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[ [ "Olivia Schireson" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Olivia Schireson''' is a two time silver medalist at World Bridge Championships, a silver medalist in European Bridge Championships and a silver medalist in North American Bridge Championships." ], [ "Bridge accomplishments", "===Wins======Runners-up===* World Bridge Championships Teams U21 (1) 2023 Transnational Board-a-Match Teams (1) 2023* European Bridge Championships** European Pairs U21 (1) 2023* North American Bridge Championships North American Pairs C flight (1) 2021 Chicago Mixed Board-a-Match (1) 2022" ], [ "Personal life", "Olivia is the daughter of Max Schireson." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Church of Santa Maria, Istanbul" ], [ "Introduction", " The '''Church of Santa Maria''' ( or ''Santa Maria İtalyan Latin Katolik Kilisesi''), () is a Catholic church in Istanbul, Turkey." ], [ "History", "Oil painting in the church depicting a scene from the Bible.Located in the Büyükdere quarter of Sarıyer district in northern Istanbul, the church was founded by Franciscan priests, and dedicated to Virgin Mary.", "The construction of the church began in 1864, and it was opened to worship in 1866.The building was designed by the Swiss architect Gaspare Fossati (1809–1883) as a two-storey, basilica-plan church in neoclassical style.", "The altar, tabernacle and interior walls of the church feature numerous large-sized oil paintings in Marian art with depictions of stories and descriptions from the Bible.", "The church organ, which was built by Rieger Orgelbau, and was initially brought in 1875 for the chapel of the French Lycée Notre Dame de Sion Istanbul, was installed in 1914." ], [ "Armed attack", "On 28 January 2024, two masked men entered the church during the Sunday morning worship, and opened fire on people around 11:40 local time.", "It was reported that during the attack, around 35 to 40 people were in the church, who threw themselves on the ground after the shooting began.", "52 year old Tuncer Cihan was killed in the shooting.", "The reason of the attack was unknown.", "According to a statement of Minister of the Interior Ali Yerlikaya, it is considered that the suspects are members of the terrorist organization Islamic State, being one of Tajikistani and the other of Russian origin." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "The Visitor (2024 film)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''The Visitor''''' is a 2024 British comedy film directed by Bruce LaBruce.", "The film starring burlesque actor Bishop Black in titular role, is a new interpretation of Pier Paolo Pasolini's 1968 allegorical film ''Teorema'', depicted in explicit sex scenes.It was selected in the Panorama section at the 74th Berlin International Film Festival where it was screened on 17 February 2024." ], [ "Synopsis", "In present-day London a refugee washes up naked on the bank of the Thames in a suitcase.", "Found by a homeless man he is introduced to a middle-class family, and he stays on an as their employee.", "He turns their world upside down by seducing each member of the family in a series of explicit sexual acts." ], [ "Cast", "* Bishop Black as The Visitor* Macklin Kowal as The Father* Amy Kingsmill as The Mother* Ray Filar as The Daughter* Kurtis Lincoln as The Son* Luca Federici as The Maid* John Foley as Homeless Man" ], [ "Production", "The film is produced by A/political and co-produced by Victor Fraga and Alex Babboni." ], [ "Release", "''The Visitor'' had its world premiere on February 17, 2024, as part of the 74th Berlin International Film Festival, in Panorama.In January 2024, Brussels-based Best Friend Forever acquired the sales rights of the film." ], [ "Reception", "Catherine Bray writing in ''Variety'' said, \"Jack Hamilton’s camera stays close to the squelchy action throughout, to the extent that you may find yourself wondering whether there was a line in the budget for tissues and lens cleaner, or perhaps some sort of splatter guard.\"", "Serena Seghedoni reviewing at Berlinale in Loud And Clear Reviews awarded 3 stars and wrote, \"If the first few minutes of the movie successfully conveyed LaBruce’s message about immigration and freedom and drew me in, the rest of the movie alienated me to the point of indifference.\"" ], [ "Accolades", " Award Date Category Recipient Result Berlin International Film Festival25 February 2024 Panorama Audience Award for Best Feature Film''The Visitor'' Teddy Award for Best Feature Film" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Qatari soft power" ], [ "Introduction", "Russian president Vladimir Putin to the right, head of FIFA Gianni Infantino in the center and Emir of Qatar: Tamim bin Hamad Al ThaniMoza Bint Nasser, the sheika and mother of the Qatari emir.Qatar has been noted for its ability to use soft power to achieve its objectives by influencing other actor's choices and populations’ views towards it.", "Qatar's soft power is mostly manifested by Qatar's extensive sports and media network through government owned intermediaries such as Qatar Sports Investment, Al Jazeera, Qatar Airways, which critics argue serve in part to divert attention from Qatar's human rights violations, discrimination against the LGBT community and sponsorship of non-state militant groups.", "Qatar has been described as a soft power superpower." ], [ "Overview", "As of 2023, Qatar is recognized as the largest foreign donor to US universities, contributing approximately $4.7 billion between 2001 and 2021.This includes substantial donations to prestigious institutions, such as $103 million to Virginia Commonwealth University, $760 million to Georgetown University for a school of politics, $700 million to Texas A&M, $740 million to Carnegie Mellon University, and $602 million to Northwestern University.", "Additionally, Cornell University opened a medical school in Qatar's Education City, and Northwestern University established a school of journalism there.", "Other universities, including Georgetown, HEC Paris, Virginia Commonwealth, and University College London, also have campuses in Qatar.", "However, concerns have been raised about the compatibility of American universities' values, such as free speech, with Qatar's governance and human rights issues.Northwestern newsroom in Northwestern QatarThe Brookings Institution received $14.8 million from Qatar in 2013 for the Brookings Doha Center, though it ended this association in 2021.The Stimson Center also received funding from Qatar, but its representative affirmed the center's research integrity and independence.The 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar was accused of being \"sportswashing,\" using sports events to improve a country's image.", "Qatar faced criticism for its alleged mistreatment of migrant workers and was accused of using the World Cup to divert attention from these issues.", "Qatar's investments in sports extend beyond the World Cup, with significant stakes in football clubs and sports broadcasting.Qatar's political influence is partly due to its relationships with various nations and groups.", "Al Udeid Air Base, hosting the US Central Command, is a key element of Qatar's strategic partnerships.", "Despite its ties with the West, Qatar also maintains relations with Iran, the Taliban, Al Qaeda, Hamas, and the Muslim Brotherhood, positioning itself as a mediator in regional conflicts.In 2022, concerns were raised about Qatar's involvement in a $1.2 billion deal related to a property owned by Jared Kushner's family.", "The deal involved Brookfield Asset Management, with potential indirect funding from the Qatari Investment Authority.", "Questions about conflicts of interest and policy impacts arose due to Kushner's role in U.S. foreign policy.", "Kushner's fund also received significant investments from Qatar and Saudi Arabia." ], [ "Education", "Carnegie Mellon University in QatarAs of 2023, Qatar was the largest foreign donor to US universities, having donated between 2001 and 2021 US$4.7 billion in open donations.", "Some of these schools are considered amongst the most prestigious in the US and include Ivy league universities.", "Qatar donated US$103 million to Virginia commonwealth university, US$760 million to Georgetown University to build a school of politics, US$700 million to Texas A&M, US$740 million to Carnegie Mellon University, $602 million to Northwestern University.", "Yale University, and Yale staff have received undisclosed donations from Qatar according to the Tablet.", "Cornell, in 2015, opened a medical school in Education City in Qatar.", "Northwestern University, opened a school for journalism in Qatar.", "Georgetown university, HEC Paris, Virginia Commonwealth, Texas A&M, Carnegie Mellon University all have campuses in Qatar.In 2020 USNEWS revealed that American universities did not reveal US$6 billion in funding, prime donors included Qatar, China and Saudi Arabia.", "In 2023, it was revealed that 200 American universities hid US$13 billion in illegal donations, with Qatar being the most significant funder.", "=== Institutes ===The Brookings Institution in Washington received financial support from Qatar, notably a $14.8 million grant in 2013 for the Brookings Doha Center.", "While another grant in 2017 followed, its exact amount remains undisclosed, as Brookings does not specify foreign contributions.", "In 2021, Brookings ended its association with the Doha Center, shifting focus to \"digital and global engagement.\"", "The closure coincided with an FBI investigation into former Brooking's president John Allen, who left amid revelations of unregistered lobbying for Qatar.", "Allen had advocated against the Saudi-led blockade of Qatar during his tenure.", "The Justice Department closed the investigation in January 2022 without pressing charges.", "Other think tanks, such as the Stimson Center, have received Qatari funding, as revealed in a 2020 report from the Center for International Policy." ], [ "Sportswashing", "=== 2022 FIFA World Cup ===The 2022 World Cup in Qatar was marked by substantial investments in infrastructure, including new transit systems, upscale accommodations, and upgraded facilities.", "The Qatari government aimed to showcase its economic and technological advancements, using the event as a platform to attract millions of visitors and captivate billions of viewers worldwide.", "One week after Qatar won the bid to host the 2022 FIFA tournament, the Qatar Foundation (QF), Qatar's development nonprofit, carried out a $220 million deal to sponsor FC Barcelona's kits.", "Within six months, an entity of Qatar's sovereign wealth fund, the Qatar Investment Authority (QSI), invested up to $58 million to acquire ownership of the French club Paris Saint-Germain.", "Shortly afterwards, Qatar's media conglomerate, Al Jazeera, spent $130 million to secure broadcasting rights for top-tier Ligue 1 matches in French households.", "These initiatives have continued to gain momentum in the subsequent years, with renowned players like Lionel Messi, Neymar, and Kylian Mbappé sporting shirts featuring a logo of Qatar Airways, owned by the Qatari government.", "Qatar, in anticipation of potential criticism is said to have offered fans incentives to attend the World Cup, whilst requiring them to participate in choreographed performances and report any criticism on social media.Qatar Airways, with the symbol of the 2022 FIFA World Cup=== Other sports ===Qatar has invested heavily in clubs, competitions, and confederations across six continents in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.", "Qatar has been criticized as employing modern sportswashing focuses on engaging foreign audiences on their home turf unlike historical approaches that relied on staging events.", "Qatar utilized diverse channels such as commentary, commerce, and community involvement, aligning with football's value chain to connect with global audiences.", "Qatar is said to collaborate with intermediaries, including state-owned enterprises and government-organized NGOs, to secure multimillion-dollar deals globally.", "According to the Journal of Democracy the two main types of intermediaries are state-owned enterprises such as QSI and beIN Sports (previously a subsidiary of Al Jazeera), and non-governmental organizations organized by the government, like the Qatar Foundation.", "These intermediaries according to the Journal of Democracy, leverage the flexibility of globalization's regulatory landscape, turning sports investments into profitable ventures that contribute to Qatar's economic diversification beyond its reliance on oil and gas.", "Financial gains are not the sole rewards of sportswashing; there are also reputational benefits.", "Sportswashing which is said to involve the leveraging of sports' bankability to misinform and manipulate global audiences.", "Critics argued that Influencers, using the example of celebrity athlete David Beckham, Qatar's world cup ambassador, in 2019, may share testimonials praising certain aspects of a country, such as Qatar's World Cup facilities, to advance favorable narratives.However, these references may contradict reports of migrant exploitation, including wage discrimination and passport confiscation, revealing discrepancies.", "Another aspect of Qatar's alleged sportswashing involved the use of sports to displace damaging content.", "In these cases, emerging sports stories act as smokescreen in order overshadow other events.", "Critics argue that with each World Cup milestone, audiences become less aware and concerned about the state's misdeeds.", "Yet, a study analyzing British newspapers found overwhelmingly negative coverage of Qatar's World Cup, suggesting that the event has not displaced damaging content as much as observers might believe.", "The critics argue that Qatari efforts to shape foreign media coverage of its tournament have included updated permit terms for international film crews and restricting recording at certain locations.", "However, this control may trigger the \"Olympic catch-22,\" where sporting events spotlight the unflattering side of closed societies.", "A Sunday Times report found that an Indian criminal network was hired by Qatar to hack into the emails of prominent critics of Qatar's World Cup.", "Critics in contrast have also suggested that these techniques are not as effective as thought by some." ], [ "Foreign assets", "Qatar strategically employs economic soft power through significant overseas investments managed by its sovereign wealth fund, the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA).", "Qatari Diar, the real estate subsidiary of QIA, has also made substantial investments in London properties.", "Qatar also owns or has major shareholding in Deutche bank and Barclay's Bank." ], [ "Foreign relations", "Al Udeid Air BaseQatar's political soft power is also rooted in its extensive network of foreign relationships.", "Al Qatar's foreign policy of maintaining relations with various groups has faced criticism, with accusations that the state is a major financial supporter of 'terrorist' organizations.", "Germany's minister for international development in 2014 pointed to Qatar as a key financier of ISIS fighters." ], [ "Media", "=== Al Jazeera media network ===Al Jazeera was established in 1996 by Qatar's Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani.", "The foundation of the channel according to Council on foreign relations, was part of Sheikh Hamad's broader strategy to reduce Qatar's reliance on Saudi Arabia and to establish diversified relationships with countries like Iran and Israel, as well as with various Islamist political organizations such as Hamas or Al-Qaeda.", "The network's inception aimed at providing a Qatari perspective directly into Arab homes, bypassing regional governments with its bold and investigative journalism.", "Al Jazeera was envisioned as a counterpoint to the predominantly state-controlled media in the region, often provoking displeasure among powerful regional governments due to its critical reporting and the inclusion of a viewpoints favoring Qatari policy and unfavorable to several mid east governments.", "Al Jazeera receives most of its funding from the Qatari government.In the 1990s, Al Jazeera compiled positive reports on Saddam Hussein's regime.", "Mid east countries including Jordan logged complaints against Qatar due to Al Jazeera.", "By the Arab spring in 2011, Al Jazeera's audience included 250 million households in 130 countries, rivalling CNN and the BBC.", "Al Jazeera broadcast and fully focused the protests on Egypt, dedicating substantial airtime to the protests.", "In the Syrian civil war, Al Jazeera's broadcasts according to Edward was criticized for favoring the factions Qatar supplied weapons to and supported.", "When the Arab revolutions reached Bahrain, a neighboring country only a few miles from Qatar, Al Jazeera's broadcasts were far more restrained and received far less airtime according to Edward.", "In the week Saudi Arabia intervened in Bahrain, only one Al Jazeera article was published about the subject.Al Jazeera is among the few stations in the region that air debates directly from the Israeli parliament as well as allow Israeli guests, however a frequent guest said the following on the interviews \"We’re never invited to long interview shows but always short interviews of three and a half minutes.", "They’re Al Jazeera unwilling to engage in real dialogue, but instead use Israelis as fig leaves\".Al Jazeera's programming has notably affected the United States' perspective and relations with Qatar and Al Jazeera.", "The network's coverage, including broadcasts of Osama bin Laden, perceived support for Iraqi resistance, and links to the Muslim Brotherhood, has raised concerns in Washington.", "Furthermore, the channel's airing of disturbing images of Afghan children allegedly killed by U.S. bombs intensified these tensions.", "In October 2001, then U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell directly requested the Qatari government to moderate Al Jazeera's content.", "President George W. Bush, in his 2004 State of the Union address, indirectly criticized Al Jazeera for spreading \"hateful propaganda.\"", "The U.S. military has been involved in two incidents where Al Jazeera's offices were bombed – in Kabul in 2001 and Baghdad in 2003 – both claimed as accidental.", "Former President Donald Trump said to a campaign aide that he enjoyed watching the channel, although he seldom mentioned it during his presidency.U.S.", "officials have often criticized Al Jazeera for not sufficiently challenging anti-American guests or providing enough pro-American perspectives with anti-American guests left unchallenged at times.", "Although Al Jazeera asserts that American officials are welcome to participate in its programs, there have been instances, such as with National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, where interviews have focused on controversial topics like the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, potentially alienating Arab audiences.", "This incident was viewed by some, including a veteran Egyptian TV anchor, as detrimental to America's image even before the interview concluded.", "Al Jazeera has also been seen as intertwining Palestinian issues with the Iraq war, often casting the United States in a negative light.Contrary to some American officials' beliefs, Al Jazeera has not significantly fueled anti-American sentiment.", "A 2012 Zogby poll revealed that younger Arabic-speaking individuals exposed to satellite TV, including Al Jazeera, tend to be less anti-American than older generations.", "In Egypt and Saudi Arabia, those who watch satellite TV have a more favorable view of Americans compared to those who do not.In early June 2017, a coalition led by Saudi Arabia, which included the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Bahrain, severed diplomatic relations with Qatar and imposed an embargo.", "A primary condition set by this coalition for the restoration of diplomatic ties was the shutdown of Al Jazeera, the internationally renowned news broadcaster funded by Qatar.", "This demand was part of a broader set of conditions aimed at re-establishing diplomatic relations.", "However, Qatar rejected these conditions, refusing to close Al Jazeera, a channel that has significantly increased Qatar's influence in the Middle East and on a global scale according to CFR, enabling it to pursue an independent foreign policy distinct from the larger members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).Al Jazeera's editorial stance has been influential in shaping the network's identity and Qatar's standing.", "It focused on underreported social issues and provided a platform for dissident voices, frequently adopting a critical stance towards governments across the region.", "Such coverage led to accusations from Saudi Arabia and other countries of inciting terrorism.", "Al Jazeera, in defense, has said it is committed to freedom of expression.", "In 2013, the Al Jazeera Berlin correspondent left Al Jazeera, stating he felt that the Qatari government was overtly influencing Al Jazeera.Al Jazeera expanded its reach with the proliferation of satellite dishes across the Middle East and North Africa, absorbing the staff of a defunct BBC Arabic-language network and distinguishing itself from Western media by concentrating on Arab events.", "It further extended its global presence with an English-language channel in 2006 and briefly ventured into the U.S. market with Al Jazeera America in 2013, though this operation was discontinued.The network's extensive coverage of the Arab Spring in 2011, which amplified dissident voices and documented government crackdowns, further strained its relationships with Gulf monarchies and Egypt.", "Al Jazeera's reporting often mirrored Qatar's support for groups like the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood, challenging the governments in the region.", "Despite diplomatic efforts and ongoing tensions, Qatar has consistently defended Al Jazeera's operation, viewing its closure as a non-negotiable matter in diplomatic negotiations.", "Al Jazeera is broadcast to 310 million homes as of 2017.=== Al Jazeera English ===Al Jazeera English, launched in 2006, has been observed to have a significantly different approach compared to its Arabic counterpart.", "Analysts have noted substantial differences in tone, story selection, and overall coverage between the two channels.", "An analyst remarked that Al Jazeera English does not closely resemble its Arabic-speaking parent channel in its style and content.For instance, the Arabic channel of Al Jazeera has broadcast some controversial reports without challenge, such as a claim that Jewish New Yorkers received advance warnings about the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center.", "It also aired commentators who blamed Jews for the 9/11 attacks.", "These types of provocative reports, however, were not featured on Al Jazeera English.Additionally, a study highlighted that while Al Jazeera's Arabic coverage shows a close alignment with Qatar's foreign policy, especially regarding events in Saudi Arabia, such a correlation is not evident in the content of Al Jazeera English.", "This suggests that Al Jazeera English maintains a different editorial stance and content strategy, possibly aiming for a broader, more international audience, and not closely mirroring the political perspectives of Qatar, unlike its Arabic counterpart.=== beIN Sports ===beIN SportsbeIN Sports, a Qatari multinational network of sports channels, is owned and operated by beIN, a media group based in Qatar.", "Initially known as Al Jazeera Sports and a part of Al Jazeera Media Network, beIN Sports was established to expand Qatar's influence in the global sports broadcasting market.", "The network, under the leadership of Chairman Nasser Al-Khelaifi and CEO Yousef Obaidly, has played a pivotal role in the commercialization of sports in Qatar.", "It's recognized as the dominant sports channel in the MENA region and operates in several countries worldwide, including France, the United States, Canada, Australia, and various Asian nations.", "The network's global expansion began with acquiring broadcasting rights for French football's Ligue 1 and other major sports leagues and tournaments, establishing its presence in the European sports broadcasting market.beIN Sports' portfolio includes broadcasting rights for major football leagues like La Liga, Serie A, and the UEFA Champions League, alongside other sports such as rugby, cricket, motorsports, and tennis.", "The network's growth included creating an Olympic Channel in the MENA region and acquiring Digiturk, a Turkish media platform.", "As an offshoot of Al Jazeera, beIN Sports has leveraged its parent company's extensive broadcasting experience to establish a significant footprint in sports media.", "The introduction of beIN Connect, an over-the-top content service, further expanded its reach, allowing global audiences access to live and on-demand sports content." ], [ "Funds, institutions and foundations", "=== Qatar Foundation ===The Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development, founded in 1995 by then-Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and Moza bint Nasser Al-Missned, is a prominent state-led and owned non-profit in Qatar.", "Its focus lies in promoting education, science, research, and community development.", "The foundation has actively engaged numerous international universities to set up campuses in Qatar and has ventured into commercial investments as well.", "While its efforts are seen as influential in various sectors, critics have described its activities as akin to influence peddling or lobbying.", "The Qatar Foundation, which was established as a non-profit in 1995, later rebranded as a \"private institution for public benefit,\" allowing it to present itself as a private entity free from governmental restrictions while remaining under the Emir of Qatar's ownership, thus enabling the state to disguise state funding as private sector contributions.Among its educational achievements, the foundation has established multiple Qatar Academy branches, the Awsaj Academy for students with learning challenges, and the Academic Bridge Program, which offers post-secondary educational opportunities.", "Additionally, it partnered with the RAND Corporation to operate the RAND-Qatar Policy Institute from 2003 to 2013.The Qatar Foundation assisted in the establishment branches of eight international and one local university near Doha since 1998.These include Virginia Commonwealth University, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Carnegie Mellon University Qatar, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar, Northwestern University in Qatar, and Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU).", "HEC Paris in Qatar launched the country's first EMBA in 2011, and University College London Qatar operated from 2011 to 2020.The foundation's substantial donations to these universities have raised concerns and prompted investigations by the US Education Department.In addition to its educational ventures, the Qatar Foundation sponsors the World Innovation Summit for Education (WISE), an annual event in Doha since 2009.The universities on its campus run various research programs and collaborate with QF's applied research bodies.", "QF also maintains partnerships with the Royal Society and the James Baker Institute at Rice University.=== Qatar Sports Investment ===Founded in 2005 and based in Doha, Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) is a closed shareholding organization believed to be owned by Qatar's finance ministry and the Qatar Olympic Committee.", "As a subsidiary of the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), QSI reinvests its revenues into Qatar's sports, leisure, and entertainment sectors.", "Led by Chairman Nasser Al-Khelaifi and Vice Chairman Adel Mohammed Tayyeb Mustafawi, QSI has expanded its influence in international sports, notably acquiring Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) in 2011 and becoming its sole owner by 2012.Additionally, its portfolio includes Burrda, a sports brand, and NextStep Marketing.", "In October 2022, QSI bought a 21.67% stake in S.C. Braga for €80 million and expressed interest in acquiring West Ham United in early 2023.In 2023, QSI also ventured into padel by acquiring the World Padel Tour to establish a new global circuit starting in 2024.=== Qatar National Bank ===Qatar National Bank QPSC, founded on June 6, 1964, and headquartered in Doha, Qatar, specializes in both commercial and Islamic banking services.", "Its operations are divided into four main segments: Corporate Banking, Consumer Banking, Asset & Wealth Management, and International Banking.", "The Corporate Banking segment offers a variety of services including loans, deposits, investment advisory, and risk management activities, which involve debt securities and derivatives.", "Consumer Banking focuses on providing a broad range of products and services to retail customers, including loans and deposits.", "The Asset & Wealth Management segment caters to high net worth clients with services like asset management, brokerage, and custody.", "Lastly, the International Banking segment serves both corporate and individual customers in the bank's international branches, offering loans, deposits, and other related services.Qatar National Bank (QNB), with a brand value of US$7.7 billion, is the most valuable banking brand in the Middle East and Africa.", "The bank's strategic sponsorship of the 2022 FIFA World Cup significantly boosted its international profile.", "Watched by millions worldwide the event helped QNB's global visibility.", "A notable example of QNB's sports-related marketing strategy is its sponsorship of the prestigious Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) football club in France.", "This high-profile partnership has been instrumental in elevating QNB's brand recognition on the global stage.QNB sponsored players such as Neymar jr, football associations such as PSG, Asian football confederation, Qatar national football team, World athletics, the Asian Games in 2006, PSG Esports, FINA / CNSG Marathon swim world series 2020 and more.=== Ooredoo ===Ooredoo, an international telecommunications corporation, is primarily owned by the Qatar Telecom (Qtel) Group.", "Sheikh Faisal Bin Thani Al Thani, who also manages \"Asia-Pacific & Africa investments\" at the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), Qatar's sovereign wealth fund, serves as the chairman of Ooredoo's board.", "The company is particularly invested in the field of esports, notably through its sponsorship of the esports tournament \"Ooredoo nation – Gamers land.\"", "Besides its involvement in esports, Ooredoo also supports various other initiatives, including sponsoring Lionel Messi and his 'The Leo Messi Foundation', backing Camp des Loges, the training facility of Paris Saint-Germain (PSG), and sponsoring the Doha Diamond League, a prestigious track and field event.", "It also sponsored and worked with Zinedine Zidane, the Tunisian football team, Myanmar football federation, Muscat Club, Al Nasr, the clubs: Arsenal FC, FC Barcelona, FC Internatzionale Milano and other organisations.=== Qatar Airways ===A Qatar Airways plane, part of Qatar's global branding.", "Qatar Airways is owned by the Qatari government.Qatar Airways, a government-owned airline of Qatar, is led by CEO Akbar Al Baker, who also holds positions as the chairman of Qatar Tourism (Visit Qatar) and CEO of Hamad International Airport.Renowned internationally, Qatar Airways maintains visibility through its high-profile sponsorships.", "This includes partnerships with organizations like FIFA and several prominent football clubs, including Bayern Munich, Paris Saint-Germain, and A.S. Roma.", "The airline is also a sponsor of the NBA team Brooklyn Nets.", "As well as sponsoring and partnering with CONCACF, CONMEBOL, FIFA 2018, FIFA Women's 2019 cup and FIFA 2022 and more.=== Other instituions ===Other institutions that have advanced Qatari soft power, especially in the sports field include: the Aspire Zone foundation, Commercial Bank of Qatar, Visit Qatar, QatarEnergy, Qatar Racing and Equestrian Club, Qatar petroleum and more..." ], [ "High profile US figures and elections", "=== Jared Kushner ===In 2022, the Senate Finance Committee Chairman, Ron Wyden, raised concerns about the potential involvement of Qatar in a $1.2 billion rescue deal for a property owned by Jared Kushner's family.", "The property, located on Fifth Avenue, was part of a 99-year lease agreement in 2018 with Brookfield Asset Management, a Toronto-based firm with extensive real estate holdings globally.", "This deal, initially seen as a solution to financial issues surrounding the property, allowed the Kushner family to pay off substantial debt and buy out a partner.", "Kushner's fund had received hundreds of millions of dollars from Qatar and the UAE according to the New York Times.Wyden accused Brookfield of evasiveness regarding the transaction, particularly about whether a Qatar-linked entity, the Qatari Investment Authority, indirectly funded the deal through Brookfield Property Partners.", "The Qatari Investment Authority was reportedly the fund's second-largest investor at the time.", "Wyden expressed deep concern about the potential conflict of interest and violation of federal statutes, given Kushner's involvement in policies impacting Qatar.", "Former Secretary of State Rex Tillerson testified that Kushner's foreign engagements often conflicted with other U.S. government officials' views, including his stance on the Qatar blockade.", "Kushner's investment fund had also received a $2 billion investment from Saudi Arabia according to the Guardian.In 2023 following the Israel-Hamas war, Jared Kushner organized a meeting between Jewish American businessmen and the Qatari prime minister.=== Bill Gates Foundation ===Qatar development fund has committed 50 million $ to the Gates foundation.", "In 2022, Gates foundation and Qatar announced a joint 200 million $ to climate adaptive agriculture.=== Lobbying ===The U.S. Justice Department disclosed that political consultants Barry P. Bennett and Douglas Watts provided misleading information about their lobbying activities for Qatar.", "Bennett, a former adviser to Donald Trump's 2016 campaign, led a covert lobbying campaign to promote Qatar's interests while disparaging a rival nation, believed to be either Saudi Arabia or the UAE due to their involvement in Yemen.", "In 2017, Bennett's firm, Avenue Strategies, received $2.1 million from Qatar for lobbying efforts.", "Bennett faces two criminal charges, but the case will be dismissed after he fulfills the terms of a deferred prosecution agreement, including a $100,000 fine.", "Watts violated the Foreign Agents Registration Act by failing to disclose his lobbying work for a foreign government.", "Their operations included the creation of Yemen Crisis Watch, a company conducting a public relations campaign against Qatar's unnamed adversaries.", "This involved lobbying Congress and the Trump administration, social media campaigns, publishing articles, and producing a TV documentary.", "The case is part of wider investigations into Qatar's influential lobbying during the Trump era, marked by a blockade from neighboring countries.", "Qatar's lobbying in 2017 was said to be aimed to influence American politicians and professionals regarding Qatar's diplomatic row with Saudi Arabia and the UAE." ], [ "See also", "* Italian soft power" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nic Pozoglou" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Nicolas Pozoglou''' (born 11 February 1996) is an Australian-Greek professional basketball player for Koroivos of the Greek A2 Basket League.", "He played three seasons in the National Basketball League (NBL) as a development player between 2017 and 2020, winning a championship with the Perth Wildcats in 2020.In 2021, he was named NBL1 West Most Valuable Player as a member of the Cockburn Cougars." ], [ "Early life", "Pozoglou grew up in Sydney, New South Wales, in the suburb of Penrith.", "He began playing rugby league before switching to basketball in primary school.", "He attended St Dominic's College in Penrith and represented New South Wales at the 2015 Under 20 National Championships." ], [ "Basketball career", "In 2014, Pozoglou debuted for the Penrith Panthers in the Waratah League.", "He subsequently joined the Sydney Kings of the National Basketball League (NBL) as a development player for the 2014–15 season.", "He did not play for the Kings during the season.", "In April 2015, he was named in an extended 25-man squad for the Australian Emus under 19 team ahead of the 2015 FIBA Under-19 World Championship.Pozoglou re-joined the Panthers for the 2015 Waratah League season.", "During this time, he battled stress fractures in his knees and later broke his foot which ruled him out for eight weeks.After Penrith withdrew from the league, Pozoglou moved to the Bankstown Bruins in 2016 and helped the team win the Waratah League championship.", "He played a second season with the Bruins in 2017, averaging 19 points and 10 rebounds per game.Pozoglou joined the Illawarra Hawks as a development player for the 2017–18 NBL season.", "He appeared in four games during his first season.Following the NBL season, Pozoglou joined the Ballarat Miners of the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL) for the 2018 season.", "In 20 games, he averaged 11.8 points, 7.3 rebounds, 2.7 assists and 1.3 steals per game.Pozoglou re-joined the Hawks as a development player for the 2018–19 NBL season, where he appeared in five games.Following the NBL season, Pozoglou joined the Melbourne Tigers of the newly established NBL1 for the 2019 season.", "He was ready for a breakout season after an \"up and down season\" with Ballarat in 2018.In 19 games, he averaged 19.1 points, 9.8 rebounds, 3.3 assists and 1.8 steals per game.In August 2019, Pozoglou signed with the Perth Wildcats as a development player for the 2019–20 NBL season.", "He served as an injury replacement for Wani Swaka Lo Buluk early in the season.", "He was crowned an NBL champion in March 2020.He appeared in 10 games during the season.Pozoglou was set to re-join the Melbourne Tigers for the 2020 NBL1 season, but the season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.In November 2020, Pozoglou signed with the Cockburn Cougars of the NBL1 West for the 2021 season.", "He was named NBL1 West Most Valuable Player, All-NBL1 West First Team and NBL1 West Defensive Player of the Year.", "In 20 games, he averaged 17.1 points, 10.5 rebounds, 3.2 assists, 2.2 steals and 1.3 blocks per game.In February 2022, Pozoglou signed with the Ballarat Miners of the NBL1 South for the 2022 season, returning to the team for a second stint.", "In 21 games, he averaged 10.0 points, 7.1 rebounds, 3.1 assists, 2.7 steals and 1.2 blocks per game.Pozoglou returned to the Miners as captain for the 2023 season and averaged 13.2 points, 7.9 rebounds, 3.3 assists and 2.0 steals in 22 games.In July 2023, Pozoglou signed with Koroivos of the Greek A2 Basket League for the 2023–24 season." ], [ "Personal life", "Pozoglou's father is Greek.", "As of 2021, Pozoglou had applied for a Greek passport.Pozoglou's partner is fellow basketball player, Molly Mathews." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* NBL profile" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Strongly-polynomial time" ], [ "Introduction", "In computer science, a ''polynomial-time algorithm'' is - generally speaking - an algorithm whose running time is upper-bounded by some polynomial function of the input size.", "The definition naturally depends on the computational model, which determines how the ''running time'' is measured, and how the ''input size'' is measured.", "Two prominent computational models are the Turing-machine model and the arithmetic model.", "A '''strongly-polynomial time algorithm''' is polynomial in both models, whereas a '''weakly-polynomial time algorithm''' is polynomial only in the Turing machine model.", "The difference between strongly- and weakly-polynomial time is when the inputs to the algorithms consist of integer or rational numbers.", "It is particularly common in optimization." ], [ "Background: computational models", "Two common computational models are the Turing-machine model and the arithmetic model: * In the arithmetic model, every real number requires a single memory cell, whereas in the Turing model the storage size of a real number depends on the number of bits required to represent it.", "* In the arithmetic model, every basic arithmetic operation on real numbers (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) can be done in a single step, whereas in the Turing model the run-time of each arithmetic operation depends on the length of the operands.Some algorithms run in polynomial time in one model but not in the other one.", "For example:* The Euclidean algorithm runs in polynomial time in the Turing model, but not in the arithmetic model.", "* The algorithm that reads ''n'' numbers and then computes by repeated squaring runs in polynomial time in the Arithmetic model, but not in the Turing model.", "This is because the number of bits required to represent the outcome is exponential in the input size.However, if an algorithm runs in polynomial time in the arithmetic model, and in addition, the binary length of all inputs, outputs, and intermediate values is polynomial in the number of input values, then it is always polynomial-time in the Turing model.", "Such an algorithm is said to run in '''strongly polynomial time'''." ], [ "Definition", "Strongly polynomial time is defined in the arithmetic model of computation.", "In this model of computation the basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and comparison) take a unit time step to perform, regardless of the sizes of the operands.", "The algorithm runs in strongly polynomial time if: # the number of operations in the arithmetic model of computation is bounded by a polynomial in the number of integers in the input instance; and# the space used by the algorithm is bounded by a polynomial in the size of the input.Any algorithm with these two properties can be converted to a polynomial time algorithm by replacing the arithmetic operations by suitable algorithms for performing the arithmetic operations on a Turing machine.", "The second condition is strictly necessary: given the integer (which takes up space proportional to ''n'' in the Turing machine model), it is possible to compute with ''n'' multiplications using repeated squaring.", "However, the space used to represent is proportional to , and thus exponential rather than polynomial in the space used to represent the input.", "Hence, it is not possible to carry out this computation in polynomial time on a Turing machine, but it is possible to compute it by polynomially many arithmetic operations.However, for the first condition, there are algorithms that run in a number of Turing machine steps bounded by a polynomial in the length of binary-encoded input, but do not take a number of arithmetic operations bounded by a polynomial in the number of input numbers.", "The Euclidean algorithm for computing the greatest common divisor of two integers is one example.", "Given two integers and , the algorithm performs arithmetic operations on numbers with at most bits.", "At the same time, the number of arithmetic operations cannot be bounded by the number of integers in the input (which is constant in this case, there are always only two integers in the input).", "Due to the latter observation, the algorithm does not run in strongly polynomial time.", "Its real running time depends on the ''lengths'' of and in bits and not only on the number of integers in the input.An algorithm that runs in polynomial time but that is not strongly polynomial is said to run in '''weakly polynomial time'''.", "A well-known example of a problem for which a weakly polynomial-time algorithm is known, but is not known to admit a strongly polynomial-time algorithm, is linear programming.", "Weakly polynomial time should not be confused with pseudo-polynomial time, which depends on the ''magnitudes'' of values in the problem instead of the lengths and is not truly polynomial time.=== Subtleties ===In order to specify the arithmetic model, there are several ways to define the division operation.", "The outcome of dividing an integer ''a'' by another integer ''b'' could be one of:# The rational number a/b (i.e., not reduced, since reduction cannot be done in strongly-polynomial time).# The rational number a/b, except if it is known in advance that a/b is an integer, in which case it is the integer a/b.# The rational number a/b, except if a/b is an integer, in which case it is the integer a/b.# The integer floor(a/b).In all versions, strongly-polynomial-time implies polynomial-time in the Turing model." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Baby Sister (album)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Baby Sister''''' is the first studio album by June Pointer, released in 1983 on the Planet label." ], [ "History", "The album was the debut solo album by June Pointer, as still a member of the Pointer Sisters, and the album featured contribution from her sisters Anita and Ruth.", "The Norman Whitfield–composed \"Ready for Some Action\" reached No.", "28 on the R&B singles chart.", "It was quoted by author Steven Vass, that, \"It was a middling connection of pop songs, ballads, and 1960s retro, and business was disappointingly slow\"." ], [ "Track listing" ], [ "Personnel", "Adapted from liner notes.Ready for Some ActionBass – Nathan EastDrums – J.R. RobinsonGuitar – Howie RiceGuitar – George DoeringGuitar – Tim MayFender Rhodes – John BarnesSynthesizer\t– John BarnesSynthesizer\t– Michael NashPercussion – Paulinho Da CostaBackground Vocals – Clyide KingBackground Vocals – Julia Tillman WatersBackground Vocals – Merry ClaytonVocals – June PointerI Will UnderstandBass – Nathan EastDrums – J.R. RobinsonGuitar – George DoeringGuitar – Tim MayKeyboards – John BarnesSynthesizer – Derek NakamotoSynthesizer – John BarnesPercussion – Dan MarfisiBackground Vocals – Marva HolcolmVocals – June PointerTo You, My LoveBass – Nathan EastDrums – J.R. RobinsonGuitar – Paul Jackson JrGuitar – Tim MayKeyboards – John BarnesSynthesizer – Greg PhillinganesSynthesizer – Ian UnderwoodProgramming – Michael BoddickerPercussion – Paulinho Da CostaBackground Vocals – James IngramBackground Vocals – Phil PerryBackground Vocals – Phillip IngramVocals – June PointerNew Love, True LoveBass – Nathan EastDrums – J.R. RobinsonGuitar – Paul Jackson Jr.Guitar – Tim MayKeyboards – John BarnesSynthesizer – Greg PhillinganesSynthesizer – Ed WalshSynthesizer – Robbie BuchananProgramming – Michael BoddickerPercussion – Paulinho Da CostaBackground Vocals – Anita PointerBackground Vocals – Clydene JacksonBackground Vocals – Julia Tillman WatersBackground Vocals – Maxine Willard WatersBackground Vocals – Ruth PointerVocals\tJune PointerI'm Ready for LoveBass – Nathan EastDrums – J.R. RobinsonGuitar – George DoeringGuitar – Lee RitenourKeyboards – John BarnesSynthesizer – John BarnesSynthesizer – Ed WalshSynthesizer – Michael BoddickerSaxophone – Trevor LawrenceBackground Vocals – Anita PointerBackground Vocals – Jim GilstrapBackground Vocals – Lisa RobertsBackground Vocals – Ruth PointerBackground Vocals – Stephanie SpruillVocals – June PointerYou Can Do ItBass – Nathan EastDrums – J.R. RobinsonGuitar – Paul Jackson Jr.Guitar – Tim MayKeyboards – John BarnesSynthesizer – Michael BoddickerReeds – Gary HerbigReeds – Jim HornTrombone – Dick HydeTrumpet – Chuck FindleyTrumpet – Gary GrantPercussion – Paulinho Da CostaBackground Vocals – Jim GilstrapBackground Vocals – Lisa RobertsBackground Vocals – Stephanie SpruillVocals – June PointerAlwaysBass – Nathan EastDrums – J.R. RobinsonGuitar – Ira NewbornGuitar – Paul Jackson JrKeyboards – Randy WaldmanSynthesizer – Greg PhillinganesProgramming – Michael BoddickerPercussion – Paulinho Da CostaBackground Vocals – James IngramBackground Vocals – Phil PerryBackground Vocals – Phillip IngramBackground Vocals – Ruth PointerVocals – June PointerMy Blues Have GoneBass – Nathan EastDrums – J.R. RobinsonGuitar – Lee RitenourGuitar – Paul Jackson JrGuitar – Tim MayKeyboards – John BarnesSynthesizer – Ed WalshReeds – Gary HerbigReeds – Jim HornTrombone – Dick HydeTrumpet – Chuck FindleyTrumpet – Gary GrantPercussion – Paulinho Da CostaVocals – June PointerDon't Mess with BillBass – Nathan EastDrums – J.R. RobinsonGuitar – Paul Jackson JrGuitar – Tim MayKeyboards – John BarnesOrgan – William SmithReeds – Gary HerbigReeds – Jim HornTrombone – Dick HydeTrumpet – Chuck FindleyTrumpet – Gary GrantVibes – Victor FeldmanPercussion – Paulinho Da CostaBackground Vocals – Anita PointerBackground Vocals – Clydene JacksonBackground Vocals – Julia Tillman Waters" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "**" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Sadosky" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Sadosky''' is a surname.", "Notable people with the surname include:* Cora Ratto de Sadosky (1912–1981), Argentine mathematician, educator and militant activist* Cora Sadosky (1940–2010), Argentine mathematician* Manuel Sadosky (1914–2005), Argentine mathematician" ], [ "See also", "* Sadosky Prize, mathematics prize" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Itana" ], [ "Introduction", " '''Itana''' (originally founded as Talent City) is a Nigeria-based company building the first Digital Free Zone in Africa.", "It enables businesses to operate and function in Nigeria, and Africa without being physically present in the country.The name \"Itana\" is derived from the word \"Itanna\" which means \"kindling of a fire\" in Yoruba language.", "Itana is currently in its beta stage and plans to go live in the first quarter of 2024." ], [ "History", "In January 2020, Iyinoluwa Aboyeji announced that he and his team are building a futuristic city to support the digital economy.In August 2020, The Government of Nigeria announced her intention to work with Future Africa in deploying technology to ignite interests and collaboration in the country's free trade zones.In January 2022, Itana acquired its first physical location - a 72,000 sqm plot in Alaro City, Lekki Free Zone, Lagos.", "The emerging city is expected to be home to 1,000 residents and 2,500 remote workers.In 2023, the company raised US$2 million in a pre-seed round from LocalGlobe, Amplo, Pronomos Capital, and Future Africa." ], [ "Community and infrastructure", "Itana has launched a digital residency program to bring together startup founders and operators to build for Africa.The Itana District is set to be a live-work-build environment on a 72,000 sqm plot in Alaro City, Lagos, Nigeria.==Investors and partnership== Itana is supported by the Nigerian government through the Nigeria Export Processing Authority (NEPZA).", "LocalGlobe, Amplo, Pronomos Capital, and Future Africa are investors in Itana." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1902 Paterson silk dyers strike" ], [ "Introduction", "A strike of silk dyers in Paterson, New Jersey, from April to June 1902, spilled over into the wider New Jersey textile industry." ], [ "Background", "At the turn of the 20th century, Italians were the predominant immigrant nationality in Paterson's silk industry.", "The silk dyers' helpers, an unskilled trade, were mainly from southern Italy and formed the center of Paterson's Italian community.", "The silk dyers' militant tradition extended from the radical political tradition of immigrants from northern Italy.", "In the 1890s, Paterson was known as the international home of Italian anarchism.", "The Paterson Italian community was willing to defend itself against anti-Italian prejudices of the public and police, even if it meant resorting to violence.", "The community banded together through their conflicts with management and police.", "Weavers had far more strikes than dye workers in the 1890s.", "As management could more easily replace and break the strike of unskilled dye workers, dye worker strikes tended to be bigger, such as the property destruction at the hands of dye workers in the 1894 ribbon weavers' strike." ], [ "History", "On April 23, 1902, a walkout of silk dyers in Paterson, New Jersey, started a strike.", "The strike targeted Paterson's two biggest dye firms, Jacob Weidmann and the National Silk Dyeing Company, both of whom opposed collective bargaining.", "What began with twenty workers from two firms spread to gunshot injuries to three Italian workers and one policeman at one plant.", "Smaller firms settled with the strikers.", "While the silk dyers supported each other, other silk industry workers did not support the strike and the industry's subcontracting to pennsylvania factories mitigated its impact.", "The local newspaper ''Paterson Guardian'' supported the employers.Though the strike was waning by June, thousands of workers attended a rally on June 18 in Belmont Park, in Haledon, New Jersey, with speakers including Luigi Galleani, William MacQueen, and Rudolf Grossmann.", "The rally dissipated into riots in the Paterson mill district.", "In the police gunfire, Galleani was shot in the face and absconded to Canada.", "Paterson declared martial law and brought in the National Guard, ending both the riots and the strike." ], [ "Legacy", "The strike was the Paterson's bloodiest." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* * *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Jannik Sinner tennis season" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Jannik Sinner tennis season''' officially began on 14 January 2024, with the start of the Australian Open in Melbourne." ], [ "Yearly summary", "===Early hard court season===Sinner started his year at the Australian Open, where he beat Botic van de Zandschulp, Jesper de Jong, Sebastián Báez, Karen Khachanov and Andrey Rublev (all in straight sets) to reach his second semifinal and first at the Australian Open.", "In the semifinals, he upset world no.", "1 and defending champion Novak Djokovic to advance to his first major final, becoming the first player not to face a break point against Djokovic in a completed major match.", "His victory over the world No.", "1 was Djokovic's first defeat at the Australian Open since 2018.He became the first Italian player to reach the singles final at this major and the third man, after Adriano Panatta at the 1976 French Open and Matteo Berrettini at the 2021 Wimbledon Championships, to reach a major final in the Open Era.", "In the final, he came from a two-set deficit to beat Daniil Medvedev to become the first Italian player, male or female, to win the Australian Open singles title, and the third man to win a Major (the second of which is in the Open Era), the first in 48 years.", "His victory over Medvedev meant he became the second player to win the Australian Open after losing the first two sets in the final, after Rafael Nadal, who also beat Medvedev in 2022.As the top seed at the 2024 ABN AMRO Open in Rotterdam, he recorded his 200th win, becoming the first player born in the 2000s to accomplish this feat by reaching the semifinals." ], [ "All matches", "This table chronicles all the matches of Jannik Sinner in 2024===Singles matches===" ], [ "Exhibition matches", "===Singles===" ], [ "Schedule", "Per Jannik Sinner, this is his current 2024 schedule (subject to change).===Singles schedule===DateTournamentLocationTierSurfacePrev.resultPrev.pointsNewpointsResult 8 January 2024–14 January 2024 Adelaide International Adelaide (AUS) 250 Series Hard QF 45 0 Withdrew 14 January 2024–28 January 2024 Australian Open Melbourne (AUS) Grand Slam Hard 4R 180 2000 '''Champion''' (defeated Daniil Medvedev, 3–6, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4, 6–3) 29 January 2024–4 February 2024 Open Sud de France Montpellier (FRA) 250 Series Hard (i) '''W''' 250 0 Withdrew 12 February 2024–18 February 2024 Rotterdam Open Rotterdam (NED) 500 Series Hard (i) F 300 500 '''Champion''' (defeated Alex de Minaur, 7–5, 6–4) 6 March 2024–17 March 2024 Indian Wells Masters Indian Wells (USA) Masters 1000 Hard SF 360 20 March 2024–31 March 2024 Miami Open Miami (USA) Masters 1000 Hard F 600 8 April 2024–14 April 2024 Monte-Carlo Masters Roquebrune-Cap-Martin (FRA) Masters 1000 Clay SF 360 15 April 2024–21 April 2024 Barcelona Open Barcelona (ESP) 500 Series Clay QF 90 6 May 2024–13 May 2024 Italian Open Rome (ITA) Masters 1000 Clay 4R 90 27 May 2024–9 June 2024 French Open Paris (FRA) Grand Slam Clay 2R 45 '''Total year-end points (as of ''Rotterdam Open'')''' 775 2500 '''Total year-end points''' 6490 '''difference'''source： Rankings breakdown" ], [ "Yearly records", "===Head-to-head matchups===Jannik Sinner has a ATP match win–loss record in the 2024 season.", "His record against players who were part of the ATP rankings Top Ten at the time of their meetings is .", "'''Bold''' indicates player was ranked top 10 at the time of at least one meeting.", "The following list is ordered by number of wins: Botic van de Zandschulp 2–0* Sebastián Báez 1–0* Jesper de Jong 1–0* Alex de Minaur 1–0* '''Novak Djokovic''' 1–0* Tallon Griekspoor 1–0* Karen Khachanov 1–0* '''Daniil Medvedev''' 1–0* Gaël Monfils 1–0* Milos Raonic 1–0* '''Andrey Rublev''' 1–0:''* Statistics correct .", "''===Top 10 wins (3–0)===CategoryGrand Slam (3–0)ATP Finals (0–0)Masters 1000 (0–0)500 Series (0–0)250 Series (0–0)Wins by surface Hard (3–0) Clay (0–0) Grass (0–0)Wins by settingOutdoor (3–0)Indoor (0–0)#PlayerRankEventSurfaceRdScore1/23 Andrey Rublev5Australian Open, AustraliaHardQF6–4, 7–6(7–5), 6–342/24 Novak Djokovic'''1'''Australian Open, AustraliaHardSF6–1, 6–2, 6–7(6–8), 6–343/25 Daniil Medvedev3Australian Open, AustraliaHardF3–6, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4, 6–34===Finals=======Singles: 2 (2 Titles)====CategoryGrand Slam (1–0)ATP Finals (0–0)ATP Masters 1000 (0–0)ATP 500 Series (1–0)ATP 250 Series (0–0)Titles by surfaceHard (2–0)Clay (0–0)Grass (0–0)Titles by settingOutdoor (1–0)Indoor (1–0)ResultW–LDateTournamentTierSurfaceOpponentScoreWin1–0Australian Open, AustraliaGrand SlamHard Daniil Medvedev3–6, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4, 6–3Win2–0Rotterdam Open, Netherlands500 SeriesHard (i) Alex de Minaur7–5, 6–4===Earnings==='''Bold''' font denotes tournament win '''Singles''' Event Prize money Year-to-date'''Australian Open''' '''A$3,150,000'''$2,105,775'''Rotterdam Open''' '''€399,215''' $2,536,288 $2,536,288 '''Doubles''' Event Prize money Year-to-date $0 '''Total''' '''$2,536,288''' Figures in United States dollars (USD) unless noted.", "source： 2024 Singles Activitysource： 2024 Doubles Activity" ], [ "See also", " 2024 ATP Tour* 2024 Novak Djokovic tennis season* 2024 Daniil Medvedev tennis season* 2024 Carlos Alcaraz tennis season" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* ATP tour profile" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Caledonian Railway 492 Class" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Caledonian Railway 492 Class''' were a class of 6 0-8-0 tank engines that were built for the Caledonian Railway, in Scotland by St. Rollox Works from November 1903 to January 1904.These engines were described as mineral engines with large cabs with doors fitted.", "The 2nd axle had flangeless wheels." ], [ "Numbering", "+ Table of locomotivesCR no.LMS no.LMS (1926) no.DeliveredWithdrawn492165001695019031936493165011695119031932494165021695219031936495165031695319031935496165041695419041932497165051695519041939" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Infomation from Brdatabase" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Miguel Ángel Sastre Uyá" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Miguel Ángel Sastre Uyá''' is a Spanish politician from the People's Party.", "He was elected to the Congress of Deputies in the 2023 Spanish general election.He was candidate in the 2019 Spanish local elections." ], [ "References" ], [ "See also", "* 15th Congress of Deputies" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Louis Hebert (disambiguation)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Louis Hebert''' may refer to the following:" ], [ "People", "* Louis Hébert, early Quebec farmer* Louis Hébert (officer), Confederate soldier* Louis-Charles-Auguste Hébert, French religious* Louis-Philippe Hébert, Canadian sculptor" ], [ "Places", "* Louis Hebert House, a structure in Davenport, Iowa* Louis-Hébert (provincial electoral district), a local political district in Quebec, Canada* Louis-Hébert (federal electoral district), a national political district in Quebec, Canada" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alvania prusi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania prusi''''' is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Description", "The length of the shell attains 5 mm, its diameter 3.5 mm." ], [ "Distribution", "This species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea.Fossils were found on the island of Rhodes." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Fischer, P. (1877).", "Diagnoses Molluscorum in stratis fossiliferis insulae Rhodi jacentium.", "Journal de Conchyliologie.", "25: 78-81* Garilli V. 2008.On some Neogene to Recent species related to Galeodina Monterosato, 1884, Galeodinopsis Sacco, 1895, and Massotia Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus, 1884 (Caenogastropoda: Rissoidae) with the description of two new Alvania species from the Mediterranean Pleistocene.", "The Nautilus, 122(1): 19–51" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Helena Hayes" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Helena Hayes''' is an American politician who has served as a member of the Iowa House of Representatives for the 88th district since January 1, 2023." ], [ "Early life and education", "Hayes was born in Harrison County, Iowa.", "She earned a B.A.", "in environmental science and biology from Simpson College." ], [ "Career", "A member of the Republican Party, Hayes ran for election to the Iowa House in 2022.She won the general election on November 8, 2022, defeating her Democratic opponent Lisa Ossian." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Huvina Hippargi Assembly constituency" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Huvina Hippargi''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Karnataka state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct.", "It was part of Bijapur Lok Sabha seat." ], [ "Members of Assembly", "=== Mysore State ===YearMemberParty1967P.", "G. Ninganagounda1972K.", "D. Patil=== Karnataka state ===YearMemberParty1978Patil Basangouda Somanagouda19831985Desai Shivaputrappa Madiwalappa1989Patil Basangouda Somanagouda1994Desai Shivaputrappa Madiwalappa1999Patil Basangouda Somanagouda2004Desai Shivaputrappa Madiwalappa2008 onwards: ''Seat does not exist.", "See Devar Hippargi''" ], [ "See also", "* List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Kotli Kopa" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Kotli Kuppa''' is medium size village in Daska Tehsil, and Sialkot District, in the Punjab province of Pakistan.", "The village is part of the Union Council Raja Ghuman, Nearby villages are Watalian, and Raja Ghuman.", "The M-11 motorway is routed near to village.", "It's around 5 kilometres distance from Tehsil Administration Daska and 32 km from Sialkot International Airport." ], [ "Education", "There's are two Government and 01 private schools in village* Govt Boys primary school* Govt Girls primary school * my school (Private)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Vyatipāta" ], [ "Introduction", "In Indian astronomy and astrology, '''vyatipāta''' and '''vaidhṛti''' (or, '''vaidhṛta''') are two moments in the regular motion of the sun and the moon in the zodiac characterized by their certain special relative positions.", "These terms are also used to denote two of the 27 ''Nityayoga''-s: ''vyatipāta'' is the 17th ''nityayoga'' and ''vaidhṛti'' is the 27th ''nityayoga''." ], [ "Definitions", "Sūrysiddhānta defines ''vyatipāta'' and ''vaidhṛti'' as follows (''Sūrysiddhānta'' Chapter IX ''Pātādhikāra'' verses 1 and 2):* When the sun and moon are upon the same side of either solstice, and when, the sum of their longitudes being a circle, they are of equal declination, it is styled ''vaidhṛta''.", "* When the moon and sun are upon opposite sides of either solstice, and their minutes of declination are the same, it is ''vyatipāta'', the sum of their longitudes being a half-circle.The term ''pāta'' in the present context means literally \"fall,\" and hence also either \"fault, transgression,\" or \" calamity.\"", "The term was probably firstapplied to the moon's nodes, because they were the points of danger in her revolution, near which the sun or herself was liable to fall into thejaws of Rāhu.", "Why the time when the sun and moon are equally distant from the equator should be looked upon as so especially unfortunate is not easy to discover.", "When the equal declinations are of opposite direction, the aspect is denominated ''vaidhṛta'', or ''vaidhṛti''.", "It has been noted above that it is thename of the last ''nityayoga''.", "The name of the other aspect (''pāta''), which occurs when the sun and moon are equally removed from theequator upon the same side of it, is ''vyatipāta'', which may be rendered \"very excessive sin or calamity.\"", "This, too, is the name of one of the''nityayoga''-s, but not of that one which occurs when the sum of longitudes of the sun and moon is 180 degrees.The specification that the ''pāata''-s take place when the sum of longitudes equals a circle or a half-circle respectively, or when the two luminaries are equally distant from either solstice, or either equinox, is not to be understood as exact: this would be the case if the moon had no motion in latitude; but owing to that motion, the equality of declinations, which is the main thing, occurs at a time somewhat removed from that of equality of distance from the equinoxes: the latter is called ''madhyapāta'', \"the mean occurrence of the ''pāta''.\"", "180px 180px 180px 180pxPositions of the sun and the moon at an approximate ''vaidhrti'' with the sun and moon symmetrically placed about the autumnal equinox, so that their tropical longitudes sum to 360 degrees.", "Positions of the sun and the moon at an approximate ''vyatipata'' with the sun and moon located at equal distances from the summer solstice, with longitudes summing to 180 degrees.", "An occurrence of ''vaidhrti'' asymmetrically configured about the autumnal equinox, with the declinations of the sun and the moon being equal.", "An occurrence of ''vyatipat'' asymmetrically configured about the summer solstice, with the declinations of the sun and the moon being equal.Chapter XI ''Pātādhikāra'' of ''Sūrysiddhānta'' is devoted entirely to a discussion on ''vyatipāta'' and ''vaidhṛti''.", "Among other things, the chapter discusses the malignant aspects of the ''pāata''-s, methods to find the longitude of the sun and moon when their declinations are equal, methods to determine the duration of the aspect, and the moment of its beginning and end, etc.", "According to Burgess: \"Of all the chapters in the treatise, this is the one which has least interest and value.\"" ], [ "Records of ''vyatīpāta''-s in stone inscriptions", "This term ''vyatīpāta'' appears in several stone inscriptions.", "The contexts of the inscriptions may be grants, donations to temples, records of death of war heroes, self-immolation of saints or women committing sati.", "A detailed study of these inscriptions has yielded valuable information about eclipses and other celestial events like planetary conjunctions." ], [ "See also", "* Nityayoga" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Gus Halper" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Gus Halper''' is an American actor.", "He has acted on the series ''Fear the Walking Dead'' and ''Law & Order: Organized Crime'' and in the films ''Goat'' and ''Rustin''." ], [ "Filmography", "===Film=== Year Title Role Notes 2013 ''Rémy'' Emmanuel Remy Short2015 ''Ricki and the Flash'' Impatient Traveler2016''Goat'' Chance2016''Couch''JeffShort2017''Guy''GuyShort2018''Maine''Dragon2019''Cold Pursuit''Bone2019''Safe Space''JacquesShort2020''Holler''Blaze2020''Winning Streak''Tyson DrakeShort2023''Rustin''Tom Kahn===Television=== Year Title Role Notes 2002 ''The Suite Life of Hudson & James'' Warren Voice; 1 episode2014''Galyntine''KyreeTV Movie2015 ''Public Morals'' Sergio Tedesco 4 episodes 2015''Kingmakers''EliTV Movie 2016 ''Power'' Alby 3 episodes2016 ''Chicago P.D.''", "Oliver Tuxhorn 1 episode2017''Mercy Street''1 episode2017''Law & Order True Crime''Erik Menendez8 episodes2017-2018''Happy!", "''Mikey Scaramucci6 episodes2018''Madam Secretary''Nathan Cleminger1 episode2019''Ramy''Shawn1 episode2019''Jett''Neal5 episodes2019''Dickinson''Joseph5 episodes2020''Love Life''Danny Two Phones1 episode2021''Evil''Graham Lucian1 episode2021''Fear the Walking Dead''Will2 episodes2022-2023''Law & Order: Organized Crime''Teddy Silias8 episodes" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Algorithmic problems on convex sets" ], [ "Introduction", "Many problems in mathematical programming can be formulated as '''problems on convex sets''' or convex bodies.", "Six kinds of problems are particularly important: '''optimization''', '''violation''', '''validity''', '''separation''', '''membership''' and '''emptiness'''.", "Each of these problems has a strong (exact) variant, and a weak (approximate) variant.In all problem descriptions, ''K'' denotes a compact and convex set in '''R'''''n''." ], [ "Strong variants", "The strong variants of the problems are:* '''Strong optimization problem (SOPT)''': given a vector ''c'' in '''R'''''n'', find a vector ''y'' in ''K'' such that ''c''T''y'' ≥ ''c''T''x'' for all ''x'' in ''K'', or assert that ''K'' is empty.", "* '''Strong violation problem (SVIOL)''': given a vector ''c'' in '''R'''''n'' and a number ''t'', decide whether ''c''T''x'' ≤ ''t'' for all ''x'' in ''K'', or find ''y'' in ''K'' such that ''c''T''y'' > ''t''.", "* '''Strong validity problem (SVAL)''': given a vector ''c'' in '''R'''''n'' and a number ''t'', decide whether ''c''T''x'' ≤ ''t'' for all ''x'' in ''K''.", "* '''Strong nonemptyness problem (SNEMPT)''': Decide whether ''K'' is empty, and if not, find a point in ''K''.", "* '''Strong separation problem (SSEP)''': given a vector ''y'' in '''R'''''n'', decide whether ''y'' in ''K'', and if not, find a hyperplane that separates ''y'' from ''K'', that is, find a vector ''c'' in '''R'''''n'' such that ''c''T''y'' > ''c''T''x'' for all ''x'' in ''K''.", "* '''Strong membership problem (SMEM)''': given a vector ''y'' in '''R'''''n'', decide whether ''y'' in ''K''.Closely related to the problems on convex sets is the following problem on a convex function ''f'': '''R'''''n'' → '''R''':* '''Strong unconstrained convex function minimization''' '''(SUCFM)''': find a vector ''y'' in '''R'''''n'' such that f(''y'') ≤ f(''x'') for all ''x'' in '''R'''''n'' .=== Trivial implications ===From the definitions, it is clear that algorithms for some of the problems can be used to solve other problems in oracle-polynomial time:* An algorithm for SOPT can solve SVIOL, by checking whether ''c''T''y'' > t;* An algorithm for SVIOL solves SVAL trivially.", "* An algorithm for SVIOL can solve SNEMPT, by taking ''c''=0 and ''t''=-1.", "* An algorithm for SSEP solves SMEM trivially.=== Examples ===The solvability of a problem crucially depends on the nature of ''K'' and the way ''K'' it is represented.", "For example:* If ''K'' is represented by a set of some ''m'' linear inequalities, then SSEP (and hence SMEM) is trivial: given a vector ''y'' in '''R'''''n'', we simply check if it satisfies all inequalities, and if not, return a violated inequality as the separating hyperplane.", "SOPT can be solved using linear programming, but it is not so trivial.", "* If ''K'' is represented as the convex hull of some ''m'' points, then SOPT (and hence SVIOL, SVAL and SNEMPT) is easy to solve by evaluating the objective on all vertices.", "SMEM requires to check whether there is a vector that is a convex combination of the vertices, which requires linear programming.", "SSEP also requires a certificate in case there is no solution.", "* If ''K'' is represented as the epigraph of some computable convex function, then SMEM is trivial; if a subgradient can be computed, then SSEP is easy too." ], [ "Weak variants", "Each of the above problems has a weak variant, in which the answer is given only approximately.", "To define the approximation, we define the following operations on convex sets:* S(''K'',''ε'') is the '''ball of radius ε around ''K''''', defined as {x in '''R'''''n'' : \|x-y\| ≤ ''ε'' for some ''y'' in ''K''}.", "Informally, a point in S(''K'',''ε'') is either in ''K'' or \"almost\" in ''K''.", "* S(''K'',''-ε'') is the '''interior''' '''ε-ball of ''K''''', defined as {x in ''K'' : every y with \|x-y\| ≤ ''ε'' is in ''K''}.", "Informally, a point in S(''K'',''-ε'') \"deep inside\" ''K''.Using these notions, the weak variants are:'''Weak optimization problem (WOPT)''': given a vector ''c'' in '''Q'''''n'' and a rational ''ε''>0, either -find a vector ''y'' in ''S''(''K,ε'') such that ''c''T''y'' + ''ε'' ≥ ''c''T''x'' for all ''x'' in ''S''(''K,-ε''), or - assert that ''S''(''K,-ε'') is empty.", " '''Weak violation problem (WVIOL)''': given a vector ''c'' in '''Q'''''n'', a rational number ''t'', and a rational ''ε''>0, either - assert that ''c''T''x'' ≤ ''t +'' ''ε'' for all ''x'' in ''S''(''K,-ε''), or - find a ''y'' in ''S''(''K,ε'') such that ''c''T''y'' > ''t'' - ''ε''.", "* '''Weak validity problem (WVAL)''': given a vector ''c'' in '''Q'''''n'', a rational number ''t'', and a rational ''ε''>0, either - assert that ''c''T''x'' ≤ ''t''+''ε'' for all ''x'' in ''S''(''K,-ε''), or - assert that ''c''T''y'' ≥ ''t-ε'' for some ''y'' in ''S''(''K,ε'')''.", "''* '''Weak nonemptyness problem (WNEMPT)''': Given a rational ''ε''>0, either - assert that ''S(K,-ε)'' is empty, or - find a point ''y'' in ''S(K,ε)''.", "* '''Weak separation problem (WSEP)''': given a vector ''y'' in '''Q'''''n'' and a rational ''ε''>0, either - assert that y in ''S''(''K,ε''), or - find a vector ''c'' in '''Q'''''n'' (with ''c''∞=1) such that ''c''T''y'' + ''ε'' > ''c''T''x'' for all ''x'' in ''S(K,-ε)''.", "* '''Weak membership problem (WMEM)''': given a vector ''y'' in '''Q'''''n'', and a rational ''ε''>0, either - assert that ''y'' in ''S''(''K,ε''), or - assert that ''y'' not in ''S''(''K,-ε'').Closely related to the problems on convex sets is the following problem on a compact convex set ''K'' and a convex function ''f'': '''R'''''n'' → '''R''' given by an approximate value oracle:* '''Weak constrained convex function minimization''' '''(WCCFM)''': given a rational ''ε''>0, find a vector in ''S''(''K,ε'') such that f(''y'') ≤ f(''x'') + ''ε'' for all ''x'' in ''S(K,-ε)''.=== Trivial implications ===Analogously to the strong variants, algorithms for some of the problems can be used to solve other problems in oracle-polynomial time:* An oracle for WOPT can solve WVIOL, by checking whether ''c''T''y'' + ''ε'' > ''t'';* An oracle for WVIOL solves WVAL trivially.", "* An oracle for WVIOL can solve WNEMPT, by taking ''c''=0 and ''t''=-1.", "* An oracle for WSEP can be used to solve WMEM." ], [ "Implications of weak variants", "Besides these trivial implications, there are highly non-trivial implications, whose proof relies on the ellipsoid method.", "Some of these implications require additional information about the convex body ''K''.", "In particular, besides the number of dimensions ''n'', the following information may be needed:* A ''circumscribed radius'' ''R,'' which is the radius of a ball centered at the origin that contains ''K''.", "The tuple (''K'';''n'',''R'') is called a '''circumscribed convex set'''.", "* An ''inscribed radius'' ''r'', which is the radius of a ball contained in ''K'' in case ''K'' is nonempty.", "This ''r'' also provides a lower bound on the volume of ''K''.", "The tuple (''K'';''n'',''R'',r) is called a '''well-bounded convex set'''.", "* An ''interior point'' ''a''0, which is a point such that a ball of radius ''r'' around ''a''0 is contained in ''K''.", "The tuple (''K'';''n'',''R'',''r'',''a''0) is called a '''centered convex set'''.The following can be done in oracle-polynomial time:* An oracle for WSEP, with a circumscribed radius ''R'', can solve WVIOL.", "This algorithm uses the central-cut ellipsoid method.", "Another option is to use another method that uses simplices instead of ellipsoids.", "* An oracle for WVIOL, with a circumscribed radius ''R'', can solve WOPT using binary search.", "* An oracle for WSEP, with a circumscribed radius ''R'', can solve WOPT.", "This follows by transitivity from the implications WSEP→WVIOL and WVIOL→WOPT, but there is also a direct algorithm WSEP→WOPT using the '''sliding objective function technique'''.", "* An oracle for WMEM, with ''R'' and ''r'' and ''a''0, can solve WVIOL.", "This was proved by Yudin and Nemirovskii in 1976, using the shallow-cut ellipsoid method.", "* An oracle for WMEM, with ''R'' and ''r'' and ''a''0, can solve WOPT.", "This follows by transitivity from the implications WMEM→WVIOL and WVIOL→WOPT.", "* An oracle for WMEM, with ''R'' and ''r'' and ''a''0, can solve WSEP.", "This follows by transitivity from the implications WMEM→WVIOL and WVIOL→WSEP.", "Interestingly, both steps require the ellipsoid method, and no direct algorithm WMEM→WSEP is known.", "* An oracle for WOPT can solve WCCFM.", "** An approximate value oracle for a convex function can be used to construct a WMEM oracle.", "Combining this with the implications WMEM→WVIOL and WVIOL→WOPT and WOPT→WCCFM implies that WCCFM on a centered convex body (''K'';''n'',''R'',''r'',''a''0) given by a WMEM oracle can be solved in polynomial time.", "* An oracle for WOPT, with ''r'', can be used to found ''r''' and ''a''0 such that S(''a''0,r') is contained in ''K''.The following implications use the polar set of ''K'' - defined as .", "Note that ''K''*=''K''.", " An oracle for WVAL on an 0-centered convex body (K; n,R,r,0) can solve WMEM on ''K''.", " An oracle for WVIOL on an 0-centered convex body (K; n,R,r,0) can solve WSEP on ''K''.", " An oracle for WOPT can solve WSEP without any further information.", "The proof uses polarity arguments.", "* An oracle for WVAL, with a circumscribed radius ''R'', can solve WSEP.", "The proof uses polarity arguments.=== Necessity of additional information ===Some of the above implications provably do not work without the additional information.", "* An oracle for WMEM or even for SMEM, with ''R'' and ''r'' but without ''a''0, cannot solve WVIOL in polytime, even for ''n''=1 and ''r''=1 and c''=1'' and ''ε''=1.''Proof''.", "Note that with the given parameters, what we know about ''K'' is that ''K'' is contained in the interval -''R'',''R'', and contains some interval of length 2''r''=2.Suppose an SMEM oracle answers \"no\" to the first ''R'' membership queries; this is a valid sequence of answers, since by the pigeonhole principle, there is an interval of length 2 that does not contain any querired point.", "Therefore, any algorithm solving WOPT needs more than ''R'' queries, so it is exponential in the encoding length of ''R''.", "* Similarly, an algorithm for WMEM, with ''R'' and ''r'' but without ''a''0, cannot solve WOPT.", "* An oracle for WVAL, with ''r'' and ''a''0 but without ''R'', cannot solve WVIOL.", "* An oracle for WVIOL, with ''r'' and ''a''0 but without ''R'', cannot solve WOPT and cannot solve WMEM.", "* An oracle for WMEM, with ''r'' and ''a''0 but without ''R'', cannot solve WSEP.", "* An oracle for WSEP, with ''r'' and ''a''0 but without ''R'', cannot solve WVAL.", "* An oracle for WSEP with ''r'' cannot be used to derive ''a''0, and hence cannot be used to solve WOPT.", "* An oracle for WVIOL with ''r'' cannot be used to derive ''a''0, and hence cannot be used to solve WOPT.", "* An oracle for WSEP with ''R'' cannot be used to derive ''r.''" ], [ "Geometric problems on convex bodies", "Using the above basic problems, one can solve several geometric problems related to convex bodies.", "In particular, one can find an approximate John ellipsoid in oracle-polynomial time:* Given a well-bounded convex body (K; n, R, r) described by a WSEP oracle, one can find an ellipsoid E('''A''','''a''') such that .", "The algorithm uses the shallow-cut ellipsoid method.", "Note that, by the Lowner-John theorem, there exists an ellipsoid satisfying a stronger relation , but that theorem does not yield a polytime algorithm.", "* Given a well-bounded, ''centrally-symmetric'' convex body (K; n, R, r) described by a WSEP oracle, one can find an ellipsoid E('''A''','''a''') such that .", "Note that a theorem by Jordan proves that there exists an ellipsoid satisfying a stronger relation , but that theorem does not yield a polytime algorithm.", "* Given a well-bounded, convex body (K; n, R, r) given as the solution set of a system of linear inequalities, one can find an ellipsoid E('''A''','''a''') such that .", "* Given a well-bounded, ''centrally-symmetric'' convex body (K; n, R, r) given as the solution set of a system of linear inequalities, one can find an ellipsoid E('''A''','''0''') such that .These results imply that it is possible to approximate any norm by an ellipsoidal norm.", "Specifically, suppose a norm ''N'' is given by a '''weak norm oracle''': for every vector ''x'' in '''Q'''''n'' and every rational ''ε''>0, it returns a rational number ''r'' such that \|N(''x'')-''r''\|1 that gives a lower bound on the ratio of N(''x'') to the Euclidean norm, Then we can compute in oracle-polynomial time a linear transformation ''T'' of '''R'''''n'' such that, for all ''x'' in '''R'''''n'', .It is also possible to approximate the diameter and the width of ''K'':* Given a well-bounded convex body (''K''; ''n'', ''R'', ''r'') described by a WSEP oracle, its diameter can be approximated by finding two points ''x'',''y'' in ''K'', and a ball with radius ''R'' containing ''K'', such that .", " Given a well-bounded convex body (''K''; ''n'', ''R'', ''r'') described by a WSEP oracle, its width can be approximated by finding two parallel hyperplanes ''cTx=d1'' and ''cTx=d2'' that lie on two sides of ''K'', and a ball with radius ''r'' contained in ''K'', such that Some problems not yet solved (as of 1993) are whether it is possible to compute in polytime the volume, the center of gravity or the surface area of a convex body given by a separation oracle." ], [ "Problems on combinations of convex sets", "Some binary operations on convex sets preserve the algorithmic properties of the various problems.", "In particular, given two convex sets ''K'' and ''L'': For the sum K+L, WOPT can be solved in polytime using WOPT oracles for K and L. The same holds for WVIOL, WSEP and WVAL.", "However, the same does not hold for WMEM, unless K and L are centered convex bodies.", "* For the union conv(K u L), the results are the same for the sum: WOPT, WVIOL, WSEP and WVAL (but not WMEM) can be solved in polytime using the respective oracles for K and L.* For the intersection K ח L, it may be impossible to compute the inner radius in polytime, so we need to know the inner radius in advance.", "With this knowledge, all five problems (WMEM, WOPT, WVIOL, WSEP and WVAL) can be solved in polytime using the respective oracles for K and L.* Given WSEP oracles for K and L, and a rational number ''r''>0, it is possible in oracle-polynomial time to return either (a) an assertion that the intersection K ח L contains a ball with radius ''r'', or (b) a vector c with size 1, and a number d, such that cTx ≤ d for all x in S(K,-ε) and cTx ≥ d for all x in S(L,-ε), where ε=9nr3(RK/rK + RL/rL).", "That is: either the intersection contains a ball, or there is a hyperplane almost-separating K from L." ], [ "From weak to strong oracles", "In some cases, an oracle for a weak problem can be used to solve the corresponding strong problem.An algorithm for WMEM, with ''R'' and ''r'' and ''a''0, can solve the following slightly stronger membership problem: given a vector ''y'' in '''Q'''''n'', and a rational ''ε''>0, either assert that ''y'' in ''S''(''K,ε''), or assert that ''y'' not in ''K.''", "The proof is elementary and uses a single call to the WMEM oracle.Suppose now that ''K'' is a polyhedron.", "Then, many oracles to weak problems can be used to solve the corresponding strong problems in oracle-polynomial time.", "The reductions require an upper bound on the representation complexity (facet complexity or vertex complexity) of the polyhedron:* An oracle for WNEMPT, for a full-dimensional polyhedron ''P'' with a bound on its representation complexity, can solve SNEMPT.", "* An oracle for WOPT, for a bounded full-dimensional polyhedron ''P'' with a bound on its representation complexity, can solve SOPT.", "* An oracle for WVIOL, for a bounded full-dimensional polyhedron ''P'' with a bound on its representation complexity, can solve SVIOL.", "* An oracle for WVAL, for a bounded full-dimensional polyhedron ''P'' with a bound on its representation complexity, can solve SVAL.", "* An oracle for WSEP, for a bounded full-dimensional polyhedron ''P'' with a bound on its representation complexity, can solve SSEP.", "* An oracle for WMEM, for a bounded full-dimensional polyhedron ''P'' with a bound on its representation complexity, given an interior point in ''P'', can solve SMEM.The proofs use results on simultaneous diophantine approximation.=== Necessity of additional information ===How essential is the additional information for the above reductions?", "* The assumption that ''P'' is full-dimensional is essential: if ''P'' is not full-dimensional, then the interior ball S(''K'',''-ε'') is empty.", "Therefore, any oracle for solving a weak problem cannot distinguish between ''P'' and the empty set.", "* The assumption that ''P'' is bounded can be relaxed: it is possible to define variants of the weak problems for polyhedra that may be unbounded, and prove reductions analogous to the above results.", "* For the implication WMEM→SMEM, the assumption that an interior point of ''P'' is given is essential.", "''Proof'': Suppose we have a polyhedron ''P'' with known vertex complexity 2''n'', and wish to decide whether 0 is in ''P''.", "If we ask the WMEM oracle fewer than 2''n'' queries, then the oracle can always answer \"no\", and it is possible that there exists a unit cube ''H'' with vertices whose coefficients are in {0,+1,-1}, that contains zero as a vertex, but does not contain any of the queried points.", "So it is possible that ''P''=''H'' and the answer is \"yes\", but it is also possible that ''P'' is the convex hull of all non-zero vertices of ''H'' and the answer is \"no\"." ], [ "Implications of strong variants", "Using the previous results, it is possible to prove implications between strong variants.", "The following can be done in oracle-polynomial time, for polyhedra for which an upper bound on the representation complexity is known:* An oracle for SSEP can solve SNEMPT, as well as SVIOL and SOPT;* An oracle for SVIOL can solve SOPT and SSEP;* An oracle for SOPT can solve SSEP and SVIOL.", "* In the special case in which ''P'' is a cone, SVIOL for ''P'' is the same as SSEP for its polar cone ''P''; therefore, an SSEP oracle for ''P'' yields an SSEP algorithm for ''P''.", "* If we know in advance that ''P'' is nonempty, then the SSEP oracle can be replaced with a slightly weaker separation oracle: given a vector ''y'' in '''Q'''''n'', if ''y'' is not in ''P'' it finds a hyperplane that separates ''y'' from ''P'' (= a vector ''c'' in '''R'''''n'' such that ''c''T''y'' > ''c''T''x'' for all ''x'' in ''P''), but if ''y'' is in ''P'', it may still return a hyperplane - a vector ''c'' in '''R'''''n'' such that ''c''T''y'' ≥ ''c''T''x'' for all ''x'' in ''P''.So SSEP, SVIOL and SOPT are all polynomial-time equivalent.", "This equivalence, in particular, implies Khachian's proof that linear programming can be solved in polynomial time, since when a polyhedron is given by explicit linear inequalities, a SSEP oracle is trivial to implement.", "Moreover, a basic optimal dual solution can also be found in polytime.Other reductions cannot be made without additional information:* If ''P'' is not full-dimensional, then SMEM cannot solve SSEP, SVIOL or SOPT.", "* If ''P'' is unbounded, then SVAL cannot solve SSEP, SVIOL or SOPT." ], [ "Geometric problems on polyhedra", "Using the above basic problems, one can solve several geometric problems related to nonempty polytopes and polyhedra with a bound on the representation complexity, in oracle-polynomial time, given an oracle to SSEP, SVIOL or SOPT:* Find a vertex of ''P''.", "* Given a vector ''c'', find a vertex of ''P'' that maximizes ''c''T''x''.", "* Given vectors ''c''1,''c''2, find a vertex of ''P'' that maximizes ''c1''T''x'', and subject to this, maximizes ''c2''T''x'' (lexicographic maximization).", "* Find the affine hull of ''P''.", "This also implies finding the dimension of ''P'', and a point in the relative interior of ''P''.", "* Decide whether any two given vectors are vertices of ''P'', and if so, whether they are adjacent.", "* Given a point in ''P'', write it as a convex combination of at most ''n'' vertices of ''P'' (an algorithmic version of Carathéodory's theorem)." ], [ "See also", "* Separation oracle - an algorithm for solving the (weak or strong) separation problem for some convex set ''K''." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Peter C. Dodwell" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Peter Carpenter Dodwell''' also known as '''Peter Dodwell''' (1930-2006) was a Canadian psychologist who conducted sustained research on spatial vision.." ], [ "Biography", "'''Dodwell''' was born in India in 1930.He moved to England at an early age and completed his education there.", "He obtained degrees in philosophy and psychology from the University of Oxford.", "He then taught for three years at Birkbeck, University of London (1955-1958) and then moved to Canada where he worked in Queen's University at Kingston for the remainder of his career.", "He was the Head of the Department of Psychology for nine years (1972-1981).", "He was elected President of the Canadian Psychological Association in 1985." ], [ "Research", "He spent his whole academic career researching aspects of perception and vision.", "This included research on encoding, spatial form, pattern discrimination, perceptual development, and perceptual adaptation.", "He was best known for his research on the application of the Lie group to form perception.", "He was the Founding North American editor of the journal ''Spatial Vision''.", "This journal published a special issue in 1994 recognising his contribution.", "He was also concerned about broader issues and in his retirement wrote a book about the spiritual basis for human culture and creativity" ], [ "Awards", "* 1992: CPA Donald O. Hebb Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology as a Science* Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada* C.D.", "Howe Memorial Fellowship* Guggenheim Fellowship* Killam Research Fellowship" ], [ "Publications", "* Dodwell, P.C.", "(1957a).", "Shape-recognition in rats.", "British Journal of Psychology, 48, 221–229.", "* Dodwell, P.C.", "(1957b).", "Shape discrimination in the octopus and the rat.", "Nature, 179, 1088-1088.", "* Dodwell, P.C.", "Shape-recognition - a reply to Deutsch.", "British Journal of Psychology, 49, 158–159.", "* Dodwell, P.C.", "(1960).", "Children's understanding of number and related concepts.", "Canadian Journal of Psychology, 14, 191–205.", "* Dodwell, P.C.", "(1960).", "Causes of behavior and explanation in psychology.", "Mind, 69, 1–13.", "* Dodwell, P.C.", "(1960).", "Discrimination of small shapes by the rat.", "Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 237–241.", "* Dodwell, P.C.", "(1961).", "Coding and learning in shape discrimination.", "Psychological Review, 68, 373–382." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Gotland sports at the 1912 Summer Olympics" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Gotland sports''', or sports from the Swedish island of Gotland, were featured in the 1912 Summer Olympics as an unofficial demonstration sport.", "The three disciplines showcased were pärk, varpa and stångstörtning." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "The Anxious City" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''The Anxious City''''' () is a painting made by Paul Delvaux in 1940–1941.It depicts a large number of upset people, most of whom are nude or partially nude, in front of a lake and classical structures.", "Among the characters who stand out are a naked self-portrait of Delvaux, a man in a bowler hat and a group of bare-breasted women.", "The man with the bowler hat made his debut in ''The Anxious City'' and would appear in several other Delvaux paintings.Critics have focused on ''The Anxious City''s complex composition, disquiet atmosphere and possible origin as a reaction to the German invasion of Belgium.", "It has been compared to works by Antoine Caron, Nicolas Poussin and René Magritte.", "''The Anxious City'' was first exhibited in Brussels in 1944 and was part of the 1954 Venice Biennale.", "It was last sold at auction in 1998." ], [ "Subject and composition", "''The Anxious City'' is painted in oil on canvas and has the dimensions .", "The Belgian painter Paul Delvaux created it between May 1940 and May 1941.The setting is a barren landscape with a body of water in the background to the left.", "To the right are classical structures, including stairs, gates, temples and palaces.", "Spread around the picture are several naked or partially naked people who look anguished.", "To the left in the foreground is a self-portrait of Delvaux as a seated nude man who rests his head on his hand.", "Behind the self-portrait is an older man with glasses, a black suit, a white shirt with a stiff collar and a bowler hat.", "Near these men is a human skull on the ground.", "To the right, on a staircase, is another man in a suit who holds out his hat like a beggar.", "In the foreground to the right is a group of bare-breasted women who wear skirts, each in a different colour and held up by a bow at the front.Delvaux painted the man in the suit and bowler hat for the first time in ''The Anxious City'' and included him in several paintings over the next few years.", "This man typically appears unaware of his surroundings, whether he is among nude women or faces some catastrophe everybody else reacts to.", "Delvaux said he was based on a real person who walked by his house in Brussels every day.", "He wrote about the man's inclusion in ''The Anxious City'':" ], [ "Analysis and reception", "In 1969, André Fermigier of ''Le Nouvel Observateur'' wrote that ''The Anxious City'' is Delvaux's masterpiece and highlighted its ambitious composition.", "He wrote that it recalls ''The Massacres of the Triumvirate'' by Antoine Caron, the depictions of panic in Nicolas Poussin's paintings and \"bizarre mythologies of the Renaissance\".", "Fermigier wrote that its elements are combined in a way that evokes the atmosphere of the time it was made.", "Ronny Cohen wrote for ''Artforum'' in 1985 that the complex composition turns the figures into symbols through their scale, positions and contrasts between neutrally coloured areas and red and yellow surfaces.", "He interpreted the painting as a work about death and the horror felt during World War II, contrasted by the suited man who emits a sense of reason, and by the bare-breasted women at the front, whose radiating skin made Cohen interpret them as goddesses who witness the tragedy of mortals.The art historian Virginie Devillers and the critic Eugénie De Keyser interpreted ''The Anxious City'' as a reaction to the German invasion of Belgium.", "De Keyser wrote that it stands out among Delvaux's paintings with its many preparatory studies, where place and people accumulate into an inescapable sense of disquiet.", "Devilliers connects the man in the suit and bowler hat to the paintings of René Magritte.", "She writes that the suited man, the women at the front and the naked, seated man, whom she describes as Delvaux portrayed as an ephebe, are \"lost in their own dream\", making them strangers to the mass of anxious people around them.", "The literary scholar John Fletcher writes that the painting projects \"melancholy, disquiet and bafflement\" in a way reminiscent of the novels of Alain Robbe-Grillet, especially '''' (1976).", "The literary scholar Jeannette Baxter calls ''The Anxious City'' a post-apocalyptic work where people seem to be sleepwalking or traumatised.", "She writes that the crowded scene combined with a complete lack of eye contact between the figures creates \"an overwhelming sense of loneliness\".", "''The Anxious City'' is referenced and features as an intertext in the post-apocalyptic novel ''The Drowned World'' by J. G. Ballard, published in 1962.The short story \"Siestas\" by Julio Cortázar, published in ''Último Round'' (1969), was inspired by several Delvaux paintings.", "The man in the suit from ''The Anxious City'' appears in a nightmare.", "In 1970, a detail from the painting was featured on a Belgian postage stamp." ], [ "Provenance", "The Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels exhibited ''The Anxious City'' as part of a Delvaux solo exhibition in December 1944 and January 1945.It was shown at the 27th Venice Biennale in 1954.It was acquired by René Gaffé in Brussels who sold it to a private collector in 1953.It was sold through Christie's in 1998 for 2,971,500 pounds.", "The price was a new record for a Delvaux painting.", "A set of 61 ink studies was sold through Christie's in 2011 for 133,250 pounds, more than four times the estimated price." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Tikota Assembly constituency" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Tikota''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Karnataka state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct.", "It was part of Bijapur Lok Sabha seat." ], [ "Members of Assembly", "=== Mysore State ===YearMemberParty1957Ambli Chanbasappa Jagdevappa1962Basangouda Mallangouda Patil1967V.", "S. Basalingayya1972G N Patil=== Karnataka state ===YearMemberParty1978Patil Badugouda Bapugouda1983Patil Basanagouda Mallanagouda198519891991^M.", "B. Patil1994Shivanand Patil19992004M.", "B. Patil2008 onwards: ''Seat does not exist.", "See Babaleshwar''" ], [ "See also", "* List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "The Neighbours (radio play)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''The Neighbours''''' is a 1945 Australian radio play by Alexander Turner.", "It was one of Turner's most highly regarded plays.", "He based it on the town of Geraldton, where Turner had lived.The play came equal first in a 1944 ABC Playwriting Competition (along with ''Safe Horizon'' by Jon Cleary), out of 234 entries.", "Reviewing the play, Leslie Rees wrote \"no writer has so specifically and sharply caught the peculiar glint of Westralian light as Turner.", "\"A copy of the play is at the Fryer Library at the University of Queensland." ], [ "Premise", "The breaking up of a family during the evacuation from Geraldton in 1942." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Neil Hutchison" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Neil Hutchison''' (died 2010) was a British-Australian radio and television executive best known for being head of drama at the ABC.", "He worked for the BBC and was the BBC's representative in Australia.", "Hutchison became the Director of Features at the ABC in 1949 then a Director of Drama and Features from 1951 until the mid-1960s.Hutchison was also head of the Elizabethan Theatre Trust.", "Considering Australia made so few films at the time this made Hutchison one of the most powerful people in Australian drama in the 1950s and 1960s." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Neil Hutchison at Ausstage" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Leonel Wamba" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Leonel Wamba''' (born 1 September 2002) is a Cameroonian footballer who plays as a striker for CR Belouizdad." ], [ "Club career", "On July 22, 2022, Lionel Wamba signed a three-year contract with the Algerian champions CR Belouizdad on the recommendation of Nabil Kouki.", "Wamba said that he is happy to join CRB and that it is a great club.", "He said he received offers but preferred CR Belouizdad because they sold him an interesting project.", "He is here to bring something more to the team.", "He knows there is a lot of competition, but for him.", "He will fight as he should, whether in the Ligue 1 or Champions League because it will be the first time for him because Wamba has never played in an African tournament.", "On October 2, 2022, Lionel Wamba scored his first goal in the colors of CR Belouizdad against JS Saoura in a 1–0 win.", "On October 2, 2023, Wamba scored the first hat-trick in his football career in the second round of the Champions League against Bo Rangers to qualify his team to the group stage." ], [ "Career statistics", "===Club=== ClubSeasonLeagueCupContinentalOtherTotalDivisionAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsSpartaks Jūrmala2021Optibet Virslīga251410——2614CR Belouizdad2022–23Ligue 125762112—42112023–24126004330199Total371362152306117Career total622772152308731" ], [ "Honours", "===Club==='''CR Belouizdad'''* Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1: 2022–23'''Cameroon U17'''* U-17 Africa Cup of Nations: 2019" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Joe Sant Fournier" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Joe Sant Fournier''' (born 27 January 1971 in Malta) is a Maltese retired footballer." ], [ "Club career", "During his career, Sant Fournier had three different spells with Naxxar Lions, but played the most seasons for Sliema Wanderers as a midfielder." ], [ "International career", "Sant Fournier made his debut for Malta in a May 1992 friendly match against Latvia, coming on as a 61st-minute substitute for Richard Buhagiar , and earned a total of 21 caps, scoring 1 goal.", "His final international was a September 1998 friendly against Germany.===International goals=== # Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition .", "16 August 1996 National Stadium, Ta' Qali, Malta '''2'''–1 2–1 Friendly" ], [ "Honours", "'''Sliema Wanderers'''* Maltese Premier League: 1996* Maltese Super Cup: 1996'''Marsa'''* Maltese First Division: 2001" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alvania purpurea" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania purpurea''''' is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Distribution", "This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Monterey, California." ], [ "Description", "(Original description) The small shell consists of four rounded whorls that are rather pointed.", "The sculpture consists of six or seven revolving ribs.", "On the body whorl, only twoappear on the second whorl.", "The apical whorl is smooth.", "These ribs are crossed by about twenty longitudinal riblets, which do not pass the second revolving rib on the body whorl.", "On the antepenultimate whorl they reach from suture to suture, and are conspicuously angulated at their intersections with the two evolving ribs.", "The suture is deep.", "The aperture is rounded and is interrupted by the body whorl.", "The peristome is thickened, with a groove behind the columella.The color of the shell is whitish, the revolving ribs in perfect specimens being a beautiful purple." ], [ "References", "* Abbott, R. T. (1974).", "American seashells.", "The marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific coast of North America.", "ed.", "2.Van Nostrand, New York.", "663 pp., 24 pls." ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Fran (footballer, born June 1972)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Francisco José Figueroa Alonso''' (born 22 June 1972), known as '''Fran''', is a Spanish former professional footballer who could play as a right-back or a midfielder.", "He played in La Liga for both Valencia and Espanyol, making a total of 19 top flight appearances." ], [ "Club career", "Born in Valencia, Fran began his career in 1990 with Segunda División B side Torrent.", "He spent 1991–92 in the Tercera División with Teruel, before joining La Liga side Valencia in 1992.He played only twice in the top division for ''Los Ches'', but featured prominently for the B team in Segunda División B over the next three seasons.In 1995, he moved on to Gimnàstic de Tarragona, and was part of the side that won Segunda División B in 1996–97.Fran then spent one season with Polideportivo Almería, before earning a move to the Segunda División with Lleida in 1998.Lleida enjoyed mixed fortunes over Fran's three seasons at the club, finishing as runners-up in the Copa Catalunya in 1999, but suffering relegation from the second tier in 2000–01.Following Lleida's relegation, Fran was able to return to La Liga with Espanyol.", "He made 17 appearances that year, making it his most successful top tier season, but moved on again to join Real Oviedo in 2002.He suffered another relegation from the Segunda División in his only season with the Asturian club, before moving to the third tier with Hércules in 2003.He finished his career on a high note, earning promotion with Hércules as Segunda División B runners-up in 2004–05.He retired in 2005 at the age of 33." ], [ "Honours", "'''Gimnàstic de Tarragona'''Segunda División B: 1996–97'''Lleida'''Copa Catalunya: Runner-up 1998–99'''Hércules'''Segunda División B: Runner-up (earning promotion) 2004–05" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "**" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras in international football" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Palmeiras''', is a Brazilian professional association football team based in São Paulo, it is one of the most successful and traditional Brazilian teams and South American teams in international club competitions.", "They have won one Copa Rio title (in 1951) which was recognized by FIFA as a club world competition in 2014, three Copa Libertadores (in 1999, 2020 and 2021) along with one Recopa Sudamericana (in 2022) and a Copa Mercosur (1998) for a total of six international trophies.Their first participation in international competitions was in 1951, when they qualified for the first ever intercontinental and international club world competition as the Paulista champion, one of the biggest championships at the time.", "Palmeiras then debuted in the Copa Libertadores in 1961 being runner-ups against Penarol and the 1996 Copa CONMEBOL.", "In 1999, the club debuted in the former Intercontinental Cup against Manchester United.", "The club also debuted as champions of the first Copa Mercosur in 1998, the FIFA Club World Cup in 2021, and also respectively the Copa Sudamericana (Copa Conmebol and Mercosur successor) in 2003.Palmeiras are also the Brazilian club with the most participations in club world competitions, participating 5 times and winning once in 1951 and participating in the 1999, 2020, 2021 editions and also was confirmed in the 2025 edition of the tournaments.", "Palmeiras is also the Brazilian club with most participations in the Copa Libertadores, having participated and 24 editions.", "And also the Brazilian club with the most goals in the Libertadores." ], [ "History", "=== First international conquest (1951) ===Jair Rosa Pinto, a Palmeiras player holding the trophy in 1951Palmeiras, took part in the 1951 Copa Rio after winning the 1950 Campeonato Paulista which at the time was one of the biggest football competitions in the world, the idea of the competition was to gather together the reigning champions of the world's top football national leagues, in order to determine the world club champion.", "Along with Palmeiras several other clubs also participated such as, Vasco da Gama, Juventus, Austria Wien, Sporting CP, Nacional Montevideo, Red Star and Nice.The national football scene was one of sadness due to the loss of the 1950 World Cup title, at Maracanã, when it was decided to organize the International Club Tournament in the 1951 season, a competition that became popularly known as Copa Rio due to sponsoring reasons.Ottorino Barassi, president of the Italian Football Federation and general secretary of FIFA, was appointed as the competition's mentor.", "According to reports at the time, he discussed the format with the Brazilian Sports Confederation and defined the participants.Palmeiras players pictured holding the Copa Rio trophyPalmeiras debuted in the competition on 30 June 1951, victorious against OGC Nice and topped the group.", "This followed by a 2–1 victory against the then Yugoslavian team, Red Star.", "Effectively confirming Palmeiras' qualification to the semi-final of the Copa Rio.Palmeiras still had to face Juventus in a group stage match before advancing, in which the team lost in the tournament's biggest thrash, 4–0.Even with the incredible defeat against Juventus, the team defeated a strong Vasco da Gama team in Maracana 1-2 and then held a 0–0 tie on 15 July in order to qualify to the final of the Copa Rio.", "And in a shocking first leg, Palmeiras won Juventus 1–0 with a goal from Francisco Rodrigues.", "Finally, on 22 July 1951, Palmeiras tied with Juventus 2–2 with between 100,000 and 200,000 fans in the Maracanã and won the first intercontinental and international club world championship and on its first international debut.=== Libertadores finals (1961 and 1968) ===In 1961, Palmeiras qualified for its first Libertadores on the second edition of the competition.", "In its group it only had Independiente from Argentina winning both the matches, eliminating Independiente and qualifying for the semi-finals in which they faced the Colombian team, Santa Fe winning them 6–4 on aggregate and advancing to the final where the team faced Penarol.", "Palmeiras lost 2–1 on aggregate, but became the first Brazilian team to reach the final of the tournament.Palmeiras team in the 1960sAfter 1961, Palmeiras then qualified for the Copa Libertadores of 1968 after winning the 1967 Campeonato Brasileiro.", "Palmeiras started off great, topping its group of four and advancing to the second round of which they also topped.", "In the semi-finals that team won Penarol, which at the time were the biggest winners of the competition.", "Palmeiras advanced to final, losing the first leg and winning the second leg.", "In playoffs Palmeiras suffered a 2–0 defeat and lost the final once again.=== Ramón de Carranza Trophy ===Ramón de Carranza TrophyThe '''Ramón de Carranza Trophy''' is a summer football competition that has been held in the city of Cádiz at the beginning of August since 1955, making it one of the most prestigious summer tournaments in Spain.", "It is one of the oldest alive football competitions in the world.", "The Big Green won the competition three times, in 1969, 1974 and 1975 and being second place in 1993.SeasonOppositionHomeAwayAggregateStadium1969 Real Madrid'''2–0''' Estadio Ramón de Carranza1974 Espanyol'''2–1''' Estadio Ramón de Carranza1975 Real Madrid'''3–1'''Estadio Ramón de Carranza=== Back to the international stage \"Parmalat Era\" (1990s) ===In 1991, Palmeiras won the 1991 Copa Euro-America on its first edition.", "An intercontinental tournament between German and Brazilian teams.", "Having made more points than its rival, Corinthians who ended up being the runner-up of the competition.In 1993, Palmeiras after a 15-year hiatus from the Copa Libertadores, Palmeiras won the 1993 Campeonato Brasileiro and reached the Libertadores, being eliminated in the group stage by rivals São Paulo.", "Then in 1995, Palmeiras reached the quarter-finals but were again eliminated by a Brazilian team this time being Gremio.Once again in 1996, Palmeiras won the Copa Euro-America, this time on its second edition.", "During the competition, Palmeiras made one of the biggest wins of South American teams on European teams in history.", "Winning a strong Borussia Dortmund team 6–1.With a hat-trick from Rivaldo.", "The runner-ups this time was the Rio de Janeiro team, Flamengo.==== The debut champion (1998) ====In 1998, Palmeiras was one of 20 teams debuting in the first edition of one of South America's biggest competitions, the Copa Mercosur.", "Palmeiras had a remarkable journey to victory in the 1998 Copa Mercosur.", "They began with an excellent group stage performance, winning all matches and advancing to the quarter-finals.", "In the quarterfinals, they faced Boca Juniors and secured a 4-2 aggregate victory.", "The semi-finals they faced Paraguayan giants, Olimpia.", "Winning them 3–0 on aggregate after crowd confusion in Paraguay.", "And in the final won Cruzeiro who were then the defending champions of the Libertadores.The 20 participants were divided into five groups of 4 teams, where each one faced their zone rivals under a double-round, round-trip league system.", "The teams in first place in each group and the three best seconds reached the quarterfinals, where the direct elimination system came into play.", "Up to and including the semifinals, with equal points, the team with the best goal difference obtained the classification; If the tie persisted, shots were taken from the penalty spot.", "In the final, if the two teams had the same number of points after the first two games, a tiebreaker match would be played to define the champion.==== The first Libertadores (1999) ====Palmeiras faced a challenging road to the finals, defeating the defending champions Vasco da Gama in the round of 16 by 5–3 on aggregate, rival Corinthians in the quarterfinals on penalties, and 1996 Copa Libertadores winners River Plate in the semifinals by 3–1 on aggregate.The final matches were against Colombian team Deportivo Cali, the 1978 Copa Libertadores runners up.", "In the first leg in Cali, Deportivo beat Palmeiras 1–0.In the second leg, at Estádio Palestra Itália, Palmeiras beat Deportivo 2–1 and won the competition in a penalty shootout.In the quarter-finals of the tournament, Palmeiras eliminated arch-rivals compatriot Corinthians.", "Both matches were held at the Morumbi Stadium and ended with a score of 2-0: in the first, Palmeiras won; in the second, from Corinthians.", "As a result, the decision went to penalties, with the team in green and white winning 4–2.A similar elimination would happen again in 2000, also after a penalty shootout (5-4) between the arch-rivals, but already in semifinal phase of the continental competition, which took Palmeiras to the decision.This was the first Libertadores title for the São Paulo team, which had previously, in 1961 and 1968, finished runner-up in the competition.==== Intercontinental Cup (1999) ====Lineup of the 1999 Intercontinental CupAfter Palmeiras' triumph in the Libertadores final, the team would face the Champions League winner, Manchester United.Roy Keane's goal, in the 35th minute, came after a great play by Ryan Giggs on the left side.", "The Welshman reached the baseline, crossed high, Marcos left the goal badly, jumped to deflect the ball but didn't reach it, and the Irish midfielder arrived to touch the ball with his right foot into the back of the net and score.After the goal, Manchester United saw Palmeiras play, pressure and often try to score an equalizer.", "Alex, who had already missed a chance at the beginning of the game, was the name in focus.", "Palmeiras pressed a lot and had great chances with Oséas, Asprilla and Alex.", "The number 10 also had a goal disallowed in a move that has been contested to this day by Palmeiras fans.Palmeiras had Alex as number 10, he was the team's great star.", "There were also important names such as Marcos, Arce, César Sampaio and Zinho, as well as Paulo Nunes and Asprilla – the later a reinforcement for the Intercontinental, who was not on the American champion team in the first half of the year.", "Led by Luiz Felipe Scolari, the team came into the contest strong.", "Palmeiras arrived strong, but they would have an opponent with prestige and strength on the other side.Manchester United came to the competition with almost the entire team complete, with the exception of goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel, who left the club after winning the Champions League.", "The starter was Mark Bosnich and the Red Devils played with a full midfield, instead of the usual two attackers: Mark Bosnich; Gary Neville, Mikael Silvestre, Jaap Stam and Denis Irwin; Nicky Butt, Roy Keane, Paul Scholes, David Beckham and Ryan Giggs; Dwight Yorke, who was normally a starter, was on the bench.", "Andy Cole was out injured.", "The coach, as he was for 26 years from 1986, was Alex Ferguson.=== 2020s-present - \"Abel\" Era ===Santos.Abel Ferreira, Palmeiras coach in November 2021In the 2020 season, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Palmeiras won their second title in the Copa Libertadores da América, with a team led by Portuguese coach Abel Ferreira and with decisive players, such as Weverton, Gustavo Gómez, Viña, Raphael Veiga, Rony and Luiz Adriano, as well as revelations from the base, such as players Gabriel Menino, Danilo and Patrick de Paula.", "After the 2020 competition was delayed due to the disease that hit the planet, the semi-final stage and final were played in January of the following year.", "The team eliminated the favorite River Plate in the semi-finals and, in the single-game decision, played at the Maracanã Stadium, they defeated Santos, becoming champions with the best campaign in the competition.", "Palmeiras' second Libertadores title came 21 years after the 1999 victory.", "In addition to winning the Libertadores, the season marked the Alviverde triplice coroa, as the Campeonato Paulista and Copa do Brasil titles were also won, when the club arrived to the fourth championship.Still in November 2021, with the return of striker Dudu to the team and with full-back Piquerez and midfielder Gustavo Scarpa added to the winning base of the 2020 edition, Palmeiras won the 2021 Copa Libertadores da América, becoming three-time champions of the competition by defeating Flamengo in the final held in Montevideo, Uruguay.", "With the title, the São Paulo team became the best-performing Brazilian club in the history of the Libertadores, with a series of records ahead of compatriot clubs and the only team in history to have won the Copa Libertadores twice in the same year.Raphael Veiga scoring in the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup finalThe following year, less than a month after losing the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup final to Chelsea and finishing runners-up in the world championship, Palmeiras won the unprecedented title of the 2022 Recopa Sudamericana, by defeating Athletico Paranaense, champion of the 2021 Copa Sudamericana, in a very final played at Allianz Parque, in the first international decision in the Big Green arena.", "Still in 2022, the \"Alviverde\" won the Brazilian Championship title for the 11th time." ], [ "Honours", "'''Palmeiras honours in international club competitions'''CompetitionTitlesYearsCopa Rio11951Copa Libertadores31999, 2020, 2021Recopa Sudamericana12022Copa Mercosur11998=== Other info ==='''First club world champions'''TeamTitlesYears '''Palmeiras'''11951 Real Madrid11960 Peñarol11961 Santos11962=== Brazilian team titles in club world competitions ===TeamTitlesYears Palmeiras11951 Santos21962, 1963 Flamengo11981 Grêmio11983 São Paulo 31992, 1993, 2005 Internacional1 2006 Corinthians2 2000, 2012" ], [ "See also", "* Football in Brazil* 1951 Copa Rio* Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Bahram Mirza Album" ], [ "Introduction", "Double-page spread with Rostam Killing the White Div; by Kamal ud-Din Behzad, late 15th or early 16th century; and fragment of a Chinese-style drawing of a bird, a butterfly, and flowers, late 15th centuryThe '''Bahram Mirza Album''' is the art collection of the Safavid prince Bahram Mirza Safavi, compiled by Dust Mohammad Haravi between 1543 and 1545.Kept in the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul since the second half of the 16th-century, it appears to have had a significant influence on Safavid Iran's perception of a unique Persian artistic style.", "It includes works by various distinguished artists such as Kamal ud-Din Behzad, Ahmad Musa, Abd al-Hayy, Jafar Tabrizi, Sultan Ali Mashhadi, Shah Mahmud Nishapuri, and Anisi.", "The double-spread introduction of the album, which is typically devoted to court portraits, features an image of Ali, further emphasizing the Safavids' spiritual heritage from him.", "In the preface, Ali is referred to as the \"first Islamic painter\".", "The album also contains numerous Chinese paintings, which is not specifically mentioned in the preamble.Safavid writers and artists most likely learned about the Chinese art from artworks that had arrived in Iran several decades earlier, as there were very few cross-cultural exchanges of art items between China and Iran during the reign of Shah Tahmasp I ()." ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "* *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nordic combined at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics – Men's individual normal hill/6 km" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''men's individual normal hill/6 km''' Nordic combined competition at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics was held on 28 January at the Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre and Alpensia Biathlon Centre." ], [ "Results", "===Ski jumping===The ski jumping part was held at 12:40.Rank Bib Name Country Distance (m) Points Time difference 1 21 Andreas Gfrerer 112.0 141.0 0:00 2 17 Hektor Kapustík 109.0 134.1 +0:28 3 22 Eemeli Kurttila 107.0 132.6 +0:34 4 6 Manuel Senoner 105.5 132.2 +0:35 5 11 Johann Unger 106.0 131.9 +0:36 6 7 David Liegl 105.0 129.6 +0:46 7 19 Jonathan Gräbert 102.0 126.8 +0:57 8 18 Lukáš Doležal 102.0 124.7 +1:05 9 20 Finn Kempf 100.0 120.7 +1:21 10 26 Kacper Jarząbek 102.5 118.1 +1:32 11 30 Erik Leiråmo 99.5 113.9 +1:48 12 15 Luc Balland 95.5 109.8 +2:05 13 1 Kohtaro Kubota 93.0 109.1 +2:08 14 9 Rostyslav Kirashchuk 97.5 107.7 +2:13 15 16 Bryan Venturini 94.5 107.4 +2:14 16 12 Piotr Nowak 96.0 105.8 +2:21 16 4 Sverre Kumar Lundeby 95.0 105.8 +2:21 18 29 Karel Pastarus 90.5 101.2 +2:39 19 23 Aljaž Janhar 94.0 97.7 +2:53 20 13 Lovro Percl Seručnik 91.0 94.8 +3:05 21 8 Peter Räisänen 88.0 91.5 +3:18 22 24 Lubin Martin 88.5 89.5 +3:26 23 25 Arthur Tirone 87.0 88.3 +3:31 24 10 Noé Kempf 88.0 86.1 +3:40 25 14 Jakub Karkalík 84.0 81.4 +3:58 26 28 Ruka Kudo 80.0 78.7 +4:09 27 2 Jan Kabeláč 78.5 67.0 +4:56 28 3 Fred Gustavson 77.5 62.6 +5:14 29 5 Anders Giese 69.5 57.1 +5:36 30 27 Oleksandr Shovkoplias 72.0 43.9 +6:28===Cross-country===The cross-country part was held at 15:40.Rank Bib Name Country Start time Cross-countrytime Cross-country rank Finish time Deficit 1 Andreas Gfrerer 0:00 13:23.1 8 13:23.1 2 Manuel Senoner 0:35 13:12.4 3 13:47.4 +24.3 3 Andreas Gfrerer 0:57 13:11.2 2 14:08.2 +45.1 4 4 David Liegl 0:46 13:22.5 7 14:08.5 +45.4 5 5 Johann Unger 0:36 13:47.2 18 14:23.2 +1:00.1 6 6 Lukáš Doležal 1:05 13:18.8 6 14:23.8 +1:00.7 7 7 Eemeli Kurttila 0:34 14:09.1 23 14:43.1 +1:20.0 8 8 Finn Kempf 1:21 13:39.7 17 15:00.7 +1:37.6 9 9 Erik Leiråmo 1:48 13:30.4 14 15:18.4 +1:55.3 10 10 Kacper Jarząbek 1:32 13:50.7 19 15:22.7 +1:59.6 11 10 Hektor Kapustík 0:28 14:57.4 30 15:25.4 +2:02.3 12 10 Rostyslav Kirashchuk 2:13 13:15.3 5 15:28.3 +2:05.2 13 10 Kohtaro Kubota 2:08 13:31.0 15 15:39.0 +2:15.9 14 10 Bryan Venturini 2:14 13:29.2 13 15:43.2 +2:20.1 15 15 Sverre Kumar Lundeby 2:21 13:28.5 11 15:49.5 +2:26.4 16 16 Luc Balland 2:05 14:02.8 21 16:07.8 +2:44.7 17 17 Lubin Martin 3:26 12:46.6 1 16:12.6 +2:49.5 18 18 Peter Räisänen 3:18 13:26.9 10 16:44.9 +3:21.8 19 19 Piotr Nowak 2:21 14:24:8 25 16:45.8 +3:22.7 20 20 Noé Kempf 3:40 13:23.6 9 17:03.6 +3:40.5 21 21 Lovro Percl Seručnik 3:05 14:02.4 20 17:07.4 +3:44.3 22 22 Arthur Tirone 3:31 13:28.3 16 17:09.3 +3:46.2 23 23 Karel Pastarus 2:39 14:44.7 29 17:23.7 +4:00.6 24 24 Aljaž Janhar 2:53 14:39.9 27 17:32.9 +4:09.8 25 26 Ruka Kudo 4:09 14:13.8 24 18:22.8 +4:59.7 26 27 Jan Kabeláč 4:56 13:28.6 12 18:24.6 +5:01.5 27 25 Jakub Karkalík 3:58 14:43.0 28 18:41.0 +5:17.9 28 29 Anders Giese 5:36 14:04.2 22 19:40.2 +6:17.1 29 30 Oleksandr Shovkoplias 6:28 13:14.9 4 19:42.9 +6:19.8 30 28 Fred Gustavson 5:14 14:35.5 26 19:49.5 +6:26.4" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alvania quadrata" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania quadrata''''' is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Description", "The length of the shell attains 1.6 mm, its diameter 0.8 mm.", "(Original description in Latin) The very minute, lanceolate shell is white.", "It contains four squarely stitched whorls.", "The sculpture consists of circ.", "16 ribs and three spiral riblets with three more on the base of the shell.", "The aperture is suboval.", "The outer lip !s thickened." ], [ "Distribution", "This species occurs in Chinese seas." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ballolli Assembly constituency" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ballolli''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Karnataka state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct.", "It was part of Bijapur Lok Sabha seat." ], [ "Members of Assembly", "=== Mysore State ===YearMemberParty1967Arakeri Siddharth Sangappa1972Kabade Jatteppa Laxman=== Karnataka state ===YearMemberParty1978Arakeri Siddharth Sangappa1983Ramesh Jigajinagi19851989Ainapur Manohar Umakant1994Ramesh Jigajinagi1999Raju Algur (HR Algur)2004R.", "K. Rathod2008 onwards: ''Seat does not exist.", "See Nagthan and Indi''" ], [ "See also", "* List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Al-Radd Al-Sariea SC" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Al-Radd Al-Sariea Sport Club''' (), is an Iraqi football team based in Baghdad, that plays in the Iraqi Second Division League." ], [ "History", "The Al-Radd Al-Sariea football team was established (as a team) several years before the founding of the club, and it was among the teams that played in the Interior Minister Cup in 2019.On March 7, 2022, the Al-Radd Al-Sariea Club was established, and received direct support from the Ministry of Youth and Sports.", "It is a multi-sports club, which includes about 20 teams in various sports.The football team played in the first season 2022–23 in the Iraq Division Three, the Baghdad Group 1, consisting of 6 teams, and performed well, as it continued to be at the top of the group, until the last match against Biladi, where it defeated it with a very big score (10–2), and was promoted to the Iraq Division Two.In April 2023, the clubs associated with the Ministry of Interior were dissolved, with the exception of three clubs: Al-Shorta, Al-Hudood, and Aliyat Al-Shorta, but under the influence of the club president, commander of the Rapid Response Forces, Al-Radd Al-Sariea Club was maintained and not dissolved, and it participated in the Iraqi Second Division League." ], [ "Managerial history", "* Ali Musa Al-Kaabi" ], [ "See also", "* 2022–23 Iraq Division Three* 2023–24 Iraqi Second Division League" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Iraq Clubs- Foundation Dates" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Switchboard Telephone Speech Corpus" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Switchboard Telephone Speech Corpus''' is a corpus of spoken English language consisted of almost 260 hours of speech.", "It was created in 1990 by Texas Instruments via a DARPA grant, and released in 1992 by NIST.", "The corpus contains 2,400 telephone conversations among 543 US speakers (302 male, 241 female).", "Participants did not know each other, and conversations were held on topics from a predetermined list.Switchboard-2 Phase II was collected in 1999 and includes \"4,472 five-minute telephone conversations involving 679 participants\".The corpus was used for development of speech recognition algorithms.Text example:A: All right um well laughter-uh let's see i'm twentyB: How old are you Lisa.", "Okay that i'm olderA: Yeah how old are you.", "Older laughterB: Older than you laughter-areA: laughter-okayB: Okay we are supposed to talk about places we like to go so i'm gonna and where are you from where are you calling from?A: I'm calling from uh Provo Utah but I'm from Plano TexasB: Oh you are from Plano my sister lives in Plano yes her husband is the new Director of Admissions at uh University of Texas at DallasA: Oh really.", "Oh wow my dad used to work at UTD alsoB: Yeah so I vocalized-noise.", "Anyway so where's your favorite place to go?A: Um.", "Generally we just go on family vacations to Arizona my grandparents live there that's generally our usual summer vacation" ], [ "Further reading", "*" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nordic combined at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics – Women's individual normal hill/4 km" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''women's individual normal hill/6 km''' Nordic combined competition at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics was held on 28 January at the Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre and Alpensia Biathlon Centre." ], [ "Results", "===Ski jumping===The ski jumping part was held at 11:30.Rank Bib Name Country Distance (m) Points Time difference 1 13 Minja Korhonen 103.5 133.3 0:00 2 16 Teja Pavec 100.0 128.6 +0:19 3 1 Heta Hirvonen 100.0 118.6 +0:59 4 6 Tia Malovrh 100.0 118.0 +1:01 5 15 Ingrid Låte 103.0 115.0 +1:32 6 19 Romane Baud 94.5 110.3 +1:32 7 4 Anna Senoner 94.5 107.0 +1:45 8 10 Jui Yamazaki 96.5 106.6 +1:47 9 12 Ella Wilson 95.5 104.6 +1:55 10 21 Giada Delugan 95.5 103.3 +2:00 11 5 Nora Helene Evans 94.0 102.6 +2:03 12 3 Marion Droz Vincent 86.5 96.8 +2:26 13 8 Clara Mentil 93.0 95.2 +2:32 14 14 Sofia Eggensberger 89.0 90.0 +2:53 15 18 Yuzuka Fujiwara 88.0 89.8 +2:54 16 2 Kai McKinnon 83.0 78.8 +3:38 17 9 Mara-Jolie Schlossarek 84.0 77.5 +3:43 18 11 Giulia Belz 83.0 75.1 +3:53 19 20 Katharina Gruber 76.5 61.5 +4:47 20 17 Natálie Nejedlová 73.0 57.5 +5:03 21 7 Karolína Horká 50.0 4.1 +8:37===Cross-country===The cross-country part was held at 15:00.Rank Bib Name Country Start time Cross-countrytime Cross-country rank Finish time Deficit 1 Minja Korhonen 0:00 10:02.7 2 10:02.7 2 Teja Pavec 0:19 10:30.9 8 10:49.9 +47.2 4 Tia Malovrh 1:01 10:13.0 3 11:14.0 +1:11.3 4 3 Heta Hirvonen 0:59 10:30.5 7 11:29.5 +1:26.8 5 5 Ingrid Låte 1:13 11:00.9 16 12:13.9 +2:11.2 6 10 Giada Delugan 2:00 10:16.6 4 12:16.6 +2:13.9 7 8 Jui Yamazaki 1:47 10:34.3 10 12:21.3 +2:18.6 8 6 Romane Baud 1:32 10:53.7 12 12:25.7 +2:23.0 9 15 Yuzuka Fujiwara 2:54 9:41.7 1 12:35.7 +2:33.0 10 7 Anna Senoner 1:45 11:01.5 18 12:46.5 +2:43.8 11 9 Ella Wilson 1:55 10:55.3 14 12:50.3 +2:47.6 12 12 Marion Droz Vincent 2:26 10:48.3 11 13:14.3 +3:11.6 13 11 Nora Helene Evans 2:03 11:29.0 20 13:32.0 +3:29.3 14 14 Sofia Eggensberger 2:53 10:53.9 13 13:46.9 +3:44.2 15 13 Clara Mentil 2:32 11:26.3 9 13:58.3 +3:55.6 16 16 Kai McKinnon 3:38 10:25.9 6 14:03.9 +4:01.2 17 18 Giulia Belz 3:53 10:21.6 5 14:14.6 +4:11.9 18 17 Mara-Jolie Schlossarek 3:43 11:01.2 17 14:44.2 +4:41.5 19 19 Katharina Gruber 4:47 10:33.3 9 15:20.3 +5:17.6 20 20 Natálie Nejedlová 5:03 13:27.1 21 18:30.1 +8:27.4 21 21 Karolína Horká 8:37 10:59.9 15 19:36.9 +9:34.2" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story''''' is a 2024 documentary film directed by Ian Bonhôte and Peter Ettedgui about Christopher Reeve's life during aftermath of his accident and becoming an activist for disability rights.A British-American venture, the film was a co-production by Words+Pictures, Passion Pictures and Misfits Entertainment in association with Jenco Films and Warner Bros Pictures serving as distributor." ], [ "Release", "''Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story'' held its world premiere at the Rose Wagner Performing Arts Center in Salt Lake City, United States for the 2024 Sundance Film Festival on January 19, 2024 with a post-screening Q&A session with the film's directors and Reeve's children.", "The following month, Warner Bros.", "Discovery acquired the documentary for $15 million, with five of its divisions and subsidiaries - DC Studios, Warner Bros. Pictures, HBO, CNN Films and Max - planning to collaborate on the film's global release across theatrical and home viewing release windows.", "James Gunn, co-CEO of DC Studios, saw the documentary, saying it \"emotionally floored\" him." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Gale Cleven" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Gale Winston \"Buck\" Cleven''' (December 27, 1918 – November 17, 2006) was an American pilot who served with the 100th Bomb Group of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II." ], [ "Military service", "=== World War II ===On February 20, 1940 Cleven enlisted in the Army.", "His service with the 100th Bomb Group of the Eighth Air Force began on October 27, 1942.He was a part of the Regensburg shuttle mission, piloting one of the few B-17s to reach North Africa.", "On October 8, 1943, while on his 22nd mission, he was shot down over Germany." ], [ "Personal life", "Cleven married his childhood sweetheart Marjorie in July 1945.She passed away in August 1953 after a sudden illness with polio in Coffeyville, KS while visiting her parents.", "In 1955, he married Esther Lee Athey, to whom he remained married until his death in 2006.During flying school, Cleven was given the nickname ''Buck'' by fellow airman and best friend John \"Bucky\" Egan, as the latter thought that he looked like his friend from Wisconsin named Buck.After the war, Cleven earned an MBA from Harvard Business School and a Ph.D in interplanetary physics." ], [ "In popular culture", "Cleven is portrayed by Austin Butler in Apple TV+'s ''Masters of the Air''." ], [ "Awards and decorations", "His awards include:150px USAF Command pilot badgeDistinguished Service CrossDistinguished Flying Cross Air Medal with three bronze oak leaf clustersAir Force Presidential Unit Citation Prisoner of War Medal American Defense Service MedalAmerican Campaign Medal European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with bronze campaign starWorld War II Victory MedalNational Defense Service Medal Air Force Longevity Service Award with three bronze oak leaf clusters" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Gale Winston Cleven at American Air Museum" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "George Katz" ], [ "Introduction", "'''George Katz''' (6 October 1925 - 1 October 2022) was an American pianist who graduated from the Juilliard School in New York City, receiving an undergraduate and a graduate degree in piano.", "Juilliard was also where he studied piano with Josef Raieff.", "In 1956, Katz was the winner of the Naumburg International Piano Competition.", "He received a Fulbright grant to study in Paris, where he had lessons with Alfred Cortot.", "He performed concerts throughout Europe as well as in Japan, Latin America, and the U.S. Of a 1961 Carnegie Hall recital.", "''The New York Times'' wrote: “The kind of fire, brio and brimstone that turned into a first-class display of both sparks and substance.”George Katz was a longtime member of the Ohio University music faculty later teaching at Drake University in Iowa, and at San Diego State University.", "Katz died on 1 October 2022." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Venezuelan cinema in the 2020s" ], [ "Introduction", "In 2020, the International Film Festival Rotterdam presented the feature film ''La Fortaleza'' by Jorge Thielen Armand in the Tiger Competition; ''La Fortaleza'' is the first Venezuelan title compete in this A-list festival.In 2023, the Venezuelan Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences chose ''Simón'', directed by Diego Vicentini, to represent Venezuela in the 38th Goya Awards.", "On 30 November, Simón was officially nominated to the 38th Goya Awards in the Best Ibero-American Film category." ], [ "See also", "* Simón (2023 film)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Prahlad Karmakar" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Prahlad Karmakar''' (Bengali: প্রহ্লাদ কর্মকার) (1900-1946) was an Indian painter of the 20th century.", "He was born in the year 1900 in the village of Bikrampur in the then undivided Bengal.", "In 1925 he was the first artist to set up a studio in Calcutta with facilities for the study of 'nude' art.", "His paintings are in the collections of the Government College of Art and Craft, the Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata, the Department of Information under the Government of West Bengal, the Indian Museum in Kolkata and the Delhi Art Gallery.", "Karmakar's works are also within the list of the individual collections of Lady Wellington collection, Dr. Bhabani Charan Law family of Kolkata, the Lord Lytton collection and the Pramatha Chaudhury collection.Karmakar was a student of the Government College of Art and Craft, Calcutta.", "His son Prokash Karmakar was also a painter.", "One of his most prominent students was mother of pearl artist Manu Munshi.", "Artist Karmakar received the Academy of Fine Arts Award in Calcutta (for All India Art Exhibition).", "He was also received a silver medal at the San Francisco International Art Exhibition in 1939.In 1943, Karmakar won the bronze medal with merit at the Art Exhibition held in San Francisco.", "He was working as a Senior Professor in the Department of Advertising at the Government College of Art and Craft.", "He died in 1946 at the age of 46." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Cartoonito (Spanish TV channel)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Cartoonito''' was a Spanish pay television channel which was launched on September 1, 2011, replacing the kids television channel Boomerang.", "The channel would close on 30 June 2013, due to dwindling TV ratings and the pay TV crisis Spain had at that time as a consequence of the 2008 financial crisis." ], [ "History", "===Launch===Cartoonito was launched as a 24-hour channel on 1 September 2011, replacing the Spanish version of Boomerang, as part of Turner Broadcasting System EMEA plans to roll out the Cartoonito brand across Europe, the Middle East and Africa.===Closure===Turner Broadcasting System Europe announced on 14 June 2013 that Cartoonito and Cartoon Network would close in Spain on 30 June 2013, due to dwindling TV ratings and the pay TV crisis Spain had at that time as a consequence of the 2008 financial crisis." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Military exercise at the 1900 Summer Olympics" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Military exercise''' was contested at the 1900 World's Fair alongside the program of the 1900 Olympic Games.According to Olympedia, a database of Olympic Games results created by historians including Bill Mallon, the event doubled as the 1900 annual feast of the ''Union des sociétés d’instruction militaire de France''.", "It was entered by 80 clubs across a variety of sports and exercises, with prizes awarded for clubs' overall performance, as well as performances in three different sections (Preparatory Military Training, Complementary Military Training and Free Exercise).", "Military exercise is not considered, like many events at the 1900 World's Fair, to have been officially Olympic." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Italian soft power" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Italian soft power''', the capacity of Italy to influence other countries and cultures without using coercive means has evolved and changed over time with modern Italy manifesting soft power primarily through Italian cultural heritage, language, cuisine, and diplomacy.", "Historically, Fascist Italy employed soft power through Italian cultural heritage, from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance.", "Joseph Nye defined soft power as the ability of a country to persuade others to do what it wants without force or coercion.", "Unlike hard power, which involves military and economic strength.", "Italy has been dubbed a \"soft power superpower\"." ], [ "Historically", "=== In Fascist Italy ===In the first half of the 20th century, Fascist Italy, under Mussolini, utilized soft power strategies alongside its more aggressive foreign policies to extend its influence and power abroad.", "This approach included leveraging the arts, science, and culture to further diplomatic goals, building upon pre-fascist traditions of cultural diplomacy.", "The 1930s, in particular, saw significant cultural exchanges between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, which, while ideologically driven by their respective regimes, also drew on established practices of cultural diplomacy that existed prior to their fascist governments.The Fascist government leveraged cultural diplomacy to build political alliances and influence foreign public opinion.", "It focused on portraying themes such as the Roman era, the Renaissance, and the Risorgimento (the movement for Italian unification) in ways that supported its political agenda.", "Even though these cultural initiatives had a propagandistic slant, they played a significant role in extending Italy's cultural reach." ], [ "Through culture", "=== Language ===The Italian language through institutions such as the \"Dante Alighieri\" Society have been assisted in spreading Italian language and culture worldwide.", "The establishment of Italian language courses, cultural centers, and the promotion of Italian literature globally have significantly contributed to Italy's cultural influence, making the language a tool for international engagement especially in cultural .=== Cuisine ===Italian cuisine represents a significant aspect of the country's soft power.", "Italian cuisine has influenced global culinary traditions and fostered cultural connections, with foreign chefs going to Italy to study and Italian restaurants prevalent worldwide.", "Iconic Italian dishes like pizza and pasta have become integral to global cuisine, serving as ambassadors of Italian culture.", "This culinary influence is strategically used to promote Italy's broader cultural appeal, with Italy organizing festivals and expos linking Italian gastronomy to Italy's soft power goals as well as strengthening Italy's global position in the fields.", "Gastronomy events like the “Week of Italian Cuisine in the World” and international culinary partnerships have enhanced Italy's global image and cultural influence.=== Architecture and the arts ===Italy's soft power is significantly evident in its contributions to architecture and the arts.", "Italian architecture, characterized by structures such as the Colosseum and the Pantheon of ancient Rome, and Renaissance works like Florence's Cathedral and the Vatican, has had a profound influence on global architectural practices and styles.", "Italian art has influenced European art markedly since the Renaissance period, with figures like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael shaping Western art's trajectory.", "Italian universities and schools remain a substantial focal point of world art and Italy continues to draw cultural tourism, positively impacting its cultural influence internationally and contributing to the Italian economy.", "Significant international exhibitions related to the arts and architecture are held in Italy, most notably the Venice Biennale." ], [ "Through diplomacy", "The Directorate for Culture and Public Diplomacy, established as part of the foreign ministry, focuses on leveraging Italy's cultural strengths to build influence and global consensus.", "Italy's involvement in international organizations such as UNESCO and its active participation in international events like INNOPROM, thus Italy utilizes its cultural influence to further its diplomatic position.", "These diplomatic activities are said to serve multiple objectives.", "For instance, Italy's participation as a partner country in INNOPROM-2021 was not limited to showcasing industrial strengths but also included a range of cultural interactions, highlighting Italian cultural heritage and lifestyle." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mark Kinkead-Weekes" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mark Kinkead-Weekes''' FBA (26 April 1931 – 7 March 2011) was a South African literary scholar.", "From 1974 to 1984, he was professor of English and American literature at the University of Kent, where he had been an academic since 1965.He had previously taught at the University of Edinburgh from 1956 to 1965.He was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1992." ], [ "Publications", "* (with Ian Gregor) ''William Golding: A Critical Study'' (London: Faber and Faber, 1967; 2nd edn, 1984; 3rd edn, 2002)* ''Samuel Richardson: Dramatic Novelist'' (London: Methuen, 1973)* (Editor) ''Twentieth-Century Interpretations of ''The Rainbow'': A Collection of Critical Essays'' (Hoboken, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1971)* (Editor) D. H. Lawrence, ''The Rainbow'', The Cambridge Edition of the Works of D. H. Lawrence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989)* ''D.", "H. Lawrence: Triumph to Exile, 1912–1922'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Rutilus stoumboudae" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Rutilus stoumboudae''''' is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae.", "It is found only in Greece, in Lake Volvi and is a lacustrine species adapted to still water.", "It is named for Maria Stoumboudi, in honour of her research on the ecology and conservation of the freshwater fishes of Greece." ], [ "Description", "''Rutilus stoumboudae'' grows to a maximum size of , and can distinguished from its congener ''R.", "rutilus'' by having 16-17 total gill rakers (vs. 13–14) and an average of 9 branched rays (vs. 10 in ''R.", "rutilus'') in both the dorsal and anal fins, from a total of 11-12 and 12 soft rays, respectively.", "It can be diagnosed from ''R.", "pigus'' by the absence of nuptial tubercles, and having 39-43 scales on the lateral line (vs. 46–51) and 8-9 branched rays in the anal fin (vs. 9–11)" ], [ "Taxonomy and systematics", "''Rutilus stoumboudae'' was described as a distinct species in 2014.In a 2017 phylogeographic study, it was argued that the Ponto-Caspian taxa including ''R.", "caspicus'', ''R.", "heckelii'' and ''R.", "stoumboudae'' could represent a single widespread species whose range would extend to Siberia, to be named ''R.", "lacustris''." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Self-determination in Health Care (book)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Self-determination in Health Care: A Property Approach to the Protection of Patients' Rights''''' is a book by consultant obstetrician/gynecologist and professor of health law and policy, Leroy C. Edozien.", "It was first published in 2015 by Ashgate Publishing and then in 2016 by Routledge." ], [ "Summary", "Edozien challenges the widely accepted method of securing a patient's self-determination: securing their consent.", "He argues against it while presenting an alternative property model, where a patient's body and its integrity must be protected from invasions, and where the right of a patient's to access to comprehensible information upon which a rational decision can be made is considered a property right.", "Edozien's alternative property model is based on four pillars: the patient's right to self-determination, the patient's property rights (namely their right to bodily integrity, to involvement in decision-making in treatment), the doctor's fiduciary duty to help the patient make an informed decision by providing relevant and comprehensible information through a transactional process, and a bilateral distribution of responsibilities between the two actors.", "The book consists of an introduction, eight core chapters, and a conclusion." ], [ "Reception", "In his review, Massimiliano Colluci considered the book to be a valuable attempt at reevaluating the consent process within a new legal framework.", "Colluci appreciated the proposed property model's focus on protecting patient self-determination and its four key elements.", "Still, he noted certain weaknesses which had been acknowledged by Edozien himself in the book, such as the exclusion of cognitive and emotional aspects in decision-making, and the book's limited applicability to non-Anglo-centric legal systems.", "Colluci suggested the model may seem unbalanced as it concentrates on patient rights without addressing potential rights or duties of doctors.", "He questioned whether a new legal model is necessary or if improving the culture of doctor-patient relationships should take precedence for effective communication in healthcare.Mark Cornock of The Open University praised the book's comprehensive coverage of consent, paternalism, and the right to self-determination, considering Edozien's argument for a new model.", "While he noted bias towards the need for a new model, Cornock commended Edozien for handling the argument illuminatingly, addressing legal, ethical, and practical aspects of the consent model in healthcare.", "However, Cornock expressed reservations about the lack of practical details on how the proposed property model would operate in the legal system and courts.", "Despite this, he recommended the book for its valuable insights into patient involvement, clinical decision-making, and its contribution to the ongoing debate on consent in healthcare.", "Cornock saw the journey through the book as enjoyable, interesting, and fruitful, even if the destination (the need for a new model) is not universally agreed upon.Cassie Hopkins found the book to be a comprehensive and compelling piece of original research.", "She commended Edozien's argument against the adequacy of the consent model in medical law and ethics, favoring the author's proposed property model for protecting patients' rights.", "Hopkins noted the book's accessibility and structure, though she mentioned that Edozien's original contribution to the literature appears relatively late in the text.", "She found Edozien's alternative approach interesting and principled, addressing some of the shortcomings of the consent model.", "Nevertheless, she expressed concerns about the practicality of implementing a proprietary approach in healthcare, particularly in resource-intensive Western healthcare systems, and suggested that the critique of the consent model might not justify the drastic reform proposed by Edozien.", "Despite this, Hopkins acknowledged the book's contribution to calls for reform in the field." ], [ "Footnotes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Gaston Nguérékata" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Gaston Mandata Nguérékata''' (born 20 May 1953) is a Central African mathematician and politician who is currently serving.", "He was the first Central African to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics." ], [ "Early life and education", "Nguérékata was born in Paoua on May 20, 1953.He finished his primary education in Ecole Sous Préfecturale de Paoua.", "As an elementary school student, he became the accountant at his father's store, and soon he discovered that he loved math.", "Afterward, he continued high school at Lycee Moderne de Berberati and then at Lycée des Rapides in Bangui.", "During his year at Lycée des Rapides Bangui, he was appointed as the school's basketball team captain.", "In 1972, he graduated from high school as the first-rank achiever nationalwide on Baccalaureate Series C, the high school national graduating test for mathematics concentration.Upon completing high school, he continued his higher education from graduate to doctoral degree at the University of Montreal through a Canadian government scholarship.", "He obtained a Ph.D. degree in 1980 with the dissertation titled ''Quelques Remarques sur les Equations Differentielles Abstraites''.", "He then attended postdoctoral education at University of California, Berkeley." ], [ "Career", "=== Academic career ===In 1976, he worked as a teaching assistant at the University of Montreal until 1980.From 1978 to 1980, he became an instructor at Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières.", "He then returned to the Central African Republic in December 1980 and served as Vice Rector of University of Bangui from 1981 to 1983 and acting rector of the University of Bangui from 1983 to 1984.After he resigned as Andre Kolingba's spokesperson, he served as the University of Bangui's Vice Rector from 1994 to 1995.Upon resigning as vice-rector of the University of Bangui, he moved to the US and taught at Daemen University.==== Morgan State University ====In 1996, he joined Morgan State University as a lecturer.", "One year later, he was promoted to associate professor.", "In 2003, his rank was elevated to professor and held it until 2017 when he became the University Distinguished Professor.=== Political career ===Nguérékata joined RDC and served as high commissioner, then deputy minister, of science, technology, and environment from 1987 to 1992.In 1992, he became the Spokesperson for Andre Kolingba until 1993.He also participated in Earth Summit and served as spokesperson for the African Ministerial Group.", "He founded Parti Pour la Renaissance Centrafricaine (PARC) in 2013.In October 2013, he called for Michel Djotodia resignation due to his incompetency in leading the country.In 2014, he launched several actions in Central African Republic such as providing free WIFI to University of Bangui and launching a project ''Cahier de doléances'' (Book of Grievances) in Mbaiki.", "On 27 February 2015, he signed the Catholic Church Community of Sant’Egidio Central African Republic national reconciliation agreement in Rome.", "He ran for at 2015–16 Central African general election as a presidential candidate of PARC.", "He earned 22,391 votes and did not advance to the second round.", "In 2022, he resigned from his post as the chairman of PARC due to personal issues." ], [ "Personal life", "Nguérékata speaks French and English." ], [ "Awards", "70px, Commander Order of Central African Merit - 1991.", "70px, Chevalier of Legion of Honour - 1985.", "* Officer of Central African Orders of Academic Palms - 1984" ], [ "Bibliography", "=== Articles ===******=== Books ===*********" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "NGC 7625" ], [ "Introduction", "'''NGC 7625''', or Arp 212, is a peculiar galaxy in the constellation of Pegasus.", "It was discovered on October 15, 1784, by William Herschel.", "In his ''New General Catalogue'' (1888), J. L. E. Dreyer described it as pretty bright, considerably small, round, with a suddenly much brighter middle.", "It is located at an estimated distance of from the Milky Way galaxy.Halton Arp included NGC 7625 as object 212 in his ''Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies'', indicating it displayed unexplained physical processes.", "In the ''Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies'', NGC 7625 was assigned a morphological classification of SA(rs)a pec, which indicates a peculiar spiral galaxy (SA) with a transitional ring structure (rs) and tightly wound spiral arms (a).", "In 1981 it was designated a blue compact dwarf by T. X. Thaun and G. E. Martin on the basis of strong emission lines from ionized gas.", "A prominent visible feature is an open ring of dust lanes with an angular radius of about .NGC 7625 displays indications of a recent interaction with another galaxy.", "Velocity measurements suggest the inner part of the galaxy is rotating in a different plane than the outer parts.", "The angle between these two planes increases with distance from the galactic center, reaching 50° at a radius of 6 kpc.", "Hence this may be a polar-ring galaxy, with the added gas accreted from the dwarf satellite galaxy UGC 12549.There is a large amount of gas and dust undergoing significant star formation, with emission of H-alpha concentrated at the core and in separate knots along exterior curved structures.On October 28, 2023 type Ia supernova '''SN 2023vyl''' was discovered in this galaxy by ATLAS." ], [ "References" ], [ "Further reading", "* ******" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Kalgi Assembly constituency" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Kalgi''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Mysore state assembly in India until 1978 when it was made defunct.", "It was part of Gulbarga Lok Sabha seat." ], [ "Members of Assembly", "=== Mysore State ===YearMemberParty1957Shankarshetti Rachappa1962S.", "Rudrappa1967K.", "R. Mallappa1972Prabhaker Telker1978 onwards: ''Seat does not exist.''" ], [ "See also", "* List of constituencies of the Mysore Legislative Assembly" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Shiretoko Goko Lakes" ], [ "Introduction", " are five small lakes in Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaidō, Japan.", "It is a tourist destination, one of the , with an observation deck overlooking Lake Ichiko and a wooden path of 1.6 km that goes around the lake.", "The lake region is inhabited by deer and bears, among other animals.File:Shiretoko_Goko_Lakes05s3.jpgFile:140829_Ichiko_of_Shiretoko_Goko_Lakes_Hokkaido_Japan03n.jpgFile:Shiretoko_Five_Lakes,_Hokkaido;_October_2018_(14).jpgFile:知床五胡の入り口へ_-_panoramio.jpg" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alfred Sun" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Alfred Sun''' (born '''Alfred Sng Eng How''' on 16 November 1991) is a Singaporean male singer, actor, and model.", "He is known for his participation in singing competitions such as ''The Voice'' and ''Jungle voice'' (声林之王) and acting roles in the LINE TV web drama ''HIStory3''-那一天 and short film ''Summerdaze.''" ], [ "Career", "In 2010, Sun and his friends participated in an audition co-sponsored by JYP and Alpha Asean Region Audition, which was held in 2010 by Alpha Entertainment.", "Sun was the only male contracted trainee, alongside fellow Singaporeans Tahsa Low and Elaine Wong.", "Due to National Service in Singapore, he was unable to debut in South Korea but went on to pursue a solo career in music, acting, and modeling.In 2017, Sun partnered with Zhang Minhua to form a group and participated in the Malaysia-Singapore singing program ''The Voice''.", "He achieved a top-four ranking in the Dingdang team.", "In 2018, he participated in the first season of ''Jungle voice'' (声林之王) and was eliminated in the fifth episode.", "During the same year, he starred in the short film ''Summerdaze'' alongside David Eung, directed by Martin Hong.", "Sun's portrayal of Kai in this production showcased his acting skills and versatility as a performer.In 2019, Sun played the role of Xiao Ying in the LINE TV web drama ''HIStory3''-那一天.In 2020, Sun participated in the Chinese male group reality competition show ''We Are Young''.\"", "Out of 84 participants, including fellow Singaporean Huang Junrong, Sun left the show after being placed 30th.", "In 2022, Sun released his single \"Vampire\" and in 2023, his debut music album ''Eyes on Me'' in 2023." ], [ "Discography", "=== Singles ===YearTitleNotesRef2022\"Vampire\" 重生\"Something, Alright\"Performed with David Eung, Summerdaze OST2023\"Dancing With The Moon\"English and Chinese version===Studio albums===YearTitleNotesRef2023''Eyes On Me''" ], [ "Filmography", "=== Film ===YearTitleRoleNotesRef.2017Unbroken: 不倒翁少年郭光正Short Film2018ShelterAaronShort FilmSummerdaze KaiShort Film2021Summerdaze: The Series Kai2023Summerdaze: Christmas Together KaiShort Film=== Television ===YearTitleRoleNotesRef.2019''HIStory3''-那一天小英 / Xiao YingWeb drama2020致2020的我们Cameo2023''Silent Walls''Jin Kaide===MV and Cameo appearance===YearSingerTitleRoleRef2017Matthew Quek 郭光正Unbroken: 不倒翁Actor2018Estelle FlyBlue (feat.", "Soleil Soleil)Actor2019The Sam WillowsKeep Me JealousDancer=== Music competitions ===YearCompetitionsResultRef2017''The Voice''Semi-finalist2019''Jungle Voice'' 声林之王2020''We Are Young''Top 30 finalist" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Instagram\|Sealfred* Facebook\|Alfred Sun 孙英豪* Weibo\|Alfred Sun 孙英豪* X (Formerly Twitter)\|Aflred Sun* TikTok\|Aflred Sun" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Betty Ferns" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Maria Vital Fernandes''' (born 4 November 1946), known professionally as '''Betty Ferns''', is an Indian actress and singer known for her work in Konkani films and ''tiatr'' productions." ], [ "Early life", "Maria Vital Fernandes, born on 4 November 1946, in Bombay, British India, was a resident of Morod, Sangolda in Bardez.", "Growing up in Bombay, Fernandes held a deep aspiration to pursue a career in the film industry since childhood.", "She was affectionately known as Betty Ferns, christened by her godmother and maternal aunt, Beatrice D'Souza.", "Living in close proximity to a building on Claire Road, Fernandes encountered Anglo-Indian individuals who were involved in the Bollywood film industry.", "One fortuitous day, while Fernandes was on her verandah, directors noticed her beauty and expressed their interest in her potential as an actress.", "However, Fernandes's brother, Alfred Fernandes, an artist, dissuaded the directors, fearing the potential pitfalls and challenges that could arise from his sister's pursuit of an acting career.Fernandes has three sisters.", "The eldest, Antonette, married Tommy, the brother of Konkani actor and singer C. Alvares, and settled in Sangolda.", "The second sister, Ramona, married Konkani actor Prem Kumar and established her home in Bombay Central.", "Presently, Fernandes's third sister, Maxie, resides in Wadala.", "During a visit to Goa following Antonette's wedding, Fernandes discovered an opportunity to showcase her talents in a ''tiatr'' production titled ''Noxib Strikevaleachem''.", "The ''tiatr'', presented by prompter Anthony Fernandes, was performed in the village, providing Fernandes with a platform to display her acting abilities." ], [ "Career", "In his book, Konkani historian and singer Wilson Mazarello discusses the career of Fernandes, throughout her acting career, Fernandes has embodied a diverse array of characters.", "From portraying elderly women to embodying seductive vamps, heroic figures, devoted sisters, and dutiful daughters-in-law.", "However, it is her portrayal of female villains that stands out.", "Mazarello further writes, she has displayed skill and mastery in these negative roles, establishing them as her specialty.", "She has collaborated with playwrights such as C. Alvares, Prem Kumar, M. Boyer, Remmie Colaco, and Robin Vaz, showcasing her acting prowess in numerous productions.", "Not confined to national boundaries, Fernandes has also showcased her talent on international stages, including performances in Africa.", "In addition to her acting achievements, Fernandes is a singer, lending her voice to duets alongside artists like C. Alvares.", "Her musical collaborations have been recorded on platforms such as HMV Records.", "Beyond her performances, Fernandes has also demonstrated her creative prowess as a writer and director.", "She has penned and helmed a ''tiatr'' production that received acclaim, and was staged throughout Bombay (now Mumbai).", "Upon her return to Bombay, Fernandes's godmother played a pivotal role in persuading her to embark on a career in ''tiatr''.", "Initially dissuaded by her affectionate brother from pursuing acting in films and ''tiatrs'', Fernandes ultimately found herself treading the boards.", "It was during the Bombay staging of C. Alvares's ''tiatr Bhorvanso'' (Hope) that Fernandes was recruited, subsequently becoming a part of numerous productions by Alvares, including the all-women show ''Khoincho Sakrament'' (Which Sacrament?).", "Her repertoire expanded to encompass other ''tiatrs'' such as ''Honrad Goenkar'', ''Goencho Mog'' (The Love for Goa), ''Jurament'' (The Oath), ''Axea'' (The Greed), ''Mhozo Put Padri'' (My Son is a Priest), ''Hatantlim Kanknam'' (The Hand Bangles), ''Duddvankar Zatoloi'' (You'll become a Milkman), ''Sonvsar Sudhorlo Punn Munis Sudhronk Na'', and many more.", "Fernandes made her debut on the Konkani stage in 1968, appearing in Anthony Fernandes's ''tiatr Noxib Strike Valeanchem''.", "Over the next three decades, she graced the works of Konkani playwrights.", "Her final recorded stage appearance, as of January 2013, occurred in Samuel Carvalho's all-female production ''Bhogsonnem'' (The Forgiveness) in 2005.In addition to her stage work, Fernandes also secured a supporting part in Chris Perry's Konkani film ''Bhuierantlo Munis'' and participated in the ''tiatr Novro Mhozo Devchar'' (My Devil Boyfriend).", "She frequently collaborated with playwright Prem Kumar, who crafted substantial roles for her in tiatrs such as ''Jivit Ek Sopon'' (Life's a Dream), which featured a distinctive character, and ''Rinn'' (The Debt), known for its revolving stage.", "Fernandes also showcased her comedic talents alongside M. Boyer in Kumar's ''tiatr Tum Modhem Poddonaka'' (You don't intervene).", "Her contributions extended to other productions including ''Tuje Dis Bhorle'', ''No Time'', ''Govai'' (The Witness), ''Dubhav (The Doubt), ''Vauraddi'' (The Worker), ''Dukh'', ''Piso'' (Crazy), ''Hanv Kitem Korum?", "(What should I do?", "), ''Maria Magdalen'' (Mary Magdalene), and ''Abdul N D'Souza'', among others.In January 2014, during an interview with ''The Goan Everyday'', Fernandes discussed her continued interest in acting in ''tiatrs'', a form of Goan musical theatre.", "However, she mentioned the limited opportunities available in Mumbai and the lack of contact from playwrights, both in Mumbai and Goa.", "Despite these challenges, Fernandes expressed her eagerness to make a comeback to the ''tiatr'' stage if offered a role.", "Fernandes has had a notable association with M. Boyer, featuring in several of his ''tiatrs''.", "She particularly praised her role in ''Mog, Kazar, Divors'' (Love, Marriage, Divorce) as one of the best experiences she had in Boyer's productions.", "Other ''tiatrs'' she participated in with Boyer include ''Bhurgem ani Bhangar'' (Child and Gold), ''Adim Tem Atam Hem'', and ''Sounsar Sudhorlo'', among others.", "Additionally, Fernandes had significant roles in ''tiatrs'' by Remmie Colaco, including ''Ghorachem Sukh'' Part I & II, and Mendes Brothers' production ''Bomboicho Dada'' (The Father of Bombay), where she portrayed a pickpocket.", "She also showcased her comedic talent alongside the Mendes Brothers in ''tiatrs'' such as ''Dharunn Vhoddil'' and ''Ghuttachi Battli'' (The Bottle of Secret).", "Fernandes had the opportunity to act in ''tiatrs'' staged by various directors, including Robin Vaz, Star of Arossim, Kid Boxer, Anthony Colaco, Jacint Vaz, Samuel Carvalho, Dominic Fernandes, Menino de Bandar, Rosario Rodrigues, and Rosario Dias.In 1978, Fernandes wrote her own ''tiatr'' titled ''Maim Konnank Zai'' (Who needs a Mother?", "), which achieved success when it gained recognition after being performed at three separate locations in Bombay.", "The production received overwhelming response, surprising contractor Michael Correia.", "Fernandes also holds the distinction of being the first artist from Bombay to act in Rosario Rodrigues's ''khell tiatr'', ''Ekech Ratri Ami Fator''.", "Furthermore, she appeared in Bab Peter's ''tiatrs'', including ''Maink Zai Punn Paik Naka'' (The Mother wants, but the Father doesn't) and ''Mijeas'', as well as Rico Rod's ''tiatr'', ''Zogzogta Tem Bhangar Nhoi'', among others.", "Fernandes's involvement in the entertainment industry extended beyond ''tiatrs''.", "She featured in the Konkani film ''Girestkai'', produced by Ambika Films, and acted in Chris/Meena's ''tiatr'', ''Anvddo'' (The Craving).", "As of July 2017, her most recent known appearance was in Dominic Fernandes's ''tiatr'', ''Amchem Khoim Chukta, Sodhun Kadd''.", "Although Fernandes expressed a greater inclination towards acting rather than singing, she has collaborated with various artists to render duets, including C. Alvares, Bab Peter, Prem Kumar, Young Mendes, H. Britton, Robin Vaz, Francis de Parra, and Joe Rose.", "She has also acted in Joe Rose's ''tiatrs'', such as ''Ekuch Rogot'' (One Blood), ''Sun Nhoim Sunnem'' (Not Daughter-in-law, but a Dog), and ''Dev Konnacho'', among others.Fernandes is also known for her charismatic style and fashion coordination.", "Her stage presence allowed her to excel in various roles, often leaving her peers envious.", "Fernandes's theatrical journey began when C. Alvares' wife discovered her during a performance of the tiatr ''Strike Valeanchem Noxib''.", "Impressed by her talent, Fernandes was recommended for a role in C. Alvares' subsequent production, ''Borvanso''.", "This opportunity ignited a newfound sense of optimism within the young Fernandes.", "Upon witnessing her acting prowess in ''Borvanso'', Alvares recognized her potential and pledged to support her.", "Advising her to embrace every opportunity, Alvares encouraged Fernandes to accept any role that came her way.", "Consequently, she went on to portray numerous characters in Alvares' productions as well as those by other prominent playwrights, often delivering duets alongside Alvares himself.", "Reflecting on her involvement in Mike Mehta's ''Grant Road'', Fernandes recalls having only two scenes in the ''tiatr''.", "However, her compelling performance garnered such conviction that audiences would visit her in the green room to congratulate her, occasionally causing unease among the main heroines.As of July 2017, Fernandes remained actively engaged in stage performances, expressing her desire to continue showcasing her acting skills as the need arose.", "While participating in one of Jacinto Vaz's ''tiatrs'', Fernandes faced harsh criticism from the audience for a role she portrayed, resulting in jeers and tears.", "However, the backstage encouragement of M. Boyer, Jacint Vaz, and Remmie Colaco provided reassurance to Fernandes, assuring her of the role's merit and dispelling her emotional distress.", "When members of the same audience later extended compliments in the green room, it served as a significant boost to Fernandes's confidence." ], [ "Personal life", "In the year 2000, Fernandes was not often appearing on stage because of her work obligations.", "She lives with her family in Byculla, Mumbai.", "As per the 2012 ''Directory of Tiatr Artistes'', she is reported to reside in Nagpada, Mumbai." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ian Gregor" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ian Copeland Smith Gregor''' (20 January 1926 – 13 November 1995) was a British literary scholar.", "From 1969 to 1988, he was professor of modern English literature at the University of Kent, where he had been an academic since 1965.He had previously taught at the University of Edinburgh from 1958 to 1965 and King's College London from 1956 to 1958, having studied at the universities of Newcastle and Oxford." ], [ "Publications", "* (with Brian Nicholas) ''The Moral and the Story'' (London: Faber and Faber, 1962)* (with Mark Kinkead-Weekes) ''William Golding: A Critical Study'' (London: Faber and Faber: 1967; 2nd edn, 1984)* (Editor) ''Matthew Arnold's ''Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism'': A Critical Edition'' (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merril, 1971)* ''The Great Web: The Form of Hardy's Major Fiction'' (London: Faber and Faber, 1974)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Heinrich Steinhöwel" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Heinrich Steinhöwel''', alternatively ''Steinhäuel'' or ''Steinheil'' (born 1410/1411 in Weil der Stadt; died 1 March 1479 in Ulm) was a German doctor, humanist, translator and writer.", "From 1450 he settled in Ulm, from which most of his works were published." ], [ "Life and work", "According to recent research, Steinhöwel was born in 1410 or 1411 and went to study medicine in the University of Vienna from 1429 - 1436.He continued his education at the University of Padua from 1438, where he began by studying Canon Law, transferring later to receive his doctorate in medicine in 1443.From 1444 he taught medicine at the University of Heidelberg, going on to practice as a doctor in his hometown of Weil in 1446, then in 1449 in Esslingen am Neckar.In 1450 Steinhöwel was appointed city physician of Ulm, initially for six years and then with an extended contract, and was also granted a pharmacy connection there.", "Later he authored a small work on the treatment of Plague, ''Das Büchlein der Ordnung der Pestilenz'' (1473), the first on its subject in German, which went through four reprints before the end of the century.", "He was also consulted medically by various princes, including Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg and Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.A page from Steinhöwel’s 1473 ''Tütsche Cronica'' (German Chronicle)Steinhöwel brought , the brother of his Augsburg printer to Ulm, where he set up what was probably the first printing press in 1472 with Steinhöwel's financial support.", "In 1473, a Latin and soon afterwards a German translation of Giovanni Boccaccio's ''De claris mulieribus'' (Famous Women) was published, both of them with numerous high-quality woodcuts, as well as Steinhöwel's ''Tütsche Cronica'' (German Chronicle).Steinhöwel lived during the transition period from the Late Middle Ages to the Renaissance, when there was growing interest in classical Roman and Greek culture.", "Ever since he settled in Ulm, he was at the centre of a circle of humanistically minded men in Swabia and also worked as a translator from Latin and editor of ancient texts.", "Among such works was his metrical adaptation of the ancient novel ''Apollonius of Tyre'', as well as works by Petrarch.Around 1476, Steinhöwel published his famous and influential bilingual collection of Aesop's Fables, where the Latin text in verse is accompanied by a German prose translation.", "The 550-page work contains 191 woodcuts and numerous decorative initials.", "The collection was also accompanied by a biography of Aesop and stories by Petrus Alphonsus and Poggio Bracciolini.", "Very soon after, translations or adaptations followed in Italian (1479), French (1480), English (the Caxton edition of 1484), Czech (about 1488) and Spanish (1489).Steinhöwel exerted a great influence on the development of a sophisticated German written language through his relatively free translations from Latin into German.", "Statements about his principles of translation, published in the introductions to his works, are among the early Renaissance theoretical considerations of the problem of translation and thus implicitly of cultural transfer." ], [ "References" ], [ "See also", "* Aesopus Fabulae, the 1481 edition on Google Books * Steinhöwels Äsop, an 1873 scholarly edition on Google Books" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Verti Music Hall" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Verti Music Hall''' is a music hall located on Mercedes-Platz in Berlin.", "Since it opened in 2018, up to 4,500 spectators have been able to attend concerts, shows and corporate events there.", "In January 2024, it was announced that the ride-hailing company Uber had secured the naming rights and that the hall would be renamed Uber Eats Music Hall from 22 March 2024." ], [ "Founding", "In 2015, it was announced that the hall operator, Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG), wanted to expand its area around the Mercedes-Benz Arena (formerly O2 World Berlin).The plan was to create an entertainment quarter that would offer visitors a new concert venue in addition to hotels, restaurants, a cinema and a bowling alley.", "Around 200 million euros had been budgeted for the new event hall with an expected construction period of 24 to 30 months.", "At the end of 2017, it was announced that the insurance company Verti had signed the naming rights contract for the event hall, the Verti Music Hall.", "On 12 October 2018, this was finally opened by the almost sold-out concert by Jack White." ], [ "Events", "Events at the Verti Music Hall range from concerts and festivals to sporting events and corporate events.", "In its first year, from October 2018 to October 2019, 43 concerts, 10 show events, 28 corporate events, 3 sporting events and a festival took place.", "The hall welcomed a total of 125,000 visitors.", "Among others, the following artists performed at the music hall: George Ezra, Gloria Gaynor, Hozier, Olivia Rodrigo, Cypress Hill, Bastille, Slash, Erykah Badu, Beth Hart, The Roots, The Beach Boys and Stray Kids." ], [ "See also", "List of indoor arenas in Germany" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alvania salebrosa" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania salebrosa''''' is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Description", "The length of the shell attains 2.6 mm, its diameter 1.6 mm.The thick, somewhat shining, brownish shell is depressed conical.", "It shows 10-12 strong, close, rounded ribs, subnodose at the suture, and on the angulated periphery of the body whorl.", "The shell contains 5½ flattened whorls that are rapidly increasing." ], [ "Distribution", "This marine species occurs off Sydney, Australia." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Frauenfeld, G. von.", "(1867).", "Mollusken.", "In: Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair.", "Zoologischer Theil.", "Zweiter Band.", "Dritte Abtheilung.", "Wien: Karl Gerold's Sohn.", "1-16" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly (2017)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Economic Freedom Fighters and Others v Speaker of the National Assembly and Another''''' is a 2017 decision of the Constitutional Court of South Africa on Parliament's constitutional obligation to hold the President accountable for his conduct.", "In a majority judgment written by Justice Chris Jafta, the court ordered the National Assembly to make rules regulating presidential impeachment under section 89 of the Constitution and to use those rules to determine whether President Jacob Zuma had committed impeachable conduct in failing to comply with a report by the Public Protector.", "Arising from the Nkandlagate scandal, the case was politically sensitive, and critics held that the court's order transgressed the separation of powers." ], [ "Background", "The matter was one of several arising from Nkandlagate, the public scandal surrounding state-funded upgrades to Jacob Zuma's Nkandla homestead during Zuma's tenure as President of South Africa.", "Although a March 2014 report by the Public Protector, Thuli Madonsela, had found that Zuma had benefitted unduly from the upgrades, the Public Protector's remedial action was not implemented.", "The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) and Democratic Alliance (DA), two opposition parties, sought legal recourse, leading in March 2016 to the Constitutional Court's judgment in ''EFF v Speaker of the National Assembly; DA v Speaker of the National Assembly'' (''EFF'' ''I'').", "In ''EFF I'', the Constitutional Court held that the Public Protector's remedial action was binding and that the President and National Assembly had breached the Constitution insofar as they had failed to implement it.In the wake of ''EFF I'', opposition parties lodged several motions of no confidence in Zuma under section 102 of the Constitution (including one conducted by secret ballot in the wake of the Constitutional Court's June 2017 judgment in ''United Democratic Movement v Speaker'') and one motion to remove him from office under section 89.Each motion was defeated in the National Assembly, which was controlled by Zuma's African National Congress." ], [ "Application", "Three opposition parties – the EFF, the United Democratic Movement, and the Congress of the People – approached the Constitutional Court directly, arguing that the National Assembly was constitutionally obligated to hold Zuma accountable for failing to implement the Public Protector's report.", "They sought an order declaring that the National Assembly had failed in this obligation.", "More specifically, they argued that under section 89(1) of the Constitution, which permitted the National Assembly to impeach the President \"on the grounds of a serious violation of the Constitution or the law\", the National Assembly was obligated to conduct an inquiry to determine whether President Zuma's conduct (in respect of the Public Protector's report, and as maligned in ''EFF'' I) constituted a \"serious violation\" of the Constitution.The Constitutional Court heard the matter on 5 September 2017, with Tembeka Ngcukaitobi representing the EFF and Dali Mpofu representing the United Democratic Movement and Congress of the People.", "The DA was joined as an intervening party, seeking the same relief as the applicants, and the non-profit Corruption Watch was admitted as amicus curiae.", "Although the applicants cited President Zuma as the second respondent, no order was sought against him and he did not participate in the proceedings; the application was opposed by the Speaker of the National Assembly in her capacity as representative of the legislature.", "Judgment was handed down on 29 December 2017." ], [ "Majority judgment", "The court was unanimous in holding that the matter fell within its exclusive jurisdiction under section 167(4)(e) of the Constitution, insofar as it concerned an alleged failure by Parliament to fulfil its constitutional obligations.", "On the other legal questions, however, the court was split seven to four.", "Justice Chris Jafta wrote for the majority with the concurrence of Justices Edwin Cameron, Johan Froneman, Nonkosi Mhlantla, and Leona Theron, as well as of Acting Justices Fayeeza Kathree-Setiloane and Jody Kollapen.", "The majority granted the opposition parties' application, holding that the National Assembly had failed in two of its constitutional obligations under sections 89 and 42 of the Constitution: it had failed to make rules to regulate the section 89(1) impeachment process, and it had failed to determine whether President Zuma had committed impeachable conduct in terms of section 89(1).", "The majority's reasoning turned on its view that the National Assembly was obliged to pre-determine what constituted \"a serious violation of the Constitution or the law\" for the purposes of impeachment under section 89(1).", "Members could not be left to interpret this provision subjectively when voting on a motion to impeach; instead, any impeachment motion must begin with an \"investigation or some other form of an inquiry\" to establish objectively whether grounds for impeachment exist.", "In the case of Zuma's violation of the Constitution in respect of the Nkandla report, the National Assembly had not conducted any such investigation, so the failed motion to impeach Zuma had not complied with section 89.Moreover, the National Assembly had not at any point formulated any institutional rules for the conduct of such investigations." ], [ "Other judgments", "Deputy Chief Justice Raymond Zondo wrote a dissenting opinion, in which Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng, Justice Mbuyiseli Madlanga, and Acting Justice Dumisani Zondi concurred.", "Zondo disagreed with the majority about the requirements of section 89, finding that the identification of a \"serious violation of the Constitution\" was a value judgment that must be left to individual Members of Parliament rather than subject to institutional pre-determination.", "He therefore agreed with the Speaker that existing rules of the National Assembly – such as the recourse to establish ad hoc committees – were sufficient to enable the fulfilment of the legislature's impeachment function under section 89, and that the National Assembly had already fulfilled its obligation to hold Zuma accountable for his conduct in respect of the Nkandla report.", "Moreover, Zondo held that there was no basis for the Constitutional Court to order the National Assembly to carry out a section 89 impeachment process to hold Zuma accountable: as set out in ''EFF I'', the court had the authority to say whether the National Assembly had fulfilled its constitutional obligations but not the authority to prescribe ''how'' the National Assembly should do so.", "Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng wrote that the majority judgment was \"a textbook case of judicial overreach\".Mogoeng also wrote a separate dissenting judgment on the separation of powers, calling the majority judgment \"a textbook case of judicial overreach – a constitutionally impermissible intrusion by the Judiciary into the exclusive domain of Parliament.\"", "Froneman, in turn, wrote a separate judgment which concurred in Jafta's judgment and defended it against Mogoeng's allegation of judicial overreach; all the judges who had joined Jafta's judgment (Justices Jafta, Cameron, Kathree-Setiloane, Kollapen, Mhlantla, and Theron) concurred in Froneman's judgment." ], [ "Reception", "Mogoeng's vociferous dissent attracted media attention, especially after Mogoeng \"noticeably interrupted\" Jafta's reading of the majority judgment to pass a note requesting that his own opinion should be read into the record in full.", "The EFF's Mbuyiseni Ndlozi condemned Mogoeng for \"fighting with Jafta in full view of cameras\", and EFF leader Julius Malema said on Twitter that it was \"unacceptable\" conduct.", "However, several legal commentators gave credence to Mogoeng's view that the majority judgment encroached on the separation of powers, and some openly criticised it as an example of the \"judicialisation of politics\", relying on a \"strained\" interpretation of the Constitution." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Gerald Stone (literary scholar)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Gerald Charles Stone''' FBA (22 August 1932 – 11 September 2021) was a British linguist.", "From 1972 to 1999, he was a fellow of Hertford College, Oxford, and a lecturer in non-Russian Slavonic languages at the University of Oxford.", "He had previously taught at the universities of Nottingham and Cambridge.", "He instituted the teaching of Polish to undergraduates at Oxford, was a consultant to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' and was general editor of the Oxford Slavonic Papers.", "He was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1992." ], [ "Publications", "* ''The Smallest Slavonic Nation: The Sorbs of Lusatia'' (London: The Athlone Press, 1972)* (with Bernard Comrie) ''The Russian language since the Revolution'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978)* ''An Introduction to Polish'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980; 2nd edn, 1992)* (with Bernard Comrie and Maria Polinsky) ''The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995)* ''Hornjoserbsko-jendźelski Słownik: Upper Sorbian–English Dictionary'' (Bautzen: Domowina Verlag, 2002)* ''The Göda Manuscript 1701: A Source for the History of the Sorbian Language; with an Introduction and Glossary'' (Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2009)* ''Slav Outposts in Central European History: the Wends, Sorbs and Kashubs'' (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ohio's 9th House of Representatives district" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ohio's 9th House of Representatives district''' is currently represented by Democrat Munira Abdullahi.", "It is located entirely within Franklin County and includes the village of Minerva Park and parts of Columbus, as well as parts of Blendon and Sharon Townships." ], [ "List of members representing the district", " Member Party Years GeneralAssembly Electoral historyDistrict established January 2, 1967.100px'''Charles E. Fry''' RepublicanJanuary 2, 1967 –December 31, 1972107th108th109thElected in 1966.Re-elected in 1968.Re-elected in 1970.Redistricted to the 75th district.100px'''Troy Lee James''' DemocraticJanuary 1, 1973 –December 31, 1982110th111th112th113th114thRedistricted from the 46th district and re-elected in 1972.Re-elected in 1974.Re-elected in 1976.Re-elected in 1978.Re-elected in 1980.Redistricted to the 12th district.100px'''Patrick Sweeney''' DemocraticJanuary 3, 1983 –December 31, 1992115th116th117th118th119thRedistricted from the 6th district and re-elected in 1982.Re-elected in 1984.Re-elected in 1986.Re-elected in 1988.Re-elected in 1990.Redistricted to the 19th district.", "'''Barbara Boyd''' DemocraticJanuary 4, 1993 –December 31, 1998120th121st122nd123rdElected in 1992.Re-elected in 1994.Re-elected in 1996.Re-elected in 1998.Term-limited.", "'''Claudette Woodard''' DemocraticJanuary 1, 2001 –December 31, 2006124th125th126thElected in 2000.Re-elected in 2002.Re-elected in 2004.Retired.", "'''Barbara Boyd''' DemocraticJanuary 1, 2007 –December 31, 2014127th128th129th130thElected in 2006.Re-elected in 2008.Re-elected in 2010.Re-elected in 2012.Term-limited.", "'''Janine Boyd''' DemocraticJanuary 5, 2015 –April 22, 2022131st132nd133rd134thElected in 2014.Re-elected in 2016.Re-elected in 2018.Re-elected in 2020.Resigned to become Regional Director of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.", "''Vacant'' April 22, 2022 –May 18, 2022134th'''Bishara Addison''' DemocraticMay 18, 2022 –December 31, 2022134thAppointed to finish Boyd's term.Retired.", "'''Munira Abdullahi''' DemocraticJanuary 2, 2023 –present135thElected in 2022." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Griffin Sisters" ], [ "Introduction", "Mabel and Emma Griffin, AKA The Griffin Sisters, African-American Vaudeville entertainers and entrepreneursThe '''Griffin Sisters''', Emma (1874–1918) and Mabel (1877–1918) Griffin, were American vaudeville performers in the late 1800s and early 1900s who became entrepreneurs and social activists and opened one of the first booking agencies owned by Black women.", "They publicly spoke out by demanding higher wages and better working conditions for Black performers at a time when discrimination and racism were both common in the entertainment industry." ], [ "Early life", "A woman and family doing laundry in 1900.Emma Griffin began her working life doing other people's laundry for $1.00-$1.50 per week.The sisters were born in Louisville, Kentucky, Emma in 1874, and Mabel in 1877.Their mother, Blandina Montgomery Duncan, was a laundress who sometimes lived in other people's homes, their father Henry a laborer.", "They had two brothers, Henry and George.", "In 1894, Emma also began work doing laundry to earn extra income for the home.", "Average earnings for laundresses at that time was $1.00- $1.50 per week.The Griffin children and their mother lived with their maternal grandparents, Mary and George Montgomery.", "Their grandfather worked as a hostler at George Linderberger's Livery Stable.Emma and Mabel began singing in church, and studied music at Louisville's Black college, the Kentucky State Normal School.", "The family moved to Chicago in 1894, and the two young women got work performing at the recently opened Kohl and Middleton's Dime Museum.1890 Advertisement for Kohl and Middleton's Dime Museum in ChicagoDime Museums, popularized by PT Barnum, combined 'human oddities' like conjoined twins or armless people with entertainment and beauty pageants of attractive women.", "Emma was described as darker skinned, shorter and 'more voluptuous'; Mabel was tall and svelte with 'hair slightly kinked and dyed a beautiful antique gold hue\".", "Both sisters were relatively light skinned and able to present as 'racially ambiguous. '", "though throughout their careers they declared their 'race pride' in being Black women.", "Typical of dime museum shows and vaudeville of that time, the sisters satisfied the desires of white audiences for 'the exotic other'.", "As talented singers, comedians and dancers, they acted as lures to draw audiences in to see the rest of the show." ], [ "Vaudeville performers", " Ad in the Santa Cruz Surf April 24, 1905 for Griffin Sisters with other Vaudeville Acts at the Unique Theater in Santa Cruz CA===On the road===In 1895, Emma and Mabel were hired as chorus girls with John Isham's The Octaroons, a travelling vaudeville show of 50 Black and mixed-race performers.", "They worked with the Octaroons for two years.", "In 1898, they moved on to work as a duo with burlesque impresario Al Reeves.When the sisters began their Vaudeville career, it was still unusual for Black women to work as performers.", "Ninety-two per cent of Black women in 1900 were either working in agriculture or as domestic laborers; there were only 262 Black women in the U.S. who listed themselves on the census that year as entertainers.", "Black women were sometimes criticized in both the Black and white press for performing onstage, as it was looked upon as immoral.In the early 1900s, the sisters began working for the Western Vaudeville Managers Association,(WVMA) one of three major booking agencies.", "Considered 'real vaudeville' these agencies provided more security and steady work for entertainers but took a substantial cut of performer's salaries.Emma and Mabel, billed as \"Character change artists\" and \"entrancing vocalists\", performed all over the United States, including Alaska, earning from $50 to $100 per week.", "Like other Black performers, they did not earn as much as their white counterparts, and faced discrimination in lodging, travel and bookings.A 1906 article about the Griffin Sisters' efforts to get justice exposed discrimination and corruption in San Francisco1906 San Francisco Call and Post Cartoon of Vaudeville entertainers the Griffin Sisters trying to get justiceThe sisters, especially Emma, used the press and the courts to speak out about the treatment they received.", "In San Francisco in 1905, they filed suit against a white manager who fired them, alleging racial discrimination.", "The manager claimed he let them go because their act was poor and contained 'objectional content.'", "The following year in the same city, they were attacked and physically ejected from a bar by the saloonkeeper because of their color; the San Francisco Call and Post covered the difficulties they had getting their case heard by a judge.===Chicago===In 1910, they moved back to Chicago as a home base and began performing primarily for Black audiences, writing their own material.", "They performed to rave reviews at the Monogram Theater, the Indianapolis Crown Garden and other venues.", "An audience favorite was an act in which they both crossdressed as men, Emma as President Taft and Mabel as his conversation partner.", "\"The amazing thing about their work,\" wrote one reviewer, \"is the originality and unlikeliness of all they do.\"", "In her newspaper letters and interviews, Emma continued to speak out about the discrimination that black performers faced and the need for Black self-determination in entertainment.“Colored acts are not wanted in white theaters,\" she said, \"and white agencies tell us to our faces that they cannot use us and on every side the doors are shut in our face.", "It is time that we pull together and work for ourselves and let the white man see that we can do it without him.” When white 'coon shouters' approached her to learn how to better perform their songs, Emma turned them down, denouncing the white appropriation of Black culture in coon songs which were popular then and played off racist stereotypes of Black people.", "\"White men and women are browning up, blacking up and turning up, and our colored men are training them to do the colored people’s work.”she said.", "\"I, Miss Emma Griffin, have had many big time white women to ask me to teach them how to do a coon song as I do.", "They have offered me much money, but I have refused, for I never teach a white woman something to make her about six hundred dollars per week, when for the same thing, the white manager would not give me fifty dollars.", "Let us look at all these things which arekilling us every day. \"" ], [ "Theatrical entrepreneurs", "Jan 29 1914 New York Age Ad for Griffin Sisters Theatrical Employment Agency and Vaudeville School in ChicagoIn 1913, they signed on as performers with an emerging Black theater owner/producer, Sherman H. Dudley, whose vaudeville circuit would later set the stage for the Theater Owners Booking Association.", "(TOBA) With Dudley as an advisor, the Griffin Sisters Theatrical Agency opened in Chicago in December 1913 as the “first and only colored women’s theatrical booking agency in the UnitedStates.” The agency also offered training in vaudeville performance, negotiated for higher salaries for Black performers and found jobs for domestic workers and stagehands.", "The sisters called on Black investors to invest in their agency, set up a second residence in Washington DC, and networked within Black society there.", "They sublet theaters for the performances they managed, with plans for creating their own theater, the Air Dome.Emma Griffin developed a reputation as \"a figure that all managers of colored theaters, and bookingagents will have to reckon with. \"", "The sisters began management of the Alamon Theater in Indianapolis, Indiana, in April 1914, and the Majestic Theater in Washington, D.C. in June 1914.They also sublet the Pekin theater in Chicago and other theaters across the country to help establish their own vaudeville circuit.As Black female entrepreneurs in Vaudeville, they joined a small group of other Black women entertainers and entrepreneurs who actively worked for higher pay, greater autonomy and better conditions, which included Sisieretta Jones and the Whitman sisters; these women supported each other and interacted socially at society events of Black leaders.Soon, they were making enough money from their agency and their own performances to help support their family as well as donate to social organizations in Washington and Chicago.", "In 1914–15, they earned the 21st century equivalent of approximately $200,000 per year." ], [ "Personal life", "The sisters remained unmarried and without children throughout their lives.", "Historian Michelle R. Scott noted that although this gave their audiences the illusion that they were 'romantically available, it also allowed them greater ability to control their lives.", "They kept a rented residence in Chicago, but used black newspapers ''The Chicago Defender'' and the ''Indianapolis Freeman'' as their mailing address.", "Throughout their career, they sent money home to their mother and grandmother." ], [ "Later life and death", "1916 New York Dispatch Ad for The Famous Griffin SistersThe sisters suffered from respiratory problems throughout their career.", "In 1914, while performing onstage, Emma collapsed and spent a month in the hospital.", "In 1915, Mabel had a stroke.", "Mabel and Emma gave up their booking agency, formed a traveling company with other women and went back on the road to help pay back their investors.", "They continued to receive rave reviews.", "But their health kept failing and medical and housing costs rose; in 1918, Black Chicago society hosted a benefit to raise money for them, attended by friends and luminaries like Mme CJ Walker, which was billed as 'the first benefit with moving pictures.'", "But Mabel became ill again, then 11 weeks later, on August 28, 1918, Emma died \"in her sister's arms\" of bronchitis.Emma's obituary made the front page of The New York Age, where she was praised for her talent and her ability to make people laugh onstage, as well as for her activism in politics as a suffragette and her campaigns for better conditions for Black performers.", "She was buried in Lincoln Cemetery, Chicago.", "Existing sources do not mention Mabel's date of death or place of burial." ], [ "Legacy", "Historians have noted the importance of The Griffin Sisters as both performers and businesswomen.", "\"Despite the dominance of white men in the American entertainment industry,\" wrote Michelle R. Scott, \"theGriffin Sisters’ entrepreneurial efforts represent a monumental moment in black female agency and business acumen in American vaudeville theater.\"", "They set the stage for Black female entrepreneurs and performers who followed them including five women with TOBA who owned theaters.", "Their activism opened the gates for later celebrities like Bessie Smith and Ethel Waters, who continued to push for better conditions for Black performers." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "List of largest companies in Africa by revenue" ], [ "Introduction", "This list comprises the '''largest companies''' currently in Africa by '''revenue''' as of 2022, according to the ranking of the largest 500 companies in Africa by Jeune Afrique.In 2022, the largest company in Africa was Sonatrach with revenue of US$30 billion." ], [ "List", "Below are the 100 largest companies by revenue in 2022 (mostly for fiscal year 2021).", "RankCompanyIndustryRevenue(US$ billions)Headquarters1SonatrachOil and gas30.0132EskomElectric utility13.941 3SasolChemistry12.989 4MTN GroupTelecommunications12.238 5Shoprite HoldingsRetail10.802 6Nigeria National PetroleumOil and gas9.7067Steinhoff InternationalHolding9.7048Anglo American PlatinumMining9.402 9Sibanye GoldMining8.692 10Spar GroupRetail8.47911BidcorpAgroindustry8.22712Vodacom GroupTelecommunications6.707 13Pick n Pay StoresRetail6.351 14Nigeria Liquefied Natural GasOil and gas6.315 15OCP GroupMining6.23716NaspersHolding5.934 17MassmartRetail5.920 18Suez Canal AuthorityTransport5.60019Kumba Iron OreMining5.46620Sonangol GroupOil and gas5.33221Vodacom South AfricaTelecommunications5.23622Bidvest GroupHolding5.233 23MotusAutomotive5.009 24Woolworths South AfricaRetail4.927 25Impala PlatinumMining4.76626SappiPulp and paper 4.609 27TransnetTransport4.590 28Engen PetroleumOil and gas4.555 29AngloGold AshantiMining4.427 30PepkorHolding4.30031DatatecInformation technology4.110 32Office national d'électricitéElectric utility4.093 33Groupe Maroc TelecomTelecommunications4.082 34Mediclinic InternationalHealthcare4.06635Gold FieldsMining3.982 36RemgroHolding3.734 37MultiChoiceTelecommunications3.693 38MTN NigeriaTelecommunications3.514 39Barloworld LimitedConglomerate3.39040Orascom ConstructionConstruction3.371 41NaftalOil and gas3.283 42Massmart WholesaleWholesale 43Imperial LogisticsConglomerate3.16544Ethiopian AirlinesAirline3.118 45MTN South AfricaTelecommunications3.103 46TelkomTelecommunications2.949 47Elsewedy ElectricEnergy2.943 48Wilson Bayly Holmes-OvconConstruction2.939 49Afriquia SMDCOil and gas2.833 50Dangote CementCement2.699 51Transnet Freight RailTransport2.692 52Nigerian Petroleum DevelopmentOil and gas2.686 53Massmart RetailRetail2.654 54Aspen PharmacarePharmaceuticals2.637 55Clicks GroupRetail2.463 56Ezz SteelSteel2.450 57Middle East Oil RefineriesOil and gas2.429 58Foschini GroupRetail2.428 59SafaricomTelecommunications2.403 60Super GroupTransport2.359 61Qalaa HoldingsFinance2.281 62SonatelTelecommunications2.255 63Maroc TelecomTelecommunications2.25264RCL FoodsAgroindustry2.162 65Al-Ezz Dekheila Steel Co.Steel2.15366Etisalat MaroccoTelecommunications2.024 67Tiger BrandsAgroindustry2.033 68Telecom EgyptTelecommunications2.024 69EgyptairTransport2.015 70Flour Mills of NigeriaAgroindustry2.014 71Harmony GoldMining1.995 72ExxaroMining1.974 73Tunisian Company of Electricity and GasElectric utility1.949 74Vodafone EgyptTelecommunications1.888 75Dangote Cement NigeriaCement1.879 76Petroleum Projects and ConsultingOil and gas1.840 77MarikanaMining1.833 78Dis-ChemHealthcare1.793 79Life Healthcare GroupHealthcare1.732 80Société tunisienne des industries de raffinageOil and gas1.683 81ArcelorMittal South AfricaSteel1.681 82Hassan Allam HoldingConstruction1.667 83AECIChemicals1.64584Arab ContractorsConstruction1.619 85Egyptair AirlinesAirline1.602 86Société Ivoirienne de RaffinageOil and gas1.586 87Pioneer FoodsAgroindustry1.584 88Mr Price GroupRetail1.558 89Kansanshi MiningMining1.539 90Distell Group LimitedAgroindustry1.526 91Gold Fields GhanaMining1.517 92CevitalAgroindustry1.508 93Airtel NigeriaTelecommunications1.503 94Ghabbour AutoAutomotive1.479 95Kap Industrial HoldingHolding1.473 96Blue Label TelecomsTelecommunications1.442 97Kibali Gold Mine1.440 98AvengConglomerate1.425 99Murray and Roberts HoldingsConstruction1.422 100RustenburgMining1.240" ], [ "See also", "List of companies by revenueList of largest manufacturing companies by revenueList of largest employersList of companies by profit and lossList of public corporations by market capitalizationFortune Global 500* Economy of Africa" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Gabriel Cividini" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Gabriel Roberto Cividini Moreira''' (born 4 November 1994) is a Brazilian professional footballer who currently plays as a centre back for Hong Kong Premier League club Tai Po." ], [ "Club career", "===Tai Po===On 8 August 2022, it was announced that Cividini had joined Hong Kong Premier League club Tai Po.On 27 August 2022, Cividini made his debut for the club in a HKPL match against Eastern.In the 2022–23 season, Cividini has made 17 league appearances and scored a goal for the club.", "His excellent performance on the field have earned him a spot in the Hong Kong Top Footballer Awards." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * HKFA" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Paul Greifzu Stadium (Stralsund)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Paul Greifzu Stadium''' () is a multi-purpose stadium (primarily motorcycle speedway) in Stralsund, Germany.", "The stadium is located on the western side of the city, off the Barther Straße.", "The MC Nordstern Stralsund e.V use the facility." ], [ "History", "In 1957, construction began on the stadium, organised by the city council with lottery funds.", "The following year in April 1958, the Stralsund Speedway Club was founded and the stadium opened by Mayor Motczinski on 6 July 1958 with an attendance of 20,000.The name came from a car racing driver called Paul Greifzu who died in a race Dessau in 1952.The stadium has been a significant venue for motorcycle speedway and hosted important events.", "These included a qualifying round of the 1968 Speedway World Team Cup and a qualifying round of the Speedway World Championship in 1969.MC Nordster rider Hartmut Ernst won the East German Individual Speedway Championship in 1977 and the track held the final rounds of the naional individual and team Championships many times.The team based at the stadium won the German Team Speedway Championship in 2015 and 2022.In recent years the stadium continues to hold major events, which have included the 2016 Team Speedway Junior European Championship final, a final round of the 2021 Speedway Under-21 World Championship and the 2023 European Team Speedway Championship final." ], [ "Gallery", "File:Paul-Greifzu-Stadion 1.jpgFile:Stralsund, Barther Straße (2023-03-18) 03.jpgFile:Stralsund, Barther Straße (2023-03-18) 05.jpg" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "John Browne, 7th Baron Kilmaine" ], [ "Introduction", "'''John David Henry Browne, 7th Baron Kilmaine''' (2 April, 1948 – 12 January 2013) was an Anglo-Irish hereditary peer and businessman.", "Browne was the son of John Francis Archibald Browne, 6th Baron Kilmaine and his wife Whilhelmina Phyllis Arnott.", "He was educated at Eton College and was the director of Fusion (Bickenhill) Ltd between 1964 and 1996 and later the director of Whale Tankers Ltd (1974 and 2001).", "Following his death on 12 January, 2013, his son John Francis Sandford Browne, 8th Baron Kilmaine succeeded him." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "In the Know" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''In the Know''''' is an American adult stop-motion political satire streaming series developed by Zach Woods, Mike Judge and Brandon Gardner, and stars the voices of Woods, Judge, Caitlin Reilly, Carl Tart, J. Smith-Cameron, and Charlie Bushnell.", "The series is centered around the staff of an NPR program.", "It was released onto Peacock on January 25, 2024, and is notable for being the service's first original adult animated series." ], [ "Cast", "Zach Woods as Lauren CaspianCaitlin Reilly as FabianCarl Tart as CarlJ. Smith-Cameron as BarbCharlie Bushnell as ChaseMike Judge as Sandy=== Guest stars ===Mike Tyson as Himself" ], [ "Episodes" ], [ "Reception", "On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 82% of eleven critics' reviews are positive.", "Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the first season a score of 69 out of 100, based on six critics." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ryan Tudhope" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ryan Tudhope''' is an American visual effects supervisor.", "He was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work on the 2014 series ''Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey''.", "He was also nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Visual Effects for the film ''Top Gun: Maverick''." ], [ "Selected filmography", "* ''Top Gun: Maverick'' (2022; co-nominated with Seth Hill, Bryan Litson and Scott R. Fisher)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Josef Reither" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Josef Reither''' (26 June 1880, Langenrohr, Austria – 30 April 1950, Tulln, Austria) was an Austrian politician and Governor of Lower Austria from 1931 to 1932, from 1933 until 1938 and again from 1945 until 1949." ], [ "See also", "*List of governors of Lower Austria" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Siege of the TA Ranch" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Siege of the TA Ranch''' was a siege and the climax of the Johnson County War, which happened on April 11–13, 1892 in the TA Ranch in Johnson County, Wyoming.The battle was fought between a group of cattle barons and their hired guns, who were trapped in the TA Ranch, and a posse of homesteaders and local lawmen who had besieged them.", "The siege became a pivotal moment in the war, and was depicted in a number of books, films, and documentaries over the years." ], [ "Background", "The Johnson County War was a range war that occurred in the years 1889–1893.The war was fought between the large ranchers (known as \"cattle barons\") and the homesteaders (known as \"nesters\" or \"grangers\"), both of whom competed for the limited land, water, and cattle in the Wyoming range.", "Much of the war was fought in Johnson County, in areas such as Powder River, Buffalo, and other neighboring communities.", "A harsh winter in 1886-1887 ravaged the state, prompting the cattle barons, many of whom had formed companies headquartered in the Cheyenne Club, to try to monopolize the limited resources and livestock for their outfits.", "This, however, was challenged by homesteaders consisting of smaller, more independent farmers and ranchers, who had also settled in the area and were using the resources on the range.The dispute became a conflict when the cattle barons began persecuting many homesteaders, whom they believed were stealing from their outfits (known as \"rustling\").", "They put the law into their own hands and began a campaign of lynching and assassinating suspected thieves and competition.", "The cattle barons were led by prominent ranchers and politicians like Frank Wolcott, Frank M. Canton, and Governor Amos W. Barber.", "To protect themselves and their livelihood, the homesteaders united limitedly under the leadership of cowboy and rancher Nate Champion, and sheriff and former Indian War veteran William \"Red\" Angus.In a mighty effort to finally stop the homesteaders, the cattle barons began hiring 23 gunmen from Texas to blitz and exterminate their opposition, in a similar vein to the Stuart Stranglers led by Granville Stuart in Montana.", "The gunmen, nicknamed the \"Invaders\", were led by Wolcott, Canton, and allegedly by infamous hitman Tom Horn.", "On April 8, 1892, they killed Nate Champion and his friend Nick Ray at the KC Ranch.", "They then targeted Jack Flagg, but Flagg escaped and managed to warn Sheriff Angus and the town of Buffalo of the Invaders.", "Sheriff Angus then formed a posse of 200 people and set out to KC Ranch, before heading out to the TA Ranch, where the Invaders had taken refuge." ], [ "Siege", "The first casualty of the siege was gunman Jim Dudley.", "During their flight to TA Ranch, Dudley's horse, who was bearing much of the weight of the fat gunman, bucked and attempted to get Dudley off.", "Dudley's rifle fell and accidentally discharged, hitting the gunman in the knee.", "He was then escorted by two others to Fort McKinney where he died two days later.", "Upon reaching the ranch, the Invaders took their positions.", "When the posse arrived, they fired at them through windows, doors, and self-made gunports on the wall.The posse fired back, kicking off a siege that would last three days.", "Many of the members of the posse were Civil War veterans who had knowledge of conducting a proper siege.", "They surrounded the ranch, shot dead the Invaders's horses, and built trenches and pits.", "The posse was well-equipped with new firearms and ammunution courtesy of Robert Foote who distributed them for free from his store.", "One of the guns used was a large-caliber muzzle-loading rifle that was said to be powerful enough to punch through the walls of the ranch.", "The Invaders incurred another casualty: Alex Lowther, who shot himself in the groin while crawling to take cover.The ''New York Times'' reported that twenty Invaders tried to escape behind a fusillade, but the posse beat them back and killed three to five.", "With the situation becoming desperate, one of the Invaders, Mike Shonsey, managed to slip out and run to get help.", "At that time, the posse tried to break the stalemate.", "They first attempted to borrow a cannon from nearby Fort McKinney but was rejected.", "A blacksmith named Rap Brown tried to make his own cannon but it blew up.", "Nonetheless, he made a large bullet resistant wagon called the \"Ark of Safety\", which would hopefully allow a select group of homesteaders to get close and chuck dynamite at the ranch.Before that could happen, Mike Shonsey finally telegraphed their allies in the government.", "The telegram read:Governor Barber and President Benjamin Harrison sent the 6th Cavalry from Fort McKinney, led by Colonel J.J. Van Horn, to stop the siege.", "The cavalry negotiated with Angus, and took custody of Wolcott and the Invaders, ending the battle." ], [ "Aftermath", "The Invaders and the homesteaders went through a long and lengthy persecution, which ended favorably for the former.", "Skirmishes continued until 1893, but many of the cattle barons left the area and never bothered the homesteaders again." ], [ "In other media", "The siege was depicted in many literature, films, shows, and even a song about the Johnson County War.", "It was first recorded in a book by Asa Mercer entitled ''The Banditti of the Plains''.", "It was then depicted in the 1980 movie ''Heaven's Gate'', and in documentaries like History Channel's ''Vendettas'' and American Heroes Channel's ''Blood Feuds''.", "Singer Chris LeDoux also mentioned the siege in the song \"Johnson County War\" in 1989." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alvania scuderii" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania scuderii''''' is a species of minute sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Distribution", "This marine species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea off Sicily" ], [ "Description", "The maximum recorded shell length is 2.1 mm." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Villari A.", "(2017).", "A new remarkable species of the Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) group from the Ionian Sea: A. scuderii n. sp.", "(Gastropoda Rissoidae).", "Biodiversity Journal.", "8 (4): 937–942* Amati, B.; Appolloni, M.; Giulio, A. D.; Scuderi, D.; Smriglio, C.; Oliverio, M. (2020).", "Revision of the Recent Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) complex (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Rissoidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species.", "Zootaxa.", "4767(3): 415-458" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Anthony Hobson (book historian)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Anthony Robert Alwyn Hobson''', FBA (5 September 1921 – 12 July 2014) was a British auctioneer and historian, specialising in the history of books.Hobson was born on 5 September 1921.His wealthy father, Geoffrey Dudley Hobson (1882–1949), had purchased the auction house Sotheby's in 1909 (with Sir Montague Barlow and Felix Warre) and was a renowned historian of books.", "After Eton, Anthony went to New College, Oxford and then served in the Scots Guards in the Second World War, including a period in Italy.", "Demobilised in 1946, he joined Sotheby's in 1947 to work in the book department.", "From 1949 to 1971, he was head of the department and was also a director at Sotheby's.Hobson was a member of the Roxburghe Club from 1982 until his death, received the Gold Medal of the Bibliographical Society in 1992 (he had been its president from 1977 to 1979), served as president of the Association Internationale de Bibliophilie from 1985 to 1999, was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1992, and in 1979 was appointed ''Cavaliere'' of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Italy.", "He died on 12 July 2014." ], [ "Publications", "* ''French and Italian Collectors and Their Bindings'' (Oxford: The Roxburghe Club, 1953)* ''Great Libraries'' (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970)* ''Apollo and Pegasus: An Enquiry into the Formation and Dispersal of a Renaissance Library'' (Amsterdam: Gerard Th.", "Van Heusden, 1975)* ''Humanists and Bookbinders: The Origins and Diffusion of the Humanistic Bookbinding, 1459–1559'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989)* ''Renaissance Book Collecting: Jean Grolier and Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, their Books and Bindings'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Island in Between" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Island in Between''''' is a 2023 documentary short film by S. Leo Chiang and Jean Tsien." ], [ "Summary", "The documentary film tells the story of the islands of Kinmen, and Chiang reflecting on his relationship between Taiwan, China and the United States, and the Cross-Strait relations." ], [ "Accolades", "The film was nominated in the Best Documentary Short Film category of the 96th Academy Awards." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Shyamal Dutta Ray" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Shyamal Dutta Ray''', also spelt as '''Shyamal Dutt Ray''' (Bengali: শ্যামল দত্ত রায়) (8 May, 1934 – 19 May, 2005) was a renowned Bengali contemporary painter.", "His paintings marked a pivotal moment in the history of the Bengal School of Art.", "When the Bengal school of art was first emerging, light and watery hues were the norm.", "He is recognised with bringing intensity to the medium of watercolours.", "Dutta Ray was also one of the founding members of the artists' collective ''Society of Contemporary Artists''.", "He served as a teacher in the Jagadbandhu Institution.", "He was a recipient of the Gold Medal from the Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata in the year 1958.In 1982 he was honoured with the National Award from the Lalit Kala Akademi.", "His pieces can be found in the collections of the Glenbarra Art Museum in Japan, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and the National Gallery of Modern Art in Delhi, National Museum of Modern Art in Baghdad, Chittagong University museum in Bangladesh and the Shilpa Kala Academy as well as Government College of Arts in Dhaka, Bangladesh.", "The Rabindra Bharati University had honoured him with the Rabindra Bharati University Award in the year 1968.In addition, he received the Birla Academy of Art and Culture Award four times, in 1972, 1973, 1975 and 1978, respectively.", "Aside from that, Dutta Ray has garnered other prestigious honours, such as the 1988 Shiromani Kala Puraskar and the Special Commendation of the Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath in Bangalore, Karnataka." ], [ "Artistic style", "The paradoxes of the world around him are reflected in his reflective and gloomy paintings.", "Ray's art mostly depicts Calcutta's urban life, with all of its joy and sadness, conflict and hardship, poverty and optimism." ], [ "Accolades and participations", "Dutta Ray has won numerous awards, including the Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath's Special Commendation in 1988 as well as the Shiromani Kala Puraskar which he received in 1988.He was also the recipient of the Lalit Kala Akademi's Merit Award.", "Indian major cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Bangalore have all hosted exhibitions of his paintings.", "He was also the four times winner of the Birla academy of Art and Culture Award for the years 1972, 1973, 1975 and 1978.He has taken part in international exhibitions such as the ''Havana Biennale'' in Cuba and the ''Third World Biennale of Graphics'' in London." ], [ "Death", "Painter Dutta Ray died in 2005 on the 5th day of May." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Renault 12F" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Renault 12F''' is a family of liquid-cooled 50 deg V12 aircraft engines that saw widespread use during WW1 and the 1920s." ], [ "Design and development", "Engines in the series are V12s with a 50 degree angle between two rows of cylinders each of which has a single overhead camshaft.", "The crankshaft is carried on 4 plain bearings with master-and-slave connecting rods allowing corresponding cylinders in each row to be arranged directly opposite each other.", "Cylinders have a bore of , a stroke of and are built in pairs with water circulated in welded liners.Engines in the series have ignition systems with 100% redundancy.", "2 spark plugs per cylinder and 4 magnetos (2 per cylinder bank).The early 12F engines were often supplied with an aluminium 6-cylinder radial pneumatic starter motor which was mounted on the back of the engine.", "The pneumatic motor allowed the engine to be restarted mid-flight or on the ground without assistance from ground crew.", "The starter motor was fed from a pressurised vessel with enough air for 10 starts.", "The device was not included in later models.In 1916 the 220 hp (12Fa) model used cast iron pistons.", "The engines were progressively improved with the introduction of aluminum pistons allowing for increased power output and reduced weight.In 1917, the 12Fe model was homologated with a nominal rating of (later increased to ).", "The 12Fe became the standard powerplant for the Bréguet 14 and accounted for the vast majority of engines built from the series.12F series engines were exported to the United States and produced under license in both Russia and the United Kingdom." ], [ "Variants", "Publications often refer to the 12Fe as the Renault 300 hp with earlier engines in the series referred to as the Renault 220 hp.", "Post WW1 the 12Fe engine was marketed as the 300 CV / hp (cheval-vapeur / horsepower).", "There was also a model (today known as the 12Eb) which existed at the same time (c.1916) as the model.", ";12Fa:(1916) Rating of at 1300 rpm.", "Used on the Bréguet 14s and Henry Farman HF.35 prototypes.", ";12Fb :(1916) Rating of 250 or 265 hp.", "Equipped the Paul Schmitt P.S.7.", ";12Fc:Used on early model Bréguet 14s.", "'''12Fcx''' ( at 1500 rpm) and '''12Fcy''' ( at 1600 rpm) sub-variants.", "In US service 12Fc engines were all rated at .", ";12Fe:Rated for at 1600 rpm.", "Main production variant in the series and the standard power-plant in the Bréguet 14 from early in 1918 onwards.", "The names 12Fe and 300 CV / hp (cheval-vapeur / horsepower) are used interchangeably in post war technical documentation.", "Some of these engines were fitted with early experimental Rateau turbochargers.", "; 12Ff:Sometimes used to describe a small number of engines produced with increased bore (128 mm) and stroke (160 mm).", "Rated for at 1,600 rpm.", "These engines were fitted to a few late production Breguet 14s.", ":" ], [ "Applications", "Bréguet 5Bréguet 14Bréguet 16Caudron C.91Farman F.60 GoliathFarman F.70Georges Levy G.L.40Hanriot HD.18Henry Farman HF.35Latécoère 14 Latécoère 17Lioré et Olivier LeO 8Lioré et Olivier LeO H-13Nieuport 15Paul Schmitt P.S.7Paul Schmitt P.S.10Potez XVVoisin XAirco DH.4Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.7Short Type 184Curtiss Wanamaker TriplaneGrigorovich M-24Sikorsky Ilya Muromets" ], [ "Specifications (12Fc)" ], [ "See also" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Moteur d'aviation 220 chevaux.", "Engine manual." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "E. Bartow Jones" ], [ "Introduction", "'''E.", "Bartow Jones''' (July 29, 1909 – November 20, 1992) was an American politician.", "He served as a Republican member for the 4th district of the West Virginia Senate." ], [ "Life and career", "Jones was born in Point Pleasant, West Virginia.", "He attended Greenbrier Military Academy and the University of Kentucky.Jones served in the West Virginia Senate from 1949 to 1956, representing the 4th district.Jones died in November 1992 in Mason County, at the age of 83." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mamberamo sunbird" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Mamberamo sunbird''' or '''Rand's sunbird''', (''Cinnyris idenburgi'') is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is found in northern New Guinea.", "It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird (''Cinnyris jugularis'')." ], [ "Taxonomy", "The Mamberamo sunbird was formally described in 1940 by the Canadian zoologist Austin L. Rand based on specimens that had been collected near the Idenburg River (now the Taritatu River), a tributary of the Mamberamo River in northern New Guinea.", "Rand considered it to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird, and coined the trinomial name ''Cinnyris jugularis idenburgi''.", "The Mamberamo sunbird is now treated as a separate species based on the difference in the colouring of the male plumage.", "The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised." ], [ "Description", "The Mamberamo sunbird is in length.", "The male weighs , the female .", "The species is sexual dimorphic.", "The male is dark olive-green above with black remiges and a black tail with the outer feathers tipped with grey.", "The are orange.", "The underparts are black with a blue-green gloss.", "The iris is dark brown and the legs are black.", "The female is pale brown above, yellow below with a whitish throat.", "There is very little published information on this species." ], [ "Distribution and habitat", "The Mamberamo sunbird is found in the north of New Guinea.", "It occupies various habitats including forest edge and open scrub." ], [ "Behaviour and ecology", "===Breeding===The elongated hanging nest is in length and has a hooded side entrance.", "It is usually placed between above the ground but can occasionally be as high as .", "It is constructed by the female using grass, bark, moss, lichens, leaf fragments, vegetable fibres and spider webs.", "The clutch of 1–3 eggs is incubated by the female.", "The eggs hatch after 11–16 days and the young are then fed by both parents.", "The chicks fledge after 13–16 days.", "Normally several broods are raised each year.===Feeding===It forages either singly or in small groups.", "The diet consists of small insects, spiders, nectar and small fruit." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Tower 22 drone attack" ], [ "Introduction", "On 28January 2024, an attack drone, launched by the Islamic Resistance in Iraq—an Iranian-backed Shia militia group—struck Tower22, a U.S. military outpost in Rukban, northeast Jordan.", "The explosion resulted in the deaths of three U.S. soldiers and injuries to 47 others.The incident marked the first time U.S. troops were killed by enemy fire since the start of the Israel–Hamas war.", "President Joe Biden condemned the attack as \"despicable\" and pledged retaliation at a suitable time.", "The U.S. began retaliatory strikes on 2 February, hitting sites in Iraq and Syria.", "Iran denied any involvement in the attack." ], [ "Background", "Since the 7 October attacks by Hamas in southern Israel, Iran-backed groups have launched missiles and rockets at US and coalition forces in the Middle East on 160 occasions.", "Approximately 70 US and coalition soldiers had sustained injuries in these earlier attacks, which were largely considered minor, due to the absence of severe injuries or the attacks missing their targets or being shot down.", "The U.S. had retaliated against these incidents only eight times.Approximately 3,000 US troops are currently stationed in Jordan.", "The United States military has used the Tower22 outpost, which was initially established as a Jordanian border outpost, since 2015 in an \"advise and assist\" mission, initially training rebels fighting the regime of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad and later aiding Kurds fighting the Islamic State.", "Tower22, which hosts American engineering, aviation, logistics and security personnel, lies from the Al-Tanf garrison in Syria, where US and local forces collaborate in combating the Islamic State.", "As of 2020, Tower22 had an operating AN/TPS-75 transportable 3D air search radar.", "At the time of the attack, there were about 350 personnel from the US Army and Air Force at Tower22, including personnel from the Arizona National Guard's 158th Infantry Regiment, the California National Guard's 40th Infantry Division, the Kentucky National Guard's 138th Field Artillery Brigade, and the New York National Guard's 101st Expeditionary Signal Battalion." ], [ "Attack", "An exploding drone struck the outpost's living quarters, killing three American service members who were asleep in tents at the time.", "They were subsequently identified as belonging to the 926th Engineer Brigade's 718th Engineer Company, a U.S. Army Reserve unit based at Fort Moore, Georgia.", "The two women and one man killed were all Georgia natives.At least 47 others were injured in the attack, eight of whom had to be medically evacuated outside Jordan, to the Baghdad Diplomatic Support Center in Iraq.", "Of these eight, three were transported to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center in Germany for follow-up care.", "U.S. personnel were evaluated for possible traumatic brain injury.", "Most of the injured served in the US National Guard and belonged to units based in Arizona, California, Kentucky and New York.", "By 31 January, at least 27 service personnel were able to report back to duty.The failure of air defenses to intercept the drone was a key focus of the subsequent U.S. Central Command investigation of the attack.", "A U.S. preliminary report found that the hostile drone attacked around the same time an American surveillance drone was returning to the base, which likely led to confusion over whether it was an enemy drone and delayed a response." ], [ "Responsibility", "In the aftermath of the attack, U.S. officials assessed that one of several Iranian-supported groups had launched the attack, although it did not specifically identify the precise group responsible.", "A US official indicated that a Shahed drone was used in the attack, and a spokesperson for the US Department of Defense said that the attack had the \"footprints\" of Kata'ib Hezbollah.Later in the day, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, an umbrella group of Iranian-backed factions, claimed that it had launched attacks on that day on an Israeli oil facility in the Mediterranean Sea as well as three US military bases in Syria, namely Shaddadi, Tanf and Rukban, the last of which is located on Jordanian side of the border with Syria.", "However, the U.S. said the attack on Tower 22 was the only attack on its forces that it had tracked that day.", "Two other enemy drones, targeting sites in southeast Syria, were shot down.", "The US formally blamed the Islamic Resistance in Iraq for the attack on 31 January." ], [ "Aftermath", "The remains of the deceased soldiers were returned to the United States on 2 February and were received with a transfer ceremony upon their arrival at Dover Air Force Base in Delaware that was also attended by president Joe Biden, first lady Jill Biden and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Charles Q.", "Brown Jr., as well as the families of those killed.", "Tributes were paid at the victims' respective communities, while their funerals were held from 13 to 17 February.", "One of the soldiers was buried at the Georgia National Cemetery.According to Omar Abu Layla, a Europe-based activist and the head of the Deir Ezzor 24 media outlet, Iran-backed fighters in eastern Syria began evacuating their posts in fear of retaliatory US strikes shortly after the attack took place.===US response===On 1 February, CBS reported that the White House had approved airstrikes on Iranian personnel and facilities in Syria and Iraq in retaliation for the attack, with the exact time dependent on weather factors.", "On 2 February, the US launched retaliatory airstrikes targeting Iranian-backed militias in Iraq and Syria.", "Around 85 targets linked to pro-Iranian forces were hit in seven different sites in Iraq and Syria.On 15 February, US officials announced that a cyberattack was conducted against an Iranian spy ship which was collecting intelligence on shipping in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.", "The officials said that the cyberattack, which occurred more than a week prior to the announcement, was in response to the drone attack and was meant to hinder the vessel's ability to communicate with the Houthis." ], [ "Reactions", "===United States===In the immediate aftermath of the attack U.S. President Joe Biden said the attack was \"despicable\" and vowed that the U.S. \"will hold all those responsible to account at a time and in a manner of our choosing\"; U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin said: \"we will take all necessary actions to defend the United States, our troops, and our interests.\"", "Jack Reed, the Democratic chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, said he was \"confident the Biden Administration will respond in a deliberate and proportional manner.\"", "Republican senators John Cornyn, Tom Cotton and Lindsey Graham called on the White House to directly target Iran in response to the attacks.", "Former CIA director John Brennan described the attack as a \"dangerous escalation\" in the Middle East.The governor of Georgia, Brian Kemp, issued a statement mourning the \"inexcusable loss of life\" of the three soldiers, saying they \"gave the last full measure of devotion in service to this country.\"", "Brigadier General Todd Lazaroski, commander of the US Army Reserve's 412th Engineer Command, said that \"they represent the best of America.\"", "Flags were set at half-mast in Waycross, where one of the soldiers lived.", "Lieutenant General Jody Daniels, chief of the United States Army Reserve and commanding of the United States Army Reserve Command, also paid tribute to the soldiers and pledged to support \"those left behind in the wake of this tragedy\".===Middle East===Senior Hamas official Sami Abu Zuhri told Reuters that the attack was a message to the US administration that \"unless the killing of innocents in Gaza stops, it must confront the entire Ummah\|Muslim nation.\"", "and warned that the conflict could lead to a \"regional explosion.\"", "Kata'ib Hezbollah said that it would suspend military operations against US forces \"to prevent embarrassment to the Iraqi government\".Iran denied involvement in the attack, but said \"resistance groups in the region are responding to the war crimes and genocide of the child-killing Zionist regime.\"", "The Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps warned that the country would respond to any US threat following plans by Washington to retaliate.Jordan condemned the attack and said it was cooperating with Washington to secure its borders.", "However, the Jordanian government spokesperson Muhannad Al Mubaidin insisted that the attack had happened outside of the kingdom across the border in Syria's al-Tanf base.Egypt's Foreign Ministry condemned the attack, expressed solidarity, and affirmed its stance against any terrorist acts that threaten the stability and security of Jordan.", "It also emphasized the necessity of confronting all forms of terrorism and rejecting violence to maintain security in the region.The attack was also condemned by Bahrain.Iraq condemned the attack, describing it as an \"ongoing escalation\" and said it was willing to collaborate on establishing rules to prevent \"further repercussions\" and escalation of the conflict in the region.Israeli Foreign Minister Israel Katz extended his condolences to the families of the soldiers killed in the attack and wished for a speedy recovery for the injured.Qatar warned that the response of the United States might risk compromising a temporary Israel–Hamas ceasefire and hostage deal currently in progress.The Syrian Democratic Forces commander-in-chief, Mazloum Abdi, condemned the attack, affirming the group's stance against violence and \"any attempt to disrupt peace in the region\".===Other countries===The United Kingdom \"absolutely condemned\" the attack.", "Prime Minister Rishi Sunak said he was concerned about tensions in the region and urged Iran to de-escalate.", "Foreign Secretary David Cameron also called on Iran to \"de-escalate in the region.\"" ], [ "See also", "* 2024 Erbil attack* Jordan–United States relations* List of wars involving the United States* United States support for Israel in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war* Rukban and Rukban refugee camp* Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war* Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Salud (sculpture)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Salud''''' is a bronze sculpture by Jim Demetro, installed in Puerto Vallarta's Zona Romántica, in the Mexican state of Jalisco." ], [ "Description and history", "Installed in 2023, the work depicts a donkey sitting in a chair and drinking a margarita.", "It is 1.8 meters tall and 1.7 meters wide.Friends and family members of Demetro were present at the statue's unveiling, as were municipal officials and members of the Vallarta Institute of Culture's Governing Board.March in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco (2023) - 048.jpg\|Puerto Vallarta - Jalisco - Mexico - March 2023 - 024.jpg\|Puerto Vallarta - Jalisco - Mexico - March 2023 - 103.jpg\|" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Vikki Wall" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Vikki Wall''' (born 2May 1998) is an Irish sportswoman.", "She has played ladies' Gaelic football for Meath GAA, AFL Women’s for North Melbourne Football Club and Rugby sevens for Ireland." ], [ "Early life", "From Dunboyne in County Meath, she attended school at Gaelscoil Thulach na nÓg in Dunboyne." ], [ "Gaelic football", "In 2020, she was named TG4 Intermediate Players' Player of the Year.", "Wall was an All-Ireland Championship winner in Gaelic Athletic Association with Meath GAA in 2021.She won an all star & overall Ladies Gaelic Football player of the year 2021.She was a RTÉ Sports Person of the Year nominee in December 2021.She was an All-Ireland Championship winner for a second time in 2022.She continuing playing GAA for Meath in 2023 after playing AFL Women's league with North Melbourne in 2022." ], [ "Australian rules football", "She played in the AFL Women's league with North Melbourne during their 2022 season.It didn't take long for Wall to display her combative and athletic prowess on a football field.", "Wall adapted smoothly to the Aussie rules style and was able to bring her unique blend of speed and strength to the forefront, which quickly became a problem for opposition defenders attempting to lessen her impact.Playing all 13 games in her debut campaign, the Irishwoman booted six goals in total, including two critical ones against the Cats in difficult conditions in Round 4.Impressively, Wall was also able to consistently rake in contested grabs around the ground, making her a threat at ground level and aerially." ], [ "Rugby union", "In July 2023, an agreement was reached with the Irish Rugby Football Union for Wall to play rugby sevens.", "In August 2023, she joined up with the Ireland women's national rugby sevens team for the first time.", "She made her senior debut for Ireland in Sevens Rugby in January 2024 at the SVNS Series tournament in Perth, Western Australia in an Irish victory over Japan.", "The Irish team claimed their first World Series tournament victory at the event." ], [ "Personal life", "Wall competed a masters degree in Digital Marketing at Dublin City University in 2021." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "The Tale of the Battle with Mamai" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''The Tale of the Battle with Mamai''''' (), also translated as '''''The Tale of the Battle Against Mamai''''', is a Russian literary work about the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380.The first version was likely produced in the 15th century, although some recent studies suggest that it was written in the early 16th century.", "It belongs to the Kulikovo cycle of works, along with the ''Chronicle Account of the Battle with Mamai'' and ''Zadonshchina''.The ''Tale'' starts with the following:" ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "List of awards and nominations received by Amy Ryan" ], [ "Introduction", "Amy Ryan in New York in 2013This article is a ''' ''List of awards and nominations received by Amy Ryan'' '''Amy Ryan is an American actress known for her performance in film, television and theatre.", "She has received numerous accolades including a Screen Actors Guild Award, a Obie Award, and Outer Critics Circle Award.", "She has also received nominations for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Drama Desk Award, a Drama League Award, and two Tony Awards.", "Ryan started her career acting in theatre receiving two Tony Award nominations for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her roles as Sonya Alexandrovna in ''Uncle Vanya'' (2000), and Stella Kowalski in ''A Streetcar Named Desire'' (2005).", "She received nominations for a Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture, and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role for her role as Helene McCready\tin the Ben Affleck directed drama ''Gone Baby Gone'' (2007)." ], [ "Major associations", "=== Academy Award === Year Category Nominated work Result Ref.", "2007 Best Supporting Actress ''Gone Baby Gone'' === Golden Globe Award === Year Category Nominated work Result Ref.", "2007 Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture ''Gone Baby Gone'' === Screen Actors Guild Awards === Year Category Nominated work Result Ref.", "2007 Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role ''Gone Baby Gone'' 2014 Outstanding Cast in a Motion Picture ''Birdman'' 2021 Outstanding Ensemble in a Comedy Series ''Only Murders in the Building'' === Tony Awards === Year Category Nominated work Result Ref.", "2000 Best Featured Actress in a Play ''Uncle Vanya'' 2005 Best Featured Actress in a Play ''A Streetcar Named Desire''" ], [ "Theatre awards", "=== Drama Desk Award === Year Category Nominated work Result Ref.", "2017 Outstanding Actress in a Play ''Love, Love, Love'' === Drama League Award === Year Category Nominated work Result Ref.", "2001 Distinguished Performance ''Saved'' 2017 Distinguished Performance ''Love, Love, Love'' === Obie Award === Year Category Nominated work Result Ref.", "2017 Distinguished Performance by an Actress ''Love, Love, Love'' === Outer Critics Circle Award === Year Category Nominated work Result Ref.", "2005 Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play ''A Streetcar Named Desire''" ], [ "Critics associations", " Year Award Category Nominated work Result 2007 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award Best Supporting Actress ''Gone Baby Gone'' Best Breakthrough Performance Boston Society of Film Critics Award Best Supporting Actress Chicago Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actress Critics' Choice Movie Award Best Supporting Actress Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actress Detroit Film Critics Society Award Best Supporting Actress Florida Film Critics Circle Award Best Supporting Actress Houston Film Critics Society Award Best Supporting Actress Iowa Film Critics Award Best Supporting Actress Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actress National Board of Review Award Best Supporting Actress National Society of Film Critics Award Best Supporting Actress New York Film Critics Circle Award Best Supporting Actress Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Award Best Supporting Actress Online Film Critics Society Award Best Supporting Actress Phoenix Film Critics Society Award Best Supporting Actress San Diego Film Critics Society Award Best Supporting Actress San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award Best Supporting Actress Satellite Award Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture Southeastern Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actress St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actress Toronto Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actress Utah Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actress Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award Best Supporting Actress Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actress Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actress ''Before the Devil Knows You're Dead'' Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actress 2009 Golden Nymph Award Outstanding Actress - Comedy Series ''The Office'' 2010 Comedy Film Award Best Leading Actress ''Jack Goes Boating'' 2011 Utah Film Critics Association Award Best Supporting Actress ''Win Win'' Indiana Film Critics Association Award 2014 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award Best Ensemble ''Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)'' Boston Society of Film Critics Award Best Cast Boston Online Film Critics Association Awards Best Ensemble Critics' Choice Movie Award Best Acting Ensemble Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award Best Ensemble Detroit Film Critics Society Award Best Ensemble Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cast Best Cast Georgia Film Critics Association Award Best Ensemble Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award New York Film Critics Online Awards Best Ensemble Cast North Texas Film Critics Association Award Best Ensemble Cast Phoenix Film Critics Society Award Best Ensemble Acting San Diego Film Critics Society Awards Best Film Ensemble Southeastern Film Critics Association Award Best Ensemble Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Acting Ensemble" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Battle of Suggs" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Battle of Suggs''', also known as the '''Suggs Affray''' or the '''Suggs Affair''', was a shootout between Buffalo Soldiers and Wyoming homesteaders in Suggs, Wyoming on June 17, 1892.The skirmish was part of a larger conflict known as the Johnson County War that was fought between 1889 and 1893." ], [ "Background", "Communities near the Powder River in Wyoming became battlefields for a range war known as the Johnson County War, in which large cattle ranchers fought smaller settlers and homesteaders for the limited resources needed for ranching.", "The war resulted in lynchings and assassinations, culminating in a gunfight at the KC Ranch and a large siege at the TA Ranch.To stop further violence, the government sent out the army to keep the peace.", "Initially, the 6th cavalry from Fort McKinney was tasked to pacify the locals but failed because many became embroiled in the conflict.", "This failure resulted in the death of US Marshall George Wellman and the injury of First Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood.", "The 6th was later replaced by the 9th Cavalry, a Buffalo Soldier regiment from Fort Robinson, on June 13, 1892.The regiment was composed of 310 men and was led by Major Charles S. Isley.", "They created Camp Bettens as a base of operations upon arriving.The cattle barons hoped that the regiment would be less sympathetic to the plight of the homesteaders as compared to the 6th.", "This turned out to be true, as the arrival of the 9th was met with hostility from the locals who did not take kindly to the authority of colored soldiers.", "The hostility was exacerbated by the 9th's association with Phil DuFran, a detective and combatant for the cattle barons during the TA Ranch siege.", "DuFran assisted the soldiers during their occupation." ], [ "Battle", "The battle occurred on June 17, 1892.Off-duty Buffalo Soldiers were being refused services in bars, barbershops, and brothels by the locals of the nearby town of Suggs.", "At that time, Suggs was a temporary makeshift community built near a railroad.", "The fraught relationship between the two parties became heated to the point that a dispute over a prostitute resulted in a brief gunfight.", "Even after the soldiers retreated, they were continually shot upon by the locals.", "The next day a group of 20 or more soldiers slipped out of the camp and rode out to Suggs.", "Upon arrival, they began firing their guns and demanded the town surrender the people responsible for the prior act of violence.", "The locals refused and began firing at the soldiers from behind windows, doors, and walls.The retaliation surprised the soldiers; two of them were wounded and another, Private Willis Johnson, was killed.", "The soldiers were then forced to retreat.", "In his report, Major Isley stated:After the gunfight, Camp Bettens sent out two detachments to pacify Suggs.", "In contrast to the previous event, the homesteaders allowed these troops into the town.", "The Army conducted an investigation but could not identify the people responsible for Johnson's death.", "To prevent further violence, the camp could only prohibit the presence of off-duty soldiers in the town." ], [ "Other murders", "Another soldier by the name of Brown was murdered in another incident in Johnson County.", "Brown was at a shooting range when a cowboy rode by and came upon him.", "After a brief conversation, the cowboy drew a pistol and shot Brown, killing him.", "DuFran also went missing during the fracas.", "Wyoming native G. T. Seabury wrote to a friend about another incident in the town where locals fired on a hotel where several soldiers were staying.", "He stated:" ], [ "Aftermath", "The deaths of several Buffalo Soldiers forced the Army to remove the regiment from Johnson County and back to Fort Robinson in November 1892.Peacekeeping went back to local law enforcement for the duration of the war." ], [ "In other media", "The battle was briefly mentioned in Asa Mercer's book entitled ''The Banditti of the Plains'' and the episode \"Johnson County Cattle War\" of the documentary ''Vendettas'' by History Channel." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Inger Merete Nordentoft" ], [ "Introduction", "Inger Merete Nordentoft'''Inger Merete Nordentoft''' (16 August 1903, Thisted — 22 October 1960, Copenhagen) was a Danish educator, Communist politician and resistance worker.", "She is remembered for requesting maternity leave from her post as headmistress of Katrinedals Skole in Copenhagen although she had not married the father and refused to reveal his identity.", "There was an attempt to force her to leave her post but as a result of support from the majority of her students' parents, she was able to take maternity leave and maintain her post as head." ], [ "Early life, education and family", "Born in Thisted on 18 August 1903, Inger Merete Nordentoft was the daughter of the physician Poul Nordentoft (1874–1937) and his wife Astrid Kabeli (1880–1953), a midwife.", "She was one of the family's three children.", "When she was nine, her parents divorced and she chose to live with her father who moved to Svendborg.", "When her father was convicted of foster expulsion and imprisoned in 1920, she was placed in a teacher's family and was able to take the real examination.", "In Svendborg, she met Elisabeth Flagstad who headed the Danish Girl Guides (Det Danske Pigespejderkorps) and became an enthusiastic member.In 2020, Nordentoft went to live with her mother in Tønder where she attended the teachers' training college for three years and graduated as a teacher." ], [ "Career", "In 1923, Nordentoft first spent a year at the forestry school in Korinth on the island of Funen before moving to Valby School in Copenhagen where she taught from 1924.In the mid-1930s, she joined the Social Democrats and served on Copenhagen's School Board (Københavns Kommunelærerindeforening) until 1945.She was also active in other teachers' associations and in the Danish Women's Society.", "During the German occupation of Denmark, Nordentoft was active in the resistance movement.", "As a member of Frit Danmark, she helped Danish Jews escape to Sweden.", "For allowing the telegrapher from Aksel Larsen's network to live in her home, she was imprisoned for nine months from March 1943.After the war, in February 1945 she was appointed head of the Katrinedal School in the Vanløse district of Copenhagen.", "In addition, in October 1945 she was elected to the Folketing representing the Communist Party in the Valby constiuency.", "She gained wide respect for her political views as well as for chairing Danmarks Demokratiske Kvindeforbund, Denmark's chapter of the Women's International Democratic Federation.", "Later in 1945, she first adopted a child and then announced in a closed teachers meeting that she was pregnant and was applying for maternity leave.", "As she was unmarried and would not reveal the name of her partner, the school board sought to fire her.", "But as a result of strong support from the parents of her students, she was maintained in her position.", "She later summarized her stand as \"It is the right of every adult to live his life in accordance with his convictions\".Nordentoft was also a writer.", "In 1944, she published ''Opdragelse til Demokrati'' (Education for Democracy) which set out her plans for reforms after the end of the war.", "In particular, she called for more cooperation between teachers and students.", "She also wrote a number of textbooks and was editor of the series ''Børnenes Læsning og Klassens Bibliotek'' (Children's Reading and the Class Library).", "Inger Merete Nordentoft died in Copenhagen of cancer on 22 October 1960, aged only 57." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Thomas French (footballer)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Thomas French''' was an amateur English footballer, who won the FA Cup with Old Etonians in 1882, playing as a full-back." ], [ "Family background", "French was the son of Frederic French, rector of St Mary's Church in Worlingworth, Suffolk.", "He was educated at Eton College, where he was a King's Scholar, earning the Prince Consort prize for excellence in German in 1875.He played in the cricket first XI in 1878 and as a Colleger in the St Andrew's Day Wall Game in 1877 and 1878, the Collegers winning both times, by 10 and 9 shies to nil respectively.", "He went up to Merton College, Oxford in 1879, graduating in 1883." ], [ "Football career", "His first competitive football came in the 1879–80 FA Cup, representing Oxford University in the first round against Great Marlow, against Birmingham in the second (in which his back play was particularly praised), and the Royal Engineers in both the semi-final and the replay.Despite playing a conspicuous part in the Cup run, French did not (yet) get his Blue, and, having missed out on the final, for the 1880–81 FA Cup he switched allegiance to the Old Etonians.", "He was almost an ever-present in the side, which reached the final, in which the Old Carthusians easily beat the Etonians.In the 1881–82 FA Cup, he played for the Etonians in every round except for the fourth round win over Maidenhead, and his \"grand kicking\" in the final was a major factor in the Etonians beating Blackburn Rovers by the only goal; a strong French shoulder-charge on Geoffrey Avery put the smaller forward out of the game for ten minutes.French was also a regular in the following season's competition, and was considered the second-best of the Etonians in the final (after Arthur Kinnaird), but the Etonians lost to Blackburn Olympic, and no amateur side has reached the final since.He played for the Etonians in its shock defeat to Hendon in the first round in the 1883–84 competition, some of the cause for the defeat being put down to him being \"hardly at his best\".", "He had a better run in the competition in 1884–85 FA Cup, reaching the quarter-finals, where the Old Boys Nottingham Forest; the game was a personal disaster for French, as a missed train meant that he was absent for the first ten minutes of the game, in which time the Etonians conceded the opening goal.While playing for the Old Etonians, French also finally obtained his Blue in the Varsity Match in both 1882 and 1883, captaining the Oxford side in the latter year; Oxford won 3–0 in the former year but lost 3–2 in the latter.By 1886 however the game had by-passed the Etonians.", "An anaemic French-less Etonians was hammered 6–1 by Marlow in the first round in the 1885–86 FA Cup, and French's last match in the competition was a third round defeat to the Old Westminsters in 1886–87.As the game became more professional, French remained at the first-class level by joining Reading, and represented the Berkshire & Buckinghamshire FA in inter-association matches as a Reading player.", "His final match of note seems to have been in the Berks & Bucks Senior Cup first round victory over Windsor in December 1887." ], [ "Post-football career", "French married Louisa Acton at Iwerne Minster in Dorset on New Year's Day in 1890, at which time he was a schoolmaster in Yorkshire.", "He eventually moved to British India as a teacher at Rajkumar College, Rajkot, where he taught the children of the Maharajah of Baroda; he died when up-country on 8 November 1908, leaving an estate worth £4,774." ], [ "Honours", "'''Old Etonians'''FA Cup winner: 1882FA Cup finalist: 1881, 1883" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Zargan-e Basra" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Zargan-e Basra''' () is a village in, and the capital of, Zargan Rural District of Veys District, Bavi County, Khuzestan province, Iran.The National Census in 2011 counted 736 people in 170 households.", "The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 795 people in 202 households." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Bude Lifeboat Station" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Bude Lifeboat Station''' is the base for Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) search and rescue operations at Bude, Cornwall in the United Kingdom.", "It operates a lifeboats, which since 2012 has been the ''George Bird'' (D-756)." ], [ "History", "As a result of two shipwrecks in 1836, King William IV was petitioned to provide a lifeboat for Bude.", "This was built in Sunderland and was placed in service in 1837.Although approved by the National Institution for the Preservation of Life in Cases of Shipwreck (as the RNLI was known at the time), it was operated by a local independent association.", "It capsized during an exercise in 1844 and two of the crew were drowned.In 1853 the RNLI provided a new lifeboat and a lifeboat house was built next to the Bude Canal in 1863.On 3 March 1877 Coxswain James Maynard was drowned when the lifeboat capsized while returning from a service.This lifeboat station was closed in 1923.The RNLI began to station inshore lifeboats (ILBs) around Cornwall from 1964.These could provide quicker rescues to the increasing number of leisure craft that were being used.", "From 1966 one was stationed at Bude, kept in a building near the South Pier from where it was launched across the beach.", "Trials were made in 2000 to test a new site at Summerleaze Beach.", "These were successful and a new lifeboat station was opened there in 2002." ], [ "Awards", "W.H.", "Tredigo was awarded the RNLI silver medal after rescuing two men from a shipwreck on 9 October 1853.On 13 March 1858 he took part in a rescue with men from the Coastguard, together they saved 17 men from the ''Defence'' after it ran aground and the rescuers were awarded silver medals.", "The following year Tredigo earned a third silver medal for his part in rescuing the crews of the ''Union'' and the ''Anais'' when they were both wrecked in a storm on 26 October 1859.Coxswain James Maynard was awarded a gold medal by the Spanish government after rescuing the crew of a Spanish ship which ran aground north of Bude in 1865.In 1880, Coxswain T. Bate led the rescue of four people from a boat wrecked on Padstow breakwater, for which he received an RNLI silver medal.Members of Bude's ILB crew have been recognised for their bravery several times.", "The RNLI's 'Thanks inscribed on velum' was presented for rescues in 1993 and 1996, and framed letter of thanks were given to crew members by the RNLI's chairman after both these rescues and another in 1991." ], [ "Lifeboats", "===Pulling and sailing lifeboats==='Pulling and sailing' lifeboats were equipped with oars but could use sails when conditions allowed.", "'ON' is the RNLI's Official Number of the boat.", "ON Name Built At Bude Class Comments (None) ''The Royal Bude Lifeboat'' 1837 Independent lifeboat presented by King William IV.", "(None) (None) 1853 1853–1863 (None) ''Elizabeth Moore Garden'' 1863 1863–1886 Peake 52 ''Elizabeth Moore Garden'' 1885 1886–1911 Peake 616 ''Elizabeth Moore Garden'' 1911 1911–1923 Transferred to in Scotland after Bude closed.===Inshore lifeboats==='Op.", "No.'", "is the RNLI's Operational Number carried on the side of the boat.", "Name Built At Bude Class Comments D-96 (None) 1966 D-232 (None) 1975 1975–1987 D-343 (None) 1987 1987–1996 D-495 ''Elsie Frances II'' 1996 1996–2003 Transferred to D-422 ''Alec Dykes'' 1992 2004 Had previously operated from D-617 ''Henry Phillip'' 2004 2004–2012 D-756 ''George Bird'' 2014 2014–" ], [ "See also", "* List of RNLI stations" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* RNLI station information" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Matvey Kanikovskiy" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Matvey Gennadievich Kanikovskiy''' (, born 11 November 2001) is a Russian judoka and sambist.", "2022 Russian national champion.", "2023 European bronze medalist." ], [ "Background", "Kanikovskiy was born in Moscow, Russia.", "He started judo and sambo at age of 5.in Sambo-70 club." ], [ "Career", "In 2021, Kanikovskiy claimed the junior European title in Luxembourg.", "He was runner-up at the grand slam Abu Dhabi.In 2022, he won the senior Russian national championships held in Yekaterinburg at 100 kg and earned the gold medal at the grand slam Ulaanbaatar.In 2023, Matvey won the grand prix in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, two grand slam tournaments in Astana, Kazakhstan and Tokyo, Japan and came third at the European Championships.In 2024, he won the grand prix Odivelas, in the final match he over 2x world champion Nikoloz Sherazadishvili of Spain." ], [ "Achievements", " Year Tournament Place Weight class 2023 European Championships 3rd −100kg" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Kino Barrandov" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Kino Barrandov''' is the second channel of TV Barrandov group.", "The channel began broadcasting on 18 April 2015.Kino Barrandov is a thematic program focused primarily on acquisition film and serial production.", "The program is broadcast 24 hours a day in Czech language.", "The license for DVB-T and satellite broadcasting was granted on 17 February 2015." ], [ "Program", "The channel broadcasts programs of its own creation, such as ''Nebezpečné vztahy'', ''Jak to dopadlo!?''", "or ''Co bude dnes k večeři?''" ], [ "Broadcast", "Kino Barrandov broadcasts in Multiplex 23.Also in the cable network UPC and PODA, in IPTV O2TV and also in the Skylink satellite service." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Swansea Sound (band)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Swansea Sound''' are an indie pop band from Kent and Swansea, formed in 2020.The group reunites Amelia Fletcher and Hue Williams, who previously sang together in 1990s indie band The Pooh Sticks.", "The songs are written by Rob Pursey, Fletchers's husband and long-term musical partner in Heavenly, Marine Research and Tender Trap.", "Ian Button, formerly of Death in Vegas and Thrashing Doves plays drums.", "Bob Collins, of The Dentists, plays guitar." ], [ "History", "The band adopted the name of Welsh local radio station, Swansea Sound, on 1 September 2020, the day it was renamed Greatest Hits Radio South Wales.Formed in 2020, during the Covid pandemic, the band only intended to release a few singles.", "The first four were ''Corporate Indie Band, I Sold My Soul on eBay, Rock n Roll Void'' and ''Indies Of The World'', the latter of which entered the UK Physical Singles Top 10.Their first album 'Live At The Rum Puncheon', released in November 2021.Reflecting on the indie pedigree of the band members, Shindig!", "referred to them as \"indie-pop royalty,\" while AllMusic considered that it \"felt like an indie pop dream come to life.\"", "The album was not live, nor was it recorded at the Rum Puncheon, a notorious Swansea pub which closed down in the 1980s.", "Instead, due to the pandemic, it was recorded by the band members themselves in their respective homes, without ever meeting each other.", "The album was widely reviewed positively including in Uncut and Record Collector, the latter referring to it as \"packed full of hook-filled two-and-a-half-minute pop songs, offset by the underlying acerbic commentary on contemporary corporatisation and digital branding.", "\"Around the time of the debut album's release, the relaxation of Covid rules allowed the band to meet and play live, across the UK and in Paris.", "Second album 'Twentieth Century', released in September 2023, was more of a band effort.", "It again received widespread critical acclaim, including from Mojo, Record Collector, and Louder Than War.", "The band recorded a live session for the Riley&Coe show on BBC Radio 6 Music.In December 2022, the band released a single, ''Music Lover'', using a format they had invented: a CD single inside a Christmas card.", "They used same format the following December for ''Santa Bail Me Out''.Swansea Sound's sleeve artwork is by Welsh visual artist Catrin Saran James, who also provides Welsh language vocals on a number of tracks." ], [ "Discography", "=== Albums ===* ''Live At The Rum Puncheon'' (Skep Wax 005, 2021)* ''Twentieth Century'' (Skep Wax 015, 2023)" ], [ "See also", "* Talulah Gosh* The Pooh Sticks* Heavenly* The Dentists* Tender Trap* The Catenary Wires" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Elmira Y. Howard" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Elmira Y. Howard''' (3 May 1841 – 7 August 1921) was an American doctor and the first woman to open a medical practice in Cincinnati, Ohio.", "She was called \"the first woman physician to practise west of the Allegheny Mountains\"." ], [ "Life", "Elmira Y. Howard was born in Shelby, Ohio on 3 May 1841.In 1859, she married Jerome B. Howard, an artist.", "Jerome B. Howard, as an artist, was connected with the State Normal School of New York.", "They couple had three children: two boys and a girl.When the Civil War broke out, Jerome Howard volunteered.", "He was taken prisoner and died in Andersonville prison.", "Elmira Howard was 23 years old.The Howards' daughter, Ellen Jeanette, died in 1909 from consumption.", "Until her illness, Ellen Howard had co-owned and run a bookstore in Palmyra, Missouri." ], [ "Medical career", "Howard decided to study medicine, partly inspired by her daughter's disability.", "At the age of 27, she went to New York, where she entered the New York Medical College for Women.", "There, she studied alongside Susan McKinney Steward.", "Howard graduated in 1869.That year, Howard moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, where she opened an office for practice: the first woman in the city to do so.", "After three years developing the practice, in 1873, Howard went to Europe.", "There, she worked and studied in the Vienna General Hospital for nine months.", "She studied both allopathy and homeopathy.Howard was also secretary of the Cincinnati Theosophical Society.After 25 years in practice in Cincinnati, Howard moved to Marion County, Missouri.", "There, she continued to practice medicine, specializing in diseases of women and children, until her retirement.In 1894, Elizabeth Nourse, whose twin sister Howard probably attended during her last illness, was commissioned to create a portrait of Howard." ], [ "Later years and death", "During the last three years of her life, she lived with her son, Dr. Jerome Howard in Covington, Kentucky.", "She died there on Sunday 7 August 1921." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Tuomas Bryggari" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Tuomas Bryggari''' (8 December 188131 October 1964) was a Finnish trade unionist, politician and member of the Parliament of Finland, the national legislature of Finland.", "A member of the Social Democratic Party, he represented Vaasa Province East between September 1922 and July 1948.Prior to being elected, he was imprisoned for political reasons following the Finnish Civil War." ], [ "Early life", "Bryggari was born on 8 December 1881 in Jääski in the south-east of the Grand Duchy of Finland.", "He was the son of Paavo Bryggari and Maria Himmanen.", "He studied at public school for three grades.", "Bryggari started working as a child and had many jobs during his early life: farm worker/cattle herder, wheelwright, forestry worker, railway construction worker, dockworker and stonemason in Jääske and Helsinki.", "He was a construction worker on the Jyväskylä–Pieksämäki railway." ], [ "Trade unionism", "Bryggari became involved in trade unionism in 1905 and was blacklisted by employers.", "He was a speaker for the Union of Road and Water Construction Workers (Tie- ja vesirakennustyöläisten liitto) in northern Finland.", "He was on the board of the Helsinki Workers' Association (Helsingin Työväenyhdistys) and Finnish Stone Workers' Union (Suomen kivityöntekijäin liiton).", "During the August 1917 Helsinki strike Bryggari headed the delegation that met with the Russian Governor-General Mikhail Aleksandrovich Stakhovich and the Senate Vice-president Oskari Tokoi to present the strikers demands.In December 1917, Bryggari was chosen as one of speakers of the Uusimaa branch of the Social Democratic Party (SDP).", "Bryggari was amongst tens of thousands of leftists who were imprisoned in concentration camps for political reasons by the Whites following their victory in the Finnish Civil War.", "After being released, he was secretary of the Finnish Construction Workers' Union (Suomen Rakennustyöväen Liitto) in 1919 but was forced out after communists took over the union.", "He was an organiser, speaker and lecturer for the Finnish Trade Union Federation (SAJ) from 1920 to 1921.In 1930 the fascist regime in Finland dissolved the Construction Workers' Union using draconian anti-communist laws.", "Bryggari was chairman of the union's successor, the SDP led Construction Workers Union, from 1930.This construction union was also taken over by the communists and Bryggari was replaced as chairman by Uno Nurminen in 1939.After the SAJ was also banned in 1930 using anti-communist laws, the SDP established the Finnish Federation of Trade Unions (SAK).", "Bryggari played a key role in the SAK until 1937." ], [ "Politics", "Bryggari was the secretary of the Vaasa Province East branch of the SDP from 1921 to 1922.He was elected to the Parliament of Finland at the 1922 parliamentary election.", "He was re-elected at the 1924, 1927, 1929, 1930, 1933, 1936, 1939 and 1945 parliamentary elections.Bryggari, who was afflicted with silicosis from his days as a stonemason, fought for a wide interpretation of the Occupational Diseases Act.", "Officially there were few work-related illnesses but an investigation by a parliamentary committee in 1945-1946 found that the true levels of illnesses had been hidden from the public and that clinics were being overwhelmed by patients with work-related illnesses.", "Bryggari played a key role in the creation of the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health and the professional health and safety inspection regime.Bryggari belonged to the peace opposition during the latter stages of the Continuation War and after the war to the Fagerholm opposition which supported closer co-operation with the Finnish People's Democratic League, something the SDP leadership opposed.", "Bryggari was a presidential elector at the 1925, 1931, 1937, 1940, 1943 and 1950 presidential elections.", "After retiring form politics Bryggari was worked for the State Electrical Workshop (Valtion Sähköpajan) as an inspector between 1948 and 1951.He was the first chairman of the SDP affiliated National Pensioners' Union (Kansaneläkkeensaajien Keskusliiton).Bryggari died on 31 October 1964 in Helsinki." ], [ "Personal life", "Bryggari was married to Lempi Maria Juhontytär (née Bergman) (1887-1926) from 1909 to 1926.They had two daughters, Irja and Aino.", "He married Ida Wilhelmiina Lumivuokko (née Nieminen) in June 1938." ], [ "See also", "* List of Finnish MPs imprisoned for political reasons" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 South American Indoor Championships in Athletics" ], [ "Introduction", "'''2024 South American Indoor Championships in Athletics''' was the third edition of the biennial indoor athletics competition between South American nations.", "As for the previous two editions, the event was held in Cochabamba, Bolivia, on 27 and 28 January at the Estadio de Atletismo del Gobierno Autónomo Municipal de Cochabamba." ], [ "Medal summary", "===Men===60 metres 6.58 6.76 6.78400 metres 46.37 47.33 47.39800 metres 1:54.13 1:54.56 1:55.041500 metres 3:56.65 4:00.38 4:00.543000 metres 8:26.73 8:37.25 8:45.0560 metres hurdles 7.58 = 7.66 7.744 × 400 metres relayJavier GómezJulio RodríguezKelvis PadrinoJosé Antonio Maita 3:11.41 Mateo BustamanteMarcelo PérezIkenna Ibe-AkobiNery Peñaloza 3:17.98 ''Only two starting teams''High jump 2.21 m 2.15 m 2.15 mPole vault 5.20 m ''Only one classified athlete''Long jump 8.06 m 8.00 m 7.92 mTriple jump 16.24 m 16.22 m 16.00 mShot put 21.10 m 19.79 m 19.50 mHeptathlon 5741 pts 5644 pts 5623 pts===Women===60 metres 7.32 7.40 7.41400 metres 53.47 55.59 56.35800 metres 2:08.20 2:09.76 2:11.341500 metres 4:24.72 4:27.48 4:39.333000 metres 10:05.90 11:02.14 ''Only two starters''60 metres hurdles 8.09 8.55 8.824 × 400 metres relayCecilia GómezTania GuasaceValentina RojasMariana Arce 3:52.49Martina CoronatoMillie DíazMaría Pía FernándezSofia Ingold 4:09.39 ''Only two starting teams''High jump 1.85 m 1.82 m 1.70 mPole vault 4.20 m 4.00 m ''Only two starters''Long jump 6.49 m 6.49 m 6.32 mTriple jump 14.04 m 12.82 m 12.81 mShot put 17.74 m 16.63 m ''Only two starters''Pentathlon 3624 pts 3617 pts 3410 pts" ], [ "Medal table" ], [ "Participation", "Ten member federations participated in the championships." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Live results* Results at World Athletics" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Barrandov Krimi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Barrandov Krimi''' (formerly Barrandov Plus) is the third TV channel of the TV Barrandov group.", "It started airing on 16 May 2015.It is the next launched channel of the TV Barrandov group after the Kino Barrandov channel, which started broadcasting a month earlier." ], [ "Name change", "On February 1, 2019, the name of the channel changed from Barrandov Plus to Barrandov Krimi.", "The program composition did not change significantly." ], [ "Program", "During the day, the channel primarily broadcasts TV Barrandov's own creations, such as the programs Soudkyně Barbara, Soudce Alexandr, Odvolací soud, 112, Nehoda není náhoda but also foreign crime series Pfarrer Braun." ], [ "Broadcasting", "Barrandov Krimi broadcasts in Multiplex 23.Also on Skylink in the Digital package, in UPC – prefix 152 (Barrandov Krimi HD position 16, SD version 165) and O2 TV in position 106." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Why Do the Heathen Rage? (novel)" ], [ "Introduction", "First Edition cover 2024'''''Why Do the Heathen Rage?'''''", "is an incomplete novel by the American author Flannery O'Connor.", "The manuscript was edited and assembled by Jessica Hooten Wilson and published in 2024 by Brazos Press under the title, ''Flannery O'Connor's Why Do the Heathen Rage?", "A Behind-the-Scenes Look at a Work in Progress.''" ], [ "History", "A year before O'Connor's death, a fragment first appeared as \"Why Do the Heathens Rage?\"", "in the July 1963 edition of ''Esquire,'' which was devoted to writers' works-in-progress.", "Above the fragment was the editorial note, \"Flannery O'Connor's first two novels were ''Wise Blood'' and ''The Violent Bear It Away--''her third novel is as yet untitled, and she says it may be years before it's finished.", "This excerpt is from the beginning section.\"", "The same fragment appeared in O'Connor's ''The Complete Stories'' (1971) and in her Library of America ''Collected Works'' (1988).In her Introduction to her critical edition of the novel, Jessica Hooten Wilson, a professor at Pepperdine University and the author of several books about Christianity and literature, explains that in 1970, Georgia College and State University acquired 378 typed and hand-edited pages of the unfinished manuscript, which she began examining in 2009.Since O'Connor left no outline or indication of how the action of the novel would unfold, Wilson made \"editorial choices\" about how to present the episodes to a reader." ], [ "Characters and plot", "The fragments revolve around Walter Tilman, a twenty-eight year-old man recovering from an unnamed illness who lives with his parents on a farm named Meadow Oaks.", "One of Walter's hobbies is writing letters to public figures.", "He has written to Oona Gibbs, an activist at a commune named Fellowship Farm, but has done so in the guise of a Black man in order to mock her aspirations and desire for social justice.", "Oona does not know that Walter has misrepresented himself in this way and writes back an enthusiastic letter about her life and aims as a reformer.", "Walter further leads her to believe he is a Black farmer by taking a number of photographs of the farm at Meadow Oaks and becomes convinced that she will come to visit him.", "However, after a period in which he feels guilty for his actions, Walter sends a telegram to Oona, insisting that she not come to Meadow Oakes.", "O'Connor lets the reader know what Walter does not: that Oona is already on her way.", "Other fragments detail Oona's childhood and mother, Walter's father's stroke, Walter's baptism, and Walter noticing his estranged aunt at a lecture." ], [ "Reception", "''Publishers Weekly'' noted, \"Wilson does a great service in resurrecting one of O’Connor’s lesser-known works.\"", "Writing in the ''National Catholic Register'', Kathy Schiffer praised Wilson's commentary, which \"offers so much that the reader may not have known.\"", "In ''Our Sunday Visitor'', Kenneth Craycraft argues that offering these fragments as an \"unfinished novel\" is misleading, but also calls it an \"important book\" and praises Wilson for her \"service to O’Connor readers in providing us with this brief but penetrating study of an artist struggling to find a particular kind of voice.\"" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 UConn Huskies football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 UConn Huskies football team''' will represent the University of Connecticut (UConn) as an independent during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.", "The Huskies are led by Jim L. Mora in his third year as the head coach.", "The Huskies will play home games at Pratt & Whitney Stadium at Rentschler Field, located in East Hartford, Connecticut." ], [ "Schedule" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "My Priest Among the Rich (1938 film)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''My Priest Among the Rich''''' (French: '''''Mon curé chez les riches''''') is a 1938 French comedy film directed by Jean Boyer and starring Bach, Elvire Popesco and André Alerme.", "The film's sets were designed by the art director Jacques Colombier.", "It was based on the 1923 novel of the same title by Clément Vautel, the third film adaptation to be made." ], [ "Cast", "* Bach as \tL'abbé Pellegrin* Elvire Popesco as \tLisette Cousinet* André Alerme as \tÉmile Cousinet * Alice Tissot as \tUne dame patronesse* Jeanne Fusier-Gir as \tUne dame patronesse* Jane Sourza as Une dame patronesse * Maximilienne as Une dame patronesse* Jacqueline Marsan as \tSylvette* Line Dariel as \tValérie* Monique Bert as La femme de chambre* Jean Dax as \tMonsieur de Sableuse* Henri Monteux as \tMonseigneur \t* Marcel Vallée as \tProfilex - le maire-docteur* Raymond Cordy as \tPlumoiseau* Raymond Aimos as \tTriboulet * Paul Cambo as \tPierre de Sableuse" ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Bessy, Maurice & Chirat, Raymond.", "''Histoire du cinéma français: encyclopédie des films, Volume 2''.", "Pygmalion, 1986.", "* Crisp, Colin.", "''Genre, Myth and Convention in the French Cinema, 1929-1939''.", "Indiana University Press, 2002.", "* Rège, Philippe.", "''Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1''.", "Scarecrow Press, 2009." ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Rosita Reijnhout" ], [ "Introduction", "''' Rosita Reijnhout''' (born 8 April 2004) is a Dutch professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's WorldTeam .", "She won the 2024 Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race, an event on the UCI Women's World Tour." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia

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