id
int64 12
1.07M
| title
stringlengths 1
124
| text
stringlengths 0
228k
| paragraphs
list | abstract
stringlengths 0
123k
| date_created
stringlengths 0
20
| date_modified
stringlengths 20
20
| templates
list | url
stringlengths 31
154
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
75,483,808 |
Ali Kaiser Hasan Morshed
|
Ali Kaiser Hasan Morshed (died 23 November 2023) was a Bangladeshi diplomat. He served as the ambassador of Bangladesh and the Foreign Secretary. He was the chairman of the Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies.
Morshed was born to KG Morshed and Zuleikha Morshed. He completed his undergraduate studies from University of Oxford in 1956 and masters in law from Harvard Law School in 1958.
Morshed joined foreign service branch of Pakistan Civil Service in 1957.
In 1970, Morshed was the councilor at the Embassy of Pakistan in Australia.
After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Morshed served as the Deputy High Commissioner for Bangladesh to Australia from 1971 to 1972. He was the Director General of subcontinental affairs in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from July 1972 to October 1976. He was the ambassador of Bangladesh to Brazil from October 1976 to April 1979.
From May 1979 to July 1982, Morshed was the ambassador of Bangladesh to West Germany. He was the Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations Office at Geneva from 1982 to 1984. From 1984 to 1986, he was the secretary of state at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was the ambassador of Bangladesh to West Germany from 1986 to 1988.
Morshed was the foreign secretary of Bangladesh from 25 June 1989 to 21 October 1989. After retiring he served the chairman of Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies from 1989 to 1997.
Morshed was married Suraiya Morshed. Their daughter, Lamiya Morshed, is the executive director of Yunus Centre of Muhammad Yunus.
Morshed died on 23 November 2023 in United Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ali Kaiser Hasan Morshed (died 23 November 2023) was a Bangladeshi diplomat. He served as the ambassador of Bangladesh and the Foreign Secretary. He was the chairman of the Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Morshed was born to KG Morshed and Zuleikha Morshed. He completed his undergraduate studies from University of Oxford in 1956 and masters in law from Harvard Law School in 1958.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Morshed joined foreign service branch of Pakistan Civil Service in 1957.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1970, Morshed was the councilor at the Embassy of Pakistan in Australia.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Morshed served as the Deputy High Commissioner for Bangladesh to Australia from 1971 to 1972. He was the Director General of subcontinental affairs in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from July 1972 to October 1976. He was the ambassador of Bangladesh to Brazil from October 1976 to April 1979.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "From May 1979 to July 1982, Morshed was the ambassador of Bangladesh to West Germany. He was the Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations Office at Geneva from 1982 to 1984. From 1984 to 1986, he was the secretary of state at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was the ambassador of Bangladesh to West Germany from 1986 to 1988.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Morshed was the foreign secretary of Bangladesh from 25 June 1989 to 21 October 1989. After retiring he served the chairman of Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies from 1989 to 1997.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Morshed was married Suraiya Morshed. Their daughter, Lamiya Morshed, is the executive director of Yunus Centre of Muhammad Yunus.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Morshed died on 23 November 2023 in United Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.",
"title": "Death"
}
] |
Ali Kaiser Hasan Morshed was a Bangladeshi diplomat. He served as the ambassador of Bangladesh and the Foreign Secretary. He was the chairman of the Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies.
|
2023-12-04T17:27:17Z
|
2023-12-05T21:47:23Z
|
[
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Kaiser_Hasan_Morshed
|
75,483,818 |
Pororoca (film)
|
Pororoca is a 2017 Romanian psychological thriller film directed by Constantin Popescu and starring Bogdan Dumitrache [ro] and Iulia Lumânare [ro]. It is about a family and its struggles when its 5-year-old daughter disappears. The film premiered at the 2017 San Sebastián International Film Festival and was released in Romania on 19 January 2018.
Dumitrache won the Best Actor award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival. Popescu received the Gopo Award for Best Director for the film.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Pororoca is a 2017 Romanian psychological thriller film directed by Constantin Popescu and starring Bogdan Dumitrache [ro] and Iulia Lumânare [ro]. It is about a family and its struggles when its 5-year-old daughter disappears. The film premiered at the 2017 San Sebastián International Film Festival and was released in Romania on 19 January 2018.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Dumitrache won the Best Actor award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival. Popescu received the Gopo Award for Best Director for the film.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Pororoca is a 2017 Romanian psychological thriller film directed by Constantin Popescu and starring Bogdan Dumitrache and Iulia Lumânare. It is about a family and its struggles when its 5-year-old daughter disappears. The film premiered at the 2017 San Sebastián International Film Festival and was released in Romania on 19 January 2018. Dumitrache won the Best Actor award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival. Popescu received the Gopo Award for Best Director for the film.
|
2023-12-04T17:28:16Z
|
2023-12-04T17:39:43Z
|
[
"Template:Rotten tomatoes",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox film",
"Template:Ill",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Imdb title"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pororoca_(film)
|
75,483,828 |
2011 North Dorset District Council election
|
Elections to North Dorset District Council were held on 5 May 2011, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. All 33 seats were up for election. The Conservative Party retained control of the council.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Elections to North Dorset District Council were held on 5 May 2011, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. All 33 seats were up for election. The Conservative Party retained control of the council.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Elections to North Dorset District Council were held on 5 May 2011, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. All 33 seats were up for election. The Conservative Party retained control of the council.
|
2023-12-04T17:30:18Z
|
2023-12-04T17:30:18Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Increase",
"Template:Decrease",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Dorset elections",
"Template:United Kingdom local elections, 2011",
"Template:UK-election-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_North_Dorset_District_Council_election
|
75,483,831 |
The World EP.Fin: Will
|
The World EP.Fin: Will is the second Korean-language and fourth overall studio album by South Korean boy band Ateez, released on December 1, 2023, through KQ Entertainment, RCA Records and Legacy Recordings. It is the final installment in the group's The World series, following six months after The World EP.2: Outlaw. The album was released simultaneously with the single "Crazy Form" and its music video. The World EP.Fin: Will debuted at number one in South Korea and the US.
The group's leader Hongjoong commented that the album "wraps up [their first] five years as Ateez and previews what is to come in the following years", and pointed out that they included unit and solo songs "for the first time". Hongjoong also explained that the first choice of song for the album was "Crazy Form", with the rest of the album built around the single.
Billboard's Jason Lipshutz wrote that "every inch of the album is filled with percussive breakdowns, rap verses springing into melodic hooks and cleanly delivered interplay between the various group members".
The World EP.Fin: Will sold over 910,000 copies in its first day of availability in South Korea according to the Hanteo Chart. The album debuted at number one on the Circle Album Chart, selling a combined 1.6 million copies of its two charting versions in South Korea in its first week.
The album debuted atop the US Billboard 200 with 152,000 album-equivalent units, of which 146,000 were pure album sales. It is Ateez' first number-one and fourth top-10 album in the US.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The World EP.Fin: Will is the second Korean-language and fourth overall studio album by South Korean boy band Ateez, released on December 1, 2023, through KQ Entertainment, RCA Records and Legacy Recordings. It is the final installment in the group's The World series, following six months after The World EP.2: Outlaw. The album was released simultaneously with the single \"Crazy Form\" and its music video. The World EP.Fin: Will debuted at number one in South Korea and the US.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The group's leader Hongjoong commented that the album \"wraps up [their first] five years as Ateez and previews what is to come in the following years\", and pointed out that they included unit and solo songs \"for the first time\". Hongjoong also explained that the first choice of song for the album was \"Crazy Form\", with the rest of the album built around the single.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Billboard's Jason Lipshutz wrote that \"every inch of the album is filled with percussive breakdowns, rap verses springing into melodic hooks and cleanly delivered interplay between the various group members\".",
"title": "Critical reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The World EP.Fin: Will sold over 910,000 copies in its first day of availability in South Korea according to the Hanteo Chart. The album debuted at number one on the Circle Album Chart, selling a combined 1.6 million copies of its two charting versions in South Korea in its first week.",
"title": "Commercial performance"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The album debuted atop the US Billboard 200 with 152,000 album-equivalent units, of which 146,000 were pure album sales. It is Ateez' first number-one and fourth top-10 album in the US.",
"title": "Commercial performance"
}
] |
The World EP.Fin: Will is the second Korean-language and fourth overall studio album by South Korean boy band Ateez, released on December 1, 2023, through KQ Entertainment, RCA Records and Legacy Recordings. It is the final installment in the group's The World series, following six months after The World EP.2: Outlaw. The album was released simultaneously with the single "Crazy Form" and its music video. The World EP.Fin: Will debuted at number one in South Korea and the US.
|
2023-12-04T17:31:45Z
|
2023-12-30T21:11:36Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite magazine",
"Template:Ateez",
"Template:'",
"Template:Col-end",
"Template:Col-begin",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:Track listing",
"Template:Album chart",
"Template:Infobox album",
"Template:Col-2"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_EP.Fin:_Will
|
75,483,844 |
Ronald A. Russo
|
Ronald A. Russo (born 1941) is an American naturalist who has developed specialties in the biology of leopard sharks, and in plant galls of the western North America, especially the galls of western oak species. He has been a frequent contributor to California Fish and Wildlife Journal.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ronald A. Russo (born 1941) is an American naturalist who has developed specialties in the biology of leopard sharks, and in plant galls of the western North America, especially the galls of western oak species. He has been a frequent contributor to California Fish and Wildlife Journal.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Ronald A. Russo is an American naturalist who has developed specialties in the biology of leopard sharks, and in plant galls of the western North America, especially the galls of western oak species. He has been a frequent contributor to California Fish and Wildlife Journal.
|
2023-12-04T17:34:20Z
|
2023-12-04T21:32:15Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_A._Russo
|
75,483,849 |
2007 North Dorset District Council election
|
Elections to North Dorset District Council were held on 3 May 2007, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. All 33 seats were up for election. The Conservative Party gained the council from no overall control.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Elections to North Dorset District Council were held on 3 May 2007, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. All 33 seats were up for election. The Conservative Party gained the council from no overall control.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Elections to North Dorset District Council were held on 3 May 2007, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. All 33 seats were up for election. The Conservative Party gained the council from no overall control.
|
2023-12-04T17:34:51Z
|
2023-12-04T17:34:51Z
|
[
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Dorset elections",
"Template:United Kingdom local elections, 2007",
"Template:UK-election-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Increase",
"Template:No change",
"Template:Decrease"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_North_Dorset_District_Council_election
|
75,483,871 |
2003 North Dorset District Council election
|
Elections to North Dorset District Council were held on 1 May 2003, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. All 33 seats were up for election and the council remained under no overall control.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Elections to North Dorset District Council were held on 1 May 2003, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. All 33 seats were up for election and the council remained under no overall control.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Elections to North Dorset District Council were held on 1 May 2003, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. All 33 seats were up for election and the council remained under no overall control.
|
2023-12-04T17:37:54Z
|
2023-12-04T17:37:54Z
|
[
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Dorset elections",
"Template:United Kingdom local elections, 2003",
"Template:UK-election-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:No change",
"Template:Increase",
"Template:Decrease"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_North_Dorset_District_Council_election
|
75,483,872 |
Cora Laparcerie
|
Marie-Caroline Laparcerie, known as Cora Laparcerie (9 November 9, 1875 Morcenx - 28 August 1951 Paris) was a French actress, poet and theater director.
Cora Laparcerie was noticed by the actor Benoît-Constant Coquelin and began her career at the Odéon theater , in 1896.
On 6 May 1901, she married the the poet Jacques Richepin , whose works she performed. Director of several Parisian theaters, notably the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens (1907-1913), the Théâtre de la Renaissance (1913-1928), the Théâtre Mogador (1923-1924), and La Scala , in 1920 she created the play Mon homme by Francis Carco , whose title song, composed by Albert Willemetz and Maurice Yvain , would become a huge success . She was leading lady for Pierre Frondaie,
In 1926, she received the Legion of Honor from Édouard Herriot, but fell seriously ill in 1927 and had to cease her theatrical career. However, she continued to direct, became a columnist in the magazine Comœdia. On 9 June 1935, she performed La Vraie Carmen on Radio-Paris .
She died in Paris on 28 August 1951, at 75 years old.3 She is buried in the Richepin family chapel on Tristan Island in Douarnenez , alongside her husband , his son and his daughter Miarka.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Marie-Caroline Laparcerie, known as Cora Laparcerie (9 November 9, 1875 Morcenx - 28 August 1951 Paris) was a French actress, poet and theater director.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Cora Laparcerie was noticed by the actor Benoît-Constant Coquelin and began her career at the Odéon theater , in 1896.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On 6 May 1901, she married the the poet Jacques Richepin , whose works she performed. Director of several Parisian theaters, notably the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens (1907-1913), the Théâtre de la Renaissance (1913-1928), the Théâtre Mogador (1923-1924), and La Scala , in 1920 she created the play Mon homme by Francis Carco , whose title song, composed by Albert Willemetz and Maurice Yvain , would become a huge success . She was leading lady for Pierre Frondaie,",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1926, she received the Legion of Honor from Édouard Herriot, but fell seriously ill in 1927 and had to cease her theatrical career. However, she continued to direct, became a columnist in the magazine Comœdia. On 9 June 1935, she performed La Vraie Carmen on Radio-Paris .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "She died in Paris on 28 August 1951, at 75 years old.3 She is buried in the Richepin family chapel on Tristan Island in Douarnenez , alongside her husband , his son and his daughter Miarka.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] |
Marie-Caroline Laparcerie, known as Cora Laparcerie was a French actress, poet and theater director.
|
2023-12-04T17:38:01Z
|
2023-12-18T19:28:49Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:AfC submission"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora_Laparcerie
|
75,483,912 |
Ulysses Guimarães Convention Center
|
The Ulysses Guimarães Convention Center (Portuguese: Centro de Convenções Ulysses Guimarães, CCUG), formerly the Brasília Convention Center (Portuguese: Centro de Convenções de Brasília) is a convention center located in Brasília. It was designed by Sérgio Bernandes in 1973 and was inaugurated on 12 March 1979, being refurbished in 2005. It was renamed in 1992 to honor Ulysses Guimarães. The convention center is part of Brasílias Cultural Diffusion Sector, in the Monumental Axis, along with the Brasília Planetarium and the Brasília Choro Club.
The convention center is split into three wings, the west wing, the south wing, and the north wing.
Comprising the area of the original Convention Center designed by Sérgio Bernardes in the 1970s, it has a free space of 2 thousand square meters on the ground and four auditoriums, named Alvorada, Planalto, Águas Claras and Buriti.
An air-conditioned wing designed for exhibitions and fairs with 10,200 square meters. It has a ground floor and a mezzanine.
In the North Wing, in addition to the Master Auditorium, with capacity for more than 3 thousand people, the wing has 13 modular rooms, a multipurpose area, dressing rooms, a VIP room and a press room.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Ulysses Guimarães Convention Center (Portuguese: Centro de Convenções Ulysses Guimarães, CCUG), formerly the Brasília Convention Center (Portuguese: Centro de Convenções de Brasília) is a convention center located in Brasília. It was designed by Sérgio Bernandes in 1973 and was inaugurated on 12 March 1979, being refurbished in 2005. It was renamed in 1992 to honor Ulysses Guimarães. The convention center is part of Brasílias Cultural Diffusion Sector, in the Monumental Axis, along with the Brasília Planetarium and the Brasília Choro Club.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The convention center is split into three wings, the west wing, the south wing, and the north wing.",
"title": "Facilities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Comprising the area of the original Convention Center designed by Sérgio Bernardes in the 1970s, it has a free space of 2 thousand square meters on the ground and four auditoriums, named Alvorada, Planalto, Águas Claras and Buriti.",
"title": "Facilities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "An air-conditioned wing designed for exhibitions and fairs with 10,200 square meters. It has a ground floor and a mezzanine.",
"title": "Facilities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In the North Wing, in addition to the Master Auditorium, with capacity for more than 3 thousand people, the wing has 13 modular rooms, a multipurpose area, dressing rooms, a VIP room and a press room.",
"title": "Facilities"
}
] |
The Ulysses Guimarães Convention Center, formerly the Brasília Convention Center is a convention center located in Brasília. It was designed by Sérgio Bernandes in 1973 and was inaugurated on 12 March 1979, being refurbished in 2005. It was renamed in 1992 to honor Ulysses Guimarães. The convention center is part of Brasílias Cultural Diffusion Sector, in the Monumental Axis, along with the Brasília Planetarium and the Brasília Choro Club.
|
2023-12-04T17:43:44Z
|
2023-12-07T15:04:57Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Commons category",
"Template:Infobox building",
"Template:Lang-pt"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_Guimar%C3%A3es_Convention_Center
|
75,483,914 |
A Moroccan Affair
|
A Moroccan Affair (Spanish: Ocho apellidos marroquís) is a 2023 Spanish romantic comedy film directed by Álvaro Fernández Armero from a screenplay by Daniel Castro which stars Julián López, Michelle Jenner, Elena Irureta, and María Ramos. Originally known under the title of Casi familia ('Almost Family'), it was retitled and rebranded as a sequel to box-office hits Spanish Affair and Spanish Affair 2.
Upon the death of rich Cantabrian canning businessman José María, José María's widow Carmen, daughter Begoña, and Begoña's ex Guillermo, travel to Essaouira to recover the patriarch's first fishing vessel. Amid cultural clashes, they find out about José María's secret daughter in Morocco, Hamida.
The film is a Telecinco Cinema, Lazona, Pris&Batty and Toto Films AIE production and it had the participation of Mediaset España, Movistar Plus+, and Mediterráneo Mediaset España Group, and financial backing from ICAA. It was shot in between Morocco (Essaouira), Cantabria (San Vicente de la Barquera), and Madrid.
Distributed by Universal Pictures International Spain, the film was released theatrically in Spain on 1 December 2023. It had a domestic box-office gross over €1.68 million in its opening weekend, good for the 2nd largest debut for a Spanish film in 2023, but trailing well below the figures of its predecessors. The film generated an online bashing by users taking chance to convey an "anti-Woke" and racist message, elliding the questioning of the film on its cinematographic merits.
Alberto Corona of eldiario.es concluded that the film "is bad even by its miserable standards, but that is not the worst part: the worst part is that we have yet to suffer through many similar films".
Fran Chico of Fotogramas rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, citing Irureta's performance as a positive point, while writing that the film is "it is still [no more than] a romantic comedy for quick consumption".
Raquel Hernández Luján of HobbyConsolas rated the film with 37 points ('bad'), deeming it to be less fun than its predecessors.
Luis Martínez of El Mundo rated the film with 2 stars, writing that the film "laughs at the Spanish right. Or so its pretends", but lamenting that it attempts to be humorous "without hurting; scratching the conscience, but without drawing blood".
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "A Moroccan Affair (Spanish: Ocho apellidos marroquís) is a 2023 Spanish romantic comedy film directed by Álvaro Fernández Armero from a screenplay by Daniel Castro which stars Julián López, Michelle Jenner, Elena Irureta, and María Ramos. Originally known under the title of Casi familia ('Almost Family'), it was retitled and rebranded as a sequel to box-office hits Spanish Affair and Spanish Affair 2.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Upon the death of rich Cantabrian canning businessman José María, José María's widow Carmen, daughter Begoña, and Begoña's ex Guillermo, travel to Essaouira to recover the patriarch's first fishing vessel. Amid cultural clashes, they find out about José María's secret daughter in Morocco, Hamida.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The film is a Telecinco Cinema, Lazona, Pris&Batty and Toto Films AIE production and it had the participation of Mediaset España, Movistar Plus+, and Mediterráneo Mediaset España Group, and financial backing from ICAA. It was shot in between Morocco (Essaouira), Cantabria (San Vicente de la Barquera), and Madrid.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Distributed by Universal Pictures International Spain, the film was released theatrically in Spain on 1 December 2023. It had a domestic box-office gross over €1.68 million in its opening weekend, good for the 2nd largest debut for a Spanish film in 2023, but trailing well below the figures of its predecessors. The film generated an online bashing by users taking chance to convey an \"anti-Woke\" and racist message, elliding the questioning of the film on its cinematographic merits.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Alberto Corona of eldiario.es concluded that the film \"is bad even by its miserable standards, but that is not the worst part: the worst part is that we have yet to suffer through many similar films\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Fran Chico of Fotogramas rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, citing Irureta's performance as a positive point, while writing that the film is \"it is still [no more than] a romantic comedy for quick consumption\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Raquel Hernández Luján of HobbyConsolas rated the film with 37 points ('bad'), deeming it to be less fun than its predecessors.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Luis Martínez of El Mundo rated the film with 2 stars, writing that the film \"laughs at the Spanish right. Or so its pretends\", but lamenting that it attempts to be humorous \"without hurting; scratching the conscience, but without drawing blood\".",
"title": "Reception"
}
] |
A Moroccan Affair is a 2023 Spanish romantic comedy film directed by Álvaro Fernández Armero from a screenplay by Daniel Castro which stars Julián López, Michelle Jenner, Elena Irureta, and María Ramos. Originally known under the title of Casi familia, it was retitled and rebranded as a sequel to box-office hits Spanish Affair and Spanish Affair 2.
|
2023-12-04T17:44:27Z
|
2023-12-11T17:36:48Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Infobox film",
"Template:Lang-es",
"Template:Cast listing"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Moroccan_Affair
|
75,483,922 |
Beglika
|
Beglika (Bulgarian: Беглика) is a small reservoir situated in the Western Rhodope Mountains of southern Bulgaria. Its lies in Batak Municipality in the southern part of Pazardzhik Province and forms part of the Batak Hydropower Cascade (254 MW).
Beglika is situated immediately under the dam of the Golyam Beglik Reservoir and serves as a seasonal equalizer of waters from the catchment of the Beglishka reka, a tributary of the Devinska reka in the Vacha drainage. Constructed in in 1954–1956, it has a 18.3 m high concrete gravity dam with a length of 73.5 m. The dam forms a lake with an area of 0.3 km and a volume of 1.6 million m.
It has a spillway with two openings of 9 m each and a maximum spillway capacity of 120 m/s. The main outlet is a pipe with a diameter of 600 mm and a capacity of 3.0 m/s. Beglika has a pumping station, through which its waters are pumped into the main pressure derivation of the Batak Hydro Power Plant or are diverted upstream to Golyam Beglik.
The reservoir is located 2 km southeast of the Beglika Reserve, established in 1960 to protect old-growth forests of Norway spruce (Picea abies), which contains the only populations of Dasiphora fruticosa and Astragalus alopecurus in the Balkans.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Beglika (Bulgarian: Беглика) is a small reservoir situated in the Western Rhodope Mountains of southern Bulgaria. Its lies in Batak Municipality in the southern part of Pazardzhik Province and forms part of the Batak Hydropower Cascade (254 MW).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Beglika is situated immediately under the dam of the Golyam Beglik Reservoir and serves as a seasonal equalizer of waters from the catchment of the Beglishka reka, a tributary of the Devinska reka in the Vacha drainage. Constructed in in 1954–1956, it has a 18.3 m high concrete gravity dam with a length of 73.5 m. The dam forms a lake with an area of 0.3 km and a volume of 1.6 million m.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "It has a spillway with two openings of 9 m each and a maximum spillway capacity of 120 m/s. The main outlet is a pipe with a diameter of 600 mm and a capacity of 3.0 m/s. Beglika has a pumping station, through which its waters are pumped into the main pressure derivation of the Batak Hydro Power Plant or are diverted upstream to Golyam Beglik.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The reservoir is located 2 km southeast of the Beglika Reserve, established in 1960 to protect old-growth forests of Norway spruce (Picea abies), which contains the only populations of Dasiphora fruticosa and Astragalus alopecurus in the Balkans.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Beglika is a small reservoir situated in the Western Rhodope Mountains of southern Bulgaria. Its lies in Batak Municipality in the southern part of Pazardzhik Province and forms part of the Batak Hydropower Cascade (254 MW). Beglika is situated immediately under the dam of the Golyam Beglik Reservoir and serves as a seasonal equalizer of waters from the catchment of the Beglishka reka, a tributary of the Devinska reka in the Vacha drainage. Constructed in in 1954–1956, it has a 18.3 m high concrete gravity dam with a length of 73.5 m. The dam forms a lake with an area of 0.3 km2 and a volume of 1.6 million m3. It has a spillway with two openings of 9 m each and a maximum spillway capacity of 120 m3/s. The main outlet is a pipe with a diameter of 600 mm and a capacity of 3.0 m3/s. Beglika has a pumping station, through which its waters are pumped into the main pressure derivation of the Batak Hydro Power Plant or are diverted upstream to Golyam Beglik. The reservoir is located 2 km southeast of the Beglika Reserve, established in 1960 to protect old-growth forests of Norway spruce, which contains the only populations of Dasiphora fruticosa and Astragalus alopecurus in the Balkans.
|
2023-12-04T17:45:14Z
|
2023-12-04T22:04:48Z
|
[
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Batak Hydropower Cascade",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Lang-bg",
"Template:Harvnb",
"Template:Commons category",
"Template:Infobox dam",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beglika
|
75,483,937 |
Mast Mein Rehne Ka
|
Mast Mein Rehne Ka is 2023 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film directed by Vijay Maurya, written and produced by Vijay Maurya and Payal Arora. It stars Jackie Shroff and Neena Gupta in the lead role with Abhishek Chauhan, Monika Panwar, Faisal Malik and Rakhi Sawant.
It was released directly on Amazon Prime Video, on 8 December 2023.
“A man chooses an old widower's home for his first robbery, kicking off a set of events that have them both look at life in a new way and with new companions in the starkness of the city of Mumbai.
Kamath, a solitary widower trapped in a rigid routine, is jolted out of his comfort zone when his Mumbai apartment is burgled. Unnerved by the police's remarks on his isolation, he embarks on a quest for connection, striking up awkward conversations with strangers. His path crosses Mrs. Handa, a vivacious Punjabi woman, and his curiosity compels him to follow her. This chance encounter lands them both in the police station, victims of another robbery, where their awkwardness blossoms into an unlikely friendship.
United by their shared vulnerability and newfound companionship, Kamath and Mrs. Handa forge a delightful bond. They embark on small adventures, venturing into empty houses with a childlike sense of mischief. Their escapades take an unexpected turn when they stumble upon the thief who wronged them, setting in motion a chain of events that intertwine their seemingly separate lives.
In a series of comical confrontations and heartwarming moments, Kamath and Mrs. Handa navigate the unpredictable twists of fate, each rediscovering their inner strength and resilience. Their journey not only exposes the vulnerabilities of urban life but also celebrates the transformative power of human connection, proving that life, even in its later chapters, can be full of adventure and joy.
Alka Sahani of The Indian Express gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said The film starring Jackie Shroff and Neena Gupta brings back trust in mankind. Optimism is the driving force behind this modern Mumbai story. Bhavna Agarwal of India Today writes in her review stating that The movie 'Mast Main Rehne Ka' deftly examines the issue of old people regaining emotional ties. The movie deftly examines the issue of old people regaining emotional ties.Mayur Sanap of Rediff.com stated that Mast Mein Rehne Ka is an incredibly relatable movie that will have you both laughing out loud and rooting for the characters. Nandini Ramnath of Scroll.in writes that the movie also has little time to stop for reason or coherence, racing instead to jump from one humorous or well-observed moment to the next. The creators discuss a variety of topics, such as Mumbai's propensity for verbal outbursts, the harshness of poverty, and loneliness—particularly among elderly citizens.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mast Mein Rehne Ka is 2023 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film directed by Vijay Maurya, written and produced by Vijay Maurya and Payal Arora. It stars Jackie Shroff and Neena Gupta in the lead role with Abhishek Chauhan, Monika Panwar, Faisal Malik and Rakhi Sawant.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It was released directly on Amazon Prime Video, on 8 December 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "“A man chooses an old widower's home for his first robbery, kicking off a set of events that have them both look at life in a new way and with new companions in the starkness of the city of Mumbai.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Kamath, a solitary widower trapped in a rigid routine, is jolted out of his comfort zone when his Mumbai apartment is burgled. Unnerved by the police's remarks on his isolation, he embarks on a quest for connection, striking up awkward conversations with strangers. His path crosses Mrs. Handa, a vivacious Punjabi woman, and his curiosity compels him to follow her. This chance encounter lands them both in the police station, victims of another robbery, where their awkwardness blossoms into an unlikely friendship.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "United by their shared vulnerability and newfound companionship, Kamath and Mrs. Handa forge a delightful bond. They embark on small adventures, venturing into empty houses with a childlike sense of mischief. Their escapades take an unexpected turn when they stumble upon the thief who wronged them, setting in motion a chain of events that intertwine their seemingly separate lives.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In a series of comical confrontations and heartwarming moments, Kamath and Mrs. Handa navigate the unpredictable twists of fate, each rediscovering their inner strength and resilience. Their journey not only exposes the vulnerabilities of urban life but also celebrates the transformative power of human connection, proving that life, even in its later chapters, can be full of adventure and joy.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Alka Sahani of The Indian Express gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said The film starring Jackie Shroff and Neena Gupta brings back trust in mankind. Optimism is the driving force behind this modern Mumbai story. Bhavna Agarwal of India Today writes in her review stating that The movie 'Mast Main Rehne Ka' deftly examines the issue of old people regaining emotional ties. The movie deftly examines the issue of old people regaining emotional ties.Mayur Sanap of Rediff.com stated that Mast Mein Rehne Ka is an incredibly relatable movie that will have you both laughing out loud and rooting for the characters. Nandini Ramnath of Scroll.in writes that the movie also has little time to stop for reason or coherence, racing instead to jump from one humorous or well-observed moment to the next. The creators discuss a variety of topics, such as Mumbai's propensity for verbal outbursts, the harshness of poverty, and loneliness—particularly among elderly citizens.",
"title": "Reception"
}
] |
Mast Mein Rehne Ka is 2023 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film directed by Vijay Maurya, written and produced by Vijay Maurya and Payal Arora. It stars Jackie Shroff and Neena Gupta in the lead role with Abhishek Chauhan, Monika Panwar, Faisal Malik and Rakhi Sawant. It was released directly on Amazon Prime Video, on 8 December 2023.
|
2023-12-04T17:47:37Z
|
2023-12-27T12:15:44Z
|
[
"Template:Use Indian English",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Infobox film",
"Template:Empty section",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_Mein_Rehne_Ka
|
75,483,939 |
George Kumi
|
George Kumi is a former Ghanaian diplomat and a politician.
Kumi was born on 7 September 1956 and hails from Sunyani in the then Brong Ahafo Region (currently Bono Region) of Ghana. He had his bachelor's degree in Land Economy at the KNUST in 1982. He further had his MBA in 1996 from the University of Lagos in Nigeria.
Kumi is a former High Commissioner to Nigeria and former Ambassador to Libya during Kufour's administration. He replaced Alhaji Basit Abdulai Fuseini Danso as the Ambassador of Ghana to Libya. In 2021, he was the Chairman of the Sunyani Stakeholders for Development Association. He was the District Chief Executive for the Sunyani District in the then Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. He was also the chief executive officer of Georgio-Investment Limited. He was also in partnership with Mark Odu and Company.
In 2015, Kumi is a member of the New Patriotic Party (NPP). He contested in the NPPs primaries where he lost to Kwesi Ameyaw-Kyeremeh with 387 votes whiles Ameyaw-Kyeremeh had 388 votes in the Sunyani East Constituency.
In the 2016 Ghanaian general election, Kumi contested as an independent parliamentary candidate for the Sunyani East Constituency and lost. Kumi had 15, 911 votes which represented 22.79% of the total votes whiles the Incumbent Ameyaw-Cheremeh had 38,009 votes which represented 54.45% of the total votes.
In 2020, he decided not to contest in New Patriotic Party primaries in Sunyani East Constituency.
Kumi is married with three children. He enjoys traveling and reading.
In 2020, Kumi presented a sum of GH¢10,000, paraphernalia, about 400 T-shirts and five motorcycles to the Bono Regional branch of the NPP.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "George Kumi is a former Ghanaian diplomat and a politician.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kumi was born on 7 September 1956 and hails from Sunyani in the then Brong Ahafo Region (currently Bono Region) of Ghana. He had his bachelor's degree in Land Economy at the KNUST in 1982. He further had his MBA in 1996 from the University of Lagos in Nigeria.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Kumi is a former High Commissioner to Nigeria and former Ambassador to Libya during Kufour's administration. He replaced Alhaji Basit Abdulai Fuseini Danso as the Ambassador of Ghana to Libya. In 2021, he was the Chairman of the Sunyani Stakeholders for Development Association. He was the District Chief Executive for the Sunyani District in the then Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. He was also the chief executive officer of Georgio-Investment Limited. He was also in partnership with Mark Odu and Company.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2015, Kumi is a member of the New Patriotic Party (NPP). He contested in the NPPs primaries where he lost to Kwesi Ameyaw-Kyeremeh with 387 votes whiles Ameyaw-Kyeremeh had 388 votes in the Sunyani East Constituency.",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In the 2016 Ghanaian general election, Kumi contested as an independent parliamentary candidate for the Sunyani East Constituency and lost. Kumi had 15, 911 votes which represented 22.79% of the total votes whiles the Incumbent Ameyaw-Cheremeh had 38,009 votes which represented 54.45% of the total votes.",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2020, he decided not to contest in New Patriotic Party primaries in Sunyani East Constituency.",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Kumi is married with three children. He enjoys traveling and reading.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 2020, Kumi presented a sum of GH¢10,000, paraphernalia, about 400 T-shirts and five motorcycles to the Bono Regional branch of the NPP.",
"title": "Philanthropy"
}
] |
George Kumi is a former Ghanaian diplomat and a politician.
|
2023-12-04T17:47:47Z
|
2023-12-28T16:49:09Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kumi
|
75,483,954 |
Janet Marion Martin
|
Janet Marion Martin (1938 – August 30, 2023) was an American college professor. Martin was a professor of classics at Princeton University from 1973 to 2010, and was recognized as an expert on medieval Latin.
Martin was born in Bogalusa, Louisiana, and raised in Middletown, Ohio, the daughter of Bruce Whittington Martin and Edna Poyas Hall Martin. Her father was an engineer and executive in the paper industry. She graduated from Radcliffe College with a bachelor's degree in 1961, and earned a master's degree in classical studies at the University of Michigan in 1963. She completed doctoral studies in medieval Latin at Harvard University in 1968, with a dissertation titled "John of Salisbury and the Classics."
Martin taught at Harvard and at the American Academy in Rome as a young woman, but spent most of her career at Princeton University. She joined the Princeton faculty in 1973, and became the first woman to gain tenure in the classics department there. She was chair of Princeton's women's studies committee, but resigned when she was disappointed in Princeton's minimal commitment to the program. She retired with emerita status in 2010.
Martin frequently taught on women's texts in classical and medieval literature, and was an early and longtime member of the Women's Classical Caucus. In 1996, she co-organized a conference on "Feminism and Classics: Framing the Research Agenda". She was president of the Classical Association of the Atlantic States in 2013–2014, and an active member of the American Philological Association.
Martin died in 2023, at the age of 84, at her home in Princeton, New Jersey.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Janet Marion Martin (1938 – August 30, 2023) was an American college professor. Martin was a professor of classics at Princeton University from 1973 to 2010, and was recognized as an expert on medieval Latin.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Martin was born in Bogalusa, Louisiana, and raised in Middletown, Ohio, the daughter of Bruce Whittington Martin and Edna Poyas Hall Martin. Her father was an engineer and executive in the paper industry. She graduated from Radcliffe College with a bachelor's degree in 1961, and earned a master's degree in classical studies at the University of Michigan in 1963. She completed doctoral studies in medieval Latin at Harvard University in 1968, with a dissertation titled \"John of Salisbury and the Classics.\"",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Martin taught at Harvard and at the American Academy in Rome as a young woman, but spent most of her career at Princeton University. She joined the Princeton faculty in 1973, and became the first woman to gain tenure in the classics department there. She was chair of Princeton's women's studies committee, but resigned when she was disappointed in Princeton's minimal commitment to the program. She retired with emerita status in 2010.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Martin frequently taught on women's texts in classical and medieval literature, and was an early and longtime member of the Women's Classical Caucus. In 1996, she co-organized a conference on \"Feminism and Classics: Framing the Research Agenda\". She was president of the Classical Association of the Atlantic States in 2013–2014, and an active member of the American Philological Association.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Martin died in 2023, at the age of 84, at her home in Princeton, New Jersey.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
Janet Marion Martin was an American college professor. Martin was a professor of classics at Princeton University from 1973 to 2010, and was recognized as an expert on medieval Latin.
|
2023-12-04T17:50:22Z
|
2023-12-05T02:21:40Z
|
[
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Marion_Martin
|
75,483,956 |
Kadre Gray
|
Kadre Gray (born November 2, 1997) is a Canadian professional basketball point guard with GTK Gliwice of the Polish Basketball League. He previously played for the Fraser Valley Bandits and Ottawa BlackJacks of the Canadian Elite Basketball League. With Ottawa in 2023, he was named all CEBL second team and CEBL Canadian Player of the Year during the 2023 season after averaging 16.3 points and a league-best 6.3 assists per game.
Originally from Toronto, Gray played basketball while attending Laurentian University.
Internationally, Gray has played for Team Canada at the 2022 FIBA AmeriCup, where the squad finished in fourth place. He averaged 9 points over 18.9 mintues during the tournament.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kadre Gray (born November 2, 1997) is a Canadian professional basketball point guard with GTK Gliwice of the Polish Basketball League. He previously played for the Fraser Valley Bandits and Ottawa BlackJacks of the Canadian Elite Basketball League. With Ottawa in 2023, he was named all CEBL second team and CEBL Canadian Player of the Year during the 2023 season after averaging 16.3 points and a league-best 6.3 assists per game.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Originally from Toronto, Gray played basketball while attending Laurentian University.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Internationally, Gray has played for Team Canada at the 2022 FIBA AmeriCup, where the squad finished in fourth place. He averaged 9 points over 18.9 mintues during the tournament.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Kadre Gray is a Canadian professional basketball point guard with GTK Gliwice of the Polish Basketball League. He previously played for the Fraser Valley Bandits and Ottawa BlackJacks of the Canadian Elite Basketball League. With Ottawa in 2023, he was named all CEBL second team and CEBL Canadian Player of the Year during the 2023 season after averaging 16.3 points and a league-best 6.3 assists per game. Originally from Toronto, Gray played basketball while attending Laurentian University. Internationally, Gray has played for Team Canada at the 2022 FIBA AmeriCup, where the squad finished in fourth place. He averaged 9 points over 18.9 mintues during the tournament.
|
2023-12-04T17:50:23Z
|
2023-12-09T12:07:33Z
|
[
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Canada-basketball-bio-stub",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadre_Gray
|
75,483,999 |
Precision Neuroscience
|
Precision Neuroscience is an American brain–computer interface (BCI) company based in New York City and with offices in Mountain View, California, Addison, Texas and Minneapolis, Minnesota.
The company is building a minimally invasive brain–computer interface. The interface is based on a thin-film microelectrode array that conforms to the brain surface without penetrating the tissue. It can collect hundreds of times more neural data than traditional cortical surface arrays. The procedure to implant the device does not require a craniotomy, and the implantation is designed to be reversible. Precision Neuroscience aims to treat neurological conditions such as spinal cord injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and traumatic brain injury.
Precision Neuroscience was founded by Benjamin Rapoport, Michael Mager, Demetrios Papageorgiou and Mark Hettick and was launched in 2021. Rapoport is a neurosurgeon in the Mount Sinai Health System in New York City, where he specializes in minimally invasive surgery. Rapoport received a PhD in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a medical degree from Harvard Medical School. Rapoport was previously on the eight-member founding team at Elon Musk’s brain–computer interface company, Neuralink. Rapoport left Neuralink in 2018.
Rapoport, along with Michael Mager, an investor and business builder, and a team of experts in areas such as neuroscience, microfabrication and software launched Precision Neuroscience in 2021. Rapoport is the founding Chief Science Officer at Precision Neuroscience. Mager is the founding Chief Executive Officer.
In May 2021, Precision Neuroscience raised a $12 million Series A funding round led by Steadview Capital. In January 2023, the company raised a $41 million Series B funding round led by Forepont Capital Partners. Other investors in Precision Neuroscience include B Capital, Mubadala Capital, Draper Associates, Alumni Ventures, and re.Mind Capital. In October 2023, Precision Neuroscience acquired a microelectromechanical systems MEMS manufacturing facility near Dallas, Texas.
The company is building a minimally invasive brain–computer interface. The interface, called the Layer 7 Cortical Interface, makes contact with the brain surface using a thin electrode array that conforms to the surface of the brain without damaging brain tissue. The array is one-fifth the thickness of a human hair and contains 1,024 microelectrodes, yielding a spatial resolution hundreds of times higher than traditional electrode arrays. Together with customized supporting electronics and software, the device provides a high-resolution view of cortical activity in real-time.
Precision Neuroscience developed a novel minimally invasive surgical procedure to implant the electrode arrays. To implant the device, a surgeon makes a thin slit in the skull, less than a millimeter in width.
Precision Neuroscience has successfully used the Layer 7 Cortical Interface to record neural signals in animals and in human patients.
In June 2023, Precision Neuroscience announced it had performed a pilot human clinical trial in collaboration with the Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Neurosurgery of the West Virginia University School of Medicine. According to WIRED, “the implants were able to read, record, and map electrical activity in part of the patients’ temporal lobes, which helps process sensory input.” Additional studies are planned at other major medical centers, including Mount Sinai Health System in New York City and the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.
In May 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted Precision Neuroscience's system Breakthrough Device designation. As of 2023, Precision is in the process of applying for full FDA clearance for its first-generation product.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Precision Neuroscience is an American brain–computer interface (BCI) company based in New York City and with offices in Mountain View, California, Addison, Texas and Minneapolis, Minnesota.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The company is building a minimally invasive brain–computer interface. The interface is based on a thin-film microelectrode array that conforms to the brain surface without penetrating the tissue. It can collect hundreds of times more neural data than traditional cortical surface arrays. The procedure to implant the device does not require a craniotomy, and the implantation is designed to be reversible. Precision Neuroscience aims to treat neurological conditions such as spinal cord injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and traumatic brain injury.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Precision Neuroscience was founded by Benjamin Rapoport, Michael Mager, Demetrios Papageorgiou and Mark Hettick and was launched in 2021. Rapoport is a neurosurgeon in the Mount Sinai Health System in New York City, where he specializes in minimally invasive surgery. Rapoport received a PhD in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a medical degree from Harvard Medical School. Rapoport was previously on the eight-member founding team at Elon Musk’s brain–computer interface company, Neuralink. Rapoport left Neuralink in 2018.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Rapoport, along with Michael Mager, an investor and business builder, and a team of experts in areas such as neuroscience, microfabrication and software launched Precision Neuroscience in 2021. Rapoport is the founding Chief Science Officer at Precision Neuroscience. Mager is the founding Chief Executive Officer.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In May 2021, Precision Neuroscience raised a $12 million Series A funding round led by Steadview Capital. In January 2023, the company raised a $41 million Series B funding round led by Forepont Capital Partners. Other investors in Precision Neuroscience include B Capital, Mubadala Capital, Draper Associates, Alumni Ventures, and re.Mind Capital. In October 2023, Precision Neuroscience acquired a microelectromechanical systems MEMS manufacturing facility near Dallas, Texas.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The company is building a minimally invasive brain–computer interface. The interface, called the Layer 7 Cortical Interface, makes contact with the brain surface using a thin electrode array that conforms to the surface of the brain without damaging brain tissue. The array is one-fifth the thickness of a human hair and contains 1,024 microelectrodes, yielding a spatial resolution hundreds of times higher than traditional electrode arrays. Together with customized supporting electronics and software, the device provides a high-resolution view of cortical activity in real-time.",
"title": "Technology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Precision Neuroscience developed a novel minimally invasive surgical procedure to implant the electrode arrays. To implant the device, a surgeon makes a thin slit in the skull, less than a millimeter in width.",
"title": "Technology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Precision Neuroscience has successfully used the Layer 7 Cortical Interface to record neural signals in animals and in human patients.",
"title": "Testing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In June 2023, Precision Neuroscience announced it had performed a pilot human clinical trial in collaboration with the Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Neurosurgery of the West Virginia University School of Medicine. According to WIRED, “the implants were able to read, record, and map electrical activity in part of the patients’ temporal lobes, which helps process sensory input.” Additional studies are planned at other major medical centers, including Mount Sinai Health System in New York City and the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.",
"title": "Testing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In May 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted Precision Neuroscience's system Breakthrough Device designation. As of 2023, Precision is in the process of applying for full FDA clearance for its first-generation product.",
"title": "Testing"
}
] |
Precision Neuroscience is an American brain–computer interface (BCI) company based in New York City and with offices in Mountain View, California, Addison, Texas and Minneapolis, Minnesota. The company is building a minimally invasive brain–computer interface. The interface is based on a thin-film microelectrode array that conforms to the brain surface without penetrating the tissue. It can collect hundreds of times more neural data than traditional cortical surface arrays. The procedure to implant the device does not require a craniotomy, and the implantation is designed to be reversible. Precision Neuroscience aims to treat neurological conditions such as spinal cord injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and traumatic brain injury.
|
2023-12-04T17:56:38Z
|
2023-12-23T22:26:27Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_Neuroscience
|
75,484,011 |
Palladium diarsenide
|
Palladium diarsenide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula PdAs2. It is one of the arsenides of palladium.
Palladium diarsenide can be obtained by the reaction of palladium and arsenic:
In the reaction of palladium and gallium arsenide (350~800 °C), palladium disarsenide will also be formed:
It is a cubic crystal with a = 5.983 Å.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Palladium diarsenide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula PdAs2. It is one of the arsenides of palladium.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Palladium diarsenide can be obtained by the reaction of palladium and arsenic:",
"title": "Preparation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the reaction of palladium and gallium arsenide (350~800 °C), palladium disarsenide will also be formed:",
"title": "Preparation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "It is a cubic crystal with a = 5.983 Å.",
"title": "Preparation"
}
] |
Palladium diarsenide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula PdAs2. It is one of the arsenides of palladium.
|
2023-12-04T17:58:26Z
|
2023-12-13T23:08:32Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Palladium compounds",
"Template:Arsenides",
"Template:Chembox"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium_diarsenide
|
75,484,055 |
The Lonely Woman
|
The Lonely Woman (No encontré rosas para mi madre in Spain, Roses rouges et Piments verts in France, and Peccato mortale in Italy) is a 1973 Spanish-French-Italian drama film directed by Francisco Rovira Beleta starring Gina Lollobrigida, Danielle Darrieux, Conchita Velasco, Susan Hampshire, and Renaud Verley. It is an adaptation of the 1968 novel No encontré rosas para mi madre by José Antonio García Blázquez [es].
Teresa hopes that her social ambitions will be fulfilled by her son Jacy. When he finds out that his mother is starting to see a man, he decides to leave home and embark on a multitude of short relationships with different women. He ends up marrying a mentally challenged but incredibly rich woman. Meanwhile, Teresa discovers her love and happiness with a school teacher.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Lonely Woman (No encontré rosas para mi madre in Spain, Roses rouges et Piments verts in France, and Peccato mortale in Italy) is a 1973 Spanish-French-Italian drama film directed by Francisco Rovira Beleta starring Gina Lollobrigida, Danielle Darrieux, Conchita Velasco, Susan Hampshire, and Renaud Verley. It is an adaptation of the 1968 novel No encontré rosas para mi madre by José Antonio García Blázquez [es].",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Teresa hopes that her social ambitions will be fulfilled by her son Jacy. When he finds out that his mother is starting to see a man, he decides to leave home and embark on a multitude of short relationships with different women. He ends up marrying a mentally challenged but incredibly rich woman. Meanwhile, Teresa discovers her love and happiness with a school teacher.",
"title": "Plot"
}
] |
The Lonely Woman is a 1973 Spanish-French-Italian drama film directed by Francisco Rovira Beleta starring Gina Lollobrigida, Danielle Darrieux, Conchita Velasco, Susan Hampshire, and Renaud Verley. It is an adaptation of the 1968 novel No encontré rosas para mi madre by José Antonio García Blázquez.
|
2023-12-04T18:02:38Z
|
2023-12-08T10:16:16Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox film",
"Template:Ill",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Francisco Rovira Beleta",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:About",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:IMDb title"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lonely_Woman
|
75,484,059 |
Occupation of Cornwall
|
The Occupation of Cornwall was the capture and occupation of the town of Cornwall following the Battle of Crysler's Farm.
The American army under Gen. Boyd, defeated by the British at Crysler's Farm on November 11, continued advancing towards Cornwall, unpursued by Morrison's weary force. Boyd had hoped to meet up with the remainder of Wilkinson's flotilla who had descended the St. Lawrence River through the Long Sault Rapids, and continue their combined advance to Montreal.
Morrison's force was exhausted from the battle and remained encamped at John Crysler's farm, with only small patrols sent out to harass the American rear guard.
The inhabitants and soldiers of Cornwall had largely evacuated and removed the strategic military supplies to Martintown while the armies had fought at Hoople's Creek and Crysler's Farm, and the town was left to be defended by the 1st Stormont Militia and native warriors from St. Regis.
The Stormont Militia loaded the military supplies and other government stores onto 150 wagons and departed Cornwall late on the night of November 10th. The wagon train travelled by way of St. Andrews to Martintown and was intended to be transported to the defensive post at Coteau-du-Lac.<ref>"History of Cornwall". Cornwall Community Museum. Cornwall Community Museum. 2015.
Early on the morning of November 11, the 2nd U.S. Light Dragoons occupied Barnhart’s Island and the western end of Cornwall. The small force of militia and warriors were driven back by the Dragoons and elements of Boyd's advance regiments. The American officers began occuyping local farmhouses while the soldiers encamped in the fields of the town.<ref>"History of Cornwall". Cornwall Community Museum. Cornwall Community Museum. 2015.
Facing a population of largely women and children, the Americans were “civil and quiet” however not all the soldiers hid their desire to lay waste to the town and countryside before proceeding to Montreal.<ref>"History of Cornwall". Cornwall Community Museum. Cornwall Community Museum. 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2023. Historian Jacob Pringle wrote that the Americans “looked very little like soldiers … most of whom appeared more anxious to get home than to fight.” Some of the soldiers carried out looting on the town, and confiscated the contents of barns and granaries and anything they could find in local homes and stores. To keep warm in their encampments, “every stick of fence on farms was burned”.<ref>"History of Cornwall". Cornwall Community Museum. Cornwall Community Museum. 2015.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Occupation of Cornwall was the capture and occupation of the town of Cornwall following the Battle of Crysler's Farm.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The American army under Gen. Boyd, defeated by the British at Crysler's Farm on November 11, continued advancing towards Cornwall, unpursued by Morrison's weary force. Boyd had hoped to meet up with the remainder of Wilkinson's flotilla who had descended the St. Lawrence River through the Long Sault Rapids, and continue their combined advance to Montreal.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Morrison's force was exhausted from the battle and remained encamped at John Crysler's farm, with only small patrols sent out to harass the American rear guard.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The inhabitants and soldiers of Cornwall had largely evacuated and removed the strategic military supplies to Martintown while the armies had fought at Hoople's Creek and Crysler's Farm, and the town was left to be defended by the 1st Stormont Militia and native warriors from St. Regis.",
"title": "Evacuation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Stormont Militia loaded the military supplies and other government stores onto 150 wagons and departed Cornwall late on the night of November 10th. The wagon train travelled by way of St. Andrews to Martintown and was intended to be transported to the defensive post at Coteau-du-Lac.<ref>\"History of Cornwall\". Cornwall Community Museum. Cornwall Community Museum. 2015.",
"title": "Evacuation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Early on the morning of November 11, the 2nd U.S. Light Dragoons occupied Barnhart’s Island and the western end of Cornwall. The small force of militia and warriors were driven back by the Dragoons and elements of Boyd's advance regiments. The American officers began occuyping local farmhouses while the soldiers encamped in the fields of the town.<ref>\"History of Cornwall\". Cornwall Community Museum. Cornwall Community Museum. 2015.",
"title": "Occupation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Facing a population of largely women and children, the Americans were “civil and quiet” however not all the soldiers hid their desire to lay waste to the town and countryside before proceeding to Montreal.<ref>\"History of Cornwall\". Cornwall Community Museum. Cornwall Community Museum. 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2023. Historian Jacob Pringle wrote that the Americans “looked very little like soldiers … most of whom appeared more anxious to get home than to fight.” Some of the soldiers carried out looting on the town, and confiscated the contents of barns and granaries and anything they could find in local homes and stores. To keep warm in their encampments, “every stick of fence on farms was burned”.<ref>\"History of Cornwall\". Cornwall Community Museum. Cornwall Community Museum. 2015.",
"title": "Occupation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "Occupation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "",
"title": "Occupation"
}
] |
The Occupation of Cornwall was the capture and occupation of the town of Cornwall following the Battle of Crysler's Farm.
|
2023-12-04T18:03:10Z
|
2023-12-05T10:37:10Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Battles of the War of 1812",
"Template:Infobox military conflict",
"Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: St. Lawrence Frontier",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Cornwall
|
75,484,063 |
Toshkov Chark
|
Toshkov Chark (Bulgarian: Тошков чарк) is a small reservoir situated in the Western Rhodope Mountains of southern Bulgaria, east of the Golyam Beglik and Beglika reservoirs. Its lies in Batak Municipality in the southern part of Pazardzhik Province and forms part of the Batak Hydropower Cascade (254 MW).
The reservoir is situated on the river Devinska reka in the Vacha drainage, at the confluence of its tributaries the Beglishka reka and Selkyupria. It serves as a seasonal equalizer of waters from the catchment of the river under the Gashnya gathering derivation. In addition, a 3.5 m tunnel gathering water from the right tributaries of the Devinska reka flow into Toshkov Chark.
Toshkov Chark was constructed in 1954–1956 and has a 21.6 m high stone dam with a steel screen, reaching length of 82.2 m. The dam forms a lake with an area of 0.3 km and a volume of 1.3 million m. It has a 52 m spillway with a maximum spillway capacity of 170 m/s, and the main outlet is a pipe with a diameter of 600 mm and a capacity of 2.8 m/s.
The dam has a pumping station, through which its waters are pumped into the main pressure derivation of the Batak Hydro Power Plant or are diverted upstream to Golyam Beglik.
Toshkov Chark is a popular camping and fishing destination. There are abundant fish stocks of river trout, Eurasian carp, crucian carp, European perch, common rudd, etc. There is also a river trout aquaculture.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Toshkov Chark (Bulgarian: Тошков чарк) is a small reservoir situated in the Western Rhodope Mountains of southern Bulgaria, east of the Golyam Beglik and Beglika reservoirs. Its lies in Batak Municipality in the southern part of Pazardzhik Province and forms part of the Batak Hydropower Cascade (254 MW).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The reservoir is situated on the river Devinska reka in the Vacha drainage, at the confluence of its tributaries the Beglishka reka and Selkyupria. It serves as a seasonal equalizer of waters from the catchment of the river under the Gashnya gathering derivation. In addition, a 3.5 m tunnel gathering water from the right tributaries of the Devinska reka flow into Toshkov Chark.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Toshkov Chark was constructed in 1954–1956 and has a 21.6 m high stone dam with a steel screen, reaching length of 82.2 m. The dam forms a lake with an area of 0.3 km and a volume of 1.3 million m. It has a 52 m spillway with a maximum spillway capacity of 170 m/s, and the main outlet is a pipe with a diameter of 600 mm and a capacity of 2.8 m/s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The dam has a pumping station, through which its waters are pumped into the main pressure derivation of the Batak Hydro Power Plant or are diverted upstream to Golyam Beglik.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Toshkov Chark is a popular camping and fishing destination. There are abundant fish stocks of river trout, Eurasian carp, crucian carp, European perch, common rudd, etc. There is also a river trout aquaculture.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Toshkov Chark is a small reservoir situated in the Western Rhodope Mountains of southern Bulgaria, east of the Golyam Beglik and Beglika reservoirs. Its lies in Batak Municipality in the southern part of Pazardzhik Province and forms part of the Batak Hydropower Cascade (254 MW). The reservoir is situated on the river Devinska reka in the Vacha drainage, at the confluence of its tributaries the Beglishka reka and Selkyupria. It serves as a seasonal equalizer of waters from the catchment of the river under the Gashnya gathering derivation. In addition, a 3.5 m tunnel gathering water from the right tributaries of the Devinska reka flow into Toshkov Chark. Toshkov Chark was constructed in 1954–1956 and has a 21.6 m high stone dam with a steel screen, reaching length of 82.2 m. The dam forms a lake with an area of 0.3 km2 and a volume of 1.3 million m3. It has a 52 m spillway with a maximum spillway capacity of 170 m3/s, and the main outlet is a pipe with a diameter of 600 mm and a capacity of 2.8 m3/s. The dam has a pumping station, through which its waters are pumped into the main pressure derivation of the Batak Hydro Power Plant or are diverted upstream to Golyam Beglik. Toshkov Chark is a popular camping and fishing destination. There are abundant fish stocks of river trout, Eurasian carp, crucian carp, European perch, common rudd, etc. There is also a river trout aquaculture.
|
2023-12-04T18:03:42Z
|
2023-12-05T07:36:25Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Harvnb",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Batak Hydropower Cascade",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox dam",
"Template:Lang-bg"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshkov_Chark
|
75,484,064 |
Vito Bellafiore
|
Vito Bellafiore (born 11 July 1929) is an Italian politician who served as Senator for two legislatures (1983–1992).
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Vito Bellafiore (born 11 July 1929) is an Italian politician who served as Senator for two legislatures (1983–1992).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Vito Bellafiore is an Italian politician who served as Senator for two legislatures (1983–1992).
|
2023-12-04T18:03:44Z
|
2023-12-30T18:30:20Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Expand Italian",
"Template:Italy-politician-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Bellafiore
|
75,484,084 |
Calcium arsenide
|
Calcium arsenide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca2As2 and is one of the arsenides of calcium. It is a hexagonal crystal with a space group of P62m. It is isostructural with sodium peroxide and can be expressed as (Ca)2(As-As). It reacts with sodium monoarsenide and silicon in a tantalum container to obtain Na4Ca2SiAs4. It reacts with potassium arsenide, iron arsenide and calcium fluoride at high temperature to obtain KCa2Fe4As4F2.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Calcium arsenide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca2As2 and is one of the arsenides of calcium. It is a hexagonal crystal with a space group of P62m. It is isostructural with sodium peroxide and can be expressed as (Ca)2(As-As). It reacts with sodium monoarsenide and silicon in a tantalum container to obtain Na4Ca2SiAs4. It reacts with potassium arsenide, iron arsenide and calcium fluoride at high temperature to obtain KCa2Fe4As4F2.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Calcium arsenide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca2As2 and is one of the arsenides of calcium. It is a hexagonal crystal with a space group of P62m. It is isostructural with sodium peroxide and can be expressed as (Ca2+)2(As-As)4−. It reacts with sodium monoarsenide and silicon in a tantalum container to obtain Na4Ca2SiAs4. It reacts with potassium arsenide, iron arsenide and calcium fluoride at high temperature to obtain KCa2Fe4As4F2.
|
2023-12-04T18:07:31Z
|
2023-12-05T10:24:50Z
|
[
"Template:Chembox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Overline",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:In lang",
"Template:Issn",
"Template:Calcium compounds",
"Template:Arsenides"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_arsenide
|
75,484,085 |
PODER PAC
|
PODER PAC is an American Democratic Party political action committee (PAC) founded in 2008 in Orlando, Florida. Its goal is to increase and support pro-choice Latinas running for all levels of elected office.
In 2008, it supported Hillary Clinton for the Democratic Party nomination for president.
In 2016, its mission changed to exclusively electing Latinas to the US Congress. and hosted a fundraiser in Philadelphia with Loretta Sanchez for California's US Senate election.
In 2020, Mike Bloomberg gave $500,000 to the group in an effort to win the 2020 United States presidential election in Florida for Joe Biden.
After Roe v. Wade was overturned in June 2022, the group said it was imperative to support more pro-choice Latinos for Congress. It said that the decision may help elect more candidates.
The group has supported 90% of Democratic Latinas in the 117th United States Congress. In 2022 it launched the Poderosas 2022 Protection Program to support pro choice Latina incumbents.
Official website
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "PODER PAC is an American Democratic Party political action committee (PAC) founded in 2008 in Orlando, Florida. Its goal is to increase and support pro-choice Latinas running for all levels of elected office.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 2008, it supported Hillary Clinton for the Democratic Party nomination for president.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2016, its mission changed to exclusively electing Latinas to the US Congress. and hosted a fundraiser in Philadelphia with Loretta Sanchez for California's US Senate election.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2020, Mike Bloomberg gave $500,000 to the group in an effort to win the 2020 United States presidential election in Florida for Joe Biden.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After Roe v. Wade was overturned in June 2022, the group said it was imperative to support more pro-choice Latinos for Congress. It said that the decision may help elect more candidates.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The group has supported 90% of Democratic Latinas in the 117th United States Congress. In 2022 it launched the Poderosas 2022 Protection Program to support pro choice Latina incumbents.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
PODER PAC is an American Democratic Party political action committee (PAC) founded in 2008 in Orlando, Florida. Its goal is to increase and support pro-choice Latinas running for all levels of elected office. In 2008, it supported Hillary Clinton for the Democratic Party nomination for president. In 2016, its mission changed to exclusively electing Latinas to the US Congress. and hosted a fundraiser in Philadelphia with Loretta Sanchez for California's US Senate election. In 2020, Mike Bloomberg gave $500,000 to the group in an effort to win the 2020 United States presidential election in Florida for Joe Biden. After Roe v. Wade was overturned in June 2022, the group said it was imperative to support more pro-choice Latinos for Congress. It said that the decision may help elect more candidates. The group has supported 90% of Democratic Latinas in the 117th United States Congress. In 2022 it launched the Poderosas 2022 Protection Program to support pro choice Latina incumbents.
|
2023-12-04T18:07:44Z
|
2023-12-06T23:01:27Z
|
[
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PODER_PAC
|
75,484,098 |
Rabad Ka
|
Rabad Ka or (राबड़का) is a village of Yaduvanshi Ahir in Tijara Tehsil in Alwar district in the State of Rajasthan, India. It borders the Rewari district of Haryana. Rabad (राबड़) is gotra of Yaduvanshi Ahir of Rajasthan and Haryana. Rabad Ka village lies in the historical Ahirwal region, which was ruled by Yaduvanshi Aheer. Another village named after Rabad (राबड़) gotra is Kolila Rabad (कोलीला राबड़का) in the Behror, which also lies in the historical Ahirwal region.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Rabad Ka or (राबड़का) is a village of Yaduvanshi Ahir in Tijara Tehsil in Alwar district in the State of Rajasthan, India. It borders the Rewari district of Haryana. Rabad (राबड़) is gotra of Yaduvanshi Ahir of Rajasthan and Haryana. Rabad Ka village lies in the historical Ahirwal region, which was ruled by Yaduvanshi Aheer. Another village named after Rabad (राबड़) gotra is Kolila Rabad (कोलीला राबड़का) in the Behror, which also lies in the historical Ahirwal region.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Rabad Ka or (राबड़का) is a village of Yaduvanshi Ahir in Tijara Tehsil in Alwar district in the State of Rajasthan, India. It borders the Rewari district of Haryana. Rabad (राबड़) is gotra of Yaduvanshi Ahir of Rajasthan and Haryana. Rabad Ka village lies in the historical Ahirwal region, which was ruled by Yaduvanshi Aheer. Another village named after Rabad (राबड़) gotra is Kolila Rabad in the Behror, which also lies in the historical Ahirwal region.
|
2023-12-04T18:09:37Z
|
2023-12-18T18:04:09Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Orphan",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabad_Ka
|
75,484,107 |
CDR132L
|
CDR132L is an antisense RNA therapy that inhibits MiR-132. It is developed by Cardior Pharmaceuticals to treat heart failure.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "CDR132L is an antisense RNA therapy that inhibits MiR-132. It is developed by Cardior Pharmaceuticals to treat heart failure.",
"title": ""
}
] |
CDR132L is an antisense RNA therapy that inhibits MiR-132. It is developed by Cardior Pharmaceuticals to treat heart failure.
|
2023-12-04T18:11:03Z
|
2023-12-12T20:26:38Z
|
[
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDR132L
|
75,484,110 |
Blackadder (surname)
|
[] |
2023-12-04T18:11:07Z
|
2023-12-04T18:11:42Z
|
[] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder_(surname)
|
||
75,484,119 |
Bryn Oh
|
Bryn Oh is a contemporary virtual world artist known for interactive installations and immersive experiences in virtual environments such as Second Life, Sansar, Steam, and High Fidelity. Oh has been active in the virtual world community since 2007, and is considered one of the pioneers in the field of virtual art.
Oh’s work often explores themes of identity, memory, and the relationship between technology and humanity. Their style of artmaking, which they call Immersiva, blends elements of surrealism, fantasy, and storytelling to create captivating and thought-provoking experiences for audiences. In addition to virtual installations that are viewed by an average of 30,000 to 40,000 visitors, Oh has also exhibited work in physical art galleries and museums, expanding the impact and relevance of virtual art in the contemporary art world.
Oh’s human alter ego studied fine art at Ontario College of Art & Design University, receiving the George A Reid award for painting. They later studied computer animation and learned how to use computer graphics programs such as Softimage XSI and Zbrush.
Outside of Second Life, Oh’s human counterpart is a Toronto, Canada based oil painter, whose large-scale, colorful paintings with chaotic brushstrokes are intended to affect the viewer’s perception, cognition and emotional response.
Oh began exploring the metaverse around 2007. Their work on Second Life and other virtual reality platforms has evolved from static sculptural installations, such as steampunk inspired insects to immersive, wide scale environments that envelop residents of the platform through an interplay of narrative elements, aesthetic objects and interactive gameplay. They explain that: "All my work starting from 2009 is one long story with each new artwork being a chapter in that story.” Oh’s own persona is a concept. Their anonymous human creator developed them to see whether a pixel-based artist could become as successful and accepted as an artist in real life.
Oh's work in Second Life is characterized by its narrative-driven, atmospheric, and typically haunting surreal environments. These installations usually combine elements of sculpture, painting, poetry, film, and sound to create immersive experiences. The themes explored in Oh's work address topics of identity, memory, the human condition, and the blurred line between technology and reality. Oh calls this style of artwork Immersiva, due to the way their environmental installations enable visitors to immerse themselves by meandering through vast, open-ended narratives with cinematic-like production. Immersiva is also the name of Oh’s site-specific region in Second Life, where residents of the platform can view their current work. They utilize a technique called machinima to make animated narrative films from computer graphics by utilizing the game engines from Second Life and Sansar and Unreal Engine.
One of Oh’s earliest immersiva works created in the metaverse is a trilogy consisting of The Daughter of Gears (2008), Rabbicorn (2009), and Standby (2010). These works depict a melancholy aesthetic narrative of loss and grief, wherein a mother tries to save her dying daughter by transferring her soul into a machine. Notable subsequent works include Lady Carmagnolle (2017), Hand (2019), Imogen and the Pigeons (2013), Singularity of Kumiko (2014), PTSD Virtual Environment (2014), Pretty (2020), Brittle Epoch (2021), and Lobby Cam (2022).
Lady Carmagnolle is a single-scene performative poem presented as a machinima.
Hand is the first part of a trilogy of virtual worlds and machinimas created in Second Life, Sansar, and Unreal Engine. It tells the tale of a not too distant future where society has fully transitioned into existing in the virtual realm, living as the personas they desire to be, and leaving their physical bodies behind. A group of children who are excluded from this utopian scenario have to fend for themselves and make sense of their situation and the human condition by piecing together information discovered in artifacts from the past, such as Dick and Jane novels.
Brittle Epoch is the second chapter of Hand, and follows two of the girls from Hand named Flutter and Juniper, on a long journey from the city to the suburbs, discovering the physical ruins that civilization left behind when they entered their digital nirvana.
Imogen and the Pigeons depicts the ruins of a society that uses technology to record people’s life experiences and memories onto computers in a digital format. Imogen and the Pigeons is a poetic story that takes place inside the digital recording of a woman named Imogen’s life.
Singularity of Kumiko is a participatory-based immersive installation in Second Life that has subsequently been turned into a machinima. The environment is dark and moody, to compliment the melancholy narrative. There is some ambient light emanating from the artwork, but it is juxtaposed by a pitch black background, so visitors navigate the exhibition with a headlamp. Oh gives the visitors instructions for how to use their gear and where to begin their journey. As the participants move through the installation they collect information and artifacts that uncover a dialogue between two characters, Kumiko and Iktomi, learning that one was in a coma from a car accident, and though a virtual technology is being encouraged to cross over by the other. There is also an element of danger lurking in the dark environment, a rabbit named Mr. Zippers who can “kill” the participant.
Pretty is a poetic machinima, created in Second Life, of an encounter between two versions of a manufactured woman, while exploring technology and obsolescence through a humanist lens. The characters are humanoid in their design. Oh explains that their proportions, a 1 to 9 body ratio, are intentionally warped in order to signify their manufactured state. They state that “The average person has a 1/5 to 1/7 ratio depending on the location in the world they come from but, much like a photoshopped model on a magazine cover, these realities can be warped."
PTSD Virtual Environment was developed on Second Life after Oh was contacted by the non-profit organization Virtual Ability, which helps individuals with a wide range of disabilities learn to thrive in online virtual worlds. The concept is to help the soldiers suffering from PTSD learn how to do things that might be difficult for them because of the effects of their trauma. Examples include planning a camping trip by going to a few different stores in the virtual environment to buy equipment. Then performing relaxing activities like fishing. Additionally, the environment made it possible for soldiers to connect with psychologists in a safe and virtual setting.
Lobby Cam manifested as an expressive metaphor for the isolation and loneliness that resulted from social distancing and quarantine efforts during the Covid-19 pandemic. The work has been supported by a grant from the Canada Council for the Arts. Viewers become a part of the piece by walking through a lush rural landscape, discovering pages from an eccentric man’s diary in order to determine the course of the narrative.
Oh’s work has been shown in both virtual and physical settings. Notable venues and events where their work has been presented include the exhibition Obedience at the Jewish Museum in Berlin (in collaboration British film director Peter Greenaway and multimedia artist Saskia Boddeke), The Final Five at Jack the Pelican Present in Brooklyn, New York, the Santa Fe New Media Festival, 17th Biennial de Cerveira in Portugal, the World Expo in Shanghai (Madrid Pavilion), and the Art & Algorithms digital festival in Titusville, Florida.
Oh has been the recipient of several grants and awards, including four grants from the Canadian government. In August 2023, Lobby Cam won the Best Machinima Award at the Touchstone Independent Film Festival. Oh’s work in the metaverse has been discussed in academic journals and in the books Metaverse Artists: Bryn Oh by Velazquez Bonetto and New Opportunities for Artistic Practice in Virtual Worlds edited by Denise Doyle.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Bryn Oh is a contemporary virtual world artist known for interactive installations and immersive experiences in virtual environments such as Second Life, Sansar, Steam, and High Fidelity. Oh has been active in the virtual world community since 2007, and is considered one of the pioneers in the field of virtual art.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Oh’s work often explores themes of identity, memory, and the relationship between technology and humanity. Their style of artmaking, which they call Immersiva, blends elements of surrealism, fantasy, and storytelling to create captivating and thought-provoking experiences for audiences. In addition to virtual installations that are viewed by an average of 30,000 to 40,000 visitors, Oh has also exhibited work in physical art galleries and museums, expanding the impact and relevance of virtual art in the contemporary art world.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Oh’s human alter ego studied fine art at Ontario College of Art & Design University, receiving the George A Reid award for painting. They later studied computer animation and learned how to use computer graphics programs such as Softimage XSI and Zbrush.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Outside of Second Life, Oh’s human counterpart is a Toronto, Canada based oil painter, whose large-scale, colorful paintings with chaotic brushstrokes are intended to affect the viewer’s perception, cognition and emotional response.",
"title": "Style, themes, and notable artworks"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Oh began exploring the metaverse around 2007. Their work on Second Life and other virtual reality platforms has evolved from static sculptural installations, such as steampunk inspired insects to immersive, wide scale environments that envelop residents of the platform through an interplay of narrative elements, aesthetic objects and interactive gameplay. They explain that: \"All my work starting from 2009 is one long story with each new artwork being a chapter in that story.” Oh’s own persona is a concept. Their anonymous human creator developed them to see whether a pixel-based artist could become as successful and accepted as an artist in real life.",
"title": "Style, themes, and notable artworks"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Oh's work in Second Life is characterized by its narrative-driven, atmospheric, and typically haunting surreal environments. These installations usually combine elements of sculpture, painting, poetry, film, and sound to create immersive experiences. The themes explored in Oh's work address topics of identity, memory, the human condition, and the blurred line between technology and reality. Oh calls this style of artwork Immersiva, due to the way their environmental installations enable visitors to immerse themselves by meandering through vast, open-ended narratives with cinematic-like production. Immersiva is also the name of Oh’s site-specific region in Second Life, where residents of the platform can view their current work. They utilize a technique called machinima to make animated narrative films from computer graphics by utilizing the game engines from Second Life and Sansar and Unreal Engine.",
"title": "Style, themes, and notable artworks"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "One of Oh’s earliest immersiva works created in the metaverse is a trilogy consisting of The Daughter of Gears (2008), Rabbicorn (2009), and Standby (2010). These works depict a melancholy aesthetic narrative of loss and grief, wherein a mother tries to save her dying daughter by transferring her soul into a machine. Notable subsequent works include Lady Carmagnolle (2017), Hand (2019), Imogen and the Pigeons (2013), Singularity of Kumiko (2014), PTSD Virtual Environment (2014), Pretty (2020), Brittle Epoch (2021), and Lobby Cam (2022).",
"title": "Style, themes, and notable artworks"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Lady Carmagnolle is a single-scene performative poem presented as a machinima.",
"title": "Style, themes, and notable artworks"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Hand is the first part of a trilogy of virtual worlds and machinimas created in Second Life, Sansar, and Unreal Engine. It tells the tale of a not too distant future where society has fully transitioned into existing in the virtual realm, living as the personas they desire to be, and leaving their physical bodies behind. A group of children who are excluded from this utopian scenario have to fend for themselves and make sense of their situation and the human condition by piecing together information discovered in artifacts from the past, such as Dick and Jane novels.",
"title": "Style, themes, and notable artworks"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Brittle Epoch is the second chapter of Hand, and follows two of the girls from Hand named Flutter and Juniper, on a long journey from the city to the suburbs, discovering the physical ruins that civilization left behind when they entered their digital nirvana.",
"title": "Style, themes, and notable artworks"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Imogen and the Pigeons depicts the ruins of a society that uses technology to record people’s life experiences and memories onto computers in a digital format. Imogen and the Pigeons is a poetic story that takes place inside the digital recording of a woman named Imogen’s life.",
"title": "Style, themes, and notable artworks"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Singularity of Kumiko is a participatory-based immersive installation in Second Life that has subsequently been turned into a machinima. The environment is dark and moody, to compliment the melancholy narrative. There is some ambient light emanating from the artwork, but it is juxtaposed by a pitch black background, so visitors navigate the exhibition with a headlamp. Oh gives the visitors instructions for how to use their gear and where to begin their journey. As the participants move through the installation they collect information and artifacts that uncover a dialogue between two characters, Kumiko and Iktomi, learning that one was in a coma from a car accident, and though a virtual technology is being encouraged to cross over by the other. There is also an element of danger lurking in the dark environment, a rabbit named Mr. Zippers who can “kill” the participant.",
"title": "Style, themes, and notable artworks"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Pretty is a poetic machinima, created in Second Life, of an encounter between two versions of a manufactured woman, while exploring technology and obsolescence through a humanist lens. The characters are humanoid in their design. Oh explains that their proportions, a 1 to 9 body ratio, are intentionally warped in order to signify their manufactured state. They state that “The average person has a 1/5 to 1/7 ratio depending on the location in the world they come from but, much like a photoshopped model on a magazine cover, these realities can be warped.\"",
"title": "Style, themes, and notable artworks"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "PTSD Virtual Environment was developed on Second Life after Oh was contacted by the non-profit organization Virtual Ability, which helps individuals with a wide range of disabilities learn to thrive in online virtual worlds. The concept is to help the soldiers suffering from PTSD learn how to do things that might be difficult for them because of the effects of their trauma. Examples include planning a camping trip by going to a few different stores in the virtual environment to buy equipment. Then performing relaxing activities like fishing. Additionally, the environment made it possible for soldiers to connect with psychologists in a safe and virtual setting.",
"title": "Style, themes, and notable artworks"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Lobby Cam manifested as an expressive metaphor for the isolation and loneliness that resulted from social distancing and quarantine efforts during the Covid-19 pandemic. The work has been supported by a grant from the Canada Council for the Arts. Viewers become a part of the piece by walking through a lush rural landscape, discovering pages from an eccentric man’s diary in order to determine the course of the narrative.",
"title": "Style, themes, and notable artworks"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Oh’s work has been shown in both virtual and physical settings. Notable venues and events where their work has been presented include the exhibition Obedience at the Jewish Museum in Berlin (in collaboration British film director Peter Greenaway and multimedia artist Saskia Boddeke), The Final Five at Jack the Pelican Present in Brooklyn, New York, the Santa Fe New Media Festival, 17th Biennial de Cerveira in Portugal, the World Expo in Shanghai (Madrid Pavilion), and the Art & Algorithms digital festival in Titusville, Florida.",
"title": "Exhibitions, awards, and publications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Oh has been the recipient of several grants and awards, including four grants from the Canadian government. In August 2023, Lobby Cam won the Best Machinima Award at the Touchstone Independent Film Festival. Oh’s work in the metaverse has been discussed in academic journals and in the books Metaverse Artists: Bryn Oh by Velazquez Bonetto and New Opportunities for Artistic Practice in Virtual Worlds edited by Denise Doyle.",
"title": "Exhibitions, awards, and publications"
}
] |
Bryn Oh is a contemporary virtual world artist known for interactive installations and immersive experiences in virtual environments such as Second Life, Sansar, Steam, and High Fidelity. Oh has been active in the virtual world community since 2007, and is considered one of the pioneers in the field of virtual art. Oh’s work often explores themes of identity, memory, and the relationship between technology and humanity. Their style of artmaking, which they call Immersiva, blends elements of surrealism, fantasy, and storytelling to create captivating and thought-provoking experiences for audiences. In addition to virtual installations that are viewed by an average of 30,000 to 40,000 visitors, Oh has also exhibited work in physical art galleries and museums, expanding the impact and relevance of virtual art in the contemporary art world.
|
2023-12-04T18:12:44Z
|
2023-12-30T20:35:53Z
|
[
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Oh
|
75,484,128 |
Parvenetska reka
|
The Parvenetska reka (Bulgarian: Първенецка река) is a 37 km-long river in southern Bulgaria, a right tributary of the river Maritsa.
The river takes its source under the name Ribnevo dere at an altitude of 1,816 m some 500 m west of the summit of Modar (1,992 m) in the Chernatisa ridge of western Rhodope mountain range. It flows a north-northeastern direction in a deep forested valley. After the Tamrash State Forestry it is also known as the Tamrashka reka. Downstream of the confluence with its largest tributary, the Lilkovska reka, the river enters in a deep dramatic gorge until the village of Hrabrino. At the village of Parvenets, it enters the Upper Thracian Plain, where the riverbed is corrected with protective dikes. It flows into the Maritsa at an altitude of 164 m in the western neighbourhoods of Bulgaria’s second largest city, Plovdiv.
Its drainage basin covers a territory of 217 km or 0.4% of Maritsa's total and borders the drainage basins of the Chepelarska reka to the east and southeast and the Vacha to the west and southwest, both right tributaries of the Maritsa.
The Parvenetska reka has predominantly rain-snow feed with high water in April–May and low water in August–September. The average annual flow at Hrabrino is 1.62 m/s.
The river flows entirely in Plovdiv Province. There are three settlements along its course: the villages of Hrabrino and Parvenets in Rodopi Municipality and the city of Plovdiv. A 10.9 km stretch of the third class III-862 road Plovdiv–Lilkovo follows its valley between Parvenets and the intersection to Boykovo. Its waters are used for irrigation in the Upper Thracian Plain, as well as for industrial supply.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Parvenetska reka (Bulgarian: Първенецка река) is a 37 km-long river in southern Bulgaria, a right tributary of the river Maritsa.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The river takes its source under the name Ribnevo dere at an altitude of 1,816 m some 500 m west of the summit of Modar (1,992 m) in the Chernatisa ridge of western Rhodope mountain range. It flows a north-northeastern direction in a deep forested valley. After the Tamrash State Forestry it is also known as the Tamrashka reka. Downstream of the confluence with its largest tributary, the Lilkovska reka, the river enters in a deep dramatic gorge until the village of Hrabrino. At the village of Parvenets, it enters the Upper Thracian Plain, where the riverbed is corrected with protective dikes. It flows into the Maritsa at an altitude of 164 m in the western neighbourhoods of Bulgaria’s second largest city, Plovdiv.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Its drainage basin covers a territory of 217 km or 0.4% of Maritsa's total and borders the drainage basins of the Chepelarska reka to the east and southeast and the Vacha to the west and southwest, both right tributaries of the Maritsa.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Parvenetska reka has predominantly rain-snow feed with high water in April–May and low water in August–September. The average annual flow at Hrabrino is 1.62 m/s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The river flows entirely in Plovdiv Province. There are three settlements along its course: the villages of Hrabrino and Parvenets in Rodopi Municipality and the city of Plovdiv. A 10.9 km stretch of the third class III-862 road Plovdiv–Lilkovo follows its valley between Parvenets and the intersection to Boykovo. Its waters are used for irrigation in the Upper Thracian Plain, as well as for industrial supply.",
"title": ""
}
] |
The Parvenetska reka is a 37 km-long river in southern Bulgaria, a right tributary of the river Maritsa. The river takes its source under the name Ribnevo dere at an altitude of 1,816 m some 500 m west of the summit of Modar (1,992 m) in the Chernatisa ridge of western Rhodope mountain range. It flows a north-northeastern direction in a deep forested valley. After the Tamrash State Forestry it is also known as the Tamrashka reka. Downstream of the confluence with its largest tributary, the Lilkovska reka, the river enters in a deep dramatic gorge until the village of Hrabrino. At the village of Parvenets, it enters the Upper Thracian Plain, where the riverbed is corrected with protective dikes. It flows into the Maritsa at an altitude of 164 m in the western neighbourhoods of Bulgaria’s second largest city, Plovdiv. Its drainage basin covers a territory of 217 km2 or 0.4% of Maritsa's total and borders the drainage basins of the Chepelarska reka to the east and southeast and the Vacha to the west and southwest, both right tributaries of the Maritsa. The Parvenetska reka has predominantly rain-snow feed with high water in April–May and low water in August–September. The average annual flow at Hrabrino is 1.62 m3/s. The river flows entirely in Plovdiv Province. There are three settlements along its course: the villages of Hrabrino and Parvenets in Rodopi Municipality and the city of Plovdiv. A 10.9 km stretch of the third class III-862 road Plovdiv–Lilkovo follows its valley between Parvenets and the intersection to Boykovo. Its waters are used for irrigation in the Upper Thracian Plain, as well as for industrial supply.
|
2023-12-04T18:14:22Z
|
2023-12-05T10:37:20Z
|
[
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Commons category",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Infobox river",
"Template:Lang-bg",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Harvnb"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvenetska_reka
|
75,484,138 |
Zwartepoorte
|
Zwartepoorte is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zwartepoorte is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:",
"title": ""
}
] |
Zwartepoorte is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Adrie Zwartepoorte (1917–1991), Dutch cyclist
Henk Zwartepoorte (1949–2016), Dutch herpetologist
|
2023-12-04T18:16:00Z
|
2023-12-05T22:22:11Z
|
[
"Template:Surname",
"Template:Short pages monitor"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwartepoorte
|
75,484,145 |
Help Me Understand
|
[] |
2023-12-04T18:17:35Z
|
2023-12-04T18:18:20Z
|
[
"Template:Redirect category shell"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Me_Understand
|
||
75,484,149 |
Bosnian-Hungarian War (1387-1390)
|
The Bosnian–Hungarian War was a military conflict fought between the Bosnian Kingdom and the Kingdom of Hungary from 1387 to 1390 over the region of Dalmatia. The last city that fell in Bosnian control was Split.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Bosnian–Hungarian War was a military conflict fought between the Bosnian Kingdom and the Kingdom of Hungary from 1387 to 1390 over the region of Dalmatia. The last city that fell in Bosnian control was Split.",
"title": ""
}
] |
The Bosnian–Hungarian War was a military conflict fought between the Bosnian Kingdom and the Kingdom of Hungary from 1387 to 1390 over the region of Dalmatia. The last city that fell in Bosnian control was Split.
|
2023-12-04T18:17:51Z
|
2023-12-30T15:01:16Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox military conflict",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cite book"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian-Hungarian_War_(1387-1390)
|
75,484,153 |
Gadolinium(III) perchlorate
|
Gadolinium(III) perchlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Gd(ClO4)3. It can be obtained by reacting gadolinium(III) oxide and perchloric acid (70~72%) at 80 °C. It can form colorless Gd(ClO4)3·9H2O·4C4H8O2 complex crystals with 1,4-dioxane. It reacts with inositol, sodium acetate, and sodium hydroxide to obtain complexes containing giant molecular clusters {Gd140}. It reacts with chromium(III) chloride and 2,2'-bipyridine at pH=5.1 to obtain [GdCr(bipy)2(OH)2(H2O)6](ClO4)4·2H2O.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Gadolinium(III) perchlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Gd(ClO4)3. It can be obtained by reacting gadolinium(III) oxide and perchloric acid (70~72%) at 80 °C. It can form colorless Gd(ClO4)3·9H2O·4C4H8O2 complex crystals with 1,4-dioxane. It reacts with inositol, sodium acetate, and sodium hydroxide to obtain complexes containing giant molecular clusters {Gd140}. It reacts with chromium(III) chloride and 2,2'-bipyridine at pH=5.1 to obtain [GdCr(bipy)2(OH)2(H2O)6](ClO4)4·2H2O.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Gadolinium(III) perchlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Gd(ClO4)3. It can be obtained by reacting gadolinium(III) oxide and perchloric acid (70~72%) at 80 °C. It can form colorless Gd(ClO4)3·9H2O·4C4H8O2 complex crystals with 1,4-dioxane. It reacts with inositol, sodium acetate, and sodium hydroxide to obtain complexes containing giant molecular clusters {Gd140}. It reacts with chromium(III) chloride and 2,2'-bipyridine at pH=5.1 to obtain [GdCr(bipy)2(OH)2(H2O)6](ClO4)4·2H2O.
|
2023-12-04T18:18:13Z
|
2023-12-05T19:59:17Z
|
[
"Template:Chembox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Gadolinium compounds",
"Template:Perchlorates"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium(III)_perchlorate
|
75,484,172 |
Long ear
|
Long ear is a condition in which the ears are unusually long from top to bottom. This is defined as the median longitudinal ear length being over 2 SD from the mean external ear length (superior to inferior aspect).
Long ear is seen in:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Long ear is a condition in which the ears are unusually long from top to bottom. This is defined as the median longitudinal ear length being over 2 SD from the mean external ear length (superior to inferior aspect).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Long ear is seen in:",
"title": "Conditions"
}
] |
Long ear is a condition in which the ears are unusually long from top to bottom. This is defined as the median longitudinal ear length being over 2 SD from the mean external ear length.
|
2023-12-04T18:20:33Z
|
2023-12-26T15:50:41Z
|
[
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Redirect",
"Template:Infobox medical condition",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ear
|
75,484,173 |
Steinitz's theorem (field theory)
|
In field theory, Steinitz's theorem states that a finite extension of fields L / K {\displaystyle L/K} is simple if and only if there are only finitely many intermediate fields between K {\displaystyle K} and L {\displaystyle L} . (If K {\displaystyle K} is infinite, the finiteness of the extension L / K {\displaystyle L/K} follows in either case, cf. the proof below, and may thus be omitted from the theorem statement.)
Suppose first that L / K {\displaystyle L/K} is simple, that is to say L = K ( α ) {\displaystyle L=K(\alpha )} for some α ∈ L {\displaystyle \alpha \in L} . Let M {\displaystyle M} be any intermediate field between L {\displaystyle L} and K {\displaystyle K} , and let g {\displaystyle g} be the minimal polynomial of α {\displaystyle \alpha } over M {\displaystyle M} . Let M ′ {\displaystyle M'} be the field extension of K {\displaystyle K} generated by all the coefficients of g {\displaystyle g} . Then M ′ ⊆ M {\displaystyle M'\subseteq M} by def. of the minimal polynomial, but the degree of L {\displaystyle L} over M ′ {\displaystyle M'} is (like that of L {\displaystyle L} over M {\displaystyle M} ) simply the degree of g {\displaystyle g} . Therefore, by multiplicativity of degree, [ M : M ′ ] = 1 {\displaystyle [M:M']=1} and hence M = M ′ {\displaystyle M=M'} .
But if f {\displaystyle f} is the minimal polynomial of α {\displaystyle \alpha } over K {\displaystyle K} , then g | f {\displaystyle g|f} , and since there are only finitely many divisors of f {\displaystyle f} , the first direction follows.
Conversely, if the number of intermediate fields between L {\displaystyle L} and K {\displaystyle K} is finite, we distinguish two cases:
This theorem was found and proven in 1910 by Ernst Steinitz.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "In field theory, Steinitz's theorem states that a finite extension of fields L / K {\\displaystyle L/K} is simple if and only if there are only finitely many intermediate fields between K {\\displaystyle K} and L {\\displaystyle L} . (If K {\\displaystyle K} is infinite, the finiteness of the extension L / K {\\displaystyle L/K} follows in either case, cf. the proof below, and may thus be omitted from the theorem statement.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Suppose first that L / K {\\displaystyle L/K} is simple, that is to say L = K ( α ) {\\displaystyle L=K(\\alpha )} for some α ∈ L {\\displaystyle \\alpha \\in L} . Let M {\\displaystyle M} be any intermediate field between L {\\displaystyle L} and K {\\displaystyle K} , and let g {\\displaystyle g} be the minimal polynomial of α {\\displaystyle \\alpha } over M {\\displaystyle M} . Let M ′ {\\displaystyle M'} be the field extension of K {\\displaystyle K} generated by all the coefficients of g {\\displaystyle g} . Then M ′ ⊆ M {\\displaystyle M'\\subseteq M} by def. of the minimal polynomial, but the degree of L {\\displaystyle L} over M ′ {\\displaystyle M'} is (like that of L {\\displaystyle L} over M {\\displaystyle M} ) simply the degree of g {\\displaystyle g} . Therefore, by multiplicativity of degree, [ M : M ′ ] = 1 {\\displaystyle [M:M']=1} and hence M = M ′ {\\displaystyle M=M'} .",
"title": "Proof"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "But if f {\\displaystyle f} is the minimal polynomial of α {\\displaystyle \\alpha } over K {\\displaystyle K} , then g | f {\\displaystyle g|f} , and since there are only finitely many divisors of f {\\displaystyle f} , the first direction follows.",
"title": "Proof"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Conversely, if the number of intermediate fields between L {\\displaystyle L} and K {\\displaystyle K} is finite, we distinguish two cases:",
"title": "Proof"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "This theorem was found and proven in 1910 by Ernst Steinitz.",
"title": "History"
}
] |
In field theory, Steinitz's theorem states that a finite extension of fields L / K is simple if and only if there are only finitely many intermediate fields between K and L .
|
2023-12-04T18:20:39Z
|
2023-12-14T01:39:35Z
|
[
"Template:Cite journal"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinitz%27s_theorem_(field_theory)
|
75,484,193 |
Yusuf Akçiçek
|
Yusuf Akçiçek (born 25 January 2006) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Turkish club Fenerbahçe in the Süper Lig.
On 9 November 2023, he made his debut with the team against Ludogorets in UEFA Europa Conference League away game, Fenerbahçe lost 2–0.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Yusuf Akçiçek (born 25 January 2006) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Turkish club Fenerbahçe in the Süper Lig.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On 9 November 2023, he made his debut with the team against Ludogorets in UEFA Europa Conference League away game, Fenerbahçe lost 2–0.",
"title": "Professional career"
}
] |
Yusuf Akçiçek is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Turkish club Fenerbahçe in the Süper Lig.
|
2023-12-04T18:23:39Z
|
2023-12-16T11:44:13Z
|
[
"Template:Updated",
"Template:Efn",
"Template:Notelist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Infobox football biography",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:TFF player",
"Template:Fenerbahçe S.K. squad",
"Template:Short description"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Ak%C3%A7i%C3%A7ek
|
75,484,207 |
Karen Nyamu
|
Karen Njeri Nyamu is a Kenyan politician from the UDA. She is a nominated member of the Senate of Kenya.
Nyamu was born in the Eastlands area of Nairobi.
Nyamu is a single mother of two children.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Karen Njeri Nyamu is a Kenyan politician from the UDA. She is a nominated member of the Senate of Kenya.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Nyamu was born in the Eastlands area of Nairobi.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Nyamu is a single mother of two children.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
Karen Njeri Nyamu is a Kenyan politician from the UDA. She is a nominated member of the Senate of Kenya.
|
2023-12-04T18:26:04Z
|
2023-12-04T19:33:42Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Kenya-politician-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Nyamu
|
75,484,231 |
Quincy Isaiah
|
Quincy Isaiah Crosby (born c. 1996) is an American actor and former American football player known for his leading role as Magic Johnson in HBO' sports drama television series Winning Time: The Rise of the Lakers Dynasty.
Isaiah played as an offensive lineman for the Division III Kalamazoo College football team. He graduated in 2017.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Quincy Isaiah Crosby (born c. 1996) is an American actor and former American football player known for his leading role as Magic Johnson in HBO' sports drama television series Winning Time: The Rise of the Lakers Dynasty.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Isaiah played as an offensive lineman for the Division III Kalamazoo College football team. He graduated in 2017.",
"title": "Early life"
}
] |
Quincy Isaiah Crosby is an American actor and former American football player known for his leading role as Magic Johnson in HBO' sports drama television series Winning Time: The Rise of the Lakers Dynasty.
|
2023-12-04T18:29:53Z
|
2023-12-14T00:27:42Z
|
[
"Template:Imdb name",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Isaiah
|
75,484,248 |
Nyamu
|
Nyamu is a surname of African origin:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Nyamu is a surname of African origin:",
"title": ""
}
] |
Nyamu is a surname of African origin: Jesaya Nyamu, Namibian politician
Jim Nyamu, Kenyan scientist and activist
Julius Nyamu, Kenyan runner
Karen Nyamu, Kenyan politician
|
2023-12-04T18:32:23Z
|
2023-12-04T19:31:47Z
|
[
"Template:Surname"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyamu
|
75,484,264 |
Mitotrope
|
Mitotropes are a novel class of drugs that aim to improve cardiac performance by influencing the mitochondria. Their intended effect is similar to the calcium-based inotropes but they are hoped to have fewer long-term side effects.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mitotropes are a novel class of drugs that aim to improve cardiac performance by influencing the mitochondria. Their intended effect is similar to the calcium-based inotropes but they are hoped to have fewer long-term side effects.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Mitotropes are a novel class of drugs that aim to improve cardiac performance by influencing the mitochondria. Their intended effect is similar to the calcium-based inotropes but they are hoped to have fewer long-term side effects.
|
2023-12-04T18:33:40Z
|
2023-12-11T08:31:15Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotrope
|
75,484,265 |
Filipp Vystupets
|
Filipp Vladimirovich Vystupets (Russian: Филипп Владимирович Выступец, born May 11, 1992, Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, Sakhalin Oblast, Russia) is a Russian plastic surgeon and physician.
Born May 11, 1992. Until the age of 18 he lived in Anapa, studied at school School No. 7, he was also a swimmer from 1st through 11th grade. Fulfilled the category of CMC, participated in open water competitions, swam 12 kilometers. Then he went to St. Petersburg and in 2010 entered St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, from which he graduated in 2016.
Then in 2016, he entered the residency program in plastic surgery at the Mechnikov NWSMU, from which he graduated in 2018. In 2018, he started working as a plastic surgeon. He actively started attending annual congresses and master classes. In 2021, Philip moved to Moscow.
In 2013, he became a participant of the III National Congress - "Plastic Surgery". In 2014 participated in the 2014 IV International Symposium on Plastic Surgery and Cosmetology "New Horizons in Aesthetic Medicine" with ISAPS course.
Graduated from St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University in 2016, then in 2018 he underwent professional retraining in the specialty "Plastic Surgery" on the basis of the North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov.
In 2018, he participated in "SAM-symposium XVII" International Symposium on Aesthetic Medicine in Moscow.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Filipp Vladimirovich Vystupets (Russian: Филипп Владимирович Выступец, born May 11, 1992, Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, Sakhalin Oblast, Russia) is a Russian plastic surgeon and physician.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Born May 11, 1992. Until the age of 18 he lived in Anapa, studied at school School No. 7, he was also a swimmer from 1st through 11th grade. Fulfilled the category of CMC, participated in open water competitions, swam 12 kilometers. Then he went to St. Petersburg and in 2010 entered St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, from which he graduated in 2016.",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Then in 2016, he entered the residency program in plastic surgery at the Mechnikov NWSMU, from which he graduated in 2018. In 2018, he started working as a plastic surgeon. He actively started attending annual congresses and master classes. In 2021, Philip moved to Moscow.",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2013, he became a participant of the III National Congress - \"Plastic Surgery\". In 2014 participated in the 2014 IV International Symposium on Plastic Surgery and Cosmetology \"New Horizons in Aesthetic Medicine\" with ISAPS course.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Graduated from St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University in 2016, then in 2018 he underwent professional retraining in the specialty \"Plastic Surgery\" on the basis of the North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2018, he participated in \"SAM-symposium XVII\" International Symposium on Aesthetic Medicine in Moscow.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Filipp Vladimirovich Vystupets is a Russian plastic surgeon and physician.
|
2023-12-04T18:33:47Z
|
2023-12-29T08:47:56Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Lang-ru",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Russia-med-bio-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipp_Vystupets
|
75,484,279 |
Burundi–Rwanda relations
|
Relations between Burundi and Rwanda have existed for at least as long as the states themselves. Before contact with Europeans, Rwanda and Burundi were kingdoms (primarily inhabited by Hutu, Tutsi and Twa) competing to gain control over nearby territory. In the 1880s, the two kingdoms were placed under colonial authority, first by Germany, and then by Belgium after 1919.
Since regaining their independence in the 1960s, the crises and political developments of both nations have had profound impacts on each other. Bilateral relations between Burundi and Rwanda have ranged from being very friendly to very hostile, and are regularly shaped by the relations between Hutu and Tutsi in general.
The lands constituting what are now Rwanda and Burundi were first inhabited by ancestors of the Twa, arriving in the area between 8000 and 3000 BCE. Later on (between 700 BCE and 1500 CE), Bantu peoples also migrated into the region. The exact nature of the origins of Hutu and Tutsi are a matter of dispute.
Regional clans (ubwoko) eventually grew into eight kingdoms by 1700, with the Kingdom of Burundi (or Urundi) and Kingdom of Rwanda being among them. According to Kanyaru traditions, the family and associates of the first king of Burundi – Ntare I – were related to Rwanda's royal family, although this is not universally agreed upon. Around the early-to-mid 19th century, Rwanda and Burundi engaged in the conquering and annexing of smaller surrounding kingdoms, reaching their greatest territorial extent.
Both Rwanda and Burundi were assigned to the German Empire in the Berlin Conference of 1884–85. Germany did not rule over the kingdoms themselves, but instead chose to rule indirectly through their monarchies, making them the westernmost part of the German East Africa colony. Belgian forces later took control of the kingdoms during World War I, subsequently making them Belgian colonies in a 1919 League of Nations mandate named Ruanda-Urundi.
Although Belgium initially continued the German method of government through the monarchy, in 1926, it began a policy of direct colonial rule in line with norms in the Belgian Congo. Reforms included simplifying the complex three-chieftain system, so one chief (usually Tutsi) instead of three (typically split between Tutsi and Hutu) ruled a local area. Belgian reforms also extended uburetwa (forced labour by Hutu for Tutsi chiefs) to individuals, not just communities, and to regions not previously covered by the system. Tutsi chiefs began a process of land reform with Belgian support; grazing areas traditionally controlled by Hutu collectives were seized by Tutsi and privatised with minimal compensation.
Ruanda-Urundi was devastated by a famine during World War II; a combination of drought and the trade policies of colonial authorities caused between 36,000–50,000 people to die in 1943–1944, with hundreds of thousands more fleeing to neighbouring areas.
During and after the Rwandan Revolution, hundreds of thousands of Tutsi fled Rwanda to neighbouring countries, including roughly 25,000 who left for Burundi. Although Rwanda had shifted from being a Tutsi-led monarchy to a Hutu-dominated republic by 1961, Burundi had retained its Tutsi monarchy, and was the country most welcoming to the refugees. Many refugees wished to return to Rwanda, with some aspiring to overthrow the new government.
The first attempt by Tutsi rebels in Burundi to invade Rwanda was made on 25 November 1963, with approximately 1,500 refugees from across Burundi attempting to move towards the Rwandan border. Upon learning of this, United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) Representative in Bujumbura Jacques Cuenod, along with a group of Protestant missionaries, alerted the Burundian government and tried to persuade them to stop the attack. After some hesitation, Burundi sent the gendarmerie to disarm the refugees and return them to their camps. One refugee later told UNCHR official Francois Preziosi that François Rukeba, the Rwandan government-in-exile's Minister of Defence, had ordered the attack after a meeting in Bujumbura, during which Tutsi rebel leaders from other countries expressed their opposition.
By early December 1963, the attitude of the Burundian authorities towards forestalling rebel attacks on Rwanda changed, as a meeting between Rwandan and Burundian delegates in Gisenyi – intended to resolve outstanding issues regarding the dissolution of the Rwanda-Burundi monetary and customs union – fell apart due to disagreements. Burundian Vice Prime Minister Pié Masumbuko told a Rwandan official, "Recently we have arrested people who were about to attack you and now you decide to sever economic relations with us. Therefore you do not want collaboration."
After another Tutsi rebel invasion in late December 1963, the Rwandan government purged moderate Hutu and leading Tutsi politicians. Rwandan Tutsi in general also became targets of mass killings, with the estimated death toll ranging from 1,000 to 20,000. More Tutsi fled to escape the violence, thousands of whom went to Burundi.
Burundi was the only state to openly condemn the killings. The Burundian government further accused the Rwandan military of crossing into their territory on 22 January 1964 and killing Burundian nationals in bordering regions. The Burundian military was mobilised, and created a "buffer zone" at the border with Rwanda, forbidding anyone from entering it without authorisation. In turn, the Rwandan government accused Burundi of allowing the raid to occur and potentially backing the attack. Burundian Prime Minister Pierre Ngendandumwe denied his government's involvement in the invasion, and attempted to convince the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) to convene a meeting on the apparent border incident. The invasion also spawned a debate in the Burundian National Assembly in February over possible sanctions against the rebels. The Hutu parliamentary faction advocated extraditing known rebels to Rwanda, while the Tutsi bloc advised against this. Ultimately, no action was taken. The border violation dispute was dropped in April 1964 without official resolution, though by then, tensions had subsided. Nevertheless, the invasion led the governments to exchange bitter communiques and insult each other on their state radio stations until 1965.
On 15 January 1965, Prime Minister Ngendandumwe (who was Hutu) was assassinated; his alleged assassin was a Rwandan Tutsi refugee, which prompted the Burundian government to arrest him, along with several other Rwandan refugees, including most of the leaders of the Armée Populaire de Libération Rwandaise. Despite these arrests and subsequent investigations, the Supreme Court of Burundi dismissed all charges against those accused in the assassination on December 1967, citing a lack of evidence.
After a series of coups or coup attempts in October 1965, July 1966, and November 1966, Tutsi Army Captain Michel Micombero took control of the Burundian government and abolished the monarchy. Soon after taking over, he pledged to improve Burundi's relations with it's neighbours, including Rwanda. The President of Rwanda, Grégoire Kayibanda, immediately extended his country's recognition to the new government of Burundi. Burundi's relations with Rwanda subsequently improved, and official, post-independence diplomatic relations were established on August 1969.
The Rwanda Revolution and it's aftermath dramatically worsened Tutsi–Hutu relations in Burundi, and from that point onward, the country's Tutsi-led regimes sought to avoid a similar revolution in their own territory. Fear of such a development strongly motivated the Burundian government under Micombero to massacre thousands of Hutu in 1972 in response to a Hutu uprising, with the participation of some Rwandan Tutsi refugees. Several Rwandan citizens were also among those killed. These killings (called the Ikiza) prompted a large, mostly-Hutu exodus from Burundi to neighboring countries, including around 6,000 to Rwanda (although roughly half would later leave for Tanzania).
On 1 June 1972, after American diplomats spoke with Rwandan President Kayibanda (who was Hutu), the Rwandan Minister of International Cooperation delivered a letter signed by Kayibanda to the Burundian authorities, which urged Micombero to stop the killings. Beyond this, most African heads of state made no public condemnation of the killings in Burundi, though the National Union of Students of Uganda did so on 16 July. The Rwandan government formally accused Burundi of committing genocide against Hutu at an OAU meeting in May 1973.
The Ikiza worsened ethnic tensions in Rwanda, where Hutu began harassing and attacking Tutsi. Faced with increasing political isolation, Kayibanda used the Burundi killings as a reason to take further discriminatory measures against Tutsi. His government's use of vigilante committees to implement this generated instability when these committees began questioning the power of the authorities, facilitating army officer Juvénal Habyarimana's coup in 1973.
Rwanda condemned the 1993 coup attempt in Burundi, which killed the Hutu president Melchior Ndadaye and became a catalyst for widespread ethnic violence against Burundian Tutsi. A joint study – conducted by the United Nations Population Fund and the Burundian government in 2002 – estimated that 116,059 people were killed from 21 October to 31 December 1993, with at least 100,000 deaths occurring in late October. It remains unclear what proportion of these victims were Tutsi or Hutu, and the question of whether the killings of Tutsi during this time arose from a planned genocide or from spontaneous violence remains heavily disputed among academics and Burundians who lived through the events.
During the 1990–1994 Rwandan Civil War, many Hutu politicians recalled the Ikiza, using it to inform their fears of atrocities if the Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) succeeded in seizing power. The killing of Ndadaye and the flight of 300,000 Hutu refugees to Rwanda during the violence crystallised anti-Tutsi sentiment among Hutu there, and greatly troubled the prospects of the Arusha Accords, a power-sharing agreement designed to end the civil war. Filip Reyntjens asserted that Ndadaye's assassination completely derailed the peace process in Rwanda. Some Rwandan Hutu even speculated that the RPF had assisted in the coup. Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), a Rwandan Hutu extremist propaganda station, deliberately misreported the details of Ndadaye's death – saying he had been tortured and castrated – to inflame anti-Tutsi sentiment. According to Gérard Prunier, the death of Ndadaye greatly strengthened the messaging of Rwandan Hutu extremists who sought to exterminate Tutsi, and allowed them to push their ideas beyond fringe status, culminating in the Rwandan genocide of 1994; Alison Des Forges wrote that the muted international response to the killings "led to the cataclysm in Rwanda".
On 6 April 1994, Rwandan President Habyarimana and Burundi's new president, Cyprien Ntaryamira, were assassinated after their plane was shot down by surface-to-air missiles, breaking the Arusha Accords.
Observers feared that President Ntaryamira's death would lead to widespread violence in Burundi, as had happened when his predecessor was assassinated. However, unlike in Rwanda, the situation in Burundi remained peaceful after word was received of its president's death. The Burundian government declared that the plane crash was caused by an accident, and President of the National Assembly Sylvestre Ntibantunganya made a broadcast on television appealing for calm. Diplomats reported that most Burundians believed that the attack was meant to target the Rwandan president, not theirs. Ntibantunganya, who became his successor, held similar views, considering Ntaryamira's death to be "by the facts of circumstance", and that he was not targeted.
Faced with the spillover of the Rwandan Civil War, Ntibantunganya's government pursued a strict policy of neutrality, denying officials of the former Habyarimana government residency in Bujumbura, and refusing to allow French troops to use Burundi as a staging area for Opération Turquoise. In May 1994, he met with RPF leader Pasteur Bizimungu.
Beginning the day after the assassinations, Rwandan Hutu extremists carried out a genocide that killed 500,000–800,000 Tutsi, as well as 10,000 Batwa and some moderate Hutu, between 7 April and 15 July 1994. Following this, the RPF resumed their military campaign, defeating the government and taking complete control of the country on 18 July.
The genocide created a refugee crisis; an estimated 300,000 Rwandans ultimately fled to Burundi, while approximately 180,000 Burundian exiles who had fled to Rwanda in October 1993 also returned. With international assistance, Burundi opened new refugee camps to house them.
The military and paramilitary forces of the old Rwandan Hutu regime (Ex-FAR/ALiR and Interahamwe) subsequently fled into Zaire, then rebuilt their strength and launched an insurgency against the RPF. The Burundian CNDD–FDD and PALIPEHUTU-FNL (the country's most prominent Hutu rebel groups) soon allied themselves with the Rwandan Hutu factions, which consequently aided them in attacking the Burundian military. Although the CNDD–FDD's denied these links, Reyntjens assessed how northern Burundi's situation made Rwandan and Burundian Hutu rebel groups "objective allies" for geopolitical convenience, given an interest "in effectively controlling this area which could become a major base for an invasion of Rwanda by Rwandan exiles."
The increased internal conflict and decline of state authority in Burundi greatly alarmed the RPF-led government of Rwanda. The RPF feared that the collapse of the Burundian government would lead not only to the influx of possibly 500,000 Tutsi refugees into Rwanda, but also provide a new haven to the Rwandan Hutu insurgents. Because of this, Rwanda began providing aid to the Burundian government from 1995. Rwandan troops would repeatedly cross the border and attack Hutu refugee camps which harbored rebel forces, in coordination with the Burundian military and local Tutsi militias.
Rwanda's views on the Burundian Civil War also influenced its decision to launch the First Congo War in late 1996. By overthrowing Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko, Rwanda hoped to eliminate Zaire as a haven for various Hutu rebel groups. Burundi supported Rwandan involvement in Zaire, but provided very limited military support.
Although Rwanda successfully overthrew Mobutu in a matter of months (replacing him with Laurent-Désiré Kabila), CNDD–FDD rebels still significantly expand their operations in 1997, even infiltrating Burundi and attacking Rutovu, President Pierre Buyoya's home town and the center of Burundi's Tutsi elite at the time. Later on, some elements of the new Congolese government under Kabila's son, Joseph, came to support the Burundian insurgents by the early 2000s, just as Mobutu had done previously.
Both Burundi and Rwanda joined the East African Community (EAC) in December 2006.
Although relations between Rwandan President Paul Kagame and Burundian President Pierre Nkurunziza were initially friendly, this dynamic shifted significantly after the 2012–2013 M23 rebellion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with Nkurunziza opposing the March 23 Movement, and the Kagame-led Rwanda backing it.
Beginning on April 2015, and especially after a failed coup attempt the following month, Burundi (now led by the CNDD–FDD) launched major crackdowns on protesters, prompting more than 390,000 Burundians to flee to neighbouring countries by May 2018, including to Rwanda. The unrest caused even more strain on relations between Rwanda and Burundi; Kagame was among those critical of Nkurunziza for seeking a third term, and both countries accused each other of harbouring hostile rebel groups. Desire Nyaruhirira, a Rwandan diplomat, was expelled from Burundi on October 2015 after it accused him of being a destabilising actor. According to both the United States and a confidential United Nations report, the Rwanda Defence Force was training and recruiting Burundian refugees in the eastern DRC – some of them being children – to attack Nkurunziza's government.
On 15 August 2022, Burundi began sending troops to Kivu in the DRC to fight against M23 rebels, which were fighting alongside Rwandan troops (despite official denials from Rwanda). They arrived as part of the first contingent of EAC peacekeeping forces to deal with the M23 offensive, with Burundians being the largest contributors. The Burundian presence in the region was controversial, as despite ostensibly being there to fight the rebels, they were instead reported to be co-existing in the same space as the M23.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Relations between Burundi and Rwanda have existed for at least as long as the states themselves. Before contact with Europeans, Rwanda and Burundi were kingdoms (primarily inhabited by Hutu, Tutsi and Twa) competing to gain control over nearby territory. In the 1880s, the two kingdoms were placed under colonial authority, first by Germany, and then by Belgium after 1919.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Since regaining their independence in the 1960s, the crises and political developments of both nations have had profound impacts on each other. Bilateral relations between Burundi and Rwanda have ranged from being very friendly to very hostile, and are regularly shaped by the relations between Hutu and Tutsi in general.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The lands constituting what are now Rwanda and Burundi were first inhabited by ancestors of the Twa, arriving in the area between 8000 and 3000 BCE. Later on (between 700 BCE and 1500 CE), Bantu peoples also migrated into the region. The exact nature of the origins of Hutu and Tutsi are a matter of dispute.",
"title": "Early relations (pre-1961)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Regional clans (ubwoko) eventually grew into eight kingdoms by 1700, with the Kingdom of Burundi (or Urundi) and Kingdom of Rwanda being among them. According to Kanyaru traditions, the family and associates of the first king of Burundi – Ntare I – were related to Rwanda's royal family, although this is not universally agreed upon. Around the early-to-mid 19th century, Rwanda and Burundi engaged in the conquering and annexing of smaller surrounding kingdoms, reaching their greatest territorial extent.",
"title": "Early relations (pre-1961)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Both Rwanda and Burundi were assigned to the German Empire in the Berlin Conference of 1884–85. Germany did not rule over the kingdoms themselves, but instead chose to rule indirectly through their monarchies, making them the westernmost part of the German East Africa colony. Belgian forces later took control of the kingdoms during World War I, subsequently making them Belgian colonies in a 1919 League of Nations mandate named Ruanda-Urundi.",
"title": "Early relations (pre-1961)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Although Belgium initially continued the German method of government through the monarchy, in 1926, it began a policy of direct colonial rule in line with norms in the Belgian Congo. Reforms included simplifying the complex three-chieftain system, so one chief (usually Tutsi) instead of three (typically split between Tutsi and Hutu) ruled a local area. Belgian reforms also extended uburetwa (forced labour by Hutu for Tutsi chiefs) to individuals, not just communities, and to regions not previously covered by the system. Tutsi chiefs began a process of land reform with Belgian support; grazing areas traditionally controlled by Hutu collectives were seized by Tutsi and privatised with minimal compensation.",
"title": "Early relations (pre-1961)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Ruanda-Urundi was devastated by a famine during World War II; a combination of drought and the trade policies of colonial authorities caused between 36,000–50,000 people to die in 1943–1944, with hundreds of thousands more fleeing to neighbouring areas.",
"title": "Early relations (pre-1961)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "During and after the Rwandan Revolution, hundreds of thousands of Tutsi fled Rwanda to neighbouring countries, including roughly 25,000 who left for Burundi. Although Rwanda had shifted from being a Tutsi-led monarchy to a Hutu-dominated republic by 1961, Burundi had retained its Tutsi monarchy, and was the country most welcoming to the refugees. Many refugees wished to return to Rwanda, with some aspiring to overthrow the new government.",
"title": "Cold War relations (1961–1990)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The first attempt by Tutsi rebels in Burundi to invade Rwanda was made on 25 November 1963, with approximately 1,500 refugees from across Burundi attempting to move towards the Rwandan border. Upon learning of this, United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) Representative in Bujumbura Jacques Cuenod, along with a group of Protestant missionaries, alerted the Burundian government and tried to persuade them to stop the attack. After some hesitation, Burundi sent the gendarmerie to disarm the refugees and return them to their camps. One refugee later told UNCHR official Francois Preziosi that François Rukeba, the Rwandan government-in-exile's Minister of Defence, had ordered the attack after a meeting in Bujumbura, during which Tutsi rebel leaders from other countries expressed their opposition.",
"title": "Cold War relations (1961–1990)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "By early December 1963, the attitude of the Burundian authorities towards forestalling rebel attacks on Rwanda changed, as a meeting between Rwandan and Burundian delegates in Gisenyi – intended to resolve outstanding issues regarding the dissolution of the Rwanda-Burundi monetary and customs union – fell apart due to disagreements. Burundian Vice Prime Minister Pié Masumbuko told a Rwandan official, \"Recently we have arrested people who were about to attack you and now you decide to sever economic relations with us. Therefore you do not want collaboration.\"",
"title": "Cold War relations (1961–1990)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "After another Tutsi rebel invasion in late December 1963, the Rwandan government purged moderate Hutu and leading Tutsi politicians. Rwandan Tutsi in general also became targets of mass killings, with the estimated death toll ranging from 1,000 to 20,000. More Tutsi fled to escape the violence, thousands of whom went to Burundi.",
"title": "Cold War relations (1961–1990)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Burundi was the only state to openly condemn the killings. The Burundian government further accused the Rwandan military of crossing into their territory on 22 January 1964 and killing Burundian nationals in bordering regions. The Burundian military was mobilised, and created a \"buffer zone\" at the border with Rwanda, forbidding anyone from entering it without authorisation. In turn, the Rwandan government accused Burundi of allowing the raid to occur and potentially backing the attack. Burundian Prime Minister Pierre Ngendandumwe denied his government's involvement in the invasion, and attempted to convince the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) to convene a meeting on the apparent border incident. The invasion also spawned a debate in the Burundian National Assembly in February over possible sanctions against the rebels. The Hutu parliamentary faction advocated extraditing known rebels to Rwanda, while the Tutsi bloc advised against this. Ultimately, no action was taken. The border violation dispute was dropped in April 1964 without official resolution, though by then, tensions had subsided. Nevertheless, the invasion led the governments to exchange bitter communiques and insult each other on their state radio stations until 1965.",
"title": "Cold War relations (1961–1990)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "On 15 January 1965, Prime Minister Ngendandumwe (who was Hutu) was assassinated; his alleged assassin was a Rwandan Tutsi refugee, which prompted the Burundian government to arrest him, along with several other Rwandan refugees, including most of the leaders of the Armée Populaire de Libération Rwandaise. Despite these arrests and subsequent investigations, the Supreme Court of Burundi dismissed all charges against those accused in the assassination on December 1967, citing a lack of evidence.",
"title": "Cold War relations (1961–1990)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "After a series of coups or coup attempts in October 1965, July 1966, and November 1966, Tutsi Army Captain Michel Micombero took control of the Burundian government and abolished the monarchy. Soon after taking over, he pledged to improve Burundi's relations with it's neighbours, including Rwanda. The President of Rwanda, Grégoire Kayibanda, immediately extended his country's recognition to the new government of Burundi. Burundi's relations with Rwanda subsequently improved, and official, post-independence diplomatic relations were established on August 1969.",
"title": "Cold War relations (1961–1990)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The Rwanda Revolution and it's aftermath dramatically worsened Tutsi–Hutu relations in Burundi, and from that point onward, the country's Tutsi-led regimes sought to avoid a similar revolution in their own territory. Fear of such a development strongly motivated the Burundian government under Micombero to massacre thousands of Hutu in 1972 in response to a Hutu uprising, with the participation of some Rwandan Tutsi refugees. Several Rwandan citizens were also among those killed. These killings (called the Ikiza) prompted a large, mostly-Hutu exodus from Burundi to neighboring countries, including around 6,000 to Rwanda (although roughly half would later leave for Tanzania).",
"title": "Cold War relations (1961–1990)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "On 1 June 1972, after American diplomats spoke with Rwandan President Kayibanda (who was Hutu), the Rwandan Minister of International Cooperation delivered a letter signed by Kayibanda to the Burundian authorities, which urged Micombero to stop the killings. Beyond this, most African heads of state made no public condemnation of the killings in Burundi, though the National Union of Students of Uganda did so on 16 July. The Rwandan government formally accused Burundi of committing genocide against Hutu at an OAU meeting in May 1973.",
"title": "Cold War relations (1961–1990)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The Ikiza worsened ethnic tensions in Rwanda, where Hutu began harassing and attacking Tutsi. Faced with increasing political isolation, Kayibanda used the Burundi killings as a reason to take further discriminatory measures against Tutsi. His government's use of vigilante committees to implement this generated instability when these committees began questioning the power of the authorities, facilitating army officer Juvénal Habyarimana's coup in 1973.",
"title": "Cold War relations (1961–1990)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Rwanda condemned the 1993 coup attempt in Burundi, which killed the Hutu president Melchior Ndadaye and became a catalyst for widespread ethnic violence against Burundian Tutsi. A joint study – conducted by the United Nations Population Fund and the Burundian government in 2002 – estimated that 116,059 people were killed from 21 October to 31 December 1993, with at least 100,000 deaths occurring in late October. It remains unclear what proportion of these victims were Tutsi or Hutu, and the question of whether the killings of Tutsi during this time arose from a planned genocide or from spontaneous violence remains heavily disputed among academics and Burundians who lived through the events.",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "During the 1990–1994 Rwandan Civil War, many Hutu politicians recalled the Ikiza, using it to inform their fears of atrocities if the Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) succeeded in seizing power. The killing of Ndadaye and the flight of 300,000 Hutu refugees to Rwanda during the violence crystallised anti-Tutsi sentiment among Hutu there, and greatly troubled the prospects of the Arusha Accords, a power-sharing agreement designed to end the civil war. Filip Reyntjens asserted that Ndadaye's assassination completely derailed the peace process in Rwanda. Some Rwandan Hutu even speculated that the RPF had assisted in the coup. Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), a Rwandan Hutu extremist propaganda station, deliberately misreported the details of Ndadaye's death – saying he had been tortured and castrated – to inflame anti-Tutsi sentiment. According to Gérard Prunier, the death of Ndadaye greatly strengthened the messaging of Rwandan Hutu extremists who sought to exterminate Tutsi, and allowed them to push their ideas beyond fringe status, culminating in the Rwandan genocide of 1994; Alison Des Forges wrote that the muted international response to the killings \"led to the cataclysm in Rwanda\".",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "On 6 April 1994, Rwandan President Habyarimana and Burundi's new president, Cyprien Ntaryamira, were assassinated after their plane was shot down by surface-to-air missiles, breaking the Arusha Accords.",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Observers feared that President Ntaryamira's death would lead to widespread violence in Burundi, as had happened when his predecessor was assassinated. However, unlike in Rwanda, the situation in Burundi remained peaceful after word was received of its president's death. The Burundian government declared that the plane crash was caused by an accident, and President of the National Assembly Sylvestre Ntibantunganya made a broadcast on television appealing for calm. Diplomats reported that most Burundians believed that the attack was meant to target the Rwandan president, not theirs. Ntibantunganya, who became his successor, held similar views, considering Ntaryamira's death to be \"by the facts of circumstance\", and that he was not targeted.",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Faced with the spillover of the Rwandan Civil War, Ntibantunganya's government pursued a strict policy of neutrality, denying officials of the former Habyarimana government residency in Bujumbura, and refusing to allow French troops to use Burundi as a staging area for Opération Turquoise. In May 1994, he met with RPF leader Pasteur Bizimungu.",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Beginning the day after the assassinations, Rwandan Hutu extremists carried out a genocide that killed 500,000–800,000 Tutsi, as well as 10,000 Batwa and some moderate Hutu, between 7 April and 15 July 1994. Following this, the RPF resumed their military campaign, defeating the government and taking complete control of the country on 18 July.",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "The genocide created a refugee crisis; an estimated 300,000 Rwandans ultimately fled to Burundi, while approximately 180,000 Burundian exiles who had fled to Rwanda in October 1993 also returned. With international assistance, Burundi opened new refugee camps to house them.",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "The military and paramilitary forces of the old Rwandan Hutu regime (Ex-FAR/ALiR and Interahamwe) subsequently fled into Zaire, then rebuilt their strength and launched an insurgency against the RPF. The Burundian CNDD–FDD and PALIPEHUTU-FNL (the country's most prominent Hutu rebel groups) soon allied themselves with the Rwandan Hutu factions, which consequently aided them in attacking the Burundian military. Although the CNDD–FDD's denied these links, Reyntjens assessed how northern Burundi's situation made Rwandan and Burundian Hutu rebel groups \"objective allies\" for geopolitical convenience, given an interest \"in effectively controlling this area which could become a major base for an invasion of Rwanda by Rwandan exiles.\"",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "The increased internal conflict and decline of state authority in Burundi greatly alarmed the RPF-led government of Rwanda. The RPF feared that the collapse of the Burundian government would lead not only to the influx of possibly 500,000 Tutsi refugees into Rwanda, but also provide a new haven to the Rwandan Hutu insurgents. Because of this, Rwanda began providing aid to the Burundian government from 1995. Rwandan troops would repeatedly cross the border and attack Hutu refugee camps which harbored rebel forces, in coordination with the Burundian military and local Tutsi militias.",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Rwanda's views on the Burundian Civil War also influenced its decision to launch the First Congo War in late 1996. By overthrowing Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko, Rwanda hoped to eliminate Zaire as a haven for various Hutu rebel groups. Burundi supported Rwandan involvement in Zaire, but provided very limited military support.",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Although Rwanda successfully overthrew Mobutu in a matter of months (replacing him with Laurent-Désiré Kabila), CNDD–FDD rebels still significantly expand their operations in 1997, even infiltrating Burundi and attacking Rutovu, President Pierre Buyoya's home town and the center of Burundi's Tutsi elite at the time. Later on, some elements of the new Congolese government under Kabila's son, Joseph, came to support the Burundian insurgents by the early 2000s, just as Mobutu had done previously.",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "Both Burundi and Rwanda joined the East African Community (EAC) in December 2006.",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "Although relations between Rwandan President Paul Kagame and Burundian President Pierre Nkurunziza were initially friendly, this dynamic shifted significantly after the 2012–2013 M23 rebellion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with Nkurunziza opposing the March 23 Movement, and the Kagame-led Rwanda backing it.",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "Beginning on April 2015, and especially after a failed coup attempt the following month, Burundi (now led by the CNDD–FDD) launched major crackdowns on protesters, prompting more than 390,000 Burundians to flee to neighbouring countries by May 2018, including to Rwanda. The unrest caused even more strain on relations between Rwanda and Burundi; Kagame was among those critical of Nkurunziza for seeking a third term, and both countries accused each other of harbouring hostile rebel groups. Desire Nyaruhirira, a Rwandan diplomat, was expelled from Burundi on October 2015 after it accused him of being a destabilising actor. According to both the United States and a confidential United Nations report, the Rwanda Defence Force was training and recruiting Burundian refugees in the eastern DRC – some of them being children – to attack Nkurunziza's government.",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "On 15 August 2022, Burundi began sending troops to Kivu in the DRC to fight against M23 rebels, which were fighting alongside Rwandan troops (despite official denials from Rwanda). They arrived as part of the first contingent of EAC peacekeeping forces to deal with the M23 offensive, with Burundians being the largest contributors. The Burundian presence in the region was controversial, as despite ostensibly being there to fight the rebels, they were instead reported to be co-existing in the same space as the M23.",
"title": "Modern relations (1990–present)"
}
] |
Relations between Burundi and Rwanda have existed for at least as long as the states themselves. Before contact with Europeans, Rwanda and Burundi were kingdoms competing to gain control over nearby territory. In the 1880s, the two kingdoms were placed under colonial authority, first by Germany, and then by Belgium after 1919. Since regaining their independence in the 1960s, the crises and political developments of both nations have had profound impacts on each other. Bilateral relations between Burundi and Rwanda have ranged from being very friendly to very hostile, and are regularly shaped by the relations between Hutu and Tutsi in general.
|
2023-12-04T18:36:57Z
|
2024-01-01T01:21:18Z
|
[
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Foreign relations of Burundi",
"Template:Foreign relations of Rwanda",
"Template:Circa",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Ill",
"Template:Commons category",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Refbegin",
"Template:Refend",
"Template:Main",
"Template:Multiple image",
"Template:Sfn",
"Template:Efn",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox bilateral relations"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations
|
75,484,281 |
Gradevska reka
|
The Gradevska reka (Bulgarian: Градевска река) is a 31 km-long river in southwestern Bulgaria, a left tributary of the river Struma.
The river takes its source under the name Zlata reka at an altitude of 2,054 m at 300 m southwest of the summit of Kapatnik (2,170 m) in the southwestern part of the Rila mountain range. In its first 5 km it flows south a turbulent mountain stream until reaching the Predel Saddle (1,140 m) and turning west-northwest. From there, along its whole course, the Gradevska reka forms the boundary between Bulgaria's highest mountain ranges, Rila in the north and Pirin in the south. Until the village of Gradevo, where it takes its largest tributary, the Osenovska reka, it flows in a gently sloping forested valley, named Elovitsa. Downstream of the village, the river valley widens and its slopes become deforested and eroded, while the riverbed is wide and filled with sediments. It flows into the Struma at an altitude of 286 m in the town of Simitli. The river drains parts of southwestern Rila and northernmost Pirin.
Its drainage basin covers a territory of 253 km or 1.34% of Struma's total.
The Gradevska reka has predominantly snow-rain feed with high water in May–June and low water in August–September. The average annual flow at its mouth is 1.91 m/s.
The river flows entirely in Blagoevgrad Province. There are two settlements along its course: the village of Gradevo and the town of Simitli, both in Simitli Municipality; its upper course is in Razlog Municipality. A 25.4 km stretch of the second class II-19 road road Simitli–Razlog–Gotse Delchev–Ilinden follows its valley between Simitli and Predela. In its upper course is located the Predela resort.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Gradevska reka (Bulgarian: Градевска река) is a 31 km-long river in southwestern Bulgaria, a left tributary of the river Struma.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The river takes its source under the name Zlata reka at an altitude of 2,054 m at 300 m southwest of the summit of Kapatnik (2,170 m) in the southwestern part of the Rila mountain range. In its first 5 km it flows south a turbulent mountain stream until reaching the Predel Saddle (1,140 m) and turning west-northwest. From there, along its whole course, the Gradevska reka forms the boundary between Bulgaria's highest mountain ranges, Rila in the north and Pirin in the south. Until the village of Gradevo, where it takes its largest tributary, the Osenovska reka, it flows in a gently sloping forested valley, named Elovitsa. Downstream of the village, the river valley widens and its slopes become deforested and eroded, while the riverbed is wide and filled with sediments. It flows into the Struma at an altitude of 286 m in the town of Simitli. The river drains parts of southwestern Rila and northernmost Pirin.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Its drainage basin covers a territory of 253 km or 1.34% of Struma's total.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Gradevska reka has predominantly snow-rain feed with high water in May–June and low water in August–September. The average annual flow at its mouth is 1.91 m/s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The river flows entirely in Blagoevgrad Province. There are two settlements along its course: the village of Gradevo and the town of Simitli, both in Simitli Municipality; its upper course is in Razlog Municipality. A 25.4 km stretch of the second class II-19 road road Simitli–Razlog–Gotse Delchev–Ilinden follows its valley between Simitli and Predela. In its upper course is located the Predela resort.",
"title": ""
}
] |
The Gradevska reka is a 31 km-long river in southwestern Bulgaria, a left tributary of the river Struma. The river takes its source under the name Zlata reka at an altitude of 2,054 m at 300 m southwest of the summit of Kapatnik (2,170 m) in the southwestern part of the Rila mountain range. In its first 5 km it flows south a turbulent mountain stream until reaching the Predel Saddle (1,140 m) and turning west-northwest. From there, along its whole course, the Gradevska reka forms the boundary between Bulgaria's highest mountain ranges, Rila in the north and Pirin in the south. Until the village of Gradevo, where it takes its largest tributary, the Osenovska reka, it flows in a gently sloping forested valley, named Elovitsa. Downstream of the village, the river valley widens and its slopes become deforested and eroded, while the riverbed is wide and filled with sediments. It flows into the Struma at an altitude of 286 m in the town of Simitli. The river drains parts of southwestern Rila and northernmost Pirin. Its drainage basin covers a territory of 253 km2 or 1.34% of Struma's total. The Gradevska reka has predominantly snow-rain feed with high water in May–June and low water in August–September. The average annual flow at its mouth is 1.91 m3/s. The river flows entirely in Blagoevgrad Province. There are two settlements along its course: the village of Gradevo and the town of Simitli, both in Simitli Municipality; its upper course is in Razlog Municipality. A 25.4 km stretch of the second class II-19 road road Simitli–Razlog–Gotse Delchev–Ilinden follows its valley between Simitli and Predela. In its upper course is located the Predela resort.
|
2023-12-04T18:37:21Z
|
2023-12-04T18:37:21Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox river",
"Template:Lang-bg",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Harvnb",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradevska_reka
|
75,484,325 |
Hamas Charter
|
Hamas charter can refer to:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hamas charter can refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] |
Hamas charter can refer to: 1988 Hamas charter - the founding charter of Hamas
2017 Hamas charter - revised charter of Hamas
|
2023-12-04T18:46:01Z
|
2023-12-13T21:47:46Z
|
[
"Template:Disambig"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas_Charter
|
75,484,330 |
Snehil Dixit Mehra
|
Snehil Dixit Mehra, also known as BC Aunty is an Indian actress, writer, creative director and social media influencer. She was also the head of content and digital media at ALTBalaji, before joining Bhansali Productions as a writer and director for their upcoming Netflix series Heeramandi. Some of her notable works include Tum Saath Ho Jab Apne (2014), Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani (2015), Piya Rangrez (2015), D4 - Get Up and Dance (2016), Apharan (2018) and Dark 7 White (2020).
She started her career as an intern at CNBC Awaaz before joining a website named Business of Cinema. During COVID-19 lockdown, she started posting funny videos on social media as BC (Bheri Cute) Aunty. Snehil started getting recognition and became a part of TV series Tum Sath Ho Jab Apne as a creative director in 2014. She was also the creative director of Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani and Piya Rangrez in 2015 and D4 - Get Up and Dance in 2016. After doing a cameo in the first season of Apharan in 2018, Snehil played a lead role in the second season of web series Apharan in 2022, produced by Sidharth Sengupta.
She was also the creative director for Dark 7 White released in 2020. In the same year, her comical video "Class of 2025" went viral, which was appreciated by various celebrities. In 2022, she was named the head of content and digital media at ALTBalaji. In July 2023, she briefly featured in Bigg Boss OTT 2, alongside Malini Agarwal and Danny Pandit. In 2022, she joined Sanjay Leela Bhansali's production company as a writer and director for its upcoming Netflix series Heeramandi. In November 2023, she collaborated with director Anil Sharma for his upcoming movie "Journey" starring Nana Patekar and Utkarsh Sharma.
She was born in Madhya Pradesh. She is married to Rahul Mehra. The couple have a son named Hridhaan Mehra.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Snehil Dixit Mehra, also known as BC Aunty is an Indian actress, writer, creative director and social media influencer. She was also the head of content and digital media at ALTBalaji, before joining Bhansali Productions as a writer and director for their upcoming Netflix series Heeramandi. Some of her notable works include Tum Saath Ho Jab Apne (2014), Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani (2015), Piya Rangrez (2015), D4 - Get Up and Dance (2016), Apharan (2018) and Dark 7 White (2020).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "She started her career as an intern at CNBC Awaaz before joining a website named Business of Cinema. During COVID-19 lockdown, she started posting funny videos on social media as BC (Bheri Cute) Aunty. Snehil started getting recognition and became a part of TV series Tum Sath Ho Jab Apne as a creative director in 2014. She was also the creative director of Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani and Piya Rangrez in 2015 and D4 - Get Up and Dance in 2016. After doing a cameo in the first season of Apharan in 2018, Snehil played a lead role in the second season of web series Apharan in 2022, produced by Sidharth Sengupta.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "She was also the creative director for Dark 7 White released in 2020. In the same year, her comical video \"Class of 2025\" went viral, which was appreciated by various celebrities. In 2022, she was named the head of content and digital media at ALTBalaji. In July 2023, she briefly featured in Bigg Boss OTT 2, alongside Malini Agarwal and Danny Pandit. In 2022, she joined Sanjay Leela Bhansali's production company as a writer and director for its upcoming Netflix series Heeramandi. In November 2023, she collaborated with director Anil Sharma for his upcoming movie \"Journey\" starring Nana Patekar and Utkarsh Sharma.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "She was born in Madhya Pradesh. She is married to Rahul Mehra. The couple have a son named Hridhaan Mehra.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] |
Snehil Dixit Mehra, also known as BC Aunty is an Indian actress, writer, creative director and social media influencer. She was also the head of content and digital media at ALTBalaji, before joining Bhansali Productions as a writer and director for their upcoming Netflix series Heeramandi. Some of her notable works include Tum Saath Ho Jab Apne (2014), Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani (2015), Piya Rangrez (2015), D4 - Get Up and Dance (2016), Apharan (2018) and Dark 7 White (2020).
|
2023-12-04T18:46:18Z
|
2023-12-23T18:44:50Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snehil_Dixit_Mehra
|
75,484,334 |
Votive crown of Recceswinth
|
The Votive Crown of Recceswinth plays a vital role in the debate regarding Roman continuity or decline in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. Additionally, the crown serves as a representation of the Visigoths' unique mix of Latin and Germanic cultural influences and is one of the best-preserved artifacts from the Visigoths that exists today. This crown also belonged to one of the most significant Visigothic kings, who is viewed as being a benevolent ruler who was popular among his subjects. The crown reveals aspects of the Visigoth-Byzantine relationship, through its physical design features, through the area it was crafted, and through the area from which the resources used to make the crown were sourced.
Written descriptive records of the Recceswinth's votive crown were created by French historian Ferdinand de Lasteyrie. He was an eyewitness to the crown and provided sketches and writing in his documentation of the treasure. He dedicated most of his writing to describing the features of the crown that resemble Germanic art. There is debate among historians about whether de Lasteyrie’s depiction and description of the crown are accurate, with some arguing that he may have fabricated or exaggerated details to make the crown seem to have more of a Germanic artistic influence than it did.
Profesor e investigador de Historia del Arte at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso José Alberto Morais Moran supports the claim that de Lasteyrie tried to associate the crown with northern design, attributing de Lasteryie in the politicization of the crown and claiming that his writing sacrificed academic integrity for the sake of nationalism. Another scholar who has questioned the integrity of de Lasteyrie’s study is Art History Professor at Savannah College of Art and Design Joy Partridge, who describes de Lasteryie as “describing the objects’ Germanic style, linking them to the ‘northern peoples’ who spread across Europe.”
Spanish archeologist Jose Amador de los Rios created a written eyewitness record of the crown. In addition to creating documentation of the crown, Rios drew diagrams and illustrations of the burial site where the crown was found. In his description, Rios focused mostly on the Christian and Roman-influenced aspects of the crown and burial site, which has led scholars to question the integrity of his work as well. One example of a scholar questioning Rios’ work is Joy Partridge, who claims “The Spanish archaeologist José Amador de los Ríos distanced the treasure from Gothic art, instead aligning it with Byzantine and Roman techniques.”
The most recent academic writing on the crown was written in 2022 by Joy Partridge. Partridge evaluated the historical significance of the crown relating to Spanish national identity, the Catholic Church, and Visigothic relations with other non-Roman tribes. Partridge first established the lack of visual/art history of the Visigoths, and that the Recceswinth crown is one of the few examples of art that can be better used to understand Visigothic culture and politics. She has also claimed that the crown represents the emergence of the relationship between the Spanish state and the Catholic church and the beginning of the existence of a Spanish identity.
Partridge also introduced the idea that the crown was heavily influenced by Byzantine art as an act of imitation by the Visigoths. Rose Walker, an art historian and Professor at The Courtland Institute of Art who has also contributed to recent scholarship regarding the crown claimed that the majority of the Recceswinth crown was manufactured in the Byzantine Empire and then later shipped to Spain. She claims that because of this, Recceswinth modified the crown to have the letters “RECCESVINTHVS REX OFFERET” to establish a sense of ownership and originality. Partridge expands on Walker’s claims by demonstrating the inscription's importance throughout history. The crown has passed through several hands throughout history, with different ethnicities attempting to use it as a point of identity.
A description of the burial site where the crown was found was written by Jose Amador de los Rios. He described the burial site as a 32x32 “underground cemetery”, with multiple skeletons being discovered at the sight. The graves in the site were constructed with “masonry and brick”, and measured at about one foot thick. These coffins were covered with thick concrete slabs. Along with the graves, the burial site consisted of two “boxes made of Roman Concrete” which encapsulated the votive crown and other treasures. The significance of the burial site’s design lies in its mix of both Pagan and Christan burial rituals. While there were many Christian influences present in Visigothic society at this time and Recceswinth himself was heavily influenced by the teachings of Christianity, the design characteristics and manner of his burial can still be categorized as predominantly Pagan influenced.
The crown was buried alongside other treasures from a church in the capital of Visigothic Spain, and it has been argued that the crown was buried to protect it from the Caliphate that would later occupy Spain. The crown, along with everything else buried alongside it, was discovered in the mid-19th century just outside of Toledo, Spain. When it was discovered in the 19th century, many parts of the discovery were sold off or melted down, and the crown is one of the few remaining items. Along with Recceswinth’s crown, the crown of King Suinthila survived. This crown is claimed to clearly reflect similar inspiration to Recceswinth’s, and also show that the crowns were crafted as “an act of homage to God and as a ‘crown of victory,’ such as those worn by martyrs or the Elders of the Apocalypse.”
Former director of the Cleveland Museum of Art William Milliken has attempted to explain some of the influences, design techniques, and artistic trends implemented in Visigothic Spain. He explained why gold was such a valuable source for evaluating art from the past, crediting its durability, retention of value, and workability for many historical gold pieces still existing today. Milliken also has claimed that the tradition of burying jewelry with the dead was not an inherently Christian ritual, showing that the community that buried Recceswinth was heavily influenced by non-Christian beliefs. Milliken also proposed that Byzantine goldsmith work from this period was often secular, with the crosses found on certain votive crowns and pendants not necessarily being a symbol of Christianity, but simply a typical Byzantine design feature. Milliken attributes common design features found in Byzantine goldsmith work as being a reflection of the period that they were made in, not the culture that created them, saying “The votive crown has other typical sixth-century characteristics… a technique, here employed, was handed down from Etruscan, Greek, and Roman jewelry and which was also widely diffused in barbaric art”.
Historian Rose Walker has established an argument claiming that eighth and ninth-century art from the Iberian Peninsula has been studied from the wrong perspective. She argued that historians have generally projected the idea that Iberian art from this time was completely independent of external influence because of the nature of the ongoing Reconquista. Walker argued that this is a false historical narrative, saying “that the rhythms of its (Iberian art’s) production responded to those in the outside world, both north and south”. Walker referenced the legend of Pelayo to demonstrate the narrative that Christians presented when they were in conflict with Muslims. She also claimed that there are no non-Christian sources that demonstrate this legend and that there are no archaeological sources to prove its existence. Because of that, this legend is probably a result of Christians mistelling history to make themselves seem more successful and influential. This is important because if Christian rewriting of Iberian history was commonplace at the time, it is possible that historical writing regarding the Recceswinth Crown was corrupted by a Christian bias.
In 2019, Professors Deborah Deliyannis, Hendrik Dey, and Paolo Squatriti collaborated on the book “Fifty Early Medieval Things”. In this book, there is an entry dedicated to Recceswinth’s crown, which first established that Recceswinth’s crown was a “votive” crown. This means that the crown was “Purely decorative… designed to be hung from chains over the altar of a church (not worn on the head like a crown),”. A descriptive physical evaluation of the crown followed, which listed the material used and the exact dimensions of the crown. The entry then described the methodology for dating the crown, establishing that they used the approximate dates of the reign of Reccesenwinth and his father to help determine the age of the crown.
The entry made the same argument as Partridge’s article; that the materials used to craft the crown were sourced globally. More specifically, the entry claimed that the gold used in the crown was mined in southern Spain and that the gems used came from Sri Lanka. Finally, the entry argued that the crown can be used as “a testament to the wealth of the Visigothic kingdom in his day.” The entry supported the argument of the crown having substantial value by demonstrating the purity of the crown, which sits at over 90 percent.
Historian Floyd Seyward Lear has claimed that Visigothic law is the clearest demonstration available of a blending of barbarian and Roman influences, saying “There is little doubt that the Visigothic codes illustrate the transition from a Roman to a Germanic legal basis and the fusion of Roman and Germanic law with greater precision and detail than any other examples,” Lear claimed that Visgothic law was similar to other laws in Roman-influenced Germanic communities, such as the Lombards and Bavarians. He said that the main Visigothic code was established in the 7th century and heavily based on its preceding laws, with the Visigothic code receiving its most “essential features” during the reign of Recceswinth. This may provide insight into another reason that this particular crown was preserved because Recceswinth was a representation of the implementation of the most essential parts of Visigothic law (and therefore culture).
Lear demonstrated that the creation of Visigothic law came from the obsolescence of the former system(s) of law, with Germanic people and Roman people following different codes while coinhabiting an area. He also shined a light on the areas of the Visigothic code that were directly influenced by Christianity, citing the laws as having “Christian influence in the injunction to govern by love rather than by force.” He credited Recesswinth as having declared that man and king should be subject to the same laws and instilling the idea that the king is the head which transmits power to the limbs of the kingdom. The populist nature of these declarations is a possible contribution to Recesswinth and his artifacts’ preservation, with his subjects wanting to preserve who they thought was a benevolent intellectual. Additionally, residents of Toledo could have seen Recesswinth as an embodiment of their city itself, giving more reason to try and preserve him and his belongings.
To demonstrate Germanic influences in Visigothic law, Lear referenced the lack of a crime for “treason”, with the code instead having a law regarding “conspiracy”. He argued that this shows Germanic influence because a truly Roman code would have a law addressing treason and consider it one of the most serious crimes possible, an intensity of which the Visigothic code did not apply to their law. He also used the fact that the Visigoths didn’t deem refusing military service as treasonable, contrary to the Roman code, to support his argument that Visigothic laws had a strong Germanic influence. To summarize what can be taken away from Lear’s arguments: to the people of Toledo, the Recceswinth crown was not only a meticulously crafted work of art, but a representation of their unique amalgamation of cultures, and a representation of a King who was an essential factor in creating a unique legal system that granted more rights to the people than was commonplace at the time.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Votive Crown of Recceswinth plays a vital role in the debate regarding Roman continuity or decline in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. Additionally, the crown serves as a representation of the Visigoths' unique mix of Latin and Germanic cultural influences and is one of the best-preserved artifacts from the Visigoths that exists today. This crown also belonged to one of the most significant Visigothic kings, who is viewed as being a benevolent ruler who was popular among his subjects. The crown reveals aspects of the Visigoth-Byzantine relationship, through its physical design features, through the area it was crafted, and through the area from which the resources used to make the crown were sourced.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Written descriptive records of the Recceswinth's votive crown were created by French historian Ferdinand de Lasteyrie. He was an eyewitness to the crown and provided sketches and writing in his documentation of the treasure. He dedicated most of his writing to describing the features of the crown that resemble Germanic art. There is debate among historians about whether de Lasteyrie’s depiction and description of the crown are accurate, with some arguing that he may have fabricated or exaggerated details to make the crown seem to have more of a Germanic artistic influence than it did.",
"title": "Germanic influences"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Profesor e investigador de Historia del Arte at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso José Alberto Morais Moran supports the claim that de Lasteyrie tried to associate the crown with northern design, attributing de Lasteryie in the politicization of the crown and claiming that his writing sacrificed academic integrity for the sake of nationalism. Another scholar who has questioned the integrity of de Lasteyrie’s study is Art History Professor at Savannah College of Art and Design Joy Partridge, who describes de Lasteryie as “describing the objects’ Germanic style, linking them to the ‘northern peoples’ who spread across Europe.”",
"title": "Germanic influences"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Spanish archeologist Jose Amador de los Rios created a written eyewitness record of the crown. In addition to creating documentation of the crown, Rios drew diagrams and illustrations of the burial site where the crown was found. In his description, Rios focused mostly on the Christian and Roman-influenced aspects of the crown and burial site, which has led scholars to question the integrity of his work as well. One example of a scholar questioning Rios’ work is Joy Partridge, who claims “The Spanish archaeologist José Amador de los Ríos distanced the treasure from Gothic art, instead aligning it with Byzantine and Roman techniques.”",
"title": "Byzantine influences"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The most recent academic writing on the crown was written in 2022 by Joy Partridge. Partridge evaluated the historical significance of the crown relating to Spanish national identity, the Catholic Church, and Visigothic relations with other non-Roman tribes. Partridge first established the lack of visual/art history of the Visigoths, and that the Recceswinth crown is one of the few examples of art that can be better used to understand Visigothic culture and politics. She has also claimed that the crown represents the emergence of the relationship between the Spanish state and the Catholic church and the beginning of the existence of a Spanish identity.",
"title": "Byzantine influences"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Partridge also introduced the idea that the crown was heavily influenced by Byzantine art as an act of imitation by the Visigoths. Rose Walker, an art historian and Professor at The Courtland Institute of Art who has also contributed to recent scholarship regarding the crown claimed that the majority of the Recceswinth crown was manufactured in the Byzantine Empire and then later shipped to Spain. She claims that because of this, Recceswinth modified the crown to have the letters “RECCESVINTHVS REX OFFERET” to establish a sense of ownership and originality. Partridge expands on Walker’s claims by demonstrating the inscription's importance throughout history. The crown has passed through several hands throughout history, with different ethnicities attempting to use it as a point of identity.",
"title": "Byzantine influences"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "A description of the burial site where the crown was found was written by Jose Amador de los Rios. He described the burial site as a 32x32 “underground cemetery”, with multiple skeletons being discovered at the sight. The graves in the site were constructed with “masonry and brick”, and measured at about one foot thick. These coffins were covered with thick concrete slabs. Along with the graves, the burial site consisted of two “boxes made of Roman Concrete” which encapsulated the votive crown and other treasures. The significance of the burial site’s design lies in its mix of both Pagan and Christan burial rituals. While there were many Christian influences present in Visigothic society at this time and Recceswinth himself was heavily influenced by the teachings of Christianity, the design characteristics and manner of his burial can still be categorized as predominantly Pagan influenced.",
"title": "Burial site"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The crown was buried alongside other treasures from a church in the capital of Visigothic Spain, and it has been argued that the crown was buried to protect it from the Caliphate that would later occupy Spain. The crown, along with everything else buried alongside it, was discovered in the mid-19th century just outside of Toledo, Spain. When it was discovered in the 19th century, many parts of the discovery were sold off or melted down, and the crown is one of the few remaining items. Along with Recceswinth’s crown, the crown of King Suinthila survived. This crown is claimed to clearly reflect similar inspiration to Recceswinth’s, and also show that the crowns were crafted as “an act of homage to God and as a ‘crown of victory,’ such as those worn by martyrs or the Elders of the Apocalypse.”",
"title": "Burial site"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Former director of the Cleveland Museum of Art William Milliken has attempted to explain some of the influences, design techniques, and artistic trends implemented in Visigothic Spain. He explained why gold was such a valuable source for evaluating art from the past, crediting its durability, retention of value, and workability for many historical gold pieces still existing today. Milliken also has claimed that the tradition of burying jewelry with the dead was not an inherently Christian ritual, showing that the community that buried Recceswinth was heavily influenced by non-Christian beliefs. Milliken also proposed that Byzantine goldsmith work from this period was often secular, with the crosses found on certain votive crowns and pendants not necessarily being a symbol of Christianity, but simply a typical Byzantine design feature. Milliken attributes common design features found in Byzantine goldsmith work as being a reflection of the period that they were made in, not the culture that created them, saying “The votive crown has other typical sixth-century characteristics… a technique, here employed, was handed down from Etruscan, Greek, and Roman jewelry and which was also widely diffused in barbaric art”.",
"title": "Design characteristics of the crown"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Historian Rose Walker has established an argument claiming that eighth and ninth-century art from the Iberian Peninsula has been studied from the wrong perspective. She argued that historians have generally projected the idea that Iberian art from this time was completely independent of external influence because of the nature of the ongoing Reconquista. Walker argued that this is a false historical narrative, saying “that the rhythms of its (Iberian art’s) production responded to those in the outside world, both north and south”. Walker referenced the legend of Pelayo to demonstrate the narrative that Christians presented when they were in conflict with Muslims. She also claimed that there are no non-Christian sources that demonstrate this legend and that there are no archaeological sources to prove its existence. Because of that, this legend is probably a result of Christians mistelling history to make themselves seem more successful and influential. This is important because if Christian rewriting of Iberian history was commonplace at the time, it is possible that historical writing regarding the Recceswinth Crown was corrupted by a Christian bias.",
"title": "Design characteristics of the crown"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In 2019, Professors Deborah Deliyannis, Hendrik Dey, and Paolo Squatriti collaborated on the book “Fifty Early Medieval Things”. In this book, there is an entry dedicated to Recceswinth’s crown, which first established that Recceswinth’s crown was a “votive” crown. This means that the crown was “Purely decorative… designed to be hung from chains over the altar of a church (not worn on the head like a crown),”. A descriptive physical evaluation of the crown followed, which listed the material used and the exact dimensions of the crown. The entry then described the methodology for dating the crown, establishing that they used the approximate dates of the reign of Reccesenwinth and his father to help determine the age of the crown.",
"title": "Design characteristics of the crown"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The entry made the same argument as Partridge’s article; that the materials used to craft the crown were sourced globally. More specifically, the entry claimed that the gold used in the crown was mined in southern Spain and that the gems used came from Sri Lanka. Finally, the entry argued that the crown can be used as “a testament to the wealth of the Visigothic kingdom in his day.” The entry supported the argument of the crown having substantial value by demonstrating the purity of the crown, which sits at over 90 percent.",
"title": "Design characteristics of the crown"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Historian Floyd Seyward Lear has claimed that Visigothic law is the clearest demonstration available of a blending of barbarian and Roman influences, saying “There is little doubt that the Visigothic codes illustrate the transition from a Roman to a Germanic legal basis and the fusion of Roman and Germanic law with greater precision and detail than any other examples,” Lear claimed that Visgothic law was similar to other laws in Roman-influenced Germanic communities, such as the Lombards and Bavarians. He said that the main Visigothic code was established in the 7th century and heavily based on its preceding laws, with the Visigothic code receiving its most “essential features” during the reign of Recceswinth. This may provide insight into another reason that this particular crown was preserved because Recceswinth was a representation of the implementation of the most essential parts of Visigothic law (and therefore culture).",
"title": "Visigothic society and code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Lear demonstrated that the creation of Visigothic law came from the obsolescence of the former system(s) of law, with Germanic people and Roman people following different codes while coinhabiting an area. He also shined a light on the areas of the Visigothic code that were directly influenced by Christianity, citing the laws as having “Christian influence in the injunction to govern by love rather than by force.” He credited Recesswinth as having declared that man and king should be subject to the same laws and instilling the idea that the king is the head which transmits power to the limbs of the kingdom. The populist nature of these declarations is a possible contribution to Recesswinth and his artifacts’ preservation, with his subjects wanting to preserve who they thought was a benevolent intellectual. Additionally, residents of Toledo could have seen Recesswinth as an embodiment of their city itself, giving more reason to try and preserve him and his belongings.",
"title": "Visigothic society and code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "To demonstrate Germanic influences in Visigothic law, Lear referenced the lack of a crime for “treason”, with the code instead having a law regarding “conspiracy”. He argued that this shows Germanic influence because a truly Roman code would have a law addressing treason and consider it one of the most serious crimes possible, an intensity of which the Visigothic code did not apply to their law. He also used the fact that the Visigoths didn’t deem refusing military service as treasonable, contrary to the Roman code, to support his argument that Visigothic laws had a strong Germanic influence. To summarize what can be taken away from Lear’s arguments: to the people of Toledo, the Recceswinth crown was not only a meticulously crafted work of art, but a representation of their unique amalgamation of cultures, and a representation of a King who was an essential factor in creating a unique legal system that granted more rights to the people than was commonplace at the time.",
"title": "Visigothic society and code"
}
] |
The Votive Crown of Recceswinth plays a vital role in the debate regarding Roman continuity or decline in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. Additionally, the crown serves as a representation of the Visigoths' unique mix of Latin and Germanic cultural influences and is one of the best-preserved artifacts from the Visigoths that exists today. This crown also belonged to one of the most significant Visigothic kings, who is viewed as being a benevolent ruler who was popular among his subjects. The crown reveals aspects of the Visigoth-Byzantine relationship, through its physical design features, through the area it was crafted, and through the area from which the resources used to make the crown were sourced.
|
2023-12-04T18:46:40Z
|
2023-12-17T23:41:15Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Main",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_crown_of_Recceswinth
|
75,484,335 |
MLS Cup 2024
|
MLS Cup 2024 is the upcoming 29th edition of the MLS Cup, the championship match of Major League Soccer (MLS) at the conclusion of the 2024 MLS Cup Playoffs. The match is scheduled to take place in December 2024, at <statium> in <city>, <state>, United States. It will be contested by the Western Conference champion and the Eastern Conference champion to determine the champion of the 2024 season.
The MLS Cup is the post-season championship of Major League Soccer (MLS), a professional club soccer league in the United States and Canada. The 2024 season was the 29th in MLS history, and was contested by 29 teams organized into the eastern and western conferences. Each team played 34 matches during the regular season from late February to mid October, primarily against intra-conference opponents. Wild cards maintained?
Template:2024 in American soccer Template:2024 in Canadian soccer
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "MLS Cup 2024 is the upcoming 29th edition of the MLS Cup, the championship match of Major League Soccer (MLS) at the conclusion of the 2024 MLS Cup Playoffs. The match is scheduled to take place in December 2024, at <statium> in <city>, <state>, United States. It will be contested by the Western Conference champion and the Eastern Conference champion to determine the champion of the 2024 season.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The MLS Cup is the post-season championship of Major League Soccer (MLS), a professional club soccer league in the United States and Canada. The 2024 season was the 29th in MLS history, and was contested by 29 teams organized into the eastern and western conferences. Each team played 34 matches during the regular season from late February to mid October, primarily against intra-conference opponents. Wild cards maintained?",
"title": "Road to the final"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Template:2024 in American soccer Template:2024 in Canadian soccer",
"title": "References"
}
] |
MLS Cup 2024 is the upcoming 29th edition of the MLS Cup, the championship match of Major League Soccer (MLS) at the conclusion of the 2024 MLS Cup Playoffs. The match is scheduled to take place in December 2024, at <statium> in <city>, <state>, United States. It will be contested by the Western Conference champion and the Eastern Conference champion to determine the champion of the 2024 season.
|
2023-12-04T18:46:41Z
|
2023-12-04T18:46:41Z
|
[
"Template:Details",
"Template:2024 Major League Soccer Eastern Conference table",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Update inline",
"Template:2024 Major League Soccer Western Conference table",
"Template:MLS Cup",
"Template:Draft categories",
"Template:Use American English",
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:Infobox soccer match",
"Template:Legend0",
"Template:Football box",
"Template:2024 in American soccer",
"Template:2024 in Canadian soccer"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_Cup_2024
|
75,484,342 |
TEE carriages of FS
|
The FS type TEE (Trans Europ Express) carriages were the result of a study commissioned in 1967 by Ferrovie dello Stato (FS) to FIAT - Sezione Materiale Ferroviario of Turin to replace on the Trans Europ Express trains entrusted to the Italian railways the TEE ALn 442/448 railcars with trainsets consisting of locomotives and carriages.
The carriages, ordered in 1969 and delivered between 1971 and 1973, were used on the TEE Lemano, Mediolanum, and Ligure lines, but not on the TEE Mont Cenis, which was discontinued on September 30, 1972.
In 1970-71 the FS ordered a further series of coaches called Gran Confort, similar to the TEEs but compatible only with the 3 kV direct current electrification system, which were destined for Trans Europ Express trains in domestic service on the Italian rail network.
In 1984, with the transformation into InterCity of the Mediolanum, the last Trans Europ Express in international service operated with Italian material, the TEE carriages were put in composition with the TEE Adriatico in domestic service between Milan and Bari, with which they served until 1987.
The TEE carriages were finally converted to Gran Confort between 1990 and 1994.
At the inception of the first Trans Europ Express lines, most of the planned links were not yet fully electrified, and the service was entrusted to Diesel self-propelled trains expressly built by the railway administrations that had joined the TEE grouping.
However, the TEE ALn 442/448 railcars, put into service by the FS starting in 1957, soon demonstrated their limitations on the ramps of the Brenner and Simplon passes, and as early as 1959 the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB), aware of this fact, proposed that the State Railways join them in the purchase of the TEE multi-voltage RAe 1050 electric trainsets produced by Oerlikon, but the offer was not accepted. Among the reasons that drove the FS to the refusal was the consideration that the multi-voltage electric trains could have been used immediately only on the TEE Lemano (Milano Centrale-Geneve Cornavin), while on the remaining Italian TEEs there were heavy uncertainties related to the slow progress of the program to convert to 3 kV direct current the lines still electrified with the three-phase system and to the lack of electrification on important parts of the French TEE network.
In the following years, with a view to solving the above electrification problems, the replacement of the TEE railcars was taken up by the FS with two proposals developed by its Material and Traction Service, which had as a common element the realization of an electric-powered trainset that, like the Swiss electric train, did not require the replacement of the traction unit at the borders:
The ordinary-material solution, which would have offered 40 percent more seats for the same cost, led to a study in which, in addition to the four-voltage locomotive, three models of carriages derived from the X-type were defined, namely a 54-seat first-class carriage, a 30-seat first-class carriage with luggage compartment, radio cabin and customs compartment, and a 42-seat dining car, 12 of which could be reserved, with crew compartment, pantry and kitchen. However, the study, completed in October 1966, was not followed up.
The shelving of these plans effectively marked the abandonment by the FS of the realization of a multi-voltage vehicle that would have avoided time wasters in changing locomotives at the frontier.
The final solution came in 1967, when the FS entrusted FIAT - Railway Material Division of Turin with the study of a new series of coaches with a high degree of comfort, meeting the international standards set by the TEE grouping and capable of traveling at speeds of 200 km/h (120 mph).
In 1969, following the positive outcome of the studies, the FS ordered a group of 28 TEE carriages from FIAT, subdivided as follows:
The first car with F.71 bogies began trial runs in late 1970. They took place on lines that at the time allowed a maximum speed of 200 km/h (120 mph): the Piacenza-Fidenza sections of the Milan-Bologna and Pomezia-Latina sections of the Rome-Naples Direttissima.
Deliveries were staggered between 1971 and 1973.
As mentioned above, the main design requirements were to achieve a high degree of comfort, meet international standards, and be able to travel at a maximum speed of 200 km/h (120 mph).
In order to ensure maximum travel comfort, the designers started from the premise of providing the traveler with as many amenities as possible, giving him or her the best possible enjoyment of the scenery and ensuring that he or she did not arrive at the destination tired. Great care was therefore taken to create an aesthetically pleasing environment, thermally and acoustically insulated from the outside, equipped with air conditioning, an efficient lighting system, and a system for broadcasting music and announcements for travelers. In addition to the comfort of the seats, special attention was paid to the design of the trolleys to ensure a quiet and vibration-free ride. Finally, details such as the electrically operated Venetian blinds incorporated between the double glasses of the large windows and the closets for storing clothes behind the seats in the compartment cars were not neglected. To further increase running comfort, the solution of the "floating floor" was adopted, that is, a non-rigid connection of the floor with the body, thus reducing vibrations from the bogies or from the outside in general.
With regard to safety, FIAT's engineers did not stop at strict compliance with the standards of the Union internationale des chemins de fer (UIC) Form 567, which was mandatory for the carriages to be admitted to international service, but went further, making the structural design of the body so that it provided greater protection than required for passengers in the event of a collision. The coaches were made compliant with the International Coach Regulations (RIC), enabled without restriction to board in normal service on the ferries of the Italian, German (Deutsche Bundesbahn - DB), Danish (Danske Statsbaner - DSB) and Swedish (Statens Järnvägar - SJ) railroads according to UIC board 569, and enabled to run coupled on curves with a minimum radius of 80 m.
The need to run on the Western European rail networks, which were electrified with four different power systems, and the high demand for electricity from carriage services (particularly from air conditioning equipment) required the use of multi-voltage converters that were not available at the time with sufficient power levels and reliability. It was therefore decided to build a conversion station equipped with rotary converters fed from the Carriage Electric Heating pipeline, installed on board a special generator wagon, and to distribute the power to the individual cars via a specially dedicated 660 V 50 Hz three-phase line. This choice, which was almost obligatory, allowed a significant lightening of the carriages and quickened the maneuvers of switching the power supply at border stations, but made the presence of the generator wagon indispensable in the composition of the trains. The solution of installing a generator set on a carriage, on the other hand, followed a practice already adopted on the TEE equipment of other administrations, such as the stainless steel DEV (Division des Études Voitures) 1956 Mistral type coaches of the SNCF, which became TEE in 1965, the 1969 Talgo type TEE coaches of the RENFE, and the 1970 Grand Confort type TEE coaches, also of the SNCF.
The chassis of the body consisted of the two side members, the crossbeams, and the corrugated floor plate. The body structure was given a special role for the safety of travelers by inserting next to the intercommunication passages at the end of the headers a pair of uprights, called "antitelescopic" uprights, with the task of counteracting the penetration of one vehicle into the other in the event of a collision.
The body was fitted with intercoms with cylindrical rubber gaskets with double sliding doors electrically controlled by footboards. The doors for passenger access, sliding along the side and equipped with a large folding step, were operated by an electro-pneumatic system. Opening was controlled locally by a handle, subject to remote unlocking from the trainmaster. Simultaneous closing of the doors of the entire convoy could be controlled by a key from any one of them.
The windows were double glazed with an electrically operated Venetian blind embedded. The coaches were painted in TEE livery in Bordeaux red with a sand-yellow band at the windows that read "TRANS EUROP EXPRESS" in red lettering above them; the roof was painted in fog gray as was the median thread between the bands.
On the sides were lockable enclosures equipped with backlighting for displaying route signs, which also played a safety role by preventing accidental detachment of the sign at high speeds.
The design of the F.71 bogie (an evolution of the experimental FIAT 7195 C bogie) was conducted with the help of the electronic computer. The results of the structural analysis led to a major revision of the previously used concept, which was replaced by a new scheme consisting of an H-shaped frame made up of two double swan-neck shaped stringers and lacking the end cross members. The connection of the wheelsets to the bogie frame (primary suspension) and of the bogie frame to the body frame (secondary suspension) was accomplished by means of elastic parts comprising coil springs and rubber gussets capable of providing both vertical and transverse suspension and allowing rotation between the body and bogie by elastic deformation. The bogies, without fifth wheel and swing beam, directly supported the body by means of rubber gussets interposed between it and the springs of the secondary suspension.
The bogies were equipped with mixed braking with two discs for each wheelset, assisted by a cleaning strain for each wheel, which, in addition to its main function of keeping the rolling surface clean and warm, contributed 20 percent of the braking action. This type of mixed braking remained unique on FS carriages, as the evolution of anti-skid systems enabled the adoption of integral disc braking on later types of carriages. The bogies were also prepared for the fitting of a pair of electromagnetic braking pads, but these were never applied.
The success of the F.71 bogies enabled FIAT to victoriously face international competition in the tender held by Eurofima for new European unified carriages.
The braking system included the pneumatically activated service brake, which acted on all axles of the carriage, and the manually operated parking brake, controlled by a pair of handwheels that acted independently on their respective bogies.
Compressed air from the pipeline running along the convoy was stored in a main tank that fed two auxiliary tanks at controlled pressure. These simultaneously supplied the pneumatic cylinders of the disc and stump brakes by means of a distributor that received pilot pressure from the general automatic brake line, which was connected to the locomotive brake control and the emergency carriage brakes, and a supply relay that allowed variable pressure air to pass from the auxiliary reservoirs to the brake cylinders. The system was complemented by a pair of solenoid valves driven by an electronic control unit that received the signal from four tachometer dynamos connected to the respective axles, which were intended to reduce the braking action on any blocked axles.
The Marelli-Stone-type air-conditioning system provided winter heating and summer refrigeration of the carriage by means of two air-conditioning units positioned above the lavatories. Each unit comprised a copper coil for refrigeration and an electric radiator for heating, which were invested by a flow of air produced by a pair of centrifugal fans that, after dehumidification, was fed into a distribution ducting that led to vents located on the top of the carriage. The refrigeration coils were fed by a motor-compressor unit and a condenser cooled by two electric fans. The electric heater for heating was fed from the overhead contact line through the electric heating pipeline by means of an automatic voltage selector; the same line was headed by space heaters, located under the seats at the windows, to supplement the blown-air heating from the ceiling.
All models of FS TEE coaches were equipped with four electrical conduits that headed to the locomotive or generator wagon:
On each car a three-phase transformer provided for lowering the voltage to the standard value of 380 V 50 Hz for supplying the higher power services, a voltage that was then brought to the other values required by the various types of utilities on board. In particular, voltages of 220 V 50 Hz were available for the air conditioning system, 32 V 50 Hz for the full-half-light timer control, and a continuous voltage of 26 V for battery charging. Finally, from the latter was obtained by means of an inverter the alternating voltage of 220 V 50 Hz, which was necessary for the supply of the utilities that had to be ensured even in the absence of the locomotive, such as the lighting of the carriages and the sockets for razors and towels in the toilets.
The Gran Confort coaches, ordered later for domestic service on the FS network, were essentially identical to the TEEs, but were not licensed for operation in international service. In addition to being distinguished by a different exterior livery, characterized by the lower part of the body and the roof in slate gray and an antique ivory band with two signal red threads at the windows, the Gran Confort differed from the TEEs in the electrical power supply system for the auxiliary services, which, instead of the pair of centralized rotating units on the generator van, provided for the installation on each carriage of a 45 kVA motor-alternator powered at 3 kV direct current directly from the electric heater pipe. This meant that there was a mass penalty of a few tons compared to the corresponding TEE cars, but no longer made the generator wagon necessary.
The FS TEE car family included two first-class car models, a dining car and a van car. All cars, including the van, were equipped with end vestibules accessible from the outside on both sides with power-assisted opening doors and from the gangway connection with automatically operated doors. Curiously, despite the success garnered by the equipment of other administrations in the TEE grouping, no bar car was planned.
The compartment cars, built in thirteen units, received the UIC numbering 61 83 18-90 900-912 Az.
The cars offered 48 seats arranged in eight compartments accessible by a 750 mm (30 in) wide side aisle and included, in order, the following rooms:
Each compartment, divided from the side aisle by a glass wall fitted with a sliding door, was equipped with six comfortable armchairs with individual headrests and swivel backs, behind which was a wardrobe locker. The lower part of the luggage racks, arranged sideways above the seats, was equipped with individual spotlights for reading. Lighting was provided by four fluorescent tubes arranged on the sides of the pavilion, over which were cut openings for air conditioning distribution.
The seats were upholstered in blue wool Mohair velvet with white linings at the headrests.
The saloon cars, built in five units, received the UIC classification 61 83 18-90 950-954 Az.
The cars, built to subsidize the dining car when needed and to benefit groups who needed to travel in the same environment, offered 48 seats arranged in a saloon about 18 m long and included, in order, the following rooms:
Seating was arranged transversely on rows of opposing one and two-seat sofas, separated by the intermediate aisle. Each pair of couches was equipped with removable tables, sheltered in special compartments under the windows, which allowed the carriage to be used to subsidize the dining car in case of need.
The seats were upholstered in blue Mohair wool velvet with white linings at the headrests.
The dining cars, built in five units, received the UIC classification 61 83 88-90 900-904 Rz.
One of these, which was destroyed, was replaced by the Gran Confort car 50 83 88-98-011 Rz, which was converted to TEE in 1975 receiving the numbering 61 83 88-90 905 Rz.
The cars, for whose furnishings materials were chosen to ensure comfort and ease of cleaning, included, in order, the following rooms:
The kitchen was equipped with an electric stove and a sink with hot and cold water. Water for kitchen use was supplied by a 100-litre (22 imp gal; 26 US gal) auxiliary tank placed on the top of the kitchen and a 200-litre (44 imp gal; 53 US gal) electric water heater fed from an 1,100-litre (240 imp gal; 290 US gal) tank placed in the underbody, properly insulated and heated to prevent freezing at extreme temperatures. The refrigerator was powered by 380 V 50 Hz, with the exception of the compartments for perishable foods, which were refrigerated by a second motor-compressor powered by 24 V direct current from on-board batteries.
Toward the end of the 1970s, electric stoves in the kitchens, which were disliked by the staff because of their lower efficiency, were replaced with ones powered by liquid gas.
The seats were initially upholstered in orange fabric, later replaced by faux leather. One example of this subunit is listed in the historical asset of the FS Italian Foundation. It underwent restoration to its original Bordeaux Red - Sand Yellow TEE livery and is now used in composition with vintage trains.
The van cars, built in five units, initially received the UIC classifications 61 83 95-90 900-902 Dz and 61 83 95-90 950-951 Dz, unified to 61 83 95-90 900-904 Dz after the installation of the second motor-alternator unit on the first two units as well.
The van coaches were equipped with a side aisle freely passable by travelers, which was overlooked by several service rooms. In order, the following rooms were encountered:
Installed in each engine room was a three-phase motor-alternator unit with a capacity of 240 kVA at 660 V 50 Hz, which could be supplied from the electric heating duct with each of the four voltages derived from the catenary of the different European administrations, i.e., single-phase alternating current at 1 kV 16⅔ Hz and 1.5 kV 50 Hz and direct current at 1.5 kV and 3 kV. For each of these groups, it was initially budgeted to power a convoy of up to seven cars in addition to the van. In the case of high composition trains, since parallel connection of the alternators was not planned, it was necessary to place the generator van in the middle of the convoy so that each section would be independently powered.
The first three van cars, numbered progressively from 900 to 902, were built with only one generator set, while the next two, numbered 950 and 951, were equipped with both sets. However, a fairly frequent series of breakdowns soon highlighted the inadequacy of the initial choice of a single motor-generator to power more than five coaches, forcing the FS to take remedial action. In 1977-78, for both reliability and unification reasons, the second generator was installed on all van coaches, which were grouped under serial numbers 900 to 904 (curiously enough, it was precisely the 950 and 951 coaches, which had been equipped with the double generator from the beginning, that underwent the renumbering).
The first coaches were delivered to the FS in the first half of 1972. After an initial period of line testing to verify the influence of disturbances generated by on-board equipment on the telephone and signaling circuits of the railway administrations concerned, they were put into regular service on May 28, 1972, on the TEE Lemano between Milan and Geneva. Beginning in the second half of August of that year, on the occasion of the Munich Olympics, the use of TEE FS cars was extended to the TEE Mediolanum between Milan and Munich. With the 1972/73 winter timetable, the new coaches were finally adopted also on the Ligurian TEE between Milan and Avignon. They were not, however, used on the TEE Mont Cenis between Milan and Lyon, also under FS responsibility, which left the TEE grouping as of the same date.
During periods of normal turnout, the above-mentioned TEEs consisted of a generator van, a dining car, a saloon car, and two compartment cars. In busy periods the TEE Lemano and Mediolanum were reinforced with one or two additional carriages, while the Ligure was reinforced with Gran Confort carriages on the Italian section between Milan and Ventimiglia.
The FS TEE carriages already met with a good reception from the public in their first years of service, who appreciated the convenience and comfort of this type of equipment, which represented the latest and most modern generation of carriages in the Trans Europ Express grouping.
Toward the end of the 1970s, the commercial policies of passenger rail transportation began to evolve toward a system that could provide services with high quality and speed features to a wider customer base. These new trends led the French and German railroads to establish the first Intercity lines as a replacement for the corresponding TEEs, often retaining their name and train path by extending the service to second class. This process extended to Italy as well with the transformation into Intercity of the Ligure and Leman, which ran their last run as TEEs on May 22, 1982, followed two years later, on June 2, 1984, by the Mediolanum, which was the last TEE in international service to be operated with FS coaches.
The TEE coaches that became available as a result of the above conversions were used from June 3, 1984 on the TEE Adriatico in domestic service between Milano Centrale and Bari Centrale, which remained in service as Trans Europ Express until May 30, 1987.
With the disappearance of first-class-only trains, the mixed use of TEE coaches with second-class coaches soon proved too constraining both because of the mandatory presence of the generator van and the complication caused by the dual power supply line on the same trainset, where the TEE coaches received their electricity from the "train line" and the second-class coaches from the electric heating duct. To remedy these drawbacks, it was decided to transform the TEE coaches into Gran Confort coaches, a modification that entailed, in addition to changing the exterior livery, adapting the electrical system by eliminating the 660 V "train line" and adopting on each coach a 45 kVA static converter fed in direct current at 3000 V from the electric heater conduit.
At the same time as the conversion, provision was made, as was already happening with the Gran Confort coaches of the first series, for equipping the doors with an autonomous closing control activated by a tachometer sensor and the elimination of the centralized remote opening release on the luggage compartment, at the same time making it no longer compulsory, the use of which was already decreasing due to the diminishing use of luggage transport.
In the two years immediately following the demise of the TEEs (1987/89), these coaches were nonetheless used in composition on some of the new Intercity trains, particularly on the IC Tirreno that served the Turin-Rome route.
Between 1990 and 1994, all compartment cars were transformed, which were reclassified as 50 83 18-98 205-217 A.
The saloon cars, transformed between 1992 and 1994, were instead reclassified 50 83 18-98 614-618 A.
The dining cars, converted from the early 1990s with the elimination of the boarding doors on the side opposite the kitchen as for the newer Gran Confort series, were reclassified 50 83 88-90 900-905 WR.
In 1995, it was decided to convert the van coaches, set aside after the conversion of the rest of the former TEE fleet, into dining coaches for the Burghy company; the operation included the division of the interior into a bar area, a service area and a dining area, but following the takeover by another catering company the operation was suspended after the delivery of the first example (former 61 83 95-90 903 D), which re-entered service in 1997 as a "Pizza Express" carriage with the classification 61 83 88-90 999 WR. The car thus converted, after a brief stint as a composition car on interregional trains in northern Italy and later with Trenitalia's Charter Division, was included in the FS vintage rolling stock; repainted in Bandiera livery, it currently operates with historic trains.
Three of the remaining vans were scrapped in the early 1990s, while 901 was reported to be shelved awaiting demolition on July 1, 1994.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The FS type TEE (Trans Europ Express) carriages were the result of a study commissioned in 1967 by Ferrovie dello Stato (FS) to FIAT - Sezione Materiale Ferroviario of Turin to replace on the Trans Europ Express trains entrusted to the Italian railways the TEE ALn 442/448 railcars with trainsets consisting of locomotives and carriages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The carriages, ordered in 1969 and delivered between 1971 and 1973, were used on the TEE Lemano, Mediolanum, and Ligure lines, but not on the TEE Mont Cenis, which was discontinued on September 30, 1972.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1970-71 the FS ordered a further series of coaches called Gran Confort, similar to the TEEs but compatible only with the 3 kV direct current electrification system, which were destined for Trans Europ Express trains in domestic service on the Italian rail network.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1984, with the transformation into InterCity of the Mediolanum, the last Trans Europ Express in international service operated with Italian material, the TEE carriages were put in composition with the TEE Adriatico in domestic service between Milan and Bari, with which they served until 1987.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The TEE carriages were finally converted to Gran Confort between 1990 and 1994.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "At the inception of the first Trans Europ Express lines, most of the planned links were not yet fully electrified, and the service was entrusted to Diesel self-propelled trains expressly built by the railway administrations that had joined the TEE grouping.",
"title": "Genesis of the project"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "However, the TEE ALn 442/448 railcars, put into service by the FS starting in 1957, soon demonstrated their limitations on the ramps of the Brenner and Simplon passes, and as early as 1959 the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB), aware of this fact, proposed that the State Railways join them in the purchase of the TEE multi-voltage RAe 1050 electric trainsets produced by Oerlikon, but the offer was not accepted. Among the reasons that drove the FS to the refusal was the consideration that the multi-voltage electric trains could have been used immediately only on the TEE Lemano (Milano Centrale-Geneve Cornavin), while on the remaining Italian TEEs there were heavy uncertainties related to the slow progress of the program to convert to 3 kV direct current the lines still electrified with the three-phase system and to the lack of electrification on important parts of the French TEE network.",
"title": "Genesis of the project"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In the following years, with a view to solving the above electrification problems, the replacement of the TEE railcars was taken up by the FS with two proposals developed by its Material and Traction Service, which had as a common element the realization of an electric-powered trainset that, like the Swiss electric train, did not require the replacement of the traction unit at the borders:",
"title": "Genesis of the project"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The ordinary-material solution, which would have offered 40 percent more seats for the same cost, led to a study in which, in addition to the four-voltage locomotive, three models of carriages derived from the X-type were defined, namely a 54-seat first-class carriage, a 30-seat first-class carriage with luggage compartment, radio cabin and customs compartment, and a 42-seat dining car, 12 of which could be reserved, with crew compartment, pantry and kitchen. However, the study, completed in October 1966, was not followed up.",
"title": "Genesis of the project"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The shelving of these plans effectively marked the abandonment by the FS of the realization of a multi-voltage vehicle that would have avoided time wasters in changing locomotives at the frontier.",
"title": "Genesis of the project"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The final solution came in 1967, when the FS entrusted FIAT - Railway Material Division of Turin with the study of a new series of coaches with a high degree of comfort, meeting the international standards set by the TEE grouping and capable of traveling at speeds of 200 km/h (120 mph).",
"title": "Genesis of the project"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In 1969, following the positive outcome of the studies, the FS ordered a group of 28 TEE carriages from FIAT, subdivided as follows:",
"title": "Genesis of the project"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The first car with F.71 bogies began trial runs in late 1970. They took place on lines that at the time allowed a maximum speed of 200 km/h (120 mph): the Piacenza-Fidenza sections of the Milan-Bologna and Pomezia-Latina sections of the Rome-Naples Direttissima.",
"title": "Genesis of the project"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Deliveries were staggered between 1971 and 1973.",
"title": "Genesis of the project"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "As mentioned above, the main design requirements were to achieve a high degree of comfort, meet international standards, and be able to travel at a maximum speed of 200 km/h (120 mph).",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In order to ensure maximum travel comfort, the designers started from the premise of providing the traveler with as many amenities as possible, giving him or her the best possible enjoyment of the scenery and ensuring that he or she did not arrive at the destination tired. Great care was therefore taken to create an aesthetically pleasing environment, thermally and acoustically insulated from the outside, equipped with air conditioning, an efficient lighting system, and a system for broadcasting music and announcements for travelers. In addition to the comfort of the seats, special attention was paid to the design of the trolleys to ensure a quiet and vibration-free ride. Finally, details such as the electrically operated Venetian blinds incorporated between the double glasses of the large windows and the closets for storing clothes behind the seats in the compartment cars were not neglected. To further increase running comfort, the solution of the \"floating floor\" was adopted, that is, a non-rigid connection of the floor with the body, thus reducing vibrations from the bogies or from the outside in general.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "With regard to safety, FIAT's engineers did not stop at strict compliance with the standards of the Union internationale des chemins de fer (UIC) Form 567, which was mandatory for the carriages to be admitted to international service, but went further, making the structural design of the body so that it provided greater protection than required for passengers in the event of a collision. The coaches were made compliant with the International Coach Regulations (RIC), enabled without restriction to board in normal service on the ferries of the Italian, German (Deutsche Bundesbahn - DB), Danish (Danske Statsbaner - DSB) and Swedish (Statens Järnvägar - SJ) railroads according to UIC board 569, and enabled to run coupled on curves with a minimum radius of 80 m.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The need to run on the Western European rail networks, which were electrified with four different power systems, and the high demand for electricity from carriage services (particularly from air conditioning equipment) required the use of multi-voltage converters that were not available at the time with sufficient power levels and reliability. It was therefore decided to build a conversion station equipped with rotary converters fed from the Carriage Electric Heating pipeline, installed on board a special generator wagon, and to distribute the power to the individual cars via a specially dedicated 660 V 50 Hz three-phase line. This choice, which was almost obligatory, allowed a significant lightening of the carriages and quickened the maneuvers of switching the power supply at border stations, but made the presence of the generator wagon indispensable in the composition of the trains. The solution of installing a generator set on a carriage, on the other hand, followed a practice already adopted on the TEE equipment of other administrations, such as the stainless steel DEV (Division des Études Voitures) 1956 Mistral type coaches of the SNCF, which became TEE in 1965, the 1969 Talgo type TEE coaches of the RENFE, and the 1970 Grand Confort type TEE coaches, also of the SNCF.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "The chassis of the body consisted of the two side members, the crossbeams, and the corrugated floor plate. The body structure was given a special role for the safety of travelers by inserting next to the intercommunication passages at the end of the headers a pair of uprights, called \"antitelescopic\" uprights, with the task of counteracting the penetration of one vehicle into the other in the event of a collision.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "The body was fitted with intercoms with cylindrical rubber gaskets with double sliding doors electrically controlled by footboards. The doors for passenger access, sliding along the side and equipped with a large folding step, were operated by an electro-pneumatic system. Opening was controlled locally by a handle, subject to remote unlocking from the trainmaster. Simultaneous closing of the doors of the entire convoy could be controlled by a key from any one of them.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "The windows were double glazed with an electrically operated Venetian blind embedded. The coaches were painted in TEE livery in Bordeaux red with a sand-yellow band at the windows that read \"TRANS EUROP EXPRESS\" in red lettering above them; the roof was painted in fog gray as was the median thread between the bands.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "On the sides were lockable enclosures equipped with backlighting for displaying route signs, which also played a safety role by preventing accidental detachment of the sign at high speeds.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "The design of the F.71 bogie (an evolution of the experimental FIAT 7195 C bogie) was conducted with the help of the electronic computer. The results of the structural analysis led to a major revision of the previously used concept, which was replaced by a new scheme consisting of an H-shaped frame made up of two double swan-neck shaped stringers and lacking the end cross members. The connection of the wheelsets to the bogie frame (primary suspension) and of the bogie frame to the body frame (secondary suspension) was accomplished by means of elastic parts comprising coil springs and rubber gussets capable of providing both vertical and transverse suspension and allowing rotation between the body and bogie by elastic deformation. The bogies, without fifth wheel and swing beam, directly supported the body by means of rubber gussets interposed between it and the springs of the secondary suspension.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "The bogies were equipped with mixed braking with two discs for each wheelset, assisted by a cleaning strain for each wheel, which, in addition to its main function of keeping the rolling surface clean and warm, contributed 20 percent of the braking action. This type of mixed braking remained unique on FS carriages, as the evolution of anti-skid systems enabled the adoption of integral disc braking on later types of carriages. The bogies were also prepared for the fitting of a pair of electromagnetic braking pads, but these were never applied.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "The success of the F.71 bogies enabled FIAT to victoriously face international competition in the tender held by Eurofima for new European unified carriages.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "The braking system included the pneumatically activated service brake, which acted on all axles of the carriage, and the manually operated parking brake, controlled by a pair of handwheels that acted independently on their respective bogies.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Compressed air from the pipeline running along the convoy was stored in a main tank that fed two auxiliary tanks at controlled pressure. These simultaneously supplied the pneumatic cylinders of the disc and stump brakes by means of a distributor that received pilot pressure from the general automatic brake line, which was connected to the locomotive brake control and the emergency carriage brakes, and a supply relay that allowed variable pressure air to pass from the auxiliary reservoirs to the brake cylinders. The system was complemented by a pair of solenoid valves driven by an electronic control unit that received the signal from four tachometer dynamos connected to the respective axles, which were intended to reduce the braking action on any blocked axles.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "The Marelli-Stone-type air-conditioning system provided winter heating and summer refrigeration of the carriage by means of two air-conditioning units positioned above the lavatories. Each unit comprised a copper coil for refrigeration and an electric radiator for heating, which were invested by a flow of air produced by a pair of centrifugal fans that, after dehumidification, was fed into a distribution ducting that led to vents located on the top of the carriage. The refrigeration coils were fed by a motor-compressor unit and a condenser cooled by two electric fans. The electric heater for heating was fed from the overhead contact line through the electric heating pipeline by means of an automatic voltage selector; the same line was headed by space heaters, located under the seats at the windows, to supplement the blown-air heating from the ceiling.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "All models of FS TEE coaches were equipped with four electrical conduits that headed to the locomotive or generator wagon:",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "On each car a three-phase transformer provided for lowering the voltage to the standard value of 380 V 50 Hz for supplying the higher power services, a voltage that was then brought to the other values required by the various types of utilities on board. In particular, voltages of 220 V 50 Hz were available for the air conditioning system, 32 V 50 Hz for the full-half-light timer control, and a continuous voltage of 26 V for battery charging. Finally, from the latter was obtained by means of an inverter the alternating voltage of 220 V 50 Hz, which was necessary for the supply of the utilities that had to be ensured even in the absence of the locomotive, such as the lighting of the carriages and the sockets for razors and towels in the toilets.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "The Gran Confort coaches, ordered later for domestic service on the FS network, were essentially identical to the TEEs, but were not licensed for operation in international service. In addition to being distinguished by a different exterior livery, characterized by the lower part of the body and the roof in slate gray and an antique ivory band with two signal red threads at the windows, the Gran Confort differed from the TEEs in the electrical power supply system for the auxiliary services, which, instead of the pair of centralized rotating units on the generator van, provided for the installation on each carriage of a 45 kVA motor-alternator powered at 3 kV direct current directly from the electric heater pipe. This meant that there was a mass penalty of a few tons compared to the corresponding TEE cars, but no longer made the generator wagon necessary.",
"title": "General features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "The FS TEE car family included two first-class car models, a dining car and a van car. All cars, including the van, were equipped with end vestibules accessible from the outside on both sides with power-assisted opening doors and from the gangway connection with automatically operated doors. Curiously, despite the success garnered by the equipment of other administrations in the TEE grouping, no bar car was planned.",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "The compartment cars, built in thirteen units, received the UIC numbering 61 83 18-90 900-912 Az.",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "The cars offered 48 seats arranged in eight compartments accessible by a 750 mm (30 in) wide side aisle and included, in order, the following rooms:",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "Each compartment, divided from the side aisle by a glass wall fitted with a sliding door, was equipped with six comfortable armchairs with individual headrests and swivel backs, behind which was a wardrobe locker. The lower part of the luggage racks, arranged sideways above the seats, was equipped with individual spotlights for reading. Lighting was provided by four fluorescent tubes arranged on the sides of the pavilion, over which were cut openings for air conditioning distribution.",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "The seats were upholstered in blue wool Mohair velvet with white linings at the headrests.",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "The saloon cars, built in five units, received the UIC classification 61 83 18-90 950-954 Az.",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "The cars, built to subsidize the dining car when needed and to benefit groups who needed to travel in the same environment, offered 48 seats arranged in a saloon about 18 m long and included, in order, the following rooms:",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "Seating was arranged transversely on rows of opposing one and two-seat sofas, separated by the intermediate aisle. Each pair of couches was equipped with removable tables, sheltered in special compartments under the windows, which allowed the carriage to be used to subsidize the dining car in case of need.",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "The seats were upholstered in blue Mohair wool velvet with white linings at the headrests.",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "The dining cars, built in five units, received the UIC classification 61 83 88-90 900-904 Rz.",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "One of these, which was destroyed, was replaced by the Gran Confort car 50 83 88-98-011 Rz, which was converted to TEE in 1975 receiving the numbering 61 83 88-90 905 Rz.",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "The cars, for whose furnishings materials were chosen to ensure comfort and ease of cleaning, included, in order, the following rooms:",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "The kitchen was equipped with an electric stove and a sink with hot and cold water. Water for kitchen use was supplied by a 100-litre (22 imp gal; 26 US gal) auxiliary tank placed on the top of the kitchen and a 200-litre (44 imp gal; 53 US gal) electric water heater fed from an 1,100-litre (240 imp gal; 290 US gal) tank placed in the underbody, properly insulated and heated to prevent freezing at extreme temperatures. The refrigerator was powered by 380 V 50 Hz, with the exception of the compartments for perishable foods, which were refrigerated by a second motor-compressor powered by 24 V direct current from on-board batteries.",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "Toward the end of the 1970s, electric stoves in the kitchens, which were disliked by the staff because of their lower efficiency, were replaced with ones powered by liquid gas.",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "The seats were initially upholstered in orange fabric, later replaced by faux leather. One example of this subunit is listed in the historical asset of the FS Italian Foundation. It underwent restoration to its original Bordeaux Red - Sand Yellow TEE livery and is now used in composition with vintage trains.",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "The van cars, built in five units, initially received the UIC classifications 61 83 95-90 900-902 Dz and 61 83 95-90 950-951 Dz, unified to 61 83 95-90 900-904 Dz after the installation of the second motor-alternator unit on the first two units as well.",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "The van coaches were equipped with a side aisle freely passable by travelers, which was overlooked by several service rooms. In order, the following rooms were encountered:",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "Installed in each engine room was a three-phase motor-alternator unit with a capacity of 240 kVA at 660 V 50 Hz, which could be supplied from the electric heating duct with each of the four voltages derived from the catenary of the different European administrations, i.e., single-phase alternating current at 1 kV 16⅔ Hz and 1.5 kV 50 Hz and direct current at 1.5 kV and 3 kV. For each of these groups, it was initially budgeted to power a convoy of up to seven cars in addition to the van. In the case of high composition trains, since parallel connection of the alternators was not planned, it was necessary to place the generator van in the middle of the convoy so that each section would be independently powered.",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "The first three van cars, numbered progressively from 900 to 902, were built with only one generator set, while the next two, numbered 950 and 951, were equipped with both sets. However, a fairly frequent series of breakdowns soon highlighted the inadequacy of the initial choice of a single motor-generator to power more than five coaches, forcing the FS to take remedial action. In 1977-78, for both reliability and unification reasons, the second generator was installed on all van coaches, which were grouped under serial numbers 900 to 904 (curiously enough, it was precisely the 950 and 951 coaches, which had been equipped with the double generator from the beginning, that underwent the renumbering).",
"title": "Features of individual models"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "The first coaches were delivered to the FS in the first half of 1972. After an initial period of line testing to verify the influence of disturbances generated by on-board equipment on the telephone and signaling circuits of the railway administrations concerned, they were put into regular service on May 28, 1972, on the TEE Lemano between Milan and Geneva. Beginning in the second half of August of that year, on the occasion of the Munich Olympics, the use of TEE FS cars was extended to the TEE Mediolanum between Milan and Munich. With the 1972/73 winter timetable, the new coaches were finally adopted also on the Ligurian TEE between Milan and Avignon. They were not, however, used on the TEE Mont Cenis between Milan and Lyon, also under FS responsibility, which left the TEE grouping as of the same date.",
"title": "The operation on the TEE network"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "During periods of normal turnout, the above-mentioned TEEs consisted of a generator van, a dining car, a saloon car, and two compartment cars. In busy periods the TEE Lemano and Mediolanum were reinforced with one or two additional carriages, while the Ligure was reinforced with Gran Confort carriages on the Italian section between Milan and Ventimiglia.",
"title": "The operation on the TEE network"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "The FS TEE carriages already met with a good reception from the public in their first years of service, who appreciated the convenience and comfort of this type of equipment, which represented the latest and most modern generation of carriages in the Trans Europ Express grouping.",
"title": "The operation on the TEE network"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"text": "Toward the end of the 1970s, the commercial policies of passenger rail transportation began to evolve toward a system that could provide services with high quality and speed features to a wider customer base. These new trends led the French and German railroads to establish the first Intercity lines as a replacement for the corresponding TEEs, often retaining their name and train path by extending the service to second class. This process extended to Italy as well with the transformation into Intercity of the Ligure and Leman, which ran their last run as TEEs on May 22, 1982, followed two years later, on June 2, 1984, by the Mediolanum, which was the last TEE in international service to be operated with FS coaches.",
"title": "The operation on the TEE network"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"text": "The TEE coaches that became available as a result of the above conversions were used from June 3, 1984 on the TEE Adriatico in domestic service between Milano Centrale and Bari Centrale, which remained in service as Trans Europ Express until May 30, 1987.",
"title": "The operation on the TEE network"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"text": "With the disappearance of first-class-only trains, the mixed use of TEE coaches with second-class coaches soon proved too constraining both because of the mandatory presence of the generator van and the complication caused by the dual power supply line on the same trainset, where the TEE coaches received their electricity from the \"train line\" and the second-class coaches from the electric heating duct. To remedy these drawbacks, it was decided to transform the TEE coaches into Gran Confort coaches, a modification that entailed, in addition to changing the exterior livery, adapting the electrical system by eliminating the 660 V \"train line\" and adopting on each coach a 45 kVA static converter fed in direct current at 3000 V from the electric heater conduit.",
"title": "The transformation into Gran Confort carriages"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"text": "At the same time as the conversion, provision was made, as was already happening with the Gran Confort coaches of the first series, for equipping the doors with an autonomous closing control activated by a tachometer sensor and the elimination of the centralized remote opening release on the luggage compartment, at the same time making it no longer compulsory, the use of which was already decreasing due to the diminishing use of luggage transport.",
"title": "The transformation into Gran Confort carriages"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"text": "In the two years immediately following the demise of the TEEs (1987/89), these coaches were nonetheless used in composition on some of the new Intercity trains, particularly on the IC Tirreno that served the Turin-Rome route.",
"title": "The transformation into Gran Confort carriages"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"text": "Between 1990 and 1994, all compartment cars were transformed, which were reclassified as 50 83 18-98 205-217 A.",
"title": "The transformation into Gran Confort carriages"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"text": "The saloon cars, transformed between 1992 and 1994, were instead reclassified 50 83 18-98 614-618 A.",
"title": "The transformation into Gran Confort carriages"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"text": "The dining cars, converted from the early 1990s with the elimination of the boarding doors on the side opposite the kitchen as for the newer Gran Confort series, were reclassified 50 83 88-90 900-905 WR.",
"title": "The transformation into Gran Confort carriages"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"text": "In 1995, it was decided to convert the van coaches, set aside after the conversion of the rest of the former TEE fleet, into dining coaches for the Burghy company; the operation included the division of the interior into a bar area, a service area and a dining area, but following the takeover by another catering company the operation was suspended after the delivery of the first example (former 61 83 95-90 903 D), which re-entered service in 1997 as a \"Pizza Express\" carriage with the classification 61 83 88-90 999 WR. The car thus converted, after a brief stint as a composition car on interregional trains in northern Italy and later with Trenitalia's Charter Division, was included in the FS vintage rolling stock; repainted in Bandiera livery, it currently operates with historic trains.",
"title": "The transformation into Gran Confort carriages"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"text": "Three of the remaining vans were scrapped in the early 1990s, while 901 was reported to be shelved awaiting demolition on July 1, 1994.",
"title": "The transformation into Gran Confort carriages"
}
] |
The FS type TEE carriages were the result of a study commissioned in 1967 by Ferrovie dello Stato (FS) to FIAT - Sezione Materiale Ferroviario of Turin to replace on the Trans Europ Express trains entrusted to the Italian railways the TEE ALn 442/448 railcars with trainsets consisting of locomotives and carriages. The carriages, ordered in 1969 and delivered between 1971 and 1973, were used on the TEE Lemano, Mediolanum, and Ligure lines, but not on the TEE Mont Cenis, which was discontinued on September 30, 1972. In 1970-71 the FS ordered a further series of coaches called Gran Confort, similar to the TEEs but compatible only with the 3 kV direct current electrification system, which were destined for Trans Europ Express trains in domestic service on the Italian rail network. In 1984, with the transformation into InterCity of the Mediolanum, the last Trans Europ Express in international service operated with Italian material, the TEE carriages were put in composition with the TEE Adriatico in domestic service between Milan and Bari, with which they served until 1987. The TEE carriages were finally converted to Gran Confort between 1990 and 1994.
|
2023-12-04T18:47:22Z
|
2023-12-17T02:53:16Z
|
[
"Template:Harvtxt",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Subject bar",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox train",
"Template:Convert"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEE_carriages_of_FS
|
75,484,343 |
Jules Chappaz
|
Jules Chappaz (born 4 March 1999) is a French cross-country skier. He won a bronze medal in the individual sprint at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023, which was his first time competing in a world championship. He also won the 10km freestyle race at the 2019 Nordic Junior World Ski Championships.
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jules Chappaz (born 4 March 1999) is a French cross-country skier. He won a bronze medal in the individual sprint at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023, which was his first time competing in a world championship. He also won the 10km freestyle race at the 2019 Nordic Junior World Ski Championships.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).",
"title": "Cross-country skiing results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
Jules Chappaz is a French cross-country skier. He won a bronze medal in the individual sprint at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023, which was his first time competing in a world championship. He also won the 10km freestyle race at the 2019 Nordic Junior World Ski Championships.
|
2023-12-04T18:47:51Z
|
2023-12-10T00:47:13Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox skier",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Sports links",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:France-crosscountry-skiing-bio-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Abbr",
"Template:N/a",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Chappaz
|
75,484,351 |
Keramik (disambiguation)
|
Keramik most commonly refers to Amfepramone, a stimulant drug. Keramik may also refer to:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Keramik most commonly refers to Amfepramone, a stimulant drug. Keramik may also refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] |
Keramik most commonly refers to Amfepramone, a stimulant drug. Keramik may also refer to: Keramik, Ukraine, an urban-type settlement FC Keramik Baranivka
Höganäs Keramik
Kähler Keramik
Keramik-Museum Berlin
Syberg Keramik
Søholm Keramik
|
2023-12-04T18:49:15Z
|
2023-12-04T18:49:32Z
|
[
"Template:Intitle"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramik_(disambiguation)
|
75,484,401 |
Catharine (Tennessee)
|
Catharine (born c. 1835?) was an enslaved woman of Tennessee in the United States who may have been associated with slave trader and Confederate cavalry commander Nathan Bedford Forrest. Her life is poorly documented, and she could be a propagandistic fiction. She is known primarily from one unsigned anti-Forrest newspaper article that appeared in the wake of the Battle of Fort Pillow, but there are two, possibly three, other sources that may at least confirm her existence.
Per an unsigned item about Nathan Bedford Forrest and his brothers that was credited only to a "Knoxville, E.T." correspondent of the New-York Tribune and published in a number of U.S.-aligned newspapers in 1864:"
He usually wore, while in the 'nigger' trade in Memphis, a stovepipe hat set on the back of his bead at an angle of forty-five degrees. He was accounted mean, vindictive, cruel and unscrupulous. He had two wives, one white, the other colored (Catharine), by each of which he had two children. His 'patriarchal' wife, Catharine, and his white wife had frequent quarrels or domestic jars."
During this era of U.S. history, "political enemies often accused one another of miscegenation." Forrest's most recent major biographer, Jack Hurst, described the Knoxville–Tribune report of 1864 as, overall, "inflammatory but in some ways accurate," and specifically in the case of Catharine: "The partisan invective of the brief article might make it dismissable were it not intriguingly stressful of the name 'Catharine' (while Mary Ann's goes unmentioned) and supported by several other Forrest family names and business activities whose accuracy is verifiable."
Hurst also surfaced a record from the Shelby County register, book 16, page 125, that may be "Forrest's initial purchase as an individual slave trader of which there remains a record—and apparently the only such transaction he ever made with a firm in which he was a principal—involved the new Hill & Forrest firm around this time. He bought from it 'a Negrow [sic] woman named Catharine aged seventeen and her Child named Thomas aged four months boath [sic] of which we warrant sound in body + mind and Slaves for Life and the title fully guaranteed.'" The price for mother and son on November 10, 1853, was US$1,250 (equivalent to $43,970 in 2022). Per Hurst, "The purpose of this seemingly special purchase appears impossible to ascertain now. The woman may have been bought to be a housekeeper or simply as an investment, since the value of slaves—particularly that of young, child-bearing females—was rapidly rising. There is also the possibility that this Catharine was, or became, something more."
There is also a Cath Forrest (Cath with a C, and Forrest with two Rs), mulatto, age 36, listed in the 1870 U.S. census in Memphis, Tennessee, living and/or working in what is likely a boarding house. Also resident is a 13-year-old mulatto girl (born c. 1857) whose name appears to be Narcissa Forrest.
A Catherine Forrest also appears twice in the Memphis city directory in the 1870s:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Catharine (born c. 1835?) was an enslaved woman of Tennessee in the United States who may have been associated with slave trader and Confederate cavalry commander Nathan Bedford Forrest. Her life is poorly documented, and she could be a propagandistic fiction. She is known primarily from one unsigned anti-Forrest newspaper article that appeared in the wake of the Battle of Fort Pillow, but there are two, possibly three, other sources that may at least confirm her existence.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Per an unsigned item about Nathan Bedford Forrest and his brothers that was credited only to a \"Knoxville, E.T.\" correspondent of the New-York Tribune and published in a number of U.S.-aligned newspapers in 1864:\"",
"title": "Historical records"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He usually wore, while in the 'nigger' trade in Memphis, a stovepipe hat set on the back of his bead at an angle of forty-five degrees. He was accounted mean, vindictive, cruel and unscrupulous. He had two wives, one white, the other colored (Catharine), by each of which he had two children. His 'patriarchal' wife, Catharine, and his white wife had frequent quarrels or domestic jars.\"",
"title": "Historical records"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "During this era of U.S. history, \"political enemies often accused one another of miscegenation.\" Forrest's most recent major biographer, Jack Hurst, described the Knoxville–Tribune report of 1864 as, overall, \"inflammatory but in some ways accurate,\" and specifically in the case of Catharine: \"The partisan invective of the brief article might make it dismissable were it not intriguingly stressful of the name 'Catharine' (while Mary Ann's goes unmentioned) and supported by several other Forrest family names and business activities whose accuracy is verifiable.\"",
"title": "Historical records"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Hurst also surfaced a record from the Shelby County register, book 16, page 125, that may be \"Forrest's initial purchase as an individual slave trader of which there remains a record—and apparently the only such transaction he ever made with a firm in which he was a principal—involved the new Hill & Forrest firm around this time. He bought from it 'a Negrow [sic] woman named Catharine aged seventeen and her Child named Thomas aged four months boath [sic] of which we warrant sound in body + mind and Slaves for Life and the title fully guaranteed.'\" The price for mother and son on November 10, 1853, was US$1,250 (equivalent to $43,970 in 2022). Per Hurst, \"The purpose of this seemingly special purchase appears impossible to ascertain now. The woman may have been bought to be a housekeeper or simply as an investment, since the value of slaves—particularly that of young, child-bearing females—was rapidly rising. There is also the possibility that this Catharine was, or became, something more.\"",
"title": "Historical records"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "There is also a Cath Forrest (Cath with a C, and Forrest with two Rs), mulatto, age 36, listed in the 1870 U.S. census in Memphis, Tennessee, living and/or working in what is likely a boarding house. Also resident is a 13-year-old mulatto girl (born c. 1857) whose name appears to be Narcissa Forrest.",
"title": "Historical records"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "A Catherine Forrest also appears twice in the Memphis city directory in the 1870s:",
"title": "Historical records"
}
] |
Catharine was an enslaved woman of Tennessee in the United States who may have been associated with slave trader and Confederate cavalry commander Nathan Bedford Forrest. Her life is poorly documented, and she could be a propagandistic fiction. She is known primarily from one unsigned anti-Forrest newspaper article that appeared in the wake of the Battle of Fort Pillow, but there are two, possibly three, other sources that may at least confirm her existence.
|
2023-12-04T18:58:53Z
|
2023-12-22T19:58:01Z
|
[
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Circa",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Mdash",
"Template:Sic",
"Template:Efn",
"Template:Use American English",
"Template:Blockquote",
"Template:USD",
"Template:Gallery",
"Template:Notelist",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharine_(Tennessee)
|
75,484,408 |
Olu Saar Bari Olu
|
Olu Saar Bari Olu (transl. Go sir, just go) is a 2002 Indian Kannada-language comedy film directed by Nagendra Magudi. A remake of the Marathi film Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi (1988), the film stars Jayanthi, Ramesh Aravind, Anu Prabhakar, Mohan, Balaraj and Pramod Chakravarthi.
Raghupati, a makeup artist for Roja, stays in his homeowner's house with his brother Pammi in Bangalore. His friends Sadanand and Balu want to stay in the house but the homeowner doesn't let them. They come across Jayanthi Deshpande's house, who only lends her house to couples. Raghupati comes up with a plan and Sadanand and Balu come to the house dressed as Pammi's and Ragupati's wife, respectively. How they hide their identities and how they console their girlfriends form the rest of the story.
The film was reported to be similar to Samayakkondu Sullu (1996) and was made with the intention to make the audience laugh for two-and-a-half hours.
The soundtrack was composed by Rajdev.
All lyrics are written by V. Nagendra Prasad
A critic from Viggy praised the performances of the cast and the film's sense of comedy while criticizing the music.
The film was a box office success. Ramesh Aravind did not get his share of the profit due to the failure of Kushalave Kshemave (2003).
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Olu Saar Bari Olu (transl. Go sir, just go) is a 2002 Indian Kannada-language comedy film directed by Nagendra Magudi. A remake of the Marathi film Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi (1988), the film stars Jayanthi, Ramesh Aravind, Anu Prabhakar, Mohan, Balaraj and Pramod Chakravarthi.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Raghupati, a makeup artist for Roja, stays in his homeowner's house with his brother Pammi in Bangalore. His friends Sadanand and Balu want to stay in the house but the homeowner doesn't let them. They come across Jayanthi Deshpande's house, who only lends her house to couples. Raghupati comes up with a plan and Sadanand and Balu come to the house dressed as Pammi's and Ragupati's wife, respectively. How they hide their identities and how they console their girlfriends form the rest of the story.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The film was reported to be similar to Samayakkondu Sullu (1996) and was made with the intention to make the audience laugh for two-and-a-half hours.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The soundtrack was composed by Rajdev.",
"title": "Soundtrack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "All lyrics are written by V. Nagendra Prasad",
"title": "Soundtrack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "A critic from Viggy praised the performances of the cast and the film's sense of comedy while criticizing the music.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The film was a box office success. Ramesh Aravind did not get his share of the profit due to the failure of Kushalave Kshemave (2003).",
"title": "Reception"
}
] |
Olu Saar Bari Olu is a 2002 Indian Kannada-language comedy film directed by Nagendra Magudi. A remake of the Marathi film Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi (1988), the film stars Jayanthi, Ramesh Aravind, Anu Prabhakar, Mohan, Balaraj and Pramod Chakravarthi.
|
2023-12-04T18:59:34Z
|
2023-12-05T15:35:27Z
|
[
"Template:Cast listing",
"Template:Track listing",
"Template:Noteslist",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:IMDb title",
"Template:Infobox film",
"Template:Translation"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olu_Saar_Bari_Olu
|
75,484,430 |
D domain
|
D-domain (Dimerization domain) is found in the upstream of the F-box domain, which is a conserved dimerization motif located in WD40 repeat F box proteins, such as Cdc4, Met30, β-TrCP and Pop1/2. But Vts1, a RNA binding protein at the SAM domain found in yeast contain D-domain though it does not have any F-box domain.
As targeting domain or docking site, D-domain is found in the ETS-domain transcription factor Elk-1. It is distinct from the phospho-acceptor motifs and plays a crucial function in the efficient phosphorylation and activation of Elk-1 by MAP kinases (MAPKs) such as extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), JNK, mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase-1, and ribosomal S6 kinase.
Additionally this domain can be incorporated into chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) designs for T cell therapies that allows for the specific recognition and binding of target antigens, such as CD123, which is a potential therapeutic target for hematologic malignancies like acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).
D-domain is formed up of three alpha helices which generate a parallel dimer by self-associating in a right-handed super-helical way.There are two possible configurations for this domain's N terminus; those are an unstructured loop and an amphipathic alpha-helix (H0). Interactions with the adjacent thyroid hormone receptor ligand-binding domain's (TR-LBD), AF-2 coactivator-binding groove are necessary for the creation of the H0 structure of D-domain. While additional C-terminal residues are crucial only for JNKs, residues in the N-terminal end of the D-domain are significant for not only JNK MAPKs but also ERK.
The unique topology of D-domain enables it to target epitopes that may not be accessible to scFv CDR loops, offering the potential for improved antigen recognition.
D-domain can interconnect with another D-domain which belongs to indistinguishable protein. This type of interactions is called homotypic interactions. For instance, this kind of domain is important for the interaction of a subclass of F-box proteins which is named after WD40. This arranges in the π-system configuration that is known as suprafacial configuration which is observed between E2-site of every SCF protomer and the substrate-binding site.D-domain is also involved in the self-efficient binding of Fbw7 and stable dimerization of cyclin E T380 phospho-degron to Fbw7. Dimerization of β-TrCP1 and β-TrCP2 also found in NH2-terminal of D-domain. This domain in the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) connects the DNA-binding domain (DBD) with the ligand-binding domain (LBD). It can form functionally useful extensions of the DBD and LBD. It also can unfold for the purpose of allowing TRs to adjust to various DNA response components and have the ability to substantially control rotational flexibility and TR DNA binding activity.This domain also serves as a JNK-binding motif, with variations in the respective kinase binding capacity observed between the c-Jun D-domain and the Elk-1 D-domain. The cytoplasmic region of the receptor for modern glycation end-products (RAGE) contains a sequence similar to the D-domain, which is important for the direct interaction between ERK and RAGE. This interaction is independent of the phosphorylation status of ERK and is conserved across species. Targeting via this increases the specificity and efficiency of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway.
D-domain CARs have demonstrated potent antitumor activity in xenograft models, leading to complete durable remission in AML models. It can also be used to generate functional, bi-specific CARs by combining them with other specific targeting domains, such as a CD19-specific scFv.
Mutations in the D-domain can selectively inhibit TR interactions with specific DNA response elements and affect TR activity. In addition, it can be engineered to be less immunogenic by removing putative T cell epitopes, potentially reducing the risk of antigen-independent exhaustion.On the other hand, trivial effect on phosphorylation is observed due to mutation at the D-domain of p38MAPKs, which signifies the inertness of this domain to the interaction of Elk-1 to p38 MAPKs. Also, dimerization of the SCF complex facilitated by the D-domain shows insignificant overtly impact on catalytic competence or substrate affinity but enhances lysine acceptor site utilization.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "D-domain (Dimerization domain) is found in the upstream of the F-box domain, which is a conserved dimerization motif located in WD40 repeat F box proteins, such as Cdc4, Met30, β-TrCP and Pop1/2. But Vts1, a RNA binding protein at the SAM domain found in yeast contain D-domain though it does not have any F-box domain.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "As targeting domain or docking site, D-domain is found in the ETS-domain transcription factor Elk-1. It is distinct from the phospho-acceptor motifs and plays a crucial function in the efficient phosphorylation and activation of Elk-1 by MAP kinases (MAPKs) such as extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), JNK, mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase-1, and ribosomal S6 kinase.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Additionally this domain can be incorporated into chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) designs for T cell therapies that allows for the specific recognition and binding of target antigens, such as CD123, which is a potential therapeutic target for hematologic malignancies like acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "D-domain is formed up of three alpha helices which generate a parallel dimer by self-associating in a right-handed super-helical way.There are two possible configurations for this domain's N terminus; those are an unstructured loop and an amphipathic alpha-helix (H0). Interactions with the adjacent thyroid hormone receptor ligand-binding domain's (TR-LBD), AF-2 coactivator-binding groove are necessary for the creation of the H0 structure of D-domain. While additional C-terminal residues are crucial only for JNKs, residues in the N-terminal end of the D-domain are significant for not only JNK MAPKs but also ERK.",
"title": "Core components"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The unique topology of D-domain enables it to target epitopes that may not be accessible to scFv CDR loops, offering the potential for improved antigen recognition.",
"title": "Core components"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "D-domain can interconnect with another D-domain which belongs to indistinguishable protein. This type of interactions is called homotypic interactions. For instance, this kind of domain is important for the interaction of a subclass of F-box proteins which is named after WD40. This arranges in the π-system configuration that is known as suprafacial configuration which is observed between E2-site of every SCF protomer and the substrate-binding site.D-domain is also involved in the self-efficient binding of Fbw7 and stable dimerization of cyclin E T380 phospho-degron to Fbw7. Dimerization of β-TrCP1 and β-TrCP2 also found in NH2-terminal of D-domain. This domain in the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) connects the DNA-binding domain (DBD) with the ligand-binding domain (LBD). It can form functionally useful extensions of the DBD and LBD. It also can unfold for the purpose of allowing TRs to adjust to various DNA response components and have the ability to substantially control rotational flexibility and TR DNA binding activity.This domain also serves as a JNK-binding motif, with variations in the respective kinase binding capacity observed between the c-Jun D-domain and the Elk-1 D-domain. The cytoplasmic region of the receptor for modern glycation end-products (RAGE) contains a sequence similar to the D-domain, which is important for the direct interaction between ERK and RAGE. This interaction is independent of the phosphorylation status of ERK and is conserved across species. Targeting via this increases the specificity and efficiency of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway.",
"title": "Function"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "D-domain CARs have demonstrated potent antitumor activity in xenograft models, leading to complete durable remission in AML models. It can also be used to generate functional, bi-specific CARs by combining them with other specific targeting domains, such as a CD19-specific scFv.",
"title": "Function"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Mutations in the D-domain can selectively inhibit TR interactions with specific DNA response elements and affect TR activity. In addition, it can be engineered to be less immunogenic by removing putative T cell epitopes, potentially reducing the risk of antigen-independent exhaustion.On the other hand, trivial effect on phosphorylation is observed due to mutation at the D-domain of p38MAPKs, which signifies the inertness of this domain to the interaction of Elk-1 to p38 MAPKs. Also, dimerization of the SCF complex facilitated by the D-domain shows insignificant overtly impact on catalytic competence or substrate affinity but enhances lysine acceptor site utilization.",
"title": "Regulation"
}
] |
D-domain is found in the upstream of the F-box domain, which is a conserved dimerization motif located in WD40 repeat F box proteins, such as Cdc4, Met30, β-TrCP and Pop1/2. But Vts1, a RNA binding protein at the SAM domain found in yeast contain D-domain though it does not have any F-box domain. As targeting domain or docking site, D-domain is found in the ETS-domain transcription factor Elk-1. It is distinct from the phospho-acceptor motifs and plays a crucial function in the efficient phosphorylation and activation of Elk-1 by MAP kinases (MAPKs) such as extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), JNK, mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase-1, and ribosomal S6 kinase. Additionally this domain can be incorporated into chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) designs for T cell therapies that allows for the specific recognition and binding of target antigens, such as CD123, which is a potential therapeutic target for hematologic malignancies like acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).
|
2023-12-04T19:04:05Z
|
2023-12-25T22:30:09Z
|
[
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_domain
|
75,484,437 |
Ninerafaxstat
|
Ninerafaxstat (IMB-1018972 or IMB-101) is a cardiac mitotrope agent investigated by Imbria for diabetic cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischemia, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ninerafaxstat (IMB-1018972 or IMB-101) is a cardiac mitotrope agent investigated by Imbria for diabetic cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischemia, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Ninerafaxstat is a cardiac mitotrope agent investigated by Imbria for diabetic cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischemia, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
|
2023-12-04T19:05:04Z
|
2024-01-01T00:15:06Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Orphan",
"Template:Infobox drug",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninerafaxstat
|
75,484,443 |
Imamzadeh Chaharmanar
|
The Imamzadeh Chaharmanar (Persian: امامزاده علی بن مجاهد) also known locally as Imamzadeh Ali ibn Mujaheed is a historic mausoleum located in Tabriz, Iran. It was built during the Seljuk period and is number 651 on Iran's list of national monuments.
The mausoleum contains the tomb of Ali ibn Mujaheed, a descendant of the fourth Ahlulbayt Imam, Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, as well as two of the rulers of the Rawadid dynasty. The mausoleum is located next to the historic Gharabaghi Mosque, but unlike the mosque, it has been closed since 1965.
The name "Chaharmanar" means "four minarets" in Persian. This is because the mausoleum has four identical minarets on each of its corners.
An inscription on the building gives the first construction to a time during the Seljuk period. In the 11th century, the Rawadid ruler Abu'l-Hayja Mamlan I and his son, Abu Mansur Wahsudan were buried in the mausoleum. The mausoleum also survived the 1721 Tabriz earthquake.
In the year 1863, major repairs were done, under orders of Qajar princess, Zia ol-Saltaneh, daughter of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar.
The place was shut down in 1965, and it has been locked ever since then. Residents of Tabriz complained about the neglect of the mausoleum, and how the Gharabaghi Mosque next to it received renovations and was active in contrast to the mausoleum. In 1975, the government did issue a statement expressing interest in restoring the mausoleum, but not much had been done. The mausoleum was not reopened for public access either.
The mausoleum is a square building made out of brick which has a large dome and four raised minarets, one in each corner. The mausoleum is entered through a door on its southern side. Inside the mausoleum, on the western side, there is an opening in the floor that leads into a basement and cellar. Inside the cellar is the tomb of Ali ibn Mujaheed, and it has a meshed wooden zarih enclosing it.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Imamzadeh Chaharmanar (Persian: امامزاده علی بن مجاهد) also known locally as Imamzadeh Ali ibn Mujaheed is a historic mausoleum located in Tabriz, Iran. It was built during the Seljuk period and is number 651 on Iran's list of national monuments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The mausoleum contains the tomb of Ali ibn Mujaheed, a descendant of the fourth Ahlulbayt Imam, Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, as well as two of the rulers of the Rawadid dynasty. The mausoleum is located next to the historic Gharabaghi Mosque, but unlike the mosque, it has been closed since 1965.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The name \"Chaharmanar\" means \"four minarets\" in Persian. This is because the mausoleum has four identical minarets on each of its corners.",
"title": "Etymology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "An inscription on the building gives the first construction to a time during the Seljuk period. In the 11th century, the Rawadid ruler Abu'l-Hayja Mamlan I and his son, Abu Mansur Wahsudan were buried in the mausoleum. The mausoleum also survived the 1721 Tabriz earthquake.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In the year 1863, major repairs were done, under orders of Qajar princess, Zia ol-Saltaneh, daughter of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The place was shut down in 1965, and it has been locked ever since then. Residents of Tabriz complained about the neglect of the mausoleum, and how the Gharabaghi Mosque next to it received renovations and was active in contrast to the mausoleum. In 1975, the government did issue a statement expressing interest in restoring the mausoleum, but not much had been done. The mausoleum was not reopened for public access either.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The mausoleum is a square building made out of brick which has a large dome and four raised minarets, one in each corner. The mausoleum is entered through a door on its southern side. Inside the mausoleum, on the western side, there is an opening in the floor that leads into a basement and cellar. Inside the cellar is the tomb of Ali ibn Mujaheed, and it has a meshed wooden zarih enclosing it.",
"title": "Architecture"
}
] |
The Imamzadeh Chaharmanar also known locally as Imamzadeh Ali ibn Mujaheed is a historic mausoleum located in Tabriz, Iran. It was built during the Seljuk period and is number 651 on Iran's list of national monuments. The mausoleum contains the tomb of Ali ibn Mujaheed, a descendant of the fourth Ahlulbayt Imam, Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, as well as two of the rulers of the Rawadid dynasty. The mausoleum is located next to the historic Gharabaghi Mosque, but unlike the mosque, it has been closed since 1965.
|
2023-12-04T19:06:45Z
|
2023-12-07T15:54:54Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox religious building",
"Template:Cite web"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamzadeh_Chaharmanar
|
75,484,444 |
Thiers old hospital
|
Thiers old hospital (Ancien hôpital de Thiers, in French) is the former site of a hospital dating back to the 17th century, located in the eastern part of the historic center of Thiers, France. The site covers an area of 0.5 ha, and the buildings cover more than 7,000 m². It is located within the perimeter of Thiers' site patrimonial remarquable (remarkable heritage site), and remains protected under the town's Plan de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur (Protection and Enhancement Plan). Like the rest of Thiers' old town, the site has underground passages and cellars.
Closed in 1988 following the hospital's move to new premises at the Thiers hospital center, the site remained partially abandoned before being totally abandoned following the departure of the medical-psychological consultation center in 2016.
Thiers old hospital is located in the French department of Puy-de-Dôme, in the commune of Thiers. Located to the east of the town's medieval heart, it is built on top of part of the 4th wall of the Thiers city walls, which serves as a retaining wall. The hospital overlooks the Vallée des Usines and the surrounding historic center. The building is not visible when entering the town from the west, being hidden by medieval buildings and the Saint-Genès church just a few metres away.
The Thiers hospital was established in the 17th century as a result of the merger of three pre-existing establishments: the Hôtel-Dieu Vieux de la Charité, founded long ago and administered by the Thiers chapter; the Hôtel-Dieu Neuf de la Trinité, dating from the mid 16th century and administered by the municipality; and the Hôtel-Dieu Neuf de la Charité, dating from the mid 17th century. These charitable establishments took in the needy and provided them with rudimentary medical care. They also took in orphans and provided them with professional training. In the early 1660s, there was a desire to bring these three entities together in a single location on Rue Mancel-Chabot. The general hospital, founded by patent on January 9, 1668, opened its doors on April 15, 1669. In addition to their charitable aspects, hospitals of the time were also used to rid towns of their destitute inhabitants, which was ruthlessly done in Thiers from the very first days of the establishment's operation.
When the hospital first opened, only the north wing of the current building and the chapel were present. In 1750, the hospital was expanded with the construction of the present-day south wing, a symmetrical continuation of the north wing. In 1836, a number of alterations were recorded, notably to the chapel and the historic building - the north wing in particular. In 1937, the building was expanded again. The north wing was replaced by a new wing to the north-east of the site, housing surgery on the lower floors and maternity on the top floor.
During the first half of the 20th century, the nuns were gradually replaced by nurses and doctors. The first surgeons arrived at Thiers Hospital in 1930. The hospital consisted of large rooms with 20 to 30 beds. Beds were separated by sheets, and the familiar atmosphere was accentuated by the use of first names. The last nuns left the hospital in 1976.
The instruction on the regulation of hospitals and hospices, created by ministerial circular of January 31, 1840, placed them under the authority of the administrative commission. The nuns were delegated to carry out internal services. The first staff statutes were signed by Antonin Chastel - then mayor of Thiers - in 1937. The circular of 1840, regulating the functions of the hospital administration commission, thus legally instituted the city's entry into hospital regulations.
Thiers' old hospital, located between Rue Mancel-Chabot and Rue des murailles, was particularly difficult to access for firefighters, staff and visitors. Rue Mancel-Chabot is very narrow, making it difficult for cars to get through, while Rue des Murailles is only suitable for pedestrians. The lack of parking spaces, in growing demand, was also a major problem for the hospital's accessibility. In 1967, the Clinique de Chantemerle opened its doors in the lower town. Its location on the plain, its size and accessibility - combined with the fact that the Thiers hospital had had a reputation for being an undignified hospice for several decades - meant that Thiers residents soon preferred to seek treatment in the lower town at the clinic, rather than going up to the old hospice in the town center.
In the second half of the 1970s, as the last of the nuns left the facility, a number of expansion studies were carried out. Feasibility studies were carried out to extend the hospital into the gardens, but the steep terrain quickly limited this idea. Other solutions were considered, such as building annexes directly in the medieval town, but failed. In the 1960s, the hospital had created an annex at Les Belins to house the Le Belvédaire retirement home, giving rise to the idea of moving the hospital center outside the town, to the Fau site. In 1976, the psychiatric ward was opened at Le Fau.
In 1977, when Maurice Adevah-Pœuf, with the support of Dr. Gautier, dethroned René Barnérias as mayor of Thiers, the project to move the hospital was well underway. The first models were built, and after 9 years' work on various budgets and with the approval of the Board of Directors, the foundation stone of the future Thiers Hospital centre was laid in 1986.
In 1988, a large part of the facility moved to newly-built buildings outside the town center, close to the village of Le Fau, still in the Thiers commune. Only part of the care remained on the town site, in an annex building: the medico-psychological consultation center. This medical center cared for children and adolescents suffering from psychological disorders. In 2016, this center in turn moved to Le Fau in the lower town, leaving the downtown site unused. The relocation of the first major part of the hospital at the end of the 20th century left the building derelict, with maintenance stopped.
Thiers' old hospital is in a generally poor state of preservation. No maintenance work has been carried out since 2007. The roof is partially damaged, allowing rainwater to run off inside the building, which encourages dampness and mold. Several floors of the upper levels - built with a wooden frame, as opposed to the first floor, which was built with a stone frame - have collapsed inside the building. Weeping merula, a wood-decay fungus, has been attacking the building for several years. The fungus - which had previously been kept outside the building - was able to penetrate the building's interior through the various openings (windows, doors and holes in the roof).
Part of the building was demolished in 2015 to free up space for a future 70-space parking lot. As of November 2018, the project had still not been implemented.
The entire site of the old hospital is listed in the Plan de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur and in the Thiers Site patrimonial remarquable. These measures help to protect and enhance the town's historic heritage.
When the building closed in the 1980s, several rehabilitation projects were mooted, but none came to fruition. In 2015, part of the building - the former maternity hospital - was demolished to make way for a 70-space parking lot, with a view to rehabilitating the site as a seniors' residence.
While all rehabilitation projects were ruled out in 2020, a sale project presented by the municipality, owner of the site, was announced at the municipal council meeting. The plan was to divide the building into two parts: one reserved for private housing, developed by a private investor, and the other retained by the town of Thiers to create the new Thiers Cutlery Museum.
In line with the project to rehabilitate the site itself, the town of Thiers is also studying the redevelopment of the building's surroundings. Today, the existing pavements and landscaping are ageing. Sidewalks are discontinuous and often narrow, making it difficult to maintain a continuous pedestrian flow. The topography of the site makes the layout more complicated, and the roadway takes precedence over pedestrian paths. The plan is to modify the road layout - essentially Rue Mancel-Chabot - create a forecourt for the future senior residence and redevelop Rue des Murailles, located just below the building site.
Granite and Volvic stone were used to construct the main building. The granite, now partially hidden by rendering, is visible at the foot of the building, while the Volvic stone, particularly visible at the corners formed by the windows and walls, is highlighted by its relief and its more imposing dark color.
The chapel follows the same construction methods. The only difference is that the western façade is built entirely of Volvic stone. Several statues representing religious figures are placed high up on the chapel's façade.
In the 19th century, the roof of the hospital's central building was renovated. The ridge was raised, increasing the slope of both sides of the roof.
The first two floors - including the first floor - are supported by large stone vaults, while the upper floors are built on wooden frames with large, sometimes carved wooden beams. Two large Volvic stone staircases serve the floors of the main building and the chapel.
The main part of the hospital features several objects listed in the Palissy database. These include holy water fonts, antique wardrobes, paintings and fireplaces. The lower levels feature large stone vaults, while the upper levels are supported by large carved wooden beams.
List of items in the Palissy database
As soon as the hospital opened, the hospital's nuns created a large garden between the city walls and the Durolle River, at the bottom of the Vallée des Usines. They were responsible for its upkeep and development, although it remained the property of the hospital. The steeply sloping garden was terraced to grow fruit and vegetables for patients and nursing staff. It was completed to the north by other gardens - maintained by private owners - which followed the same layout. Large vineyards were planted between the foot of the fourth wall and the Durolle riverbed.
When the hospital moved permanently, the gardens were only partially maintained, if at all. Trees grew untrimmed, and brambles invaded the entire garden, only to be overtaken by falling rocks due to a lack of maintenance on the few buildings in the park. The solarium, built at the very top of the garden, has been covered by weeds and brambles growing at its feet.
In 2012, after decades of neglect, the gardens were restored. The municipal services planted vines to recall one of the garden's original purposes. Every year, grape harvests are organized by the "Pichet-Bitord" brotherhood. Today, the park is part of the Vallée des Usines itinerary, of which it is a veritable geographical backbone. Michelin's Guide vert ( lists the route with two stars, accompanied by the company)s "Worth a detour".
The old hospital is the most visible building in the medieval town when viewed from the mountain to the east of the town. It features in paintings and engravings depicting this side of the town. In addition, a lithograph by Jean-Louis Tirpenne, based on a depiction by Auvergne painter Michel Goutay, is devoted entirely to the hospital in the book L'Ancienne Auvergne et le Velay, published in 1843-1847.
In 2007, an association called "Le Pays thiernois" published a book with the evocative subtitle Portrait croisé des hôpitaux thiernois (. Written by members of staff at th)e time, as well as historians and town archivists such as Jacques Ytournel, the book gathers together various accounts of how the hospital functioned when it was still open, its patients and the buildings of the time, with information on its various evolutions.
Palissy database
Sources
Other sources
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Thiers old hospital (Ancien hôpital de Thiers, in French) is the former site of a hospital dating back to the 17th century, located in the eastern part of the historic center of Thiers, France. The site covers an area of 0.5 ha, and the buildings cover more than 7,000 m². It is located within the perimeter of Thiers' site patrimonial remarquable (remarkable heritage site), and remains protected under the town's Plan de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur (Protection and Enhancement Plan). Like the rest of Thiers' old town, the site has underground passages and cellars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Closed in 1988 following the hospital's move to new premises at the Thiers hospital center, the site remained partially abandoned before being totally abandoned following the departure of the medical-psychological consultation center in 2016.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Thiers old hospital is located in the French department of Puy-de-Dôme, in the commune of Thiers. Located to the east of the town's medieval heart, it is built on top of part of the 4th wall of the Thiers city walls, which serves as a retaining wall. The hospital overlooks the Vallée des Usines and the surrounding historic center. The building is not visible when entering the town from the west, being hidden by medieval buildings and the Saint-Genès church just a few metres away.",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Thiers hospital was established in the 17th century as a result of the merger of three pre-existing establishments: the Hôtel-Dieu Vieux de la Charité, founded long ago and administered by the Thiers chapter; the Hôtel-Dieu Neuf de la Trinité, dating from the mid 16th century and administered by the municipality; and the Hôtel-Dieu Neuf de la Charité, dating from the mid 17th century. These charitable establishments took in the needy and provided them with rudimentary medical care. They also took in orphans and provided them with professional training. In the early 1660s, there was a desire to bring these three entities together in a single location on Rue Mancel-Chabot. The general hospital, founded by patent on January 9, 1668, opened its doors on April 15, 1669. In addition to their charitable aspects, hospitals of the time were also used to rid towns of their destitute inhabitants, which was ruthlessly done in Thiers from the very first days of the establishment's operation.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "When the hospital first opened, only the north wing of the current building and the chapel were present. In 1750, the hospital was expanded with the construction of the present-day south wing, a symmetrical continuation of the north wing. In 1836, a number of alterations were recorded, notably to the chapel and the historic building - the north wing in particular. In 1937, the building was expanded again. The north wing was replaced by a new wing to the north-east of the site, housing surgery on the lower floors and maternity on the top floor.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "During the first half of the 20th century, the nuns were gradually replaced by nurses and doctors. The first surgeons arrived at Thiers Hospital in 1930. The hospital consisted of large rooms with 20 to 30 beds. Beds were separated by sheets, and the familiar atmosphere was accentuated by the use of first names. The last nuns left the hospital in 1976.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The instruction on the regulation of hospitals and hospices, created by ministerial circular of January 31, 1840, placed them under the authority of the administrative commission. The nuns were delegated to carry out internal services. The first staff statutes were signed by Antonin Chastel - then mayor of Thiers - in 1937. The circular of 1840, regulating the functions of the hospital administration commission, thus legally instituted the city's entry into hospital regulations.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Thiers' old hospital, located between Rue Mancel-Chabot and Rue des murailles, was particularly difficult to access for firefighters, staff and visitors. Rue Mancel-Chabot is very narrow, making it difficult for cars to get through, while Rue des Murailles is only suitable for pedestrians. The lack of parking spaces, in growing demand, was also a major problem for the hospital's accessibility. In 1967, the Clinique de Chantemerle opened its doors in the lower town. Its location on the plain, its size and accessibility - combined with the fact that the Thiers hospital had had a reputation for being an undignified hospice for several decades - meant that Thiers residents soon preferred to seek treatment in the lower town at the clinic, rather than going up to the old hospice in the town center.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In the second half of the 1970s, as the last of the nuns left the facility, a number of expansion studies were carried out. Feasibility studies were carried out to extend the hospital into the gardens, but the steep terrain quickly limited this idea. Other solutions were considered, such as building annexes directly in the medieval town, but failed. In the 1960s, the hospital had created an annex at Les Belins to house the Le Belvédaire retirement home, giving rise to the idea of moving the hospital center outside the town, to the Fau site. In 1976, the psychiatric ward was opened at Le Fau.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 1977, when Maurice Adevah-Pœuf, with the support of Dr. Gautier, dethroned René Barnérias as mayor of Thiers, the project to move the hospital was well underway. The first models were built, and after 9 years' work on various budgets and with the approval of the Board of Directors, the foundation stone of the future Thiers Hospital centre was laid in 1986.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In 1988, a large part of the facility moved to newly-built buildings outside the town center, close to the village of Le Fau, still in the Thiers commune. Only part of the care remained on the town site, in an annex building: the medico-psychological consultation center. This medical center cared for children and adolescents suffering from psychological disorders. In 2016, this center in turn moved to Le Fau in the lower town, leaving the downtown site unused. The relocation of the first major part of the hospital at the end of the 20th century left the building derelict, with maintenance stopped.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Thiers' old hospital is in a generally poor state of preservation. No maintenance work has been carried out since 2007. The roof is partially damaged, allowing rainwater to run off inside the building, which encourages dampness and mold. Several floors of the upper levels - built with a wooden frame, as opposed to the first floor, which was built with a stone frame - have collapsed inside the building. Weeping merula, a wood-decay fungus, has been attacking the building for several years. The fungus - which had previously been kept outside the building - was able to penetrate the building's interior through the various openings (windows, doors and holes in the roof).",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Part of the building was demolished in 2015 to free up space for a future 70-space parking lot. As of November 2018, the project had still not been implemented.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The entire site of the old hospital is listed in the Plan de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur and in the Thiers Site patrimonial remarquable. These measures help to protect and enhance the town's historic heritage.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "When the building closed in the 1980s, several rehabilitation projects were mooted, but none came to fruition. In 2015, part of the building - the former maternity hospital - was demolished to make way for a 70-space parking lot, with a view to rehabilitating the site as a seniors' residence.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "While all rehabilitation projects were ruled out in 2020, a sale project presented by the municipality, owner of the site, was announced at the municipal council meeting. The plan was to divide the building into two parts: one reserved for private housing, developed by a private investor, and the other retained by the town of Thiers to create the new Thiers Cutlery Museum.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "In line with the project to rehabilitate the site itself, the town of Thiers is also studying the redevelopment of the building's surroundings. Today, the existing pavements and landscaping are ageing. Sidewalks are discontinuous and often narrow, making it difficult to maintain a continuous pedestrian flow. The topography of the site makes the layout more complicated, and the roadway takes precedence over pedestrian paths. The plan is to modify the road layout - essentially Rue Mancel-Chabot - create a forecourt for the future senior residence and redevelop Rue des Murailles, located just below the building site.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Granite and Volvic stone were used to construct the main building. The granite, now partially hidden by rendering, is visible at the foot of the building, while the Volvic stone, particularly visible at the corners formed by the windows and walls, is highlighted by its relief and its more imposing dark color.",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "The chapel follows the same construction methods. The only difference is that the western façade is built entirely of Volvic stone. Several statues representing religious figures are placed high up on the chapel's façade.",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "In the 19th century, the roof of the hospital's central building was renovated. The ridge was raised, increasing the slope of both sides of the roof.",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "The first two floors - including the first floor - are supported by large stone vaults, while the upper floors are built on wooden frames with large, sometimes carved wooden beams. Two large Volvic stone staircases serve the floors of the main building and the chapel.",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "The main part of the hospital features several objects listed in the Palissy database. These include holy water fonts, antique wardrobes, paintings and fireplaces. The lower levels feature large stone vaults, while the upper levels are supported by large carved wooden beams.",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "List of items in the Palissy database",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "As soon as the hospital opened, the hospital's nuns created a large garden between the city walls and the Durolle River, at the bottom of the Vallée des Usines. They were responsible for its upkeep and development, although it remained the property of the hospital. The steeply sloping garden was terraced to grow fruit and vegetables for patients and nursing staff. It was completed to the north by other gardens - maintained by private owners - which followed the same layout. Large vineyards were planted between the foot of the fourth wall and the Durolle riverbed.",
"title": "Hospital gardens"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "When the hospital moved permanently, the gardens were only partially maintained, if at all. Trees grew untrimmed, and brambles invaded the entire garden, only to be overtaken by falling rocks due to a lack of maintenance on the few buildings in the park. The solarium, built at the very top of the garden, has been covered by weeds and brambles growing at its feet.",
"title": "Hospital gardens"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "In 2012, after decades of neglect, the gardens were restored. The municipal services planted vines to recall one of the garden's original purposes. Every year, grape harvests are organized by the \"Pichet-Bitord\" brotherhood. Today, the park is part of the Vallée des Usines itinerary, of which it is a veritable geographical backbone. Michelin's Guide vert ( lists the route with two stars, accompanied by the company)s \"Worth a detour\".",
"title": "Hospital gardens"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "The old hospital is the most visible building in the medieval town when viewed from the mountain to the east of the town. It features in paintings and engravings depicting this side of the town. In addition, a lithograph by Jean-Louis Tirpenne, based on a depiction by Auvergne painter Michel Goutay, is devoted entirely to the hospital in the book L'Ancienne Auvergne et le Velay, published in 1843-1847.",
"title": "The old hospital in art"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "In 2007, an association called \"Le Pays thiernois\" published a book with the evocative subtitle Portrait croisé des hôpitaux thiernois (. Written by members of staff at th)e time, as well as historians and town archivists such as Jacques Ytournel, the book gathers together various accounts of how the hospital functioned when it was still open, its patients and the buildings of the time, with information on its various evolutions.",
"title": "The old hospital in art"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "Palissy database",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Sources",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "Other sources",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Thiers old hospital is the former site of a hospital dating back to the 17th century, located in the eastern part of the historic center of Thiers, France. The site covers an area of 0.5 ha, and the buildings cover more than 7,000 m². It is located within the perimeter of Thiers' site patrimonial remarquable, and remains protected under the town's Plan de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur. Like the rest of Thiers' old town, the site has underground passages and cellars. Closed in 1988 following the hospital's move to new premises at the Thiers hospital center, the site remained partially abandoned before being totally abandoned following the departure of the medical-psychological consultation center in 2016.
|
2023-12-04T19:06:51Z
|
2023-12-26T18:03:51Z
|
[
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Portal bar",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox historic site",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:P.",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiers_old_hospital
|
75,484,446 |
Matilde Callari Galli
|
Matilde Callari Galli (born 23 July 1934) is an Italian politician who served as Senator for one legislature (1987–1992).
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Matilde Callari Galli (born 23 July 1934) is an Italian politician who served as Senator for one legislature (1987–1992).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Matilde Callari Galli is an Italian politician who served as Senator for one legislature (1987–1992).
|
2023-12-04T19:07:06Z
|
2023-12-04T19:07:36Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Italy-politician-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Infobox officeholder"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilde_Callari_Galli
|
75,484,447 |
Stefano Menicacci
|
Stefano Menicacci (4 October 1931 – 4 December 2023) was an Italian politician. He was a deputy from 1968 to 1979. Menicacci was born on 4 October 1931 in Foligno, and died on 4 December 2023, at the age of 92.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Stefano Menicacci (4 October 1931 – 4 December 2023) was an Italian politician. He was a deputy from 1968 to 1979. Menicacci was born on 4 October 1931 in Foligno, and died on 4 December 2023, at the age of 92.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Stefano Menicacci was an Italian politician. He was a deputy from 1968 to 1979. Menicacci was born on 4 October 1931 in Foligno, and died on 4 December 2023, at the age of 92.
|
2023-12-04T19:07:18Z
|
2023-12-08T00:35:22Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Expand Italian",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:In lang"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Menicacci
|
75,484,470 |
List of minor planets: 632001–633000
|
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 632001 through 633000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.
Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 632001 through 633000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's \"Small-Body Orbital Elements\" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "632001–632100"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "632101–632200"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "632201–632300"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "632301–632400"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "632401–632500"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "632501–632600"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "",
"title": "632601–632700"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "",
"title": "632701–632800"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "",
"title": "632801–632900"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "",
"title": "632901–633000"
}
] |
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 632001 through 633000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets. Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
2023-12-04T19:11:33Z
|
2023-12-12T13:03:32Z
|
[
"Template:Anchor",
"Template:List of minor planets/header2",
"Template:Mp",
"Template:·",
"Template:List of minor planets/See also",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:List of minor planets/intro",
"Template:TOC001",
"Template:List of minor planets/footer",
"Template:Bots",
"Template:M J",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_632001%E2%80%93633000
|
75,484,484 |
Ben Campbell (New Zealand golfer)
|
Ben Campbell (born 20 August 1991) is a professional golfer from New Zealand. Since 2018, he has played primarily on the Asian Tour where he won the 2023 Hong Kong Open. He has also won the New Zealand PGA Championship on the PGA Tour of Australasia.
Campbell had a successful amateur career and was ranked as high as sixth on the World Amateur Golf Ranking. In 2010, he won the Carrus Tauranga Open on the Charles Tour, ahead of Michael Hendry in second and Ryan Fox in third.
He was runner-up at the 2010 and 2011 Australian Amateur.
Campbell represented his country twice in the Eisenhower Trophy, the World Amateur Team Championship, finishing fourth individually in 2010 behind future European Tour players Joachim B. Hansen, Alexander Levy and Romain Wattel.
Campbell turned professional in 2012 and started playing on the PGA Tour of Australasia. In 2014, he finished 4th at the WA PGA Championship, two strokes behind winner Ryan Lynch, having led the tournament after an opening round of 65. In 2017, he was runner-up at both the New Zealand PGA Championship and the New Zealand Open, before winning the New Zealand PGA Championship in 2018.
He earned an Asian Tour card via the 2018 Qualifying School, having finished tied seventh. In his rookie season, he was runner-up at the AB Bank Bangladesh Open, 3 strokes behind Malcolm Kokocinski. He also tied for 3rd at the Fiji International, an event co-sanctioned by the European Tour.
Campbell was runner-up behind Dimitrios Papadatos at the 2022 Vic Open, an event part of The Open Qualifying Series, which earned him a start at the 2022 Open Championship at the Old Course at St Andrews.
In 2023, he was again runner-up at the New Zealand Open before triumphing at the Hong Kong Open, where he birdied the final two holes to beat Cameron Smith by one stroke. He won US$360,000.
PGA Tour of Australasia playoff record (0–1)
CUT = missed the half-way cut
Amateur
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ben Campbell (born 20 August 1991) is a professional golfer from New Zealand. Since 2018, he has played primarily on the Asian Tour where he won the 2023 Hong Kong Open. He has also won the New Zealand PGA Championship on the PGA Tour of Australasia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Campbell had a successful amateur career and was ranked as high as sixth on the World Amateur Golf Ranking. In 2010, he won the Carrus Tauranga Open on the Charles Tour, ahead of Michael Hendry in second and Ryan Fox in third.",
"title": "Early life and amateur career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He was runner-up at the 2010 and 2011 Australian Amateur.",
"title": "Early life and amateur career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Campbell represented his country twice in the Eisenhower Trophy, the World Amateur Team Championship, finishing fourth individually in 2010 behind future European Tour players Joachim B. Hansen, Alexander Levy and Romain Wattel.",
"title": "Early life and amateur career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Campbell turned professional in 2012 and started playing on the PGA Tour of Australasia. In 2014, he finished 4th at the WA PGA Championship, two strokes behind winner Ryan Lynch, having led the tournament after an opening round of 65. In 2017, he was runner-up at both the New Zealand PGA Championship and the New Zealand Open, before winning the New Zealand PGA Championship in 2018.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "He earned an Asian Tour card via the 2018 Qualifying School, having finished tied seventh. In his rookie season, he was runner-up at the AB Bank Bangladesh Open, 3 strokes behind Malcolm Kokocinski. He also tied for 3rd at the Fiji International, an event co-sanctioned by the European Tour.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Campbell was runner-up behind Dimitrios Papadatos at the 2022 Vic Open, an event part of The Open Qualifying Series, which earned him a start at the 2022 Open Championship at the Old Course at St Andrews.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 2023, he was again runner-up at the New Zealand Open before triumphing at the Hong Kong Open, where he birdied the final two holes to beat Cameron Smith by one stroke. He won US$360,000.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "PGA Tour of Australasia playoff record (0–1)",
"title": "Professional wins (3)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "CUT = missed the half-way cut",
"title": "Results in major championships"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Amateur",
"title": "Team appearances"
}
] |
Ben Campbell is a professional golfer from New Zealand. Since 2018, he has played primarily on the Asian Tour where he won the 2023 Hong Kong Open. He has also won the New Zealand PGA Championship on the PGA Tour of Australasia.
|
2023-12-04T19:15:00Z
|
2023-12-15T01:58:05Z
|
[
"Template:Use New Zealand English",
"Template:Flagicon",
"Template:Legend",
"Template:AustralasiaTour player",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox golfer",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:AsianTour player",
"Template:OWGR",
"Template:Use dmy dates"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Campbell_(New_Zealand_golfer)
|
75,484,521 |
Arturo González Cruz
|
Arturo González Cruz (Tijuana, Baja California; August 2, 1954) is a Mexican politician and businessman
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Arturo González Cruz (Tijuana, Baja California; August 2, 1954) is a Mexican politician and businessman",
"title": ""
}
] |
Arturo González Cruz is a Mexican politician and businessman
|
2023-12-04T19:23:50Z
|
2023-12-05T08:41:27Z
|
[
"Template:In use"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Cruz
|
75,484,532 |
Quickly de Kreisker
|
Quickly de Kreisker is a Selle Français show jumping stallion born on February 5, 2004 at a stud in Finistère. Sired by Diamant de Semilly and Briseis d'Helby by Laudanum, he was sold by the Fences agency as a two-year-old. He spent several years in France on the classic cycle, trained by Benjamin Robert and Bruno Souloumiac's Breton stables. At the end of 2012, King Mohammed VI of Morocco bought him under Marcel Rozier's supervision, and entrusted him to Abdelkebir Ouaddar, a Moroccan rider.
The pair, trained by Rozier in the Paris region, proved to be an excellent match. Quickly de Kreisker reached the highest level, with "dazzling" progress in 2013 and 2014. In particular, he took second place at Jumping International de France, and the Morocco Royal Tour two years running. Quickly de Kreisker was regularly No. 1 in the world jumping horse rankings at the start of the 2014 and 2015 seasons, but stayed away from the showgrounds in subsequent years.
Highly appreciated by both French and Moroccan audiences, he is officially retired on December 20, 2020.
Quickly was born on February 5, 2004 at Guillaume Ansquer's stud in Plozévet, Finistère. According to his breeder, he was "a perfectly normal foal" at birth. He is an "SFA" according to the Selle Français studbook, meaning he is the offspring of two Selle Français horses with no foreign bloodlines. His dam, Briseis, was acquired by his breeder as part of a downsizing at the Helby stud. Quickly is the first foal from this breeding farm, from which he takes his name: Kéringard Kreisker, "the last breeding farm in the West before America", where around twenty foals are born each year. He is sold at weaning at the age of six months, for the sum of 20,000 euros. In the end, the Ansquer family, who bred him, knew little about him. It was Albert Lamotte who bought him.
Albert Lamotte presented Quickly at the Fences sales at the age of two. He was bought by Liliane Fromer of the Blés breeding farm at Hurbache in the Vosges and by an Italian buyer, for the total sum of 60,000 euros. At the age of three, his owners entrusted him to Bruno Souloumiac's Breton stables, who took him through the classic show jumping cycle from age four to six. Each time, he qualifies for the final at Fontainebleau. At the age of five, Quickly made a brief stop at the Haras de Hus, where he was ridden by Thomas Rousseau. At the age of six, the young stallion began to make a name for himself, and offers to buy him came thick and fast. Liliane Fromer bought out all Quickly's shares, making her the sole owner at the age of seven. Quickly did not take part in the final of the classic cycle at Fontainebleau that year, as his owner felt he was not ready. He did, however, go to Lanaken, where he made a strong impression thanks to his mastery of the triple jump. Quickly visits a variety of showgrounds, including Dinard and Chantilly.
He was mainly trained by rider Benjamin Robert, originally from the South-West of France but now working in Brittany, from the age of four to eight. He then moved to the Helby breeding farm in Betton, Ille-et-Vilaine. The year he turned eight was the year of his revelation in the world of breeding. He took part in his first CSI (Concours de saut internationaux) and the World Young Horse Championships in Lanaken, reaching the final. During the season, he scored four victories, including the 3-star International Jumping Competition - CSI3* in Dinard, which Benjamin Robert considers to be his greatest victory and best memory. It was during this competition that Moroccan rider Abdelkebir Ouaddar spotted Quickly. Quickly's most recent victories under the saddle of rider Benjamin Robert for his Breton stables were the 2-star international jumping competition - CSI2* in Auvers and the CSI3* in Caen, on October 21, 2012.
Abdelkebir Ouaddar mentions Quickly to his trainer, Marcel Rozier, who arranges a trial under the supervision of Moulay Abdellah Alaoui, President of the Royal Moroccan Equestrian Federation. Abdelkebir is won over by the trial. The Frenchman Marcel Rozier oversees the transaction with Bruno Souloumiac's stable on behalf of the Royal Moroccan Mare, in his opinion being discreet and faster than the competition. As part of exchanges between the Brittany region and Morocco, King Mohammed VI became the new owner of Quickly de Kreisker, officially entrusting him to Moroccan rider Abdelkebir Ouaddar at the end of 2012. Abdelkebir says he fell in love with Quickly as soon as he saw him.
Quickly and Abdelkebir are trained at Bois-le-Roi by Marcel Rozier. They also benefit from the financial and logistical support of the Moroccan royal family. Within a year and a half, this couple, unknown on the sporting scene, had risen to the level of the world's best. Quickly's exceptional abilities and Marcel Rozier's training program are cited among the reasons for Abdelkebir Ouaddar's success.
In October 2012, the new pair made their first, unsuccessful attempt at the Equita'Lyon 5-star international jumping competition - CSI5*: Quickly had only changed riders a week earlier and was taking part in his first indoor competition. After a somewhat difficult start and a change of net, "Abdelkebir and Quickly have developed an extraordinary understanding and symbiosis". The pair's rise proved to be "meteoric", as in the space of a year and a half they went from being unknowns in equestrian sports to the world's show jumping elite.
They were highly acclaimed at the Gucci Paris Masters in the Speed Challenge at the end of November 2012. The Sunshine Tour in Vejer de la Frontera in March 2013 is their first Grand Prix win. For the occasion, Abdelkebir rides with a small Pelham bit. He receives congratulations from French rider Michel Robert, who sees Quickly as a "crack". The pair qualify for the 2014 World Equestrian Games later in the year. They open the CSI5* Masters in Stuttgart in November. This victory puts the competition organizers in a quandary, as they had not anticipated the victory of a Moroccan rider. The Moroccan national anthem and flag were slow to appear. On December 6, 2013, Quickly and Abdelkebir completed an impressive run at the Gucci Masters, finishing 3rd in the GDE prize.
Quickly is the best Selle Français on the circuit over the winter-spring 2013-2014 season. On February 9, 2014, he won his first CSI5* Grand Prix at Al Ain, with his rider. He became the world show jumping revelation of the year and the best horse throughout the early part of the season, winning in particular the Grand Prix du Touquet and a second place at the official 5-star international jumping competition - CSIO5* de La Baule. Abdelkebir Ouaddar comments that he "played it safe" rather than the stopwatch at La Baule.
During the 2014 World Equestrian Games, Quickly made a mistake when crossing the river during the first round of the show jumping competition. As a result, the couple loses any chance of a medal.
Quickly and Kebir easily win the CSI3* in Al Ain, in February, with a seven-second time advantage over the runner-up. They also won the CSI5* Al Shaqab in Doha in March, two seconds ahead of the world's #1 rider, Scott Brash. He finished second in the Chantilly Global Champions Tour event in July. Victories at the end of 2014 and the beginning of 2015 once again lifted Quickly de Kreisker to the top of the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses (WBFSH) rankings in April 2015, and thus to the status of the world's best show jumping horse. As the stallion was only 11 years old in 2015, he is still "on the rise".
Quickly wins the Hermès jump in March 2016. At the start of the Rio Olympics, a Qatari emir offers to buy him for 16 million euros. Abdelkebir Ouaddar turned down the offer, declaring that the King's horse was not for sale. The stallion is placed under close surveillance, watched over by experienced guards.
Injured, Quickly is rested from March to autumn 2017. He does not return to the competition arena.
At 1.65 m, Quickly is a rather small stallion for show jumping: Abdelkebir calls him "my double pony" because of his size and modest appearance. Although he may seem to lack strength and ability at first glance, Quickly makes up for it with a powerful hock, great suppleness and real intelligence on the bars. His coat is bay.
Quickly has the reputation of being a nervous and very expressive stallion in competition. He leaves no one indifferent, especially his rider. Described as an "exceptional horse" for his "particular character" by veterinarian Dr. Sandrine Serfati, he is gifted with exceptional physical aptitudes combined with great intelligence. His temperament is whimsical, notably in his habit of rushing between obstacles (or even between each obstacle), unlike most competition horses, which are calmer. For his rider Abdelkebir Ouaddar, "it's fun for him to buck. It's also his way of saying hello to the public. Abdelkebir believes that Quickly is a genius with the character of a star, wants to share his joy of being with spectators and loves encouragement. When put to work, he proves to be quite available and cooperative, placing a great deal of trust in his rider. The stallion has difficulty with mouthpiece constraints, and dislikes bits and nosebands that close his mouth. Outside the show ring, his character is quite different, showing great calm. His breeder Guillaume Ansquer testifies that he was a very gentle and respectful foal with a lot of energy and chic, qualities he kept by remaining a whole horse.
Quickly de Kreisker finished 76th in the SHF Cycle Classique Championship for four-year-olds at the Grande Semaine de Fontainebleau, ridden by Benjamin Robert. In his fifth year, with Thomas Rousseau, he won the Grand Critérium SHF for five-year-olds, finishing 19th among competitors of his generation. In his sixth year, again with Benjamin Robert, he won the Cycle Classique 8 times, finishing 8th in the Championship and 24th in the Grand Critérium.
In 2013 and 2014, Quickly de Kreisker won the Morocco Royal Tour. He became the world's No. 1 show jumping horse in the WBFSH rankings in July 2014, a position he lost and then regained for the period from October 1, 2014 to March 31, 2015.
He was 6th in the WBFSH world ranking of show jumping horses in October 2014.
He is 6th in the WBFSH world ranking of show jumping horses, established in October 2015.
Quickly de Kreisker is a Selle Français A, which means he has no foreign bloodlines among his ancestors. Often referred to as a "Breton horse", he was indeed born in Brittany, but the genetic origins of his ancestors lie more in Normandy. While the quality of his paternal line by Diamant de Semilly is well known, his maternal origins are also exceptional, since crosses with the Laudanum line have produced numerous international champions. The Kreisker stud is renowned for its attention to maternal lines. Briseis is a descendant of Son Altesse (1940), a mare who left her mark on Selle Français maternal lines.
Quickly is much loved by the Moroccan and French public alike, certainly due to his Breton origins. In fact, he's nicknamed "le crack de Plozévet" in Brittany. He is considered the leading horse of the Selle Français studbook in 2015.
According to his breeder Guillaume Ansquer, "he brings happiness wherever he goes". He has a dedicated page on Facebook. Abdelkebir Ouaddar calls him his "horse of a lifetime". Just before the 2014 World Equestrian Games, Quickly de Kreisker and Abdelkebir Ouaddar formed one of the most closely followed and appreciated equestrian sports couples. Their appearance on a show ring almost always results in a standing ovation, so much so that the speakers at show jumping competitions (of all nations) are obliged to ask the audience to keep the noise down to spare Quickly's ears. His success has raised the profile of Breton and French sport horse breeding, in particular the Danae mare line.
Quickly de Kreisker bred in France from 2010 to 2014, but is no longer available for breeding in that country. He started his stallion career rather late, at six years old, to preserve his abilities. His foals are still too young to assess his breeding qualities.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Quickly de Kreisker is a Selle Français show jumping stallion born on February 5, 2004 at a stud in Finistère. Sired by Diamant de Semilly and Briseis d'Helby by Laudanum, he was sold by the Fences agency as a two-year-old. He spent several years in France on the classic cycle, trained by Benjamin Robert and Bruno Souloumiac's Breton stables. At the end of 2012, King Mohammed VI of Morocco bought him under Marcel Rozier's supervision, and entrusted him to Abdelkebir Ouaddar, a Moroccan rider.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The pair, trained by Rozier in the Paris region, proved to be an excellent match. Quickly de Kreisker reached the highest level, with \"dazzling\" progress in 2013 and 2014. In particular, he took second place at Jumping International de France, and the Morocco Royal Tour two years running. Quickly de Kreisker was regularly No. 1 in the world jumping horse rankings at the start of the 2014 and 2015 seasons, but stayed away from the showgrounds in subsequent years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Highly appreciated by both French and Moroccan audiences, he is officially retired on December 20, 2020.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Quickly was born on February 5, 2004 at Guillaume Ansquer's stud in Plozévet, Finistère. According to his breeder, he was \"a perfectly normal foal\" at birth. He is an \"SFA\" according to the Selle Français studbook, meaning he is the offspring of two Selle Français horses with no foreign bloodlines. His dam, Briseis, was acquired by his breeder as part of a downsizing at the Helby stud. Quickly is the first foal from this breeding farm, from which he takes his name: Kéringard Kreisker, \"the last breeding farm in the West before America\", where around twenty foals are born each year. He is sold at weaning at the age of six months, for the sum of 20,000 euros. In the end, the Ansquer family, who bred him, knew little about him. It was Albert Lamotte who bought him.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Albert Lamotte presented Quickly at the Fences sales at the age of two. He was bought by Liliane Fromer of the Blés breeding farm at Hurbache in the Vosges and by an Italian buyer, for the total sum of 60,000 euros. At the age of three, his owners entrusted him to Bruno Souloumiac's Breton stables, who took him through the classic show jumping cycle from age four to six. Each time, he qualifies for the final at Fontainebleau. At the age of five, Quickly made a brief stop at the Haras de Hus, where he was ridden by Thomas Rousseau. At the age of six, the young stallion began to make a name for himself, and offers to buy him came thick and fast. Liliane Fromer bought out all Quickly's shares, making her the sole owner at the age of seven. Quickly did not take part in the final of the classic cycle at Fontainebleau that year, as his owner felt he was not ready. He did, however, go to Lanaken, where he made a strong impression thanks to his mastery of the triple jump. Quickly visits a variety of showgrounds, including Dinard and Chantilly.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "He was mainly trained by rider Benjamin Robert, originally from the South-West of France but now working in Brittany, from the age of four to eight. He then moved to the Helby breeding farm in Betton, Ille-et-Vilaine. The year he turned eight was the year of his revelation in the world of breeding. He took part in his first CSI (Concours de saut internationaux) and the World Young Horse Championships in Lanaken, reaching the final. During the season, he scored four victories, including the 3-star International Jumping Competition - CSI3* in Dinard, which Benjamin Robert considers to be his greatest victory and best memory. It was during this competition that Moroccan rider Abdelkebir Ouaddar spotted Quickly. Quickly's most recent victories under the saddle of rider Benjamin Robert for his Breton stables were the 2-star international jumping competition - CSI2* in Auvers and the CSI3* in Caen, on October 21, 2012.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Abdelkebir Ouaddar mentions Quickly to his trainer, Marcel Rozier, who arranges a trial under the supervision of Moulay Abdellah Alaoui, President of the Royal Moroccan Equestrian Federation. Abdelkebir is won over by the trial. The Frenchman Marcel Rozier oversees the transaction with Bruno Souloumiac's stable on behalf of the Royal Moroccan Mare, in his opinion being discreet and faster than the competition. As part of exchanges between the Brittany region and Morocco, King Mohammed VI became the new owner of Quickly de Kreisker, officially entrusting him to Moroccan rider Abdelkebir Ouaddar at the end of 2012. Abdelkebir says he fell in love with Quickly as soon as he saw him.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Quickly and Abdelkebir are trained at Bois-le-Roi by Marcel Rozier. They also benefit from the financial and logistical support of the Moroccan royal family. Within a year and a half, this couple, unknown on the sporting scene, had risen to the level of the world's best. Quickly's exceptional abilities and Marcel Rozier's training program are cited among the reasons for Abdelkebir Ouaddar's success.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In October 2012, the new pair made their first, unsuccessful attempt at the Equita'Lyon 5-star international jumping competition - CSI5*: Quickly had only changed riders a week earlier and was taking part in his first indoor competition. After a somewhat difficult start and a change of net, \"Abdelkebir and Quickly have developed an extraordinary understanding and symbiosis\". The pair's rise proved to be \"meteoric\", as in the space of a year and a half they went from being unknowns in equestrian sports to the world's show jumping elite.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "They were highly acclaimed at the Gucci Paris Masters in the Speed Challenge at the end of November 2012. The Sunshine Tour in Vejer de la Frontera in March 2013 is their first Grand Prix win. For the occasion, Abdelkebir rides with a small Pelham bit. He receives congratulations from French rider Michel Robert, who sees Quickly as a \"crack\". The pair qualify for the 2014 World Equestrian Games later in the year. They open the CSI5* Masters in Stuttgart in November. This victory puts the competition organizers in a quandary, as they had not anticipated the victory of a Moroccan rider. The Moroccan national anthem and flag were slow to appear. On December 6, 2013, Quickly and Abdelkebir completed an impressive run at the Gucci Masters, finishing 3rd in the GDE prize.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Quickly is the best Selle Français on the circuit over the winter-spring 2013-2014 season. On February 9, 2014, he won his first CSI5* Grand Prix at Al Ain, with his rider. He became the world show jumping revelation of the year and the best horse throughout the early part of the season, winning in particular the Grand Prix du Touquet and a second place at the official 5-star international jumping competition - CSIO5* de La Baule. Abdelkebir Ouaddar comments that he \"played it safe\" rather than the stopwatch at La Baule.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "During the 2014 World Equestrian Games, Quickly made a mistake when crossing the river during the first round of the show jumping competition. As a result, the couple loses any chance of a medal.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Quickly and Kebir easily win the CSI3* in Al Ain, in February, with a seven-second time advantage over the runner-up. They also won the CSI5* Al Shaqab in Doha in March, two seconds ahead of the world's #1 rider, Scott Brash. He finished second in the Chantilly Global Champions Tour event in July. Victories at the end of 2014 and the beginning of 2015 once again lifted Quickly de Kreisker to the top of the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses (WBFSH) rankings in April 2015, and thus to the status of the world's best show jumping horse. As the stallion was only 11 years old in 2015, he is still \"on the rise\".",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Quickly wins the Hermès jump in March 2016. At the start of the Rio Olympics, a Qatari emir offers to buy him for 16 million euros. Abdelkebir Ouaddar turned down the offer, declaring that the King's horse was not for sale. The stallion is placed under close surveillance, watched over by experienced guards.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Injured, Quickly is rested from March to autumn 2017. He does not return to the competition arena.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "At 1.65 m, Quickly is a rather small stallion for show jumping: Abdelkebir calls him \"my double pony\" because of his size and modest appearance. Although he may seem to lack strength and ability at first glance, Quickly makes up for it with a powerful hock, great suppleness and real intelligence on the bars. His coat is bay.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Quickly has the reputation of being a nervous and very expressive stallion in competition. He leaves no one indifferent, especially his rider. Described as an \"exceptional horse\" for his \"particular character\" by veterinarian Dr. Sandrine Serfati, he is gifted with exceptional physical aptitudes combined with great intelligence. His temperament is whimsical, notably in his habit of rushing between obstacles (or even between each obstacle), unlike most competition horses, which are calmer. For his rider Abdelkebir Ouaddar, \"it's fun for him to buck. It's also his way of saying hello to the public. Abdelkebir believes that Quickly is a genius with the character of a star, wants to share his joy of being with spectators and loves encouragement. When put to work, he proves to be quite available and cooperative, placing a great deal of trust in his rider. The stallion has difficulty with mouthpiece constraints, and dislikes bits and nosebands that close his mouth. Outside the show ring, his character is quite different, showing great calm. His breeder Guillaume Ansquer testifies that he was a very gentle and respectful foal with a lot of energy and chic, qualities he kept by remaining a whole horse.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Quickly de Kreisker finished 76th in the SHF Cycle Classique Championship for four-year-olds at the Grande Semaine de Fontainebleau, ridden by Benjamin Robert. In his fifth year, with Thomas Rousseau, he won the Grand Critérium SHF for five-year-olds, finishing 19th among competitors of his generation. In his sixth year, again with Benjamin Robert, he won the Cycle Classique 8 times, finishing 8th in the Championship and 24th in the Grand Critérium.",
"title": "Results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "In 2013 and 2014, Quickly de Kreisker won the Morocco Royal Tour. He became the world's No. 1 show jumping horse in the WBFSH rankings in July 2014, a position he lost and then regained for the period from October 1, 2014 to March 31, 2015.",
"title": "Results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "He was 6th in the WBFSH world ranking of show jumping horses in October 2014.",
"title": "Results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "He is 6th in the WBFSH world ranking of show jumping horses, established in October 2015.",
"title": "Results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Quickly de Kreisker is a Selle Français A, which means he has no foreign bloodlines among his ancestors. Often referred to as a \"Breton horse\", he was indeed born in Brittany, but the genetic origins of his ancestors lie more in Normandy. While the quality of his paternal line by Diamant de Semilly is well known, his maternal origins are also exceptional, since crosses with the Laudanum line have produced numerous international champions. The Kreisker stud is renowned for its attention to maternal lines. Briseis is a descendant of Son Altesse (1940), a mare who left her mark on Selle Français maternal lines.",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Quickly is much loved by the Moroccan and French public alike, certainly due to his Breton origins. In fact, he's nicknamed \"le crack de Plozévet\" in Brittany. He is considered the leading horse of the Selle Français studbook in 2015.",
"title": "Recognition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "According to his breeder Guillaume Ansquer, \"he brings happiness wherever he goes\". He has a dedicated page on Facebook. Abdelkebir Ouaddar calls him his \"horse of a lifetime\". Just before the 2014 World Equestrian Games, Quickly de Kreisker and Abdelkebir Ouaddar formed one of the most closely followed and appreciated equestrian sports couples. Their appearance on a show ring almost always results in a standing ovation, so much so that the speakers at show jumping competitions (of all nations) are obliged to ask the audience to keep the noise down to spare Quickly's ears. His success has raised the profile of Breton and French sport horse breeding, in particular the Danae mare line.",
"title": "Recognition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Quickly de Kreisker bred in France from 2010 to 2014, but is no longer available for breeding in that country. He started his stallion career rather late, at six years old, to preserve his abilities. His foals are still too young to assess his breeding qualities.",
"title": "Breeding"
}
] |
Quickly de Kreisker is a Selle Français show jumping stallion born on February 5, 2004 at a stud in Finistère. Sired by Diamant de Semilly and Briseis d'Helby by Laudanum, he was sold by the Fences agency as a two-year-old. He spent several years in France on the classic cycle, trained by Benjamin Robert and Bruno Souloumiac's Breton stables. At the end of 2012, King Mohammed VI of Morocco bought him under Marcel Rozier's supervision, and entrusted him to Abdelkebir Ouaddar, a Moroccan rider. The pair, trained by Rozier in the Paris region, proved to be an excellent match. Quickly de Kreisker reached the highest level, with "dazzling" progress in 2013 and 2014. In particular, he took second place at Jumping International de France, and the Morocco Royal Tour two years running. Quickly de Kreisker was regularly No. 1 in the world jumping horse rankings at the start of the 2014 and 2015 seasons, but stayed away from the showgrounds in subsequent years. Highly appreciated by both French and Moroccan audiences, he is officially retired on December 20, 2020.
|
2023-12-04T19:24:49Z
|
2023-12-04T23:01:37Z
|
[
"Template:Harvtxt",
"Template:See also",
"Template:Pedigree",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cite publication",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox named horse",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quickly_de_Kreisker
|
75,484,551 |
Claudio Beorchia
|
Claudio Beorchia (born 26 February 1932) is an Italian politician who served as Senator for four legislatures (1976–1992).
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Claudio Beorchia (born 26 February 1932) is an Italian politician who served as Senator for four legislatures (1976–1992).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Claudio Beorchia is an Italian politician who served as Senator for four legislatures (1976–1992).
|
2023-12-04T19:28:16Z
|
2023-12-25T17:50:52Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Italy-politician-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Beorchia
|
75,484,566 |
List of Major League Soccer transfers 2024
|
The following is a list of transfers for the 2024 Major League Soccer (MLS) season that have been made during the 2023–24 MLS offseason all the way through to the roster freeze.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The following is a list of transfers for the 2024 Major League Soccer (MLS) season that have been made during the 2023–24 MLS offseason all the way through to the roster freeze.",
"title": ""
}
] |
The following is a list of transfers for the 2024 Major League Soccer (MLS) season that have been made during the 2023–24 MLS offseason all the way through to the roster freeze.
|
2023-12-04T19:32:04Z
|
2023-12-31T18:45:27Z
|
[
"Template:Nbsp",
"Template:Nowrap",
"Template:Flagicon",
"Template:Fbaicon",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use mdy dates"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Soccer_transfers_2024
|
75,484,571 |
List of minor planets: 633001–634000
|
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 633001 through 634000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.
Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 633001 through 634000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's \"Small-Body Orbital Elements\" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "633001–633100"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "633101–633200"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "633201–633300"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "633301–633400"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "633401–633500"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "633501–633600"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "",
"title": "633601–633700"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "",
"title": "633701–633800"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "",
"title": "633801–633900"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "",
"title": "633901–634000"
}
] |
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 633001 through 634000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets. Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
2023-12-04T19:32:21Z
|
2023-12-12T13:06:54Z
|
[
"Template:Bots",
"Template:TOC001",
"Template:List of minor planets/header2",
"Template:·",
"Template:List of minor planets/footer",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:List of minor planets/intro",
"Template:Anchor",
"Template:Mp",
"Template:M J",
"Template:List of minor planets/See also",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_633001%E2%80%93634000
|
75,484,575 |
Relmapirazin
|
Relmapirazin (MB-120) is an investigational fluorescent tracer that is exclusively excreted renally and is used to measure glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Relmapirazin (MB-120) is an investigational fluorescent tracer that is exclusively excreted renally and is used to measure glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Relmapirazin (MB-120) is an investigational fluorescent tracer that is exclusively excreted renally and is used to measure glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys.
|
2023-12-04T19:33:15Z
|
2024-01-01T00:47:49Z
|
[
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Orphan",
"Template:Infobox drug",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relmapirazin
|
75,484,602 |
2019 Sioux Chief PowerPEX 200
|
The 2019 Sioux Chief PowerPEX 200 was the sixth stock car race of the 2019 ARCA Menards Series season, and the 23rd iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, May 19, 2019, in Toledo, Ohio, at Toledo Speedway, a 0.5 mile (0.804 km) permanent oval shaped racetrack. The race was originally scheduled to be contested over 200 laps, but was decreased to 152 laps, due to inclement weather. Chandler Smith, driving for Venturini Motorsports, would put on a blistering performance, leading a race-high 140 laps and earning his third career ARCA Menards Series win, and his first of the season. To fill out the podium, Ty Gibbs, driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, and Christian Eckes, driving for Venturini Motorsports, would finish 2nd and 3rd, respectively.
Toledo Speedway is a half-mile paved oval racetrack located in Toledo, Ohio, United States. It is owned jointly by Roy Mott and ARCA President Ron Drager. It is operated by ARCA and run as the sister track to Flat Rock Speedway in Flat Rock, Michigan.
The first and only practice session was held on Saturday, May 18, at 12:30 PM EST, and would last for 90 minutes. Chandler Smith, driving for Venturini Motorsports, would set the fastest time in the session, with a lap of 15.811, and an average speed of 113.845 mph (183.216 km/h).
Qualifying was held on Saturday, May 18, at 4:00 PM EST. The qualifying system used is a single-car, two-lap system with only one round. Whoever sets the fastest time in that round will win the pole. Michael Self, driving for Venturini Motorsports, would score the pole for the race, with a lap of 15.777, and an average speed of 114.090 mph (183.610 km/h).
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2019 Sioux Chief PowerPEX 200 was the sixth stock car race of the 2019 ARCA Menards Series season, and the 23rd iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, May 19, 2019, in Toledo, Ohio, at Toledo Speedway, a 0.5 mile (0.804 km) permanent oval shaped racetrack. The race was originally scheduled to be contested over 200 laps, but was decreased to 152 laps, due to inclement weather. Chandler Smith, driving for Venturini Motorsports, would put on a blistering performance, leading a race-high 140 laps and earning his third career ARCA Menards Series win, and his first of the season. To fill out the podium, Ty Gibbs, driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, and Christian Eckes, driving for Venturini Motorsports, would finish 2nd and 3rd, respectively.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Toledo Speedway is a half-mile paved oval racetrack located in Toledo, Ohio, United States. It is owned jointly by Roy Mott and ARCA President Ron Drager. It is operated by ARCA and run as the sister track to Flat Rock Speedway in Flat Rock, Michigan.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The first and only practice session was held on Saturday, May 18, at 12:30 PM EST, and would last for 90 minutes. Chandler Smith, driving for Venturini Motorsports, would set the fastest time in the session, with a lap of 15.811, and an average speed of 113.845 mph (183.216 km/h).",
"title": "Practice"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Qualifying was held on Saturday, May 18, at 4:00 PM EST. The qualifying system used is a single-car, two-lap system with only one round. Whoever sets the fastest time in that round will win the pole. Michael Self, driving for Venturini Motorsports, would score the pole for the race, with a lap of 15.777, and an average speed of 114.090 mph (183.610 km/h).",
"title": "Qualifying"
}
] |
The 2019 Sioux Chief PowerPEX 200 was the sixth stock car race of the 2019 ARCA Menards Series season, and the 23rd iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, May 19, 2019, in Toledo, Ohio, at Toledo Speedway, a 0.5 mile (0.804 km) permanent oval shaped racetrack. The race was originally scheduled to be contested over 200 laps, but was decreased to 152 laps, due to inclement weather. Chandler Smith, driving for Venturini Motorsports, would put on a blistering performance, leading a race-high 140 laps and earning his third career ARCA Menards Series win, and his first of the season. To fill out the podium, Ty Gibbs, driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, and Christian Eckes, driving for Venturini Motorsports, would finish 2nd and 3rd, respectively.
|
2023-12-04T19:36:50Z
|
2023-12-04T19:36:50Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox NASCAR race report",
"Template:Convert",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:NASCAR next race",
"Template:2019 ARCA Menards"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sioux_Chief_PowerPEX_200
|
75,484,625 |
List of minor planets: 634001–635000
|
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 634001 through 635000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.
Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 634001 through 635000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's \"Small-Body Orbital Elements\" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "634001–634100"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "634101–634200"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "634201–634300"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "634301–634400"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "634401–634500"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "634501–634600"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "",
"title": "634601–634700"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "",
"title": "634701–634800"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "",
"title": "634801–634900"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "",
"title": "634901–635000"
}
] |
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 634001 through 635000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets. Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
2023-12-04T19:39:56Z
|
2023-12-12T13:11:04Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Anchor",
"Template:·",
"Template:List of minor planets/See also",
"Template:Mp",
"Template:M J",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:List of minor planets/footer",
"Template:List of minor planets/intro",
"Template:Bots",
"Template:TOC001",
"Template:List of minor planets/header2"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_634001%E2%80%93635000
|
75,484,635 |
2023–24 Stade Lavallois season
|
The 2023–24 season is Stade Lavallois's 122nd season in existence and second consecutive in the Ligue 2. They are also competing in the Coupe de France.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Win Draw Loss Fixtures
Last updated: 2 December 2023 Source: Soccerway
Last updated: 2 December 2023. Source:
The league fixtures were unveiled on 28 June 2023.
Template:Stade Lavallois
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023–24 season is Stade Lavallois's 122nd season in existence and second consecutive in the Ligue 2. They are also competing in the Coupe de France.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.",
"title": "Players"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.",
"title": "Players"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures",
"title": "Pre-season and friendlies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Last updated: 2 December 2023 Source: Soccerway",
"title": "Competitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Last updated: 2 December 2023. Source:",
"title": "Competitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The league fixtures were unveiled on 28 June 2023.",
"title": "Competitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Template:Stade Lavallois",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
The 2023–24 season is Stade Lavallois's 122nd season in existence and second consecutive in the Ligue 2. They are also competing in the Coupe de France.
|
2023-12-04T19:40:57Z
|
2023-12-05T19:11:13Z
|
[
"Template:Abbr",
"Template:Fb overview2",
"Template:Fb rs footer",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Official website",
"Template:Stade Lavallois",
"Template:Fs player",
"Template:Fs mid",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:2023–24 in French football",
"Template:Updated",
"2023–24 Ligue 2",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Sort",
"Template:Fb rs",
"Template:Fs end",
"Template:Fbaicon",
"Template:Dts",
"Template:Legend2",
"Template:Main",
"Template:Football box collapsible",
"Template:Infobox football club season",
"Template:Fs start"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Stade_Lavallois_season
|
75,484,641 |
List of minor planets: 635001–636000
|
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 635001 through 636000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.
Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 635001 through 636000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's \"Small-Body Orbital Elements\" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "635001–635100"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "635101–635200"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "635201–635300"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "635301–635400"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "635401–635500"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "635501–635600"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "",
"title": "635601–635700"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "",
"title": "635701–635800"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "",
"title": "635801–635900"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "",
"title": "635901–636000"
}
] |
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 635001 through 636000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets. Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
2023-12-04T19:41:55Z
|
2023-12-12T13:12:20Z
|
[
"Template:List of minor planets/footer",
"Template:List of minor planets/intro",
"Template:Bots",
"Template:Anchor",
"Template:List of minor planets/header2",
"Template:·",
"Template:M J",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:TOC001",
"Template:Mp",
"Template:List of minor planets/See also"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_635001%E2%80%93636000
|
75,484,644 |
List of minor planets: 636001–637000
|
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 636001 through 637000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.
Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 636001 through 637000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's \"Small-Body Orbital Elements\" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "636001–636100"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "636101–636200"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "636201–636300"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "636301–636400"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "636401–636500"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "636501–636600"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "",
"title": "636601–636700"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "",
"title": "636701–636800"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "",
"title": "636801–636900"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "",
"title": "636901–637000"
}
] |
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 636001 through 637000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets. Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
2023-12-04T19:42:36Z
|
2023-12-12T13:14:14Z
|
[
"Template:List of minor planets/See also",
"Template:List of minor planets/header2",
"Template:·",
"Template:M J",
"Template:TOC001",
"Template:Anchor",
"Template:Mp",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:List of minor planets/footer",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:List of minor planets/intro",
"Template:Bots"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_636001%E2%80%93637000
|
75,484,649 |
List of minor planets: 637001–638000
|
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 637001 through 638000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.
Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 637001 through 638000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's \"Small-Body Orbital Elements\" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "637001–637100"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "637101–637200"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "637201–637300"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "637301–637400"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "637401–637500"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "637501–637600"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "",
"title": "637601–637700"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "",
"title": "637701–637800"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "",
"title": "637801–637900"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "",
"title": "637901–638000"
}
] |
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 637001 through 638000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets. Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
2023-12-04T19:43:06Z
|
2023-12-12T13:17:30Z
|
[
"Template:List of minor planets/header2",
"Template:List of minor planets/See also",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:List of minor planets/footer",
"Template:List of minor planets/intro",
"Template:TOC001",
"Template:Anchor",
"Template:Mp",
"Template:·",
"Template:M J",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Bots"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_637001%E2%80%93638000
|
75,484,660 |
List of minor planets: 638001–639000
|
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 638001 through 639000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.
Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 638001 through 639000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's \"Small-Body Orbital Elements\" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "638001–638100"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "638101–638200"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "638201–638300"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "638301–638400"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "638401–638500"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "638501–638600"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "",
"title": "638601–638700"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "",
"title": "638701–638800"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "",
"title": "638801–638900"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "",
"title": "638901–639000"
}
] |
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 638001 through 639000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets. Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
2023-12-04T19:43:59Z
|
2023-12-12T13:21:01Z
|
[
"Template:M J",
"Template:List of minor planets/intro",
"Template:Bots",
"Template:TOC001",
"Template:Anchor",
"Template:List of minor planets/header2",
"Template:Mp",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:·",
"Template:List of minor planets/See also",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:List of minor planets/footer"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_638001%E2%80%93639000
|
75,484,662 |
List of minor planets: 639001–640000
|
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 639001 through 640000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.
Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 639001 through 640000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's \"Small-Body Orbital Elements\" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.",
"title": "Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "639001–639100"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "639101–639200"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "639201–639300"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "639301–639400"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "639401–639500"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "639501–639600"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "",
"title": "639601–639700"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "",
"title": "639701–639800"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "",
"title": "639801–639900"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "",
"title": "639901–640000"
}
] |
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 639001 through 640000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets. Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
|
2023-12-04T19:44:34Z
|
2023-12-12T13:25:29Z
|
[
"Template:Bots",
"Template:TOC001",
"Template:List of minor planets/header2",
"Template:·",
"Template:M J",
"Template:List of minor planets/See also",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:List of minor planets/intro",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:List of minor planets/footer",
"Template:Anchor",
"Template:Mp"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_639001%E2%80%93640000
|
75,484,673 |
Recombinant human tissue kallikrein-1
|
Recombinant human tissue kallikrein-1, also known as DM199, is an experimental drug that acts on the kallikrein-kinin system and is developed for diabetes.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Recombinant human tissue kallikrein-1, also known as DM199, is an experimental drug that acts on the kallikrein-kinin system and is developed for diabetes.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Recombinant human tissue kallikrein-1, also known as DM199, is an experimental drug that acts on the kallikrein-kinin system and is developed for diabetes.
|
2023-12-04T19:46:48Z
|
2023-12-31T22:08:40Z
|
[
"Template:Orphan",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_human_tissue_kallikrein-1
|
75,484,687 |
Susan Galton
|
Susan Galton, b. 1849, d. 1918 (aged 68), was a British actress and operatic soprano. She was the niece of fellow soprano Louisa Pyne.
Galton made her stage debut in December 1864 at the the age of sixteen as Amina in a production of the opera La Sonnambula, which also included George Honey. A review of her performance in The Evening Herald questioned whether sixteen was too young for Galton to begin performing public, but stated that "nevertheless, Miss Susan Galton is possessed of a very rare ability, and promises to reach a high point, if not the highest, in her profession."
In September 1865, Galton appeared in a production of "Castle Grim" alongside George Honey and Fanny Reeves.
In 1865, Galton performed as the lead soprano with a theater company. The company performing various operas and ballets at the Theatre Royal in Leeds, including La Sonnambula, Bohemian Girl, Satanella, Faust, and Maritana.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Susan Galton, b. 1849, d. 1918 (aged 68), was a British actress and operatic soprano. She was the niece of fellow soprano Louisa Pyne.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Galton made her stage debut in December 1864 at the the age of sixteen as Amina in a production of the opera La Sonnambula, which also included George Honey. A review of her performance in The Evening Herald questioned whether sixteen was too young for Galton to begin performing public, but stated that \"nevertheless, Miss Susan Galton is possessed of a very rare ability, and promises to reach a high point, if not the highest, in her profession.\"",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In September 1865, Galton appeared in a production of \"Castle Grim\" alongside George Honey and Fanny Reeves.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1865, Galton performed as the lead soprano with a theater company. The company performing various operas and ballets at the Theatre Royal in Leeds, including La Sonnambula, Bohemian Girl, Satanella, Faust, and Maritana.",
"title": "Career"
}
] |
Susan Galton, b. 1849, d. 1918, was a British actress and operatic soprano.
She was the niece of fellow soprano Louisa Pyne.
|
2023-12-04T19:49:37Z
|
2023-12-05T07:54:29Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Simple biography",
"Template:Cite news"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Galton
|
75,484,691 |
1924–25 Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey season
|
The 1924–25 Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey season was the 5th season of play for the program. The Terriers were coached by Chippy Gaw in his 1st season.
After an abysmal season the year before, the athletic department decided to hire a new coach and were able to get Chippy Gaw from Princeton. Gaw's success with the Tigers recommended him for the job, however, the team did not get off to the best start. The first game with MIT was a hard-fought battle that with Goldfine scoring the first goal of the season. Julius Kontoff sandwiched a pair of goal around a MIT marker while the elder Kontoff and Viano held back the Engineers. However, with less than 2 minutes remaining, Tech was able to tie the match for a third time and send it into overtime. Neither squad could score in the 10 minutes that followed and the game was declared a draw. After both sides had agreed to a rematch later in the year, BU ran into the buzz saw that was Harvard. After a slow first period, BU began to play Harvard physically, hoping to get the Crimson off of their game. Harvard responded in kind and the rest of the game saw a consistent march to the penalty box. At one time in the third period, five players were sitting in the sin bin. Unfortunately for BU, the tactic didn't work and the Crimson were able to solve the Terriers' defense 6 times en route to a comfortable win. Viano netted the lone goal for BU in the match. Just before the winter break, BU renewed hostilities with their inaugural opponent, Boston College. Don Martin was the star of the game, turning aside every salvo from the Eagles while a solo rush from Viano ended up netting the first game-winner on the year.
Once the players returned from the break, they het the road for a 2-game swing through New York. Hamilton, one of the strongest teams in the country, proved too much for the Terriers. The offense faltered and was unable to get a single goal in the game. As if to makeup for the lack of scoring, the following night forward unit finally earned their stripes when Lawless and Scott each recorded a pair to lead the team to a 7–2 win. The victory proved to be a turning point for the program as it started the first winning streak in program history. The next game saw Scott and Ling with two goals apiece to mark the first time the program had won consecutive games in its history.
The rematch with MIT was just as close as the first, despite the absence of the Kontoff brothers, but the game saw Gregoire come into his own by netting both goals in the 2–1 win. At the end of the month, BU went on another journey through New York but this time was able to come back unscathed with wins against Army and Briarcliff Lodge. Captain Morey Kontoff was still away from the team when it took on New Hampshire in early February but the team didn't appear to notice as they easily handed the Wildcats, who were hampered by a lack of practice. Gregoire's hat-trick led the way for the team's sixth consecutive win. The game was also notable for the debut of Martin on the defense.
With the team already assured of their best season in program history, the team faced a very tough challenge in its final two games. With Martin back in the cage, the team played host to the Elis and their defense was tested throughout the game. Morey Kontoff, who was finally back with the club, opened the scoring in the first. The Terrier defense then set up a nigh-impenetrable wall for the remainder of the game and turned aside a myriad of Bulldogs chances. Yale's offense was too powerful to completely stop but BU held the Elis' to just 2 goals on the night. Unfortunately, the Yale defense was equally impressive and with Kontoff's marker being the only goal that the Terriers could get, the team fell to the eventual Intercollegiate Champions. Boston University ended the year with a rematch against BC and the Eagles were looking for revenge. Martin was again the star of the game, however, this time he was bested by Boston College. The Terrier offense never got going in the match and the team was shutout for the second time on the year.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1924–25 Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey season was the 5th season of play for the program. The Terriers were coached by Chippy Gaw in his 1st season.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "After an abysmal season the year before, the athletic department decided to hire a new coach and were able to get Chippy Gaw from Princeton. Gaw's success with the Tigers recommended him for the job, however, the team did not get off to the best start. The first game with MIT was a hard-fought battle that with Goldfine scoring the first goal of the season. Julius Kontoff sandwiched a pair of goal around a MIT marker while the elder Kontoff and Viano held back the Engineers. However, with less than 2 minutes remaining, Tech was able to tie the match for a third time and send it into overtime. Neither squad could score in the 10 minutes that followed and the game was declared a draw. After both sides had agreed to a rematch later in the year, BU ran into the buzz saw that was Harvard. After a slow first period, BU began to play Harvard physically, hoping to get the Crimson off of their game. Harvard responded in kind and the rest of the game saw a consistent march to the penalty box. At one time in the third period, five players were sitting in the sin bin. Unfortunately for BU, the tactic didn't work and the Crimson were able to solve the Terriers' defense 6 times en route to a comfortable win. Viano netted the lone goal for BU in the match. Just before the winter break, BU renewed hostilities with their inaugural opponent, Boston College. Don Martin was the star of the game, turning aside every salvo from the Eagles while a solo rush from Viano ended up netting the first game-winner on the year.",
"title": "Season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Once the players returned from the break, they het the road for a 2-game swing through New York. Hamilton, one of the strongest teams in the country, proved too much for the Terriers. The offense faltered and was unable to get a single goal in the game. As if to makeup for the lack of scoring, the following night forward unit finally earned their stripes when Lawless and Scott each recorded a pair to lead the team to a 7–2 win. The victory proved to be a turning point for the program as it started the first winning streak in program history. The next game saw Scott and Ling with two goals apiece to mark the first time the program had won consecutive games in its history.",
"title": "Season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The rematch with MIT was just as close as the first, despite the absence of the Kontoff brothers, but the game saw Gregoire come into his own by netting both goals in the 2–1 win. At the end of the month, BU went on another journey through New York but this time was able to come back unscathed with wins against Army and Briarcliff Lodge. Captain Morey Kontoff was still away from the team when it took on New Hampshire in early February but the team didn't appear to notice as they easily handed the Wildcats, who were hampered by a lack of practice. Gregoire's hat-trick led the way for the team's sixth consecutive win. The game was also notable for the debut of Martin on the defense.",
"title": "Season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "With the team already assured of their best season in program history, the team faced a very tough challenge in its final two games. With Martin back in the cage, the team played host to the Elis and their defense was tested throughout the game. Morey Kontoff, who was finally back with the club, opened the scoring in the first. The Terrier defense then set up a nigh-impenetrable wall for the remainder of the game and turned aside a myriad of Bulldogs chances. Yale's offense was too powerful to completely stop but BU held the Elis' to just 2 goals on the night. Unfortunately, the Yale defense was equally impressive and with Kontoff's marker being the only goal that the Terriers could get, the team fell to the eventual Intercollegiate Champions. Boston University ended the year with a rematch against BC and the Eagles were looking for revenge. Martin was again the star of the game, however, this time he was bested by Boston College. The Terrier offense never got going in the match and the team was shutout for the second time on the year.",
"title": "Season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "Roster"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "Schedule and results"
}
] |
The 1924–25 Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey season was the 5th season of play for the program. The Terriers were coached by Chippy Gaw in his 1st season.
|
2023-12-04T19:50:10Z
|
2023-12-29T05:14:08Z
|
[
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:CIHplayer",
"Template:1924–25 Eastern Collegiate ice hockey standings (men)",
"Template:CollegePrimaryHeader",
"Template:Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey navbox",
"Template:Sortname",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:NCAAIceHockeyTeamSeason",
"Template:End",
"Template:CIH schedule start",
"Template:CIH schedule end",
"Template:College ice hockey team roster",
"Template:CIH schedule entry",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325_Boston_University_Terriers_men%27s_ice_hockey_season
|
75,484,704 |
Salmon River Raid (1814)
|
The Salmon River Raid was a raid conducted by British forces in February 1814 against the recently abandoned American bases along the Salmon River near French Mills, New York. A previous raid and battle at French Mills had been conducted in 1812.
The British forces, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Morrison, had been anxious along the St. Lawrence front since the defeat of the Americans on November 11, and their abandonment of Cornwall on November 13. The American force under Gen. Jacob Brown had gone into winter quarters around Malone and French Mills on the Salmon River, but in early February 1814 began to retreat to Plattsburgh to rendezvous with the rest of James Wilkinson's Army.
The British force in the Cornwall area consisted of regulars from the Canadian Fencibles and the 89th and 103rd Regiments of Foot, as well as local militia and native warriors, and it waqs decided to launch a series of raids against the winter encampments in New York.
Earlier in February, Capt. Reuben Sherwood had launched a Raid on Madrid and successfully captured a wealth of American supplies, convincing Morrison that it was the right time to conduct a larger scale raid.
On February 14, 1814, the small force of Regulars under Col. Hercules Scott captured some supplies from French Mills, but realized that there was much more to be taken with the retreat of Brown's American army. Thus on February 19, a large British force of over 1200 set out from Cornwall to raid along the Salmon River. Sleighs were impressed from Dundas and Stormont farms, and the British traversed the frozen St. Lawrence into New York.
A detachment of Militia was dispatched to Four Corners, while the main army under Scott and Morrison pulled into Malone during the evening of the 19th and proceeded to search the neighbourhood for arms and provisions left behind by Wilkinson's forces. The British remained for two days, during which some public buildings were destroyed, although there appears to have been a considerable degree of leniency shown to the local inhabitants. Capturing suitable supplies, they advanced to French Mills while the Militia at Four Corners had arrived early on the morning of the 20th, and soon discovered a large cache of provisions, amounting to 150 to 200 barrels of flour, beef, pork, and whiskey. Moreover, thirty-two civilian teamsters with their sleds and teams were arrested at the local tavern and impressed to haul the freight back to Canada. The militia and their captured prisoners then set out to rendezvous with the main column, burning the bridges behind them. Elements of the forced advanced as far as the Marble River to prevent a messenger from delivering news of the raid to Plattsburgh and Wilkinson's army there.
Col. Scott learned of large stores of flour at Hopkinton, and he delayed plans to leave French Mills until the flour there could be secured. This was done by another small detachment of regulars and militia. Unfortunately, they only had the means to transport half the flour and a small stand of muskets and thus a portion of the other 150 barrels were distributed to the townspeople, with the rest were destroyed.
Scott and Morrison returned to Cornwall on February 23 with the captured supplies reaching Summerstown at dusk, having lost only one sleigh with its team and cargo to the river when it broke through the ice. The sleighs delivered the cargo to the government storehouse at Cornwall on February 24.
The raid was a great British success, denying the Americans vital supplies and wepaons while bolstering the defence of the St. Lawrence front. The raid was the last military action along the St. Lawrence front in Upper Canada.
70 British soldiers deserted during the two expeditions, mostly from Col. Scott's 103rd Regiment of Foot.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Salmon River Raid was a raid conducted by British forces in February 1814 against the recently abandoned American bases along the Salmon River near French Mills, New York. A previous raid and battle at French Mills had been conducted in 1812.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The British forces, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Morrison, had been anxious along the St. Lawrence front since the defeat of the Americans on November 11, and their abandonment of Cornwall on November 13. The American force under Gen. Jacob Brown had gone into winter quarters around Malone and French Mills on the Salmon River, but in early February 1814 began to retreat to Plattsburgh to rendezvous with the rest of James Wilkinson's Army.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The British force in the Cornwall area consisted of regulars from the Canadian Fencibles and the 89th and 103rd Regiments of Foot, as well as local militia and native warriors, and it waqs decided to launch a series of raids against the winter encampments in New York.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Earlier in February, Capt. Reuben Sherwood had launched a Raid on Madrid and successfully captured a wealth of American supplies, convincing Morrison that it was the right time to conduct a larger scale raid.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On February 14, 1814, the small force of Regulars under Col. Hercules Scott captured some supplies from French Mills, but realized that there was much more to be taken with the retreat of Brown's American army. Thus on February 19, a large British force of over 1200 set out from Cornwall to raid along the Salmon River. Sleighs were impressed from Dundas and Stormont farms, and the British traversed the frozen St. Lawrence into New York.",
"title": "Raid"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "A detachment of Militia was dispatched to Four Corners, while the main army under Scott and Morrison pulled into Malone during the evening of the 19th and proceeded to search the neighbourhood for arms and provisions left behind by Wilkinson's forces. The British remained for two days, during which some public buildings were destroyed, although there appears to have been a considerable degree of leniency shown to the local inhabitants. Capturing suitable supplies, they advanced to French Mills while the Militia at Four Corners had arrived early on the morning of the 20th, and soon discovered a large cache of provisions, amounting to 150 to 200 barrels of flour, beef, pork, and whiskey. Moreover, thirty-two civilian teamsters with their sleds and teams were arrested at the local tavern and impressed to haul the freight back to Canada. The militia and their captured prisoners then set out to rendezvous with the main column, burning the bridges behind them. Elements of the forced advanced as far as the Marble River to prevent a messenger from delivering news of the raid to Plattsburgh and Wilkinson's army there.",
"title": "Raid"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Col. Scott learned of large stores of flour at Hopkinton, and he delayed plans to leave French Mills until the flour there could be secured. This was done by another small detachment of regulars and militia. Unfortunately, they only had the means to transport half the flour and a small stand of muskets and thus a portion of the other 150 barrels were distributed to the townspeople, with the rest were destroyed.",
"title": "Raid"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Scott and Morrison returned to Cornwall on February 23 with the captured supplies reaching Summerstown at dusk, having lost only one sleigh with its team and cargo to the river when it broke through the ice. The sleighs delivered the cargo to the government storehouse at Cornwall on February 24.",
"title": "Raid"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The raid was a great British success, denying the Americans vital supplies and wepaons while bolstering the defence of the St. Lawrence front. The raid was the last military action along the St. Lawrence front in Upper Canada.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "70 British soldiers deserted during the two expeditions, mostly from Col. Scott's 103rd Regiment of Foot.",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] |
The Salmon River Raid was a raid conducted by British forces in February 1814 against the recently abandoned American bases along the Salmon River near French Mills, New York. A previous raid and battle at French Mills had been conducted in 1812.
|
2023-12-04T19:50:58Z
|
2023-12-18T03:18:47Z
|
[
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Battles of the War of 1812",
"Template:Infobox military conflict",
"Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: St. Lawrence Frontier",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite magazine"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_River_Raid_(1814)
|
75,484,711 |
BFAI
|
BFAI (5,6-Benzofuranyl-2-aminoindane) is a drug that acts as a serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) and produces entactogen effects in humans, which may be useful for psychotherapeutic applications. It is closely related to MDAI but with the benzodioxole ring system replaced by benzofuran.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "BFAI (5,6-Benzofuranyl-2-aminoindane) is a drug that acts as a serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) and produces entactogen effects in humans, which may be useful for psychotherapeutic applications. It is closely related to MDAI but with the benzodioxole ring system replaced by benzofuran.",
"title": ""
}
] |
BFAI (5,6-Benzofuranyl-2-aminoindane) is a drug that acts as a serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) and produces entactogen effects in humans, which may be useful for psychotherapeutic applications. It is closely related to MDAI but with the benzodioxole ring system replaced by benzofuran.
|
2023-12-04T19:52:37Z
|
2023-12-07T19:45:01Z
|
[
"Template:Monoamine releasing agents",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Drugbox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite patent",
"Template:Entactogens"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFAI
|
75,484,729 |
Jason Hehir
|
Jason Hehir is an American film director and producer. Hehir has directed André the Giant (2018), The Last Dance (2020), Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space (2021), and Murder in Boston: Roots, Rampage, and Reckoning (2023).
Hehir attended Newton North High School. He also attended Williams College.
Hehir previously served as a production intern for NBC Sports, Initially wanting to be a sports anchor, Hehir met Bob Costas, who asked him to move to HBO, where he served as as an associate producer on On the Record with Bob Costas, and worked with HBO Sports.
In 2018, Hehir directed André the Giant for HBO, The documentary was one of the most watched in HBO's history.
In 2020, Hehir directed The Last Dance, a documentary series for ESPN and Netflix, revolving around the career of Michael Jordan. The series received critical acclaim, winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series.
In 2021, Hehir directed Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space a documentary series revolving around the SpaceX Inspiration 4 orbital mission for Netflix. That same year, Hehir founded the production company Little Room Films.
In 2023, Hehir directed and produced Murder in Boston: Roots, Rampage, and Reckoning a documentary series revolving around the Murder of Carol Stuart for HBO.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jason Hehir is an American film director and producer. Hehir has directed André the Giant (2018), The Last Dance (2020), Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space (2021), and Murder in Boston: Roots, Rampage, and Reckoning (2023).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Hehir attended Newton North High School. He also attended Williams College.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Hehir previously served as a production intern for NBC Sports, Initially wanting to be a sports anchor, Hehir met Bob Costas, who asked him to move to HBO, where he served as as an associate producer on On the Record with Bob Costas, and worked with HBO Sports.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2018, Hehir directed André the Giant for HBO, The documentary was one of the most watched in HBO's history.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2020, Hehir directed The Last Dance, a documentary series for ESPN and Netflix, revolving around the career of Michael Jordan. The series received critical acclaim, winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2021, Hehir directed Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space a documentary series revolving around the SpaceX Inspiration 4 orbital mission for Netflix. That same year, Hehir founded the production company Little Room Films.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2023, Hehir directed and produced Murder in Boston: Roots, Rampage, and Reckoning a documentary series revolving around the Murder of Carol Stuart for HBO.",
"title": "Career"
}
] |
Jason Hehir is an American film director and producer. Hehir has directed André the Giant (2018), The Last Dance (2020), Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space (2021), and Murder in Boston: Roots, Rampage, and Reckoning (2023).
|
2023-12-04T19:55:03Z
|
2023-12-05T17:08:13Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:IMDb name"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Hehir
|
75,484,731 |
Kurt Herrmann
|
Kurt Herrmann (20 May 1888 – 4 November 1959) was a German architect, publisher and industrialist. Under Nazi Germany he prospered by the Aryanization and expropriation of Jewish businesses. Toward the end of World War II in Europe, he fled to Liechtenstein. Denazification proceedings resulted in no punishment, and he lived as an expatriate in Vaduz with access to considerable wealth from his Swiss bank accounts. However, in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, he was sentenced to death in absentia and his assets there were confiscated. After the fall of the East German regime, his heirs sought to recover the properties but their legal claims were denied.
Herrmann was born in Leipzig, the son of a master craftsman, and completed an apprenticeship as a bricklayer from 1902 to 1905. He then studied at the Königlich-Sächsische Baugewerkenschule Leipzig [de] (Royal Saxon Building Trades School, Leipzig) until 1908, earning a Diplom in engineering and becoming a state-certified master builder. He was then employed as a construction manager in the Leipzig municipal building administration until July 1912 when he set up shop as a self-employed architect. Herrmann designed a new building for the Leipzig publisher and print shop owner Bernhard Meyer in 1913, and he married Meyer's daughter Erna Agnes in 1914. In 1911, Meyer also had founded the Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke (DFW) aircraft manufacturing company in Lindenthal, a suburb of Leipzig. When Meyer died in April 1917, Herrmann inherited considerable industrial assets, becoming general director of DFW and director of the publishing house.
After the end of the First World War, the terms of the Treaty of Versailles banned a German air force and many aircraft factories went out of business. By 1920, Herrmann founded the Allgemeine Transportanlagen-Gesellschaft [de] by converting a DFW plant in Leipzig to produce electric monorails, cable cars, cable cranes and conveyor bridge machinery for lignite mining. The mining equipment operation proved especially successful and eventually was sold to the mining conglomerate headed by Friedrich Flick in May 1933. During the 1920s, Herrmann also founded financial companies in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. The Technische Universität Dresden appointed him an honorary senator in 1927. By 1931, Herrmann's magazine publishing empire employed 12,000 people. In October 1931, he took up residence in Eschen in Liechtenstein and applied for citizenship, which was granted. However, he hid his Liechtenstein citizenship from the German authorities. In 1937, Herrmann formed the Universalverlag [de] publishing company by a merger of his company, Bernhard Meyer of Leipzig, with Willy Vobach & Co., also of Leipzig, and the Curt Hamel company of Berlin. By 1939, Universalverlag published 25 magazines with 4.6 million subscribers. In 1938, Hermann purchased the Braunschweigische Lebensversicherungsbank (Braunschweig Life insurance Bank).
After the Nazi seizure of power, Herrmann, though never formally joining the Nazi Party, developed close personal contacts with leading Nazis. He became a trusted protégé of Hermann Göring, went hunting with him and was a guest at his 10 April 1935 wedding to Emmy Sonnemann. He regularly made generous monetary gifts in amounts up to 50,000 ℛℳ to Göring, Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels. His connections with them proved advantageous when he and his family encountered legal difficulties, as the following examples illustrate:
In 1936, Herrmann was appointed to the Reichsjagdrat (Reich Hunting Council) and also was admitted to both the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts and the Reich Press Chamber in the Reich Chamber of Culture, which was headed by Goebbels. On the occasion of Hermann's fiftieth birthday on 20 May 1938, Prussian Minister president Göring appointed him to the Prussian State Council, an advisory body that, in addition to Party officials and politicians, included representatives of churches, business, labor, science and the arts.
Herrmann participated in, and greatly profited from, the process of Aryanization of Jewish companies. In 1938, Herrmann took ownership of the Jewish-owned Berlin jewelry company Gebrüder Friedländer (Friedländer Brothers) that had been jewelers to the Prussian royal court. He renamed it the Deutsche Goldschmiedekunst-Werkstätten (German Goldsmiths' Art Workshops). Through this venture, he had the opportunity to purchase jewelry that had been confiscated by the Nazis at prices far below their market value. The venerable music publishing house C.F. Peters in Leipzig also fell victim to this process in July 1939. The new shareholders became Herrmann, who financed the takeover, and Johannes Petschull (1901–2001), who took over the management. Herrmann owned a large number of properties in Leipzig, including the former Hôtel de Pologne [de], and several manor houses in Saxony and Mecklenburg. With assets estimated to be around 9 million ℛℳ in bank deposits and around 14 million ℛℳ in securities, he was considered one of the wealthiest residents of Leipzig.
During the war years, Herrmann often traveled to the occupied countries of France and The Netherlands on Reichsmarshall Goring's behalf to obtain jewels and other treasures and artworks at less than market value. In The Netherlands, he acted as Göring's Sonderbeauftragter (special representative) for diamond purchases. Post-war investigations by Dutch officials concluded that Hermann participated in the transfer of considerable lots of diamonds taken under duress from Dutch jewelers during the occupation. In 1942, his German Goldsmiths' Art Workshops was allowed to purchase, at below market value, jewels that had been looted by the Nazis from the Rothschild family collection in France. During the course of the war, Herrmann was awarded the War Merit Cross.
In the closing days of the war in Europe, Herrmann left Leipzig and traveled via Austria to Liechtenstein, where he arrived on 30 April 1945. In interviews with government authorities, he claimed not only that he had been a citizen of Liechtenstein since 1931 but that he had given up his German citizenship. He professed his opposition to the Nazi regime and claimed that he had been "persecuted" by them. He even claimed to have helped finance the 20 July plot on Hitler's life. The authorities in the Soviet occupation zone sentenced him to death in absentia as a war criminal and his assets there were expropriated in 1948. However, in Liechtenstein he retained access to his assets that were safeguarded in Swiss bank accounts. Denazification proceedings held in Hanover in 1950 classified him in category 4 (follower) and issued no punishment. He continued to live comfortably as an expatriate in Vaduz until his death in 1959.
Following the fall of the Communist regime of East Germany, Ursula Herrmann, the wife of Herrmann's deceased son Heinz, and also a resident of Lichtenstein, claimed to be the sole heir to the 40 to 50 properties formerly owned by her deceased father-in-law. Leipzig rejected her request for return of the Hôtel de Pologne property, which was valued at 11 million DM. The heiress then filed a lawsuit against the city, which alleged that Kurt Herrmann had been a citizen of Liechtenstein since 1931 and, as such, his assets were protected from expropriation. The court rejected this argument and denied the case in 1994. An appeal was filed with the Federal Administrative Court, and the case was reheard. At the end of 1998, the court upheld the original denial. A final appeal was then submitted to the Federal Constitutional Court, which decided not to accept the case for review.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kurt Herrmann (20 May 1888 – 4 November 1959) was a German architect, publisher and industrialist. Under Nazi Germany he prospered by the Aryanization and expropriation of Jewish businesses. Toward the end of World War II in Europe, he fled to Liechtenstein. Denazification proceedings resulted in no punishment, and he lived as an expatriate in Vaduz with access to considerable wealth from his Swiss bank accounts. However, in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, he was sentenced to death in absentia and his assets there were confiscated. After the fall of the East German regime, his heirs sought to recover the properties but their legal claims were denied.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Herrmann was born in Leipzig, the son of a master craftsman, and completed an apprenticeship as a bricklayer from 1902 to 1905. He then studied at the Königlich-Sächsische Baugewerkenschule Leipzig [de] (Royal Saxon Building Trades School, Leipzig) until 1908, earning a Diplom in engineering and becoming a state-certified master builder. He was then employed as a construction manager in the Leipzig municipal building administration until July 1912 when he set up shop as a self-employed architect. Herrmann designed a new building for the Leipzig publisher and print shop owner Bernhard Meyer in 1913, and he married Meyer's daughter Erna Agnes in 1914. In 1911, Meyer also had founded the Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke (DFW) aircraft manufacturing company in Lindenthal, a suburb of Leipzig. When Meyer died in April 1917, Herrmann inherited considerable industrial assets, becoming general director of DFW and director of the publishing house.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After the end of the First World War, the terms of the Treaty of Versailles banned a German air force and many aircraft factories went out of business. By 1920, Herrmann founded the Allgemeine Transportanlagen-Gesellschaft [de] by converting a DFW plant in Leipzig to produce electric monorails, cable cars, cable cranes and conveyor bridge machinery for lignite mining. The mining equipment operation proved especially successful and eventually was sold to the mining conglomerate headed by Friedrich Flick in May 1933. During the 1920s, Herrmann also founded financial companies in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. The Technische Universität Dresden appointed him an honorary senator in 1927. By 1931, Herrmann's magazine publishing empire employed 12,000 people. In October 1931, he took up residence in Eschen in Liechtenstein and applied for citizenship, which was granted. However, he hid his Liechtenstein citizenship from the German authorities. In 1937, Herrmann formed the Universalverlag [de] publishing company by a merger of his company, Bernhard Meyer of Leipzig, with Willy Vobach & Co., also of Leipzig, and the Curt Hamel company of Berlin. By 1939, Universalverlag published 25 magazines with 4.6 million subscribers. In 1938, Hermann purchased the Braunschweigische Lebensversicherungsbank (Braunschweig Life insurance Bank).",
"title": "Expansion of business interests"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After the Nazi seizure of power, Herrmann, though never formally joining the Nazi Party, developed close personal contacts with leading Nazis. He became a trusted protégé of Hermann Göring, went hunting with him and was a guest at his 10 April 1935 wedding to Emmy Sonnemann. He regularly made generous monetary gifts in amounts up to 50,000 ℛℳ to Göring, Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels. His connections with them proved advantageous when he and his family encountered legal difficulties, as the following examples illustrate:",
"title": "Career in Nazi Germany"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1936, Herrmann was appointed to the Reichsjagdrat (Reich Hunting Council) and also was admitted to both the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts and the Reich Press Chamber in the Reich Chamber of Culture, which was headed by Goebbels. On the occasion of Hermann's fiftieth birthday on 20 May 1938, Prussian Minister president Göring appointed him to the Prussian State Council, an advisory body that, in addition to Party officials and politicians, included representatives of churches, business, labor, science and the arts.",
"title": "Career in Nazi Germany"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Herrmann participated in, and greatly profited from, the process of Aryanization of Jewish companies. In 1938, Herrmann took ownership of the Jewish-owned Berlin jewelry company Gebrüder Friedländer (Friedländer Brothers) that had been jewelers to the Prussian royal court. He renamed it the Deutsche Goldschmiedekunst-Werkstätten (German Goldsmiths' Art Workshops). Through this venture, he had the opportunity to purchase jewelry that had been confiscated by the Nazis at prices far below their market value. The venerable music publishing house C.F. Peters in Leipzig also fell victim to this process in July 1939. The new shareholders became Herrmann, who financed the takeover, and Johannes Petschull (1901–2001), who took over the management. Herrmann owned a large number of properties in Leipzig, including the former Hôtel de Pologne [de], and several manor houses in Saxony and Mecklenburg. With assets estimated to be around 9 million ℛℳ in bank deposits and around 14 million ℛℳ in securities, he was considered one of the wealthiest residents of Leipzig.",
"title": "Career in Nazi Germany"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "During the war years, Herrmann often traveled to the occupied countries of France and The Netherlands on Reichsmarshall Goring's behalf to obtain jewels and other treasures and artworks at less than market value. In The Netherlands, he acted as Göring's Sonderbeauftragter (special representative) for diamond purchases. Post-war investigations by Dutch officials concluded that Hermann participated in the transfer of considerable lots of diamonds taken under duress from Dutch jewelers during the occupation. In 1942, his German Goldsmiths' Art Workshops was allowed to purchase, at below market value, jewels that had been looted by the Nazis from the Rothschild family collection in France. During the course of the war, Herrmann was awarded the War Merit Cross.",
"title": "Career in Nazi Germany"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In the closing days of the war in Europe, Herrmann left Leipzig and traveled via Austria to Liechtenstein, where he arrived on 30 April 1945. In interviews with government authorities, he claimed not only that he had been a citizen of Liechtenstein since 1931 but that he had given up his German citizenship. He professed his opposition to the Nazi regime and claimed that he had been \"persecuted\" by them. He even claimed to have helped finance the 20 July plot on Hitler's life. The authorities in the Soviet occupation zone sentenced him to death in absentia as a war criminal and his assets there were expropriated in 1948. However, in Liechtenstein he retained access to his assets that were safeguarded in Swiss bank accounts. Denazification proceedings held in Hanover in 1950 classified him in category 4 (follower) and issued no punishment. He continued to live comfortably as an expatriate in Vaduz until his death in 1959.",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Following the fall of the Communist regime of East Germany, Ursula Herrmann, the wife of Herrmann's deceased son Heinz, and also a resident of Lichtenstein, claimed to be the sole heir to the 40 to 50 properties formerly owned by her deceased father-in-law. Leipzig rejected her request for return of the Hôtel de Pologne property, which was valued at 11 million DM. The heiress then filed a lawsuit against the city, which alleged that Kurt Herrmann had been a citizen of Liechtenstein since 1931 and, as such, his assets were protected from expropriation. The court rejected this argument and denied the case in 1994. An appeal was filed with the Federal Administrative Court, and the case was reheard. At the end of 1998, the court upheld the original denial. A final appeal was then submitted to the Federal Constitutional Court, which decided not to accept the case for review.",
"title": "Legal dispute over Herrmann's assets"
}
] |
Kurt Herrmann was a German architect, publisher and industrialist. Under Nazi Germany he prospered by the Aryanization and expropriation of Jewish businesses. Toward the end of World War II in Europe, he fled to Liechtenstein. Denazification proceedings resulted in no punishment, and he lived as an expatriate in Vaduz with access to considerable wealth from his Swiss bank accounts. However, in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, he was sentenced to death in absentia and his assets there were confiscated. After the fall of the East German regime, his heirs sought to recover the properties but their legal claims were denied.
|
2023-12-04T19:55:11Z
|
2023-12-04T19:56:35Z
|
[
"Template:Sfn",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Interlanguage link"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Herrmann
|
75,484,741 |
Dupuis Frères
|
Dupuis Frères was a large department store on Sainte-Catherine Street East, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The store was founded in 1868 by Nazaire Dupuis, and closed permanently in 1978. Dupuis Frères was a symbol of French-Canadian economic success at a time when Montreal's economy was dominated by Anglophones (native English-speaking Quebeckers, mostly with British and Irish roots).
On April 28, 1868, Nazaire Dupuis opened a small novelty store at 865 rue Sainte-Catherine est, in Montreal. He managed to interest several of his brothers in his business, which he called Dupuis Frères in 1870. Despite the economic crisis of 1872, the business continued to prosper.
In 1876, following the death of Nazaire Dupuis, the family participated directly in the management of the company.
The store moved a few times before settling permanently in 1882 at the corner of Saint-André and Sainte-Catherine streets, where it remained until its closing in 1978.
In 1924, Albert Dupuis became president of the company until his death in 1945. His son Raymond took over.
In the 1950s, around 1,500 people worked at the company.
The decline of the store began in 1952 with the strike of a significant majority of employees. The 1952 strike at Dupuis Frères lasted 13 weeks and ended with the victory of the employees (mostly women) and the Confederation of Catholic Workers of Canada. A lockout in 1976, as well as financial problems, led to the bankruptcy of this famous Montreal institution and its closure in January 1978.
For 110 years, Dupuis Frères was one of the most important department stores in Montreal. He had a great influence on the development of commerce in the eastern part of the city.
Place Dupuis (Dupuis Square) today anchors the southwest end of The Village a.k.a. The Gay Village, and is a 1,100,000-square-foot (100,000 m) mixed-use development with retail and office space as well as direct access to the Montreal Metro's Berri–UQAM station, where the Green and Orange lines intersect. In 1972, the Place Dupuis neighborhood shopping center was opened to complete the development of the block surrounding the store. Two office towers as well as the Gouverneur Hotel (now a Hyatt) Place Dupuis were added in 1973 and 1974. Finally, following the closure of the Dupuis store in 1978, the building housing it was redeveloped to create the Les Atriums office building, opened in 1981. Currently the shopping center has a Bureaux En Gros (Staples) office supply superstore, IGA supermarket, Jean Coutu pharmacy, SAQ liquor store, and an 11-outlet food court.
On October 2, 2023, a gigantic mural paying tribute to the artist Françoise Sullivan was inaugurated next to the Hyatt hotel, part of the complex. Titled Damiers 2023, the work is 108 meters high and includes 33 colored squares. The mural is part of a collection created by MU muralists which pays tribute to Montreal's cultural builders ·
Dupuis Frères is mentioned in the song "23 décembre" ("December 23") by the group Beau Dommage. Robert Charlebois also talks about the famous store in his song "Québec Love". In a Sonnet Insurance advertisement, with hockey stars Jonathan Drouin, Doug Gilmour and the former coach of the Montreal Canadiens, Mario Tremblay, mention Dupuis Frères.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Dupuis Frères was a large department store on Sainte-Catherine Street East, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The store was founded in 1868 by Nazaire Dupuis, and closed permanently in 1978. Dupuis Frères was a symbol of French-Canadian economic success at a time when Montreal's economy was dominated by Anglophones (native English-speaking Quebeckers, mostly with British and Irish roots).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On April 28, 1868, Nazaire Dupuis opened a small novelty store at 865 rue Sainte-Catherine est, in Montreal. He managed to interest several of his brothers in his business, which he called Dupuis Frères in 1870. Despite the economic crisis of 1872, the business continued to prosper.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1876, following the death of Nazaire Dupuis, the family participated directly in the management of the company.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The store moved a few times before settling permanently in 1882 at the corner of Saint-André and Sainte-Catherine streets, where it remained until its closing in 1978.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1924, Albert Dupuis became president of the company until his death in 1945. His son Raymond took over.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In the 1950s, around 1,500 people worked at the company.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The decline of the store began in 1952 with the strike of a significant majority of employees. The 1952 strike at Dupuis Frères lasted 13 weeks and ended with the victory of the employees (mostly women) and the Confederation of Catholic Workers of Canada. A lockout in 1976, as well as financial problems, led to the bankruptcy of this famous Montreal institution and its closure in January 1978.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "For 110 years, Dupuis Frères was one of the most important department stores in Montreal. He had a great influence on the development of commerce in the eastern part of the city.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Place Dupuis (Dupuis Square) today anchors the southwest end of The Village a.k.a. The Gay Village, and is a 1,100,000-square-foot (100,000 m) mixed-use development with retail and office space as well as direct access to the Montreal Metro's Berri–UQAM station, where the Green and Orange lines intersect. In 1972, the Place Dupuis neighborhood shopping center was opened to complete the development of the block surrounding the store. Two office towers as well as the Gouverneur Hotel (now a Hyatt) Place Dupuis were added in 1973 and 1974. Finally, following the closure of the Dupuis store in 1978, the building housing it was redeveloped to create the Les Atriums office building, opened in 1981. Currently the shopping center has a Bureaux En Gros (Staples) office supply superstore, IGA supermarket, Jean Coutu pharmacy, SAQ liquor store, and an 11-outlet food court.",
"title": "Place Dupuis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "On October 2, 2023, a gigantic mural paying tribute to the artist Françoise Sullivan was inaugurated next to the Hyatt hotel, part of the complex. Titled Damiers 2023, the work is 108 meters high and includes 33 colored squares. The mural is part of a collection created by MU muralists which pays tribute to Montreal's cultural builders ·",
"title": "Place Dupuis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Dupuis Frères is mentioned in the song \"23 décembre\" (\"December 23\") by the group Beau Dommage. Robert Charlebois also talks about the famous store in his song \"Québec Love\". In a Sonnet Insurance advertisement, with hockey stars Jonathan Drouin, Doug Gilmour and the former coach of the Montreal Canadiens, Mario Tremblay, mention Dupuis Frères.",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
Dupuis Frères was a large department store on Sainte-Catherine Street East, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The store was founded in 1868 by Nazaire Dupuis, and closed permanently in 1978. Dupuis Frères was a symbol of French-Canadian economic success at a time when Montreal's economy was dominated by Anglophones.
|
2023-12-04T19:56:33Z
|
2023-12-06T11:30:58Z
|
[
"Template:Convert",
"Template:,",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupuis_Fr%C3%A8res
|
75,484,752 |
Nickel(II) selenate
|
Nickel(II) selenate is a selenate of nickel with the chemical formula NiSeO4.
Nickel(II) selenate can be produced by the reaction of nickel(II) carbonate and selenic acid.
Nickel(II) selenate hexahydrate is a green solid. It is tetragonal, space group P41212 (No. 92). At 100 °C, nickel(II) selenate hexahydrate slowly loses water to the tetrahydrate, with space group P21/n (No. 14). At 510 °C, nickel(II) selenate decomposes directly into nickel selenite, which on further heating decomposes into nickel oxide and selenium dioxide.
It and potassium selenate are cooled and crystallized in hot aqueous solution to obtain the blue-green [Ni(H2O)6](SeO4)2.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Nickel(II) selenate is a selenate of nickel with the chemical formula NiSeO4.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Nickel(II) selenate can be produced by the reaction of nickel(II) carbonate and selenic acid.",
"title": "Preparation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Nickel(II) selenate hexahydrate is a green solid. It is tetragonal, space group P41212 (No. 92). At 100 °C, nickel(II) selenate hexahydrate slowly loses water to the tetrahydrate, with space group P21/n (No. 14). At 510 °C, nickel(II) selenate decomposes directly into nickel selenite, which on further heating decomposes into nickel oxide and selenium dioxide.",
"title": "Properties"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "It and potassium selenate are cooled and crystallized in hot aqueous solution to obtain the blue-green [Ni(H2O)6](SeO4)2.",
"title": "Properties"
}
] |
Nickel(II) selenate is a selenate of nickel with the chemical formula NiSeO4.
|
2023-12-04T19:58:18Z
|
2023-12-11T09:04:40Z
|
[
"Template:Chembox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Nickel compounds",
"Template:Selenates"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel(II)_selenate
|
75,484,763 |
Robert A. Dowd
|
Rev. Robert A. Dowd, C.S.C. is an American Catholic priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross and the incoming president of the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. On December 4, 2023, Dowd was announced as the 18th university president, to succeed John I. Jenkins on July 1, 2024.
Dowd earned his BA in psychology and economics from the University of Notre Dame in 1987, as well as an MDiv. He later earned an MA in African Studies from UCLA in 1996, followed by a PhD in political science in 2003.
He was the director of the Notre Dame Millennial Development Initiative in the Mpigi District in Uganda, an initiative to advance agriculture, education and health initiatives.
His 2015 book titled Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa was praised by many and called "groundbreaking" by reviewer Muhammed Haron. In it, he makes the case that religious tolerance in Nigeria and other African countries happens because of a variety of religions, rather than in spite of it.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Rev. Robert A. Dowd, C.S.C. is an American Catholic priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross and the incoming president of the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. On December 4, 2023, Dowd was announced as the 18th university president, to succeed John I. Jenkins on July 1, 2024.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Dowd earned his BA in psychology and economics from the University of Notre Dame in 1987, as well as an MDiv. He later earned an MA in African Studies from UCLA in 1996, followed by a PhD in political science in 2003.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He was the director of the Notre Dame Millennial Development Initiative in the Mpigi District in Uganda, an initiative to advance agriculture, education and health initiatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "His 2015 book titled Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa was praised by many and called \"groundbreaking\" by reviewer Muhammed Haron. In it, he makes the case that religious tolerance in Nigeria and other African countries happens because of a variety of religions, rather than in spite of it.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Rev. Robert A. Dowd, C.S.C. is an American Catholic priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross and the incoming president of the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. On December 4, 2023, Dowd was announced as the 18th university president, to succeed John I. Jenkins on July 1, 2024. Dowd earned his BA in psychology and economics from the University of Notre Dame in 1987, as well as an MDiv. He later earned an MA in African Studies from UCLA in 1996, followed by a PhD in political science in 2003. He was the director of the Notre Dame Millennial Development Initiative in the Mpigi District in Uganda, an initiative to advance agriculture, education and health initiatives. His 2015 book titled Christianity, Islam, and Liberal Democracy: Lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa was praised by many and called "groundbreaking" by reviewer Muhammed Haron. In it, he makes the case that religious tolerance in Nigeria and other African countries happens because of a variety of religions, rather than in spite of it.
|
2023-12-04T19:59:11Z
|
2023-12-15T17:58:23Z
|
[
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Other people",
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:RC-clergy-stub",
"Template:One source",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:University of Notre Dame presidents",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Indiana-bio-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Dowd
|
75,484,766 |
48th Artillery Regiment "Taro"
|
The 48th Artillery Regiment "Taro" (Italian: 48° Reggimento Artiglieria "Taro") is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in L'Aquila in Abruzzo. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed days before Italy's entry into World War I and disbanded after the war. The regiment was reformed in 1935 during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, but disbanded after the war in 1936. The regiment was reformed in 1939 and assigned in World War II to the 48th Infantry Division "Taro", with which the regiment fought in the Greco-Italian War. The division and its regiments were disbanded in the South of France by German forces after the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943.
The unit was reformed in 1975 as 48th Field Artillery Group "Taro" and assigned to the Motorized Brigade "Acqui". In 1992 the group was reorganized as regiment. In 1995 the regiment was disbanded and its personnel, materiel, and base were assigned to the 33rd Self-propelled Field Artillery Regiment "Acqui". The regimental anniversary falls, as for all artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.
On 8 May 1915, just days before Italy's entry into World War I, the 48th Field Artillery Regiment was formed in Alessandria by the depot of the 11th Field Artillery Regiment. The new regiment consisted of a command, two groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, and one group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns.
During the war the regiment served on the Italian front. In 1915 the regiment was deployed at Plave, where it participated in June in the First Battle of the Isonzo, in October in the Third Battle of the Isonzo, and in November in the Fourth Battle of the Isonzo. In 1916 the regiment was located on the Santa Caterina and Tivoli hills near Gorizia. During the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo the regiment fought on the Banjšice Plateau. In June 1918 the regiment was arrayed on the Montello for the Second Battle of the Piave River. During the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto the regiment was once again deployed on the Montello.
After the war the regiment was disbanded in February 1919.
On 15 September 1935 the 29th Artillery Regiment of the 5th Infantry Division "Cosseria" departed Albenga for Libya for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The next day the depot of the 29th Artillery Regiment reformed the 48th Artillery Regiment as replacement. The regiment was assigned to the 105th Infantry Division "Cosseria II" and consisted of a command, a command unit, a group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, a group with mule-carried 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, and two groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns. The first two groups had been left behind by the 29th Artillery Regiment, while the latter two had been transferred from the 11th Artillery Regiment respectively the 25th Artillery Regiment. On 28 September 1936 the 29th Artillery Regiment returned to Albenga and the 48th Artillery Regiment was disbanded, with the group of the 11th Artillery Regiment returning to that unit, while the other three groups entered the 29th Artillery Regiment.
On 12 September 1939 the 48th Artillery Regiment "Taro" was reformed in Nola and assigned to the 48th Infantry Division "Taro", which also included the 207th Infantry Regiment "Taro" and 208th Infantry Regiment "Taro". The regiment consisted of a command, a command unit, a group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, a group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, a group with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, an anti-aircraft battery with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns, and a depot.
In November 1940 the regiment replaced its 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers and 75/27 mod. 11 field guns with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, which were transferred from the 28th Artillery Regiment "Livorno". The same month the division was shipped to Albania to reinforce the crumbling Italian front in the Greco-Italian War. In December 1940 the division entered the front and until March 1941 it defended its positions against repeated Greek attacks. The division remained in Albania until the end of the Battle of Greece. From June 1941 to August 1942 the division was in Montenegro on occupation duties. Meanwhile the regiment's depot in Nola used the regiment's discarded 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers to form a new group, which was transferred in May 1942 to the 25th Artillery Regiment "Assietta" of the 26th Infantry Division "Assietta". In November 1942 the division participated in the occupation of Vichy France, where it remained on occupation duties. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile between Italy and the Allies the division was disbanded by German forces.
For its conduct in Albania the 48th Artillery Regiment "Taro" was awarded a War Cross of Military Valor, which was affixed on the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coat of arms.
During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions and groups were granted for the first time their own flags. On 30 September 1975 the 13th Field Artillery Regiment and its II and III groups were disbanded, while the regiment's I and IV groups became autonomous units. The next day the IV Group was renamed 48th Field Artillery Group "Taro" and assigned to the Motorized Brigade "Acqui". The group was based in L'Aquila and consisted of a command, a command and services battery, and three batteries with towed M114 155mm howitzers.
On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone assigned with decree 846 the flag and traditions of the 48th Artillery Regiment "Taro" to the group. At the time the group fielded 485 men (37 officers, 58 non-commissioned officers, and 390 soldiers).
In 1991, after the end of the Cold War, the Italian Army disbanded many of its artillery units in the country's Northeast and transferred their equipment to the remaining artillery units. In 1992 the 48th Field Artillery Group "Taro" received M109G 155mm self-propelled howitzers and on 1 December of that year the group lost its autonomy and entered the next day the 48th Self-propelled Field Artillery Regiment "Taro". On 10 September 1995 the batteries of the 33rd Heavy Field Artillery Regiment "Acqui" in Casarsa della Delizia were disbanded and the flag of that regiment was transferred to L'Aquila, where the next day it supplanted the flag of the 48th Self-propelled Field Artillery Regiment "Taro". The same day the flag of the Taro left L'Aquila and on 13 September was returned to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 48th Artillery Regiment \"Taro\" (Italian: 48° Reggimento Artiglieria \"Taro\") is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in L'Aquila in Abruzzo. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed days before Italy's entry into World War I and disbanded after the war. The regiment was reformed in 1935 during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, but disbanded after the war in 1936. The regiment was reformed in 1939 and assigned in World War II to the 48th Infantry Division \"Taro\", with which the regiment fought in the Greco-Italian War. The division and its regiments were disbanded in the South of France by German forces after the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The unit was reformed in 1975 as 48th Field Artillery Group \"Taro\" and assigned to the Motorized Brigade \"Acqui\". In 1992 the group was reorganized as regiment. In 1995 the regiment was disbanded and its personnel, materiel, and base were assigned to the 33rd Self-propelled Field Artillery Regiment \"Acqui\". The regimental anniversary falls, as for all artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On 8 May 1915, just days before Italy's entry into World War I, the 48th Field Artillery Regiment was formed in Alessandria by the depot of the 11th Field Artillery Regiment. The new regiment consisted of a command, two groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, and one group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "During the war the regiment served on the Italian front. In 1915 the regiment was deployed at Plave, where it participated in June in the First Battle of the Isonzo, in October in the Third Battle of the Isonzo, and in November in the Fourth Battle of the Isonzo. In 1916 the regiment was located on the Santa Caterina and Tivoli hills near Gorizia. During the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo the regiment fought on the Banjšice Plateau. In June 1918 the regiment was arrayed on the Montello for the Second Battle of the Piave River. During the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto the regiment was once again deployed on the Montello.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After the war the regiment was disbanded in February 1919.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 15 September 1935 the 29th Artillery Regiment of the 5th Infantry Division \"Cosseria\" departed Albenga for Libya for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The next day the depot of the 29th Artillery Regiment reformed the 48th Artillery Regiment as replacement. The regiment was assigned to the 105th Infantry Division \"Cosseria II\" and consisted of a command, a command unit, a group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, a group with mule-carried 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, and two groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns. The first two groups had been left behind by the 29th Artillery Regiment, while the latter two had been transferred from the 11th Artillery Regiment respectively the 25th Artillery Regiment. On 28 September 1936 the 29th Artillery Regiment returned to Albenga and the 48th Artillery Regiment was disbanded, with the group of the 11th Artillery Regiment returning to that unit, while the other three groups entered the 29th Artillery Regiment.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On 12 September 1939 the 48th Artillery Regiment \"Taro\" was reformed in Nola and assigned to the 48th Infantry Division \"Taro\", which also included the 207th Infantry Regiment \"Taro\" and 208th Infantry Regiment \"Taro\". The regiment consisted of a command, a command unit, a group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, a group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, a group with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, an anti-aircraft battery with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns, and a depot.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In November 1940 the regiment replaced its 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers and 75/27 mod. 11 field guns with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, which were transferred from the 28th Artillery Regiment \"Livorno\". The same month the division was shipped to Albania to reinforce the crumbling Italian front in the Greco-Italian War. In December 1940 the division entered the front and until March 1941 it defended its positions against repeated Greek attacks. The division remained in Albania until the end of the Battle of Greece. From June 1941 to August 1942 the division was in Montenegro on occupation duties. Meanwhile the regiment's depot in Nola used the regiment's discarded 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers to form a new group, which was transferred in May 1942 to the 25th Artillery Regiment \"Assietta\" of the 26th Infantry Division \"Assietta\". In November 1942 the division participated in the occupation of Vichy France, where it remained on occupation duties. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile between Italy and the Allies the division was disbanded by German forces.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "For its conduct in Albania the 48th Artillery Regiment \"Taro\" was awarded a War Cross of Military Valor, which was affixed on the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coat of arms.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions and groups were granted for the first time their own flags. On 30 September 1975 the 13th Field Artillery Regiment and its II and III groups were disbanded, while the regiment's I and IV groups became autonomous units. The next day the IV Group was renamed 48th Field Artillery Group \"Taro\" and assigned to the Motorized Brigade \"Acqui\". The group was based in L'Aquila and consisted of a command, a command and services battery, and three batteries with towed M114 155mm howitzers.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone assigned with decree 846 the flag and traditions of the 48th Artillery Regiment \"Taro\" to the group. At the time the group fielded 485 men (37 officers, 58 non-commissioned officers, and 390 soldiers).",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In 1991, after the end of the Cold War, the Italian Army disbanded many of its artillery units in the country's Northeast and transferred their equipment to the remaining artillery units. In 1992 the 48th Field Artillery Group \"Taro\" received M109G 155mm self-propelled howitzers and on 1 December of that year the group lost its autonomy and entered the next day the 48th Self-propelled Field Artillery Regiment \"Taro\". On 10 September 1995 the batteries of the 33rd Heavy Field Artillery Regiment \"Acqui\" in Casarsa della Delizia were disbanded and the flag of that regiment was transferred to L'Aquila, where the next day it supplanted the flag of the 48th Self-propelled Field Artillery Regiment \"Taro\". The same day the flag of the Taro left L'Aquila and on 13 September was returned to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.",
"title": "History"
}
] |
The 48th Artillery Regiment "Taro" is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in L'Aquila in Abruzzo. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed days before Italy's entry into World War I and disbanded after the war. The regiment was reformed in 1935 during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, but disbanded after the war in 1936. The regiment was reformed in 1939 and assigned in World War II to the 48th Infantry Division "Taro", with which the regiment fought in the Greco-Italian War. The division and its regiments were disbanded in the South of France by German forces after the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943. The unit was reformed in 1975 as 48th Field Artillery Group "Taro" and assigned to the Motorized Brigade "Acqui". In 1992 the group was reorganized as regiment. In 1995 the regiment was disbanded and its personnel, materiel, and base were assigned to the 33rd Self-propelled Field Artillery Regiment "Acqui". The regimental anniversary falls, as for all artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.
|
2023-12-04T19:59:17Z
|
2023-12-25T15:40:57Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Italian Army",
"Template:Italian Army Artillery Regiments",
"Template:Infobox military unit",
"Template:Lang-it",
"Template:Main"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_Artillery_Regiment_%22Taro%22
|
75,484,797 |
List of people from Warsaw
|
The following is a list of notable people who were born, studied, lived or died in Warsaw.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The following is a list of notable people who were born, studied, lived or died in Warsaw.",
"title": ""
}
] |
The following is a list of notable people who were born, studied, lived or died in Warsaw.
|
2023-12-04T20:03:59Z
|
2023-12-31T04:56:56Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Refimprove",
"Template:Empty section"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Warsaw
|
75,484,800 |
Tegoprubart
|
Tegoprubart (AT-1501) is an experimental humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits CD40L. It is developed for ALS and transplant rejection.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tegoprubart (AT-1501) is an experimental humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits CD40L. It is developed for ALS and transplant rejection.",
"title": ""
}
] |
Tegoprubart (AT-1501) is an experimental humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits CD40L. It is developed for ALS and transplant rejection.
|
2023-12-04T20:04:19Z
|
2024-01-01T00:40:18Z
|
[
"Template:Orphan",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegoprubart
|
75,484,803 |
Szczepański Square, Kraków
|
Szczepański Square in Kraków is a square in Kraków located between Planty and the streets: św. Tomasz and Szczepańska.
Szczepański Square was built at the beginning of the 19th century after the demolition of the medieval church of St. Stephen, to which the name of the square refers, and the church of St. Matthias and Matthew together with the adjacent former Jesuit buildings. Initially, it was named Plac Gwardyi Narodowey, because on On August 3, 1811, the first review of the National Guard established in Kraków was carried out here. To commemorate this event, a black marble plaque with the following inscription was placed on the Szołayski tenement house located at the square: ''Plac Gwardyi Narodowey ogłoszony dnia 3-go sierpnia 1811 roku''. This name, however, did not catch on among the inhabitants of Kraków and soon the current name of the square was finally established – used colloquially since around 1808. Since the 19th century, one of the largest marketplaces in Kraków operated here, and in the second half of the 20th century (until 2007) – a parking lot. In 2010, the square was modernized, including: adding a fountain on it.
The square is surrounded by a number of buildings, including:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Szczepański Square in Kraków is a square in Kraków located between Planty and the streets: św. Tomasz and Szczepańska.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Szczepański Square was built at the beginning of the 19th century after the demolition of the medieval church of St. Stephen, to which the name of the square refers, and the church of St. Matthias and Matthew together with the adjacent former Jesuit buildings. Initially, it was named Plac Gwardyi Narodowey, because on On August 3, 1811, the first review of the National Guard established in Kraków was carried out here. To commemorate this event, a black marble plaque with the following inscription was placed on the Szołayski tenement house located at the square: ''Plac Gwardyi Narodowey ogłoszony dnia 3-go sierpnia 1811 roku''. This name, however, did not catch on among the inhabitants of Kraków and soon the current name of the square was finally established – used colloquially since around 1808. Since the 19th century, one of the largest marketplaces in Kraków operated here, and in the second half of the 20th century (until 2007) – a parking lot. In 2010, the square was modernized, including: adding a fountain on it.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The square is surrounded by a number of buildings, including:",
"title": "Buildings"
}
] |
Szczepański Square in Kraków is a square in Kraków located between Planty and the streets: św. Tomasz and Szczepańska.
|
2023-12-04T20:05:00Z
|
2023-12-05T10:38:24Z
|
[
"Template:Infobox street",
"Template:Cite book"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczepa%C5%84ski_Square,_Krak%C3%B3w
|
75,484,814 |
Lead(II) selenate
|
Lead(II) selenate is a selenate of lead, with the chemical formula PbSeO4.
Lead(II) selenate can be obtained by reacting a mixture of lead(II,IV) oxide and selenium dioxide with hydrogen peroxide. Lead(II) selenate is poorly soluble in water and can also be obtained through precipitation:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lead(II) selenate is a selenate of lead, with the chemical formula PbSeO4.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Lead(II) selenate can be obtained by reacting a mixture of lead(II,IV) oxide and selenium dioxide with hydrogen peroxide. Lead(II) selenate is poorly soluble in water and can also be obtained through precipitation:",
"title": "Preparation"
}
] |
Lead(II) selenate is a selenate of lead, with the chemical formula PbSeO4.
|
2023-12-04T20:06:52Z
|
2023-12-07T19:54:21Z
|
[
"Template:Chem",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Lead compounds",
"Template:Selenates",
"Template:Chembox"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead(II)_selenate
|
75,484,816 |
Central Asian Border District
|
The Red Banner Central Asian Border District (Russian: Краснознамённый Среднеазиатский пограничный округ) was a district of the Soviet KGB Border Guards. It had its headquarters in Ashgabad. It guarded the Afghan-Soviet (without the strip along the Wakhan District) and the Iranian-Soviet border. The sea border of the district extended halfway along the southern line of Soviet territorial waters in the Caspian Sea until it met the terrain of the Red Banner Trans-Caucasus Border District.
On March 8, 1939, the Central Asian Border Troops District was created. On September 7, 1939, the 26th separate Murgab border commandant's office was formed.
During the war, border guards of the Central Asian District detained several thousand violators, including intelligence agents of enemy states.
In 1942, from the border guards of the Central Asian and Kazakh border districts, the 162nd Central Asian Rifle Division (3rd formation of the 162nd Rifle Division) was formed, which became part of the 70th Army. Also, at the base of the military units of the district, snipers were being trained to be sent to the front.
By order of the NKVD of the USSR dated June 5, 1943, in order to more effectively manage the border units, the district department was renamed the “Department of Border Troops of the Tajik District” and relocated to the city of Stalinabad (now Dushanbe). At the same time, the Office of Border Troops of the Turkmen District was also created.
On February 24, 1954, the Tajik Border District, which at that time was part of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, was renamed back to the Central Asian border district.
On March 13, 1963, according to the order of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Central Asian Border District was formed on the basis of the Central Asian and Turkmen districts with administration in Ashgabat. At the same time, an Operational Military Department was formed in Dushanbe with subordination to the Central Asian District.
In 1978, the Nebit-Dag border detachment was formed.
Since the spring of 1980, after the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, the Central Asian Border District, by decision of the USSR government, participated in blocking the Afghan Mujahideen on the distant approaches to the state border.
Seven border detachments of the Central Asian District and one detachment of the Eastern District operated on the territory of Afghanistan at a distance of up to 100 kilometers from the border. Motor maneuver groups were sent, operating throughout the Afghan War (see Soviet Border Troops). From the deployment points of detachments on the territory of the USSR, Air Assault Maneuver Groups were sent to Afghanistan to conduct combat operations (see Soviet Border Troops).
After the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, in order to strengthen the border units on the Soviet-Afghan border, mortar divisions were formed in the Takhta-Bazar, Kerkin, Pyanj, Khorog, Termez and Moscow detachments.
To further strengthen border security in Gorno-Badakhshan, on August 18, 1990, at the base of the Operational Military Group of Eastern Border District in the settlement Ishkashim, the Tajik SSR created the Ishkashim border detachment with a personnel of 1390 people, which was transferred to the Central Asian Border District.
On November 8, 1992, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Central Asian Border District was officially disbanded, although it actually ceased to exist long before this date. After the collapse of the USSR, in some former Soviet republics, common border troops were maintained for several months, with a unified command in Moscow.
Border troops and parts of the district on the territory of Uzbekistan came under its jurisdiction in March 1992. Border detachments on the territory of Turkmenistan, according to an interstate agreement, remained under the jurisdiction of Russia until December 20, 2000. The border detachments of the former Central Asian border district located on the territory of Republic of Tajikistan, due to the Tajik Civil War, were under the jurisdiction of Russia for a long period. During the division of the Eastern Border District in August 1992 between Kazakhstan and Russia, the Murghab border detachment also became one of these detachments. In November 2004, all border detachments of the former Central Asian district on the territory of Tajikistan were transferred to the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan.
The new Uzbek River Force was raised from the Termez Brigade of Frontier Escort Ships, formerly subordinated to the Central Asian Border District, which had protected the Soviet-Afghan border at the Amu Darya.
Composition of the Central Asian Border District before the collapse of the USSR, units are listed in order from east to west:
Incomplete list of district commanders (chiefs of troops):
Military personnel of the Central Asian border district who participated in the Afghan War, awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Red Banner Central Asian Border District (Russian: Краснознамённый Среднеазиатский пограничный округ) was a district of the Soviet KGB Border Guards. It had its headquarters in Ashgabad. It guarded the Afghan-Soviet (without the strip along the Wakhan District) and the Iranian-Soviet border. The sea border of the district extended halfway along the southern line of Soviet territorial waters in the Caspian Sea until it met the terrain of the Red Banner Trans-Caucasus Border District.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On March 8, 1939, the Central Asian Border Troops District was created. On September 7, 1939, the 26th separate Murgab border commandant's office was formed.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "During the war, border guards of the Central Asian District detained several thousand violators, including intelligence agents of enemy states.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1942, from the border guards of the Central Asian and Kazakh border districts, the 162nd Central Asian Rifle Division (3rd formation of the 162nd Rifle Division) was formed, which became part of the 70th Army. Also, at the base of the military units of the district, snipers were being trained to be sent to the front.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "By order of the NKVD of the USSR dated June 5, 1943, in order to more effectively manage the border units, the district department was renamed the “Department of Border Troops of the Tajik District” and relocated to the city of Stalinabad (now Dushanbe). At the same time, the Office of Border Troops of the Turkmen District was also created.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On February 24, 1954, the Tajik Border District, which at that time was part of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, was renamed back to the Central Asian border district.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On March 13, 1963, according to the order of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Central Asian Border District was formed on the basis of the Central Asian and Turkmen districts with administration in Ashgabat. At the same time, an Operational Military Department was formed in Dushanbe with subordination to the Central Asian District.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 1978, the Nebit-Dag border detachment was formed.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Since the spring of 1980, after the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, the Central Asian Border District, by decision of the USSR government, participated in blocking the Afghan Mujahideen on the distant approaches to the state border.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Seven border detachments of the Central Asian District and one detachment of the Eastern District operated on the territory of Afghanistan at a distance of up to 100 kilometers from the border. Motor maneuver groups were sent, operating throughout the Afghan War (see Soviet Border Troops). From the deployment points of detachments on the territory of the USSR, Air Assault Maneuver Groups were sent to Afghanistan to conduct combat operations (see Soviet Border Troops).",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "After the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, in order to strengthen the border units on the Soviet-Afghan border, mortar divisions were formed in the Takhta-Bazar, Kerkin, Pyanj, Khorog, Termez and Moscow detachments.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "To further strengthen border security in Gorno-Badakhshan, on August 18, 1990, at the base of the Operational Military Group of Eastern Border District in the settlement Ishkashim, the Tajik SSR created the Ishkashim border detachment with a personnel of 1390 people, which was transferred to the Central Asian Border District.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "On November 8, 1992, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Central Asian Border District was officially disbanded, although it actually ceased to exist long before this date. After the collapse of the USSR, in some former Soviet republics, common border troops were maintained for several months, with a unified command in Moscow.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Border troops and parts of the district on the territory of Uzbekistan came under its jurisdiction in March 1992. Border detachments on the territory of Turkmenistan, according to an interstate agreement, remained under the jurisdiction of Russia until December 20, 2000. The border detachments of the former Central Asian border district located on the territory of Republic of Tajikistan, due to the Tajik Civil War, were under the jurisdiction of Russia for a long period. During the division of the Eastern Border District in August 1992 between Kazakhstan and Russia, the Murghab border detachment also became one of these detachments. In November 2004, all border detachments of the former Central Asian district on the territory of Tajikistan were transferred to the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The new Uzbek River Force was raised from the Termez Brigade of Frontier Escort Ships, formerly subordinated to the Central Asian Border District, which had protected the Soviet-Afghan border at the Amu Darya.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Composition of the Central Asian Border District before the collapse of the USSR, units are listed in order from east to west:",
"title": "Composition of the district"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Incomplete list of district commanders (chiefs of troops):",
"title": "District Commanders"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Military personnel of the Central Asian border district who participated in the Afghan War, awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union:",
"title": "Heroes of the Soviet Union"
}
] |
The Red Banner Central Asian Border District was a district of the Soviet KGB Border Guards. It had its headquarters in Ashgabad. It guarded the Afghan-Soviet and the Iranian-Soviet border. The sea border of the district extended halfway along the southern line of Soviet territorial waters in the Caspian Sea until it met the terrain of the Red Banner Trans-Caucasus Border District.
|
2023-12-04T20:07:05Z
|
2023-12-21T06:03:26Z
|
[
"Template:Center",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_Border_District
|
75,484,837 |
46th Artillery Regiment "Trento"
|
The 46th Artillery Regiment "Trento" (Italian: 46° Reggimento Artiglieria "Trento") is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Gradisca d'Isonzo in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed days before Italy's entry into World War I and disbanded after the war. Reformed in 1935 for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War the regiment was assigned to the 102nd Motorized Division "Trento", with which the regiment served in World War II. In March 1941 the division and regiment were sent to Libya for the Western Desert campaign, during which both were destroyed in the Second Battle of El Alamein in November 1942.
In 1975 the unit was reformed as 46th Field Artillery Group "Trento" and assigned to the Mechanized Brigade "Gorizia". In 1991 the group was disbanded and its personnel, materiel, and base were assigned to the 184th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group "Filottrano". The regimental anniversary falls, as for all artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.
In May 1915, just days before Italy's entry into World War I, the 46th Field Artillery Regiment was formed in Pavia by the depot of the 9th Field Artillery Regiment. The new regiment consisted of a command and three groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns.
During the war the regiment served on the Italian front, where it fought in summer 1915 on Monte Sei Busi, at San Martino del Carso, and at Sdraussina. In May 1916 the regiment was again at San Martino del Carso and Sdraussina, before moving to Opatje Selo for the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo. During the Eighth Battle of the Isonzo the regiment was deployed at Nova Vas and Hudi Log. From May to August 1917 the regiment was deployed on Monte Vodice, Monte Kuk and Monte Jelenik. During the Second Battle of the Piave River in June 1918 the regiment was positioned near Fornaci and Case Ninni. In July 1918 the regiment was transferred to the Tonale Pass. During the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto the regiment was deployed on the Monte Pertica in the Monte Grappa massif and advanced to the Monte Prassolan from there to Fonzaso, where the news of the Armistice of Villa Giusti reached the regiment.
After the war the regiment was disbanded in February 1919.
On 15 July 1935 the regiment was reformed in Trento as 46th Artillery Regiment and was assigned to the 1st Motorized Division "Trento". The regiment consisted of a command, a command unit, the I Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, and the II Group with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns. The I Group had been formed by the depot of the 1st Army Corps Artillery Regiment in Casale Monferrato, while the II Group had been formed by the depot of the 23rd Artillery Regiment in Trieste. On 1 December 1935 the division was mobilized for service in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. Before departing Italy the I Group exchanged its 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers for 75/27 mod. 06 field guns. The division was sent to Marj in Libya to replace units deployed to East Africa. In August 1936 the division returned to Trento, where the regiment received on 20 August a newly formed I Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, which joined the II and III groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns. On 2 January 1939 the division changed its name to 102nd Motorized Division "Trento" and on the same date the 46th Artillery Regiment changed its names to 46th Artillery Regiment "Trento".
On 10 June 1940, the day Italy entered World War II, the regiment consisted of a command, a command unit, the I Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, the II and III groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, the 7th and 8th anti-aircraft batteries with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns, and a depot. On 9 December 1940 the British Western Desert Force commenced Operation Compass, which led to the collapse of the Italian 10th Army in Eastern Libya. In March 1941 the 102nd Motorized Division "Trento", which also included the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment, 61st Motorized Infantry Regiment "Trento", and 62nd Motorized Infantry Regiment "Trento", disembarked in Libya. The division and its regiments fought in the Western Desert Campaign and participated in the initial Axis counterattack that led to the Siege of Tobruk. In June 1941 the regiment defended Halfaya Pass and Fort Capuzzo against British forces during Operation Battleaxe. In August of the same year the regiment was reinforced with the 302nd Anti-tank Battery with 47/32 anti-tank guns.
In December 1941 the British Eighth Army initiated Operation Crusader, which forced the Axis forces to fall back to El Agheila. Due to the losses in men and materiel suffered during the battle and retreat the 46th Artillery Regiment "Trento" merged January 1942 its two groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns into one. Over the next months the regiment was reinforced with two newly formed groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns and one newly formed group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers.
At the end of March 1942 the regiment consisted of a command, a command unit, the I and II groups with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, the III and IV groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, and the 412th and 414th anti-aircraft batteries with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns. In May 1942 the regiment fought in the Battle of Gazala, which resulted in the Axis capture of Tobruk. The regiment then participated in the First Battle of El Alamein, Battle of Alam el Halfa, and Second Battle of El Alamein, during which the 102nd Motorized Division "Trento" and its regiment's were destroyed. The division and its regiments were declared lost due to wartime events on 25 November 1942.
For its conduct and sacrifice in the Second Battle of El Alamein the 46th Artillery Regiment "Trento" was awarded a Silver Medal of Military Valour, which was affixed on the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coat of arms.
During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions and groups were granted for the first time their own flags. On 19 October 1975 the I Group of the 33rd Field Artillery Regiment became an autonomous unit and the next day the group was renamed 46th Field Artillery Group "Trento". The group was based in Gradisca d'Isonzo and assigned to the Mechanized Brigade "Gorizia". It consisted of a command, a command and services battery, and three batteries with towed M114 155mm howitzers.
On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone assigned with decree 846 the flag and traditions of the 46th Artillery Regiment "Trento" to the group. At the time the group fielded 485 men (37 officers, 58 non-commissioned officers, and 390 soldiers).
For its conduct and work after the 1976 Friuli earthquake the group was awarded a Bronze Medal of Army Valour, which was affixed to the group's flag and added to the group's coat of arms. In July 1981 the group was equipped with self-propelled M109G 155mm howitzers and changed its name to 46th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group "Trento".
On 9 April 1991 the 46th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group "Trento" was disbanded and the next day the disbanded group's personnel, materiel, and base were used to form 184th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group "Filottrano", which took the Trento's place in the Mechanized Brigade "Gorizia". On 5 June of the same year the flag of the 46th Artillery Regiment "Trento" was returned to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 46th Artillery Regiment \"Trento\" (Italian: 46° Reggimento Artiglieria \"Trento\") is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Gradisca d'Isonzo in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed days before Italy's entry into World War I and disbanded after the war. Reformed in 1935 for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War the regiment was assigned to the 102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", with which the regiment served in World War II. In March 1941 the division and regiment were sent to Libya for the Western Desert campaign, during which both were destroyed in the Second Battle of El Alamein in November 1942.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 1975 the unit was reformed as 46th Field Artillery Group \"Trento\" and assigned to the Mechanized Brigade \"Gorizia\". In 1991 the group was disbanded and its personnel, materiel, and base were assigned to the 184th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group \"Filottrano\". The regimental anniversary falls, as for all artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In May 1915, just days before Italy's entry into World War I, the 46th Field Artillery Regiment was formed in Pavia by the depot of the 9th Field Artillery Regiment. The new regiment consisted of a command and three groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "During the war the regiment served on the Italian front, where it fought in summer 1915 on Monte Sei Busi, at San Martino del Carso, and at Sdraussina. In May 1916 the regiment was again at San Martino del Carso and Sdraussina, before moving to Opatje Selo for the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo. During the Eighth Battle of the Isonzo the regiment was deployed at Nova Vas and Hudi Log. From May to August 1917 the regiment was deployed on Monte Vodice, Monte Kuk and Monte Jelenik. During the Second Battle of the Piave River in June 1918 the regiment was positioned near Fornaci and Case Ninni. In July 1918 the regiment was transferred to the Tonale Pass. During the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto the regiment was deployed on the Monte Pertica in the Monte Grappa massif and advanced to the Monte Prassolan from there to Fonzaso, where the news of the Armistice of Villa Giusti reached the regiment.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After the war the regiment was disbanded in February 1919.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 15 July 1935 the regiment was reformed in Trento as 46th Artillery Regiment and was assigned to the 1st Motorized Division \"Trento\". The regiment consisted of a command, a command unit, the I Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, and the II Group with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns. The I Group had been formed by the depot of the 1st Army Corps Artillery Regiment in Casale Monferrato, while the II Group had been formed by the depot of the 23rd Artillery Regiment in Trieste. On 1 December 1935 the division was mobilized for service in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. Before departing Italy the I Group exchanged its 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers for 75/27 mod. 06 field guns. The division was sent to Marj in Libya to replace units deployed to East Africa. In August 1936 the division returned to Trento, where the regiment received on 20 August a newly formed I Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, which joined the II and III groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns. On 2 January 1939 the division changed its name to 102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\" and on the same date the 46th Artillery Regiment changed its names to 46th Artillery Regiment \"Trento\".",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On 10 June 1940, the day Italy entered World War II, the regiment consisted of a command, a command unit, the I Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, the II and III groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, the 7th and 8th anti-aircraft batteries with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns, and a depot. On 9 December 1940 the British Western Desert Force commenced Operation Compass, which led to the collapse of the Italian 10th Army in Eastern Libya. In March 1941 the 102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", which also included the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment, 61st Motorized Infantry Regiment \"Trento\", and 62nd Motorized Infantry Regiment \"Trento\", disembarked in Libya. The division and its regiments fought in the Western Desert Campaign and participated in the initial Axis counterattack that led to the Siege of Tobruk. In June 1941 the regiment defended Halfaya Pass and Fort Capuzzo against British forces during Operation Battleaxe. In August of the same year the regiment was reinforced with the 302nd Anti-tank Battery with 47/32 anti-tank guns.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In December 1941 the British Eighth Army initiated Operation Crusader, which forced the Axis forces to fall back to El Agheila. Due to the losses in men and materiel suffered during the battle and retreat the 46th Artillery Regiment \"Trento\" merged January 1942 its two groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns into one. Over the next months the regiment was reinforced with two newly formed groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns and one newly formed group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "At the end of March 1942 the regiment consisted of a command, a command unit, the I and II groups with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, the III and IV groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, and the 412th and 414th anti-aircraft batteries with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns. In May 1942 the regiment fought in the Battle of Gazala, which resulted in the Axis capture of Tobruk. The regiment then participated in the First Battle of El Alamein, Battle of Alam el Halfa, and Second Battle of El Alamein, during which the 102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\" and its regiment's were destroyed. The division and its regiments were declared lost due to wartime events on 25 November 1942.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "For its conduct and sacrifice in the Second Battle of El Alamein the 46th Artillery Regiment \"Trento\" was awarded a Silver Medal of Military Valour, which was affixed on the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coat of arms.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions and groups were granted for the first time their own flags. On 19 October 1975 the I Group of the 33rd Field Artillery Regiment became an autonomous unit and the next day the group was renamed 46th Field Artillery Group \"Trento\". The group was based in Gradisca d'Isonzo and assigned to the Mechanized Brigade \"Gorizia\". It consisted of a command, a command and services battery, and three batteries with towed M114 155mm howitzers.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone assigned with decree 846 the flag and traditions of the 46th Artillery Regiment \"Trento\" to the group. At the time the group fielded 485 men (37 officers, 58 non-commissioned officers, and 390 soldiers).",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "For its conduct and work after the 1976 Friuli earthquake the group was awarded a Bronze Medal of Army Valour, which was affixed to the group's flag and added to the group's coat of arms. In July 1981 the group was equipped with self-propelled M109G 155mm howitzers and changed its name to 46th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group \"Trento\".",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "On 9 April 1991 the 46th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group \"Trento\" was disbanded and the next day the disbanded group's personnel, materiel, and base were used to form 184th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group \"Filottrano\", which took the Trento's place in the Mechanized Brigade \"Gorizia\". On 5 June of the same year the flag of the 46th Artillery Regiment \"Trento\" was returned to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.",
"title": "History"
}
] |
The 46th Artillery Regiment "Trento" is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Gradisca d'Isonzo in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed days before Italy's entry into World War I and disbanded after the war. Reformed in 1935 for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War the regiment was assigned to the 102nd Motorized Division "Trento", with which the regiment served in World War II. In March 1941 the division and regiment were sent to Libya for the Western Desert campaign, during which both were destroyed in the Second Battle of El Alamein in November 1942. In 1975 the unit was reformed as 46th Field Artillery Group "Trento" and assigned to the Mechanized Brigade "Gorizia". In 1991 the group was disbanded and its personnel, materiel, and base were assigned to the 184th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group "Filottrano". The regimental anniversary falls, as for all artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.
|
2023-12-04T20:11:56Z
|
2023-12-26T04:31:17Z
|
[
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Italian Army",
"Template:Italian Army Artillery Regiments",
"Template:Infobox military unit",
"Template:Lang-it",
"Template:Main",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_Artillery_Regiment_%22Trento%22
|
75,484,844 |
José Gonzalez Espaliú
|
José Gonzalez Espaliú (Pepe Espaliú) (October 26, 1955 - November 2, 1993) was a Spanish artist and activist, best known for his performative and conceptual pieces. He received an AIDS diagnosis in 1990, which influenced him to focus his art on the marginalization and suffering endured by himself and others with AIDS. Most notably, his performance pieces Carrying and The Nest and his news article “Retrato del artista desahuciado” sought to draw attention to the social and spiritual experiences of living with AIDS, from which he passed away in 1993. Since his Espaliú's death, his work has continued to be exhibited worldwide, including in his hometown of Córdoba in El Centro de Arte Pepe Espaliú (Pepe Espaliú Art Center).
Espaliú was born in Córdoba, Spain on October 26, 1955. He was a multi-hyphenate artist, creating works as a painter, sculptor, illustrator, writer, and performance artist. His work was primarily conceptual in nature. Espaliú, a gay man, moved to Barcelona in the early 1970s at the tail-end of the dictatorship of Francisco Franco in search of a more welcoming social environment. Espaliú received an AIDS diagnosis in 1990, which eventually caused his death in Córdoba on November 3, 1993. He produced relatively little work due to his premature death.
Espaliú grew up in Córdoba, Spain. After the death of his mother when he was 13 years old, Espaliú became an orphan. Espaliú eventually went on to attend School of Fine Arts in Sevilla. There, he organized an exhibition of works by foreign artists at La maquina español. Espaliú then moved to Barcelona in the 1970s and started his own artistic career there. His relationships with the art scenes of Catalonia and Sevilla helped him become more established and refine his artistic style. Espaliú began to make conceptual art, which was highly-regarded in the Barcelona art scene at the time. In the late 1970s he moved to Paris, exposing him to international art. Accordingly, he was influenced by Lacan, Barthes, and Genet, as well as Rumi and San Juan de la Cruz.
Espaliú worked with a variety of media, mostly sculpture, painting, and public demonstration. By the beginning of the 80s, his art “became a complex territory of concealment and desire, where issues such as the body, identity, the double, illness, power, and death were progressively weaved together.” Espaliú tended to draw on the emotionally-charged work of 13th-century Middle-Eastern poet Rumi, and especially on the sense of loss evoked in Rumi’s works about the loss of Shams Tabrizi. Additionally, Espaliú’s writing often referenced the idea that “the soul is the flesh”. Common themes in his work were hollowness, concealment vs. exposure of self, the invocation of spirit, and the relationship between ‘lacking,’ prayer, and self.
Espaliú’s art took a symbolic turn in 1990 when he learned that he had AIDS, and “through sculptures of cages and crutches, [Espaliú] referr[ed] to his condition and extrapolate[d] it into a shared universal order.” He received his diagnosis during the peak of the AIDS epidemic in Spain, when the disease was at its most stigmatized. Thus, his work during this time was focused on the social marginalization and suffering endured by people with AIDS. Knowing that he only had so long left to live, Espaliú dedicated his art to increasing consciousness of and solidarity towards those suffering of the condition. His art at this time was described as “militant” and “angry”, with a focus on “movement, impotence, and friendship.” Espaliú died of complications related to AIDS at the age of 38 in 1993. His total body of work reconciled seemingly contradictory ideas: pleasure and duty, health and pain, personal and political.
Carrying (1992) was Espaliú’s most famous work. In this performance piece, Espaliú was barefoot, sitting on the arms of friends and supporters who took turns carrying him as if he was sitting in a chair. He was then transported: from the San Sebastian Film Festival headquarters to the San Sebastian town hall during the first iteration of the piece in San Sebastian, Spain and from the Parliament building to the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in the second iteration of the piece in Madrid. Espaliú’s ‘seat’ made out of arms and hands resembled thrones used by royalty. Notably, his bare feet symbolized the exclusion and social contempt faced by those with AIDS in Spanish society. The emotional natures of both Espaliú’s expression of pain and the audience’s response put a spotlight on their shared humanity and the quickness to judge those with AIDS. Carrying also garnered massive amounts of publicity because, at the time, much of the general public still believed that AIDS could be spread by simple skin-to-skin contact. This demonstration drew attention to the fear it incited, and to misinformation on which that fear was founded. One newspaper recount even referred to Espaliú as making himself into a ‘piety’. Carrying shares its name with an Espaliú sculpture. The iron sculpture depicts a rickshaw suspended in the air while embedded in a wall.
El Nido/The Nest (1993) was Pepe Espaliú’s final and “most personal” performance piece. The performance took place over the course of eight days on the grounds of the Museum Arnhem in the town of Arnhem, Netherlands. Each day, Espaliú, dressed in mens' formalwear, climbed a ladder to an octagonal wooden platform elevated in a tree and walked in circles, methodically removing more and more clothing as he walked. On the final day of the performance, Espaliú undressed to complete nudity. The artist compared the emotional and spiritual elements of his physical performance to those of Sufi whirling: continuous circular motion with the aim to become “purer and emptier” and “closer to God” with each rotation. Publicly, El Nido was received as “a revelatory piece, simultaneously direct, sad, final, hopeful, witty and serious." On a metaphorical level, the piece was interpreted as an attempt by the artist to “[construct] a symbolic shelter” and enact the connections between “the carnal and the psychic, the interior and exterior." As with Carrying (see above), the performance El Nido shares its name with an Espaliú sculpture that is composed of eight crutches—an object that was a motif in Espaliú's final works—of different colors, all leaning on one another in order to remain standing.
Sin Título (Tres jaulas)/Untitled (Three Cages) (1992) is one of Espaliú’s most renowned sculptures. Formerly displayed at the Hospital de la Venerable Orden III in Madrid, Untitled consists of a row of three cages hanging which, in lieu of solid bottoms, have wires extending in all directions. Aligned with the materials (cages, crutches) and themes of illness and friendship in Espaliú’s later works, Untitled exemplifies how Espaliú, in the final years of his life, “[referred] to his condition and [extrapolated] it into a shared universal order."
Espaliú’s approach to expressing the experience of a body with AIDS has been described as “direct and cathartic” while still “opting for the universal." Curators of his work have noted that, much aligned with the discourse of the feminist movement that began a few decades earlier, Espaliú’s art seeks to ‘make the personal political.’
During Espaliú’s lifetime, his work was exhibited throughout Spain, as well as in Paris, New York, and Amsterdam. In 1994, one year following Espaliú’s death, the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía held a retrospective homage exhibition featuring over 100 of his works produced from 1986 to 1993. Additionally during this year, the Mudéjar Pavilion in Sevilla held the first memorial exhibition for Espaliú.
In October 2010, El Centro de Arte Pepe Espaliú opened in Córdoba in honor of its namesake. The refurbished house contains 32 pieces and 11 notebooks, many of which were sold to the museum by Espaliú’s family at a low price in a collaborative effort to carry on his legacy.
In 2016, the Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (IVAM) opened an exhibit dedicated to the work of Espaliú, and in 2018, García Galería held an exhibition honoring the 25th anniversary of Espaliú’s death, with the aim of “[introducing] his work to a new public.” In the summer of 2023, the Cervantes Institute in Palermo held an exhibition of Espaliú’s work.
Espaliú is known for openly speaking about his struggle with AIDS, and for “openly incorporating gay culture from the clandestine,” choices that separated him from other artists of his time. During an era when shame and secrecy still surrounded AIDS in Spain, Espaliú brought humanity and visibility to the lived experience of the syndrome, and his body of work is regarded as “one of the most profound conceptualisations of living with AIDS.” Even decades after his death, gallery curators that work with Espaliú’s art still speak to his ability to express parts of the human experience that may typically go unseen.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "José Gonzalez Espaliú (Pepe Espaliú) (October 26, 1955 - November 2, 1993) was a Spanish artist and activist, best known for his performative and conceptual pieces. He received an AIDS diagnosis in 1990, which influenced him to focus his art on the marginalization and suffering endured by himself and others with AIDS. Most notably, his performance pieces Carrying and The Nest and his news article “Retrato del artista desahuciado” sought to draw attention to the social and spiritual experiences of living with AIDS, from which he passed away in 1993. Since his Espaliú's death, his work has continued to be exhibited worldwide, including in his hometown of Córdoba in El Centro de Arte Pepe Espaliú (Pepe Espaliú Art Center).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Espaliú was born in Córdoba, Spain on October 26, 1955. He was a multi-hyphenate artist, creating works as a painter, sculptor, illustrator, writer, and performance artist. His work was primarily conceptual in nature. Espaliú, a gay man, moved to Barcelona in the early 1970s at the tail-end of the dictatorship of Francisco Franco in search of a more welcoming social environment. Espaliú received an AIDS diagnosis in 1990, which eventually caused his death in Córdoba on November 3, 1993. He produced relatively little work due to his premature death.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Espaliú grew up in Córdoba, Spain. After the death of his mother when he was 13 years old, Espaliú became an orphan. Espaliú eventually went on to attend School of Fine Arts in Sevilla. There, he organized an exhibition of works by foreign artists at La maquina español. Espaliú then moved to Barcelona in the 1970s and started his own artistic career there. His relationships with the art scenes of Catalonia and Sevilla helped him become more established and refine his artistic style. Espaliú began to make conceptual art, which was highly-regarded in the Barcelona art scene at the time. In the late 1970s he moved to Paris, exposing him to international art. Accordingly, he was influenced by Lacan, Barthes, and Genet, as well as Rumi and San Juan de la Cruz.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Espaliú worked with a variety of media, mostly sculpture, painting, and public demonstration. By the beginning of the 80s, his art “became a complex territory of concealment and desire, where issues such as the body, identity, the double, illness, power, and death were progressively weaved together.” Espaliú tended to draw on the emotionally-charged work of 13th-century Middle-Eastern poet Rumi, and especially on the sense of loss evoked in Rumi’s works about the loss of Shams Tabrizi. Additionally, Espaliú’s writing often referenced the idea that “the soul is the flesh”. Common themes in his work were hollowness, concealment vs. exposure of self, the invocation of spirit, and the relationship between ‘lacking,’ prayer, and self.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Espaliú’s art took a symbolic turn in 1990 when he learned that he had AIDS, and “through sculptures of cages and crutches, [Espaliú] referr[ed] to his condition and extrapolate[d] it into a shared universal order.” He received his diagnosis during the peak of the AIDS epidemic in Spain, when the disease was at its most stigmatized. Thus, his work during this time was focused on the social marginalization and suffering endured by people with AIDS. Knowing that he only had so long left to live, Espaliú dedicated his art to increasing consciousness of and solidarity towards those suffering of the condition. His art at this time was described as “militant” and “angry”, with a focus on “movement, impotence, and friendship.” Espaliú died of complications related to AIDS at the age of 38 in 1993. His total body of work reconciled seemingly contradictory ideas: pleasure and duty, health and pain, personal and political.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Carrying (1992) was Espaliú’s most famous work. In this performance piece, Espaliú was barefoot, sitting on the arms of friends and supporters who took turns carrying him as if he was sitting in a chair. He was then transported: from the San Sebastian Film Festival headquarters to the San Sebastian town hall during the first iteration of the piece in San Sebastian, Spain and from the Parliament building to the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in the second iteration of the piece in Madrid. Espaliú’s ‘seat’ made out of arms and hands resembled thrones used by royalty. Notably, his bare feet symbolized the exclusion and social contempt faced by those with AIDS in Spanish society. The emotional natures of both Espaliú’s expression of pain and the audience’s response put a spotlight on their shared humanity and the quickness to judge those with AIDS. Carrying also garnered massive amounts of publicity because, at the time, much of the general public still believed that AIDS could be spread by simple skin-to-skin contact. This demonstration drew attention to the fear it incited, and to misinformation on which that fear was founded. One newspaper recount even referred to Espaliú as making himself into a ‘piety’. Carrying shares its name with an Espaliú sculpture. The iron sculpture depicts a rickshaw suspended in the air while embedded in a wall.",
"title": "Notable works"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "El Nido/The Nest (1993) was Pepe Espaliú’s final and “most personal” performance piece. The performance took place over the course of eight days on the grounds of the Museum Arnhem in the town of Arnhem, Netherlands. Each day, Espaliú, dressed in mens' formalwear, climbed a ladder to an octagonal wooden platform elevated in a tree and walked in circles, methodically removing more and more clothing as he walked. On the final day of the performance, Espaliú undressed to complete nudity. The artist compared the emotional and spiritual elements of his physical performance to those of Sufi whirling: continuous circular motion with the aim to become “purer and emptier” and “closer to God” with each rotation. Publicly, El Nido was received as “a revelatory piece, simultaneously direct, sad, final, hopeful, witty and serious.\" On a metaphorical level, the piece was interpreted as an attempt by the artist to “[construct] a symbolic shelter” and enact the connections between “the carnal and the psychic, the interior and exterior.\" As with Carrying (see above), the performance El Nido shares its name with an Espaliú sculpture that is composed of eight crutches—an object that was a motif in Espaliú's final works—of different colors, all leaning on one another in order to remain standing.",
"title": "Notable works"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Sin Título (Tres jaulas)/Untitled (Three Cages) (1992) is one of Espaliú’s most renowned sculptures. Formerly displayed at the Hospital de la Venerable Orden III in Madrid, Untitled consists of a row of three cages hanging which, in lieu of solid bottoms, have wires extending in all directions. Aligned with the materials (cages, crutches) and themes of illness and friendship in Espaliú’s later works, Untitled exemplifies how Espaliú, in the final years of his life, “[referred] to his condition and [extrapolated] it into a shared universal order.\"",
"title": "Notable works"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Espaliú’s approach to expressing the experience of a body with AIDS has been described as “direct and cathartic” while still “opting for the universal.\" Curators of his work have noted that, much aligned with the discourse of the feminist movement that began a few decades earlier, Espaliú’s art seeks to ‘make the personal political.’",
"title": "Notable works"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "During Espaliú’s lifetime, his work was exhibited throughout Spain, as well as in Paris, New York, and Amsterdam. In 1994, one year following Espaliú’s death, the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía held a retrospective homage exhibition featuring over 100 of his works produced from 1986 to 1993. Additionally during this year, the Mudéjar Pavilion in Sevilla held the first memorial exhibition for Espaliú.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In October 2010, El Centro de Arte Pepe Espaliú opened in Córdoba in honor of its namesake. The refurbished house contains 32 pieces and 11 notebooks, many of which were sold to the museum by Espaliú’s family at a low price in a collaborative effort to carry on his legacy.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In 2016, the Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (IVAM) opened an exhibit dedicated to the work of Espaliú, and in 2018, García Galería held an exhibition honoring the 25th anniversary of Espaliú’s death, with the aim of “[introducing] his work to a new public.” In the summer of 2023, the Cervantes Institute in Palermo held an exhibition of Espaliú’s work.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Espaliú is known for openly speaking about his struggle with AIDS, and for “openly incorporating gay culture from the clandestine,” choices that separated him from other artists of his time. During an era when shame and secrecy still surrounded AIDS in Spain, Espaliú brought humanity and visibility to the lived experience of the syndrome, and his body of work is regarded as “one of the most profound conceptualisations of living with AIDS.” Even decades after his death, gallery curators that work with Espaliú’s art still speak to his ability to express parts of the human experience that may typically go unseen.",
"title": "Reception"
}
] |
José Gonzalez Espaliú was a Spanish artist and activist, best known for his performative and conceptual pieces. He received an AIDS diagnosis in 1990, which influenced him to focus his art on the marginalization and suffering endured by himself and others with AIDS. Most notably, his performance pieces Carrying and The Nest and his news article “Retrato del artista desahuciado” sought to draw attention to the social and spiritual experiences of living with AIDS, from which he passed away in 1993. Since his Espaliú's death, his work has continued to be exhibited worldwide, including in his hometown of Córdoba in El Centro de Arte Pepe Espaliú.
|
2023-12-04T20:12:48Z
|
2023-12-26T16:36:39Z
|
[
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gonzalez_Espali%C3%BA
|
75,484,854 |
Ryan Ellis (singer)
|
Ryan Ellis is a contemporary Christian pop, R&B, and worship singer from Orange, CA known for the hit song, “Heart of the Father.” He is currently signed to Provident Label Group.
Ryan Ellis spent five years in the U.S. Navy on a tour of duty in Afghanistan. It was after his time in the service that he found his passion for music as a founding member of the hip-hop dance team Jabbawockeez. He then became the worship leader of Isla Upper.
Ryan Ellis first major success was the single "Heart of the Father." The song came out of Ellis’ time spent in California with the charitable organization Isla Vista Worship. The online publication Aleteia said,"'Heart of the Father' is a tune firmly planted at the junction of Christian music and R&B. The tune is a powerful one that gives rise to goosebumps from the first chorus."
Ellis released his self-titled album which included "Heart of the Father" in July of 2023, with the album peaking at No. 2 at Mediabase and receiving more than 34 million streams.
Ellis also recorded the song Son of David with singer Brandon Lake.
On July 14, 2023, Ellis released the 5 song EP 'Nite-N-Day.'
In 2022, Ellis toured with Christian artist Big Daddy Weave.
Before his solo success, in 2014 Ellis joined the Housefires Gospel Community, an inclusivity-driven music collective made up of GRAMMY-nominated and chart-topping artists and songwriters. The group released two albums in 2023, 'How to start a House, Part 1 & 2.
Ryan Ellis and his wife, Cassie, have announced they are expecting a little boy in late November 2022.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ryan Ellis is a contemporary Christian pop, R&B, and worship singer from Orange, CA known for the hit song, “Heart of the Father.” He is currently signed to Provident Label Group.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ryan Ellis spent five years in the U.S. Navy on a tour of duty in Afghanistan. It was after his time in the service that he found his passion for music as a founding member of the hip-hop dance team Jabbawockeez. He then became the worship leader of Isla Upper.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Ryan Ellis first major success was the single \"Heart of the Father.\" The song came out of Ellis’ time spent in California with the charitable organization Isla Vista Worship. The online publication Aleteia said,\"'Heart of the Father' is a tune firmly planted at the junction of Christian music and R&B. The tune is a powerful one that gives rise to goosebumps from the first chorus.\"",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Ellis released his self-titled album which included \"Heart of the Father\" in July of 2023, with the album peaking at No. 2 at Mediabase and receiving more than 34 million streams.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Ellis also recorded the song Son of David with singer Brandon Lake.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On July 14, 2023, Ellis released the 5 song EP 'Nite-N-Day.'",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 2022, Ellis toured with Christian artist Big Daddy Weave.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Before his solo success, in 2014 Ellis joined the Housefires Gospel Community, an inclusivity-driven music collective made up of GRAMMY-nominated and chart-topping artists and songwriters. The group released two albums in 2023, 'How to start a House, Part 1 & 2.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Ryan Ellis and his wife, Cassie, have announced they are expecting a little boy in late November 2022.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "",
"title": "Discography"
}
] |
Ryan Ellis is a contemporary Christian pop, R&B, and worship singer from Orange, CA known for the hit song, “Heart of the Father.” He is currently signed to Provident Label Group.
|
2023-12-04T20:13:21Z
|
2023-12-14T02:49:59Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Official website",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox musical artist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Ellis_(singer)
|
75,484,856 |
1992 Exeter City Council election
|
The 1992 Exeter City Council election took place on 7 May 1992 to elect members of Exeter City Council in Devon, England. This was on the same day as other local elections.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1992 Exeter City Council election took place on 7 May 1992 to elect members of Exeter City Council in Devon, England. This was on the same day as other local elections.",
"title": ""
}
] |
The 1992 Exeter City Council election took place on 7 May 1992 to elect members of Exeter City Council in Devon, England. This was on the same day as other local elections.
|
2023-12-04T20:13:36Z
|
2023-12-04T20:14:41Z
|
[
"Template:Election box gain with party link",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Infobox election",
"Template:Election box winning candidate with party link",
"Template:Election box candidate with party link",
"Template:Election box turnout",
"Template:Election box end",
"Template:Election box begin",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Election summary partial council net party",
"Template:Election box hold with party link",
"Template:1992 United Kingdom local elections",
"Template:Election summary partial council net begin",
"Template:Election box majority",
"Template:Election box registered electors",
"Template:Devon elections"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Exeter_City_Council_election
|
75,484,857 |
Erbium(III) selenate
|
Erbium(III) selenate is an inorganic compound, with the chemical formula Er2(SeO4)3. It exists as an anhydrate or an octahydrate.
Monoclinic erbium(III) selenate octahydrate can be crystallized from the solution when dissolving erbium oxide in selenic acid:
Erbium(III) selenate octahydrate is first dehydrated by heating to obtain the anhydrous form, and then heated continuously to obtain erbium selenite and finally erbium(III) oxide.
It can crystallize with M2SeO4 in aqueous solution to form double salts, such as K3Er(SeO4)3·nH2O and NH4Er(SeO4)2·3H2O, etc.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Erbium(III) selenate is an inorganic compound, with the chemical formula Er2(SeO4)3. It exists as an anhydrate or an octahydrate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Monoclinic erbium(III) selenate octahydrate can be crystallized from the solution when dissolving erbium oxide in selenic acid:",
"title": "Preparation and properties"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Erbium(III) selenate octahydrate is first dehydrated by heating to obtain the anhydrous form, and then heated continuously to obtain erbium selenite and finally erbium(III) oxide.",
"title": "Preparation and properties"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "It can crystallize with M2SeO4 in aqueous solution to form double salts, such as K3Er(SeO4)3·nH2O and NH4Er(SeO4)2·3H2O, etc.",
"title": "Preparation and properties"
}
] |
Erbium(III) selenate is an inorganic compound, with the chemical formula Er2(SeO4)3. It exists as an anhydrate or an octahydrate.
|
2023-12-04T20:13:49Z
|
2023-12-14T12:17:21Z
|
[
"Template:Chem2",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Erbium compounds",
"Template:Selenates",
"Template:Chembox"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbium(III)_selenate
|
75,484,863 |
Raid on Madrid
|
The Raid on Madrid was a small raid by Canadian Militia and Royal Marines on the village of Madrid, New York, during the War of 1812.
With the withdrawal of Wilkinson's Army from their winter quarters along the Salmon River, the British and Canadians believed it was a good time to launch a raid and attempt to capture any supplies that had been abandoned in the American retreat.
Capt. Reuben Sherwood of the 1st Leeds Militia formulated a plan to raid the village of Madrid for any vital supplies.
Late in the evening on February 6, 1814, Sherwood took a force of 23 Royal Marines, 11 members of the Incorporated Militia of Upper Canada, and 20 men from the Dundas Militia and crossed the St. Lawrence River in boats manned by the Dundas men. They marched through Hamilton and then turned and marched 14 miles to Madrid arriving late that night. There they recovered property belonging to Kingston merchants which had been seized when their seven bateaux were captured near Cornwall in late October by privateers from Hamilton.
Sherwood and his men commandeered as many sleighs as possible from the area and loaded them full with supplies and stores from Madrid. They began their return to the river on the morning of February 7, and crossed back over that afternoon in boats once again manned by men of the Dundas Militia.
The raid was successful, though 20 sleigh loads had to be left behind due to lack of space in the boats. The supplies were taken to Cornwall and Gen. Morrison was convinced to launch a larger scale raid in the area, resulting in the Salmon River Raid later that month.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Raid on Madrid was a small raid by Canadian Militia and Royal Marines on the village of Madrid, New York, during the War of 1812.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "With the withdrawal of Wilkinson's Army from their winter quarters along the Salmon River, the British and Canadians believed it was a good time to launch a raid and attempt to capture any supplies that had been abandoned in the American retreat.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Capt. Reuben Sherwood of the 1st Leeds Militia formulated a plan to raid the village of Madrid for any vital supplies.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Late in the evening on February 6, 1814, Sherwood took a force of 23 Royal Marines, 11 members of the Incorporated Militia of Upper Canada, and 20 men from the Dundas Militia and crossed the St. Lawrence River in boats manned by the Dundas men. They marched through Hamilton and then turned and marched 14 miles to Madrid arriving late that night. There they recovered property belonging to Kingston merchants which had been seized when their seven bateaux were captured near Cornwall in late October by privateers from Hamilton.",
"title": "Raid"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Sherwood and his men commandeered as many sleighs as possible from the area and loaded them full with supplies and stores from Madrid. They began their return to the river on the morning of February 7, and crossed back over that afternoon in boats once again manned by men of the Dundas Militia.",
"title": "Raid"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The raid was successful, though 20 sleigh loads had to be left behind due to lack of space in the boats. The supplies were taken to Cornwall and Gen. Morrison was convinced to launch a larger scale raid in the area, resulting in the Salmon River Raid later that month.",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] |
The Raid on Madrid was a small raid by Canadian Militia and Royal Marines on the village of Madrid, New York, during the War of 1812.
|
2023-12-04T20:15:02Z
|
2023-12-12T00:52:46Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite magazine",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Battles of the War of 1812",
"Template:Infobox military conflict",
"Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: St. Lawrence Frontier"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Madrid
|
75,484,865 |
Oenothera villosa
|
Oenothera villosa, the hairy evening primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae. It is native to nearly all of the United States (except Hawaii, Alaska, Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina), and to all Canadian provinces and the Northwest Territories, and it has been introduced to cold and cool-temperate regions worldwide. A biennial reaching 6 ft (1.8 m), it is typically found in open areas and disturbed situations.
The following subspecies are accepted:
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Oenothera villosa, the hairy evening primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae. It is native to nearly all of the United States (except Hawaii, Alaska, Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina), and to all Canadian provinces and the Northwest Territories, and it has been introduced to cold and cool-temperate regions worldwide. A biennial reaching 6 ft (1.8 m), it is typically found in open areas and disturbed situations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The following subspecies are accepted:",
"title": "Subtaxa"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Oenothera villosa, the hairy evening primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae. It is native to nearly all of the United States, and to all Canadian provinces and the Northwest Territories, and it has been introduced to cold and cool-temperate regions worldwide. A biennial reaching 6 ft (1.8 m), it is typically found in open areas and disturbed situations.
|
2023-12-04T20:15:17Z
|
2023-12-04T20:33:12Z
|
[
"Template:Cite POWO",
"Template:Myrtales-stub",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Small",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Cvt",
"Template:Taxonbar"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenothera_villosa
|
75,484,879 |
47th Artillery Regiment "Bari"
|
The 47th Artillery Regiment "Bari" (Italian: 47° Reggimento Artiglieria "Bari") is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Bari in Apulia. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed days before Italy's entry into World War I and disbanded after the war. The regiment was reformed in 1939 and assigned in World War II to the 47th Infantry Division "Bari", with which the regiment fought in the Greco-Italian War. The division and regiment were located in Sardinia when the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943. The division clashed with retreating German forces and then joined the Italian Co-belligerent Army. On 21 September the division and its units were disbanded and the personnel used to form the Internal Security Division "Aosta".
The regiment was reformed in 1951 and assigned to the Infantry Division "Avellino". In 1960 the division was reduced to brigade and the regiment was disbanded. In 1975 unit was once more reformed as 47th Field Artillery Group "Gargano" and assigned to the Motorized Brigade "Pinerolo". In 1981 the group was transferred to the Southern Military Region and ten years later, in 1991, it was disbanded.
In May 1915, just days before Italy's entry into World War I, the 47th Field Artillery Regiment was formed in Caserta by the depot of the 10th Field Artillery Regiment. The new regiment consisted of a command, two groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, and one group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns.
During the war the regiment served on the Italian front, where it fought in summer 1915 on Monte San Michele and in November of the same year at San Martino del Carso. In 1916 the regiment was again on Monte San Michele and then on Nad Logen and Monte Pečinka. The first half of 1917 the regiment was deployed on Fajti Hrib and on the Volkowniak. At the start of the Battle of Caporetto the regiment was at Cotiči. After retreating with the army to the Tagliamento river the regiment participated in delaying actions along the river before falling back to the Piave, where the regiment fought in the First Battle of the Piave River. In the Second Battle of the Piave River in June 1918 the regiment was positioned near Candelù. During the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto the regiment was initially at Fossalta before advancing to Livenza, where the news of the Armistice of Villa Giusti reached the regiment.
After the war the regiment was disbanded in February 1919.
On 15 September 1939 the depot of the 14th Artillery Regiment "Ferrara" in Foggia reformed the 47th Artillery Regiment "Bari". The regiment was based in Bari and assigned to the 47th Infantry Division "Bari", which also included the 139th Infantry Regiment "Bari" and 140th Infantry Regiment "Bari". The regiment consisted of a command, a command unit, the II Group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, the III Group with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, and the 347th Anti-aircraft Battery with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns. On 18 June 1940 the depot of the 14th Artillery Regiment "Ferrara" formed the I Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers for the regiment and in September of the same year the II Group switched to 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns.
In October 1940 the division was sent to Albania to reinforce Italian units engaged in the Greco-Italian War. For the next three months the division was in heavy combat against Greek forces, until the division was sent to the rear at the end of January 1941. On the 14th of that month the artillery regiment received the IV Group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns. The division returned to the front in April 1941 and participated the Battle of Greece. In June 1941, the division was repatriated to Apulia.
For its conduct in Albania and Greece the 47th Artillery Regiment "Bari" was awarded a War Cross of Military Valor, which was affixed on the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coat of arms.
In April 1943 the regiment ceded its first three groups to other regiments (including the 152nd Artillery Regiment "Piceno") and was sent to the North of Sardinia, where the division was tasked with coastal defense duties. In Sardinian the regiment received new groups and on 1 May 1943 consisted of a command, a command unit, the newly assigned I Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, its own IV Group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, which was renumbered II Group, the III Group with 7.5cm Pak 40 anti-tank guns, and the LXXIX Group with 75/46 C.A. mod. 34 anti-aircraft guns.
After the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943 the division participated in the pursuit of German units evacuating Sardinia. The division then joined the Italian Co-Belligerent Army and shipped to Sicily. On 16 June 1944 the regiment consisted of the following units:
On 10 August the units of the division started the process of being reorganized into Security and Guard Groups, to free up the groups of the 104th Infantry Division "Mantova" and 152nd Infantry Division "Piceno", which were destined to form the Combat Group "Mantova" respectively the Combat Group "Piceno". On 21 September 1944 the regiment was disbanded and the regiment's command formed the 6th Guards Regiment, which was assigned to the 210th Auxiliary Division on 14 October 1944.
On 1 March 1951 the 47th Field Artillery Regiment was reformed in Santa Maria Capua Vetere and assigned to the Infantry Division "Avellino". Initially the regiment consisted of a command and the I Group with M101 105mm towed howitzers. On 11 March 1951 the regiment formed its command unit, and on 1 May of the same year the II Group with M101 105mm towed howitzers. On 1 January 1953 the regiment formed the III Group with QF 25-pounder field guns, the IV Group with towed M114 155mm howitzers, and the V Light Anti-aircraft Group with 40/56 autocannons. In August 1954 the I and II groups switched to QF 25-pounder field guns. On 30 November the I, II, IV and V groups were disbanded and the next day the III Group was renumbered as I Group, and a new II Mixed Group was formed, which consisted of one battery with M114 155mm howitzers, one light anti-aircraft battery with 40/56 autocannons, an artillery specialists section, and a Light Aircraft Section with L-21B artillery observation planes.
In 1960 the Infantry Division "Avellino" was reduced to Infantry Brigade "Avellino" and consequently on 15 November 1960 the regiment was disbanded and the next day the personnel and materiel of the disbanded regiment were used to form the Field Artillery Group "Avellino". The group inherited the traditions of the 47th Artillery Regiment "Bari", but not the regiment's flag, which was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome. The group consisted of a command, a command and services battery, three batteries with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers, and one light anti-aircraft battery with 40/56 autocannons, which was disbanded on 30 October 1962. In August 1964 the three batteries replaced their 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers with towed 105/22 mod. 14/61 howitzers. On 1 October 1965 the Infantry Brigade "Avellino" was disbanded, as was the Field Artillery Group "Avellino" on 20 October of the same year.
During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions and groups were granted for the first time their own flags. On 1 November 1975 the Field Artillery Group "Pinerolo" of the Infantry Brigade "Pinerolo" was renamed 47th Field Artillery Group "Gargano". To avoid confusion with the 9th Motorized Infantry Battalion "Bari" the group was named for the Gargano peninsula to the north of the group's base in Bari. The group was assigned to the Motorized Brigade "Pinerolo" and consisted of a command, a command and services battery, and three batteries with towed M114 155mm howitzers.
On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone assigned with decree 846 the flag and traditions of the 47th Artillery Regiment "Bari" to the group. At the time the group fielded 485 men (37 officers, 58 non-commissioned officers, and 390 soldiers).
On 5 December 1981 the group lost its autonomy and the next day the group entered the reformed 9th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment as III Group. Consequently the flag of the 47th Artillery Regiment "Bari" was returned to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.
On 28 February 1986 the regiment was disbanded and the next day the III Group became autonomous again as 47th Heavy Field Artillery Group "Gargano". The group was assigned, together with the 2nd Heavy Field Artillery Group "Potenza" and 9th Heavy Field Artillery Group "Foggia" to Artillery Command of the Southern Military Region. In following weeks the group retrieved the flag of the 47th Artillery Regiment "Bari" from the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano.
On 15 March 1991 the 47th Heavy Field Artillery Group "Gargano" returned the flag of the 47th Artillery Regiment "Bari" to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano and on the 31st of the same month the group was disbanded.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 47th Artillery Regiment \"Bari\" (Italian: 47° Reggimento Artiglieria \"Bari\") is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Bari in Apulia. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed days before Italy's entry into World War I and disbanded after the war. The regiment was reformed in 1939 and assigned in World War II to the 47th Infantry Division \"Bari\", with which the regiment fought in the Greco-Italian War. The division and regiment were located in Sardinia when the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943. The division clashed with retreating German forces and then joined the Italian Co-belligerent Army. On 21 September the division and its units were disbanded and the personnel used to form the Internal Security Division \"Aosta\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The regiment was reformed in 1951 and assigned to the Infantry Division \"Avellino\". In 1960 the division was reduced to brigade and the regiment was disbanded. In 1975 unit was once more reformed as 47th Field Artillery Group \"Gargano\" and assigned to the Motorized Brigade \"Pinerolo\". In 1981 the group was transferred to the Southern Military Region and ten years later, in 1991, it was disbanded.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In May 1915, just days before Italy's entry into World War I, the 47th Field Artillery Regiment was formed in Caserta by the depot of the 10th Field Artillery Regiment. The new regiment consisted of a command, two groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, and one group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "During the war the regiment served on the Italian front, where it fought in summer 1915 on Monte San Michele and in November of the same year at San Martino del Carso. In 1916 the regiment was again on Monte San Michele and then on Nad Logen and Monte Pečinka. The first half of 1917 the regiment was deployed on Fajti Hrib and on the Volkowniak. At the start of the Battle of Caporetto the regiment was at Cotiči. After retreating with the army to the Tagliamento river the regiment participated in delaying actions along the river before falling back to the Piave, where the regiment fought in the First Battle of the Piave River. In the Second Battle of the Piave River in June 1918 the regiment was positioned near Candelù. During the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto the regiment was initially at Fossalta before advancing to Livenza, where the news of the Armistice of Villa Giusti reached the regiment.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After the war the regiment was disbanded in February 1919.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 15 September 1939 the depot of the 14th Artillery Regiment \"Ferrara\" in Foggia reformed the 47th Artillery Regiment \"Bari\". The regiment was based in Bari and assigned to the 47th Infantry Division \"Bari\", which also included the 139th Infantry Regiment \"Bari\" and 140th Infantry Regiment \"Bari\". The regiment consisted of a command, a command unit, the II Group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, the III Group with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, and the 347th Anti-aircraft Battery with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns. On 18 June 1940 the depot of the 14th Artillery Regiment \"Ferrara\" formed the I Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers for the regiment and in September of the same year the II Group switched to 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In October 1940 the division was sent to Albania to reinforce Italian units engaged in the Greco-Italian War. For the next three months the division was in heavy combat against Greek forces, until the division was sent to the rear at the end of January 1941. On the 14th of that month the artillery regiment received the IV Group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns. The division returned to the front in April 1941 and participated the Battle of Greece. In June 1941, the division was repatriated to Apulia.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "For its conduct in Albania and Greece the 47th Artillery Regiment \"Bari\" was awarded a War Cross of Military Valor, which was affixed on the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coat of arms.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In April 1943 the regiment ceded its first three groups to other regiments (including the 152nd Artillery Regiment \"Piceno\") and was sent to the North of Sardinia, where the division was tasked with coastal defense duties. In Sardinian the regiment received new groups and on 1 May 1943 consisted of a command, a command unit, the newly assigned I Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, its own IV Group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, which was renumbered II Group, the III Group with 7.5cm Pak 40 anti-tank guns, and the LXXIX Group with 75/46 C.A. mod. 34 anti-aircraft guns.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "After the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943 the division participated in the pursuit of German units evacuating Sardinia. The division then joined the Italian Co-Belligerent Army and shipped to Sicily. On 16 June 1944 the regiment consisted of the following units:",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "On 10 August the units of the division started the process of being reorganized into Security and Guard Groups, to free up the groups of the 104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\" and 152nd Infantry Division \"Piceno\", which were destined to form the Combat Group \"Mantova\" respectively the Combat Group \"Piceno\". On 21 September 1944 the regiment was disbanded and the regiment's command formed the 6th Guards Regiment, which was assigned to the 210th Auxiliary Division on 14 October 1944.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "On 1 March 1951 the 47th Field Artillery Regiment was reformed in Santa Maria Capua Vetere and assigned to the Infantry Division \"Avellino\". Initially the regiment consisted of a command and the I Group with M101 105mm towed howitzers. On 11 March 1951 the regiment formed its command unit, and on 1 May of the same year the II Group with M101 105mm towed howitzers. On 1 January 1953 the regiment formed the III Group with QF 25-pounder field guns, the IV Group with towed M114 155mm howitzers, and the V Light Anti-aircraft Group with 40/56 autocannons. In August 1954 the I and II groups switched to QF 25-pounder field guns. On 30 November the I, II, IV and V groups were disbanded and the next day the III Group was renumbered as I Group, and a new II Mixed Group was formed, which consisted of one battery with M114 155mm howitzers, one light anti-aircraft battery with 40/56 autocannons, an artillery specialists section, and a Light Aircraft Section with L-21B artillery observation planes.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In 1960 the Infantry Division \"Avellino\" was reduced to Infantry Brigade \"Avellino\" and consequently on 15 November 1960 the regiment was disbanded and the next day the personnel and materiel of the disbanded regiment were used to form the Field Artillery Group \"Avellino\". The group inherited the traditions of the 47th Artillery Regiment \"Bari\", but not the regiment's flag, which was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome. The group consisted of a command, a command and services battery, three batteries with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers, and one light anti-aircraft battery with 40/56 autocannons, which was disbanded on 30 October 1962. In August 1964 the three batteries replaced their 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers with towed 105/22 mod. 14/61 howitzers. On 1 October 1965 the Infantry Brigade \"Avellino\" was disbanded, as was the Field Artillery Group \"Avellino\" on 20 October of the same year.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions and groups were granted for the first time their own flags. On 1 November 1975 the Field Artillery Group \"Pinerolo\" of the Infantry Brigade \"Pinerolo\" was renamed 47th Field Artillery Group \"Gargano\". To avoid confusion with the 9th Motorized Infantry Battalion \"Bari\" the group was named for the Gargano peninsula to the north of the group's base in Bari. The group was assigned to the Motorized Brigade \"Pinerolo\" and consisted of a command, a command and services battery, and three batteries with towed M114 155mm howitzers.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone assigned with decree 846 the flag and traditions of the 47th Artillery Regiment \"Bari\" to the group. At the time the group fielded 485 men (37 officers, 58 non-commissioned officers, and 390 soldiers).",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "On 5 December 1981 the group lost its autonomy and the next day the group entered the reformed 9th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment as III Group. Consequently the flag of the 47th Artillery Regiment \"Bari\" was returned to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "On 28 February 1986 the regiment was disbanded and the next day the III Group became autonomous again as 47th Heavy Field Artillery Group \"Gargano\". The group was assigned, together with the 2nd Heavy Field Artillery Group \"Potenza\" and 9th Heavy Field Artillery Group \"Foggia\" to Artillery Command of the Southern Military Region. In following weeks the group retrieved the flag of the 47th Artillery Regiment \"Bari\" from the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "On 15 March 1991 the 47th Heavy Field Artillery Group \"Gargano\" returned the flag of the 47th Artillery Regiment \"Bari\" to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano and on the 31st of the same month the group was disbanded.",
"title": "History"
}
] |
The 47th Artillery Regiment "Bari" is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Bari in Apulia. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed days before Italy's entry into World War I and disbanded after the war. The regiment was reformed in 1939 and assigned in World War II to the 47th Infantry Division "Bari", with which the regiment fought in the Greco-Italian War. The division and regiment were located in Sardinia when the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943. The division clashed with retreating German forces and then joined the Italian Co-belligerent Army. On 21 September the division and its units were disbanded and the personnel used to form the Internal Security Division "Aosta". The regiment was reformed in 1951 and assigned to the Infantry Division "Avellino". In 1960 the division was reduced to brigade and the regiment was disbanded. In 1975 unit was once more reformed as 47th Field Artillery Group "Gargano" and assigned to the Motorized Brigade "Pinerolo". In 1981 the group was transferred to the Southern Military Region and ten years later, in 1991, it was disbanded.
|
2023-12-04T20:16:56Z
|
2023-12-24T13:57:40Z
|
[
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Italian Army",
"Template:Italian Army Artillery Regiments",
"Template:Main",
"Template:Tree list",
"Template:Tree list/end",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Infobox military unit",
"Template:Lang-it"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_Artillery_Regiment_%22Bari%22
|
75,484,920 |
Privilege hazard
|
Privilege Hazard is a concept introduced by Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren Klein in their book Data Feminism,referring to the phenomenon where individuals in privileged positions remain unaware of their inherent advantages. This lack of awareness perpetuates societal inequalities and obstructs efforts to advocate for marginalized groups. Authors such as Felicia Pratto, Andrew Stewart, Peggy McIntosh and Taylor Phillips have contributed to this discourse by examining various forms of privilege hazards, including group dominance, white, male and class privilege. This exploration sheds light on how privilege manifests in different societal spheres and its implications for marginalized communities.
In their exploration of Data Feminism, Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren Klein define "privilege hazard" as the potential risks arising when privileged individuals, equipped with access to resources and data, attempt to address issues faced by marginalized groups. Relying solely on data may reinforce existing power dynamics, further marginalizing disadvantaged communities. To counter this, they advocate for an inclusive approach to data practices that centers on marginalized voices, aiming for a more equitable and just data ecosystem.
The continuous presence of privilege hazard is evident in the concept of group dominance, wherein one social group holds significant advantages over others, leading to the consolidation of power and resources. Pratto and Stewart's research emphasizes that dominant groups often lack awareness of their privileged identities, viewing them as normal rather than as privileges. Kaidi Wu and David Dunning delve into hypocognition within group dominance privilege, highlighting how individuals from dominant groups may struggle to grasp the difficulties faced by minorities due to lack of exposure.
Peggy McIntosh and scholars like Brian Lowery and Taylor Phillips discuss white privilege, highlighting the unseen benefits white individuals enjoy due to their race. McIntosh describes it as an invisible knapsack of unearned advantages, leading to limited perspectives and empathy towards marginalized groups. Taylor Phillips and Brian Lowery's research further elaborates on how whites tend to hide their privilege from themselves, maintaining the status quo and hindering progress toward equity.
Male privilege encompasses the advantages men experience solely due to their gender. Peggy McIntosh notes that males are conditioned not to recognize their privilege, leading to obliviousness and perpetuation of the privilege hazard. Real-life examples, such as unequal distribution of household chores, illustrate how male privilege remains invisible to men due to societal norms.Tal Peretz expands on McIntosh’s concept, questioning if men tend to overlook or critically examine their privilege.
Class privilege refers to the benefits individuals enjoy based on their social or economic status. Taylor Phillips and Brian Lowery's study reveals that when confronted with their privilege, individuals tend to defend themselves, attributing success to personal efforts rather than acknowledging systemic advantages. This defensive response shields individuals from accepting their unearned advantages, representing a form of privilege hazard. Shai Davaidai and Jacklyn Stein's works delve into perceptions of wealth and poverty, highlighting the impact of environments on individuals' views of their circumstances.
The existence of privilege across various categories leads to variation in experiences within specific privileged groups, raising concerns about the legitimacy of privilege hazard. Jamie Abrams' article challenges the notion of privilege, discussing how efforts solely focused on highlighting male privilege may inadvertently reinforce existing cultural norms and fail to foster inclusivity. This perspective underscores the complexity of addressing systemic privilege, emphasizing the need to reshape societal norms and institutional structures. Herb Goldberg's book sheds light on how the idea of male privilege and power has hurt men's personal self-realization.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Privilege Hazard is a concept introduced by Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren Klein in their book Data Feminism,referring to the phenomenon where individuals in privileged positions remain unaware of their inherent advantages. This lack of awareness perpetuates societal inequalities and obstructs efforts to advocate for marginalized groups. Authors such as Felicia Pratto, Andrew Stewart, Peggy McIntosh and Taylor Phillips have contributed to this discourse by examining various forms of privilege hazards, including group dominance, white, male and class privilege. This exploration sheds light on how privilege manifests in different societal spheres and its implications for marginalized communities.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In their exploration of Data Feminism, Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren Klein define \"privilege hazard\" as the potential risks arising when privileged individuals, equipped with access to resources and data, attempt to address issues faced by marginalized groups. Relying solely on data may reinforce existing power dynamics, further marginalizing disadvantaged communities. To counter this, they advocate for an inclusive approach to data practices that centers on marginalized voices, aiming for a more equitable and just data ecosystem.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The continuous presence of privilege hazard is evident in the concept of group dominance, wherein one social group holds significant advantages over others, leading to the consolidation of power and resources. Pratto and Stewart's research emphasizes that dominant groups often lack awareness of their privileged identities, viewing them as normal rather than as privileges. Kaidi Wu and David Dunning delve into hypocognition within group dominance privilege, highlighting how individuals from dominant groups may struggle to grasp the difficulties faced by minorities due to lack of exposure.",
"title": "Existence of privilege hazard"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Peggy McIntosh and scholars like Brian Lowery and Taylor Phillips discuss white privilege, highlighting the unseen benefits white individuals enjoy due to their race. McIntosh describes it as an invisible knapsack of unearned advantages, leading to limited perspectives and empathy towards marginalized groups. Taylor Phillips and Brian Lowery's research further elaborates on how whites tend to hide their privilege from themselves, maintaining the status quo and hindering progress toward equity.",
"title": "Types of privileges"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Male privilege encompasses the advantages men experience solely due to their gender. Peggy McIntosh notes that males are conditioned not to recognize their privilege, leading to obliviousness and perpetuation of the privilege hazard. Real-life examples, such as unequal distribution of household chores, illustrate how male privilege remains invisible to men due to societal norms.Tal Peretz expands on McIntosh’s concept, questioning if men tend to overlook or critically examine their privilege.",
"title": "Types of privileges"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Class privilege refers to the benefits individuals enjoy based on their social or economic status. Taylor Phillips and Brian Lowery's study reveals that when confronted with their privilege, individuals tend to defend themselves, attributing success to personal efforts rather than acknowledging systemic advantages. This defensive response shields individuals from accepting their unearned advantages, representing a form of privilege hazard. Shai Davaidai and Jacklyn Stein's works delve into perceptions of wealth and poverty, highlighting the impact of environments on individuals' views of their circumstances.",
"title": "Types of privileges"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The existence of privilege across various categories leads to variation in experiences within specific privileged groups, raising concerns about the legitimacy of privilege hazard. Jamie Abrams' article challenges the notion of privilege, discussing how efforts solely focused on highlighting male privilege may inadvertently reinforce existing cultural norms and fail to foster inclusivity. This perspective underscores the complexity of addressing systemic privilege, emphasizing the need to reshape societal norms and institutional structures. Herb Goldberg's book sheds light on how the idea of male privilege and power has hurt men's personal self-realization.",
"title": "Criticism"
}
] |
Privilege Hazard is a concept introduced by Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren Klein in their book Data Feminism,referring to the phenomenon where individuals in privileged positions remain unaware of their inherent advantages. This lack of awareness perpetuates societal inequalities and obstructs efforts to advocate for marginalized groups. Authors such as Felicia Pratto, Andrew Stewart, Peggy McIntosh and Taylor Phillips have contributed to this discourse by examining various forms of privilege hazards, including group dominance, white, male and class privilege. This exploration sheds light on how privilege manifests in different societal spheres and its implications for marginalized communities.
|
2023-12-04T20:22:39Z
|
2023-12-14T14:55:10Z
|
[
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_hazard
|
75,484,931 |
Beit Matityau Yeshiva
|
Beit Matityau Yeshiva is a Yeshiva gedolah in Bnei Brak, Israel, that belongs to the Orthodox-Litvaks movement. The Rosh Yeshiva and its founder is Rabbi Baruch Weisbecker.
Beit Matityahu, a prominent Yeshiva in Bnei Brak, caters to the Litvaks Jewish community. It was founded in 1981 by Rabbi Baruch Weisbecker, who previously served as Rosh Mesivta at Yeshivat Kol Torah and Beit Hatalmud. The Yeshiva initially shared facilities with Beit Yosef-Novardok Yeshiva in Givat Rokach, the first Yeshiva in Bnei Brak that was established by Rabbi Matityahu Shtzigel, the founder and principal of Beit Yosef Yeshiva, and his name is immortalized in the name of the yeshiva.
Encouraged by Rabbi Yaakov Yisrael Kanievsky and Rabbi Elazar Menachem Man Shach, who became the Rosh Yeshiva and was signed on its manifest, Rabbi Weisbecker launched this institution. Early associates included Rabbi Aharon Leib Shteinman and Rabbi Gershon Edelstein.
As of the 2021 academic year, over 650 students studied at the yeshiva. The teaching staff at the yeshiva includes: Rabbi Sharga Zvi Fischhof, Rabbi Nachum Leva, Rabbi Israel Meir Man (son-in-law of the Rosh yeshiva), son of Rabbi Mordechai Man, Rabbi Zvi Weisbecker. and Rabbi Yehuda Weisbecker (son of the Rosh Yeshiva) as well as Rabbi Mordechai Winter. Rabbi Shlomo Breuer, son of Prof. Mordechai Breuer and son-in-law of Rabbi Gedaliah Isman, overseer of Yeshiva Kol Torah, serves as spiritual director. Other overseers at the yeshiva are Rabbi Yehoshua Ravitz, the second son of the founder of the Degel HaTorah party, Rabbi Avraham Ravitz, as well as Rabbi Shimon Dov Pochovitz. In the past, Rabbi Uri Weissblom Rabbi Shlomo Cohen and Rabbi Naftali Kaplan served as supervisors. In the past, Rabbi Gabriel Yosef Levy, who retired and founded Yeshiva Be'er HaTorah, and Rabbi Yehuda Aryeh Hershler, until his death in 2017, Rabbi Yehuda Aryeh Rappaport (left the yeshiva in 2023) served at the yeshiva.
Among the graduates of the yeshiva is Chief Rabbinate of Israel, Rabbi David Lau.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Beit Matityau Yeshiva is a Yeshiva gedolah in Bnei Brak, Israel, that belongs to the Orthodox-Litvaks movement. The Rosh Yeshiva and its founder is Rabbi Baruch Weisbecker.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Beit Matityahu, a prominent Yeshiva in Bnei Brak, caters to the Litvaks Jewish community. It was founded in 1981 by Rabbi Baruch Weisbecker, who previously served as Rosh Mesivta at Yeshivat Kol Torah and Beit Hatalmud. The Yeshiva initially shared facilities with Beit Yosef-Novardok Yeshiva in Givat Rokach, the first Yeshiva in Bnei Brak that was established by Rabbi Matityahu Shtzigel, the founder and principal of Beit Yosef Yeshiva, and his name is immortalized in the name of the yeshiva.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Encouraged by Rabbi Yaakov Yisrael Kanievsky and Rabbi Elazar Menachem Man Shach, who became the Rosh Yeshiva and was signed on its manifest, Rabbi Weisbecker launched this institution. Early associates included Rabbi Aharon Leib Shteinman and Rabbi Gershon Edelstein.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "As of the 2021 academic year, over 650 students studied at the yeshiva. The teaching staff at the yeshiva includes: Rabbi Sharga Zvi Fischhof, Rabbi Nachum Leva, Rabbi Israel Meir Man (son-in-law of the Rosh yeshiva), son of Rabbi Mordechai Man, Rabbi Zvi Weisbecker. and Rabbi Yehuda Weisbecker (son of the Rosh Yeshiva) as well as Rabbi Mordechai Winter. Rabbi Shlomo Breuer, son of Prof. Mordechai Breuer and son-in-law of Rabbi Gedaliah Isman, overseer of Yeshiva Kol Torah, serves as spiritual director. Other overseers at the yeshiva are Rabbi Yehoshua Ravitz, the second son of the founder of the Degel HaTorah party, Rabbi Avraham Ravitz, as well as Rabbi Shimon Dov Pochovitz. In the past, Rabbi Uri Weissblom Rabbi Shlomo Cohen and Rabbi Naftali Kaplan served as supervisors. In the past, Rabbi Gabriel Yosef Levy, who retired and founded Yeshiva Be'er HaTorah, and Rabbi Yehuda Aryeh Hershler, until his death in 2017, Rabbi Yehuda Aryeh Rappaport (left the yeshiva in 2023) served at the yeshiva.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Among the graduates of the yeshiva is Chief Rabbinate of Israel, Rabbi David Lau.",
"title": "History"
}
] |
Beit Matityau Yeshiva is a Yeshiva gedolah in Bnei Brak, Israel, that belongs to the Orthodox-Litvaks movement. The Rosh Yeshiva and its founder is Rabbi Baruch Weisbecker.
|
2023-12-04T20:23:42Z
|
2023-12-06T03:34:09Z
|
[
"Template:Reflist"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Matityau_Yeshiva
|
75,484,934 |
Jon Sawyer
|
Jonathan LaJuan Sawyer (born April 6, 1964) is a former American football defensive back who played for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Cincinnati.
|
[
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jonathan LaJuan Sawyer (born April 6, 1964) is a former American football defensive back who played for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Cincinnati.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] |
Jonathan LaJuan Sawyer is a former American football defensive back who played for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Cincinnati.
|
2023-12-04T20:24:07Z
|
2023-12-15T21:27:30Z
|
[
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox NFL player",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Open access",
"Template:Defensiveback-1960s-stub"
] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Sawyer
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.