn identified the three killers as McCall, William Bracy, and Murray Hooper.", "Prosecutors accused Robert Charles Cruz, a Tempe businessman, as being the mastermind of the plot, who they said was planning to take over a printing business owned by William Redmond and his business partner Ron Lukezic.", "Lukezic's wife, Joyce, was also accused of being involved in the conspiracy.Cruz was convicted and sentenced to death for allegedly ordering the murders but was later acquitted during his fifth trial.", "Joyce Lukezic was also convicted for her alleged role in the murders but was later acquitted during her third trial.", "Both Joyce and Cruz's lawyers blamed Ron Lukezic for being the mastermind of the murders, as he became the sole owner of the printing business after William's death, however, he was never charged in the case.", "McCall, Bracy, and Hooper were all sentenced to death for their roles in the murders.Cruz was murdered two years after his acquittal and McCall and Bracy both died on death row before their executions could be carried out.", "Hooper was executed in 2022 via lethal injection and remains the state of Arizona's most recent execution.", "Joyce Lukezic went on to co-author a book about her wrongful conviction.", "In 1991, a television film called ''False Arrest'' was released, which is based on the Redmond murder case and Joyce's wrongful conviction.", "The murders have been described as a case tainted by allegations of police misconduct." ], [ "Victims", "William Patrick Redmond, who was known as \"Pat\" to friends, was born in Huntington, West Virginia.", "He was married to Marilyn Redmond and the couple had three children.", "He also had two stepchildren, five grandchildren, two brothers, and three sisters.", "He was a member of the St. Catherine's Catholic Church in Columbus, Ohio, a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and a contributing member of St. Mary's Food Bank Alliance.", "Before moving to Phoenix in the 1950s, William lived in Ohio.", "His friend and business partner Ron Lukezic, who had known him for twenty years, said he \"had no enemies; was too well-liked, and was just a nice guy.\"", "According to Lukezic, William liked to boat, fish, and drink beer and was \"a big fan of ASU.\"", "Lukezic did however admit that William had a bad habit of showing off gold coins in bars.", "Lukezic met William when they worked together in various printing businesses in Phoenix.", "In 1975, the pair opened their own printing business, Graphic Dimensions.", "While friends of the Redmond's portrayed them as sociable, neighbors said they were recluses and kept to themselves.", "The couple had lived in their Phoenix home about a year prior to William's murder." ], [ "Murders", "On December 31, 1980, William and Marilyn Redmond were preparing for a New Year's Eve party at their home.", "Marilyn's mother, Helen Phelps, was staying with them and helped prepare food for the guests.", "At around 8:00 p.m. a knock came at the door.", "Marilyn assumed it was guests arriving early for the party and William answered.", "Moments later, William called out \"Marilyn, come here.\"", "When Marilyn got to the door, she saw three men standing there with a gun pointed at William.", "The men, two of whom were Black and one White, then forced their way into the home.", "None of them were wearing masks.", "The men ordered William, Marilyn, and Phelps to head into a back bedroom.", "One of the intruders then asked Marilyn where the couple kept their guns and she showed the intruders a closet where they kept two shotguns and a rifle.", "Marilyn was then walked into a bedroom where she saw Phelps lying face down on the bed with her hands tied behind her back.The intruders then asked where the couple kept their money.", "William said there was $1,200 in a billfold in his back pocket and Marilyn said she had two $100 bills folded up in the billfold of her purse.", "Marilyn was then ordered to lie down next to Phelps while one of the intruders began going through her purse.", "William was also told to lie face down next to Marilyn.", "The intruders then bound the couple's hands with tape.", "William, Marilyn, and Phelps were then gagged with woolen socks that were taken from a dresser drawer.", "As all three of them lay down on the bed, Marilyn heard one of the intruders say, \"We don't need them anymore.\"", "Two shots were then fired; the first bullet went into William's head and the second bullet into Phelps's head.", "Marilyn did not hear the third shot, but the third bullet went into the back of her own head and exited through her jaw.", "Both William and Phelps died while Marilyn survived.", "The intruders also cut William's throat with a knife." ], [ "Aftermath", "Marilyn eventually came around and rolled off the bed onto the floor.", "She was covered in blood and could barely lift her neck.", "She then crawled to the family room with her hands still bound behind her back.", "A while later, she was discovered by friends who had arrived for the New Year's Eve party.", "The friends called the police and Marilyn was rushed to Good Samaritan Hospital where she was treated for her injuries and the gunshot wound.", "The bullet had exited through her cheek and fractured her jaw.", "Police found the bodies of William Redmond and Helen Phelps in the master bedroom.", "The following day, Marilyn Redmond was still listed as being in a serious condition and detectives were unable to interview her.", "She had however been able to tell police that three men had entered the home around 8:00 p.m. on New Year's Eve carrying guns.", "Marilyn was eventually released from hospital on January 13, 1981.In the days after the killings, people began driving through the neighborhood looking for the Redmond's home.", "Members of the Ku Klux Klan also headed through the neighborhood handing out leaflets and leaving them on cars.", "The leaflets claimed the attack on the Redmond's was an act of Black aggression against the White race.", "Residents in the neighborhood reacted with disbelief." ], [ "Investigation", "On January 4, 1981, police arrested Edward Lonzo McCall Jr., a former police officer with the Phoenix Police Department.", "McCall was originally picked up in connection with a robbery that occurred in Scottsdale in October 1980.Police learned that certain methods used in the robbery in Scottsdale were similar to the methods used in the robbery at the Redmond's home.On January 14, a preliminary hearing was held for McCall.", "Valenda Lee Harper, a Phoenix prostitute, testified that William Redmond and Helen Phelps were the victims of a contract killing and that she knew who the killers were.", "Harper claimed the killings occurred because someone was losing a lot of money.", "She also said that McCall, who was White, and two Black men from Chicago, had told her details of the plot at her former apartment.", "Marilyn Redmond also attended the hearing as a witness and identified McCall as one of the intruders who had entered her home that night.As police continued their investigation, they determined the two other intruders who had accompanied McCall were William Bracy and Murray Hooper, both of Chicago.", "On February 21, 1981, Bracy was arrested by Chicago police.", "The following day, Hooper was also picked up for questioning.", "The pair were also wanted in connection with the November 1980 murders of three Chicago drug dealers.", "On February 22, Marilyn identified Bracy and Hooper during a police lineup in Cook County, Illinois as the two other intruders who had killed her husband and mother on New Year's Eve 1980.Detectives also attempted to track down another conspirator involved in the case who was acquainted with McCall called Arnold Merrill.", "On April 24, 1981, Merrill surrendered to the police in Long Island, New York.", "He agreed to cooperate with detectives in their investigation.", "According to Merrill, the person who orchestrated the murders was Robert Charles Cruz, a crime boss and former Tempe businessman who wanted to take over William Redmond's business.", "On May 15, 1981, Cruz was arrested in St. Charles, Illinois on suspicion of being the mastermind behind the murders of William Redmond and Helen Phelps.On August 27, 1981, Joyce Lukezic, the wife of William Redmond's business partner Ron Lukezic, was indicted by a county grand jury in connection with the murders.", "The indictment was based primarily on information supplied to detectives by Merrill; who claimed that Joyce plotted with Cruz to have William Redmond killed.", "Joyce's brother, Artie Ross, was a business associate of Cruz in a Scottsdale real-estate development firm.", "On August 28, Joyce was arrested at her home in Phoenix.", "Bracy and Hooper were also indicted." ], [ "First trials", "On September 4, 1981, Merrill was sentenced to eight years in prison after pleading guilty to charges of burglary and theft.", "His conviction was part of a plea bargain in which he would receive immunity for his involvement in the Redmond case in exchange for his cooperation.On December 10, 1981, Cruz and McCall were found guilty.", "On January 11, 1982, both were sentenced to death.Before they faced trial for their roles in the murders of William Redmond and Helen Phelps, both Bracy and Hooper faced trial in Illinois for the murders of the three Chicago drug dealers in November 1980.On September 9, 1981, Bracy was sentenced to death in Illinois for his role in that crime.", "On September 23, Hooper was also sentenced to death for participating in those murders.", "On February 24, 1982, Bracy and Hooper were extradited from Illinois to Arizona to stand trial in the Redmond case.", "The trials of Bracy and Hooper began in late 1982.On December 24, 1982, both men were found guilty.", "On February 11, 1983, both were sentenced to death.On August 4, 1982, after a two-month trial, Joyce Lukezic was found guilty of two counts of first-degree murder, one count of attempted murder, one count of conspiracy to commit murder, one count of armed burglary, three counts of armed robbery, and three counts of kidnapping.", "Following the verdict, Joseph Brownlee, the deputy county attorney, announced the state would seek the death penalty for her.", "However, she was never formally sentenced after being found guilty." ], [ "Retrials", "===Acquittal of Joyce Lukezic===Joyce Lukezic had been found guilty based entirely on circumstantial evidence during her first trial.", "Many courtroom observers agreed that the case against her had been weak.", "Merrill was the chief prosecution witness against her and he had once dated her when she was 16.On April 1, 1983, Judge Rudolph Gerber ordered a new trial for Lukezic because the prosecution team had failed to disclose to the jury the benefits and assistance given to Merrill and another key prosecution witness whose testimony was considered pivotal.On April 9, 1985, jury selection began for Lukezic's second trial.", "Lukezic's defense attorney told the jury that the wrong Lukezic was on trial and that her husband, Ron Lukezic, who was William Redmond's business partner, should instead be sat at the defense table.", "Ron Lukezic gained full ownership of the printing business he shared with William Redmond after William died and Joyce Lukezic's defense argued it was Ron who was responsible for the murders.", "Ron Lukezic was subpoenaed in the trial but failed to show.", "He had since relocated to the East Coast and abandoned Joyce.", "Joyce's defense lawyers described how Ron had made some strange statements around the time of William's death, including one on the day of the killings in which he had said to a friend, \"The blacks are going to kill us all.\"", "This statement was made before police revealed that two men wanted in the murders were Black.", "On the day of William Redmond's funeral, Ron had also said to a business associate, \"My God, what have I done?\"", "However, Ron Lukezic was never brought to trial and was not charged in the case.", "During the closing arguments of the second trial, Joyce Lukezic's attorney described Merrill as the \"lowest individual who has ever been placed on the witness stand by any prosecutor.\"", "On May 10, 1985, after a three-week trial, the second trial of Joyce Lukezic ended in a mistrial when the jury deadlocked 10–2 in favor of acquitting her.On October 1, 1985, Joyce Lukezic's third trial began.", "Her defense lawyer renewed claims from the previous trial that Ron Lukezic should be on trial instead of Joyce.", "He also attacked the credibility of the witnesses for the prosecution.", "On November 1, 1985, after a four-week trial, Joyce Lukezic was acquitted in the Redmond murder case and found innocent.", "The jury concluded that most of the prosecution witnesses had been lying.===Acquittal of Robert Charles Cruz===On October 6, 1983, the Arizona Supreme Court overturned Cruz's murder conviction and death sentence as they said he should not have been tried with McCall.", "A new trial for Cruz was ordered.", "The Arizona Supreme Court denied McCall a retrial.", "On July 15, 1987, after six weeks of testimony, Cruz's second trial ended in a mistrial when jurors deadlocked 8–4 in favor of conviction.", "On November 6, 1987, after ten weeks of testimony, Cruz's third trial once again ended in a mistrial.", "This time, jurors deadlocked 11–1 in favor of conviction.In 1988, Cruz was tried a fourth time.", "This time, he was found guilty.", "On July 29, 1993, Cruz's conviction was once again overturned.", "The Arizona Supreme Court overturned his conviction because it was learned that in his fourth trial, Cruz had been discriminated against because the prosecution had excluded Hispanics from the jury.", "In 1995, Cruz was tried for a fifth time.", "During this trial, he spoke for the first time, having remained silent in all previous trials.", "He argued he had been framed by Merrill who had won immunity in exchange for his testimony.", "On June 1, 1995, after three days of deliberation, the jury returned its verdict and found Cruz innocent.", "In total, Cruz spent fourteen years on Arizona's death row before being granted freedom.", "Marilyn Redmond attended every one of Cruz's trials.", "Following his acquittal, she chose not to speak and could not be located for comment." ], [ "Subsequent developments", "===Deaths of McCall and Bracy===McCall's death sentence and convictions were upheld and he remained on Arizona's death row.", "At one point, McCall was ordered to be resentenced in the case, as he had received improper advice from his lawyer not to cooperate in the preparation of his 1982 pre-sentence report.", "However, on January 30, 1986, he was resentenced to death.", "On February 18, 2000, McCall died in prison at the age of 58.Bracy's death sentence and convictions were also upheld.", "On April 9, 2005, Bracy died in prison of cancer at the age of 63.===Murder of Cruz===Following his acquittal, Cruz returned to his hometown of Chicago to spend time with his four sons.", "In 1997, two years after his release from prison, a cousin of his by marriage, who was a reputed mob hitman, was to stand trial on a murder charge.", "Cruz convinced him to hire his former attorney.", "Ultimately, the hitman was convicted and sentenced to over 100 years in prison.", "In December 1997, days after the hitman was sentenced, Cruz went missing.", "In March 2007, human remains were found wrapped in a blue tarp in Downers Grove, Illinois.", "The remains were confirmed as Cruz's and he was identified through fingerprints and tattoos.", "Law enforcement sources reported that Cruz had been shot.", "His death was investigated as a murder.===Joyce Lukezic and False Arrest===After being acquitted, Joyce Lukezic went on to write a book about the Redmond case, her experiences, and her wrongful conviction.", "In 1990, her book was published, and was called, ''False Arrest: The Joyce Lukezic Story''.", "Lukezic co-wrote the book with the author Ted Schwarz.", "In 1991, a television film was released which was based on Joyce Lukezic's story.", "The film, called ''False Arrest'', aired in two parts on November 3 and November 6, 1991.Joyce Lukezic was played by American actress Donna Mills and Ron Lukezic was played by American actor Robert Wagner.===Execution of Murray Hooper===On October 12, 2022, the Arizona Supreme Court granted the state's request for a warrant of execution for Murray Hooper.", "He was scheduled to be executed on November 16, 2022.As he declined to pick a method of execution, he was set to be executed by lethal injection; the state's default execution method.On November 16, 2022, Murray Hooper was executed via lethal injection for his role in the murders of William Redmond and Helen Phelps.", "He was 76 years old at the time of his death.", "Hooper's attorneys argued that he was convicted and sentenced on unreliable witness testimony.", "No physical evidence linked him to the crime.", "They also argued that Marilyn Redmond's description of the home intruders changed several times before she identified Hooper as one of the killers.", "According to ''The Arizona Republic'', the execution team struggled to insert the intravenous needles that deliver lethal drugs during an execution into Hooper.", "At one point, Hooper turned to the viewing gallery and said, \"Can you believe this?\"", "He later said, \"What's taking so long?\"", "as execution team members failed to find the anesthetic and called for another medical kit.", "The execution team resorted to inserting an IV line into Hooper's femoral vein, which caused him to experience pain, and resulted in a \"fair amount of blood.\"", "Once the lines were inserted, the execution team administered the pentobarbital.", "Hooper was pronounced dead at 10:34 a.m.", "According to witnesses, it took around 10 to 12 minutes for him to die.No one from the families of William Redmond and Helen Phelps chose to attend Hooper's execution, nor did any of Hooper's family members.", "One of William Redmond's sons, Mike Redmond, said that the loss of his father was still felt deeply but the family did not want to be part of Hooper's execution.", "When asked about Hooper's execution, Mike Redmond said, \"Right now I feel for my dad; my stepmother, Marylin; and her mom, Mrs. Phelps.", "We thought this was all behind us.", "I don't celebrate Hooper's death.", "But I won't or didn't oppose it.", "He made choices in his life that were bad and led to New Year's Eve 1980.Forty-two years later, and we are dealing with our father's death again.", "I thought it was all past us.", "It is hard to understand right now.", "Just glad it is all over, and maybe everyone can finally be at peace.", "\"When asked to give his last words, Hooper said, \"It's all been said.", "Let it be done.", "To all my lawyers and loved ones, don't be sad for me, don't cry.", "Don't say goodbye, but say, I'll see you later.", "Let's go.\"", "Hooper maintained his innocence to the very end.", "He remains the state of Arizona's most recent execution." ], [ "See also", "* Capital punishment in Arizona* List of longest prison sentences served* List of most recent executions by jurisdiction* List of people executed in Arizona* List of people executed in the United States in 2022" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ludovica Sannazzaro" ], [ "Introduction", "Donna '''Ludovica di Sannazzaro Natta dei conti di Giarole''' is an Italian TikToker.", "In 2021, she created the TikTok channel ''The Castle Diary'', where she makes videos about life in her family's ancestral home, the Castello Sannazzaro di Giarole." ], [ "Biography", "Sannazzaro is the daughter of Count Giuseppe Sannazzaro and Countess Letizia Sannazzaro.", "Her family descends from the Italian nobility.", "She grew up in her family's 12th-century castle, the Castello Sannazzaro di Giarole, in the Province of Alessandria.", "The castle has been in the Sannazzaro family for twenty-eight generations.", "Her father inherited the castle in 1986, but the family did not move in until 2006, previously using it as a summer residence.Sannazzaro's home, Castello SannazzaroSannazzaro was educated at a boarding school in Italy.", "After graduating, she moved to the United States, first to study theatre in Los Angeles, and then to New York City to attend the American Musical and Dramatic Academy, but returned to Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic.She runs TikTok and Instagram accounts, called @thecastlediary, which chronicles what daily life in the castle looks like versus what people's expectations of castle life might be.", "Sannazzaro started the account on 7 March 2021, during the pandemic, which impacted the booking of the family castle, which they run as a bed and breakfast." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Väinö Kivisalo" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Väinö Kivisalo''' (18 October 188229 March 1953) was a Finnish politician and member of the Parliament of Finland, the national legislature of Finland.", "A member of the Social Democratic Party, he represented Häme Province South between August 1929 and July 1948.Prior to being elected, he was imprisoned for political reasons following the Finnish Civil War." ], [ "Early life", "Kivisalo was born on 18 October 1882 in Karkku in the south-east of the Grand Duchy of Finland and was the son of a farmer.", "When he was 14 years old his father died following which the family were evicted from their homestead by the owner.", "Kivisalo was a farmworker in Karkku and a labourer in several places including Suoniemi, Akaa, Urjala, Hattula and Vanaja.", "He was also a factory worker in Tampere.", "He moved to Hämeenlinna in 1904 where he worked in a sawmill for several years." ], [ "Politics", "Kivisalo joined the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in Urjala in 1903.He was also active in the labour and temperance movements.", "He was the secretary of the Häme Province South branch of the SDP from 1914 to 1918.Following the Finnish Revolution he was appointed Governor of Häme Province for the revolutionary government.", "He was amongst tens of thousands of leftists who were imprisoned in concentration camps for political reasons by the Whites following their victory in the Finnish Civil War.", "In August 1918 the State Criminal Court (Valtiorikosoikeus) in Riihimäki sentenced Kivisalo to 12 years in prison and loss of civic rights for 15 years for treason and high treason.", "He was released from Sukeva concentration camp on 28 December 1921.Kivisalo was the secretary of the Häme Province North branch of the SDP from 1923 to 1925 and of the Häme Province South branch from 1925 to 1929.He was elected to the Parliament of Finland at the 1929 parliamentary election.", "He was re-elected at the 1930, 1933, 1936, 1939 and 1945 parliamentary elections.Kivisalo was a presidential elector at the 1931, 1937, 1940 and 1943 presidential elections.", "He represented Finland at the Labour and Socialist International's congress in Brussels in 1928.He was a member of the municipal council in Hämeenlinna for many years.", "He was president of the Christian Social Democratic Union (Kristillinen sosialidemokraattinen liitto) and was a board member of the Helsinki Workers' Savings Bank.Kivisalo died on 29 March 1953 in Helsinki." ], [ "Works", "* * * * * * * * * * * " ], [ "See also", " List of Finnish MPs imprisoned for political reasons" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Dominika Włodarczyk" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Dominika Włodarczyk''' (born 27 January 2001) is a Polish professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's WorldTeam ." ], [ "Major results", "===Road===;2019: National Junior Championships::2nd Road race::2nd Time trial;2021: 2nd Overall Belgrade GP Woman Tour::1st Young rider classification::1st Stage 2: 3rd Road race, National Championships;2022: 1st Overall Watersley Womens Challenge::1st Stages 1 & 3: 2nd Overall Giro della Toscana Int.", "Femminile – Memorial Michela Fanini::1st Young rider classification::1st Stage 3: 3rd Time trial, National Under-23 Championships: 3rd Overall Princess Anna Vasa Tour::1st Mountains classification::1st Young rider classification: 4th Overall Gracia–Orlová: 4th Ladies Tour of Estonia: 7th Road race, UEC European Under-23 Championships: 7th Memorial Monica Bandini: 10th Trofeo Oro in Euro;2023: 1st Overall Watersley Womens Challenge::1st Stage 2: 2nd Overall Gracia–Orlová::1st Points classification::1st Stages 1 & 5: 2nd Overall Tour de Feminin::1st Points classification::1st Young rider classification::1st Stage 1 (ITT): 2nd Overall Princess Anna Vasa Tour::1st Points classification::1st Mountains classification::1st Young rider classification: 2nd Respect Ladies Race Slovakia: 3rd Grand Prix du Morbihan: 5th Time trial, National Championships: 5th Overall Bretagne Ladies Tour: 7th Road race, UCI World Under-23 Championships: 8th Overall Trofeo Ponente in Rosa: 9th Grand Prix Stuttgart: 10th Road race, UEC European Under-23 Championships;2024: 2nd Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race: 5th Overall Tour Down Under===Cyclo-cross===;2021–2022: 1st National Championships: 3rd Gościęcin;2022–2023: 1st National Championships: 2nd Mikołów;2023–2024: 1st Laskowice" ], [ "References" ], [ "Other websites", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Syed Humayun Akhter" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Syed Humayun Akhter''' is a Bangladeshi academic, earthquake researcher, and vice-chancellor of Bangladesh Open University.", "He is the former chairman of the Department of Geology at the University of Dhaka.", "He is an seismologists who was the chief superintendent of earthquake research at the University of Dhaka." ], [ "Early life", "Akhter was born on 26 February 1955 in Kushtia District, East Pakistan, Pakistan.", "His father, Syed Abu Akhter Fazley Rob, was the President of Bangladesh Medical Association- Kushtia, and his mother was Shahana Khatun.", "He completed his SSC from Mohini Mohan Vidyapith, Kushtia and HSC from Kushtia Government College in 1970 and 1972 respectively.", "He did his bachelor's degree and masters in geology at the University of Dhaka in 1975 and 1976 respectively.", "He completed his PhD at IIT Kharagpur." ], [ "Career", "Akhter started working at Prokaushali Sangsad Limited in 1979 and later worked at the National Museum of Bangladesh.", "He joined the University of Dhaka in 1987 as a lecturer in the Department of Geology.", "He worked with Columbia University to install seismometer in Chittagong in 2007 nearly two decades after the last one stopped working.From July 2013 to June 2016, Akhter was the chairman of the Department of Geology at the University of Dhaka.", "He was the provost of Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah Hall.In June 2021, Akhter was appointed the vice-chancellor of Bangladesh Open University.", "He oversaw the Bangladesh Open University signing an agreement with the Columbia University to cooperate in climate change research." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Paola Taroni" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Paola Taroni''' (born 1963) is an Italian engineer and physicist at the Polytechnic University of Milan.", "Her research considers the development of optical approaches for cancer diagnoses.", "She has held various leadership positions" ], [ "Early life and education", "Taroni was born in Como.", "She studied nuclear engineering at the Polytechnic University of Milan.", "Her doctorate considered the development of instrumentation for optical mammography.", "She performed fluorescence spectroscopy of molecular probes.", "After earning her degree she moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a visiting research, where she worked alongside Harrison." ], [ "Research and career", "She joined the CNR as a researcher in 1988.She was made associate professor at the Polytechnic of Milan in 1999, and Full Professor in 2011.Her research considers the development of optically diagnostic methods for cancer.", "Optical approaches are non-invasive and can be used for screening and monitoring.", "She has shown that by measuring the optical properties (absorption, diffusion) of brast cancer tissue and applying diffusion theory it is possible to understand the microscopic structure of the tissue.", "Taroni has shown that the acquisition of time-resolved transmittance data at multiple geometries can be used to calculate both breast tissue density and collagen content, which are both risk factors for tumour development.Taroni coordinated H2020 “Smart Optical and Ultrasound Diagnostics of Breast Cancer” (SOLUS).", "SOLUS uses diffuse optical imaging to characterise several different parameters simultaneously, which can help with accurate diagnoses and avoid false positives.Taroni has contributed to several international photobiology societies, including the Italian Society of Photobiology, European Society for Photobiology and American Society for Photobiology.", "She organised several scientific conferences, including SPIE BiOS, OSA Biomedical Topical Meetings and European Conferences on Biomedical Optics." ], [ "Select publications", "* * *" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Rohan Wingham" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Rohan Wingham''' (born 4 December 2002) is a New Zealand rugby union player, who plays for the and .", "His preferred position is prop." ], [ "Early career", "Wingham attended King's High School, Dunedin where he played rugby, representing the New Zealand Barbarian U18 side and New Zealand Schools.", "He represented the Highlanders U20 side in 2021." ], [ "Professional career", "Wingham has represented in the National Provincial Championship since 2023, being named in their full squad for the 2023 Bunnings NPC.", "He originally wasn't named in the squad for the 2024 Super Rugby Pacific season, being named in the Highlanders development squad, but was announced as a replacement signing in January 2024." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* itsrugby.co.uk Profile" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Gary Belkin" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Gary Belkin''' (April 24, 1926/1927 – July 28, 2005) was an American television writer.", "He won two Primetime Emmy Awards and was nominated for six more in the category Outstanding Writing for his work on the television programs ''Caesar's Hour'', ''The Danny Kaye Show'', ''The Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff Special'', ''The Carol Burnett Show'' and ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson''." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Damon variegatus" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Damon variegatus''''' is a species of whip spider, also known as the '''common whipspider''' (or '''African whip spider'''), in the family Phrynichidae.", "It is endemic to Southern Africa." ], [ "Range", "It is found from the DRC and Tanzania down to South Africa and Namibia.", "In 2005, the population west of the Kalahari Desert (in Namibia and southern Angola) was moved to ''Damon sylviae.", "''thumb" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Cascadia Region Earthquake Science Center" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Cascadia Region Earthquake Science Center''' ('''CRESCENT''') is a research and educational collaboration between public and private universities, government agencies, and non-profits.", "The stated mission of the center is to (i) carry out basic and applied science research on earthquake hazards at the Cascadia Subduction Zone, (ii) promote access to careers in the geosciences, especially amongst minoritized individuals, and (iii) form partnerships between researchers and organizations in charge of response and planning for earthquake hazards." ], [ "Overview", "The center was established with US$15M in funding from the National Science Foundation as part of the Centers for Innovation and Community Engagement in Solid Earth Geohazards program which funds other important research centers such as the Statewide California Earthquake Center (SCEC)." ], [ "Partner institutions", "CRESCENT directly funds researchers and educators from 14 institutions, they are:* California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt* Central Washington University* EarthScope Consortium* Oregon State University* Portland State University* Purdue University* Smith College* Stanford University* University of California San Diego* University of North Carolina Wilmington* University of Oregon (headquarters)* University of Washington* Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University* Washington State UniversityIn addition CRESCENT counts amongst its senior personnel many scientist from the U.S. Geological Survey." ], [ "Headquarters", "CRESCENT is part of the Department of Earth Sciences and is on the campus of the University of Oregon located in the city of Eugene." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Clarence Bamberger" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Clarence G. Bamberger''' (July 16, 1886 – February 18, 1984) was an American mining executive, politician and philanthropist.", "He served as a member of the Utah House of Representatives in 1913.He was a member of the War Industries Board during World War I." ], [ "Early life", "Clarence G. Bamberger was born on July 16, 1886, in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Bertha (née Greenewald) and Jacob E. Bamberger.", "He was educated at public schools in Salt Lake City and Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire.", "He graduated with a degree in mining engineering from Cornell University in 1908.He attended the Royal School of Mines in Berlin for a year and the Paris School of Mines for two years." ], [ "Career", "After his education, Bamberger took surveys of oil fields in Mexico that his father was associated with.", "He was a Republican.", "He served as a member of the Utah House of Representatives in 1913.He introduced the first workmen's compensation bill in Utah.", "He was a leader in Utah's movement to repeal prohibition and was state commander of the Utah Association Opposed to Prohibition.", "In 1914, he ran for the Utah State Senate, but lost to George Dern.During World War I, Bamberger was captain of the ordnance department and worked with the War Industries Board.", "He was executive director of all war loan drives in Utah during World War II.", "He was executive vice chairman of the War Finance Committee of Utah from 1942 to 1946.He was chairman of Utah Citizens for Eisenhower in 1952.Bamberger worked with his father and brother Ernest in financing and developing mining properties in Utah, Nevada and Colorado, and oil fields in Mexico and California.", "He helped operate the Smuggler Mine in Aspen, Colorado, Daly & Daly West Mines and the Ontario silver mine in Park City, Utah, and the Weber Coal Mine in Coalville, Utah." ], [ "Philanthropy", "Bamberger was a director and member of the Walker Bank & Trust (later First Interstate) executive committee.", "He was an organizer and director of the Bank of Utah and organizer of the Bank of Kearns.", "Through a friendship with Basil O'Connor, he served as national director of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis from its founding to his death.", "He helped reorganize and was national director of the American Red Cross in the mid-1930s.", "He served on the national board of Alcoholics Anonymous and was chairman of the Utah State Hospital.", "He was member of the board Holy Cross Hospital in Salt Lake City, chairman of the Utah National Fund for Medical Education, vice chairman of the University of Utah Medical Center, and member of the National Founders' Board of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.Bamberger was regent of the University of Utah and a board member of Westminster College.", "He was a member of the board of the Hoover Library in Palo Alto, California, and a member of the Cornell University Council." ], [ "Personal life", "Bamberger married Marie Odell, daughter of George T. Odell, on February 14, 1915.She died in 1971.They had two daughters and one son, Marie, Gloria and Clarence Jr.", "He purchased a home on East South Temple Street in Salt Lake City in 1919.He was a member of Alta Club from 1911 to his death.Bamberger died on February 18, 1984.He was buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Scheduled monuments in Norfolk" ], [ "Introduction", "There are 486 '''scheduled monuments''' in the county of Norfolk, England.", "These protected sites date in some cases from the Neolithic period, and include barrows, medieval settlements, ruined abbeys, castles, and windmills.In the United Kingdom, the scheduling of monuments was first initiated to ensure the preservation of \"nationally important\" archaeological sites and historic buildings.", "Protection is given to scheduled monuments under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979." ], [ "Notable scheduled monuments in Norfolk", "''This is a partial list of scheduled monuments in Norfolk''.Image Name Location DateNotes 120px Baconsthorpe Castle 15th century Ruined, fortified manor house.", "120px Beeston Reegis Priory 1216 AD Augustinian Priory established in the early 13th century.", "120px Binham Priory late 11th century A ruined Benedictine priory known for its history of scandals.", "120px Norwich Castle 1067 AD Founded by William the Conqueror, the castle was initially constructed as a motte and bailey.", "120px Paston Great Barn 1581 AD Medieval barn.", "A biological Site of Special Scientific Interest, one of six maternity colonies in Britain for the barbastelle bat.", "120px St Theobald's Church 11th century Notable for the survival of the original nave, chancel, and 12th century round tower.", "120px Grimes Graves 2600–2300 BC Large Neolithic flint mining complex.", "120px Wymondham Abbey 1107 AD The church of the Benedictine Wymondham Abbey." ], [ "See also", "Grade I listed buildings in Norfolk List of scheduled monuments in the United Kingdom" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Oksana Kuziv" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Oksana Kuziv''' (; born 10 March 1970, Burshtyn, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast) is a Ukrainian writer, poet, and journalist.", "Member of the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine (2013).", "Wife of Bohdan, mother of Orest-Vasyl Kuziv's." ], [ "Biography", "Oksana Kuziv was born on 10 March 1970 in Burshtyn, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast.She graduated from University of Lviv with a degree in Ukrainian language and literature.", "She worked as a literary editor of the ''Salon-Plus'' newspaper, a proofreader for the ''Ivano-Frankivskyi Ohliadach'' and ''Vechirnii Ivano-Frankivsk'' regional newspapers, and a journalist for the Bohorodchany Raion newspaper ''Slovo Narodu''." ], [ "Works", "Author of the books \"Adamtso\" (2014, novella), \"V zakapelkakh dushi\" (2015, poetry), \"Nazovy mene svoieiu\" (2016, prose), \"SHCHEmyt\" (2017, novel), \"Zadyvlena v nebo\" (2018, poetry), \"Sobacha liubov\" (2018, novel), \"Yenchui svit\" (2019, prose), \"Prozrinnia\" (2020, poetry), \"Merezhyvo doli\" (2020, short fiction), \"Meshty dlia Hannusi\" (2020), \"BezsmertiIE\" (2023, fairy tale for adults).", "''Кузів, Оксана''., Мешти для Ганнусі : повісті, оповідання, образки, новели / Оксана Кузів.", "— Львів : Літературна агенція Піраміда, 2020.— 223 s.''Кузів, О''.", "безсмертіЄ : (казка для дорослих) / Оксана Кузів.", "— Львів : Піраміда, 2023.— 159 s.===Adamtso===In 2014, Oksana Kuziv's novel Adamtso became the Book of the Year among the youth of Prykarpattia, and in 2015 it was included in the list of the 80 best books of Ukraine over the past decade according to the Ukraine Reads to Children rating.", "In 2016, it was staged by the Vyhoda Folk Amateur Theater (directed by Bohdan Melnyk; Vyhoda, Kalush Raion).", "The theater won the Grand Prix at the XXI All-Ukrainian Festival of Theater Arts (Ochakiv, Mykolaiv Oblast) for the play Adamtso.===Nazovy mene svoieiu===In 2016, her second prose collection, \"Nazovy mene svoieiu\", was named one of the top 5 most read books at the Book Forum Lviv.", "The writer's work \"Tainstvo\" from the book is also a play of the same name by the Vyhoda Amateur Theater (directed by Bohdan Melnyk).", "The theater received an award from Ukrainian actress Rymma Ziubina at the 6th International East-West Ukrainian Theater Festival (2019, Krakow, Poland) for the poignancy and relevance of the play's themes." ], [ "Awards", "* Panteleimon Kulish International Literary and Art Prize (2022)* Ivan Franko Ivano-Frankivsk City Prize in Literature and Journalism (2023)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Indian sports at the 1936 Summer Olympics" ], [ "Introduction", "Traditional sports of India were showcased as an exhibition alongside the 1936 Summer Olympics.", "It is known that the sports of kabaddi, kho kho and mallakhamba were demonstrated.", "A 35-member contingent from the Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal (HVPM) physical education institute demonstrated the events, and were not considered part of the official Indian team.", "The sports' inclusion was spearheaded by HVPM Vice President Dr. Siddhanath Kane, who successfully lobbied Olympic organizer Carl Diem for permission to exhibit them.The sports were not recognized as official demonstration sports by the International Olympic Committee.", "However, the contingent were awarded an honorary medal by Adolf Hitler, who was said to have been impressed by the displays." ], [ "See also", "* Cricket at the Olympics" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1988 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''1988 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary''' was held on February 16, 1988, in New Hampshire as one of the Democratic Party's statewide nomination contests ahead of the 1988 United States presidential election." ], [ "Details", "The New Hampshire primary was the second contest in the nation, held directly after the Iowa caucuses.", "The primary was easily won by neighboring Massachusetts governor and eventual nominee Michael Dukakis, who won all 10 counties in the Granite State, and received 8 delegates.", "Dick Gephardt, a representative from Missouri, finished in 2nd place with 4 delegates.", "Illinois senator Paul Simon finished in a close 3rd place, also receiving 4 delegates.", "No other candidates received delegates.Dukakis won the crowded New Hampshire primary with just under 36% of the vote, but finished well ahead of his nearest opponent, Dick Gephardt." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Biathlon at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics – Women's sprint" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''women's 6 km sprint''' biathlon competition at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics was held on 23 January 2024 at the Alpensia Biathlon Centre." ], [ "Results", "The race was started at 13:30 and finished at 14:29.Rank Bib Name Country Time Penalties (P+S) Deficit 66 Carlotta Gautero 19:40.2 1 (1+0) 43 Ela Sever 20:15.3 3 (2+1) +35.1 80 Polina Putsko 20:54.1 1 (0+1) +1:13.9 4 9 Heda Mikolášová 21:05.7 5 (2+3) +1:25.5 5 34 Ilona Plecháčová 21:07.5 4 (2+2) +1:27.3 6 37 Julie Kvelvane 21:07.6 4 (1+3) +1:27.4 7 84 Molly Kafka 21:09.7 1 (1+0) +1:29.5 8 57 Lena Baumann 21:16.0 3 (2+1) +1:35.8 9 29 Nayeli Mariotti Cavagnet 21:16.3 4 (3+1) +1:36.1 10 33 Michaela Straková 21:17.7 2 (1+1) +1:37.5 11 48 Marie Keudel 21:30.5 3 (2+1) +1:50.3 12 95 Valeriia Sheihas 21:32.0 2 (0+2) +1:51.8 13 69 Ilona Rantakömi 21:35.6 1 (0+1) +1:55.4 14 72 Hanna Beck 21:41.5 2 (1+1) +2:01.3 15 35 Matilde Giordano 21:48.8 5 (2+3) +2:08.6 16 60 Rosaly Stollberger 21:51.7 1 (0+1) +2:11.5 17 21 Alice Dusserre 21:52.2 2 (1+1) +2:12.0 18 71 Alžbeta Garguláková 22:00.6 4 (0+4) +2:20.4 19 25 Leonora Rønhede 22:01.9 2 (0+2) +2:21.7 20 86 Sara Tronrud 22:02.9 3 (2+1) +2:22.7 21 24 Eiril Nordbø 22:04.0 4 (0+4) +2:23.8 22 82 Valerie Křížová 22:08.5 5 (1+4) +2:28.3 23 50 Iryna Shevchenko 22:09.8 3 (1+2) +2:29.6 24 54 Cheyenne Tirschmann 22:19.8 2 (2+0) +2:39.6 25 40 Eveliina Hakala 22:23.4 4 (0+4) +2:43.2 26 90 Marie Flå 22:25.2 3 (2+1) +2:45.0 27 23 Molly Maybach 22:26.1 3 (1+2) +2:45.9 28 89 Lena Moretti 22:33.9 3 (0+3) +2:53.7 29 42 Maya Rennermalm 22:38.7 3 (0+3) +2:58.5 30 77 Lilly Fuchs 22:41.7 4 (2+2) +3:01.5 31 32 Krisztina Silló 22:59.0 2 (1+1) +3:18.8 32 97 Eva Hutter 23:03.1 4 (2+2) +3:22.9 33 91 Lucie Jandurová 23:07.9 5 (0+5) +3:27.7 34 70 Lola Bugeaud 23:09.7 7 (4+3) +3:29.5 35 45 Irina Georgieva 23:13.7 3 (2+1) +3:33.5 36 18 Ema Sobol 23:18.4 3 (1+2) +3:38.2 37 13 Anine Karlsson 23:30.5 4 (2+2) +3:50.3 38 94 Jana Duffner 23:48.6 6 (3+3) +4:08.4 39 74 Ajda Špitalar 23:56.0 4 (2+2) +4:15.8 40 79 Flora Csonka 23:56.5 5 (2+3) +4:16.3 41 55 Amelia Liszka 23:59.0 7 (3+4) +4:18.8 42 3 Erika Kujala 24:01.9 7 (2+5) +4:21.7 43 39 Cristina Lanau 24:06.9 4 (2+2) +4:26.7 44 1 Anna-Lena Wolf 24:07.1 4 (3+1) +4:26.9 45 93 Hanni Koski 24:08.2 5 (4+1) +4:28.0 46 83 Kätrin Kärsna 24:11.2 4 (3+1) +4:31.0 47 78 Kim Hye-won 24:16.6 4 (2+2) +4:36.4 48 20 Majka Germata 24:21.5 3 (1+2) +4:41.3 49 2 Leni Dietersberger 24:22.1 6 (3+3) +4:41.9 50 52 Keita Kolna 24:22.6 3 (1+2) +4:42.4 51 96 Marta Wernersson 24:30.3 5 (0+5) +4:50.1 52 92 Eliane Kiser 24:31.2 6 (3+3) +4:51.0 53 56 Laureen Simberg 24:45.3 4 (1+3) +5:05.1 54 22 Madara Veckalniņa 24:47.5 3 (2+1) +5:07.3 55 64 Nikol Klenovska 24:56.0 4 (2+2) +5:15.8 56 8 Ava McCann 25:02.0 3 (0+3) +5:21.8 57 11 Alema Karabayeva 25:04.9 5 (4+1) +5:24.7 58 55 Nilla Norberg 25:06.7 7 (3+4) +5:26.5 59 26 Maëline Triponez 25:13.6 4 (3+1) +5:33.4 60 49 Emilija Mincevič 25:15.6 3 (1+2) +5:35.4 61 58 Alessandra Sydun-West 25:19.8 4 (1+3) +5:39.6 62 46 Evelina Mezentseva 25:23.8 7 (4+3) +5:43.6 63 87 Gabriela Gąsienica 25:24.8 5 (3+2) +5:44.6 64 4 Anlourdees Veerpalu 25:33.4 7 (4+3) +5:53.2 65 51 Alexandria Taylor 25:53.0 7 (3+4) +6:12.8 66 98 Ilka Zleptnig 26:02.9 6 (4+2) +6:22.7 67 14 Raya Adzhamova 26:13.0 8 (4+4) +6:32.8 68 85 Bridget Harvey 26:15.4 7 (3+4) +6:35.2 69 75 Paula Morozan-Irinaru 26:33.8 2 (0+2) +6:53.6 70 61 Kim Min-ji 26:34.2 6 (4+2) +6:54.0 71 12 Josie Clifford 26:57.2 7 (4+3) +7:17.0 72 36 Hanna Braun 27:01.6 6 (4+2) +7:21.4 73 16 Maria Tsiarka 27:17.2 6 (1+5) +7:37.0 74 44 Szidónia Kelemen 27:25.0 7 (5+2) +7:44.8 75 5 Arina Rusu 27:29.8 5 (1+4) +7:49.6 76 65 Emily Campbell 27:35.7 9 (5+4) +7:55.5 77 81 Nyamsuren Demuul 28:11.1 5 (4+1) +8:30.9 78 30 Erdenetungalag Khash-Erdene 28:16.4 6 (5+1) +8:36.2 79 59 Louise Roguet 28:37.5 9 (4+5) +8:57.3 80 62 Leona Pelko 28:54.2 5 (2+3) +9:14.0 81 41 Laura Bozóki 29:00.6 7 (5+2) +9:20.4 82 7 Zülal Türk 29:09.5 8 (3+5) +9:29.3 83 31 Rusnė Motiejūnaitė 29:18.9 6 (3+3) +9:38.7 84 47 Aikaterini Vaikou 29:23.6 7 (4+3) +9:43.4 85 67 Lydia Tsiatsiou 32:37.8 6 (3+3) +12:57.6 86 63 Parichat Bunmani 32:50.4 8 (3+5) +13:10.2 87 19 Jariyawadee Audomlap 33:30.2 8 (5+3) +13:50.0 88 68 Phitchapha Northong 33:33.5 10 (5+5) +13:53.3 89 17 Mariana Lopes da Silva 34:37.0 6 (3+3) +14:56.8 90 38 Oyutsolmon Oleksandrovna 34:58.8 6 (4+2) +15:18.6 91 53 Veronika Šteczová 37:33.3 8 (3+5) +17:53.1 92 27 Lee Ju-hee 40:06.3 10 (5+5) +20:26.1 93 15 Andrijana Kajevska 40:12.9 7 (2+5) +20:32.7 94 6 Valentina Mercado 40:51.5 9 (4+5) +21:11.3 73 Mariya Vorobyeva 10 Alina Khmil 28 Julia Bartlett 76 Austėja Pupelytė" ], [ "Footnotes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Love for What It Is" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Love for What It Is''''' is the only studio album by Anita Pointer, released in 1987 on the RCA label." ], [ "History", "The album was released on RCA Records in 1987, by the time Pointer was still in the Pointer Sisters.", "The album spawned a single, \"Overnight Success\", which peaked at No.", "41 on the Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs chart.", "It peaked at No.", "12 on Jet's Top 20 singles.", "It appeared at No.", "97 on the Top Black Singles chart in 1987.Another single, \"More Than A Memory\", released in 1988, peaked at No.", "73 on the same chart.", "The Chicago Tribune noted, \"the album reaffirms its basic theme, whether it's the music, graceful, melodic, gospel-tinged soul without the brittle pop edge of more recent Pointer Sisters' outings\"." ], [ "Track listing" ], [ "Personnel", "Adapted from liner notes.", "Backing Vocals – Jada Pointer (tracks: 1, 2, 7, 6, 8), Linda \"Peaches\" Green (tracks: 1, 2, 7, 6, 8)Design – Pietro AlfieriEngineer – Devon Galbraith, Jim Watts \"Happenin'\" Vereecke, Stuart \"Quick Shoes\" HirotsuGuitar – Steve Diamond (tracks: 2, 5)Photography By – Leon LecashProducer, Drums, Keyboards, Guitar, Drum Programming – Preston GlassRecorded By, Mixed By – Maureen \"Mo Better\" DroneySaxophone – Marc Russo (tracks: 7)Steel Guitar – Ned \"Yo' Bad\" Selfe* (tracks: 9)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "**" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "List of largest companies in Nigeria" ], [ "Introduction", "This list comprises the '''largest companies''' '''in Nigeria''' by revenue and market capitalization as of 2024, according to the ranking of the largest 500 companies in Africa by Jeune Afrique and African Business.", "Around 30 of the largest 500 companies in Africa by revenue are based in Nigeria." ], [ "By revenue", "Below are the 25 largest companies (excluding banks) by revenue in 2022 (mostly for fiscal year 2021).RankCompanyIndustryRevenue(US$ millions)Profits(US$ millions)1Nigeria National PetroleumOil and gas9,7061,8772Nigeria Liquefied Natural GasOil and gas6,315...3MTN NigeriaTelecommunications3,5145364Dangote CementCement2,6997215Nigerian Petroleum DevelopmentOil and gas2,6862196Flour Mills of NigeriaAgroindustry2,014677Airtel NigeriaTelecommunications1,5033438Nigerian BreweriesAgroindustry890199JumiaRetail837...10Nestle NigeriaAgroindustry74910211Krystal Digital Network SolutionsInfotech6782112Julius BergerConstruction631313Nigerian Bottling CompanyAgroindustry627...14Lafarge AfricaCement6029715Dangote Sugar RefineryAgroindustry5597816BUA CementCement54718417TotalEnergies NigeriaOil and gas534518Seplat Petroleum DevelopmentOil and gas498−8019Ardova PlcOil and gas47452011PLCOil and gas4281621International Breweries plcAgroindustry357−3222ConoilOil and gas307...23Honeywell Flour MillAgroindustry286324PZ Cussons NigeriaConsumer goods216425UAC of NigeriaConglomerate21311" ], [ "By market cap", "Below are the 20 largest companies by market cap in 2022.RankCompanyIndustryMarket cap(US$ millions)1Dangote CementCement11,2032MTN NigeriaTelecommunications10,4713Airtel NigeriaTelecommunications6,9034BUA CementCement5,7595Nestle NigeriaAgroindustry2,6586BUA FoodsAgroindustry2,5757Zenith BankBanking1,6918Guaranty Trust Holding Company PLCFinance1,5859First Bank of NigeriaBanking1,07010Stanbic IBTC HoldingsFinance1,06411Lafarge AfricaCement91812Access HoldingsFinance83313Nigerian BreweriesAgroindustry89014United Bank for AfricaFinance63315EcobankBanking52916Dangote Sugar RefineryAgroindustry46717Union Bank of NigeriaBanking43118Guinness NigeriaConsumer goods37519Okomu Oil PalmAgroindustry34320Presco PLCAgroindustry320" ], [ "See also", "* List of companies of Nigeria* List of largest companies by revenue* List of largest companies in Africa by revenue" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Home Sweet Home (1951 film)" ], [ "Introduction", " is a 1951 Japanese drama film directed by Noboru Nakamura, starring Chishū Ryū, Isuzu Yamada and Hideko Takamine." ], [ "Plot", "The Uemura family, parents and four children, live in a cramped rented flat and are constantly facing financial difficulties.", "Still, father Kosaku and mother Namiko try to support their children and help fulfill their dreams wherever they can: Tomoko, the eldest daughter, with her ambition to become a painter, Nobuko, the second daughter, with her singing in a choir.", "When Tomoko's work is rejected, her boyfriend Saburo dies, and the house the Uemuras live in is sold by the landlord, the family's happiness is at stake, but after one of Tomoko's paintings is sold and another accepted into an exhibition, the harmony is reinstated again." ], [ "Cast", "* Chishū Ryū as Kosaku Uemura* Isuzu Yamada as Namiko Uemura* Hideko Takamine as Tomoko Uemura* Keiko Kishi as Nobuko Uemura* Keiji Sada as Saburo Uchida" ], [ "Background", "Nakamura, who had given his directorial debut in 1941, received artistic recognition with this film, which was also the debut of actress Keiko Kishi." ], [ "Awards", "* 1951 Blue Ribbon Award for Best Supporting Actor (Chishū Ryū), Best Screenplay (Sumie Tanaka) and Best Cinematography (Yūharu Atsuta)." ], [ "Legacy", "To celebrate director Nakamura's 100th birthday, ''Home Sweet Home'' was screened together with ''Doshaburi'' (1957) and ''The Shape of Night'' (1964) at the Tokyo Filmex in 2013, all three in new subtitled prints.", "It was also screened together with ''Doshaburi'' in the Forum section of the 2014 Berlin International Film Festival." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * ''Home Sweet Home'' at Shochiku.com (in Japanese)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Juan de la Concha Castañeda" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Juan de la Concha Castañeda''' (1818–1903) was a Spanish lawyer and politician.", "He served as the minister of finance between 23 November 1891 and 11 December 1892 and governor of the Bank of Spain between January 1900 and April 1901." ], [ "Early life and education", "Concha was born in Plasencia on 29 August 1818.He studied Latin and philosophy at the Conciliar Seminary of Plasencia.", "He studied law at the University of Salamanca, but not completed his studies there.", "He graduated from the Complutense University of Madrid in 1841 receiving a degree in law." ], [ "Career and activities", "Following his graduation Concha worked as lawyer until 1844 when his public career began.", "He became a judge in the Court of Pastrana in April 1844 which he held until July 1845 and then a provincial counselor in Guadalajara in 1845.Next he worked at the accounting department of the Ministry of Interior in Madrid.Concha published articles in the newspaper ''El Siglo'' and was an editorial member of the newspapers ''El Faro Nacional'' and ''La Justicia'' from 1850 to 1868.Concha was elected as a deputy representing the province of Cáceres in 1863.He was reelected as a deputy in the 1867 elections.", "He joined the newly founded Conservative Party and was elected as a senator for Cáceres in 1876.He served at the Senate until 1886 when he became a member of the Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas.Concha served as the prosecutor of the Supreme Court in 1890.He was appointed minister of finance on 23 November 1891, replacing Fernando Cos-Gayón in the post.", "Concha served in the cabinet led by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo until 11 December 1892.Concha's last public post was the governor of the Bank of Spain which he was appointed in January 1900, succeeding Antonio María Fabié in the post.", "He was in office until April 1901 when Pío Gullón e Iglesias was named as the governor of the Bank of Spain.", "Then Concha retired from public service and politics." ], [ "Personal life and death", "Concha married Teresa María Alcalde in 1841.He died in Madrid on 30 August 1903.===Awards===Concha was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic and the Commander of the Order of Charles III on 16 February 1877." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Norman Durkee" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Norman Edward Durkee''' was an American composer and pianist known for his eclectic mix of classical, jazz, rock ad blues but best known for his boogie-woogie piano contribution to the 1974 Bachman–Turner Overdrive hit Takin' Care of Business.Described as a piano prodigy, he graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in Tacoma, Washington, where he sat next to serial killer Ted Bundy in trigonometry.", "He had already written and performed a symphony for piano and orchestra.", "Durkee attented the Berklee College of Music in Boston on scholarship 1967 before returning to his native Washington state.He taught at the K-12 level at the Bush School in Seattle as well in higher education at Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington and Cornish College of the Arts in Seattle.Durkee spent most of his career in Seattle as musical director for local productions of ''Hair'' and ''Tommy'' (featuring a young Bette Midler) as well as director of the Teatro Zinzanni, a \"circus dinner theater\" in Seattle.", "He would later serve as Midler's musical director.", "He also wrote ballets for the Pacific Northwest Ballet, scores for the Seattle Repertory Theatre, music for the 1979 experimental film ''The Legend of Black Thunder Mountain'' ; and created a comic opera for children, ''The Magical Marriage'', for Seattle Opera.Durkee musical versatility led him to create jingles and other Ad music for the Chait-Day advertising agency in Los Angeles.", "Durkee's sense of humor fits in well at the agency known for its quirky approach in jingles created for clients such as Apple, Honda, 7–11, and Yamaha." ], [ "Takin' Care of Business", "The original studio version, recorded at Kaye-Smith Studios in Seattle, Washington, features prominent piano, played by Durkee in one take.", "While Randy Bachman has repeatedly claimed that Durkee was delivering pizzas to the studio and convinced the band that the song needed a piano part that he could play, leading to a search for Durkee when the band realizes they need to use the performance on the resulting record.Both Robbie Bachman, media sources and Durkee himself have stated that he was actually at the studio as a musician, recording ads in the next room, when summoned by sound engineer Buzz Richmond.", "According to this version of events, Durkee had only a few minutes to spare, and, quickly conferring with Randy Bachman, he scribbled down the chords (on a pizza box), and, without listening to the song beforehand, recorded the piano part in one take." ], [ "External links", "* Norman Durkee on Discogs* * Interview with Normal Durkee" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1994 Ontario Tankard" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''1994 Ontario Tankard''', (known as the '''Blue Light Tankard''' for sponsorship reasons) the southern Ontario men's provincial curling championship was held February 8-13 at the St. Thomas-Elgin Memorial Arena in St. Thomas, Ontario.", "The winning rink of Russ Howard, Glenn Howard, Wayne Middaugh and Peter Corner from the Penetanguishene Curling Club would go on to represent Ontario at the 1994 Labatt Brier in Red Deer, Alberta.Team Howard of Penetanguishene entered the event as the defending World Champions, having won the 1993 World Men's Curling Championship.", "They easily beat the Axel Larsen rink from Guelph in the final, 9–4, in front of 2,236 fans.", "The turning point in the game came in the fourth end, when Larsen accidentally bumped one of Howard's rocks into the rings on his first, which eventually resulted in a score of three for Howard in the end, taking a 5–1 lead.", "It was the eighth provincial championship for Howard.", "There were rumours during the event that Howard would decline the opportunity to represent Ontario at the Brier due to a dispute over not being allowed to use their sponsors on their sweaters." ], [ "Standings", "''Final standings'' KeyTeams to Playoffs SkipClub WinsLosses Russ Howard Penetanguishene 8 2 Axel Larsen Guelph 7 3 Doug Johnston West Ottawa Granite 7 3 Ed Werenich Churchill 6 4 Mike Altenhof Chatham Granite 6 4 Ian Robertson Thornhill 5 5 Peter Steski Westmount 4 6 Ron Diguer West Ottawa Granite 4 6 Bob Turcotte Oshawa 3 7 John Base Oakville 3 7 Bob Ray Land O'Lakes 2 7" ], [ "Scores", "===February 8===;Draw 1 Werenich 10, Altenhof 4 Diguer 6, Turcotte 4 Steski 7, Ray 3 Base 9, Howard 6 Robertson 7, Larsen 6 ;Draw 2 Turcotte 10, Ray 3 Larsen 8, Howard 5 Werenich 7, Base 5 Johnston 10, Altenhof 7 Robertson 7, Diguer 4 ===February 9===;Draw 3 Johnston 7, Base 6 Howard 10, Diguer 1 Ray 8, Robertson 4 Steski 9, Turcotte 2 Larsen 10, Werenich 8 ;Draw 4Robertson 9, Steski 8 Werenich 7, Diguer 5 Larsen 7, Johnston 5 Altenhof 9, Base 2 Howard 10, Ray 4 ;Draw 5 Altenhof 7, Larsen 4 Ray 9, Werenich 7 Howard 6, Steski 2 Turcotte 8, Robertson 6 Johnston 9, Diguer 4 ===February 10===;Draw 6 Howard 6, Turcotte 4 Johnston 7, Ray 6 Altenhof 7, Diguer 5 Larsen 7, Base 4 Werenich 7, Steski 5 ;Draw 7Diguer 10, Base 7 Johnston 8, Steski 7 Werenich 8, Turcotte 6 Howard 9, Robertson 2 Altenhof 7, Ray 4===February 11===;Draw 8 Robertson 6, Werenich 5 Steski 11, Altenhof 5 Base 8, Ray 3 Larsen 9, Diguer 6 Johnston 10, Turcotte 5 ;Draw 9Larsen 8, Ray 6 Altenhof 9, Turcotte 6Johnston 6, Robertson 3 Howard 7, Werenich 4 Base 9, Steski 7 ;Draw 10Howard 10, Johnston 6 Turcotte 8, Base 5 Steski 9, Larsen 8 Diguer 9, Ray 4 Altenhof 8, Robertson 5 ===February 11===;Draw 11Diguer 9, Steski 3 Robertson 7, Base 2 Howard 7, Altenhof 5 Werenich 13, Johnston 8*Larsen 13, Turcotte 6" ], [ "Playoffs", "===Semifinal===''February 12'' ===Final===''February 13''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia''' ('''UNSOM''') is a special political mission of the United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs.", "Its primary purpose is to assist the Federal Government of Somalia in achieving peace, stability and reconciliation.", "It works closely with and supports the work of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) and, since 2022, the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia.", "UNSOM replaced the United Nations Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS), which was in existence from 15 April 1995 until the expiration of its Security Council mandate on 2 June 2013.The Mission has its headquarters in Mogadishu and also has offices in Kismaayo (in the state of Jubaland), Hargeisa (in the self-declared Republic of Somaliland), Garowe (Puntland), Baidoa (South West) and Belet Weyne (Hirshabelle)." ], [ "Mandate", "UNSOM was created by means of United Nations Security Council resolution 2102, adopted unanimously on 3 June 2013.Under that resolution, it is charged with:Providing good offices in support of Somalia's peace and reconciliation process Providing the Somali government and AMISOM with strategic policy advice on peacebuilding and statebuilding.", "Assisting the government in coordinating international donor support.", "Building the capacity of the government to promote human rights, women's empowerment and child protection, to prevent conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence, to strengthen its institutions of justice, and to help ensure accountability for crimes.", "Montoring and helping to investigate and prevent human rights abuses or violations of international humanitarian law, including those committed against children and women.", "Originally established for an initial period of twelve months, the Mission's mandate has been renewed by succcessive Security Council resolutions and is currently valid until 31 October 2024." ], [ "Structure", "A training session on human rights for police officers organized by UNDP, Human Rights Watch, UNSOM and AMISOM, held in Mogadishu in June 2014.The Mission comprises the following groups and sections: Political Affairs and Mediation Group (PMAG)Integrated Electoral Support Group (IESG)Rule of Law and Security Institutions Group (ROLSIG)Police SectionDisarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Section (DDR)Defence Sector Reform Section (DSR)Joint Justice and Corrections Service (JJCS)Integrated Security Sector Reform Section (I-SSR)United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS)Human Rights and Protection Group (HRPG)Gender OfficePreventing and Countering Violent Extremism (PCVE)Strategic Communications and Public Affairs Group (SCPAG)Donor CoordinationCommunity Recovery and Extension of State Authority and Accountability Team (CRESTA/A)Climate Security TeamInter-Agency Youth Working Group" ], [ "Heads of Mission", "Catriona Laing, Head of Mission since 2023The Mission is led by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Somalia and Head of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia.", "The Head of Mission is assisted by two Deputy Special Representatives.", "Head of MissionNationalityAppointed Catriona Laing United Kingdom 3 May 2023 James Swan United States 30 May 2019 Nicholas Haysom South Africa 12 September 2018 Michael Keating United Kingdom 23 November 2015 Nicholas Kay United Kingdom 29 April 2013" ], [ "See also", "* African Union Mission in Somalia* United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I)* United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) (Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs official site)* United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia: Questions and Answers (United Nations Political Office for Somalia, 2 June 2013)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Olga Lucovnicova" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Olga Lucovnicova''' (born 1 July 1991 in Moldova) is a Moldovan film director and cinematographer, best known for her documentary ''Nanu Tudor'' (My Uncle Tudor), which won the Golden Bear for Best Short Film at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2021." ], [ "Early life and education", "Lucovnicova was born in Moldova and initially trained as an accountant before pivoting to photography.", "She pursued her education in cinematography at the Academy of Fine Arts in Chișinău starting in 2011.After graduating, in 2018/2020 she received a scholarship for the DocNomads Master's program in Documentary Film at universities in Portugal, Hungary and Belgium." ], [ "Career", "Her film ''Nanu Tudor'' has been recognized at for its personal and powerful narrative.", "The documentary explores Lucovnicova's own experiences, bringing intimate and poignant stories to a wider audience.She won a Short Film Honorable Mention at the 2021 Festival du nouveau cinéma.", "She won a Retrospective Audience Award, at the 2023 Leiden Shorts.", "She won Best Short Film, at the 34th European Film Awards." ], [ "Filmography", "* Nanu Tudor (My Uncle Tudor) 2021 * Last Letters From My Grandma, 2021 Object 817, 2023" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", " Official website*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ohio's 10th House of Representatives district" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ohio's 10th House of Representatives district''' is currently represented by Republican David Dobos.", "It is located entirely within Franklin County and includes the city of Grove City and parts of Columbus, as well as parts of Franklin and Jackson Townships." ], [ "List of members representing the district", " Member Party Years GeneralAssembly Electoral historyDistrict established January 2, 1967.", "'''Herman Ankeney''' RepublicanJanuary 2, 1967 –March 6, 1968107thElected in 1966.Died.", "''Vacant'' March 6, 1968 –January 7, 1969107th100px'''John Scott''' RepublicanJanuary 6, 1969 –December 31, 1972108th109thElected in 1968.Re-elected in 1970.Redistricted to the 63rd district.", "'''Thomas M. Bell''' DemocraticJanuary 1, 1973 –December 31, 1982110th111th112th113th114thElected in 1972.Re-elected in 1974.Re-elected in 1976.Re-elected in 1978.Re-elected in 1980.Retired.", "'''June Kreuzer''' DemocraticJanuary 3, 1983 –December 31, 1986115th116thElected in 1982.Re-elected in 1984.Lost re-nomination.100px'''Ronald M. Mottl''' DemocraticJanuary 5, 1987 –December 31, 1992117th118th119thElected in 1986.Re-elected in 1988.Re-elected in 1990.Redistricted to the 20th district.100px'''Troy Lee James''' DemocraticJanuary 4, 1993 –December 31, 2000120th121st122nd123rdRedistricted from the 12th district and re-elected in 1992.Re-elected in 1994.Re-elected in 1996.Re-elected in 1998.Term-limited.", "'''Annie L. Key''' DemocraticJanuary 1, 2001 –December 31, 2002124thElected in 2000.Redistricted to the 11th district.100px'''Shirley Smith''' DemocraticJanuary 6, 2003 –December 31, 2006125th126thRedistricted from the 8th district and re-elected in 2002.Re-elected in 2004.Retired to run for state senator.", "'''Eugene Miller''' DemocraticJanuary 1, 2007 –May 4, 2009127th128thElected in 2006.Re-elected in 2008.Resigned to become Cleveland City councillor.", "''Vacant'' May 4, 2009 –May 27, 2009128th'''Robin Belcher''' DemocraticMay 27, 2009 –December 31, 2010128thAppointed to finish Miller's term.Lost re-nomination.", "'''Bill Patmon''' DemocraticJanuary 3, 2011 –December 31, 2018129th130th131st132ndElected in 2010.Re-elected in 2012.Re-elected in 2014.Re-elected in 2016.Term-limited.", "'''Terrence Upchurch''' DemocraticJanuary 7, 2019 –December 31, 2022133rd134thElected in 2018.Re-elected in 2020.Redistricted to the 20th district.", "'''David Dobos''' RepublicanJanuary 2, 2023 –present135thElected in 2022." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Óčko Expres" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Óčko Expres''' is a Czech music television station that started broadcasting on 15 August 2013.It broadcasts on the Internet, cable TV, IPTV and satellite.", "It focuses on modern music." ], [ "History", "MAFRA wanted to launch a third channel.", "Two variants were offered: Óčko 3 and Óčko Expres, which won.", "It is the third channel of TV Óčko.", "The dramaturgy of Óčko Expres is provided by Prague's Expresradio, which also belongs to the MAFRA group.It broadcasts on IPTV and cable companies." ], [ "External links", "*" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Óčko Black" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Óčko Black''' is a Czech music television channel.The channel is operated by Station O.", "Decision to grant a license by the Council for Radio and Television Broadcasting was issued on 4 December 2018.Óčko Black focuses on the genres of hip-hop, soul rock and roll, etc.", "The channel started on 5 February 2019.The target group of the station is viewers aged 15-30, primarily city dwellers.", "It is distributed to paid operators on cable, satellite or via IPTV.", "It is also available on terrestrial broadcasts, on Regional Network 12 and Regional Network 8." ], [ "External links", "*" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage - Italy" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage – Italy''''' is an 1832 landscape painting by the British artist J. M. W. Turner.", "It depicts a scene from the poem ''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage'' by Lord Byron.", "Turner possibly drew some inspiration from his friend Charles Lock Eastlake's 1827 painting ''Lord Byron's Dream''.", "It also reflects the influence of the seventeenth century artist Claude Lorrain.It was exhibited at the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition at Somerset House.", "It was extremely popular with visitors, but critics were unflattering about its use of colour.", "Is now part of the collection of Tate Britain, having been part of the Turner Bequest in 1856." ], [ "See also", "* List of paintings by J. M. W. Turner" ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* * * *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Russian patrol ship Ivan Susanin" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Ivan Susanin''''' () is a Soviet and later Russian Navy icebreaking patrol ship.", "It was the first of eight Project 97P patrol ships built by Admiralty Shipyard in Leningrad in 1973–1981." ], [ "Description", "In the mid-1950s, the Soviet Union began developing a new diesel-electric icebreaker design based on the 1942-built steam-powered icebreaker ''Eisbär'' to meet the needs of both civilian and naval operators.", "Built in various configurations until the early 1980s, the Project 97 icebreakers and their derivatives became the largest and longest-running class of icebreakers and icebreaking vessels built in the world.The patrol ship variant, Project 97P (), was developed as a response to the renewed interest of the Soviet Navy and KGB Border Troops on icebreaking patrol vessels after United States Coast Guard and Canadian Coast Guard icebreakers began appearing more frequently near the country's northern maritime borders.", "New icebreaking patrol vessels were needed because existing Soviet naval vessels could not operate in ice-covered waters and large icebreakers, in addition to being unarmed and operated by civilians, could not be distracted from their primary mission of escorting merchant ships.Project 97P patrol ships are long overall and have a beam of .", "Fully laden, the vessels draw of water and have a displacement of .", "Their three 10-cylinder 13D100 two-stroke opposed-piston diesel engines are coupled to generators that power electric propulsion motors driving two propellers in the stern.", "In addition to being slightly bigger than the icebreakers they are based on, Project 97P lacks the bow propeller and features a bigger deckhouse built of aluminum-magnesium alloy to reduce weight as well as a helideck capable of receiving Kamov Ka-25 or Ka-27 helicopters.Project 97P patrol ships were initially armed with a twin 76 mm AK-726 deck gun and two 30 mm AK-630 close-in weapon systems, but the ships operated by the navy were later disarmed." ], [ "History", "The first of eight Project 97P patrol ships was laid down at Admiralty Shipyard in Leningrad on 31 July 1972, launched on 28 February 1973, and delivered on 30 December 1973.The ship was named after Ivan Osipovich Susanin, an early 17th century Russian national hero and martyr and joined the Soviet Navy Red Banner Pacific Fleet.Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, ''Ivan Susanin'' was passed over to the Russian Navy.", "The vessel remains in service ." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Chempaneer Poovu" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Chempaneer Poovu''''' is a Malayalam language television drama premiered from 29 January 2024 Everyday At 7pm on Asianet.", "The Soap opera is the remake of Tamil language television series ''Siragadikka Aasai'' which airing on Star Vijay.", "The show stars Arun and Gomathi Priya in lead roles.", "The series replaced one of the longest ran soap opera ''Santhwanam''." ], [ "Cast", "* Arun Nair as Sachi* Gomathi Priya as Revathy* R.Pradeep Kottayam as Krishnan * Medha Pallavi as Aparna* Darshana Unni as Lakshmi * Shaansai as Sharath* KPAC Saji as Raveendran* Rhea George as Chandramathy* Anand Narayan as Sudhi* Munna as Sreekanth" ], [ "Production", "=== Casting===Gomathi Priya was cast as Revathy who reprising her role from the original series ''Siragadikka Aasai''.=== Events ===A launch event of the show along with another TV series ''Etho Janma Kalpanayil'' was held at Kozhikode.", "The event was broadcast on Asianet on 28 January 2024 a day before the show's launch." ], [ "Adaptations", " Language Title Original release Network(s) Last aired NotesTamil''Siragadikka Aasai'' சிறகடிக்க ஆசை23 January 2023Star VijayOngoingOriginalTelugu''Gundeninda Gudigantalu'' గుండెనిండా గుడిగంటలు2 October 2023Star MaaRemakeKannada''Aase'' ಆಸೆ11 December 2023Star SuvarnaMalayalam''Chempaneer Poovu'' ചെമ്പനീർ പൂവ്29 January 2024AsianetMarathi''Sadhi Manasa'' साधी माणसं18 March 2024Star PravahHindi''Udne Ki Aasha'' उडने की आशाStarPlusUpcoming" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "List of predicted asteroid impacts on Earth" ], [ "Introduction", "This is a list of asteroids that have impacted Earth after discovery and orbit calculation that predicted the impact in advance.", ", all of the asteroids with predicted impacts were under in size that were discovered just hours before impact, and burned up in the atmosphere as meteors.", "Asteroid designation Date of impact Location of impact Method of detection Estimated size Reference October 7, 2008 Nubian Desert in Sudan visual, weather satellite, meteorite recovery January 2, 2014 Central Atlantic Ocean infrasound June 2, 2018 Botswana/South Africa border visual, infrasound, meteorite recovery June 22, 2019 Caribbean Sea near Puerto Rico infrasound, weather satellite & radar March 11, 2022 Jan Mayen, northern Atlantic Ocean visual, infrasound November 19, 2022 Ontario, Canada visual, radar February 13, 2023 Northwestern France visual, meteorite recovery January 21, 2024 Berlin, Germany visual, meteorite recovery" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "RMS Hecla" ], [ "Introduction", "'''RMS ''Hecla''''' was an ocean liner for the Cunard Line, built in 1860 and scrapped in 1954.As of 2024, she is the longest surviving vessel built for the company, lasting 94 years.", "Hecla at an unknown port.", "taken after her 1871 rebuild" ], [ "Design and construction", "The ''Hecla'' was the third of five sister ships built between 1860 and 1861 for the Cunard Line, the others being ''Olympus'', ''Marathon'', ''Atlas'', ''Kedar'' and slightly later, the ''Sidon'' and ''Morocco'' followed.", "All seven ships were designed for the Mediterranean service originally, although ''Hecla'' was transferred in 1863.She was built with a two-cylinder 300 horsepower direct acting engine, which propelled a single triple bladed propeller at an average speed of 10 knots, a respectable speed at the time.", "These ships were built with two masts, fitted with square rigged sails.", "There was also a thin funnel in the midships sporting the company's orange striped and black topped livery.In 1871, the ''Hecla'' went under a large rebuild at Harland and Wolff in Belfast, Ireland.", "Her capacity was increased, engines replaced to 270 hp two cylinder compound type, built by J & G Thomson of Govan.", "She was also cut at her midships, and extended from 274 ft (84m) to 338.7 ft (103.2m).", "In addition to this, a third mast was installed just aft of her funnel, and the amount of rigging was reduced.", "Her tonnage also increased from 1,785 GRT to 2,421 GRT, a 135% increase." ], [ "Cunard Line career", "''Hecla'' departed on her maiden voyage in April, 1860 and was without any significance.", "She enjoyed a rather uneventful life and short in the Mediterranean.", "Her graceful, yacht-like appearance earned her the group nickname of ''MacIver's Yachts'' with loyal passengers who would take holiday trips on these ships.", "However, these vessels had steerage, unlike most transatlantic Cunarders.", "This resulted in her being transferred to the New York run to bolster profits.", "She departed on her first trip to New York City from Liverpool on June 16, 1863.She was somewhat redundant, and often made voyages to Boston as the new RMS Scotia came into the Atlantic service in 1863.The ''Hecla'' was pulled from this service in 1869 due to increasingly outdated design and falling popularity, as well as the new ''Algeria''-class Cunard ships entering service soon.", "To modernise her, ''Hecla'' and her sister ships were sent to Harland and Wolff for a major rebuild.Upon returning to service in 1872, her new route was Liverpool to Boston, with a stop at Queenstown (now known as Cobh.)", "She continued on this route as well as some Mediterranean voyages still, until the ''Cephalonia-class'' were launched in 1881, to which she was sold to her builders to partially pay for the new ships." ], [ "Later career", "She was briefly renamed ''Claris'' for 4 years and registered in Barcelona.", "She was reverted to ''Hecla'' in 1886 and returned to her builders, until being sold again in 1886, and once more in 1892 to P.A Garland of Buenos Aires.", "She was used as a passenger liner until 1897, when she was sold to the government of Argentina.", "She would now be repurposed as a training ship for the ''Grumetes School''.", "Later, in September 1899, she was retired from this service and had her engines removed.", "She became a coal hulk and was towed to Ushuaia, where she would remain here until 1919 under the name ''Rio Negro''.During 1919, she would receive the engines from the ship ''25 De Mayo''.", "With 4,000 horsepower, these triple expansion steam engines gave the old vessel a new average speed of 14 knots, the fastest she had ever been able to sail.", "She had been repurposed to be a naval collier, and in 1920 had another refit to modernise the aging ship.", "In 1924, she collided with the Nelson liner ''Highland Loch'' and was repaired without issue.", "Her older role was restored in 1930 with the Great Depression kicking in, her machinery was stripped and sold away, and the hulk of the ''Rio Negro'' yet again was towed to Ushuaia to act as a coal barge, where she would remain here for nearly the rest of her career.On February 27, 1951, she was towed to Buenos Aires by the ''Chiriguano'' and ''Sanaviron'', where she would remain there as a former shell of her self for the next few years.", "In 1954, the end for the former ''Hecla'' was reached, when she was sold for breaking.", "By the end of 1954, the ''Hecla'' was finally completely gone after serving as an ocean liner, a collier and a coal barge over the course of 94 years.", "''Pedro Tercero'' ex ''Hecla'' c. 1890s" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Sucioplaca" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Sucioplaca''''' is a single-species fungal genus in the family Teloschistaceae.", "It contains '''''Sucioplaca diplacia''''', a saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen.", "It is common and widely distributed in the Caribbean, Central America, and the Galápagos Islands, where it grows on coastal rocks." ], [ "Taxonomy", "The genus ''Sucioplaca'' was formally proposed in 2020 by the lichenologists Frank Bungartz, Ulrik Søchting, and Ulf Arup.", "The name of the genus is derived from merging ''-placa'', alluding to ''Caloplaca'' (the genus from which its species was reclassified), with ''sucio-'', the Spanish term for \"dirty\".", "This reference is a nod to the dust-laden habitats near the ground where the sole known species of this genus is commonly found.", "''Sucioplaca'' is in the subfamily Caloplacoideae of the family Teloschistaceae, where it is uniquely situated in a distinct clade, marking its isolated position within this grouping.", "''Sucioplaca diplacia'' was originally described by Erik Acharius in 1814 as a species of ''Lecanora''.", "In its taxonomic history, it has been proposed for inclusion in the genera ''Patellaria'', ''Placodium'', ''Caloplaca'', and ''Callopisma''." ], [ "Description", "The lichen ''Sucioplaca diplacia'' has a thallus, or main body, that varies from cracked () to a cracked and patchy (rimose-) appearance.", "It ranges from thin to thick, generally bordered by a compact, blackish outline known as a prothallus.", "Although individual thalli can merge and blend with each other, they are usually distinct.", "The surface of ''Sucioplaca diplacia'' is dark to pale bluish-grey, occasionally with a pink tint, and has a smooth texture.", "It lacks a powdery coating () and features pimple-like (pustulate) soralia, which are structures for asexual reproduction, measuring 0.2–0.7 mm in diameter.", "These soralia contain pale green soredia, small granulular propagules, which may appear bluish-black when not eroded.Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are typically absent in ''Sucioplaca diplacia''.", "If present, they are scattered or loosely grouped, sometimes deformed as if forming galls.", "They are seated () and small, usually less than 1 mm in diameter, with a appearance (having a distinct margin), but can resemble other types.", "Initially pale, they darken with age, turning reddish-black.", "The margin of the apothecia is waxy, smooth, and initially pale, turning black over time.", "The , or central part, follows a similar colour transformation, from pale to deeply blackened, and is also smooth and epruinose.", "The , or upper layer above the spore-bearing tissue, is reddish-orange to violaceous and reacts yellowish-brown with the C chemical spot test.", "The hymenium, or spore-bearing layer, is clear (hyaline) and uncluttered.", "The structure surrounding the hymenium is poorly defined, with few hyaline hyphae (filamentous fungal cells).The (the thallus-like layer around the hymenium) consists of three parts: a central part with abundant algae (), a transitional part with small crystals dissolving in potassium hydroxide (K), and an outer part that becomes pigmented with age.", "The and , supporting layers beneath the hymenium, are greyish and hyaline respectively.", "The asci, or spore sacs, are club-shaped () and of the ''Teloschistes'' type.", "Each ascus contains eight two-celled, broadly ellipsoid to almost spherical spores, with a thick septum.", "Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) have not been observed in this species.Secondary metabolites (lichen products) that occur in the thallus of ''Sucioplaca diplacia'' include atranorin, isofulgidin, vicanicin, and caloploicin.", "The expected results of standard chemical spot tests on the thallus are P+ (yellow), K+ (yellow), C–, and KC–; all spot tests on the apothecia are negative." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Medifé" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Medifé''' is an Argentine prepaid medicine company.", "The company's services are available nationwide." ], [ "Awards and sponsorships", "The company has a foundation, Fundación Medifè, which sponsors the prestigious Filba de Novela Award for novelists;past winners include Irene Kopelman and Diego Muzzio.", "In 2016, it sponsored the Copa Patagonia Argentine basketball tournament, and it sponsors the Argentine National Basketball League's tournament.According to their website, they also sponsor various rugby and hockey teams and Gimnasia y Tiro sports clubs." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Tahveon Nicholson" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Tahveon Nicholson''' (born January 31, 2000) is an American football cornerback for the Louisville Cardinals.", "He previously played for the Illinois Fighting Illini." ], [ "Early life and high school", "Nicholson attended high school at Riverside.", "Coming out of high school, Nicholson was rated as a three-star recruit where he decided to commit to play college football for the Illinois Fighting Illini." ], [ "College career", "=== Illinois ===In the 2021 season, Nicholson had two starts on the year where he made 11 tackles and two pass deflections.", "Nicholson entered the 2022 season as a starter for the Fighting Illini.", "In the 2022 season, Nicholson recorded his first career interception against Wisconsin.", "Nicholson's 2022 season was shortened to just ten games after suffering a wrist injury versus Michigan State.", "In the 2022 season, Nicholson started ten games where he had 19 tackles with one being for a loss, six pass deflections, an interception, and a forced fumble.", "During the 2023 season, Nicholson totaled 36 tackles with two going for a loss, six pass deflections, a fumble recovery, and two forced fumbles.", "After the conclusion of the 2023 season, Nicholson decided to enter the NCAA transfer portal.Nicholson finished his career with the Fighting Illini with 66 tackles 14 pass deflections, an interception, and three forced fumbles.=== Louisville ===On December 9, 2023, Nicholson originally decided to transfer to play for the Ole Miss Rebels.", "However, he flipped his commitment to play for the Louisville Cardinals." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Illinois Fighting Illini bio* Louisville Cardinals bio" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Joshua Karty" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Joshua Karty''' is an American football kicker for the Stanford Cardinal." ], [ "Early life and high school", "Karty attended high school at Western Alamance.", "Coming out of high school, Karty decided to commit to play college football for the Stanford Cardinal." ], [ "College career", "In Karty's first season in 2021, he went 27 for 27 on extra points and ten for fifteen on his field goals.", "During the 2022 season, Karty had his best performance versus Arizona State as he made five field goals as he helped Stanford beat Arizona State 15-14.Karty also had another outstanding performance in week eight of the 2022 season, where he went three for three in a win over Notre Dame, where for his performance he was named the Pac-12 special teams player of the week.", "Karty finished the 2022 season going 24 for 25 on his extra point attempts and 18 for 18 on field goal attempts, with a long of 61 yards.", "For his performance on the season, he was a finalist for the Lou Groza Award which is awarded to the nation's best kicker.", "Heading into the 2023 season, Karty was named preseason first team All-American.", "In week seven of the 2023 season, Karty made a 47 game tying field goal to send the game into overtime, and then made the game-winning field goal in overtime, as he helped Stanford come back down 29-0 to beat Colorado 46-43 in double overtime.", "During the 2023 season, Karty went 21 for 21 on extra points and 23 for 27 on his field goal attempts.", "After the conclusion of the 2023 season, Karty decided to declare for the 2024 NFL Draft." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Stanford Cardinal bio" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Zhang Shengquan" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Zhang Shengquan''' (), also known as Datong Da Zhang(), was a prominent figure in Chinese contemporary art, known for his performance art on topics of isolation and struggle.", "He was one of the main members in art group '''W·R group'''." ], [ "Early life and art career", "Zhang was born in 1955 in Hebei Province.", "In 1970, he enlisted in the military in Yunnan.", "After his four years' military service, Zhang went back to Datong and began working in a bank, meanwhile he started to explore various artistic disciplines, including vocal music and painting, and delved into art history and philosophy.", "In the late 1980s, he formed art group '''W·R group''' in Datong, which was known for its outdoor exhibitions.", "The group's work often touched on themes of life and struggle, reflecting Zhang's intense and sometimes controversial approach to art.In 1989, Zhang and his group gained some attention for their unsanctioned participation in the First Modern Art Exhibition in China.", "Despite their efforts, the group struggled to gain recognition and acceptance within the contemporary art circles in Beijing.Throughout the 1990s, Zhang continued his exploration in various art forms, including painting, installation art, performance art, and poetry.", "He began a practice he termed \"Mail Art,\" where he sent sketches and ideas to artists and critics across the country, seeking engagement and dialogue.In 2000, at the age of 45, Zhang ended his life in what he described as his final act of performance art.", "Influenced by a fortune-teller's prediction, this action at this time point had been recorded in Zhang's early art works.", "After his death, his poems, installation proposals, and notes were meticulously compiled and published by Art critic '''Wen Pulin'''." ], [ "Selected exhibitions", "1986 – Datong, China - Datong Museum - ''My world - Oil Painting Exhibition'' (Group) 1993 – Beijing, China – Ammonal Gallery, ''W·R Group '93 Exhibition'' 2009 – Beijing, China – The Wall Museum, ''The Journey Through Death --WR Group Retrospective Exhibition'' 2015 – Shanghai, China – Power Station of Art, ''Datong Dazhang''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Rosamund Else-Mitchell" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Rosamund Else-Mitchell''' is an Australian educator and publisher known for her contributions to literacy improvement.", "She has held senior management positions with Primary English Teachers’ Association in Australia, Scholastic Inc. and Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH) in the United States." ], [ "Education", "Rosamund received a Bachelor of Arts degree and Master of Arts in English literature from Hertford College, Oxford, in 1992.Subsequently, she received a Master of Letters in Women's Studies at the University of Sydney from 1993 to 1996." ], [ "Career", "Rosamund was raised in Sydney and Canberra, Australia.", "She is the daughter of Justice Rae Else-Mitchell, a NSW Supreme Court Judge, and Margaret Brewster, a solicitor.", "She began her career as a high school teacher in Sydney, Australia from 1993 to 1996.In 2000, Rosamund moved to New York and became the Senior Editorial Producer for online learning at Scholastic Inc.In 2008, she held the position of Senior Vice-president of Product Development in EdTech at Scholastic Inc., later becoming Executive Vice-president of K–12 US and Global Product Development.", "In this role, she oversaw the design and national implementation of blended learning literacy and mathematics programs in numerous U.S. school districts.In 2015, the Scholastic EdTech business was acquired by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH), and she later became an Executive Vice-president and the Chief Learning Officer at HMH.In 2017, she was named one of the Top 100 Edtech influencers by EdtechDigest.From 2017 to 2020, Rosamund served as a Trustee for Kripalu Yoga Retreat Center in the Berkshires, Massachusetts.Since 2019, she has served as a teaching fellow at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and currently Chairs the Industry Council of the EdTech Evidence Exchange now part of Innovate EDU.From September 2020 through September 2023, she served as President of Education Solutions at Scholastic.She currently is a Trustee for Success Academy Charter Network in New York City.Rosamund Else-Mitchell is a donor for The Alliance for Young Artists & Writers and Jumpstart." ], [ "Awards", "In 1995, Rosamund received the Outstanding Teacher Award of New South Wales.She was recognized at the 2022 Girls Write Now Agents of Change Awards alongside luminaries such as Amanda Gorman." ], [ "Publications", "Rosamund co-authored the book \"Talking Up: Young Women's Take on Feminism” in 1996.She also contributed an essay to \"Party Girls: Labor Women Now”, a publication by Kate Deverell and Rebecca Huntley in 2000." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Yam Banks" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Yamarus Kenyon Banks Jr.''' (born March 19, 2002) is an American football safety for the Ole Miss Rebels.", "He previously played for the South Alabama Jaguars." ], [ "Early life and high school", "Banks grew up in Ridgeland, Mississippi and attended Ridgeland High School where he lettered in football and baseball.", "Coming out of high school, Banks decided to commit to play college football for the South Alabama Jaguars." ], [ "College career", "=== South Alabama ===In Banks first season in 2020 he notched two tackles.", "During the 2021 season, Banks recorded 49 tackles, with four and a half going for a loss, two pass deflections, and two forced fumbles.", "In week four of the 2022 season, Banks had a breakout game against Louisiana Tech, where he recovered a fumble, broke up three passes, and intercepeted two pass, which he returned one for a touchdown.", "In the 2022 season, Banks made 50 tackles, 11 pass deflections, six interceptions and a touchdown.", "For his performance on the 2022 season, Banks was named first team all Sun-Belt.", "During the 2023 season, Banks notched 46 tackles with five and a half being for a loss, four pass deflections, and an interception.", "For his performance on the 2023 season, Banks was named third team all Sun-Belt.", "After the conclusion of the 2023 season, Banks decided to enter the NCAA transfer portal.Banks finished his career at South Alabama with 146 tackles, two and a half sacks, seven interceptions, 16 pass deflections, and three forced fumbles.=== Ole Miss ===Bankes decided to transfer to play for the Ole Miss Rebels." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* South Alabama Jaguars bio" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Bling-Bang-Bang-Born" ], [ "Introduction", "\"'''Bling-Bang-Bang-Born'''\" is a song by Japanese hip hop duo Creepy Nuts.", "It was released on January 7, 2024, through Sony Music Associated Records, served as the opening theme for the second season of the anime television series ''Mashle: Magic and Muscles'', subtitled ''The Divine Visionary Candidate Exam''.", "The song gained popularity in Japan and various countries through the \"BBBB Dance\" Internet challenge, resulting in the song topped the Oricon Combined Singles Chart and ''Billboard'' Japan Hot 100, the duo's first number one in the country; the latter for three consecutive weeks." ], [ "Background and composition", "On November 11, 2023, it was announced that Creepy Nuts would perform the opening theme, titled \"Bling-Bang-Bang-Born\", for the second season of ''Mashle: Magic and Muscles''.", "The song became available on digital music and streaming platforms on January 7, 2024.The single will release alongside \"Nidone\" as a double A-side CD single on March 20.", "\"Bling-Bang-Bang-Born\" is a Jersey club track, depicting the protagonist Mash Burnedead, a young man who was born without magic in a magical world, fighting against a dark magical organization." ], [ "Track listing", "* '''Digital download and streaming'''# \"Bling-Bang-Bang-Born\" – 2:48# \"Bling-Bang-Bang-Born\" (instrumental) – 2:48* '''CD single (first production limited edition, regular edition)'''# – 3:27# \"Bling-Bang-Bang-Born\" – 2:48# \"Nidone\" (instrumental) – 3:27# \"Bling-Bang-Bang-Born\" (instrumental) – 2:48* '''CD single (period production limited edition)'''# \"Bling-Bang-Bang-Born\" – 2:48# \"Nidone\" – 3:27# \"Bling-Bang-Bang-Born\" (instrumental) – 2:48# \"Nidone\" (instrumental) – 3:27* '''Blu-ray (first production limited edition)''' — Creepy Nuts One Man Tour Ensemble Play at Saitama Super Arena# \"2Way Nice Guy\"# \"Joen Dan'yū-shō\"# \"Teren Tekuda\"# \"Spotlight\"# \"Patto Saite Chitte Hai ni\"# \"Santora\"# \"Mimi Nashi Hōichi Style\"# \"Down\"# \"Daten\"# \"Yofukashino Uta\"# \"Inu mo Kuwanai\"# \"Kami-sama\"# \"Madman\"# \"Yūjin A\"# \"Front Desk No.9\"# \"Losstime\"# \"To Us Former Prodigies\"# \"Bad Orangez\"# \"Great Journey\"# \"Miyagebanashi\"# \"Baka Majime\"# \"Nobishiro\"# \"Behind the Scenes of Creepy Nuts in Saitama Super Arena\"* '''Blu-ray (period production limited edition)'''# \"TV Anime ''Mashle: Magic and Muscles – The Divine Visionary Candidate Exam'' Non-Credit OP Video\" – 1:30" ], [ "Charts", "+ Chart performance for \"Bling-Bang-Bang-Born\" Chart (2024) Peakposition Germany Download (Official German Charts) 44 Global 200 (''Billboard'') 12 Japan (Japan Hot 100) 1 Japan Hot Animation (''Billboard Japan'') 1 Japan Combined Singles (Oricon) 1 New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ) 12 Singapore Regional (RIAS) 20 South Korea Download (Circle) 107 US World Digital Song Sales (''Billboard'') 3" ], [ "See also", "* List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2024 (Japan)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Julius Buelow" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Julius Buelow''' is an American football offensive tackle for the Ole Miss Rebels.", "He previously played for the Washington Huskies." ], [ "Early life and high school", "Buelow attended high school at Kapolei.", "Coming out of high school, Buelow was rated as a four-star recruit where he held offers from schools such as Arizona, Arizona State, BYU, Florida, Florida Atlantic, Fresno State, Hawaii, Kansas State, New Mexico, Notre Dame, Oregon, Oregon State, TCU, UCLA, Utah, Utah State, Virginia, Washington, and Washington State.", "Buelow decided to commit to play college football for the Washington Huskies." ], [ "College career", "=== Washington ===In Buelow's first season with Washington in 2019, he decided to redshirt and did not appear in any games.", "the 2020 season, Buelow played in just one game for the Huskies.", "During the 2021 season, Buelow started the first five games of the year before being benched for the remainder of the year.", "In the 2022 season, Buelow played at left tackle in ten games with no starts, he mostly played on special teams.", "Buelow returned as a starter in week two of the 2023 season, versus Michigan State, but he suffered an injury that caused him to miss the next four games.", "Buelow started in both of the Huskies playoff games, including in the National Championship.", "In the 2023 season, Buelow played in twelve games making nine starts for the Huskies.", "After the conclusion of the 2023 season, Buelow decided to enter the NCAA transfer portal.In Buelow's career with the Huskies, he played in 31 games with 14 starts.=== Ole Miss ===Buelow decided to transfer to play for the Ole Miss Rebels." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Washington Huskies bio" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Palawan sunbird" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Palawan sunbird''' ('''''Cinnyris aurora''''') is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is found on the islands of the Palawan group in the Philippines.", "It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird (''Cinnyris jugularis'')." ], [ "Taxonomy", "The Palawan sunbird was formally described in 1878 by the Scottish ornithologist, the Marquess of Tweeddale based on a specimen collected in Puerto Princesa on the island of Palawan in the Philippines.", "He coined the binomial name ''Cyrtostomus aurora''.", "The specific epithet is Latin meaning \"dawn\" or \"east\".", "The Palawan sunbird is now placed in the genus ''Cinnyris'' that was introduced in 1816 by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier.", "It was formerly considered as a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird (renamed the garden sunbird) (''Cinnyris jugularis'') but is now treated as a separate species based on the colour of the breast plumage.", "The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised." ], [ "Description", "The Palawan sunbird is in length.", "The male weighs , the female .", "The species is sexual dimorphic.", "The male is olive above, the remiges are black with green edging and the black tail has a white tip.", "The throat, side of neck, throat and breast are blue-black iridescent.", "The breast has a broad bright orange band.", "The rest of the underparts are yellow.", "The iris is dark brown, the bill and legs are black.", "The female lacks the iridescent throat.", "It is greenish-olive above and has a yellow ." ], [ "Distribution and habitat", "The Palawan sunbird is found on the islands of the Palawan group in the Philippines.", "It occupies various habitats including the forest edge and open scrub." ], [ "Behaviour and ecology", "===Breeding===The elongated hanging nest is in length and has a hooded side entrance.", "It is usually placed between above the ground but can occasionally be as high as .", "It is constructed by the female using grass, bark, moss, lichens, leaf fragments, vegetable fibres and spider webs.", "The clutch of 1–3 eggs is incubated by the female.", "The eggs hatch after 11–16 days and the young are then fed by both parents.", "The chicks fledge after 13–16 days.", "Normally several broods are raised each year.===Feeding===It forages either singly or in small groups.", "The diet consists of small insects, spiders, nectar and small fruits." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Maximilian Kellner" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Maximilian Kellner''' (5 February 1869 – 25 December 1940) was an Austrian art collector persecuted by the Nazis because of his Jewish heritage." ], [ "Biography", "Kellner was born on 5 February 1869 in Velké Meziříčí, Moravia.", "From 1932 he lived with his wife Katharina in the 2nd district of Vienna.", "The Kellner family company, founded in 1912, was headquarted in Rosice near Brno.", "Maximilian and his brothers Arnold (1864-1939) and Heinrich Kellner (born around 1862) were partners.Kellner collected Austrian, French, and English portrait miniatures from the 19th century and paintings by old masters of the 17th century.", "His brother-in-law was Otto Kuhn (1865–1927), an entrepreneur and art collector.", "In 1929, Kellner sold a part of his collection anonymously, as 'the Gallery of a Viennese Collector', at Rudolph Lepke's auction house in Berlin." ], [ "Nazi era", "After Austria merged with Nazi Germany in the Anschluss of March 1938, Maximilian and Käthe Kellner were persecuted under anti-Jewish racial laws.", "Maximilian Kellner died in Vienna in December 1940.Käthe lived on Praterstrasse until May 1942.She was deported to the Izbica ghetto on the Gestapo's 20th transport and was murdered in the Holocaust.", "Their assets were seized by Hitler's German Reich." ], [ "Restitution claim", "In 2014 the advisory board recommended the restitution of a gouache by Philippe Berger from the Albertina to the heirs to Maximilian and Käthe Kellner.", "The Albertina acquired it in 1954 from the Viennese antique dealer Melanie Penizek." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Tawag ng Tanghalan Kids (season 2)" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''second season''' of '''''Tawag ng Tanghalan Kids''''' is an amateur singing competition that currently airs as a segment of the noontime show ''It's Showtime'' that premiered on January 29, 2024.Dubbed as ''\"Your all time favorite search for outstanding amateur talents\"'', the competition is open to Filipino child contenders from Metro Manila, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.", "Preliminary auditions are currently being held." ], [ "Development", "=== Auditions ===Prior to the seventh regular season's finals, preliminary auditions for the kids season were announced, with the first ones taking place in January 2024.Auditions are open to kids aged 6 to 12 years old.=== Production ===The second kids season aired on January 29, 2024, just two days after the seventh season's finale.", "This is the first kids season to air on A2Z, the second special season and the third overall season to air on GTV after Duets and the seventh season.=== Changes ===For this season, using a similar format of Duets and Celebrity Champions, three contenders are competing head to head for a slot in the weekly finals, while the weekly winner advances to the ''Huling Tapatan'' (grand finals).", "Additionally, the judging panel was decreased to three, and the judging criteria was reverted to match from the first kids season." ], [ "Hosts and Judges", "Vhong Navarro, Vice Ganda, Amy Perez, Kim Chiu, Karylle, Ogie Alcasid, Anne Curtis and Jhong Hilario reprised their hosting roles for this season.", "Darren Espanto, Kyle Echarri and Jackie Gonzaga also returned as guest co hosts in absence of the main hosts.", "Meanwhile, Ryan Bang, Jugs Jugueta and Teddy Corpuz will not reprise their roles as gongmasters since this edition does not use the gong element, mainly to avoid upsetting young contenders, but they also served as guest co hosts in absence of the main hosts.Roselle Nava, Jason Dy, Elha Nympha, Annie Quintos, Frenchie Dy, JL Toreliza, Katrina Velarde, Maloi Ricalde, Jamie Rivera, Sheena Belarmino, Jeffrey Hidalgo and Tutti Caringal served as new judges for this season while Christian Bautista returned as a judge after being a guest judge in the ''TNT Duets finale'', with Nava, Bautista, Hidalgo, Caringal, Quintos and Rivera alternating as the head judge or ''punong hurado''." ], [ "Prizes", "The daily winner will receive while the losing contenders will receive .", "Meanwhile, the weekly winner will receive while the losing weekly finalists will receive .The prizes for the finalists are yet to be determined at a later date.== Daily rounds ===== Summary ===StartEndWeeksEpisodesNo.", "of ContendersNo.", "of Weekly Finalist 4 20 51 17Total 4 20 51 17'''Color Key:''''''Contender's Information:''''''Results Details:'''* ''Italicized'' names denotes a contender is a resbaker=== Results details ===Week 1 (January 29 to February 2, 2024)EpisodeContenderAgeHometownSongAverage ScoreHuradosHosts Monday Daily Rounds '''Roselle Nava'''Jason DyElha Nympha Vhong NavarroVice GandaAnne CurtisAmy PerezJhong HilarioOgie Alcasid'''Ihron Mhar Navares''''''Anahawan, Southern Leyte''''''\"Nosi Balasi\"''''''96.7%'''Jennica Belaza11San Andres Bukid, Manila\"Hawak Mo\"94.3%Jewel Adrian CruzSan Miguel, Bulacan\"Don't Rain on My Parade\"96.0%Tuesday Daily Rounds'''Roselle Nava'''Jason DyElha NymphaVhong NavarroVice GandaKarylleJhong HilarioJackie GonzagaOgie AlcasidDarren EspantoSafhia Chanel LegaspiTagbilaran City, Bohol\"You'll Never Walk Alone\"95.0%'''Kim Hewitt''''''Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental''''''\"Emotions\"''''''97.0%'''Arien Kristine ManzanoBacoor, Cavite\"Upuan\"93.0%WednesdayDaily Rounds'''Annie Quintos'''Frenchie DyJL TorelizaVhong NavarroVice GandaKarylleJhong HilarioKim ChiuJackie GonzagaOgie AlcasidDarren EspantoLorenzo Eroy11Davao del Norte\"Isang Lahi\"92.7%'''Rexylyn Hai Caiji''''''Caloocan City''''''\"Ang Buhay Ko\"''''''94.7%'''Prian Mae Hermosa Pasay City\"Dito Ka Lang\"91.3%ThursdayDaily Rounds'''Annie Quintos'''Frenchie DyJL TorelizaVhong NavarroVice GandaAmy PerezJhong HilarioJackie GonzagaOgie AlcasidDarren EspantoReyan Angel RosalesDavao del Norte\"Try It on My Own\"92.3%Sean Carl Bergabenia Antipolo City\"Someone Who Believes in You\"90.3%'''Aliyah Quijoy''''''Kawit, Cavite''''''\"Sino Ang Baliw\"''''''96.3%'''FridayDaily Rounds'''Annie Quintos'''Frenchie DyJL TorelizaVhong NavarroAmy PerezJhong HilarioJackie GonzagaOgie AlcasidDarren Espanto Princess Nathalie MaomayMandaluyong City\"My Heart Will Go On\"91.7%Jionix BautistaLipa, Batangas\"At Ang Hirap\"91.0%'''Ma.", "Janielle Tolentino''''''9''''''Malolos, Bulacan''''''\"This is My Life\"''''''93.3%'''Week 2 (February 5 to 9, 2024)EpisodeContenderAgeHometownSongAverage ScoreHuradosHosts Monday Daily Rounds '''Annie Quintos'''Roselle NavaElha Nympha Vhong NavarroVice GandaAnne CurtisKarylleJhong HilarioKim ChiuJackie GonzagaOgie AlcasidRia Calixte Perez Lucena, Quezon\"I Have Nothing\"93.0%'''Shawn Hendrix Agustin''''''10''''''San Nicolas, Pangasinan''''''\"Lipad ng Pangarap\"''''''97.3%'''Lyndon McCain Malapad Olongapo City\"Salamat Musika\"94.7%Tuesday Daily Rounds '''Christian Bautista'''Roselle NavaElha Nympha Vhong NavarroVice GandaKarylleJhong HilarioJackie GonzagaOgie AlcasidKara Gabrielle LopezQuezon City\"Kailangan Ko'y Ikaw\"92.0%'''Joshua Gucela Calusa''''''Malabon City''''''\"Di Na Muli\"''''''95.0%'''Lady Faith Abustan Bataan\"Amakabogera\"93.7%WednesdayDaily Rounds '''Annie Quintos'''Christian BautistaJL Toreliza Vhong NavarroVice GandaAmy PerezKarylleJhong HilarioJackie GonzagaOgie AlcasidClet Nicole Fidelan Muntinlupa City\"Hanggang Kailan Kita Mamahalin\"93.7%Nashrifa Amatongin Dasmariñas, Cavite\"Basang Basa Sa Ulan\"91.3%'''Lucho Miguel Bobis''''''12''''''Tuguegarao''''''\"Your Love\"''''''95.7%'''ThursdayDaily Rounds'''Jamie Rivera'''Christian BautistaSheena BelarminoVice GandaAmy PerezKarylleJhong HilarioJackie GonzagaOgie AlcasidAlexa Drania Mendoza Calamba, Laguna\"Akin Ka Na Lang\"89.7%Nash Daniel Placencia Cebu\"This Is the Moment\"88.7%'''Princess Jhaniña Rabino''''''Tondo, Manila''''''\"Narito Ako\"''''''90.7%'''FridayDaily Rounds'''Christian Bautista'''Frenchie DySheena BelarminoVhong NavarroVice GandaAmy PerezKarylleJhong HilarioJackie GonzagaOgie Alcasid'''Dylan Genicera''''''12''''''Pagbilao, Quezon''''''\"Yugto\"''''''92.3%'''Prince Kean Vicente Olongapo City\"This Is My Now\"90.7%Belle Jeisha Mumar Bohol\"Saan Darating Ang Umaga\"90.0%Week 3 (February 12 to 16, 2024)EpisodeContenderAgeHometownSongAverage ScoreHuradosHosts Monday Daily Rounds '''Annie Quintos'''Frenchie DyMaloi Ricalde Vhong NavarroAnne CurtisAmy PerezKarylleKyle Echarri'''Summer Pulido''''''9''''''San Nicolas, Pangasinan''''''\"Halik\"''''''96.3%'''Cyrell Jay Eco Boniao11Surigao del Sur\"I Surrender\"94.0%Gabrielle Jose AdameBalagtas, Bulacan\"Maghintay Ka Lamang\"90.7%Tuesday Daily Rounds '''Annie Quintos'''Jason DySheena Belarmino Vhong NavarroVice GandaAmy PerezJhong HilarioJackie GonzagaDarren Espanto'''Billy Xander Lontayao''''''11''''''Taguig City''''''\"Nag-iisa Na Naman\"''''''95.0%'''Riz Gabrielle Enriquez11Bataan\"Shallow\"93.0%Rojan Lly De LeonNavotas City\"Anak\"93.7%WednesdayDaily Rounds '''Jeffrey Hidalgo'''Katrina VelardeJL Toreliza Vhong NavarroVice GandaAmy PerezKim ChiuJackie GonzagaDaniel Danti Pagsoligan Pangasinan\"Say You’ll Never Leave Me\"92% '''Maria Julianne Ubay''''''11''''''Angono, Rizal''''''\"I Believe\"''''''94.7%'''JJ HaberCaloocan City\"May Bukas Pa\"93.7%ThursdayDaily Rounds'''Roselle Nava'''Jason DyKatrina VelardeVhong NavarroAmy PerezJhong HilarioJackie GonzagaRyan BangYsay Hope Gutana 8Malaybalay, Bukidnon\"When You Tell Me That You Love Me\"93.7%'''Sean Carlo Villa Senior''''''11''''''Bulacan''''''\"The Greatest Love of All\"''''''96.0%'''Allijah Niña San Miguel Quezon City\"Sa'yo Lamang\"94.7%FridayDaily Rounds'''Jeffrey Hidalgo'''Frenchie DyTutti Caringal Vice GandaAmy PerezJhong HilarioOgie AlcasidTeddy CorpuzJugs JuguetaRyan BangJinwen Emei Sumanda 8Rodriguez, Rizal\"Tatsulok\"92.7%Patrick James Chua 12Dumaguete City\"Araw Gabi90.7%'''Zach Steven Tayamin''''''Makati City''''''\"Better Days\"''''''93.0%'''Week 4 (February 19 to 23, 2024)EpisodeContenderAgeHometownSongAverage ScoreHuradosHosts Monday Daily Rounds '''Christian Bautista'''Katrina VelardeMaloi Ricalde Vhong NavarroAnne CurtisKarylleJhong HilarioJackie GonzagaRyan BangPrincess Pauline Tuliao General Trias, Cavite\"All by Myself\"89.7%'''Jan Hebron Ecal''''''11''''''Albay''''''\"Faithfully\"''''''93.7%'''Kryshie Aliyah Batis Quezon City\"Rise Up\"92.7%Tuesday Daily Rounds '''Annie Quintos'''Christian BautistaJason Dy Vhong NavarroVice GandaAnne CurtisKarylleJhong HilarioTeddy CorpuzJugs JuguetaRyan BangJohn Gabriel Balibalos 6Parañaque City\"If I Never Sing Another Song\"93.0%'''Benjie Quillope''''''Zamboanga City''''''\"Gusto Ko Nang Bumitaw\"''''''94.7%'''Yumi Gail Cariaga Muntinlupa City\"Rain\"92.0%WednesdayDaily Rounds '''TBD'''TBDTBD TBDTBDTBD ThursdayDaily Rounds'''TBA'''TBATBATBATBATBAFridayDaily Rounds'''TBA'''TBATBATBATBATBAWeek 5 (February 26 to March 1, 2024)EpisodeContenderAgeHometownSongAverage ScoreHuradosHosts Monday Daily Rounds '''TBD'''TBDTBD TBDTBDTBD Tuesday Daily Rounds '''TBD'''TBDTBD TBDTBDTBD WednesdayDaily Rounds '''TBD'''TBDTBD TBDTBDTBD ThursdayDaily Rounds'''TBA'''TBATBATBATBATBAFridayDaily Rounds'''TBA'''TBATBATBATBATBA" ], [ "Weekly Finals", "=== Summary of Weekly Finalists ==='''Color Key:''''''Contender's Information:''''''Results Details:'''ContenderAgeHometownBecame a Daily WinnerTotal PrizeWeekTotal Prize WonWeek 1'''Aliyah Quijoy''''''''''''February 1, 2024''''''''''''1'''''''''Ihron Mhar NavaresJanuary 29, 20241Ma.", "Janielle Tolentino9Malolos, BulacanFebruary 2, 20241Kim HewittJanuary 30, 20241Rexylyn Hai CaijiJanuary 31, 20241Week 2'''Shawn Hendrix Agustin''''''10''''''''''''February 5, 2024''''''''''''2'''''''''Joshua Gucela Calusa'''''''''February 6, 2024''''''''''''2''''''''''''Dylan Genicera''''''12''''''''''''February 9, 2024''''''''''''2'''''''''Lucho Miguel Bobis 12February 7, 20242Princess Jhaniña Rabino February 8, 20242Week 3'''Billy Xander Lontayao''''''11''''''''''''February 13, 2024''''''''''''3'''''''''Maria Julianne Ubay 11February 14, 20243Sean Carlo Villa Senior 11February 15, 20243Summer Pulido 9February 12, 20243Zach Steven Tayamin February 16, 20243Week 4Jan Hebron Ecal 11February 19, 20244Benjie Quillope February 20, 20244February 21, 20244February 22, 20244February 23, 20244Week 5February 26, 20245February 27, 20245February 28, 20245February 29, 20245March 1, 20245=== Weekly Finals Details ===Weekly Finals ResultsEpisodeContenderSongAverage ScoreHuradosHosts Saturday Weekly Finals 1 '''Annie Quintos'''Katrina VelardeMaloi Ricalde Vhong NavarroAmy PerezKarylleJhong HilarioJackie GonzagaIhron Mhar Navares\"I Can't Stop Lovin' You\"95.7%Kim Hewitt \"Ikaw Ay Ako\"95.0%Rexylyn Hai Caiji\"Nasa Puso\"94.3%'''Aliyah Quijoy''''''\"I Am Changing\"''''''98.0%'''Ma.", "Janielle Tolentino \"Sana\"95.3% Saturday Weekly Finals 2 '''Jamie Rivera'''Jeffrey HidalgoMaloi Ricalde Vhong NavarroVice GandaAnne CurtisAmy PerezJhong HilarioJackie GonzagaOgie Alcasid'''Shawn Hendrix Agustin''''''\"The Impossible Dream (The Quest)\"''''''94.7% (triple tie)''''''Joshua Gucela Calusa''''''\"Run to You\"''''''94.7% (triple tie)'''Lucho Miguel Bobis \"Ngayon At Kailanman\"94.3%Princess Jhaniña Rabino \"One Moment in Time\"89.7%'''Dylan Genicera''''''\"If I Ain't Got You\"''''''94.7% (triple tie)''' Saturday Weekly Finals 3 '''Tutti Caringal'''Jason DyElha Nympha Vhong NavarroVice GandaKarylleJhong HilarioJackie GonzagaOgie AlcasidTeddy CorpuzRyan BangSummer Pulido \"Shine\"95.0%'''Billy Xander Lontayao''''''\"Ikaw Lang\"''''''97.0%'''Maria Julianne Ubay \"Banal na Aso, Santong Kabayo\"95.7%Sean Carlo Villa Senior \"I Will Always Love You\"95.7%Zach Steven Tayamin \"Note to God\"94.7% Saturday Weekly Finals 4 '''TBA'''TBATBA TBATBATBAJan Hebron Ecal Benjie Quillope Saturday Weekly Finals 5 '''TBA'''TBATBA TBATBATBA" ], [ "References", "'''Notes:''''''Sources:'''" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Modern Palestinian Judeo-Arabic" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Modern Palestinian Judeo-Arabic''' is a variety of Palestinian Arabic spoken by Jews in Israel.", "As Jews from Morocco established a community in the Galilee and around Jerusalem, their dialect of Maghrebi Judeo-Arabic mixed with Palestinian Arabic.", "It peaked at 10,000 speakers and thrived alongside Yiddish until the 20th century.", "But today it is nearly extinct with only 5 speakers remaining in the Galilee.", "It would begin to decline due to the revival of Hebrew as Hebrew became the dominant language of the Yishuv, or pre-Israel Jewish population of Palestine.", "Modern Judeo-Palestinian Arabic contains influence from Judeo-Moroccan Arabic, Judeo-Lebanese Arabic, and Judeo-Syrian Arabic." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Leningrad Speedway Stadium" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Leningrad Speedway Stadium''' was a former motorcycle speedway in Saint Petersburg.", "It was located north of the centre of the city, adjacent west of the Sosnovka Park, off the Ulitsa Vitkovskogo road.", "Today it is a site for motorcycle training and motorcycle trials riding." ], [ "History", "The stadium opened in 1963 and hosted a series of major motorcycle speedway events.", "It was the venue for the Continental final of the 1969 Speedway World Team Cup.", "Further Speedway World Cup rounds were held in 1971, 1978 and 1981.The stadium also hosted significant stages of the Speedway World Championship in 1970, 1973, 1975 and 1976 and the final of the Speedway Under-21 World Championship in 1979.The stadium remained active throughout the 1980s and 1990s but became in need of renovation before ceasing activities sometime during the 2000s.", "Igor Marko set the track record of 68.05 seconds on 16 July 2000 and the Neva Speedway team competed in the Finnish team championship during 2000 because the Russian championship did not take place.The speedway club known as Neva Speedway remain active and have plans to return speedway to the stadium, which in principle is still able to host speedway if renovation takes place." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Lennart Nilsson (disambiguation)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Lennart Nilsson''' (1922–2017) was a Swedish scientific photographer.", "'''Lennart Nilsson''' may also refer to:Lennart Nilsson (politician) (born 1944), Swedish member of Riksdag from 1976 to 2006Lennart Nilsson (footballer) (born 1959), Swedish midfielder and striker" ], [ "See also", "Lennart Nilsson Award, scientific photography award founded in 1998Lennart Nelson (1918–2006), Swedish Olympic weightlifter in 1948" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "James A. Robertson Jr." ], [ "Introduction", "'''James A. Robertson Jr.''' (born December 8, 1939) is an American politician.", "He served as a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives." ], [ "Life and career", "Robertson was born in Centreville, Mississippi.", "At the age of 20, he became blind after sustaining injuries in an automobile accident.Robertson was an instructor at the University of Southern Mississippi.Robertson served in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1968 to 1972." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Jacob Zuma contempt of court" ], [ "Introduction", "Jacob Zuma, the former President of South Africa, was imprisoned on 7 July 2021 following a finding by the Constitutional Court of South Africa that he was guilty of contempt of court.", "The charges originated in Zuma's refusal to provide testimony to Deputy Chief Justice Raymond Zondo's judicial commission of inquiry into alleged state capture.", "During 2021, the Constitutional Court handed down three related decisions.In '''''Secretary of the Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture, Corruption and Fraud in the Public Sector including Organs of State v Zuma''''' (known as ''Zuma I''), the Zondo Commission applied urgently for a court order compelling Zuma to comply with the commission's summons and provide evidence before it.", "Zuma declined to oppose the application, and the Constitutional Court granted the order on 28 January 2021.The unanimous judgment, a straightforward application of the Commissions Act, 1947, was written by Justice Chris Jafta.However, Zuma violated the court's order the following month, when he openly refused to comply with a summons to appear before the commission.", "Thus, on 29 June 2021, in '''''Secretary of the Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture, Corruption and Fraud in the Public Sector including Organs of State v Zuma and Others''''' (''Zuma II''), the Constitutional Court sentenced Zuma to 15 months' imprisonment for contempt of court.", "The majority judgment was written by Acting Deputy Chief Justice Sisi Khampepe, who held that it was justifiable for the court to impose a punitive, unsuspended prison sentence in order to vindicate its own integrity and uphold the rule of law.", "A two-member minority of the court, comprising Justices Chris Jafta and Leona Theron, argued that the majority's order trenched on Zuma's constitutional right to a fair trial.Zuma, who had again declined to oppose the commission's application, submitted to arrest in Estcourt, KwaZulu-Natal on 7 July; observers linked his detention to an outbreak of civil unrest later the same week.", "At the same time, he applied to the Constitutional Court for the rescission of its order in ''Zuma II''.", "On 17 September 2021, in '''''Zuma v Secretary of the Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture, Corruption and Fraud in the Public Sector Including Organs of State and Others''''' (''Zuma III''), the Constitutional Court dismissed that application, holding that Zuma's case did not meet the standard set for rescission in the Uniform Rules of Court and did not justify a departure from the doctrines of ''res judicata'' and ''functus officio.''", "Justice Khampepe again wrote on behalf of a seven-member majority, and Justices Jafta and Theron again dissented in deference to Zuma's constitutional rights." ], [ "Background", "The Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture, Corruption and Fraud in the Public Sector including Organs of State (State Capture Inquiry) was established in January 2018 to investigate allegations of state capture and political corruption under the administration of Jacob Zuma, who was President of South Africa from May 2009 to February 2018.Chaired by Deputy Chief Justice Raymond Zondo, it was best known as the Zondo Commission and opened its hearings in August 2018, after Zuma had been replaced as president by his former deputy, Cyril Ramaphosa.Because much of the commission's evidence implicated him directly, Zuma himself was scheduled to testify before the commission for five days in mid-July 2019, beginning on 15 July 2019, but he proved an uncooperative witness.", "Zondo adjourned proceedings before the end of Zuma's third day of testimony, on 17 July, in order to meet with Zuma to discuss his grievances.", "On the morning of 19 July, Zuma's lawyer, Muzi Sikhakhane, announced that Zuma would \"take no further part\" in the commission's proceedings.Over the next 18 months, Zuma did not cooperate with attempts to secure his testimony before the commission.", "After he declined to resume testifying in the week of 21 September 2020, Zondo issued a summons for his appearance in the week of 16 November.", "However, on 29 October, Zuma lodged an application for Zondo's recusal from the commission's proceedings.", "Zondo considered that application into the week of 16 November, dismissing it on 19 November and announcing his intention to resume Zuma's testimony after a tea break.", "During the tea break, however, Zuma left the commission's premises without notifying Zondo.", "He did not return on 20 November." ], [ "''Zuma I'': Court order", "On 4 December 2020, the Secretary of the Zondo Commission, Itumeleng Mosala, announced that Zuma had been issued a second and third summons, compelling him to appear before the commission during the weeks of 18 January and 15 February 2021.At the same time, the Zondo Commission applied to the Constitutional Court of South Africa for a court order requiring Zuma to appear on those dates, as well as declaring that his departure on 19 November and non-appearance on 20 November had been unlawful.", "On 11 December, the court agreed to hear the urgent application later that month, though Zuma declined to oppose the application, with attorney Eric Mabuza filing a one-sentence submission stipulating that, \"We are instructed by our client... that he will not be participating in these proceedings at all\".", "''Secretary of the Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture, Corruption and Fraud in the Public Sector including Organs of State v Zuma'' (''Zuma I'') was heard virtually on 29 December 2020, with Tembeka Ngcukaitobi arguing on behalf of the Zondo Commission, instructed by the State Attorney.", "The Council for the Advancement of the South African Constitution and the Helen Suzman Foundation were admitted as amici curiae.", "While judgment was reserved, and as the scheduled 18 January hearing of the Zondo Commission approached, Zuma's lawyers wrote to Zondo to inform him that Zuma would not appear until the Constitutional Court had handed down its judgment.=== Judgment ===On 28 January 2021, the Constitutional Court handed down a unanimous judgment written by Justice Chris Jafta.", "The court granted the applicant direct access, accepting the commission's argument that it was important for the Constitutional Court to make an urgent and final determination on the issue, because an application brought in the High Court could lead to a prolonged process of appeals that might outlast the commission's own mandate.", "Although Jafta was critical of the commission for not having issued Zuma with summons earlier than the spring of 2020, he held that it was overwhelmingly in the public interest for the court to hear the application.On the merits of the application, the court's judgment was primarily a straightforward application of the Commissions Act, 1947, section 3(2) of which empowered the commission's secretary to issue summons for the attendance of witnesses at hearings.", "The court confirmed that Zuma was obliged to comply with such summons, with Jafta commenting that:The respondent’s conduct in defying the process lawfully issued under the authority of the law is antithetical to our constitutional order.", "We must remember that this is a Republic of laws where the Constitution is supreme.", "Disobeying its laws amounts to a direct breach of the rule of law, one of the values underlying the Constitution and which forms part of the supreme law.", "In our system, no one is above the law.", "Even those who had the privilege of making laws are bound to respect and comply with those laws.", "The court therefore ordered that Zuma must obey all lawful summonses and directives issued by the Zondo Commission, and it directed him to appear and give evidence before the commission on dates determined by the commission.", "In addition, inspired by a threat made by one of Zuma's lawyers, the court issued a declaratory order stating that Zuma did not have a right to remain silent during the commission's proceedings – where he was a witness, not an arrested or accused person – but that he was entitled to all privileges granted to witnesses under section 3(4) of the Commissions Act, including the privilege to abstain from self-incrimination.=== Reception ===Although the judgment did not deal with substantive constitutional questions, it received significant media attention.", "Zuma released a six-page statement in which he denounced the judgment at length, saying that the Constitutional Court was \"politicised\" and had \"effectively decided that I as an individual citizen, could no longer expect to have my basic constitutional rights protected and upheld by the country's Constitution.\"" ], [ "''Zuma II'': Contempt of court conviction", "=== Background ===Following the ''Zuma I'' decision, Zuma was summoned to appear before the Zondo Commission on 15 February 2021.However, on the morning of his scheduled appearance, his lawyers released a statement alerting the public that he had decided not to attend, in violation of the Constitutional Court's order in ''Zuma I''.", "By then, the commission had laid criminal charges against Zuma in terms of the Commissions Act for breaching his summons in November and January.", "However, after Zuma's absence in February, Zondo announced that the commission would additionally seek to bring a contempt of court charge against Zuma in the Constitutional Court.The Commission applied for direct access to the apex court on an urgent basis, giving rise to a second application, ''Secretary of the Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture, Corruption and Fraud in the Public Sector including Organs of State v Zuma and Others'' (''Zuma II'').", "In court papers, the Commission requested that a two-year prison sentence be imposed as sanction for Zuma's contempt.", "The matter was heard on 25 March 2021, with Tembeka Ngcukaitobi again arguing on behalf of the Zondo Commission.", "The Helen Suzman Foundation was admitted as amicus curiae.Zuma again declined to oppose the application, though he released a public statement hours after the hearing in which he complained about \"the emergence of a judicial dictatorship in South Africa\".", "Zuma wrote: We have in South Africa today the gradual entrenchment of the counter-majoritarian problem.", "Unfortunately, when people rise up against this judicial corruption, our young democracy will unravel and many democratic gains will be lost in the ashes that will be left of what used to be our democratic state... My experience is that many South African judges, including those of the Constitutional Court, can no longer bring an open mind to cases involving me.", "It is a travesty of justice to observe how the Constitutional Court has allowed itself to be abused in this manner, and the repeated warnings I have made in this regard continue to go unheard simply because they emanate from me.", "=== Majority judgment ===The court agreed unanimously to grant the applicant direct access; it was also unanimous in holding that Zuma was in contempt of court insofar as he had failed to comply with the court's order in ''Zuma I''.", "However, the court split nine to two on the question of the appropriate remedy.The nine-member majority sentenced Zuma to 15 months' imprisonment.", "Writing on behalf of the majority, Acting Deputy Justice Sisi Khampepe reflected broadly on the role of the judiciary, the importance of the rule of law, and the dual coercive (or remedial) and punitive functions of imposing sanctions for contempt of court.", "On the latter point, she held that it would be both \"futile and inappropriate\" to impose a coercive sanction, aimed at securing Zuma's compliance with the ''Zuma I'' order: futile because Zuma had demonstrated his brazen commitment to non-compliance, and inappropriate because of the exceptional features of Zuma's situation, which meant that his contempt presented a particularly severe threat to judicial integrity and the rule of law.", "In this regard, Khampepe considered both Zuma's unique political influence as a former president and the \"intensity\" of his \"attacks on the Judiciary\", which she described as \"part of a deliberate and calculated strategy to undermine this Court's authority\".", "Khampepe therefore held that a punitive sentence was necessary to send \"an unequivocal message that the court's orders must be obeyed\".In terms of the majority's order, Zuma was instructed to submit himself to the South African Police Service within five calendar days, failing which the Minister of Police and National Police Commissioner would have three calendar days to ensure his delivery to a correctional centre.", "The majority also imposed punitive costs.=== Minority judgment ===In a dissenting judgment, Justice Leona Theron argued against imposing an unsuspended prison sentence.", "Indeed, she held that it was unconstitutional to impose unsuspended committal as a punitive sanction in the context of civil proceedings, where the respondent was not guaranteed the fair trial protections he would be granted in criminal proceedings.", "Applying a rights balancing exercise under section 36 of the Constitution, she held that the exceptional facts of Zuma's case did not justify limiting his constitutional rights in this manner, especially because the court's purpose – vindicating the rule of law – could be achieved by less restrictive means were Zuma subjected to criminal prosecution or were his prison sentence made conditional on his compliance with the ''Zuma I'' order.", "Theron concluded that Khampepe's judgment had unjustifiably \"pushed the bounds of our law of contempt in order to meet these exceptional circumstances\".", "Justice Chris Jafta concurred in her judgment.=== Reception and aftermath ===The judgment received international attention when it was handed down on 29 June 2021.It was welcomed by South African legal commentators including Pierre de Vos, Richard Calland, and Eusebius McKaiser, each of whom congratulated the majority on recognising the severity of the impending threat to the rule of law.", "However, other commentators agreed with the minority that Zuma's fair trial rights were unjustly ignored by the majority.", "The Jacob Zuma Foundation said in a statement that the judgment violated the principle of equality before the law.Zuma did not hand himself in to police by the court-mandated deadline of 4 July, but he did so on 7 July, 40 minutes before the police's midnight deadline to effect his arrest.", "He was taken to the correctional centre in Estcourt, KwaZulu-Natal.", "On 9 July, the Pietermaritzburg High Court dismissed Zuma's application to have the arrest overturned, citing a lack of evidence for the medical grounds his lawyers raised.", "On the same day, there was a severe outbreak of civil unrest in KwaZulu-Natal, which observers linked to Zuma's detention.", "Commentator Moeletsi Mbeki questioned whether it was \"worth it\" to uphold the rule of law, a Western construct, at the cost of the civil unrest and concomitant economic and social damage." ], [ "''Zuma III'': Rescission application", "=== Application ===On 2 July 2021, before submitting to arrest the following week and while pursuing related legal action in the High Court, Zuma filed an application in the Constitutional Court seeking the rescission of the ''Zuma II'' order.", "Although the doctrine of finality means that Constitutional Court decisions are immune from ordinary appeal, Zuma sought to trigger the provision that allows the Constitutional Court to rescind its own judgments in a narrow range of circumstances.", "In court papers, Zuma argued, ''inter alia'', that he had medical problems requiring \"constant and intense therapy and attention\", meaning that \"In the present circumstances, it is the right to life itself which may be at stake.", "It is therefore no exaggeration to label mine as cruel and unusual punishment\".", "He said that his \"only sin\" was seeking to postpone his testimony at the Zondo Commission until after the dispute over his application for Zondo's refusal was resolved; he had not intended to provoke \"such acerbic judicial ire\" as the Constitutional Court had shown in ''Zuma II''.", "Commentators suggested that the application was \"an elaborate exercise in gaslighting\", \"an appeal masquerading as a rescission application\", or \"a political stunt rather than a seriously intended legal challenge\".", "However, the Constitutional Court agreed to hear the application.", "''Zuma v Secretary of the Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture, Corruption and Fraud in the Public Sector Including Organs of State and Others'' (''Zuma III'') was heard in the Constitutional Court on 12 July, and Zuma was represented in the court for the first time since the beginning of the saga – Dali Mpofu served as his counsel, while Tembeka Ngcukaitobi continued to represent the secretary of the Zondo Commission, the first respondent, and now also the commission's chairperson, Zondo, whom Zuma cited as second respondent.", "The other respondents were the Minister of Police, who was bound by the ''Zuma II'' order; the Minister of Justice and Correctional Services; and the Helen Suzman Foundation, which was amicus curiae in ''Zuma II.''", "Two non-profit organisations, the Council for the Advancement of the South African Constitution and Democracy in Action, were newly admitted as amici curiae in the rescission matter.Judgment was handed down on 17 September 2021, by which time the matter was practically moot because Correctional Services Commissioner Arthur Fraser had granted Zuma medical parole.=== Majority judgment ===The coram that heard ''Zuma III'' was identical to that which heard ''Zuma II'', and it split along the same lines, though the court was unanimous in granting Zuma direct access.", "On behalf of the seven-judge majority, Justice Khampepe dismissed Zuma's rescission application with costs, finding that it did not meet the statutory and common law requirements for rescission in terms of rule 42 of the Uniform Rules of Court.", "According to Khampepe, the interests of justice and the rule of law demanded that only wholly exceptional circumstances sufficed to justify a departure from the doctrines of ''res judicata'' and ''functus officio'', or else the administration of justice would be compromised by \"chaos\".", "Zuma's case did not meet this threshold.Moreover, the majority criticised Zuma for his \"litigious vacillation\" on the issue of whether he wished to be represented during the Constitutional Court's proceedings.", "The amici curiae argued that Zuma perempted his right to bring the rescission application through his earlier conduct, which was clearly intended to indicate his lack of interest in the proceedings and their outcome; Khampepe expressed \"reservations about extending the application of the doctrine of peremption to the present circumstances\", but observed that \"the underlying principles of peremption do resonate\" in Zuma's case.=== Minority judgments ===Justices Theron and Jafta comprised the two-member minority of the court, as they had in the ''Zuma II'' decision.", "Jafta wrote that the majority judgment in ''Zuma II'' was unconstitutional and did not comply with international law, particularly with Articles 9 and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights attached to the International Bill of Rights; he argued that in sentencing Zuma without the option of an appeal, the Constitutional Court had denied Zuma a fair trial.", "Jafta therefore held that, because the ''Zuma II'' order was made by a procedure that was inconsistent with the Constitution, it should be set aside.Theron concurred in Jafta judgment but also wrote a separate dissent on the minority's grounds for intervention, arguing that the Constitutional Court can reconsider its orders whenever it faces \"exceptional circumstances\" in which \"the interests of justice 'cry out' for intervention\".", "In particular, the ''Zuma II'' order \"resulted in Mr Zuma’s incarceration without affording him a right of appeal.", "This is an unprecedented state of affairs and to uphold the order, which is fruit of the poisoned tree, would result in substantial hardship and injustice to Mr Zuma.\"", "In Theron's view, no further grounds of intervention were required to justify setting aside the order.=== Reception ===Through its spokesperson Mzwanele Manyi, the Jacob Zuma Foundation said that the majority's judgment was unjust, amounted to \"bullying against the former president\", and implied that \"the rights of the human being, in this case president Zuma, were less important that the court protecting its own dignity through upholding a wrong judgment of imprisoning the former president without a trial being afforded to him.\"", "Pierre de Vos, on the other hand, was highly critical of the minority judgment.", "Accusing Jafta and Theron of \"judicial decadence\", he wrote in the ''Daily Maverick'' that:the ''Zuma II'' dissent's main point – that there may, in most instances, be constitutional problems with sending a contemnor to prison using motion proceedings instead of a criminal trial – is one over which reasonable people could easily differ, and with which I have some sympathy.", "Our jurisprudence was enriched by having the benefit of the dissenting judgment in the original case – despite a few odd, politically incendiary phrases making their way into the judgment.I fear the same cannot be said for the judgment of the dissenters in the rescission matter.", "The judgment is a bit of a mess: reading it is like watching a snake swallow its own tail.", "This is because it treats a rescission application as an appeal, and tries to re-argue the original case in which the dissenters lost the argument, but claims that it is doing no such thing." ], [ "See also", "* Stalingrad legal defense* Jacob Zuma corruption charges – separate, contemporaneous legal charges against Zuma" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ove Jørgensen" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ove Jørgensen''' (5 September 1877 – 31 October 1950) was a Danish scholar of classics, literature and ballet.", "He is known for formulating Jørgensen's law, which describes the narrative conventions used in Homeric poetry when relating the actions of the gods.The son of Sophus Mads Jørgensen, a professor of chemistry, Jørgensen was born and lived for most of his life in Copenhagen.", "He was educated at the prestigious and at the University of Copenhagen, where he began his study of the Homeric poems.", "In 1904, following academic travels to Berlin, Athens and Constantinople, he published \"The Appearances of the Gods in Books 912 of the ''Odyssey''\", an article in which he outlined the distinctions between how the gods are referred to by mortal characters and by the narrator and gods in the ''Odyssey''.", "The observation of these distinctions became known as \"Jørgensen's law\".Jørgensen gave up classical scholarship in 1905, following a dispute with other academics after he was passed over for an invitation to a newly formed learned society.", "He had intended to publish a monograph based on his 1904 article, but it never materialised.", "Instead, he devoted himself to teaching, both at schools and at the University of Copenhagen: among his students were the future poet Johannes Weltzer and Poul Hartling, later prime minister of Denmark.", "He also maintained a lifelong friendship and correspondence with the composer Carl Nielsen and his wife, the sculptor Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen.Jørgensen also published on the works of Charles Dickens and was a recognised authority on ballet.", "His views on the latter were conservative and nationalistic, promoting what he saw as authentic, masculine Danish aesthetics – represented by the ballet master August Bournonville – against modernist, liberalising innovations from Europe and the United States.", "He wrote critically of the American dancers Isadora Duncan and Loïe Fuller, but was later an advocate of the Russian choreographer Michel Fokine." ], [ "Early life and education", "Ove Jørgensen was born in Copenhagen on 5 September 1877.He was the son of Sophus Mads Jørgensen, a professor of chemistry at the University of Copenhagen, and of Jørgensen's wife, Louise Wellmann.", "He became a student at the prestigious in 1895 and received his Master of Arts degree from the University of Copenhagen in 1902, submitting a thesis in which he argued for the single authorship of the Homeric poems.", "His university teachers included the historian Johan Ludvig Heiberg and the philologist ." ], [ "Classical scholarship", "Following his graduation from Copenhagen, Jørgensen travelled to Berlin, where he studied Homeric poetry under the philologists Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and Hermann Alexander Diels.", "Here, he began the process of writing what became his 1904 article on the invocation of the gods in the ''Odyssey''.", "On leaving Berlin, he travelled to Athens in 1903 alongside his fellow student from Copenhagen, the future archaeologist , where he met the composer Carl Nielsen and his wife Anne Marie.", "Jørgensen became a lifelong friend of both, and accompanied them to Constantinople: Carl Nielsen mentions him sixty-three times in his diary.", "Jørgensen subsequently travelled to Rome, where he cultivated an interest in Baroque art.Jørgensen published an article, \"The Appearances of the Gods in Books 912 of the ''Odyssey''\", in the journal ''Hermes'' in 1904.In this article, Jørgensen observed that Homeric characters typically use generic terms, particularly (: 'a god'), () and (Zeus), to refer to the action of gods, whereas the narrator and the gods themselves always name the specific gods responsible.", "These principles became known as Jørgensen's law, and were described in 1998 as the \"standard analysis of ... the rules that govern human speech about the gods\" by the classicist Ruth Scodel.", "Jørgensen began work on a book-length treatment of his ideas, but never published it.In 1904, Jørgensen began to work as a teacher, taking a post at N. Zahle's School in Copenhagen, and another in 1905 at the in the same city.", "He left academia in 1905, following a dispute with other classical scholars over the founding of the Greek Society for Philhellenes, a learned society founded by intellectuals including Heiberg, Harald Høffding and Georg Brandes.", "Although most members were qualified as doctors of philosophy, others, including Nielsen, were invited.", "Jørgensen was not, which he considered a snub, and he refused the offer of Drachmann to introduce him to the society." ], [ "Later career", "Isadora Duncan, whose dancing movements Jørgensen compared with those of a goose, performing in 1896Jørgensen continued to teach the classical languages following his retreat from academic work.", "Among his students was the future prime minister of Denmark, Poul Hartling, who described Jørgensen as \"the best teacher he ever had\".", "Jørgensen taught a Greek class at the University of Copenhagen, where Hartling was a theology student between 1932 and 1939.He also taught the future poet Johannes Weltzer, who wrote in 1953 that Jørgensen's classes on Plato's ''Apologia'', a philosophical work portraying the defence of Plato's teacher Socrates against charges of impiety, were \"a matter of introducing his students into the Socratic way of life\", and that Weltzer expected few of those students to have forgotten them.Jørgensen's father, Sophus, died in 1914.In 1916, working alongside the chemist S. P. L. Sørensen, Jørgensen completed and published Sophus's unfinished manuscript of ''Development History of the Chemical Concept of Acid until 1830''.", "He maintained his friendship and correspondence with Carl Nielsen, who discussed Shakespeare with Jørgensen and wrote to him in 1916 about his abortive efforts to write an opera based on ''The Tempest'', as well as about the precarious state of Nielsen's marriage.", "Jørgensen also corresponded with Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen: in 1922, she wrote to him that she had reconciled with Carl and determined to remain with him.Jørgensen became an authority on ballet, writing a series of essays from 1905 in which he promoted what he saw as the traditional aesthetics of the Royal Danish Ballet.", "He asserted the importance of the Danish ballet master August Bournonville while criticising the innovations introduced into European ballet by the dancer Isadora Duncan.", "Jørgensen called Duncan \"the American dilettante\", denigrated her as middle-aged and under-educated, and likened her dancing movements to those of a goose.", "He also condemned the Art Nouveau- and symbolism-influenced style of Loïe Fuller, another American who, like Duncan, performed in Denmark in 1905, calling it \"quasi-philosophical experiments\".", "In March 1905, he attended a lecture by , a philosopher and historian of art: Jørgensen described his conception of the aesthetic perception of art as \"a mental disorder\".The ballet scholar Karen Vedel has linked Jørgensen's opposition to Duncan, and the liberalising ideas of the Modern Breakthrough she represented, to the ideology of the Danish national conservative movement: in particular, through his promotion of what he saw as distinctively \"Danish\" ballet and his characterisation of this as masculine and Dionysian.", "Jørgensen's nationalistic ideas about ballet softened over time: in 1908, he gave a positive review of a performance of the Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova with dancers from the Mariinsky Theatre, while in 1918 he recommended that the Russian choreographer Michel Fokine be hired by the Royal Danish Theatre.", "In the same year, he defended Fokine against accusations that his artistic style was revolutionary in character and connected with Bolshevism.", "Jørgensen's other scholarly interests included the English novelist Charles Dickens: Hartling later wrote that Jørgensen could easily have been a professor of his work.", "Jørgensen edited a 1930 Danish edition of Dickens's novel ''Great Expectations'', to which he added an introductory essay, later praised by the literary scholar Jørgen Erik Nielsen as displaying an extensive knowledge both of Dickens and of related literature and criticism.Frederik Poulsen, who knew Jørgensen in Copenhagen and Berlin and accompanied him to Athens, described him as \"a quiet, reticent student\" and a \"remarkable man\", whom he compared with Socrates.", "Hartling described Jørgensen as looking like \"what a professor ... should look like according to the clichés: scruffy-stubble full beard, thin-rimmed glasses, knee flaps and button-downs\".", "He portrays Jørgensen's lessons as \"steeped in humour\", particularly Jørgensen's taste for acerbic, sarcastic comments at the expense of students who arrived late or whom he perceived to be slacking – which sometimes included Hartling.Jørgensen never married.", "He died in the Freeport of Copenhagen on 31 October 1950, and was buried in Holmen Cemetery." ], [ "Selected works", "===As author===* * * * * ===As editor===* " ], [ "Footnotes", "===Explanatory notes======References===" ], [ "Works cited", " * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Biathlon at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics – Men's sprint" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''men's 7.5 km sprint''' biathlon competition at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics was held on 23 January 2024 at the Alpensia Biathlon Centre." ], [ "Results", "The race was started at 10:30 and was finished at 11:46.Rank Bib Name Country Time Penalties (P+S) Deficit 41 Antonin Guy 20:57.7 1 (0+1) 43 Tov Røysland 21:29.5 1 (0+1) +31.8 94 Flavio Guy 21:55.2 4 (3+1) +57.5 4 80 Camille Grataloup Manissolle 21:59.5 2 (1+1) +1:01.8 5 36 Georgi Dzhorgov 22:10.8 1 (0+1) +1:13.1 6 84 Michel Deval 22:12.9 0 (0+0) +1:15.2 7 85 Matthäus Schönaigner 22:30.9 3 (1+2) +1:33.2 8 87 Anton Modigs 22:32.3 2 (0+2) +1:34.6 9 10 Grzegorz Galica 22:37.1 4 (1+3) +1:39.4 10 45 Björn Hederich 22:40.9 2 (1+1) +1:43.2 10 74 Nikolay Nikolov 22:40.9 2 (2+0) +1:43.2 12 7 Oleksandr Bilanenko 22:41.9 3 (1+2) +1:44.2 13 4 Horia Urs 22:49.8 1 (0+1) +1:52.1 14 19 Hannes Bacher 23:00.8 6 (3+3) +2:03.1 15 25 Storm Veitsle 23:03.3 3 (2+1) +2:05.6 16 2 Veselin Belchinski 23:09.1 2 (1+1) +2:11.4 17 75 Anton Redkin 23:16.2 1 (1+0) +2:18.5 18 81 Lukáš Kulhánek 23:17.0 2 (1+1) +2:19.3 19 12 Lukas Tannheimer 23:20.0 4 (2+2) +2:22.3 20 70 Justin Konoff 23:22.4 3 (1+2) +2:24.7 21 39 Kaapo Saarinen 23:23.7 3 (3+0) +2:26.0 22 51 Levin Kunz 23:31.2 3 (1+2) +2:33.5 23 46 Elias Soule 23:33.2 5 (2+3) +2:35.5 24 20 Filip Crnić 23:33.8 4 (1+3) +2:36.1 25 21 Clément Pirès 23:42.2 5 (2+3) +2:44.5 26 92 Sigurd Lehn 23:42.3 5 (1+4) +2:44.6 27 47 Jaka Pilar 23:42.5 2 (0+2) +2:44.8 28 59 Cho Na-dan 23:45.3 2 (2+0) +2:47.6 29 98 Sebastián Belicaj 23:49.4 1 (1+0) +2:51.7 30 88 Michal Adamov 23:54.4 5 (3+2) +2:56.7 31 90 Finn Zurnieden 23:57.1 4 (2+2) +2:59.4 32 23 Frederik Välbe 23:58.9 3 (1+2) +3:01.2 33 60 Phoenix Sparke 23:59.9 5 (4+1) +3:02.2 34 17 Björn Niederhauser 24:00.1 1 (0+1) +3:02.4 35 50 Dragoș Bărbieru 24:02.3 3 (1+2) +3:04.6 36 64 Eemil Koskinen 24:02.7 5 (3+2) +3:05.0 37 3 Juozas Augustinavičius 24:09.3 1 (1+0) +3:11.6 38 33 John Lohuis 24:11.3 1 (0+1) +3:13.6 39 76 Pablo Baselgia 24:13.6 2 (1+1) +3:15.9 40 58 Tom Smith 24:16.7 4 (1+3) +3:19.0 41 14 Park Min-yong 24:22.2 2 (1+1) +3:24.5 42 34 Simon Grasberger 24:24.7 4 (1+3) +3:27.0 43 57 Luke Hulshof 24:26.1 5 (2+3) +3:28.4 44 31 Graham Benson 24:27.2 3 (0+3) +3:29.5 44 42 Jan Dufek 24:27.2 3 (1+2) +3:29.5 46 63 Manuel Contoz 24:31.0 5 (3+2) +3:33.3 47 68 Ivan Steblyna 24:33.1 4 (2+2) +3:35.4 48 56 Kirill Zotov 24:33.7 3 (2+1) +3:36.0 49 16 Adrians Šņoriņš 24:35.4 4 (1+3) +3:37.7 50 22 Nejc Einhauer 24:35.9 1 (0+1) +3:38.2 51 35 Dmytro Kriukov 24:37.2 4 (2+2) +3:39.5 52 96 Antonio Pertile 24:39.2 4 (3+1) +3:41.5 53 77 Rodrigo Azabal 24:46.8 6 (5+1) +3:49.1 54 48 Daniel Varikov 24:49.9 4 (2+2) +3:52.2 55 30 Dawson Ferguson 24:51.2 4 (3+1) +3:53.5 56 40 Dinu Belevac 24:51.7 1 (0+1) +3:54.0 57 8 Akseli Kirjavainen 24:59.9 4 (1+3) +4:02.2 58 93 Yanis Dumaz 25:03.8 4 (2+2) +4:06.1 59 83 Hwang Tae-ryeong 25:08.9 3 (2+1) +4:11.2 60 54 Igor Kusztal 25:11.0 6 (4+2) +4:13.3 61 29 Jakub Neuhauser 25:11.5 5 (3+2) +4:13.8 62 71 Noa Kam-Magruder 25:14.6 7 (5+2) +4:16.9 63 53 Olle Gedda 25:15.7 7 (4+3) +4:18.0 64 37 Valters Bresme 25:16.6 4 (3+1) +4:18.9 65 72 Korbinian Kübler 25:16.7 6 (4+2) +4:19.0 66 79 Oskar Orupõld 25:30.2 4 (2+2) +4:32.5 67 95 Arttu Remes 25:35.2 6 (1+5) +4:37.5 68 49 Ignas Rakštelis 25:38.9 2 (0+2) +4:41.2 69 97 Magnus Steiner 25:39.1 5 (2+3) +4:41.4 70 78 Ole Gebhardt 25:49.4 6 (4+2) +4:51.7 71 44 Srđan Lalović 25:49.5 3 (1+2) +4:51.8 72 5 Simon Hechenberger 25:59.3 5 (2+3) +5:01.6 73 86 Daniel Buchovskij 26:07.3 4 (2+2) +5:09.6 74 61 Markus Sklenárik 26:10.9 7 (5+2) +5:13.2 75 6 Sukhbat Borkhuu 26:13.6 6 (3+3) +5:15.9 76 99 Oleksandr Holik 26:37.6 4 (2+2) +5:39.9 77 13 Ilyas Khassenov 26:38.9 7 (4+3) +5:41.2 78 66 Amarsanaa Turtogtokh 26:40.9 4 (1+3) +5:43.2 79 82 Gregor Rupnik 26:47.0 6 (3+3) +5:49.3 80 24 Boris Stanojević 27:09.2 3 (0+3) +6:11.5 81 18 Abdulkerim Hodžić 27:20.0 5 (2+3) +6:22.3 82 32 Thijn Omblets 27:27.5 7 (4+3) +6:29.8 83 28 Blagoja Najdenoski 27:46.6 4 (2+2) +6:48.9 84 73 Edward Woodhouse-Bedak 27:50.8 5 (2+3) +6:53.1 85 9 Vasileios Rosenlis 27:51.2 7 (4+3) +6:53.5 86 55 Ioannis Anastasiadis 28:20.9 3 (1+2) +7:23.2 87 69 Hunor Udvari 28:23.9 5 (2+3) +7:26.2 88 62 Temuujin Byambadorj 28:37.8 3 (1+2) +7:40.1 89 15 László Kúnos 28:46.9 5 (4+1) +7:49.2 90 11 Vladislav Maistrov 28:57.5 4 (1+3) +7:59.8 91 26 Artur Saparbekov 29:38.6 8 (5+3) +8:40.9 92 1 Matthew Wilby 30:02.8 3 (1+2) +9:05.1 93 67 Antonios Prodromidis 30:33.5 5 (3+2) +9:35.8 94 38 Matija Naglić 30:53.8 2 (1+1) +9:56.1 95 52 Baxter Pollard 32:02.3 8 (5+3) +11:04.6 96 27 Thanakorn Ngoeichai 33:27.9 6 (1+5) +12:30.2 65 Michał Szułczyński 89 Olivers Bresme 91 Arvid Trofast" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Eleftheria" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Eleftheria''' is a given name.", "Notable people with the name include:* Eleftheria Arvanitaki (born 1957), Greek folk singer* Eleftheria Evgenia Efstathiou (born 1989), Greek swimmer* Eleftheria Eleftheriou (born 1989), Greek Cypriot singer, musician, and actress* Eleftheria Ftouli (born 1981), Greek synchronized swimmer* Eleftheria Hatzinikou (born 1978), Greek volleyball player* Eleftheria Maratos-Flier (born 1951), American endocrinologist* Eleftheria Mavrogeni (born 1970), Greek handball player* Eleftheria Plevritou (born 1997), Greek water polo player* Eleftheria Zeggini, Greek geneticist" ], [ "See also", "* ''Eleftheria terrae'', species of bacterium" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Manuel Serrano" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Manuel Serrano Pulido''' (born 10 September 1972) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a forward.", "He played in La Liga for Espanyol, making a total of 52 top flight appearances, scoring seven goals.", "He also made over 150 appearances during a four-year spell with Deportivo Alavés." ], [ "Club career", "Born in El Masnou, Barcelona, Catalonia, Serrano started out playing in the youth teams of local clubs Masnou and Español.", "He moved into senior football with Segunda División B side L'Hospitalet during the 1990–91 season, making his debut on 7 April 1991 in a home tie against Manacor.", "He came off the bench in the second half, scoring at the end of the game to round off a 6–1 victory for ''L'Hospi''.Serrano stayed with L'Hospitalet until 1994, being a key part of the team for the next three seasons.", "He also had a brief spell on loan at Deportivo Alavés in the latter stages of the 1992–93 season, during which the club were champions in Segunda División B.", "During this period, he also made a solitary appearance for the Español first team, coming on as a second-half substitute in a Segunda División fixture away at Estadio San Lázaro against Compostela on 7 October 1993, which they lost 3–0.Serrano joined Alavés permanently ahead of the 1994–95 season, and immediately helped them to another Segunda División B triumph in his first year.", "On this occasion, the club also won promotion through the play-offs to the second tier.", "During four seasons at Mendizorrotza, Serrano made a total of 159 appearances in all competitions, scoring 61 goals.", "He left the club after a very successful 1997–98 season, in which they won promotion to La Liga as Segunda División champions, and also reached the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey before losing 3–1 on aggregate to Mallorca.Serrano would make his top flight debut the following season, but not for Alavés, as he departed to rejoin boyhood club Espanyol.", "He was limited to only four appearances in his first year thanks to suffering a serious injury early in the season in a match against Real Betis.", "Over the next two seasons, he was a consistent member of the team, more often than not coming off the bench in place of regular starting strikers Raúl Tamudo or Miguel Ángel Benítez.During a home fixture against Mallorca at Estadi Olímpic de Montjuïc on 21 November 1999, having come on at half time in place of Martín Posse, Serrano was punched by Mallorca goalkeeper Germán Burgos.", "Burgos, who alleged that Serrano had made racist comments during the match, was later banned for 11 matches as a result of this incident.", "Mallorca went on to win the game 2–1.On 27 May 2000, Serrano featured in the Copa del Rey final, as Espanyol took on Atlético Madrid at the Mestalla.", "Serrano came off the bench to replace Tamudo with 20 minutes to play, at which point Espanyol lead 1–0 thanks to an early goal from Tamudo.", "They added a second six minutes from time through Sergio González, and held on to win 2–1 despite a late goal from Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, giving Serrano the only major honour of his career.This victory qualified Espanyol for the 2000–01 UEFA Cup, and Serrano made his debut in this competition on 14 September 2000, in the first leg of their first round tie against Slovenian side Olimpija Ljubljana at Bežigrad Stadium.", "Serrano started the match and played the first 73 minutes.", "Espanyol lost the match 2–1, but went on to win the tie 3–2 on aggregate, and ultimately reached the third round before being eliminated by Porto.Serrano left Espanyol in 2001, having scored eleven goals in 71 appearances in all competitions across his three seasons with the club.", "He joined Elche in July, arriving at the same time as fellow striker Meca from Real Madrid.", "Serrano spent the next two seasons at Estadio Martínez Valero, making a total of 66 appearances and scoring twelve goals.Serrano went of to spend two seasons in Segunda División B, firstly with Castellón, before joining Badalona in the summer of 2004.He returned to his hometown club Masnou in 2005, and helped them to the Primera Catalana title and promotion to the Tercera División in the 2005–06 season.", "He finished his career with brief spells at small Catalan clubs CD Blanes and CF Atella." ], [ "International career", "Although Serrano was never called up to the Spanish national team, he was capped once by the Catalonia representative side.", "His sole appearance came in a 1–1 draw with Bulgaria at Espanyol's stadium on 23 December 1997." ], [ "Honours", "'''Deportivo Alavés'''Segunda División: 1997–98Segunda División B: 1992–93, 1994–95'''Espanyol'''Copa del Rey: 1999–2000Segunda División: 1993–94Supercopa de España: 2000'''Masnou'''Primera Catalana: Runners-up (earning promotion) 2005–06" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "**** Manuel Serrano at ceroacero.es" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Remembering Gene Wilder" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Remembering Gene Wilder''''' is a 2023 American biographical documentary film about Gene Wilder's life and career, as well as his battle with Alzheimer's disease.", "It was directed by Ron Frank and executive produced by Julie Nimoy and David Knight." ], [ "Synopsis", "With rare home videos and scenes from Wilder's films, the documentary looks at the life and career of actor, writer, and director, Gene Wilder.", "It includes interviews with former cast and crew members as well as personal memories from family and friends, who share their love for his comedic genius.", "Among them are Mel Brooks, Wilder's wife, Karen Wilder, Alan Alda, Carol Kane, Harry Connick Jr., Mike Medavoy, Rain Pryor, Dick Cavett, Eric McCormack, Ben Mankiewicz, and Peter Ostrum." ], [ "Production", "The idea for the film stemmed from Wilder's friendship with Leonard Nimoy, which began when Nimoy directed Wilder in ''Funny About Love'', in 1990.Producers Julie Nimoy and David Knight saw a press release announcing that Karen Wilder was partnering with the Alzheimer's Association to raise awareness about the disease that ended her husband's life.", "Nimoy and Knight had produced the 2017 documentary, Remembering Leonard Nimoy and suggested the idea of a similar film to honor Wilder.", "Karen Wilder supported the project and granted the filmmakers access to personal photos and home movies from the estate incorporate into the film.Wilder's narration, also part of the film, is taken from the audiobook version of his 2005 memoir, ''Kiss Me Like a Stranger: My Search for Love and Art.", "''Production was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but the filmmakers were finally able to interview Mel Brooks, whose participation Knight said \"made the difference\" in the final film." ], [ "Release", "The film made its world premiere at the Los Angeles Jewish Film Festival in May 2023 and won the Audience Favorite and Best Film Awards.In January 2024, Kino Lorber acquired all rights worldwide to the film and planned a theatrical release in March 2024, followed by home video, non-theatrical, and digital releases.The producers acknowledge their mutual support with the Alzheimer's Association and the BrightFocus Foundation." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * Official trailer*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Sukhyi Torets" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Sukhyi Torets''' () is a river in eastern Ukraine.", "It is a tributary of the Seversky Donets." ], [ "Populated places", "The hamlet of Andriivka is located on the Sukhyi Torets." ], [ "History", "On 20 June 2014, during the early part of the war in Donbas, OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine monitors met with the self-proclaimed mayor of Sloviansk, Volodymyr Pavlenko, who said that sewage systems in Sloviansk had collapsed, resulting in the release of least 10,000 litres of untreated sewage into the river.", "He called this an \"environmental catastrophe\", and said that it had the potential to affect both Russia and Ukraine." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "John C. Egan" ], [ "Introduction", "'''John Clarence \"Bucky\" Egan''' (September 8, 1915 – April 16, 1961) was an American pilot who served with the 100th Bomb Group of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and later with the United States Air Force in the Korean War." ], [ "Early life and military career", "Born in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, Egan attended school there and later went on to St. Thomas College in St. Paul, Minnesota.After the outbreak of World War II, Egan enlisted in the Air Corps in 1940, receiving flight training at Randolph and Kelly Fields, Texas.", "After serving as an instructor at Randolph Field, he was assigned to the 100th Bomb Group for overseas service in 1942.Initially group operations officer, he rose to the rank of major and took command of the group's 418th Bomb Squadron in June 1943.On October 10, 1943, Egan's plane was shot down during a raid on Münster, Germany.", "He survived and was captured and held as a prisoner of war until May 1945.In June 1946, he was promoted to the permanent rank of lieutenant colonel.At the beginning of the Korean War, Egan was in command of the 47th Reconnaissance Group, and was promoted to colonel in 1951.He flew several air support missions against Chinese and North Korean ground forces in an A-26 Invader.After the war, he served as deputy chief of staff for operations of the Fifth Air Force in Japan before being appointed director of operations for the Pacific Air Force in Hawaii in 1956.In 1958, he was assigned to The Pentagon in Washington, D.C.." ], [ "Personal life", "In 1945, Egan was engaged to the former Josephine Pitz, also of Manitowoc, and they married on December 26, 1946.Pitz was the first female pilot to be licensed in Manitowoc, in 1930, and served for twenty-one months as a Women Airforce Service Pilot during World War II.John C. Egan died on April 16, 1961, while on active duty after suffering a heart attack at his home in McLean, Virginia.", "He was survived by his wife, two daughters, two sisters, and his mother, while he was predeceased by his father.", "In 1962, he was posthumously awarded the Legion of Merit." ], [ "In popular culture", "Egan is portrayed by British actor Callum Turner in Apple TV+'s miniseries ''Masters of the Air''." ], [ "Awards and honors", "His awards include:150px USAF Command pilot badgeLegion of Merit Distinguished Flying Cross Purple HeartAir Medal with three bronze oak leaf clustersArmy Commendation Medal with two bronze oak leaf clustersAir Force Presidential Unit Citation with bronze oak leaf clusterPrisoner of War Medal American Defense Service MedalAmerican Campaign Medal with bronze service starEuropean-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with two bronze campaign starsWorld War II Victory MedalNational Defense Service Medal Korean Service Medal with bronze campaign starAir Force Longevity Service Award with four bronze oak leaf clustersUnited Nations Service Medal for Korea" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* John Egan at American Air Museum" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "United Nations Assistance Mission" ], [ "Introduction", "'''United Nations Assistance Mission''' may refer to:United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), established 28 March 2002United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), established 14 August 2003 United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), established 5 October 1993United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM), \testablished 3 June 2013United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan (UNITAMS), established 3 June 2020" ], [ "See also", "United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs*List of United Nations peacekeeping missions" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Adama Bal" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Adama-Alpha Bal''' (born 18 December 2003) is a French college basketball player for the Santa Clara Broncos of the West Coast Conference.", "He previously played for the Arizona Wildcats." ], [ "Early life", "Bal was born on 18 December 2003, and grew up in Le Mans, France.", "He played basketball for the third-tier Centre Fédéral de Basket-ball (CFBB) team in Paris, averaging 9.8 points, 2.4 rebounds and 2.1 assists while playing 27 minutes per game in the 2020–21 season.", "He was ranked one of the top European college basketball prospects and committed to play for the Arizona Wildcats." ], [ "College career", "As a freshman at Arizona in the 2021–22 season, Bal played 23 games and averaged 4.5 minutes per game, scoring 34 total points with 1.5 per game.", "The following season, he played 26 games and averaged 2.5 points and shot 35.4% in 3-point range.", "After having played just 104 minutes as a freshman and 214 as a sophomore, Bal entered the NCAA transfer portal in 2023.Bal ultimately transferred to the Santa Clara Broncos for his junior year.", "He quickly became a top player for the team in the West Coast Conference." ], [ "International career", "Bal was a member of the France national under-16 basketball team and competed at the 2019 FIBA U16 European Championship, where he averaged 6.0 points, 1.0 rebound and 1.0 assist in seven games while helping France win second place.", "He has also been a member of the national under-20 team, playing for them at the 2022 FIBA U20 European Championship." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Muthazhagu (TV series)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Muthazhagu''''' is a Tamil television drama airing on Star Vijay, starring Aashish Chakravarthy, Vaishali Thaniga and Shobana.", "The series is directed by Thamizhar Nagarajan and produced by Parabhakaran Vijayakumar for Falcon Media.", "It is inspired from Telugu TV series ''Devatha - Anubandhala Alayam''.", "The show is also dubbed into Malayalam as ''Sneha Nombaram'' on Asianet from 31 July 2023." ], [ "Plot", "Dauntless Muthazhagu's marriage is forced to end when village chief Pechiammal intervenes again, forcing her to wed her intelligent son Bhoominathan, who has an additional twist when Anjali enters Bhoominathan's life." ], [ "Cast", "=== Main ===Aasish Chakravarthy as Boominathan Shobana as MuthazhaguVaishali Tangia as AnjaliLakshmi Vasudevan as Pechiammal=== Recurring ===Shalini Rajan as Thamizh Surjith Ansary as MaruthuDeepa Nethran as SornamAnand Babu as VeeramuthuRajmohan as SivanesanRekha Suresh as PandiammalShanthi as ThilagaDhakshana as Thangam Ganesh as MalaisaamyMahesh Subramaniam as AmudhanSailu Imran as Shenbagam KPY Sarath as Sodakku – Boominathan's close friendSamyuktha as Swetha - Amudhan's wifeKarthik Sriram as Senthil*Chandru as Vimal" ], [ "Adaptations", "LanguageTitleOriginal releaseNetwork(s)Last airedNotes Telugu ''Devatha - Anubandhala Alayam'' దేవత - అనుబంధాల ఆలయం 17 August 2020 Star Maa 12 November 2022 Original Kannada ''Rukku'' ರುಕ್ಕು 4 January 2021 Star Suvarna 14 May 2021 Remake Tamil ''Muthazhagu'' முத்தழகு 15 November 2021 Star Vijay Ongoing Bengali ''Sandhya Tara'' সন্ধ্যা তারা 12 June 2023 Star Jalsha" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Living Spaces" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Living Spaces''' is an American furniture retail chain based in La Mirada, California.", "It serves the Western United States, with forty stores in eight states.", "It sells over 35 brands of furniture and offers playrooms for children to play in while their parents shop.", "It is also one of the only stores that offer same-day delivery in some areas, being the inspiration for its motto: \"Buy it today, enjoy it tonight.\"" ], [ "History", "Living Spaces was founded in Rancho Cucamonga, California in August 2003, by Grover Geiselman and Sharm Scheuerman.", "They were inspired by Jim McIngvale's Gallery Furniture company, working there for four months until they moved to Rancho Cucamonga and found an old Costco building to use for a showroom-warehouse approach.It opened its first Bay Area location in Fremont, in August 2015.Its first Nevada store, in Summerlin began operations in December 2016.A location in Pflugerville, Texas in May 2018 was the first one in Texas.", "In 2019, the company announced that it was to start shipping furniture nationwide.", "In April 2022, Living Spaces partnered with Drew and Jonathan Scott to release an exclusive furniture collection." ], [ "Locations", "Living Spaces has 40 locations, all in the Western United States.", "They are mainly concentrated around the Southwest, with the majority of stores in either California, Texas, or Arizona.", "The rest are in Utah, Colorado, Kansas, Nevada, and Oklahoma." ], [ "Philanthropy", "The company has partnered with the nonprofit Furnishing Hope since 2011, helping provide furniture to wounded veterans.", "During the grand opening of their Pflugerville store, the company presented a $50,000 check to Dell Children's Trust.", "It also holds annual blood drive in some of its stores in a collaboration with the American Red Cross." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Concha (name)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Concha''' is a Spanish surname of Latin origin.", "It was derived from the Latin word ''concha'' which means shell and is used as a topographic surname referring to those living in or near a cavity.", "In American Spanish it also refers to an ornamental disk of American Indian origin having a shell or flower design.", "It is used as a diminutive of the Spanish feminine given name Concepción.Notable people with the name include:" ], [ "Surname", "* David Concha (born 1996), Spanish footballer * Elpidio Concha (born 1963), Mexican politician* Jairo Concha (born 1999), Peruvian footballer * Jorge Pérez Concha (1908–1995), Ecuadorian historian, writer, and diplomat* José de Santiago Concha (1667–1741), Spanish politician* José Vicente Concha, Colombian president 1914–1918* Likar Ramos Concha (born 1985), Colombian boxer* Luis Concha Córdoba (1891—1975), Colombian priest * Malaquías Concha (1859–1921), Chilean lawyer and politician* Manuel Concha (born 1980), Swedish film director* Matias Concha (born 1980), Swedish footballer* Melchor Concha y Toro (1833–1892), Chilean businessman, lawyer and politician" ], [ "Given name", "Concha Alós, Concepción Alós Domingo (1926–2011), Spanish writerConcha Andreu (born 1967), Spanish oenologist and politicianConcha Buika, María Concepción Balboa Buika (born 11 May 1972), Spanish singer Concha Calleja (born 1964), Spanish writer and journalistConcha Catalá (1881-1968), Spanish actressConcha Espina (1870s–1955), Spanish writerConcha García Campoy (1958–2013), Spanish journalistConcha Ibáñez (1926–2022), Spanish painter and writerConcha Jerez (born 1941), Spanish artistConcha Liaño, Concepción Liaño Gil (1916–2014), Spanish anarchistConcha Meléndez (1895–1983), Puerto Rican writerConcha Méndez (1898–1986), Spanish poet Concha Michel (1899–1990), Mexican singer and songwriterConcha Peña Pastor, Concepción Peña Pastor (1906–1960), Spanish lawyerConcha Piquer, Concepción Piquer López (1906–1990), Spanish singer Concha Urquiza, María Concepción Urquiza del Valle (1910–1946), Mexican poet Concha Valdés Miranda (1928–2017), Cuban singerConcha Velasco (1939–2023), Spanish actress*Concha Zardoya, María Concepción Zardoya González (1914–2004), Chilean poet" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Azdzyatsichy" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Azdzyatsichy''' (; ) is an agrotown in Barysaw District, Minsk Region, Belarus.", "It is part of Myotcha selsoviet; until 2013, it served as the administrative center of the former Azdzyatsichy selsoviet." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Wladimir Klitschko vs. Alexander Povetkin" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Wladimir Klitschko vs. Alexander Povetkin''', was a professional boxing match contested on 5 October 2013 for the WBA, IBF, WBO, ''The Ring'' and IBO heavyweight championship." ], [ "Background", "At the end of 2012, the WBA ordered unified heavyweight champion Wladimir Klitschko to fight it's \"Regular\" beltholder Alexander Povetkin no later than 24 February 2013, but the two sides failed reach an agreement.", "Klitschko was permitted a voluntary title defence in the meantime.", "After stopping WBO 7th ranked heavyweight (WBA 12th) Francesco Pianeta in May, it was agreed that Klitschko and Povetkin would meet in October.", "They had been originally scheduled to face off in December 2008 as an IBF mandatory defence, however an ankle injury for Povetkin saw him be replaced by Hasim Rahman.", "They were again set fight in September 2010, however Povetkin withdrew obstinately with a sinus problem." ], [ "The fight", "Klitschko dominated the bout, scoring a knockdown in round two from a quick left hook, and three knockdowns in round seven, including one from a straight right hand.", "All three judges scored it 119–104 on the scorecards.", "Klitschko landed 139 of 417 punches (33%) and Povetkin connected on 59 of 283 (21%)." ], [ "Aftermath", "This bout is one of only two occasions where the WBA \"Regular\" heavyweight champion has challenged the \"Super champion, the other being when Oleksandr Usyk knocked out Daniel Dubois in August 2023.Povetkin would have one more shot at a world title against Anthony Joshua in September 2018." ], [ "Undercard", "Confirmed bouts:" ], [ "Broadcasting", " Country Broadcaster Main Event TV3+ RTL Sport 1 Polsat Sport RTR Sport Inter Box Nation HBO" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Edin Kozica" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Edin Kozica''' (born March 30, 1986) is a Bosnian former footballer who played as a defender." ], [ "Club career", "=== Early career ===Kozica initially was given a trial session with Olimpik Sarajevo during the summer of 2008 and would ultimately sign for the season.", "Following a brief spell in the state capital, he would remain in the country's second division by joining Rudar Kakanj.", "His spell with Rudar was short-lived as he departed from the club midway through the season to play with Iskra Bugojno.", "In 2010, he was transferred to Napredak and also played with Famos Hrasnica the following season.For the 2012–13 season, he spent the campaign with HNK Čapljina.", "He would re-sign with Čapljina for the next season.=== Canada ===In the summer of 2015, he played in the Canadian Soccer League with London City.", "Kozica would help London secure a playoff berth by finishing eighth in the league's first division.", "London would be eliminated from the postseason competition in the opening round by the Serbian White Eagles.", "He would finish the season as the club's top goal scorer with 7 goals.=== Bosnia ===After a season abroad, he returned to Bosnia to sign with FK Goražde." ], [ "Managerial career", "In 2017, he retired from professional football and became involved with coaching in Canada." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Chesapeake Marine Railway and Dry Dock Company" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Chesapeake Marine Railway and Dry Dock Company,''' founded in 1866, was the first black-owned shipyard in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.", "It was founded by Isaac Meyers with investments from fifteen local Black residents including Frederick Douglass.", "Baltimore's Frederick Douglass-Isaac Myers Maritime Park includes the site of the shipyard." ], [ "Establishment", "Isaac Meyers, an African-American man, was born free in Baltimore in 1835.Meyers was a caulker by trade and worked in Baltimore's shipyards.", "Prior to the American Civil War, Baltimore's shipbuilding and maritime industries were mostly interracial with both Black and white workers working together.", "After the war, many Irish and German workers would not work alongside Black workers in the shipyards and Black workers were often fired.", "Meyers formed Colored Caulkers Trade Union Society.", "The union offered stock for sale and raised $10,000 from Black Baltimore residents including Frederick Douglass.", "The union attempted to lease a site for a shipyard and dry dock company, but were denied by white property owners.", "William Applegarth, a local white businessman, served as an intermediary and helped the union obtain a lease.The Chesapeake Marine Railway and Dry Dock Company opened on February 12, 1866.The company was successful and worked on private and government contracts.", "It employed 300 Black caulkers and eventually employed white workers as well.The shipyard closed in 1884." ], [ "Modern day", "Frederick Douglass-Isaac Myers Maritime Park, established in 2006, includes the site of the company." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alpinism at the Olympic Games" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Olympic gold medals for alpinism''' were awarded in conjunction with Olympic Games in 1924, 1932 and 1936 for the greatest mountaineering achievement within the four preceding years." ], [ "History", "Members of the 1922 British Mount Everest expedition.Medals for feats of alpinism were initially floated as part of the first Olympic Congress in 1894, where it was suggested by the committee tasked with drawing up a list of sports.", "A prize for alpinism (as well as game hunting) was considered for the 1912 Olympic Games, but the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided against it for several reasons, including practicability, risk to human life and the lack of an exceptional feat of alpinism between 1908 and 1911.The first alpinism medals, in 1924, were given to the members of the unsuccessful 1922 British Mount Everest expedition led by Charles Granville Bruce.", "They were given out at the closing ceremony of the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, but bore the inscription of the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.", "21 people: the thirteen British expedition members, seven Sherpas who died during the ascent and one Nepalese soldier (Tejbir Bura) were awarded medals.", "There is some doubt as to whether all awardees, or the Sherpas' families, received them.After no medals were given out in 1928, the 1932 prize was awarded to German brothers and for being the first people to ascend the northern wall of the Matterhorn on August 1, 1931.Toni died on May 16, 1932 while attempting to climb the Wiesbachhorn, but Franz and his father accepted medals on behalf of both brothers in a ceremony on September 5, 1932.In 1936, medals were given to Swiss-German climber Günter Dyhrenfurth and his wife Hettie for \"a series of remarkable ascents and scientific expeditions in the Himalayas\".", "According to Olympic rules, only single performances could be considered, so the award was ''de facto'' for the pair's 1934 expedition, in which Hettie broke the women's altitude record by climbing 7313 meters.", "Despite the 1936 Summer Olympics being held in Berlin, Hettie being Jewish, and the pair having left Germany due to Adolf Hitler's rise to power, the German members of the IOC did not file any objections.", "Günter, who was also one-quarter Jewish, traveled alone to Berlin to accept the award during the 1936 Summer Olympics closing ceremony.", "The Dyhrenfurths were nonetheless left out of the Official Report of the Games, which caused Günter to send a letter of protest to the publisher.The IOC agreed to end the prize for alpinism in 1946, following a request from the Swiss.", "In 1988, the Olympic Order was presented to Reinhold Messner and Jerzy Kukuczka, the first two people to climb all fourteen eight-thousanders.", "Messner declined the award, citing mountaineering as a creative activity and not a competition, while Kukczka accepted it, though simultaneously distinguished it from a real Olympic medal." ], [ "Medal table", "The award from 1924 could be characterized either as for Great Britain or a mixed team (since the expedition was British-led, but some recipients were Indian or Nepalese).", "These medals are regardless not considered by the IOC to be equivalent to regular Olympic medals." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Quintuplets in the Boarding School" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Quintuplets in the Boarding School''''' (French: '''''Des quintuplés au pensionnat''''') is a 1953 French comedy film directed by René Jayet and starring Valentine Tessier, Armand Bernard and Maurice Escande.", "It was shot at the Billancourt Studios in Paris.", "The film's sets were designed by the art director Aimé Bazin." ], [ "Cast", "* Valentine Tessier as \tLa directrice du pensionnat* Armand Bernard as \tL'Inspecteur d'Académie* Maurice Escande as\tLe comte* Jeanne Fusier-Gir as \tMlle Adélaïde* Sophie Leclair as \tGisèle, une élève du pensionnat* Jean Brochard as \tFlorentin* Jean Carmet as \tAntoine* Jacques Bernard as Francis* Philippe Richard as Le maire* Mona Dol as \tMlle Georgette, la surveillante générale* Liliane Maigné as Cécile, une élève du pensionnat* Milly Mathis as \tVictoire* Dorette Ardenne as Yvonne, un professeur* Francine Farnell as \tBlanche* Suzanne Gabriello as \tJanine* Monique Gérard as Françoise* René Lacourt as \tLe pharmacien* Léon Larive as \tPaillard* Louis Pérault as Le chauffeur* Gine Rethy as \tMme Florentin* Suzanne Rissler as \tLa comtesse* Pierre Still as \tLe préfet* Suzy Willy as \tMme Paillard" ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Faulkner, Sally (ed.)", "''Middlebrow Cinema''.", "Routledge, 2016.", "* Rège, Philippe.", "''Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1''.", "Scarecrow Press, 2009." ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Frank Kruse" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Frank Kruse''' is a German sound engineer.", "He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Sound for the film ''All Quiet on the Western Front''." ], [ "Selected filmography", "''All Quiet on the Western Front'' (2022; co-nominated with Viktor Prášil, Markus Stemler, Lars Ginzel and Stefan Korte)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Novaya Myotcha" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Novaya Myotcha''' (; ) is a village in Barysaw District, Minsk Region, Belarus.", "It serves as the administrative center of Myotcha selsoviet.", "Novaya Myotcha is located southeast from Barysaw and from the capital Minsk.", "In 2000, it had a population of 86." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Plutonium Glow" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Plutonium Glow''''' is a 1997 studio album by American vocalist Vanessa Daou that was re-released in 1998.The album was an early example of Internet-based marketing for music and has received positive reviews from critics." ], [ "Reception", "Editors at AllMusic rated this album 4 out of 5 stars, with critic Stanton Swihart writing that \"''Plutonium Glow''... while still intensely sweaty, shifts its focus to the stars\" and \"Daou has a voice like a feather that literally floats off into the crisp night air, leaving the listener with a sweet but sometimes sorrowful aftertaste\".", "A review in ''Billboard'' calling this a \"fine\" album that \"melds sensual, often enlightening lyrics with smooth, warmly ambient dance grooves\".", "A 2022 review from Imran Khan of ''PopMatters'' of the 1998 re-release edition of this album stated that this album was influential on subsequent rave music culture and he praised the music's \"subtle change in dynamics\" and \"coolly-mannered, thoughtful, and thought-provoking poetry\"." ], [ "Track listing", "All songs written by Peter Daou and Vanessa Daou.", "'''1997 Handprint Entertainment release'''#\"Life on a Distant Star\" – 4:12#\"Plutonium Glow\" – 3:58#\"Peculiar\" – 3:50#\"Make Believe\" – 3:53#\"Lightening\" – 1:55#\"Zero G\" – 4:18#\"Mouth to Mouth\" – 3:59#\"Red Dawn\" – 3:04#\"Cherries in the Snow\" – 3:41#\"Flower of My Fears\" – 2:03#\"How Far\" – 3:50#\"Visions of You\" – 4:01#\"Truth Remains\" – 2:56#\"Back to the World\" – 5:58'''1998 Oxygen Music re-release'''#\"Alive\" – 4:09#\"Make Believe\" – 3:51#\"Peculiar\" – 3:49#\"Back to the World\" – 5:57#\"Life on a Distant Star\" – 4:12#\"Zero G\" – 4:18#\"Mouth to Mouth\" – 3:59#\"Truth Remains\" – 2:54#\"Lightening\" – 1:53#\"Plutonium Glow\" – 3:58#\"Flower of My Fears\" – 2:02#\"Cherries in the Snow\" – 3:42#\"How Far\" – 3:49#\"Red Dawn\" – 3:05" ], [ "Personnel", "Vanessa Daou – vocals, artwork, design, art direction, executive productionPeter Daou – mixing, productionDeena Del Zotto – photographyRick Essig – mastering at Frankford/Wayne, New York City, New York, United StatesMarkArt – graphicsCraig Roseberry – executive production" ], [ "See also", "List of 1997 albumsList of 1998 albums" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "**" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Hayman drums" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Hayman drums''' was an English manufacturer of percussion instruments established in 1968.The company was founded by Ivor Arbiter with the help of the John E. Dallas Company whom sought to compete with American drum manufacturers.", "The company went defunct in 1975, although attempts to re-launch the brand have led to the drums being produced intermittently in small batches by Taiwanese manufacturers." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Larysa Baidyuk" ], [ "Introduction", "Larysa Baidyuk'''Larysa Makarivna Baidyuk''' (born 26 February 1951) is a Ukrainian politician.", "People's Deputy of Ukraine of the 7th convocation.", "Member of the Communist Party of Ukraine since 1979.Member of the faction of the Communist Party of Ukraine in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine since December 2012.The first secretary of the Lenin District Committee of the Communist Party of Sevastopol.", "Head of the council of the public organization \"Women of Sevastopol for Peace and Social Justice\"." ], [ "Early life and education", "Larysa Baidyuk studied at the Faculty of Technology at Khmelnytskyi Technological Institute of Household Services (1968-1973), graduating as an Engineer-Economist." ], [ "Career", "From 1973 to 1978, Larysa Baidyuk worked as a senior economist in the planning and economic department of the Pobutekspress household service plant in Sevastopol.", "In 1978–1980, she was a senior price economist of the Sevastopol Department of Household Services planning department.From 1980 to 1986 and 1988 to 1991, Baidyuk was a director of the Sevastopol factory of industrial sewing and repair of knitted products \"Indtrikotazh\".", "In 1986–1988, she was a Deputy Chairman of the executive committee of the Balaklava District Council of People's Deputies of Sevastopol.In 1991 - 1995, Baidyuk was a director of the rental enterprise \"Trikotazh\" in Sevastopol.", "From 1995 to 1998, she was a chairman of the board of JSC Trikotazh, city of Sevastopol.", "In 1998 - 2002, Baidyuk served as the Chairman of the Lenin District Council of the city of Sevastopol.From 2012 to 2014, Baidyuk was a People's Deputy of Ukraine of the 7th convocation.", "In 2015–2017, she headed the association of real estate owners “GARDENING NON-PROFIT COMPANY “HYDROGRAPH”.After Russia annexed Crimea, she accepted Russian citizenship and joined the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.", "She became the first secretary of the Committee of the Lenin local branch of the Communist Party of Sevastopol.In 2016, Baidyuk ran for deputy of the Council of the Leninsky Municipal District of the second convocation of Sevastopol.=== Parliamentary Activity ===Larysa Baidyuk was the People's Deputy of Ukraine of the 7th convocation from December 12, 2012, from the Communist Party of Ukraine, No.", "24 on the list.", "At the time of the elections, she was an assistant consultant of the People's Deputy of Ukraine, a member of the Communist Party of Ukraine.", "Baidyuk was a member of the Budget Committee of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the 7th convocation since December 2012.Baidyuk was one of the 148 deputies of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine who signed an appeal to the Sejm of the Republic of Poland with a request to recognize the events in Volyn in 1942-1944 as genocide of Poles.She voted for the Anti-protest laws restricting freedom of speech and freedom of assembly in Ukraine passed by the Verkhovna Rada on January 16, 2014 (referred to as Black Thursday by its opponents) and signed into law by President Viktor Yanukovych the following day." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Troy Beckwith" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Troy Anthony Beckwith''' (1975 or 1976 – 24 January 2024) was an Australian television actor, known for his roles as Bazza in ''Pugwall'' and Michael Mellop in ''The Miraculous Mellops'', as well as being the second actor to play Michael Martin in the soap opera ''Neighbours'', from 1992 until 1994, with several guest reappearances until 1998." ], [ "Career", "Beckwith began his career playing Jeremy \"Bazza\" Bazlington in the children's television series ''Pugwall'' in 1989, appearing in 42 episodes.", "He went onto play Michael Mellop in the children's series ''The Miraculous Mellops'' from its beginning in 1991.Beckwith is perhaps best known for being the second actor, after Samuel Hammington, to portray Michael Martin on ''Neighbours,'' a role he had from 1992 until 1994, before making guest appearances until 1998.The series often drew in large viewing figures in both Australia and the United Kingdom.", "Beckwith had previously played the recurring role of school bully Darren Wood prior to securing the role of Michael.Beckwith made several other television and film appearances, including ''Blue Heelers'', ''Good Guys, Bad Guys'', and ''Chances''.", "He also appeared in ''Snowy'' and ''Halifax f.p.''.", "His final acting role was an appearance in the 1999 short film ''Caffeine''." ], [ "Death", "On 28 January 2024, it was announced that Beckwith had died four days prior at the age of 48.His former ''Neighbours'' co-star Kym Valentine and his family confirmed that he had cancer.", "Tributes were paid across social media by family, fans and former colleagues.", "Beckwith asked not to have a funeral." ], [ "Filmography", " Year Title Role Notes 1989–1991 (42 episodes) ''Pugwall'' Jeremy \"Bazza\" Bazlington Main cast 1991–1992 ''The Miraculous Mellops'' Michael Mellop Main cast 1991 ''Chances'' Zeke 1991 ''Neighbours'' Darren Wood Recurring role 1992–1994, re-appearances until 1998 ''Neighbours'' Michael Martin Main cast 1993 ''Snowy'' Steve 1995 ''Halifax f.p.''", "Rob Pringle 1996 ''Blue Heelers'' Brian Stenmark 1998 ''Good Guys, Bad Guys'' Smithy 1999 ''Blue Heelers'' Brendan Kelly 1999 ''Caffeine'' Troy Short film" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1984 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''1984 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary''' was held on February 28, 1984, in New Hampshire as one of the Democratic Party's statewide nomination contests ahead of the 1984 United States presidential election." ], [ "Procedure", "Candidates had to receive a minimum of 16.6% to receive delegates.", "The primary selected 12 delegates, who then selected the remaining 8 delegates on April 15.George Bruno and Holly Abrams, the chair and vice-chair of the New Hampshire Democratic Party, were superdelegates.The contest schedule created by the Democratic National Committee placed the New Hampshire primary on March 6, the same day as the non-binding Vermont primary.", "However, New Hampshire moved its primary to February 28, in violation of these rules, in accordance with a state law that required it to be held at least one week before any other state's primary.", "Iowa also violated the rules when it moved its caucus to February 20, in order to be eight days before the New Hampshire primary.Walter Mondale stated that he would boycott any state that held its contest before New Hampshire.", "Nancy Pelosi, chair of the Delegation Selection Compliance Review Committee, stated that the DNC would strip New Hampshire of its delegation.", "The DNC chose to not penalize Iowa or New Hampshire." ], [ "Campaign", "Jeanne Shaheen, who managed Jimmy Carter's primary campaign in New Hampshire in 1976 and 1980, managed Hart's campaign with her husband as co-chair.51% of voters determined who they were supporting before the Iowa caucus.", "31% of these voters supported Mondale, 29% supported Hart, 11% supported Glenn, and 9% supported Jackson.", "14% of voters determined who they were supporting the week before the primary, 12% the weekend before, and 8% the day before.", "Hart won over 57% of these voters.", "Hart won 44% of the 15% of voters who selected who they supported on the day of the election.41% of Jackson voters listed Hart as their second candidate in exit polls conducted by CBS News and ''The New York Times'''." ], [ "Results", "Hart won a plurality of the popular vote.", "Reubin Askew, Alan Cranston, and Fritz Hollings ended their campaigns after their poor results in the primary.Hart and Mondale both won 6 delegates in the primary, receiving three delegates from both congressional districts.", "Hart mathematically received 3.449 delegates in the 1st district and 3.414 delegates in the 2nd district while Mondale received 2.55 and 2.58 delegates in each district.", "Both candidates had 9 delegates when the remaining were selected on April 15, and 4 delegates were uncommitted.", "Mary Chambers was selected as chair of the delegation.", "1984 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary Candidate Votes % Delegates '''Gary Hart''' '''37,702''' '''37.31%''' '''6''' '''Walter Mondale''' '''28,173''' '''27.88%''' '''6''' John Glenn 12,088 11.96% 0 Jesse Jackson 5,311 5.26% 0 George McGovern 5,217 5.16% 0 Ronald Reagan (write-in) 5,058 5.01% 0 Fritz Hollings 3,583 3.55% 2 Alan Cranston 2,136 2.11% 0 Reubin Askew 1,025 1.01% 0 Stephen Koczak 155 0.15% 0 Walter Buchanan 132 0.13% 0 Martin Beckman 127 0.13% 0 Edward O'Donnell Jr. 74 0.07% 0 Gerald Willis 50 0.05% 0 William King 34 0.03% 0 Richard Kay 27 0.03% 0 William Kreml 25 0.02% 0 Hugh Bagley 24 0.02% 0 Claude R. Kirk Jr. 24 0.02% 0 Chester Rudnicki 21 0.02% 0 Roy Clendenan 20 0.02% 0 Cyril Sagan 20 0.02% 0 Raymond Caplette 19 0.02% 0 Total 101,045100%40" ], [ "References" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "Works cited", "**" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "List of Africa tornadoes and tornado outbreaks" ], [ "Introduction", "''Parent article:'' '''List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks'''These are some notable tornadoes, tornado outbreaks, and tornado outbreak sequences that have occurred in Africa." ], [ "Chad", " EventDateAreaTornadoesCasualtiesNotes Ndjamena tornado2 May 2007 Ndjamena, Chad 1 9 fatalities, 100 injuries A rare tornado struck Ndjamena, destroying 50 homes and killing nine people.", "Bebedjia tornado 9 May 2007 Bebedjia, Chad 1 14 fatalities, >150 injuries; town was destroyed An extremely rare and violent tornado tore through Bebedjia, reportedly destroying 95% of the town.", "The tornado struck at 4:00 pm, and was followed by an equally violent storm six hours later." ], [ "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "EventDateAreaTornadoesCasualtiesNotes 2003 Yumbi tornado 2 February 2003 Yumbi, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 17 fatalities, 4,000 injuries An extremely rare tornado swept through areas near the town of Yumbi.", "1,700 families were made homeless by the tornado." ], [ "South Africa", "EventDateAreaTornadoesCasualtiesNotes Roodepoort, South Africa 26 November 1948 Highveld, South Africa 1 4 fatalities, 100 injuries 700 homes wrecked, damages estimated at R150 million.", "This tornado made a track of 64 km and had touched down 15 times.", "Zastron, South Africa tornado 26 November 1948 Free State, South Africa 1 - Albertynesville, South Africa tornado 30 November 1952 South Africa - 20 fatalities, 400 injuries Cars were lifted 100 feet into the air by the tornado.", "Paynesville, South Africa tornado 2 December 1952 South Africa - 11 fatalities The tornado \"threw cattle high into the air\".", "Trompsburg, South Africa tornado 5 November 1976 Karoo, South Africa - 5 fatalities F3 rated tornado which tracked a 175 km long path, mainly through farmland.", "Senekal, South Africa tornado 15 September 1988 South Africa - 2 fatalities F3 that tracked a 100 km path over mostly open farmland, killing two children and damaging power lines.", "Welkom, South Africa tornado 20 March 1990 Free State, South Africa - destroying 4000 homes F4 Multi-vortex tornado raced through the suburbs of Welkom with a 240 km long severe storm front and a width of up to 1.7 km.", "Proved to be the most devastating tornado (in monetary terms) in South Africa's history.", "Harrismith tornado 15 November 1998 Free State, South Africa 1 0 fatalities, 14 injuries F2 according to Weather Service.", "Several houses and three airplane hangars were damaged or destroyed.", "Umtata (Mthatha)tornado 15 December 1998 Eastern Cape, South Africa 1 18 fatalities, 150 injuries Category unknown.", "Large amounts of damage was caused including damage to the hospital.", "Nelson Mandela, previous president of South Africa was in a pharmacy when the tornado hit, and was protected by his bodyguards while lying on the floor.", "The pharmacy was also damaged, but Mandela was not injured.3 days later Mandela declared Umtata in a state of emergency at Bridge Street taxi rank outside the shop that suffered 11 fatalities.", "Mount Ayliff, South Africa tornado 18 January 1999 South Africa - 25 fatalities, 500 injuries 120 km long track F4 Heidelberg, South Africa tornado 21 October 1999 South Africa - 20 injuries 100+ km path narrowly missed Johannesburg Centurion tornado 21 October 1999 Gauteng, South Africa 1 unknown fatality, unknown injuries F1 according to Weather Service.", "Damage was caused.", "Mpumalanga, South Africa tornado outbreak 9 September 2002 Mpumalanga, South Africa 4 Strong line of storms.", "Dullstroom tornado 1 August 2006 Mpumalanga, South Africa 1 0 fatalities, 11 injuries Several homes damaged, roof a high school completely removed.", "Estimated to be strong F1, possibly F2.Vryheid tornado 20 October 2006 KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 1 0 Rural huts destroyed on a farm 15 km east of the town.", "Child almost 'taken up' into tornado.", "Path estimated to be 4 km long.", "Estimated F1 Klerksdorp tornado 4 March 2007 North West, South Africa 1 1 fatality, 3 injuries F0 (South African Weather Bureah classified it as a \"mini tornado\").", "200 houses and other buildings damaged.", "Molweni tornado 14 November 2008 KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 1 8 fatalities, 200 injuries Crossed an urban area.", "Cars rolled some distance and shipping containers hurled through the air over 200m.", "Mud huts completely scoured away.", "Brick houses levelled.", "Path estimated to be 10 km long.", "Estimated EF3-4.Bulwer tornado 6 November 2009 KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 1 , 66 injuries F3 according to Weather Service.", "Cars thrown and cinder brick homes flattened.", "178 homes were destroyed.", "Ficksburg tornado 3 October 2011 Free State, South Africa 1 1 fatality, 42 injuries F2 according to Weather Service.", "122 houses and shacks destroyed.", "Duduza tornado 3 October 2011 Gauteng, South Africa 1 1 fatality, 166 injuries F2 according to Weather Service.", "150 houses destroyed Bronkhorstspruit tornado 13 November 2011 Mpumalanga, South Africa 1 0 fatalities, 0 injuries Category unknown.", "Minimal damage due touching down in open fields.", "Bethlehem tornado 23 June 2012 Free State, South Africa 1 8 fatalities, 27 injuries F2.Several houses was destroyed in Bethlehem and Kestell areas Deneysville tornado 23 June 2012 Free State, South Africa 1 1 fatality, 5 injuries a lot of damage to waterfront property.", "Queenstown – Mthaha tornado 19 September 2013 Eastern Cape, South Africa Tembisa 26 July 2016 Gauteng, South Africa 1 0 fatalities, 3 injuries Damaged roof of Phumulani Mall and a nearby hospital, causing injuries.Mpumalanga, Standerton10 December 2016Mpumalanga, Standerton, South Africa10 fatalitiesSpotted about 12 km outside Standerton on the R23 Volksrust RoadMpumalangaStanderton11 December 2016Mpumalanga, Standerton, South Africa10 fatalitiesSeen in the Kaalspruit/Bloukop AreaVaal Marina11 December 2016 Gauteng, South Africa10 fatalities, +-50 injuriesAt least 300 people were displaced and 50 others injuredNew Hanover12 November 2019KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa12 fatalities, +-18 injuriesHundreds of people were displaced." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Blue City (Warsaw)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Blue City''' is a postmodernist shopping centre in Warsaw, Poland, located at 179 Jerusalem Avenue within the district of Ochota.", "It was opened in 2004." ], [ "History", "The investition, originally named the ''Reform Center'', was first proposed in the late 1990s, by Sabri Bekdaş, owner of the Reform Company.", "It was invisioned as a 9-storey-tall shopping centre.", "It was proposed to also include there an amusement park themed around musican Michael Jackson.", "In 1997, Amnon Shiboleth, businessperson and Jackson's lawyer met with the representatives of the company, to discuss the proposition.", "While the idea of the theme park feel through, Shiboleth himself became interested in the investition, and bought 51% of ownership from the Reform Company.", "The building was designed by architect Vahap Toy.", "Due to issues between investors, the building remained unused for several years, and severely deteriorated over that time.", "Beginning in 2003, it was renovated and remodeled, and was opened on 31 March 2004.It became the biggest shopping centre in Poland at the time.In 2018, in the shopping centre wss opened the \"miniature\" IKEA store, with an area of 4,800 m2.It was the smallest store opened by the company worldwide, as part of the test of new business strategy.", "It was closed in 2021.In the same year, in Blue City was opened the Fit/One health club becoming the largest of its kind in Poland." ], [ "Characteristics", "The inside of Blue City in 2022.The Blue City shopping centre is located at 179 Jerusalem Avenue.", "The building was designed in the postmodernist style, and has the total area of 180,000 m2, of which 60,000 m2 is used by stores and services, while 19,000 m2 is an office space.", "It has 8 storeys, and its total height is 55 m. The shopping centre includes 220 stores.On the opposite side of the street, at 148 Jerusalem Avenue, is located the Atrium Reduta shopping centre." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", " *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "James Colzie III" ], [ "Introduction", "'''James Colzie III''' (born December 8, 1974) is an American college football coach.", "He is the head football coach for Florida A&M University, a position he has held since 2024.He was the head football coach for Saint Mary's University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, from 2016 to 2021.He also coached for FIU, Florida State, Valdosta State, West Georgia, Southern Arkansas, Simon Fraser, Coffeyville Community College, and UBC.", "He played college football and baseball for Florida State." ], [ "Early life", "Colzie was born on December 8, 1974, in Miami, Florida.", "His uncle, Neal Colzie, played in the National Football League (NFL).", "He attended South Miami Senior High School where he played football, basketball and baseball under his father, James Colzie Jr., who was the school's athletic director.", "Playing defensive back in football, he was a top player with 24 career interceptions and was named All-State, All-Dade County and ''The Miami Herald'' Athlete of the Year as a senior.", "He also scored over 2,000 points in basketball as a point guard and hit .300 as a center fielder in baseball.", "Off the field, he was the only student of South Miami's Advanced Placement Chemistry class to have an A-average throughout his senior year.", "The number two-ranked prospect in the county, he committed to play college football for the Florida State Seminoles.As a true freshman in 1993, Colzie appeared in all 13 games for Florida State and helped them win the national championship.", "He was a backup in the 1994 and 1995 seasons, recording 17 tackles and two interceptions in the latter year.", "However, his 1995 season was derailed when he was sentenced to four days in jail and 75 hours of community service for involvement in a nighclub fight.", "He then made \"education and staying out of trouble\" his priority and became a starter as a senior in 1996.He had 34 tackles and three interceptions that year.", "In addition to football, Colzie also played a season of baseball in 1994 at Florida State.", "An All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) selection in 1996, Colzie reportedly had a brief stint with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and played in the minor league baseball system of the Montreal Expos." ], [ "Coaching career", "Colzie began his coaching career with the FIU Panthers in 2000, serving as co-special teams coordinator and cornerbacks coach.", "He remained in the positions through the 2003 season.", "In 2004, he returned for Florida State as a graduate assistant, assisting the cornerbacks and punt returners.", "In 2007, he moved to the Valdosta State Blazers and helped them win the NCAA Division II championship as special teams and defensive backs coach.", "He joined the West Georgia Wolves in 2008 and served through 2011 as assistant head coach, defensive coordinator, special teams coordinator and defensive backs coach.In 2012, Colzie served as special teams coordinator, recruiting coordinator and defensive backs coach for the Southern Arkansas Muleriders.", "He moved to Canada in 2013 and served as defensive coordinator and defensive backs coach for the Simon Fraser Clan.", "He then was the defensive coordinator, recruiting coordinator and defensive backs coach for the Coffeyville Red Ravens community college team in 2014.Colzie was the defensive coordinator and defensive backs coach for the UBC Thunderbirds in 2015 and helped them win the Vanier Cup.", "In 2016, he was named head coach of the Saint Mary's Huskies.", "He served as their head coach for five seasons (2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic) and compiled an overall record of 18–20, helping them reach the Atlantic University Sport (AUS) championship twice.", "He resigned prior to the 2022 season.In 2022, Colzie was hired by the Florida A&M Rattler as defensive backs coach.", "He added the role of assistant head coach in 2023 and helped them win the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) championship and the Celebration Bowl that season.", "After Willie Simmons left following the 2023 season to become running backs coach for the Duke Blue Devils, Colzie was named interim head coach, later being named full-time head coach in January 2024." ], [ "Head coaching record", "===NCAA======U Sports===" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Florida A&M profile* Saint Mary's profile* UBC profile" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald" ], [ "Introduction", "''Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald'', November 24, 1963'''''Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald''''' is a 1963 photograph of nightclub owner Jack Ruby shooting accused assassin Lee Harvey Oswald.", "The image was captured by ''Dallas Times Herald'' photographer Robert H. Jackson and it won the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for Photography.", "The photograph was taken at the exact moment that Lee Harvey Oswald was shot.", "In addition to the Pulitzer, the image also won awards from the Texas Headliners Club and Sigma Delta Chi.", "Another reporter, Jack Beers, captured a similar photo, but the shutter was clicked slightly early." ], [ "History", "On November 22, 1963, U.S. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas.", "The main suspect in the assassination was Lee Harvey Oswald, who was in police custody.", "Two days after the assassination, Dallas police made arrangements to transfer Oswald to the county jail.", "The scheduled time to move Oswald was 9:15a.m.", "and Jackson arrived before 9:00a.m.", "to get ready.", "Authorities did not move Oswald until after 11:00a.m., however.", "Roughly fifty people were there to see Oswald's transfer.", "The exact time of the shooting was 11:21a.m.", "Jackson captured a photograph of the moment Oswald was shot.", "Jackson said he had no idea that he had captured the moment of the shooting until he developed his film.", "On November 25, 1963, the image was published on the front page of the ''Dallas Times Herald''.Jack Beers's picture of Jack Ruby shooting Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas on November 24, 1963There was competition in the newspaper business and Jack Beers, who worked for ''The Dallas Morning News'', captured a similar image which was taken six-tenths of a second before Jackson's with Ruby not yet having fired.", "Beers's image was first to press but the Jackson image was preferred because it captured the instant of Oswald being shot.", "Beers's image showed Jack Ruby stepping forward with his 38-caliber Colt Cobra revolver just before the shot that killed Oswald.", "Beers's friends and family said he never got over the fact that he missed capturing the Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph." ], [ "Description", "When authorities notified the reporters in the police headquarters basement that Oswald was coming, Jackson got his Nikon S3 35 mm camera ready.", "Jackson had been to the Dallas Police headquarters basement for prisoner transfers many times so he knew where to stand in order to get the best photograph.", "He said, \"I picked a spot...", "I prefocused the camera about 11 feet in front of me.\"", "Jackson said as part of his preparation, he made sure to check the camera's wind lever multiple times.", "Jackson was initially blocked and had to lean across a vehicle to get a vantage point.", "The reporters were arranged in a semi-circle and the door where Oswald would enter was in front of them.", "He also readied his camera's flash before looking into his camera's view finder to see Oswald approaching.", "Oswald took eight to ten steps toward the reporters and Ruby entered the frame.", "Jackson said, \"He Ruby fired, and I hit the shutter\".", "Jackson almost lost his camera in the scrum that followed; an officer grabbed Jackson's camera but Jackson held firm.", "The image that Jackson captured is the exact moment that a bullet from Ruby's gun entered Oswald's body.", "The expression on Oswald's face shows the pain he was experiencing at that moment.", "Also in the image, Dallas Police Detective Jim Leavelle reacts to the shooting.", "Leavelle was wearing a white Stetson cowboy hat in the image and his left wrist was handcuffed to Oswald's right wrist.", "One of the reasons that the image was so compelling is that it captured the terror of the men in the frame.", "Other photographers and television cameras also captured the dramatic scene but according to ''The Denver Post'', \"No one produced an image like Jackson's\"." ], [ "Reception", "Jackson returned to his newsroom with his undeveloped film, and the \"Jack Beers picture was already on the wire.\"", "Before Jackson developed the film, reporters at his newspaper asked, \"Do you have anything as good?\"", "After Jackson developed the image and showed it, a reporter named Vivian Castleberry said, \"All of Dallas could have heard the screaming from that room when he developed that picture and the image came out of what he had.", "\"The image won the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for Photography and it received international recognition.", "When Jackson was told that the image had won the Pulitzer, he said, \"I am in a state of shock\".", "The image also won the Texas Headliners Club award, and it was called the best new picture, winning the Sigma Delta Chi Award.", "In 2019, ''The New York Times'' described the image by saying, \"The shooting, with Mr. Oswald’s pained grimace and Detective Leavelle’s stricken glower, was chillingly captured\".", "Columbia University associate professor Nina Berman said, \"The still image crystallizes this whole moment.", "You keep looking at it to see if anyone can see what is going to happen.", "… It is such a fantastically composed picture\"." ], [ "See also", "* List of photographs considered the most important* ''Saigon Execution'', another Pulitzer-winning photo of a person at the moment they were fatally shot" ], [ "References", "===Notes===" ], [ "External links", "* Image of Robert H. Jackson and his Pulitzer prize winning picture.", "* YouTube BBC News - Bob Jackson about his Pulitzer Prize winning picture* YouTube Jack Ruby Kills Lee Harvey Oswald" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Marmara Municipalities Union" ], [ "Introduction", "Union of Marmara Municipalities (MBB) is a public institution operating as a municipal union in the Marmara Region since its establishment in 1975.It continues its work both locally and on international platforms with the mission of increasing the effectiveness of municipalities while addressing important problems arising from rapid changes in society and the world, and to research, raise awareness, share and support in this field.", "MBB works on projects related to urbanization, migration, social cohesion, local diplomacy, local economic development, resilience and innovation, and provides training, consultancy and organizes events in these areas." ], [ "History", "In 1973, 45 municipalities in the Marmara Region came together to find solutions for the Marmara Sea, which was polluted by the increasing industry in the Marmara Region.", "In this meeting, it was agreed that regional problems could not be solved on a city-by-city basis and required cooperation.", "The participating municipalities decided to act jointly in order to adopt a democratic local government approach, to carry out central-local relations within the framework of democratic principles, to expand the scope of local governments and to find solutions to environmental problems.", "At the end of 2 years of work, Turkey's first regional scale union of municipalities was officially established on April 25, 1975, under the name of \"Union of Municipalities of Marmara and Straits\"." ], [ "Logo", "The MBB logo consists of many lines of different sizes, each representing the coming together of municipalities of different scales, each with different advantages.", "The lines of the logo, just like the MBB member municipalities, move side by side, supporting each other in the direction of the same goal.", "The gaps between the lines emphasize the independent structure of the cities, while at the same time, these gaps that connect them represent cooperation and solidarity between the cities.", "All these lines and cities of different scales come together to form Marmara, MBB, M. If one of them is missing, M is also missing.", "The blue color of the logo represents water and the Marmara Sea, while the green color represents nature and symbolizes cities existing in harmony with nature." ], [ "Organization Structure", "Union of Marmara Municipalities Building, Değirmen Han (illustration)The organs of the Union consist of the Assembly, the Council and the President.", "The decision-making center is the Union Assembly, while the President is in charge of managing the Union and protecting its rights and interests.", "Its administration is the responsibility of the Secretary General appointed by the President.", "There are Directorates and Coordinatorships under the General Secretariat in its structure.", "There are five centers where units and institutions can carry out joint work and projects, an academy to provide training, and 11 Platforms where municipal employees come together to exchange knowledge and experience.=== Academy ===* Local Government Academy=== Centers ===* Center for Urban Policy* Migration Policy Center* Management Development Center* Center for Sustainability and Climate Change* Data and Technology Center=== Platforms ===* Information Technology Platform* Environment Platform* Audit Platform* Migration Platform* Law Platform* Human Resources and Education Platform* Corporate Communication Platform* Culture and Art Platform* Library and Information Centers Platform* Financial Services Platform* City Planning Platform* Local Diplomacy Platform" ], [ "MBB and [[Marmara Sea]]", "The Marmara Sea, which is the igniting force for the formation of the Union and for the municipalities to come together and work together for a common purpose, has a special place in MBB's work.In the Marmara Region, which hosts more than 30% of Turkey's population, settlement density is higher on the coastlines.", "This rate of population growth increases the pollution pressure on the Marmara Sea, which is an inland sea, in the face of industrial activities and agricultural activities.", "Sea slobber, also known as mucilage, which is visible on the sea surface and also covers the depths, has emerged as a visible result of this pressure.", "Under the leadership of the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, MBB, central government, local governments, non-governmental organizations, universities and other stakeholders came together and carried out studies to develop a common action plan.", "The 22-article action plan that emerged as a result of these studies continues to be implemented.", "The Integrated Strategic Plan for the Marmara Sea, which was decided to be made in the Marmara Sea Action Plan, has been published.", "According to Article AF6.2.2.2.12 of this Strategic Plan, the Union of Marmara Municipalities was assigned the task of organizing awareness activities for the Marmara Sea on June 8 every year.", "The first one was celebrated as Marmara Sea Day on June 8 as part of the Turkish Environment Week in 2022.Simultaneously 62 awareness activities were organized in 5 metropolitan and 2 provincial municipalities with coastal parts." ], [ "Events and Programs", "'''MARUF'''Marmara Urban Forum (MARUF) is an international forum where all stakeholders involved and playing a role in cities come together and make their voices heard.", "The forum, which is organized every two years, has set out with the motto \"Solution Generating Cities\".", "Beyond the presentation of problems, it has also made it its mission to propose a solution for each problem.", "The content of the forum has been prepared in parallel with the UN Sustainable Development Goals.The Forum was first organized in Istanbul in 2019.In 2021, MARUF was organized online in partnership with UN-Habitat.", "'''Golden Ant'''Golden Ant, where good practice projects of MBB member municipalities are awarded, provides an environment for the announcement and dissemination of these projects and for municipalities to learn from each other.", "'''Mentor'''The Mentor - Exchange and Sharing Program was initiated to improve the capacity and increase the competencies of the employees of MBB's member municipalities.", "In the exchange program, where inter-institutional cooperation is at the forefront, municipalities from local governments in the region, in Turkey and even abroad that offer and request expertise on the topics needed come together in online meetings.=== Culture Publications ===MBB Kültür Yayınları, which specializes in the field of local governments, continues to focus on publishing books that will be a reference source.", "With its approach away from popular publishing, it includes books on local governments published by experts in the field.", "It also has related publications such as Mukaddime, Encyclopedic City Dictionary, Architect Sinan of Marmara." ], [ "Sources" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 United States secretary of state elections" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 United States secretary of state elections''' are scheduled to be held on November 5, 2024, to elect the secretaries of state in seven states.", "These elections took place concurrently with several other federal, state, and local elections.The elections for secretary of state had taken on heightened importance due to former President Donald Trump's baseless claims that the 2020 election was stolen.", "Many had argued that election officials such as secretaries of state could have the power to overturn the 2024 election, should its outcome be disagreeable to the losing candidate.The previous elections for this group of states took place in 2020.The secretary of state of Vermont serves two-year terms and was last elected in 2022.Going into the election, there were 26 Republican secretaries of state and 21 Democratic secretaries of state.", "4 Democratic secretaries of state were up for election, of whom LaVonne Griffin-Valade of Oregon is retiring.", "3 Republican secretaries of state were up for election, of whom Jay Ashcroft of Missouri and Mac Warner of West Virginia are retiring." ], [ "Partisan composition", "Going into these elections, this class of secretaries of state is made up of 4 Democrats and 3 Republicans.", "Democrats are defending one state won by Donald Trump in 2020 (North Carolina), while Republicans do not hold any states won by Joe Biden." ], [ "Race summary", "===States=== State Secretaryof state Party Firstelected Status Candidates Missouri Republican 2016 Incumbent retiring torun for governor Montana Republican 2020 Incumbent running North Carolina Democratic 1996 Incumbent running Oregon Democratic 2023 Interim appointee retiring Vermont Democratic 2022 Incumbent's intent unknown Washington Democratic 2022 Incumbent's intent unknown West Virginia Republican 2016 Incumbent retiring torun for governor" ], [ "Missouri", "Incumbent Republican Jay Ashcroft was eligible to serve a third term, but has instead decided to run for governor.Businesswoman Valentina Gomez, state senator Denny Hoskins, state senate President pro tempore Caleb Rowden, Greene County clerk Shane Schoeller and state representative Adam Schwadron are running in the Republican primary." ], [ "Montana", "Incumbent Republican Christi Jacobsen is running for re-election to a second term.", "Democratic newspaper owner Jesse Mullen is running against her." ], [ "North Carolina", "Incumbent Democrat Elaine Marshall is running for re-election to an eighth term." ], [ "Oregon", "Incumbent Democrat LaVonne Griffin-Valade was appointed by Governor Tina Kotek after Shemia Fagan resigned.", "She was eligible to run for a full term, but decided to retire.Democrats state senate President pro tempore James Manning Jr. and state treasurer Tobias Read are running for the position.", "Property broker Brent Barker is the lone Republican candidate as of February 2024." ], [ "Vermont", "Incumbent Democrat Sarah Copeland Hanzas is eligible to run for a second term, but she has not stated whether she will do so." ], [ "Washington", "Incumbent Democrat Steve Hobbs is eligible to run for re-election, but has not stated whether he will do so." ], [ "West Virginia", "Incumbent Republican Mac Warner is eligible to run for re-election, but has instead decided to run for governor.State senator Kenny Mann, state delegate Chris Pritt, former state delegate Ken Reed, former Democratic House of Delegates minority leader Doug Skaff, former West Virginia Republican Party chair Kris Warner and Putnam County clerk Brian Wood are running in the Republican primary.Attorney Thornton Cooper is the only Democrat to have filed in this race." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Lars Ullerstam" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Lars Gustaf Adolf Ullerstam,''' born April 22, 1935, in Vanersborg, Sweden, is a psychiatrist, sexologist, and author best known for his 1964 book, ''De erotiska minoritertena'' (released in the United States in 1966 under the title, ''The Erotic Minorities.'')", "In Sweden, Ullerstam was one of the most influential figures arguing for sexual liberation of the 1960s.", "The book, as of 2015, had been translated into 8 languages." ], [ "The Erotic Minorities", "''The Erotic Minorities'' argued against the concept of perversion as a category.", "While he defended homosexuality, most of the content of his book centered around other sexual practices and desires, such as pedophilia, zoophilia, prostitution, necrophilia, and BDSM.", "Ullerstam argued for state-backed brothels as mental health care, claiming that framing prostitution in this way would create \"sexual Samaritans\" who would staff the brothels.", "He accepted the criminalization of pedophilia, but did not believe that it was possible for pedophiles to repress their desires and believed that it was only conditioning that made pedophilia wrong.", "Ullerstam also argued against the restriction of pornography." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Aliss Ink" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Aliss Ink''' is a Swedish professional wrestler best known for her tenure with German Westside Xtreme Wrestling (wXw) and the European independent scene.", "She most recently worked for World Wonder Ring Stardom under the ring name of '''Scandinavian Hurricane'''." ], [ "Professional wrestling career", "===European independent circuit (2018–present)===Ink made her professional wrestling debut under the ring name of \"Esk Katana\" at a house show promoted by Let's Go Wrestling on June 2, 2018, where she teamed up with Ender Kara to defeat Alexander Bäck and Marcus Of Man.", "She competed in various promotions from Europe such as Svensk Wrestling Syd, Freedom Pro Wrestling, BODYSLAM!", "Pro Wrestling or FCF Wrestling.===Westside Xtreme Wrestling (2022–present)===Ink made her debut in Westside Xtreme Wrestling at the 2022 edition of the WXw Femmes Fatales from October 1, one-night tournament which she won by defeating Nicky Foxley in the first rounds, Killer Kelly in the semifinals and Masha Slamovich in the finals.", "By winning the tournament, Ink was granted the number one contendership for the wXw Women's Championship, title which she won one night later on October 2, 2022, on the second night of the ''WXW Tag Team Fesatival'' by defeating Baby Allison.Ink competed in one of the promotion's signature events, the ''Shortcut To The Top'' in which she made her first appearance at the 2023 edition where she competed in the traditional battle royal disputed for the number one contendership for the wXw Unified World Wrestling Championship, consisting mostly of male opponents.", "The bout was won by Mike Schwarz and also involving various other notable opponents such as Absolute Andy, Emil Sitoci, Hektor Invictus, Jurn Simmons, Norman Harras, The Rotation and many others.===World Wonder Ring Stardom (2023–present)===Ink made her debut in World Wonder Ring Stardom as a \"foreign player\" under the name of Scandinavian Hurricane at ''Stardom Gold Rush 2023'' on November 18, where she fell short to Syuri by way of TKO in an UWF Rules match.", "She continued to make regular appearances for the promotion as she continued competing in mixed martial art rules matches.", "At Stardom Nagoya Big Winter on On December 2, 2023, she fell short to Nanae Takahashi in another UWF rules bout.", "One day later on December 3, 2023, Ink would later compete in an eight-woman tag team match in which she teamed up with God's Eye's Syuri, Mirai and Ami Sohrei to defeat Queen's Quest (AZM, Miyu Amasaki, Saya Kamitani and Utami Hayashishita).", "Impressed by her combat skills, Syuri offered Ink a spot into God's Eye which the latter accepted." ], [ "Championships and accomplishments", "'''BODYSLAM!", "Pro Wrestling'''BODYSLAM!", "Championship (1 time, current)BODYSLAM!", "Women's Championship (1 time, current)Scandi Graps Invitational (2021)'''Freedom Pro Wrestling'''*Hunger For Gold (2022)'''''Pro Wrestling Illustrated'''''** Ranked No.", "70 of the top 250 female singles wrestlers in the ''PWI Women's 250'' in 2023'''STHLM Wrestling'''Frank Andersson Nordic Wrestling Championship (1 time, current)'''Westside Xtreme Wrestling'''wXw Women's Championship (1 time)WXw Femmes Fatales (2022)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Millennium Docs Against Gravity" ], [ "Introduction", "Festival's logo in 2023.The '''Millennium Docs Against Gravity''' (originally '''Warsaw Doc Review''', then '''Planete Doc Review''') is an annual documentary film festival in Poland held since 2004, usually in May." ], [ "Grand Prix", "The main award at the festival is the Grand Prix Bank Millennium Award, sponsored by the Bank Millennium.+Grand Prix Bank Millennium Award recipientsYearFestivalFilmDirector(s)Country of productionYear of productionGrand Prix introduced.20063rd''Dreaming by Numbers''Anna Bucchetti2005/200620074th''The Monastery: Mr. Vig and the Nun''Pernille Rose Grønkjær200620085th''Up the Yangtze''Yung Chang200720096th''The Sound of Insects''Peter Liechti200920107th''Steam of Life''Joonas Berghäll, Mika Hotakainen201020118th''Abendland''Nikolaus Geyrhalter201020129th''5 Broken Cameras''Emad Burnat, Guy Davidi2011201310th''Forget Me Not''David Sieveking2013201411th''We Come as Friends''Hubert Sauper2014201512th''Something Better to Come''Hanna Polak2014''Above And Below''Nicolas Steiner2015201613th''Under the Sun''Witalij Manski2015201714th''Last Men in Aleppo''Feras Fayyad2017201815th''Minding the Gap''Bing Liu2018201916th''Honeyland''Ljubomir Stefanov, Tamara Kotevska2018202017th''The Earth Is Blue as an Orange''Iryna Tsilyk2020202118th''Flee''Jonas Poher Rasmussen2021202219th''The Pawnshop''Łukasz Kowalski2022202320th''Apolonia, Apolonia''Lea Glob2022" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* – festival official website* – festival host official website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Rukban refugee camp" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Rukban refugee camp''' () lies in southern Syria adjacent to the Jordan–Syria border, and close to the tripoint with Iraq.", "It is named after the nearby Rukban area, an arid remote region in northeastern Jordan.The camp was established when refugees piled up on the Syrian side of the borders with Jordan in 2014, as it became one of the crossing points for Syrian refugees fleeing the Syrian Civil War.", "While Jordan welcomed hundreds of thousands of refugees from Syria, the country specifically blocked the refugees at Rukban from entering, citing security concerns regarding the presence of hidden ISIS sleeper cells.In 2016, a car passing from the refugee camp in Syria managed to reach a Jordanian army outpost designated for the distribution of humanitarian aid to Syrian refugees.", "The car exploded, killing 6 and injuring 14 Jordanian soldiers.", "Jordan thereafter declared its eastern and northern border closed military zones.", "The camp in Syria witnessed further incidents, including two car bomb attacks that killed tens of refugees in 2016 and 2017.The population of the camp in Syria peaked at 45,000 in 2018.It suffered poor living conditions until its population later dwindled to 11,000 in 2019." ], [ "Background", "Rukban is an arid remote area in northeastern Jordan near the borders with Syria.", "Since 2014, it became one of the crossing points for Syrian refugees going to Jordan.", "However, Jordan soon after blocked their access, citing security concerns regarding the presence of hidden Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant sleeper cells, as many of the refugees arrived mostly from then Islamic State-controlled territories such as Raqqa.", "Jordan only allowed around 50 to a 100 of them to pass into the country after strict screening.", "Therefore, refugees piled up on the border, creating the Rukban refugee camp in Syria.In 2015, the UN agreed with Jordan that the number of refugees that it is hosting gives rise to legitimate security concerns, however, it did not concede that Rukban residents presented any specific or additional security concern, and called on Jordan to immediately allow refugees in Rukban to access the country.", "Melessa Flemming of UNHCR said: \"UN officials accept Jordan has legitimate security concerns, but the UN continues to urge Jordan to permit residents of Rukban to enter Jordan.\"", "The number of Syrians there rose to 75,000 in 2016, becoming a de facto camp in Syrian territory, which drew heavy criticism and condemnation of Jordan from Human Rights Watch in 2015." ], [ "Syrian Civil War spillover", "===21 June 2016 car bomb===At dawn on 21 June 2016, a car crossed over from Rukban on Syrian territory and managed to reach a Jordanian army outpost designated for the distribution of humanitarian aid to Syrian refugees.", "The car exploded, killing 6 and injuring 14 Jordanian soldiers.Jordanian minister of foreign affairs Nasser Judeh said in a press conference about the incident that \"we don't need a hideous terrorist attack like this one to prove to the world the legitimacy of our security concerns\".", "He added that Jordan \"will not put the lives of our soldiers and our country at risk because this is not Jordan's problem alone, this is an international responsibility\" and that it \"has provided for refugees what no other country has, with regard to its resources.", "We will not allow anyone to take the higher moral ground\".", "Jordan afterwards declared its northern and eastern borders closed military areas, and stressed that the armed forces' border guards will not tolerate any uncoordinated movements approaching its borders and that force will be decisively used against it.Despite this, HRW continued to condemn Jordan, most recently on 7 September 2016, due to deteriorating life conditions in Rukban after humanitarian aid was halted due to fears from further terror attacks against the Jordanian army and international humanitarian aid agencies.===17 December 2016 car bomb===Another attack happened on 17 December 2016, 3 km north of the border in the refugee camp which lies in Syria.", "The bombing targeted a warehouse while it was distributing clothes to refugees, resulting in 2 dead and 15 injured Syrians.", "On 21 January 2017, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a third explosion went off in the camp by a car bomb, in which 4 Syrians were killed and 14 were injured.", "The injured were evacuated by the Jordanian army into a medical facility.===3 May 2017 car bomb===A Jordanian military source said a car bomb exploded in the market area of the camp on 3 May 2017, killing four Syrians and injuring others.", "Jordan began blocking aid deliveries to the camp from early 2018.===Later developments===On 23 August 2018, Russian spokeswoman Maria Zakharova claimed that hundreds of ISIL and Jabhat al-Nusra members were hiding among the refugees inside the camp, using them as human shields, with the knowledge of the U.S. military at the nearby Al-Tanf air base in Syria.", "In September 2016 Alice Wells, the then-U.S.", "Ambassador to Jordan, made the claim that the refugee camp housed a variety of different people possibly including armed groups and terrorists.", "However, the prevalence of IS fighters in the camp is disputed by the camp's civilian Shura governing council.In October 2018, UNICEF estimated that 45,000 people live at the camp.", "Other estimates are of 50,000 or even 70,000.In October, relief workers and refugees said the Syrian army blockaded the roads and prevented aid from reaching the camp, in an attempt to force frightened refugees into reconciliation.", "Western sources say it was part of a Russian backed effort to pressure US and rebel forces to leave their base at nearby al-Tanf, while a Russian military source blamed the United States as responsible for security in the area.", "UNICEF reported that two infants died in the camp in early October, and called for urgent action, and one local NGO reported 14 civilians had died from late September to 10 October.In January 2019, eight children were reported to have died at the Rukban camp due to cold weather and inadequate medical care, with the total number of refugees at the camp estimated at 45,000, 80% women and children.", "Rukban received its first aid delivery in three months on 7 February 2019 with the United Nations and the Syrian Arab Red Crescent reaching the camp with 118 trucks packed with food supplies, basic medicines, education items and children's recreational kits.", "Aid workers had arrived on the night of 6 February after arduous negotiations with the Syrian government.", "The aid convoy was expected to spend a week distributing material to the camp's residents.In April 2019, UNOCHA estimated that 36,000 people were still living in the camp, and that 7,000 had left \"in the last month or so.", "\"As of 23 May, 13,153 people in 16 groups have left Rukban and been transported to five shelters in Homs governorate; constituting more than a third of Rukban's population of nearly 42,000.In July 2019 one estimate suggests the camp had dwindled to a population of 11,000.Aid workers, diplomats and residents say it was a result of a five-month Russian siege to block supplies.As of March 2020 the area suffers in a food crisis and humanitarian disaster.", "The Syrian government continues to block almost all aid, with no more than four aid convoys over the prior two years.", "Residents say they fear violence or forcible military conscription by the Syrian regime if they leave." ], [ "See also", "* Syrian refugee camps* Jordan-Syria border* Rukban* Al-Tanf" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Crash Kids" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Crash Kids''' is a 1996 German television film drama directed by Petra Haffter and starring Isabell Gerschke and Marek Harloff.", "The film was first broadcast on television on December 13, 1996, on Arte." ], [ "Plot", "14 years old Laura is struggling to com to terms with puberty.", "When she meets a teenage carjacker and crash driver, she feels drawn to him, craving adventure and romance.", "But when the playful thrill turns serious, her life begins to fall apart.", "Together their odyssey takes them to the south of France.", "A mixture of crime film and road movie that sheds light on a part of young (outsider) culture." ], [ "Production notes", "Crash Kids was filmed on locations in Côte d'Azur, France.ARTE was the Production company." ], [ "Review", "The ''film service'' wrote: “Mixture of crime film and road movie that wants to shed light on part of young (outsider) culture.”" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * '' Crash Kids'' at crew united* '' Crash Kids'' at Fernsehenserien.de" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Rebecca Koerner" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Rebecca Koerner''' (born 22 September 2000) is a Danish racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's WorldTeam .Koerner previously competed in diving, where she was a three-time national champion before switching to cycling in 2019.She competed at the 2021 UCI Road World Championships in the road race and time trial events, and joined the following year.", "In 2023, she won the Danish national road race championships." ], [ "Major results", ";2020: 5th Time trial, National Road Championships;2021: 5th Road race, National Road Championships;2023: National Road Championships::1st 20px Road race::4th Time trial" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Antônio Henrique Cunha Bueno" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Antônio Henrique Bittencourt Cunha Bueno''' (17 June 1949 – 22 January 2024) was a Brazilian economist and politician.", "A member of the National Renewal Alliance, the Democratic Social Party, Reform Progressive Party, and the Progressistas, he served in the Legislative Assembly of São Paulo from 1971 to 1975 and the Chamber of Deputies from 1975 to 2003.Bueno died of kidney failure in São Paulo, on 22 January 2024, at the age of 74." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ishmael Kipkurui" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ishmael Rokitto Kipkurui''' (born 10 February 2005), also spelled '''Ishmael Kipkirui''', '''Ishmael Kirui''', or '''Ismael Kipkurui''', is a Kenyan middle- and long-distance runner.", "He was the individual winner of the 2023 World Cross Country Championships U20 race, leading his Kenyan team to a gold medal finish.", "He is also the Kenyan under-20 record-holder in the two miles run after his runner-up performance to Jakob Ingebrigtsen at the 2023 Meeting de Paris." ], [ "Career", "After trying for and failing to make the Kenyan team at the 2021 World Athletics U20 Championships, Kipkurui would not make his international debut until 2022, qualifying for the African Championships by virtue of his 2nd-place finish at the Kenyan Athletics Championships in the 5000 m. At the championships, he finished 6th in 13:49.13, 13 seconds behind winner Hailemariyam Amare despite dealing with an injury.Kipkurui began his 2023 season at the 2023 World Athletics Cross Country Championships, competing in the U20 race.", "As the Kenyan team had trained together in a camp in Kigari, they had drafted a plan to use team tactics during the race, frequently checking on other athletes to encourage them to move together.", "He won the individual race in 24:29, helping Kenya score a victory over Ethiopia by just one point.", "Kipkurui followed up his win with another victory and personal best of 7:41.38 in the 3000 m at the Maurie Plant Meet - Melbourne.Kipkurui only finished 4th at the Kenyan world championship trials in the 5000 m, behind Jacob Krop, Daniel Ebenyo, and Cornelius Kemboi.", "However Simiyu was not selected for the Kenyan squad, opening up a final spot for Kipkirui to run in the 5000 m and advance to the finals.", "In the final, Kipkurui went with the early pace of 2:14 through the first two laps, but then broke from the pack and split a 62-second lap, leading the race for a full mile with no other athletes willing to catch him.", "After 2400 metres, the chase pack had reeled in Kipkurui, and Kipkurui would gradually fade from then on finishing 10th overall." ], [ "Personal life", "Kipkurui is from Baringo County, Kenya, and he is a member of the Central Rift training club.", "He is coached by Kenyan team head Julius Kirwa and his personal coach Barnaba Kitilit.", "He says that while many of his peers are fans of association football, he prefers athletics both has a participant and fan, and would \"never cheat on athletics with football\".In 2023, Kipkurui was a Form Three student in addition to being a professional athlete.", "This meant that he often had to run at 4 a.m. using torches to light his path in order to attend school on time at 6 a.m. Hebelieved that his win at the World Cross Country Championships U20 race was a \"supernatural intervention\" from his Maker." ], [ "Statistics", "===Best performances=== Event Mark Competition Venue Date Ref Two miles 8:09.23 Meeting de Paris Paris, France 9 June 2023 5000 metres 13:05.47 8th Bislett Games Oslo, Norway 15 June 2023" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Western Oregon Railroad" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Western Oregon Railroad''' was a railway company in the state of Oregon in the United States.", "It was established by the bondholders of the Oregon and California Railroad to further extend the route of the \"West Side\" Oregon Central Railroad south toward Corvallis, Oregon.", "All three companies were consolidated in 1880.The Western Oregon's line between St. Joseph and Corvallis is intact and operated by the Portland and Western Railroad." ], [ "History", "The \"West Side\" Oregon Central Railroad had completed a line from Portland to St. Joseph, north of McMinnville, in 1872.The Western Oregon Railroad was incorporated on January 27, 1879, to extend the line further south.", "The line opened between St. Joseph and Corvallis on September 1, 1879.On that date, the Western Oregon leased the Oregon Central Railroad.", "Both companies were backed by the owners of the Oregon and California Railroad.The Western Oregon Railroad and Oregon Central Railroad were consolidated with the Oregon and California Railroad on October 9, 1880.The Oregon and California remained part of the Southern Pacific Transportation Company system until 1927 when it was formally merged.", "The Western Oregon's line, along with the Oregon Central's, was known as the West Side branch.", "the line is owned by the Union Pacific Railroad and operated by the Portland and Western Railroad." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References", "* * *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Seoul Ring" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Seoul Ring''' is the English nickname for the Millennium Gate project, which was planned to be built along the Han River (Korea) in Peace Park, Mapo District, Seoul.", "It is also the abbreviation for the Seoul Ring Zero, a giant Ferris wheel that was planned to be constructed in Sky Park, Mapo District, Seoul.", "Although the Seoul Metropolitan Government announced the Seoul Ring Zero, now renamed to Seoul Twin Eye, and the project is underway in Peace Park, Mapo District, Mayor Oh Se-hoon announced they would continue to use the name 'Seoul Ring' due to the difficulty in pronunciation." ], [ "Progress", "=== 'Seoul Eye' Announcement ===On August 8, 2022, Oh Se-hoon, the Mayor of Seoul, announced the 'Sunset Han River Project', revealing that one of the projects under consideration is the 'Seoul Eye'.", "It is a giant Ferris wheel similar to the London Eye in London, England, located along the riverbank.", "As it is expected to be the largest in the world, it is anticipated to be bigger than the 'Ain Dubai' in Dubai, which stands at a height of 250 meters.", "Potential locations for the Seoul Eye included Mapo District's Sangam-dong, the Sampyo Readymix concrete plant site in Seongdong District's Ttukseom, and Yeouido in Yeongdeungpo District.=== 'Seoul Ring Zero' Announcement ===On March 3, 2023, Mayor Oh announced at the Seoul City Spring Greeting Meeting that the giant Ferris wheel 'Seoul Ring' would be built in Sangam-dong.", "This was the first time Mayor Oh confirmed the location for Seoul Ring.", "Nodeulseom Island and Sangam-dong had been considered as potential sites, but after careful consideration, Sangam-dong was chosen.On March 8, 2023, the Seoul Metropolitan Government held a press briefing on the 'Seoul Ring Zero Implementation Plan'.", "During this briefing and in a press release, the city announced plans to build 'Seoul Ring Zero' in Sky Park located in Mapo District, Sangam-dong, with construction starting in 2025.Among various location candidates, Sky Park was chosen for its outstanding representation of Seoul's iconic landscape and symbolism.", "The final decision was made after considering cultural symbolism, scenery, and balanced development in Seoul, narrowing down the choices to Nodeulseom Island and Sky Park.", "'Seoul Ring Zero' will feature a unique ring-shaped design without a wheel, and its safety has been assured through consultation with domestic and international design firms and experts.", "This facility is expected to symbolize humanity and the environment, boosting the city's competitiveness and economic vitality.", "The mayor added that the project would be pursued through private investment and would include measures to revitalize the Sangam-dong area.=== The Millennium Gate Winning Design Plagiarism Controversy ======= Position of the Korea Architects Institute ====On March 15, 2023, the Korea Architects Institute, a group of architects, pointed out in a press release that Seoul Ring and the Millennium Gate are similar in concept, form, name, and even in their location of construction.", "However, they noted that the Seoul City announcement made no mention of the Millennium Gate design that was planned in 2000.They labeled this as 'an unethical act ignoring copyright' and argued that if the construction proceeds in this manner, it would inevitably be considered plagiarism.", "Moreover, they expressed deep disappointment and concern that Seoul City, which values design, is pushing forward an important project without a basic understanding of copyright.==== Seoul City's Clarification ====On March 16, 2023, Seoul City refuted claims that the ongoing 'Seoul Ring' project plagiarized the design of the Millennium Gate planned in 2000.Seoul City stated that the Seoul Ring design was an example to set a direction for deriving a specific design plan, emphasizing that the basic circular shape of the Ferris wheel is a public domain that anyone can use.", "Seoul City also denied the copyright infringement claims, noting that apart from both being circular, Mayor Oh's Seoul Ring and the Millennium Gate have nothing in common.", "They explained the difference is that while the Millennium Gate has only four gondolas (closed cabins), Mayor Oh's Seoul Ring has 36 cabins.", "Mayor Oh's Seoul Ring is described as an amusement facility with 36 cabins rotating, whereas the Millennium Gate is emphasized as a building.", "Seoul City also pointed out that the gondolas in the Millennium Gate rotate inside, while in Mayor Oh's Seoul Ring, they rotate outside.", "Seoul City explained that functionally, the Millennium Gate (an observation tower, viewpoint) and Seoul Ring (Ferris wheel) have different structures, thus not constituting copyright infringement.", "However, Seoul City added that they respect the design of the Millennium Gate and will take appropriate measures if legal issues arise during the private investment project design process.On March 17, 2023, in an interview with the JoongAng Ilbo, Mayor Oh Se-hoon, who was in London, said he wanted to hear directly from Ferris wheel design companies there and was told that there was no problem with the structure of Seoul Ring.", "A representative of Starnes, the company that designed the London Eye, told Mayor Oh that the London Eye was built over 20 years ago using heavier materials, but now materials are lighter, and technology has greatly advanced.", "He mentioned China's 'Eye of Bohai' (145m high) as a ring-shaped Ferris wheel and added that Seoul Ring would be even better.", "Mayor Oh also stated that he proposed the idea of the ring shape for 'Seoul Ring.", "'On May 11, 2023, at the 27th National Women Architects Conference organized by the Korean Women Architects Association, Mayor Oh Se-hoon, a speaker at the event, made his first statement about the Seoul Ring plagiarism issue that has been controversial in the architectural community.", "He explained that he only set the basic concept of 'Seoul Ring' after consulting with the 'Millennium Gate' design team.", "Mayor Oh revealed that he started intervening personally when the project was delayed.", "He didn't want to replicate a common Ferris wheel found worldwide, so he suggested to the dedicated department to create a structure with a smooth central part and rotate the Ferris wheel on top, which could become a global landmark.", "As a result, the department started consulting the team that designed 'Millennium Gate.'", "He claimed that he requested the original designer to join their team due to concerns about plagiarism, but the designer refused, feeling offended.", "He clarified that what Seoul City has come up with is just a concept for creating a smooth Ferris wheel, and the actual project is just starting now, hoping it's not misunderstood.", "However, the designer of the Millennium Gate clarified that they had never received or rejected any participation request from Seoul City.==== Professor Lee Eunseok's Position ====On March 17, 2023, Professor Lee Eunseok, a co-winner of the Millennium Gate design competition, expressed in a conversation with the Chosun Ilbo that the revival of the Millennium Gate would be a joyful and moving event.", "He mentioned that if they are recognized as the original designers, they could provide their expertise to achieve an even greater outcome.", "Professor Lee revealed that in November 2022, he had submitted 'Five Design Tasks for Implementing Seoul Ring,' including 'maintaining the landmark role with a robust circular form,' to Seoul City.", "He also conveyed the idea that it must be an 'entirely new concept' to succeed, not just a typical Ferris wheel.", "He disagreed with the New Architects Institute's stance, arguing that the ethic of an architect is not to undermine projects but to successfully erect them.", "Additionally, in a conversation with KBS, Professor Lee argued that Seoul City and Mayor Oh Se-hoon need to think more carefully about design and copyright issues.", "He added that if the copyright issue is resolved, he would like to provide his expertise on the Millennium Gate to Seoul City in any way possible to help.On March 19, 2023, Professor Eunseok Lee mentioned in a conversation with Maeil Business Newspaper that the Millennium Gate was designed as the world's first architectural structure combining a Ferris wheel and an observation deck and was selected in the conceptual design phase.", "Initially, the Millennium Gate was planned with 30 gondolas, but due to cost issues, the number was reduced to four.", "Professor Lee explained that the cost of the gondolas was very high, leading to the construction cost being double the estimate, which resulted in the reduction of the number of gondolas.", "Additionally, Professor Lee mentioned that while Mayor Oh Se-hoon promotes 'Design Seoul,' he wonders what creative ideas can emerge if copyrights are not protected.", "He expressed his sole desire to contribute to achieving a national symbol by having their copyright recognized.", "He noted that while Seoul Ring might seem simple from an administrator's perspective, it is a high-tech architectural project that is difficult to construct without the active participation of the original architect who has experience with both failures and successes, especially after resolving copyright issues.On December 4, 2023, Professor Eunseok Lee shared a post on his personal SNS regarding Seoul Ring, titled , summarizing his position along with Kim Hyung-jong and Jo Sung-ki, co-representatives of Opus Architects Office.==== Korean Architectural Community's Reaction ====On March 15, 2023, the Korea Architects Institute released a press statement highlighting that despite the similarities in concept, form, name, and even the location between Seoul Ring and the Millennium Gate, Seoul City's announcement failed to mention the design of the Millennium Gate planned in 2000.They deemed this a clear disregard for copyright, unethical, and stated that proceeding with construction would inevitably lead to accusations of plagiarism.", "They also expressed deep disappointment and concern over Seoul City proceeding with such a significant project without a basic understanding of copyright, especially when the city emphasizes design.On March 17, 2023, criticism arose within the architectural community regarding Seoul City's approach.", "A senior architect commented that Seoul City, as a public institution, should protect the rights of designers.", "Yet, consulting with international Ferris wheel design firms and large construction companies before making a concrete announcement and suggesting changes if problems arise, showed irresponsibility.On March 21, 2023, the leading Korean architectural online portal C3KOREA introduced Seoul City's Great Han River Project, explaining that while productive discussions on the project's rationale and feasibility are necessary, almost none have occurred.", "Instead, the debate has been mired in plagiarism controversies immediately following the design reveal, with little progress made.On March 22, 2023, Architect Ham In-sun (former professor at Hanyang University) in an interview with The Hankyoreh, pointed out that while the 'Eye of Bohai' in Weifang, China, claimed by Seoul City as a reference, is ring-shaped, it is closer to a donut shape with many supports, differentiating it from Seoul Ring.", "He criticized Seoul City's presentation of Seoul Ring, noting it replicates the Millennium Gate in every aspect - from form, proportion, to texture - despite reducing the diameter from 200m to 180m, calling it a regrettable act of plagiarism by a public institution that should protect intellectual property.", "He also questioned the rationale of proceeding with a BTO model that ties design, construction, and operation into a profit-oriented private investment, doubting whether it allows for more rational and creative proposals.On March 22, 2023, Architect Lim Hyung-nam, in an interview with KBS News, stated that the Millennium Gate was a plan selected through an international competition, designed for the new millennium with a circular structure of 200m diameter featuring gondolas and an observation deck.", "He mentioned that despite international attention and being an unprecedented attempt, it was aborted due to construction costs and public opinion.", "He referred to copyright established at the time of the Millennium Gate's announcement 20 years ago.On March 23, 2023, the Korea Institute of Registered Architects, through the Architect Newspaper, emphasized the importance of architectural designs and buildings created based on these designs, which involve considerable time and effort from architects.", "They create architectural works after long periods of education and field experience, which embodies the architect's soul.", "They regard architectural works as part of the architect's life that should be protected as creators.", "Furthermore, despite copyright being a legal issue closely related to our daily lives, creators' lack of understanding of the copyright system tends to favor the powerful.", "This is why copyright infringement occurs more frequently in the public sector.", "Seoul City's announcement of Seoul Ring without mentioning the design of the Millennium Gate was also pointed out as a disrespect to the architectural copyright holder.On March 30, 2023, Architect Nam Sang-mun (Professor at Ajou University) expressed through his personal SNS that, like all creative works, the copyright of architectural designs belongs to the architects.", "However, he mentioned that Seoul City's careless handling related to Seoul Ring shows a complete disregard for the concept of architectural copyright in our society.", "He noted that if public officials exhibit such attitudes, the situation could be even worse among private individuals, where there are numerous instances of clients requesting planning and design work for free or at cost, only to then steal the design and construct it secretly.On April 4, 2023, Architect Ryu Chun-soo (Lee Gong Architecture), who designed the Seoul World Cup Stadium and the Seoul Ritz-Carlton Hotel, posted an analysis video on Ryu Chun-soo SPACE TV titled .", "In the video, Architect Ryu pointed out the similarities between Seoul Ring and the Millennium Gate and questioned Seoul City's announcement that Mayor Oh Se-hoon provided the idea directly.", "Moreover, he noted that Seoul City's emphasis on the difference in the number of gondolas is contradictory since this aspect was changed during the planning stage of the Millennium Gate.", "He evaluated that if the structure's diameter is close to 200m, the direction of rotation would not cause problems with the view, and considering the points where the gondolas touch the ground, internal rotation would be more appropriate.", "He argued that the visual materials provided by Seoul City require high technical expertise, yet the absence of any mention of the project's designer or architect is questionable.", "Architect Ryu also mentioned the names of the Millennium Gate competition jurors (Jang Seok-woong, Ji Soon, Kim Jin-kyun, Kang Seok-won, Ko Joo-seok, etc.", "), suggesting they made an objective judgment during the evaluation process.", "He emphasized that this issue is not merely about right or wrong but must be addressed as a copyright issue.", "He analyzed that the examples mentioned by Seoul City (Eye of Bohai, Ring of Life in China, and Big O in Japan) are conceptually very different from Seoul Ring.", "However, he viewed Seoul Ring and the Millennium Gate as not significantly different in concept, name, location, and design concept.", "Despite this, he criticized Seoul City's hasty decision to announce it as a completely different idea 23 years later.", "He argued that Seoul City's current stance of not recognizing any copyright for the winners who have completed detailed designs is problematic.", "He stated that the realization of Seoul Ring transcends technical issues and must acknowledge the copyrights of the original designers, such as Professor Eunseok Lee, who designed the Millennium Gate in 2000.He recalled telling Mayor Oh Se-hoon at a Seoul Design event in 2010, \"If you want to talk about design, please prioritize talking about designers first,\" emphasizing that discussions about design cannot proceed without the involvement of designers.", "Nevertheless, Seoul City announced that it had consulted construction companies instead of mentioning any designers, which he likened to \"asking a publishing house for advice on poetry or novels.\"", "He concluded by expressing his hope that \"Seoul Ring will be completed as a globally beautiful circular structure with the participation of the original designer, Professor Eunseok Lee.On April 19, 2023, Kim Dae-seok, the editor-in-chief at Sangsang Publishing, raised several concerns in an interview with The Korea Herald regarding the announcement of the Seoul Ring project.", "Firstly, the project site is remarkably similar to that of the Millennium Gate project.", "Secondly, copyrights for designs planned and reviewed 20 years ago are not being recognized.", "Thirdly, there's a lack of understanding of copyright among project stakeholders even after meeting with the copyright holders a few months ago.", "Lastly, there's uncertainty about who actually drew the presented perspectives.", "If they were not drawn by an architectural office, it would have been impossible to draw them without sufficient research or understanding of the project, making them merely pictures.", "However, if they were drawn based on understanding, it could be assumed that the design has already been completed.", "He found it strange that the design had been proceeding before the project announcement.On April 27, 2023, Architect Seo Hyun (Professor at Seoul National University) mentioned in an interview with JoongAng Ilbo that several exciting construction projects have been revealed in Seoul, the first being the construction of a Ferris wheel.", "This idea originated from the London Eye, which became a popular landmark in London, not as an 'eye' but as a 'wheel'.", "He noted that Seoul has declared joining the \"global village's outdated trend\" with its Ferris wheel plan.", "Professor Seo emphasized that while illustrations are essential for promoting construction projects, the images provided by Seoul City were a \"knockoff\" of the Millennium Gate project's winner located on Nanjido 20 years ago.", "He argued that due to different structural requirements, replicating the form of the Millennium Gate for a Ferris wheel is challenging, suggesting that ignoring these conditions is evidence of a lack of structural knowledge and copyright consciousness or \"senseless\" behavior otherwise.On May 4, 2023, the architectural entertainment channel PHM TV discussed the plagiarism controversy of Seoul Ring in a video titled .", "Participants included Gong Gyeong-tae (editor at PHM ZINE), Architect Kim Sung-woo (Gongyu Architects), Architect Park Hyun-jin (hjp Architects), and architecture student No Yul-ha.", "Kim Sung-woo argued that architects fundamentally do not oppose the construction of landmarks like Seoul Ring as part of urban change.", "However, he regretted Seoul City's attitude of disregarding the designers and the copyrights of the design outcomes of the 'Millennium Gate' project despite being clearly aware of its existence.", "Park Hyun-jin saw the biggest problem as the architectural, urban, and promotional issues of Seoul City being tied to politics, stating that if this had been purely about architecture and design, it would not have been difficult to discuss.", "He criticized Seoul City for erasing all traces of the 'Millennium Gate' and presenting Seoul Ring as if it were their new idea, mentioning that Seoul City had communicated with the original designers, Professor Lee Eunseok and Director Woo Dae-sung, which implies Seoul City was aware of the 'Millennium Gate's existence.", "Thus, he pointed out that Seoul City did not ignore copyright but rather disregarded it.", "However, Architect Park mentioned that judging architectural plagiarism lacks clear standards like in music, being relative and ambiguous.", "But, from experts' perspective, the controversy exists as the two designs appear to belong to the same project type based on the images revealed so far.", "Architect Park highlighted issues with Seoul City's announcement that Mayor Oh Se-hoon personally handled the design and completed the technical review during the bidding process.", "Architect Kim Sung-woo emphasized the importance of ethical consciousness as architects and the need to use excellent references and reinterpret them during design to avoid copyright issues.", "Architect Park mentioned that because the standards for architectural plagiarism are subjective and vague, it's difficult for the public to distinguish plagiarism.", "As a solution, Architect Park argued that Seoul City should engage in dialogue with the original creators, and Architect Kim expressed disappointment with the current progress, suggesting that Seoul City should involve the original creators in the project, obtain their consent to proceed independently, or hold a new competition.", "Architect Park concluded that if Seoul City intends to maintain the Seoul Ring design, they should consider crediting the original creators and paying royalties to amend the project.On May 19, 2023, Architect Hong Jae-seung (Adjunct Professor at Yonsei University) stated in Dong-A Ilbo that Seoul City's announced Seoul Ring is too similar to the Millennium Gate, which was not built 20 years ago.", "Although Seoul City clarified that the final design had not been confirmed, Hong criticized the announcement as being hasty.In August 2023, Lim Hyung-nam, President of the Korea Architects Institute, expressed concerns in the August issue of SPACE Magazine (No.", "669) that \"Seoul Ring only slightly altered the lower support structure but is similar to the original Millennium Gate (proposed as Seoul's Ring) in concept, form, name, and construction location.", "However, Seoul City claimed that circular structures are universally used worldwide and completely ignored the original creators.", "This is a blatant disregard for architectural copyright, stemming from a low societal understanding of what architects do and the nature of the architectural industry.", "In Korea, architecture is still seen as a quantity-focused industry rather than a cultural one, dominated by large construction companies during the rapid growth period.", "There's still a view of architecture as merely a part of the construction process or an appendage to real estate, without questioning why a circular symbol is needed at this location and time.", "Correcting this perception gap and pointing out mistakes is the association's role,\" highlighting the architectural community's responsibility.", "\"Millennium Gate was unilaterally canceled when the Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism (now the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism) was replaced in 2000, aiming to erase the previous minister's achievements, making architects political scapegoats.", "At that time, representatives of professional groups, architectural elders, or associations should have sternly rebuked the state or administration and demanded rectification, but no one stepped forward.", "There was a tendency to dismiss it as usual practice or avoid getting on the bad side of authorities.", "A pervasive defeatism in the architectural field also played a role, leaving the architect to fight a lonely battle.", "It's an incident that could happen to anyone.", "All architects must deeply reflect,\" he added.On October 23, 2023, Architect Lim Dong-woo (Professor at Hongik University) discussed architectural plagiarism in Lim Dong-woo's Urban Architecture Wanderings.", "He argued that if a client truly wants something creative, it's more beneficial to entrust the design to creative individuals, as copying other buildings cheapens and degrades their own.", "In a mature society that values quality over quantity, there should be respect for creative works and fair compensation.", "He highlighted several landmarks in architectural plagiarism cases, including the construction of Gyeongju Tower, which used stolen designs from architect Itami Jun, and the recent controversy in the architectural community over Seoul Ring, a ring-shaped structure planned by Seoul City along the Han River, accusing it of plagiarizing the Millennium Gate from 20 years ago.", "Lim noted that idea theft is more common in the architectural field than expected, expressing regret over such practices.In December 2023, SPACE Magazine, the most prestigious architectural magazine in Korea, discussed Seoul Ring as one of two cases of architectural copyright infringement in its December issue (No.", "673).", "The cases addressed copyright infringement by public institutions and issues with procedural legitimacy ('Will the hasty push for Seoul Ring Zero come to a halt?'", "refer to page 8) and plagiarism of private architectural works ('The Waveon copyright infringement lawsuit and the aftermath of the demolition order,' refer to pages 116 ~ 121).==== Korean Cultural Community's Reaction ====On March 22, 2023, Park Hee-jun, an editorial writer for The World Daily, stated that the late Professor Yi Eo-ryeong, who passed away in 2022, is well-known for deeply moving the world at the Seoul Olympics using Korea's traditional toy, the spinning top.", "He revealed that Professor Yi had a bold plan to convey even greater emotion through a structure called 'Seoul's Ring (The Millennium Gate),' over 300 times larger than a spinning top.", "However, a decade later, a similar structure named 'The Ring of Life' appeared in Fushun, Liaoning Province, China, but it was merely an \"art installation\" rather than an \"architectural structure.\"", "Park Hee-jun mentioned recalling 'Seoul's Ring (The Millennium Gate)' immediately upon Seoul City's announcement of 'Seoul Ring.'", "While the installation of a unique ring-shaped symbol along the Han River is touching, he regretted that it became embroiled in plagiarism controversies.", "Park raised concerns that the line between a living Ferris wheel and a non-living structure is clear, and that approaching a Ferris wheel while seeking differentiation from 'Seoul's Ring (The Millennium Gate)' might be worrisome.", "He argued that for 'Seoul Ring' to be a successful sequel to 'Seoul's Ring (The Millennium Gate),' Seoul City must actively utilize the original creator's expertise; otherwise, the project's success would be challenging.On March 27, 2023, Kim In-soo, an editorial writer for Maeil Business Newspaper, evaluated that if the core element of 'Seoul Ring' announced by Seoul City lies in the circle itself, it's difficult to see it as a new creation.", "He mentioned that the 'Millennium Gate,' which won the national symbol contest in 2000 over Professor Nam June Paik, received unanimous approval from the jury due to its originality in designing a super-large perfect circular structure for the first time, attributed to the power of the circle.", "However, he explained that circular structures like China's 'Eye of Bohai' are significantly different from the 'Millennium Gate.'", "While the 'Eye of Bohai' exposes multiple steel frames to support the circular structure, the 'Millennium Gate' was a perfect circle without unnecessary parts.", "He commented that we are now in an 'era of idea abundance,' where it's easy to lose the source of ideas and often transform others' ideas as one's own.", "Kim suggested that if Seoul City made a mistake common among scientists, correcting the source would be the solution.", "Considering Mayor Oh Se-hoon is a politician and administrator, he said implementing a great work created by an artist would be a significant achievement, asserting that even if the original creator's copyright is recognized, everyone will remember it as 'Oh Se-hoon's Seoul Ring.", "'On April 2, 2023, former Deputy Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism Shin Hyun-woong criticized Seoul City in an interview with Chosun Ilbo for apparently plagiarizing the name, concept, and form of the 'Millennium Gate' without citing the source.", "He lamented Seoul City's legalistic and culturally insensitive approach, suggesting that changing things upon encountering problems is regrettable.", "He mentioned that Seoul City initially planned to erect 'Seoul Eye' after London Eye but suddenly announced 'Seoul Ring,' a proprietary name of the 'Millennium Gate,' without the original creator's permission.", "He refuted Seoul City's claim of developing the 'Seoul Ring' concept by referencing China's 'Eye of Bohai' and Japan's 'Big O,' stating that while the 'Eye of Bohai' is a Ferris wheel rotating within a steel tower, and 'Big O' is a Ferris wheel with a roller coaster passing through its center, 'Seoul Ring' is a perfect circle, leading to plagiarism suspicions due to its similarity to the 'Millennium Gate.'", "He hoped Seoul City would respect the original creator's honor and fulfill the promise of 'Seoul Ring.", "'=== Private Investment Review Committee Approval ===On September 19, 2023, the Ministry of Economy and Finance announced that the 4th Private Investment Project Review Committee, chaired by Second Vice Minister Kim Wan-seop, was held at the Government Complex Seoul.", "The committee deliberated and decided on seven items, including the feasibility review proposal for the Seoul Metropolitan Government's giant Ferris wheel private investment project.", "Seoul plans to construct the giant Ferris wheel, Seoul Ring, in Sky Park, Sangam-dong, with private investment.", "The construction is set to begin in June 2025 and aims to be completed by December 2027.The project cost is estimated to be around 400 billion won.", "The committee stated, \"We judge the Seoul Metropolitan Government's giant Ferris wheel project to be appropriate as a private investment target facility,\" and \"We expect that the creation of an original design Ferris wheel will become a landmark of Seoul, offering more citizens and tourists opportunities for sightseeing and experiences.", "\"Seoul Housing and Communities Corporation (SH Corporation) under Seoul Metropolitan Government plans to announce a call for proposals for the 'Seoul Metropolitan Giant Ferris Wheel (Seoul Ring) Construction Private Investor' on September 25, 2023.There is strong interest from Starnes, which designed the Ain Dubai Ferris wheel in Dubai – the largest in the world but currently not in operation – and Zuma, a Chinese Ferris wheel company.", "Due to the lack of related engineering technology in South Korea, it is expected that foreign companies with technical expertise and operational know-how will have an advantage in being selected as project partners.", "Once the private partner is selected, a public-private consortium will be formed to submit proposals to the Seoul Metropolitan Government.", "Upon receiving proposals, the city will request an eligibility study from the Korea Development Institute (KDI) Public Investment Management Center (PIMAC).", "Following the eligibility results, the project will be officially launched through steps such as a third-party proposal announcement, selection of a priority negotiator, and conclusion of an implementation agreement.=== Announcement of Joint Project Proposer Recruitment and Selection Results for Private Investment Project ===On September 27, 2023, the Seoul Metropolitan Government announced a call for joint project proposers for the Seoul Metropolitan Giant Ferris Wheel and Complex Cultural Facility Private Investment Project.On November 29, 2023, the Seoul Metropolitan Government announced the results of the selection of joint project proposers for the Seoul Metropolitan Giant Ferris Wheel and Complex Cultural Facility Private Investment Project.", "The applicant marked as Symbol I scored 647.25 points in the qualitative evaluation and 137.72 points in the quantitative evaluation, but was deducted 10 points, making a total of 774.97 points.", "The applicant marked as Symbol II scored 672.75 points in the qualitative evaluation and 135.73 points in the quantitative evaluation, but was deducted 16 points, making a total of 792.48 points.", "As a result, the applicant marked as Symbol II was selected as the final proposer.Interestingly, despite previous statements by the Seoul Metropolitan Government suggesting there was significant interest from companies to participate in the Seoul Ring project, it appears that only two applicants were evaluated.", "Unlike other public architectural competitions where the entire process from recruitment to evaluation is made public, details such as the results of the applicant recruitment, the selection process of evaluation candidates, the composition of the evaluation committee, criteria for score determination, decision-making results, and information about the evaluated companies were not disclosed.=== 'Seoul Twin Eye' Consortium Submits Proposal ===On December 3, 2023, the Seoul Metropolitan Government announced that it is moving forward with the project to develop a complex cultural facility named 'Seoul Twin Eye' (tentative name) in Peace Park within Sangam World Cup Park.", "This is based on the proposal submitted by the Seoul Twin Eye Consortium.", "The consortium, comprising Seoul Housing and Urban Corporation (SH) and The Ritz along with three other companies, holds the status of the original proposer under the Private Investment Law.", "'Seoul Twin Eye' is planned to be built in the plains of Peace Park in Mapo District, Seoul, and will be a complex cultural facility including the world's first intersecting twin wheel Ferris wheel.", "If built without any design changes, it would be the largest spokeless Ferris wheel in the world and the first of its kind in the form of intersecting twin wheels.", "It is planned to be built atop a stepped diamond-shaped building, making it the tallest structure of its kind in the world.", "According to the bird's eye views released by the Seoul Metropolitan Government, the front faces the Mangwon Junction, the northern end of Seongsan Bridge, and Seongsan Junction, while the back overlooks a lake and fountain and the parking lot of the Seoul World Cup Stadium.", "To the left is Mapo District, and part of Peace Park is on the right.", "The Ferris wheel capsules, totaling 64, are designed to accommodate 1,440 people per cycle, lifting the wheel up to 40 meters above the ground to maximize the view.", "The lower part is planned to be utilized as a space for performances, exhibitions, convenience facilities, and leisure activities.On December 6, 2023, Seoul Mayor Oh Se-hoon explained about Seoul Twin Eye on Oh Se-hoon TV.", "Mayor Oh announced that due to the difficulty in pronouncing 'Seoul Twin Eye', it will be referred to as 'Seoul Ring' for the time being.The design team for Seoul Twin Eye includes firms Heerim Architects & Planners, UNStudio, and ARUP Group.", "Notably, ARUP Group was previously involved in the structural design of the Millennium Gate, while Heerim Architects & Planners had not only ranked third in the Millennium Gate competition but also reviewed all documents related to the Millennium Gate during its design cost litigation.", "When Seoul City revealed 'Seoul Ring Zero,' it led to speculation that Heerim Architects & Planners, being an undisclosed domestic architectural firm, might have been responsible for the perspective drawing.", "The layout of the proposed 'Seoul Twin Eye' also strikingly resembles the 3rd place layout submitted by Heerim Architects & Planners for the Millennium Gate competition.", "It is also noteworthy that Seoul City is using somewhat awkward-sounding project names like Seoul Ring 'Zero' and Seoul 'Twin Eye', which could fuel speculation that they are attempting to avoid potential plagiarism disputes.", "Given these overlapping details, there is a growing concern that Seoul City and Heerim Architects & Planners might be engaging in a collaborative effort to replicate the Millennium Gate for this new project.", "This situation has the potential to spark a significant controversy within the international architectural community." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Saran Loiret Handball" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Saran Loiret Handball''' is a French handball team based in Saran, that plays in the LNH Division 1." ], [ "History", "The club was founded in 1974.In 2002, he reached the 3rd division for the first time.", "In 2015, after several second places, the team was promoted to the second division.", "In the first season in the second division, they finally won the championship in the last round and were thus promoted to the first division.", "In its first season in the first division, the club changed its name to Saran Loiret Handball.", "In order to maintain his position, the team signed the French world champion Igor Anić.", "The club had the smallest budget in the league at the time and were almost relegated at the end of the season.", "The following year, the club signed Spanish world champion Chema Rodríguez, who was joined in 2018 by another Spanish world champion, José Manuel Sierra.", "However, during his second season, the club was relegated to the second division.", "After promotion to Ligue 1 in 2023, the first team will leave Saran and play their home games at the Palais des sports d'Orléans." ], [ "Crest, colours, supporters", "===Naming history===NamePeriod''Union sportive municipale de Saran handball (USM Saran Handball)'' 1974–2016''Saran Loiret Handball'' 2016–present===Kit manufacturers===PeriodKit manufacturer - 2022 Kappa 2022–present Vestiaire du Sport===Kits=== HOME AWAY" ], [ "Sports Hall information", "Palais des sports d'Orléans'''Name:''' – Palais des sports d'Orléans'''City:''' – Orléans'''Capacity:''' – 3222'''Address:''' – 14 rue Eugène Vignat, 45000 Orléans, France" ], [ "Team", "=== Current squad ===:''Squad for the 2023–24 season'' Saran Loiret Handball;Goalkeepers* 10 Emmanuel Sokeng* 12 Yann Genty* 16 Ivan Panjan;Left Wingers6 Jordi Deumal 13 Noé Lafougère;Right Wingers* 35 Enzo Gesland* 45 Maxence Foucault* 77 Luka Radović;Line Players8 Théo Clarac 24 Charlélie Gentils* 29 Yoro Diarra* 64 Hadrien Ramond (c);Left Backs* 18 William Accambray* 28 Edynio Linère* 34 Romuald Kollé;Central Backs9 Pau Oliveras 11 Tom Robyns* 39 Théo Texier;Right Backs5 Clément Damiani 99 Axel Allory===Technical staff===* Head coach: Jérémy Roussel* Assistant coach: Guillaume Crépain===Transfers===:''Transfers for the 2023–24 season'';Joining Image:Arrow-up.png* Pau Oliveras (CB) from Frontignan Handball* William Accambray (LB) from PAUC Handball* Yann Genty (GK) from Limoges Handball* Romuald Kollé (LB) from Limoges Handball* Florian Delecroix (RB) from Cesson Rennes MHB* Théo Clarac (LP) from Bordeaux Bruges Lormont Handball* Clément Damiani (RB) from Bordeaux Bruges Lormont Handball;Leaving Image:Arrow-down.gif* Daniel Mosindi (RB) to Cesson Rennes MHB* Quentin Eymann (RB) to Sélestat Alsace Handball* Kevin Taufond (CB) to Pontault-Combault Handball* Antoine Blanc (LB) to Nancy Handball* Lucas Jametal (RB) to Villeurbanne Handball* Florian Delecroix (RB) to Cesson Rennes MHB" ], [ "Honours", "'''LNH Division 2''''''Winners (2):''' 2016, 2021''Runners-up (1):'' 2023" ], [ "Former club members", "===Notable former players=== William Accambray (2023–)* Jean-Jacques Acquevillo (2014–2018)* Igor Anić (2016-2017)* Ibrahim Diaw (2016-2018)* Yann Genty (2023–)* Rabah Soudani (2012–2014)* Jef Lettens (2015–2016)* Tom Robyns (2020–)* Adam Yuki Baig (2019-2020)* Vasko Ševaljević (2021-2022)* Nebojša Simović (2021-2022)* Chema Rodríguez (2017–2020)* José Manuel Sierra (2018–2020)===Former coaches===Seasons Coach Country 2010–2023 Fabien Courtial 2023– Jérémy Roussel" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Les Rois thaumaturges" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Les Rois thaumaturges: Étude sur le caractère supernaturel attribué à la puissance royale particulièrement en France et en Angleterre''''' (''The Royal touch : Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France'') is a work by historian Marc Bloch first published in 1924.It deals with the miraculous powers attributed to the Kings of France and the Kings of England, the most famous of which is the healing of scrofula by touch.", "Also known as the King's Evil, it was \"an extremely frequent and dreaded ailment in Europe at the time\" (p. 39).", "This is a groundbreaking book, as its approach draws on historical anthropology, Marc Bloch introduced anthropology, history of mentalities and comparative history into historical studies, heralding the historiographical revolution of the Annales." ], [ "Structure and contents", "The fourteen-page bibliography is followed by an introduction explaining Bloch's approach and outlining the difficulties encountered, particularly with regard to sources.", "The body of the work is then divided into three books of very unequal lengths.", "The first book, \"Les origines\" (Origins), comprises two chapters, and shows how the thaumaturgical powers of the kings of France and England came into being.", "The second book, ''Grandeur et vicissitudes des royautés thaumaturgiques'' (Greatness and vicissitudes of thaumaturgical kingdoms), the most extensive with six chapters, analyzes the rites surrounding these powers and presents these elements in chronological sequence, illustrating their evolution until they disappeared.", "The final book, ''L'interprétation critique du miracle royal'' (Critical Interpretation of the Royal Miracle), contains a single chapter outlining attempts to explain miracles rationally, and showing how people came to believe in them.", "Marc Bloch, a profound rationalist, concludes that it was a collective error.Five appendices follow: \" The royal miracle in French and English accounting books\", \" An iconographic dossier\", \" The beginnings of royal anointing and coronations\", \" Analysis and excerpts from ''Traité du sacre'' by \" and \" The French kings' pilgrimage to Corbeny after the coronation and the transport of saint Marculf's shrine to Reims\", plus six pages of additions and corrections.This is an analysis of the royal figure in the Middle Ages, of all the symbols, values and ideal and material expressions of power that princes used not only to give prestige to the monarch's image, but also to provide a kind of justification for their temporal power.", "Giving the king a sacred character was a means of consolidating monarchical power over the people, in a feudal system where God's grace was (in theory) the fundamental requirement for ascending the throne.", "Unlike the Roman pontiff or the Byzantine emperor, heirs to the Church of Christ, directors of spirituality and spokesmen of the Creator's own will, temporal princes had to constantly \"reinvent\" the concept of their sacred, i.e.", "God-given, right to rule Christian kingdoms.Over time, people came to think of the sovereign as a man of exceptional nobility, above the \"simple folk\", a man touched by divine grace.", "As such, he manifests the abilities and powers that, in the collective imagination, appear as a true sign of divine benevolence.Marc Bloch cites more than just the power to cure plague and scrofula.", "In the introduction to his essay, he recalls Edward III of England's message to Philip VI of France, in which he orders him to abdicate the throne as unworthy of the title, since he is not directly descended from the legitimate line and is therefore not worthy of being consecrated to reign; if he wished to avoid a war (the one that came to be known as the Hundred Years' War), he would have to show the qualities proper to a sovereign: fight the other suitor in a fair duel, where God would judge who deserved the throne, or expose himself to hungry lions inside a cage, because the lion, a proud and noble animal, would never attack a legitimate sovereign.", "Here, then, is the idea of the king situated above other men manifesting itself once again, in a different form.Temporal and spiritual power found in these manifestations of supernatural ability and quality a common cement to unite the two powers.", "Indeed, it was customary for princes to attend the sick during a solemn mass, celebrated by France's highest ecclesiastical dignitaries (the bishops of Chartres, Reims or Le Puy) ; since under the eyes of God and his ministers, in the sacred mystery of communion under both kinds, the healing powers of princes acquired a real form and manifested themselves as true emanations of the divine will, assuming a totally sacred connotation, free from any suspicion of paganism or heresy.These consecrations nonetheless concealed the fierce struggles between the emerging Gallican Church, which sought above all to recognize the King of France as its true protector, and the Pope of Rome, who wished to prevent any form of autocephaly of the Churches within Christendom and to assert his own exclusive privilege to perform such prodigies and govern Christians according to the will of the Redeemer.", "''Les Rois thaumaturges'' thus analyzes another aspect of the so-called Investiture Controversy, a profound crisis arising from the antagonism between the various institutions over the legitimacy of their power on Earth and the possibility of directing the life of the Christian people (which often translated into the right to choose bishops and other power-holders in the Church alone, something which, thanks to the administration of state property, guaranteed great opportunities for enrichment).The origin of this alliance between ruler and bishop was the conversion and consecration of the first great Catholic king of the Franks: Clovis I, of the Merovingian dynasty, baptized with holy oil given by the Holy Spirit to saint Remigius, and proclaimed king by the will of God.", "It was in this episode that the rulers of France (whose titles included that of \"Most Christian King\") saw the source of their miraculous powers, an illustration of the constant renewal of the covenant between Christ's Church and the Crown.In this book, the jurist is considered one of the earliest apologists for the Valois, as he refutes the canonist Felino Maria Sandeo, who refused to recognize the thaumaturgical privilege of the kings of France as miraculous.Henri IV touchant les écrouelles=== Summary ===In book I Chapter I, the author sets out to establish when the royal power to cure appeared: with Robert II of France (c. 972 – 1031), according Helgaud, and Henry I of England (c. 1068 – 1135).In Chapter II, he looks for the origins of this power in the sacred nature of kings, already found in the old Germanic kingdoms.The sacred nature of the king was affirmed by the practice of anointing: first for Pepin the Short, then for his successors; then for the English kings from the Council of Chelsea (787) onwards; and finally for the whole of Western Europe.", "This practice took place as part of the ceremony known as the \"coronation\" or \"sacre\" in French.", "Bloch believes that Robert II, called the Pious needed to strengthen his legitimacy, which he was able to do by claiming thaumaturgical virtues and suggests that Henry I then imitated him.", "Book II offers a history of the touching of scrofula until the end of the 16th century.", "First the king touched the affected areas, and later (Robert II) added the sign of the cross.", "Later English kings added a blessing.", "In both countries, the poor were then given alms.The number of beneficiaries in England ranged from several hundred to over a thousand, depending on the year.", "No figures are available for France.", "They were of several nationalities.", "Many travelled several hundred hundreds of kilometres to reach the king.The Gregorian Reforms were \"a vigorous effort to destroy the ancient confusion of the temporal with the spiritual\".", "Gregory VII \"denies temporal sovereigns even the most pious, the gift of the miracle\" (Letter to bishop , March 15, 1081).", "However, France and England were scarcely touched by these ideas, until \"the apologists of the French monarchy appealed, for the first time, ... to the royal miracle\" - starting with Guillaume de Nogaret and , followed by Fra Tolomeo in Italy and William of Ockham in England (''Octo questiones'' V cap vii-ix).", "Charles V of France presented himself as a miracle worker.", "This thaumaturgical power became a theme of loyalist propaganda.", "In other countries, attempts to invoke a thaumaturgical power remained very limited.", "Bloch devotes a whole chapter of ''Thaumaturgic Kings'' to a description and history of cramp-rings that gave English kings the power to work cures.", "Robert White, the frontispiece to John Browne's ''Charisma Basilikon, or the Royal Gift of Healing Strumaes, &c., by Contact or Imposition of the Sacred Hands of our Kings of England and of France'' (Part 3 of ''Adenochoiradelogia''), 1684, tt describes the method pursued by Charles II in touching for the \"king's evil\", with which as the king's surgeon Browne was officially concerned.Chapter III is about the sacerdotal quality of kings and the opposition between kings and the Church: the latter attempted to deny or minimize the significance of the coronation ceremony, while the other camp insisted that anointing made kings more than laymen.", "During the 13th century, the number of sacraments was reduced to seven, and royal anointing was excluded.", "Kings, however persisted in their desire to match the heads of the Church, and the monarchical ritual was modelled on the consecration of bishops, including the use of chrism in the anointing during the coronation of French and British monarchs.", "When the Church saw that it would be impossible to deny that the king was sacred, it imagined giving him the rank of deacon, or sub-deacon.", "Another quasi-sacerdotal privilege enjoyed for a long time by English and French kings was that of communion under both kinds.", "They also retained certain monastic dignities (droit de régale or Jura regalia).", "All this could be put forward as \"proof of their ecclesiastical ecclesiastical character and, consequently, their right to dominate the clergy in their states\" (214).Anointing is a concept that can be perceived in two distinct lights: either as a divine seal, or as a bestowed characteristic administered by the hand of a priest.", "Frederick Barbarossa propagated the belief that during his coronation, the basilica was sealed off from all members of the clergy.", "This narrative implied that the anointing he received was purely of divine origin: a symbol that kingship transcends mere human convention, deriving its legitimacy solely from either hereditary succession or election (1270s).", "This notion underscored the idea that one assumes kingship immediately upon the demise of their predecessor, even if the importance of the coronation ceremony remained deeply ingrained in popular perception.", "Moreover, regarding the perceived power of healing, Golein asserted that it was a privilege reserved exclusively for those of sacred lineage once they had undergone the sacred anointing ritual.Bloch proceeds to delve into various legends, notably focusing on the narrative surrounding the Holy Ampulla (which belonged to the archbishops of Reims, endowing them with the authority to make sovereigns).", "Subsequently, he explores the miraculous tale of the fleurs-de-lis and the oriflamme, both also believed to have descended from the heavens, like the power of healing, and all augmenting the aura of prestige surrounding the monarchy.As for England, Bloch shows how the oil utilized for anointing ceremonies was purportedly bestowed upon Thomas Becket by the Virgin Mary herself.", "The adoption of this oil in coronation rituals was inaugurated with the crowning of Henry IV of England.Bloch finally expands his examination to encompass non-Christian miraculous elements.In Chapter IV, Bloch examines the links between Saint Marcoul and the belief in the royal miracle in France.", "After a series disasters, the monks of the priory of Corbeny, which housed the remains of the saint, sent his relics on tour, but it wasn't until the end of the 13th century that the saint began to cure scrofula - by virtue of an approximate pun (Mar/mal: evil; coul/cou : neck), but the saint's popularity as a healer came later (16th-17th centuries) as did the pilgrimages to Corbeny, where he was invoked to cure scrofula.John II of France was probably the first king to make a pilgrimage to Corbeny.", "Then, in 1484, the king cured scrofula in Corbeny before leaving again.", "From Louis XIV onwards, it was the reliquary that was carried from Corbeny to Reims on the occasion of coronations.", "The king went to meet the scrofula sufferers in the park of the Basilica of Saint-Remi in Reims.", "The idea was born that it was the saint who granted the king his healing powers.", "Bloch concludes with a few pages on the belief that seventh-born sons (without interruption of daughters) were healers, like the king.", "Belief in the royal miracle reached its peak between 1500 and the period of religious unrest.", "From the time of Mary Tudor onwards the alms coin (an angel) became a talisman and was as much in demand as cramp rings.", "Michael Servetus, Lucilio Vanini and others tried to deny the existence of a healing miracle, to no avail.", "Religious reformers began to speak out against what they saw as idolatrous practices.", "There was a controversy between Nicholas Ridley and Bishop Stephen Gardiner.", "Under Elizabeth I, the cramp ring ceremony ceased, but the Queen continued to treat scrofula sufferers.", "Scepticism grew, and the miraculous power of kings had to be defended : William Tooker, ''A Treatise on Charisma sive Donum Sanationis'' (1597).", "Propaganda in favour of healing power also emerged in France: André du Laurens (''Discours des escrouelles divise en deux livres'') and an engraving by , ''Henri IV of France touching for scrofula''.Chapter V : The sacred and almost priestly character of kings remained a truism in modern times.", "For Bossuet and others, the king was a mortal deity.", "Many still believed in the healing miracle, but the best authors avoided mentioning it, as if out of shame.", "A new and successful story was invented by (''De Gallorum Imperio et Philosophia'' : Treaty of the Empire, 1579) according to which the cure of scrofula dated back to Clovis I. Scrofula sufferers, of various nationalities, continued to flock to the King, even during the English Civil War.", "After the king was executed, handkerchiefs soaked in his blood were said to have healing powers.", "Charles II, in exile, took over.", "On May 30, 1660 there was a grand healing ceremony.", "The angel was permanently replaced by a special medal.", "Charles II cured tens of thousands of scrofula sufferers over a fifteen-year period.Chapter VI : Among the reasons why this healing practice disappeared, it is worth mentioning the existence of other people with powers, apart from seventh-born sons: the Bailleul or Balliol family, the elders of the House of Aumont, Irish faith healer Valentine Greatrakes, and descendants of a number of saints, in particular Saint Hubertus.", "Georges Hubert touched Louis XIII and Louis XIV.", "Added to this were the advances of rationalism, the fact that many philosophers denied kings were \"of divine right\".", "Others denied the healing power of ''English'' kings: from there, doubt eventually spread to French kings.", "William of Orange refused to touch.", "Queen Anne was the last sovereign to practice healing, until April 27, 1714.George I, as a member of the House of Hanover, was not a legitimate heir of the sacred race.", "Descendants of the exiled Stuarts continued to touch until ''Henry IX'''s death in 1807.In France in 1722, Louis XV treated more than 2000 scrofula sufferers.", "Louis XVI had 2,400 the day after his coronation.", "It is not known when he touched for the last time.", "Many intellectuals had been jeering.", "On May 31, 1825, Charles X treated a little over a hundred patients, this was the last time in Europe.Book III : Early explanations did not deny the king's healing power as such, but only its supernatural origin, and replaced it with sometimes preposterous explanations.", "Some said cures were due to a \"nervous jolt\" - a kind of psychotherapy.", "Bloch concludes by saying that it may well be no king ever cured anyone...This final chapter is followed by 60 pages of appendices: 1.the royal miracle in French and English account books; 2.The iconographic dossier; 3.The beginnings of the royal anointing and coronation (Bloch goes back to the Visigothic kingdom of Spain, to Celtic countries, to the Byzantine Empire, etc.", "); 4.Analysis and excerpts from Jean Golein's ''Traité du sacre'' (''Treaty of the Coronation ceremony'') ; 5.The French kings' pilgrimage to Corbeny.=== Links ===* Review of the book by Étienne Bloch and Jacques Le Goff on the site of the Association Marc Bloch.", "* Marc Bloch bibliography.=== Bibliography ===* , « ''Les Rois Thaumaturges'' de Marc Bloch et la fondation de l'anthropologie politique et religieuse à Strasbourg », ''Revue des Sciences Sociales'', 2008, , , read on line, in French.", "* Jacques Le Goff, Préface aux « Rois Thaumaturges », p.1121-1154, dans ''Héros du Moyen Âge, le Saint et le Roi'', Éditions Gallimard (collection ''Quarto''), Paris, 2004 ; p.1344* Benoît Soubeyran, ''Un juriste nîmois du XVIe siècle formé à Montpellier, Jacques Bonaud de Sauzet'' (A 16th century jurist from Nîmes trained in Montpellier), dissertation in medieval history defended in Septembre 2010 at Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier III and reworked in 2015." ], [ "Notes and references" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ministry of Social Infrastructure (Portugal)" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Ministry of Social Infrastructure''' was the name of a government department of the 9th, 13th and 14th Constitutional Governments of Portugal." ], [ "List of position holders", "The holders of the post of Minister of Social Infrastructure were:PeríodoMinistroGoverno9 June 1983''Ministry created from Ministry of Housing, Public Works and Transport''IX Constitutional Government9 June 1983 – 15 February 1985João Rosado Correia15 February 1985 – 6 November 1985Carlos Melancia6 November 1985 – 28 October 1995''Ministry of Social Equipment became Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communications''X, XI, XII Constitutional Government28 October 1995 – 27 December 1995Henrique ConstantinoXIII Constitutional Government27 December 1995 – 15 January 1996Francisco Murteira Nabo15 January 1996 – 25 October 1999''Ministry of Social Infrastructure became Ministry of Infrastructure, Planning and Territorial Administration''25 October 1999 – 10 March 2001Jorge CoelhoXIV Constitutional Government10 March 2001 – 23 January 2002Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues23 January 2002 – 6 Abril 2002José Sócrates (por delegação de funções)6 Abril 2002''Ministry abolished''XV Constitutional Government" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nancy Spielberg" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Nancy Spielberg''' (born June 7, 1956) is an American film producer who has produced multiple documentaries on Jewish and Israeli history." ], [ "Early life and education", "She was born on June 7, 1956, the youngest of four children.", "Her family moved to Phoenix, Arizona in February 1957, when she was 7 month sold, when her father, Arnold Spielberg, was hired by General Electric.", "In the seven years she lived in Arcadia, Phoenix, her father would often wake her and her siblings up to go to the desert to view meteor showers and comets.", "Her family attended synagogue only a couple times each year, but often had Shabbat meals.", "Their neighbors and children at school sometimes made antisemitic remarks towards her and her family.The family went on to relocate to California, and Nancy's parents divorced in 1966.Following the divorce, Spielberg returned to Arizona with her mother.", "She began attending an Orthodox Jewish school in the fifth grade, alongside her older sister Anne.", "The household also began keeping kosher.She initially attended UCLA, and later studied writing at Sarah Lawrence College and The New School in New York." ], [ "Career", "She started working on her brother Steven Spielberg's early films.Spielberg produced the 2014 documentary ''Above and Beyond'', which told the story of the origins of the Israeli Air Force.In 2016, Spielberg was a co-executive producer for the documentary ''On the Map'', directed by Dani Menkin, which followed the Israeli national basketball team as they won the 1977 European Cup.", "She worked again with Menkin while producing the 2019 documentary ''Picture of His Life'', about Israeli nature photographer Amos Nachoum, and the 2020 documentary ''Aulcie'', about the titular basketball player Aulcie Perry.In 2021, Spielberg became a part of Jewish Story Partners, an initiative launched by her brother and his wife.In 2022, Spielberg served as a consultant for ''The Fabelmans'', a film by Steven Spielberg loosely based on his and his sisters' childhoods." ], [ "Filmography", "+YearFilmRoleNotesRef2003''Chernobyl Heart''Consultant2011''Elusive Justice: The Search for Nazi War Criminals''Executive producer2014''Above and Beyond''Producer2016''On the Map''Co-executive producer2017''Who Will Write Our History''Producer2019''Picture of His Life''Executive producer2020''Aulcie''Executive producer2022''The Fabelmans''Consultant2023''Closed Circuit''Producer''Vishniac''Executive producer" ], [ "Personal life", "In 1983, Spielberg married Shimon Katz.", "The couple had two daughters: Jessica Katz, who performed on ''The Voice Israel'' in 2014, and Melissa Katz.As of 2015, Spielberg and her husband lived in Riverdale, New York.", "Spielberg considers herself a Modern Orthodox Jew." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Pedro Ontaneda" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Pedro Ontaneda''' is a Peruvian-American mathematician specializing in topology.", "He is a distinguished professor at Binghamton University, a unit of the State University of New York.", "His research has broken new ground in the study of manifolds by finding new kinds of manifold with negative curvature; unlike previous examples they are not locally symmetric spaces.", "This work greatly expanded the known range of the important negatively curved manifolds.", "Ontaneda (2020) was described in Mathematical Reviews as \"in what seems to be a technical tour de force, ... one can produce a negatively curved Riemannian manifold\".", "His joint paper (2015) contributed a \"remarkable\" expansion to classification of dynamical systems by showing that Anosov diffeomorphisms exist on many manifolds of high dimension." ], [ "Selected publications", "* F. T. Farrell, L. E. Jones, and P. Ontaneda (2007), \"Negative curvature and exotic topology.\"", "In ''Surveys in Differential Geometry'', Vol.", "XI, pp.", "329–347, International Press, Somerville, MA.", "* F. Thomas Farrell and Pedro Ontaneda (2010), \"On the topology of the space of negatively curved metrics.\"", "''Journal of Differential Geometry'' 86, no.", "2, pp. 273–301.", "* Andrey Gogolev, Pedro Ontaneda, and Federico Rodriguez Hertz (2015), \"New partially hyperbolic dynamical systems I.\"", "''Acta Mathematica'' 215, no.", "2, pp. 363–393.", "* Pedro Ontaneda (2020), \"Riemannian hyperbolization.\"", "''Publ.", "Math.", "Inst.", "Hautes Études Sci.''", "131, pp.", "1–72." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.