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179_24 | References in popular culture
Parajanov's life story provides (quite loosely) the basis for the 2006 novel Stet by the American author James Chapman.
Lady Gaga's video for 911 visually references The Color of Pomegranates through much of the video. The film poster also appears on the street scene at the end of the video. Gaga's video presents the film's symbols in her own allegory of pain.
Madonna's 1995 music video Bedtime Story restages some content from the movie (such as the scene of a young child lying in a fetal position on a pentagram on the floor while an adult covers it with a blanket, and another where a naked foot crushes a bunch of grapes lying on an enscribed tablet), among other artistic inspiration depicting dreams and surrealist artwork in the video.
Nicolas Jaar released, in 2015, the album Pomegranates, intended as an alternative soundtrack for the movie.
It also infliuenced alternative rock group R.E.M.'s music video for "Losing My Religion". |
179_25 | Awards and recognition
There is a small statue of Parajanov in Tbilisi
There is a plaque on the wall of Parajanov's childhood home
The street Parajanov grew up on, Kote Meskhi street, was renamed Parajanov Street in 2021
There is a house museum dedicated to Parajanov in Yerevan, Armenia
See also
Art film
Asteroid 3963 Paradzhanov
Cinema of Armenia
Cinema of Georgia
Cinema of the Soviet Union
Cinema of Ukraine
Serhii Parajanov Museum
List of directors associated with art film
References
Bibliography
Selected bibliography of books and scholarly articles about Sergei Parajanov.
English language sources |
179_26 | Dixon, Wheeler & Foster, Gwendolyn. "A Short History of Film." New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008.
Cook, David A. "Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors: Film as Religious Art." Post Script 3, no. 3 (1984): 16–23.
Nebesio, Bohdan. "Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors: Storytelling in the Novel and the Film." Literature/Film Quarterly 22, no. 1 (1994): 42–49.
Oeler, Karla. "A Collective Interior Monologue: Sergei Parajanov and Eisenstein's Joyce-Inspired Vision of Cinema." The Modern Language Review 101, no. 2 (April 2006): 472–487.
Oeler, Karla. "Nran guyne/The Colour of Pomegranates: Sergo Parajanov, USSR, 1969." In The Cinema of Russia and the Former Soviet Union, 139–148. London, England: Wallflower, 2006. [Book chapter]
Papazian, Elizabeth A. "Ethnography, Fairytale and ‘Perpetual Motion’ in Sergei Paradjanov's Ashik- Kerib." Literature/Film Quarterly 34, no. 4 (2006): 303–12. |
179_27 | Paradjanov, Sergei. Seven Visions. Edited by Galia Ackerman. Translated by Guy Bennett. Los Angeles: Green Integer, 1998. ,
Parajanov, Sergei, and Zaven Sarkisian. Parajanov Kaleidoscope: Drawings, Collages, Assemblages. Yerevan: Sergei Parajanov Museum, 2008.
Steffen, James. The Cinema of Sergei Parajanov. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2013.
Steffen, James, ed. Sergei Parajanov special issue. Armenian Review 47/48, nos. 3–4/1–2 (2001/2002). Double issue; publisher website
Steffen, James. "Kyiv Frescoes: Sergei Parajanov's Unrealized Film Project." KinoKultura Special Issue 9: Ukrainian Cinema (December 2009), online. URL: KinoKultura
Schneider, Steven Jay. "501 Movie Directors." London: Hachette/Cassell, 2007. |
179_28 | Foreign language sources
Bullot, Érik. Sayat Nova de Serguei Paradjanov: La face et le profil. Crisnée, Belgium: Éditions Yellow Now, 2007. (French language)
Cazals, Patrick. Serguei Paradjanov. Paris: Cahiers du cinéma, 1993. (French language) ,
Chernenko, Miron. Sergei Paradzhanov: Tvorcheskii portret. Moskva: "Soiuzinformkino" Goskino SSSR, 1989. (Russian language) Online version
Grigorian, Levon. Paradzhanov. Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2011. (Russian language) ,
Grigorian, Levon. Tri tsveta odnoi strasti: Triptikh Sergeia Paradzhanova. Moscow: Kinotsentr, 1991. (Russian language)
Kalantar, Karen. Ocherki o Paradzhanove. Yerevan: Gitutiun NAN RA, 1998. (Russian language)
Katanian, Vasilii Vasil’evich. Paradzhanov: Tsena vechnogo prazdnika. Nizhnii Novgorod: Dekom, 2001. (Russian language)
Liehm, Antonín J., ed. Serghiej Paradjanov: Testimonianze e documenti su l’opera e la vita. Venice: La Biennale di Venezia/Marsilio, 1977. (Italian language) |
179_29 | Mechitov, Yuri. Sergei Paradzhanov: Khronika dialoga. Tbilisi: GAMS- print, 2009. (Russian language)
Paradzhanov, Sergei. Ispoved’. Edited by Kora Tsereteli. St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2001. (Russian language)
Paradzhanov, Sergei, and Garegin Zakoian. Pis’ma iz zony. Yerevan: Fil’madaran, 2000. (Russian language)
Simyan, Tigran Sergei Parajanov as a Text: Man, Habitus, and Interior (on the material of visual texts) // ΠΡΑΞΗMΑ. Journal of Visual Semiotics 2019, N 3, pp. 197–215
Schneider, Steven Jay. "501 Directores de Cine." Barcelona, Spain: Grijalbo, 2008.
Tsereteli, Kora, ed. Kollazh na fone avtoportreta: Zhizn’–igra. 2nd ed. Nizhnii Novgorod: Dekom, 2008. (Russian language)
Vartanov, Mikhail. "Sergej Paradzanov." In "Il Cinema Delle Repubbliche Transcaucasiche Sovietiche." Venice, Italy: Marsilio Editori, 1986. (Italian language)
Vartanov, Mikhail. "Les Cimes du Monde." Cahiers du Cinéma" no. 381, 1986 (French language) |
179_30 | External links
Official Site (Parajanov.com)
Sergej Parajanov Museum
Hollywood Reporter
Deadline Hollywood
The Moscow Times
ENCI.com
The Parajanov Case, March 1982
Sergei Parajanov's 75th birthday
The Cinemaseekers Honor Roll
Museum of Sergei Parajanov on GoYerevan.com
Interview with Ron Holloway
Actress Sofiko Chiaureli and many others about him
Arts: Armenian Rhapsody
Excerpted from "Paradjanov’s Films on Soviet Folklore" by Jonathan Rosenbaum
For those who want to know more about Parajanov
Evening Moscow Newspaper Spouses of Sergei Parajanov and Mikhail Vartanov received awards in Hollywood
Sergei Parajanov. Collages. Graphics. Works of Decorative Art. Kyiv, 2008. |
179_31 | 1924 births
1990 deaths
20th-century male artists
Armenian film directors
Bisexual men
Burials at the Komitas Pantheon
Deaths from cancer in the Soviet Union
Deaths from lung cancer
European Film Awards winners (people)
Film directors from Georgia (country)
Film people from Tbilisi
Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography alumni
LGBT film directors
People prosecuted under anti-homosexuality laws
Recipients of the Nika Award
Recipients of the Shevchenko National Prize
Soviet film directors
Soviet painters
20th-century LGBT people |
180_0 | Muscle Energy Techniques (METs) describes a broad class of manual therapy techniques directed at improving musculoskeletal function or joint function, and improving pain. METs are commonly used by manual therapists, physical therapists, occupational therapist, chiropractors, athletic trainers, osteopathic physicians, and massage therapists. Muscle energy requires the patient to actively use his or her muscles on request to aid in treatment. Muscle energy techniques are used to treat somatic dysfunction, especially decreased range of motion, muscular hypertonicity, and pain.
Historically, the concept emerged as a form of osteopathic manipulative diagnosis and treatment in which the patient's muscles are actively used on request, from a precisely controlled position, in a specific direction, and against a distinctly executed physician counterforce. It was first described in 1948 by Fred Mitchell, Sr, D.O. |
180_1 | Pathophysiology
Injury can occur as a result of trauma, accidents, overuse, strain/sprain, etc., not all of which should be treated with muscle energy. These techniques are most appropriate for the following injury patterns:
Decreased range of motion secondary to muscular spasticity, rigidity, hypertonicity or hypotonicity. Hypertonicity often follows overuse and can result in altered joint position, increased irritability and decreased elasticity. This injury pattern is often accompanied by a non-specific muscle ache in the area of injury.
Interneuronal injury—when dysfunction occurs at one joint or segment, the related agonist muscles are also affected. If uncorrected, the antagonistic muscles eventually become involved as well, leading to dysfunction of both muscle groups. This presents as decreased range of motion with pain and/or tenderness in the area. |
180_2 | Mechanism of action for muscle energy techniques
Muscle energy is a direct and active technique; meaning it engages a restrictive barrier and requires the patient's participation for maximal effect. A restrictive barrier describes the limit in range of motion that prevents the patient from being able to reach the baseline limit in his range of motion. As the patient performs an isometric contraction, the following physiologic changes occur:
Golgi tendon organ activation results in direct inhibition of agonist muscles
A reflexive reciprocal inhibition occurs at the antagonistic muscles
As the patient relaxes, agonist and antagonist muscles remain inhibited allowing the joint to be moved further into the restricted range of motion. |
180_3 | Despite the many claims made regarding the efficacy of these techniques, there are only two peer-reviewed studies that have shown that muscle energy techniques can significantly decrease disability and improve functionality in patients with disorders such as low back pain.
Indications and contraindications
Muscle energy techniques can be employed to reposition a dysfunctional joint and treat the affected musculature. Indications include, but are not limited to: muscular shortening, low back pain, pelvic imbalance, edema, limited range of motion, somatic dysfunction, respiratory dysfunction, cervicogenic headaches, and many others.
These techniques are inappropriate when a patient has injuries such as fractures, avulsion injuries, severe osteoporosis, open wounds, or has metastatic disease. Additionally, because these techniques require active patient participation, they are inappropriate for any patient that is unable to cooperate.
Techniques |
180_4 | Muscle energy techniques can be applied to most areas of the body. According to one textbook, each technique requires 8 essential steps:
Perform and obtain an accurate structural diagnosis.
Engage the restrictive barrier in as many planes as possible.
Physician and patient engage in an unyielding counterforce where the patient's force matches the physician's force.
The patient's isometric contraction has the correct amount of force, the correct direction of effort (away from the restrictive barrier), and the correct duration (5-10 seconds).
Complete relaxation occurs after the muscular effort.
The patient is repositioned into the new restrictive barrier in as many planes as possible.
Steps 3-6 are repeated approximately 3-5 times or until no further improvement in range of motion is observed.
The structural diagnosis is repeated to evaluate if the dysfunction has resolved or improved.
Types
There are several different types of muscle energy techniques: |
180_5 | Post-Isometric relaxation: Treat by engaging the restrictive barrier in all planes.
Reciprocal inhibition: Treat by contracting the antagonistic muscles, which causes the agonist muscle to relax through the reciprocal inhibition reflex arc.
Joint mobilization using muscle force: Use muscle contraction to restore range of motion in a joint.
Oculocephalogyric reflex: Treat cervical/truncal muscles by using extraocular muscle contraction.
Respiratory assistance: Use the patient's voluntary respiratory motions to treat a somatic dysfunction. Commonly used in treating inhalation rib dysfunctions.
Crossed extensor reflex: Use crossed extensor reflex to treat muscular injuries. For example, contraction of a muscle on the right side leads to relaxation of the same muscle on the left side.
Effectiveness |
180_6 | A 2015 Cochrane review concluded that Muscle Energy Technique is not effective for patients with low back pain, and that the quality of the research testing the effectiveness of MET is poor.
References
Manual therapy
Osteopathic manipulative medicine
Osteopathic medicine
Osteopathic techniques |
181_0 | William John Williams (born 3 October 1960) is an English former football centre back. He made 350 league appearances in a 15-year career in the English Football League, scoring 25 goals.
He began his career at Tranmere Rovers, playing 201 games in all competitions between 1978 and July 1985, when he made a £12,000 move to Port Vale. He helped the "Valiants" to promotion out of the Fourth Division in 1985–86, before being sold on to Bournemouth for £30,000 in December 1986. He helped the "Cherries" to the Third Division championship in 1986–87, before moving on to Cardiff City in 1991, following a loan spell at Wigan Athletic. Cardiff won the Third Division title in 1992–93, after which he returned to Bournemouth as a coach. He served the club as caretaker-manager in August 1994. |
181_1 | Playing career
After playing as an amateur Williams signed for Tranmere Rovers in 1979 under the stewardship of John King. However, he established himself as a regular under Bryan Hamilton during the 1980–81 season, as the club were forced to apply for re-election. They rose to 11th in 1981–82, dropping to 19th in 1982–83, two places and one point above the re-election zone. The "Superwhites" rose to 10th in 1983–84, before a sixth-place finish in 1984–85, two places and nine points behind promoted Bury. He played a total of 201 league and cup games during his time at Prenton Park, scoring 13 goals. |
181_2 | In July 1985, Port Vale paid £12,000 to secure his services. He played regularly during the club's 1985–86 Fourth Division promotion campaign, scoring three goals in 44 appearances. However, he lost his form the following season, playing 18 games at Vale Park, before being sold to Bournemouth for £30,000 in December 1986, where he became a popular player with the club's fans. In 2008, Harry Redknapp described him as possibly the best signing he had made in his 25-year management career. Williams later recalled how he was reluctant to leave Port Vale as he had just purchased a house in Holmes Chapel and was settled, but Redknapp convinced Williams and his wife to move to Bournemouth despite only offering a weekly wage rise of £50; Williams said "I signed because I liked Harry". Under Redknapp's leadership, the "Cherries" won the Third Division championship in 1986–87 with 97 points. They retained their Second Division status in 1987–88 with a 17th-place finish, before the Dean Court |
181_3 | side finished 12th in 1988–89, only to suffer relegation in 1989–90 after finishing two points behind the safety mark set by Middlesbrough. Bournemouth finished ninth in 1990–91, finishing two places and six points outside the play-offs. |
181_4 | In the spring of 1991 he went to Norwegian top-flight club Strømsgodset, but only played once as a substitute. He played four games for former manager Bryan Hamilton on loan at Wigan Athletic, and later signed with Cardiff City in 1991. Williams remained at Ninian Park for 1991–92 and 1992–93, helping Eddie May's "Bluebirds" to the Third Division title in 1993. However, he was never a regular in the first team, making just six league appearances. He then returned to Bournemouth as a member of the coaching staff. He worked for Bournemouth as their community development officer and later assistant manager. He served as caretaker manager in August 1994, between the terms of Tony Pulis and Mel Machin.
Post-retirement
By November 2008, Williams was working for BBC Radio Solent as a summariser/co-commentator for Bournemouth matches.
Statistics
Playing statistics
Source:
Managerial statistics
Source: |
181_5 | Honours
Port Vale
Football League Fourth Division fourth place promotion winner: 1985–86
Bournemouth
Football League Third Division champion: 1986–87
Cardiff City
Football League Third Division champion: 1992–93
References
1960 births
Living people
Footballers from Liverpool
English footballers
Association football defenders
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Strømsgodset Toppfotball players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
English Football League players
Eliteserien players
English expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Norway
English expatriate sportspeople in Norway
English football managers
AFC Bournemouth managers
English Football League managers
Association football coaches
AFC Bournemouth non-playing staff
English association football commentators |
182_0 | David Lindon Lammy (born 19 July 1972) is a senior English politician serving as Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs since 2021 and as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Tottenham since the 2000 Tottenham by-election. He is a member of the Labour Party.
Lammy was a Minister under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, most recently as Minister of State for Universities in the Brown ministry. He served as Shadow Secretary of State for Justice from 2020 to 2021 and has served as Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs in Keir Starmer's Shadow Cabinet since November 2021. |
182_1 | Early life and education
Lammy was born on 19 July 1972 in Whittington Hospital in Archway, North London, to Guyanese parents David and Rosalind Lammy. He and his four siblings were raised solely by his mother, after his father left the family when Lammy was 12 years old. Lammy speaks publicly about the importance of fathers and the need to support them in seeking to be active in the lives of their children. He chairs the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Fatherhood and has written on the issue. |
182_2 | Lammy grew up in Tottenham. Having attended a local primary school, at the age of 10 he was awarded an Inner London Education Authority choral scholarship to sing at Peterborough Cathedral and attend The King's School, Peterborough. He studied at the School of Law, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, graduating with a 2:1. Lammy went on to study at Harvard University, where he became the first black Briton to attend Harvard Law School; there he studied for a Master of Laws degree and graduated in 1997. He was called to the bar of England and Wales in 1994 at Lincoln's Inn. He was employed as an attorney at Howard Rice in California from 1997 to 1998, and with D.J. Freeman from 1998 to 2000. He is a visiting lecturer at SOAS. |
182_3 | Political career
In 2000 he was elected for Labour on the London-wide list to the London Assembly. During the London election campaign Lammy was selected as the Labour candidate for Tottenham when Bernie Grant died. He was elected to the seat in a by-election held on 22 June 2000. Aged 27, he was the youngest Member of Parliament (MP) in the house until 2003 when Sarah Teather was elected.
Minister
In 2002, he was appointed by Prime Minister Tony Blair as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the Department of Health. In 2003, Lammy was appointed by Blair as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the Department for Constitutional Affairs and while a member of the Government, he voted in favour of authorisation for Britain to invade Iraq in 2003. After the 2005 general election, Blair appointed Lammy as Minister for Culture at the Department of Culture, Media and Sport. |
182_4 | In June 2007, new Prime Minister Gordon Brown demoted Lammy to the rank of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills. In October 2008, he was promoted by Brown to Minister of State and appointed to the Privy Council. In June 2009, Brown appointed Lammy as Minister for Higher Education in the new Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, leading the Commons ministerial team as Lord Mandelson was Secretary of State. He held the position until May 2010 when Labour lost the election.
Opposition backbencher |
182_5 | After Labour lost the 2010 general election, a Labour Party leadership contest was announced. During the contest Lammy nominated Diane Abbott, saying that he felt it was important to have a diverse field of candidates, but nonetheless declared his support for David Miliband. After the election of Ed Miliband, Lammy pledged his full support but turned down a post in the Shadow Cabinet, asserting a need to speak on a wide range of issues that would arise in his constituency due to the "large cuts in the public services".
In 2010 there were suggestions that Lammy might stand for election as Mayor of London in 2012. Lammy pledged his support to Ken Livingstone's bid to become the Labour London mayoral candidate, declaring him "London's Mayor in waiting". Lammy became Livingstone's selection campaign chair. In 2014, Lammy announced that he was considering entering the race to become Mayor of London in the 2016 election. |
182_6 | Following the party's defeat in the 2015 general election, Lammy was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015.
London mayoral candidate
On 4 September 2014, Lammy announced his intention to seek the Labour nomination for the 2016 mayoral election. In the London Labour Party's selection process, he secured 9.4% of first preference votes and was fourth overall, behind Sadiq Khan, Tessa Jowell, and Diane Abbott.
In March 2016, he was fined £5,000 for instigating 35,629 automatic phone calls urging people to back his mayoral campaign without gaining permission to contact the party members concerned. Lammy apologised "unreservedly" for breach of the Privacy and Electronic Communication Regulations. It was the first time a politician had been fined for authorising nuisance calls. |
182_7 | Return to the frontbench
Lammy endorsed Keir Starmer and Angela Rayner in the 2020 Labour leadership and deputy leadership elections. After Starmer was elected Labour leader in April 2020, Lammy was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Justice.
In the November 2021 Shadow Cabinet reshuffle, Lammy was promoted to Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs.
Views
Crime
Lammy has over the years publicly attributed blame for certain crimes to various specific causes and persons. He has also talked about black and ethnic minority peoples, especially those who are younger, their relation with crime and how they are treated by the criminal justice system. |
182_8 | On 11 August 2011, in an address to Parliament, Lammy attributed part of the cause for England's riots of a few days earlier to destructive "cultures" that had emerged under the prevailing policies. He also stated that legislation restricting the degree of violence that parents are allowed to use when disciplining their children was partly to blame for current youth culture, that had contributed to the riots.
Lammy has blamed the Prime Minister and Home Secretary for failing to take responsibility over fatal stabbings in London; he also blames inequality, high youth unemployment among black males, and local authorities cutting youth services and outreach programmes. |
182_9 | Lammy has stated that the criminal justice system deals with "disproportionate numbers" of young people from black and ethnic minority communities: despite saying that although decisions to charge were "broadly proportionate", he has asserted that black and ethnic minority people still face and perceive bias. Lammy said that young black people are nine times more likely to be incarcerated than "comparable" white people, and proposed a number of measures including a system of "deferred prosecution" for young first time offenders to reduce incarcerations. Lammy has claimed that black and ethnic minority people offend "at the same rates" as comparable white people "when taking age and socioeconomic status into account"; they were more likely to be stopped and searched, if charged more likely to be convicted, more likely to be sent to prison and less likely to get support in prison.
Issues of race, prejudice and equality
Lammy has commented on Britain's history of slavery. |
182_10 | He has criticised the University of Oxford for admitting relatively few black students and students from disadvantaged backgrounds. He also believes the Windrush scandal concerns injustice to a generation who are British, have made their homes and worked in Britain and deserve to be treated better.
On 5 February 2013, Lammy gave a speech in the House of Commons on why he would be voting in favour of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill 2013, critically comparing the relegation of British same-sex couples to civil partnerships to the "separate but equal" legal doctrine that justified Jim Crow laws in the 20th-century United States. |
182_11 | In January 2016, Lammy was commissioned by David Cameron to report on the effects of racial discrimination and disadvantage on the procedures of the police, courts, prisons and the probation service. Lammy published his report in September 2017, concluding that prosecutions against some BAME suspects should be delayed or dropped outright to mitigate racial bias.
He has spoken out against antisemitism within the Labour Party and attended an Enough is Enough rally protesting against it. Lammy stated that antisemitism has "come back because extremism has come back" and is damaging support for Labour among Britain's Jewish community. He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel. |
182_12 | Lammy recorded the Channel 4 documentary for Remembrance Sunday called The Unremembered: Britain's Forgotten War Heroes, which was broadcast on 10 November 2019. In it he reveals how Africans who died in their own continent serving Britain during WWI were denied the honour of an individual grave, despite the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's reputation for equality. The documentary was produced by the TV company of Professor David Olusoga, who described the failure to commemorate black and Asian service personnel as one of the “biggest scandals” he had ever come across. |
182_13 | The documentary inspired an investigation by Commonwealth War Graves Commission. The subsequent report found that “pervasive racism” underpinned the failure to properly commemorate service personnel. The report stated that up to 54,000 casualties of “certain ethnic groups” did not receive the same remembrance treatment as white soldiers who had died and another 350,000 military personnel recruited from east Africa and Egypt were not commemorated by name or even at all. In April 2021, Prime Minister Boris Johnson offered an "unreserved apology" over the findings of the review. Secretary of State for Defence Ben Wallace apologised in the House of Commons, promising to make amends and take action. Lammy, who was critical to bringing the matter to light, called this a "watershed moment". |
182_14 | Lammy considers himself English; he said: "I'm of African descent, African-Caribbean descent, but I am English." In March 2021, Lammy was a guest on the London Broadcasting Company when he rejected a caller's assertion that the dual identity of African-Caribbean descent and British nationality are impossible. He argued that multi-culturalism is an inevitable consequence of Britain's history of imperialism, "Britain 400 years ago started going out into the world, colonised and conquered a lot of the world, a lot of the world has ended up coming back to the mother country...when I took a DNA test I had Scottish in me. Here I am, having grown up in this country, born of this country, and actually the truth is there's a myth there's one English ethnicity, there's not." Citing the Royal Family in support of his view of civic nationalism, Lammy replied, "The truth is we have a monarchy, the Queen and those before them came from Germany. When Prince Philip died there was a lot of chat about |
182_15 | the fact he had come from Greece and was partly Danish. You can come to this country, be born in this country and of course become English or British if you are from another part of the [world]. I would hope we have a civic nationalism that we can all be part of, not some sort of ethnic nationalism that means you have got to have ancestors that were part of these isles going back hundreds of years." (Elizabeth II's great-great-grandfather, Prince Albert, was born in Germany and the current branch of the Royal Family inherited power in 1714 through King George I, who was born in Hanover. Her late husband Prince Philip was born in Corfu and was in the line of succession for the Greek and Danish crowns). |
182_16 | Other views
Lammy described the Grenfell Tower fire as "corporate manslaughter" and called for arrests to be made; his friend Khadija Saye died in the fire. He also criticised the authorities for failing to say how many people had died.
He has written about what he believes to be the shortcomings of the housing market.
Lammy is a staunch advocate of British membership of the European Union. On 23 June 2018, Lammy appeared at the People's Vote march in London to mark the second anniversary of the referendum to leave the European Union. The People's Vote is a campaign group calling for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union. On 30 December 2020 he voted for the Brexit deal negotiated by Boris Johnson's Government. |
182_17 | He supports shared parental leave, which he maintains would "normalise" fathers being an equal caregiver with the mother, and would mean they become more involved in the raising of children, arguing that the barriers to "fathers playing a deeper role in family life" are not just legislative, but also cultural. He points out Scandinavian countries such as Sweden as examples of where governments have successfully made this happen, which he states has also helped increase gender equality.
Comments attracting criticism
In 2013, Lammy accused the BBC of making a "silly innuendo about the race" on Twitter during the announcement of the next Pontiff where the BBC tweeted "will smoke be black or white?" in reference to smoke above the Sistine Chapel. Lammy criticised the BBC's tweet as "crass and unnecessary." He subsequently apologised after other Twitter users pointed out the role played by black and white smoke in announcing the election of a new Pope. |
182_18 | In January 2016 Lammy claimed that one million Indians sacrificed their lives during the Second World War, not for the survival of Britain and to fight Nazism, but instead for the "European Project."; the statement was strongly criticised and ridiculed by The Spectator.
In 2017, writing in The Guardian, Lammy argued that Comic Relief perpetuated problematic stereotypes of Africa, and that they had a responsibility to use its powerful position to move the debate on in a more constructive way by establishing an image of African people as equals. His comments came after a video featuring Ed Sheeran meeting and rescuing a child in Liberia was criticised as "poverty porn" and was given the "Rusty Radiator" award for the 'most offensive and stereotypical fundraising video of the year'. In 2018, in response to Lammy's comments and the backlash to Sheeran's video, Comic Relief announced they would take steps towards change by halting their use of celebrities for appeals. |
182_19 | In February 2019 Lammy criticised Stacey Dooley for photographs she posted on social media of her trip to Uganda for Comic Relief, and said that "the world does not need any more white saviours", and that she was "perpetuating 'tired and unhelpful stereotypes' about Africa". He also stated however, that he does not question her "good motives". The donations received for the Red Nose Day broadcast in March 2019 fell by £8 million and the money raised that year was the lowest since 2007, which some have blamed on Lammy's remarks. Critics of his view included Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales and Conservative Party MP Chris Philp. Lammy responded to criticism with a statement in which he referred to the decline in donations being due to contributing factors of austerity, declining viewing figures, trends in the charity sector and format fatigue and that he hoped his comments "would inspire the charity to refresh its image and think harder about the effects its output has on our perceptions |
182_20 | of Africa". |
182_21 | In October 2020, As a result of Lammy's intervention, Comic Relief announced it would stop sending celebrities to Africa for its fundraising films. They stated that they would no longer send celebrities to Africa nor portray Africa with images of starving people or critically ill children, instead, they would be using local filmmakers to provide a more “authentic” perspective and give agency back to African people.
In January 2019 Lammy described Rod Liddle having a column in a weekly newspaper as a "national disgrace" and accused Liddle of having "white middle class privilege" for expressing the view that absent fathers played a role in violent crime involving black youths. Writing in an article for The Spectator, Liddle disputed Lammy's claim that he was raised in a family reliant on tax credits, which were not introduced in the United Kingdom until Lammy was aged 31. |
182_22 | In April 2019, Lammy was criticised for saying his comparison of the Brexit European Research Group (which consists of Conservative MPs) to Nazis and proponents of the South African apartheid was "not strong enough".
Personal life
Lammy married the artist Nicola Green in 2005; the couple have two sons and a daughter. Lammy is a Christian. He is also a Tottenham Hotspur F.C. fan. He states that his identity as "African, African-Caribbean, British, English, a Londoner and European". "I'm black, I'm English, I'm British and I'm proud."
In November 2011, he published a book, Out of the Ashes: Britain After the Riots, about the August 2011 riots. In 2020, he published his second book, Tribes, which explored social division and the need for belonging. |
182_23 | Lammy features as one of the 100 Great Black Britons on both the 2003 and 2020 lists. He has regularly been included in the Powerlist as one of the most influential people in the UK of African/African-Caribbean descent, including the most recent editions published in 2020 and 2021.
Honours
He was sworn in as a member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council in 2008. This gave him the honorific prefix "The Right Honourable" for Life.
He has been elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts this gave him the Post Nominal Letters "FRSA" for Life.
References
External links
David Lammy MP - Westminster Parliamentary Research
David Lammy on LBC
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182_24 | 1972 births
Living people
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Anglican socialists
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183_0 | Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), previously known as chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, is long-term pelvic pain and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) without evidence of a bacterial infection. It affects about 2–6% of men. Together with IC/BPS, it makes up urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS).
The cause is unknown. Diagnosis involves ruling out other potential causes of the symptoms such as bacterial prostatitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, overactive bladder, and cancer.
Recommended treatments include multimodal therapy, physiotherapy, and a trial of alpha blocker medication or antibiotics in certain newly diagnosed cases. Some evidence supports some non medication based treatments. |
183_1 | Signs and symptoms
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is characterized by pelvic or perineal pain without evidence of urinary tract infection, lasting longer than 3 months, as the key symptom. Symptoms may wax and wane. Pain can range from mild to debilitating. Pain may radiate to the back and rectum, making sitting uncomfortable. Pain can be present in the perineum, testicles, tip of penis, pubic or bladder area. Dysuria, arthralgia, myalgia, unexplained fatigue, abdominal pain, constant burning pain in the penis, and frequency may all be present. Frequent urination and increased urgency may suggest interstitial cystitis (inflammation centred in bladder rather than prostate). Post-ejaculatory pain, mediated by nerves and muscles, is a hallmark of the condition, and serves to distinguish CP/CPPS patients from men with BPH or normal men. Some patients report low libido, sexual dysfunction and erectile difficulties. |
183_2 | Cause
The cause is unknown. However, there are several theories of causation.
Pelvic floor dysfunction
One theory is that CP/CPPS is a psychoneuromuscular (psychological, neurological, and muscular) disorder. The theory proposes that anxiety or stress results in chronic, unconscious contraction of the pelvic floor muscles, leading to the formation of trigger points and pain. The pain results in further anxiety and thus worsening of the condition.
Nerves, stress and hormones
Another proposal is that it may result from an interplay between psychological factors and dysfunction in the immune, neurological, and endocrine systems.
A 2016 review suggested that although the peripheral nervous system is responsible for starting the condition, the central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for continuing the pain even without continuing input from the peripheral nerves. |
183_3 | Theories behind the disease include stress-driven hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and adrenocortical hormone (endocrine) abnormalities, and neurogenic inflammation.
Bacterial infection
The bacterial infection theory was shown to be unimportant in a 2003 study which found that people with and without the condition had equal counts of similar bacteria colonizing their prostates.
Overlap with IC/PBS
In 2007 the NIDDK began to group IC/PBS (Interstitial Cystitis & Painful Bladder Syndrome)and CP/CPPS under the umbrella term Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes (UCPPS). Therapies shown to be effective in treating IC/PBS, such as quercetin, have also shown some efficacy in CP/CPPS. Recent research has focused on genomic and proteomic aspects of the related conditions.
People may experience pain with bladder filling, which is also a typical sign of IC. |
183_4 | The Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) Research Network has found that CPPS and bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) are related conditions.
Diagnosis
There are no definitive diagnostic tests for CP/CPPS. It is a poorly understood disorder, even though it accounts for 90–95% of prostatitis diagnoses. CP/CPPS may be inflammatory (Category IIIa) or non-inflammatory (Category IIIb), based on levels of pus cells in expressed prostatic secretions (EPS), but these subcategories are of limited use clinically. In the inflammatory form, urine, semen, and other fluids from the prostate contain pus cells (dead white blood cells or WBCs), whereas in the non-inflammatory form no pus cells are present. Recent studies have questioned the distinction between categories IIIa and IIIb, since both categories show evidence of inflammation if pus cells are ignored and other more subtle signs of inflammation, like cytokines, are measured. |
183_5 | In 2006, Chinese researchers found that men with categories IIIa and IIIb both had significantly and similarly raised levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGFβ1 and pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ in their EPS when compared with controls; therefore measurement of these cytokines could be used to diagnose category III prostatitis. A 2010 study found that nerve growth factor could also be used as a biomarker of the condition.
For CP/CPPS patients, analysis of urine and expressed prostatic secretions for leukocytes is debatable, especially due to the fact that the differentiation between patients with inflammatory and non-inflammatory subgroups of CP/CPPS is not useful. Serum PSA tests, routine imaging of the prostate, and tests for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma provide no benefit for the patient. |
183_6 | Extraprostatic abdominal/pelvic tenderness is present in >50% of patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome but only 7% of controls.
Healthy men have slightly more bacteria in their semen than men with CPPS. The high prevalence of WBCs and positive bacterial cultures in the asymptomatic control population raises questions about the clinical usefulness of the standard Meares-Stamey four-glass test as a diagnostic tool in men with CP/CPPS. By 2000, the use of the four-glass test by American urologists was rare, with only 4% using it regularly.
Men with CP/CPPS are more likely than the general population to suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).
Experimental tests that could be useful in the future include tests to measure semen and prostate fluid cytokine levels. Various studies have shown increases in markers for inflammation such as elevated levels of cytokines, myeloperoxidase, and chemokines.
Differential diagnosis |
183_7 | Some conditions have similar symptoms to chronic prostatitis: bladder neck hypertrophy and urethral stricture may both cause similar symptoms through urinary reflux (inter alia) and can be excluded through flexible cystoscopy and urodynamic tests.
Nomenclature
A distinction is sometimes made between "IIIa" (Inflammatory) and "IIIb" (Noninflammatory) forms of CP/CPPS, depending on whether pus cells (WBCs) can be found in the expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) of the patient. Some researchers have questioned the usefulness of this categorisation, calling for the Meares–Stamey four-glass test to be abandoned. |
183_8 | In 2007, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) began using the umbrella term Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes (UCPPS), for research purposes, to refer to pain syndromes associated with the bladder (i.e. interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome, IC/PBS) and the prostate gland (i.e. chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, CP/CPPS).
Older terms for this condition are "prostatodynia" (prostate pain) and non-bacterial chronic prostatitis. These terms are no longer in use.
Symptom classification
A classification system called "UPOINT" was developed by urologists Shoskes and Nickel to allow clinical profiling of a patient's symptoms into six broad categories:
Urinary symptoms
Psychological dysfunction
Organ-specific symptoms
Infectious causes
Neurologic dysfunction
Tenderness of the pelvic floor muscles
The UPOINT system allows for individualized and multimodal therapy. |
183_9 | Treatment
Chronic pelvic pain syndrome is difficult to treat. Initial recommendations include education regarding the condition, stress management, and behavioral changes. |
183_10 | Non-drug treatments
Current guidelines by the European Association of Urology include:
Pain education: conversation with the patient about pain, its causes and impact.
Physical therapy: some protocols focus on stretches to release overtensed muscles in the pelvic or anal area (commonly referred to as trigger points) including intrarectal digital massage of the pelvic floor, physical therapy to the pelvic area, and progressive relaxation therapy to reduce causative stress. A device, that is typically placed in the rectum, has also been created for use together with relaxation. This process has been called the Stanford protocol or the Wise-Anderson protocol. The American Urological Association in 2014 listed manual physical therapy as a second line treatment. Kegel exercises are not recommended. Treatment may also include a program of "paradoxical relaxation" to prevent chronic tensing of the pelvic musculature. |
183_11 | Psychological therapy: as most chronic pain conditions, psychotherapy might be helpful in its management regardless its direct impact on pain. |
183_12 | Other non-drug treatments that have been evaluated for this condition include acupuncture, extracorporeal shockwave therapy, programs for physical activity, transrectal thermotherapy and a different set of recommendations regarding lifestyle changes. Acupuncture probably leads to a decrease in prostatitis symptoms when compared with standard medical therapy but may not reduce sexual problems. When compared with a simulated procedure, extracorporeal shockwave therapy also appears to be helpful in decreasing prostate symptoms without the impact of negative side effects but the decrease may only last while treatment is continued. As of 2018 use of extracorporeal shockwave therapy had been studied as a potential treatment for this condition in three small studies; there were short term improvements in symptoms and few adverse effects, but the medium terms results are unknown, and the results are difficult to generalize due to low quality of the studies. Physical activity may slightly |
183_13 | reduce physical symptoms of chronic prostatitis but may not reduce anxiety or depression. Transrectal thermotherapy, where heat is applied to the prostate and pelvic muscle area, on its own or combined with medical therapy may cause symptoms to decrease slightly when compared with medical therapy alone. However, this method may lead to transient side effects. Alternative therapies like prostate massage or lifestyle modifications may or may not reduce symptoms of prostatitis. Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate has been shown to be ineffective in trials. |
183_14 | Medications
A number of medications can be used which need to be tailored to each person's needs and types of symptoms (according to UPOINTS). |
183_15 | Treatment with antibiotics is controversial. A review from 2019 indicated that antibiotics may reduce symptoms. Some have found benefits in symptoms, but others have questioned the utility of a trial of antibiotics. Antibiotics are known to have anti-inflammatory properties and this has been suggested as an explanation for their partial efficacy in treating CPPS. Antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and macrolides have direct anti-inflammatory properties in the absence of infection, blocking inflammatory chemical signals (cytokines) such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which coincidentally are the same cytokines found to be elevated in the semen and EPS of men with chronic prostatitis. The UPOINT diagnostic approach suggests that antibiotics are not recommended unless there is clear evidence of infection. |
183_16 | The effectiveness of alpha blockers (tamsulosin, alfuzosin) is questionable in men with CPPS and may increase side effects like dizziness and low blood pressure. A 2006 meta-analysis found that they are moderately beneficial when the duration of therapy was at least 3 months.
An estrogen reabsorption inhibitor such as mepartricin improves voiding, reduces urological pain and improves quality of life in patients with chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.
Phytotherapeutics such as quercetin and flower pollen extract have been studied in small clinical trials. A 2019 review found that this type of therapy may reduce symptoms of CPPS without side effects, but may not improve sexual problems.
5-alpha reductase inhibitors probably help to reduce prostatitis symptoms in men with CPSS and don't appear to cause more side effects than when a placebo is taken.
Anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce symptoms and may not lead to associated side effects. |
183_17 | When injected into the prostate, Botulinum toxin A (BTA) may cause a large decrease in prostatitis symptoms. If BTA is applied to the muscles of the pelvis, it may not lead to the reduction of symptoms. For both of these procedures, there may be no associated side effects.
For men with CPPS, taking allopurinol may give little or no difference in symptoms but also may not cause side effects.
Traditional Chinese Medicine may not lead to side effects and may reduce symptoms for men with CPPS. However, these medicines probably don't improve sexual problems or symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Therapies that have not been properly evaluated in clinical trials although there is supportive anecdotal evidence include gabapentin, benzodiazepines and amitriptyline. |
183_18 | Emerging research
In a preliminary 2005 open label study of 16 treatment-recalcitrant CPPS patients, controversial entities known as nanobacteria were proposed as a cause of prostatic calcifications found in some CPPS patients. Patients were given EDTA (to dissolve the calcifications) and 3 months of tetracycline (a calcium-leaching antibiotic with anti-inflammatory effects, used here to kill the "pathogens"), and half had significant improvement in symptoms. Scientists have expressed strong doubts about whether nanobacteria are living organisms, and research in 2008 showed that "nanobacteria" are merely tiny lumps of abiotic limestone. |
183_19 | The evidence supporting a viral cause of prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome is weak. Single case reports have implicated herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), but a study using PCR failed to demonstrate the presence of viral DNA in patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome undergoing radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. The reports implicating CMV must be interpreted with caution, because in all cases the patients were immunocompromised. For HSV, the evidence is weaker still, and there is only one reported case, and the causative role of the virus was not proven, and there are no reports of successful treatments using antiviral drugs such as aciclovir.
Due to the concomitant presence of bladder disorders, gastrointestinal disorders and mood disorders, research has been conducted to understand whether CP/CPPS might be caused by problems with the hypothetical bladder-gut-brain axis. |
183_20 | Research has been conducted to understand how chronic bladder pain affects the brain, using techniques like MRI and functional MRI; as of 2016, it appeared that males with CP/CPPS have increased grey matter in the primary somatosensory cortex, the insular cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex and in the central nucleus of the amygdala; studies in rodents have shown that blocking the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5, which is expressed in the central nucleus of the amygdala, can block bladder pain.
Prognosis
In recent years, the prognosis for CP/CPPS has improved with the advent of multimodal treatment, phytotherapy, protocols aimed at quieting the pelvic nerves through myofascial trigger point release, anxiety control and chronic pain therapy. |
183_21 | Epidemiology
In the general population, chronic pelvic pain syndrome occurs in about 0.5% of men in a given year. It is found in men of any age, with the peak incidence in men aged 35–45 years. However, the overall prevalence of symptoms suggestive of CP/CPPS is 6.3%. The role of the prostate was questioned in the cause of CP/CPPS when both men and women in the general population were tested using the (1) National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) —with the female homologue of each male anatomical term used on questionnaires for female participants— (2) the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and (3) additional questions on pelvic pain. The prevalence of symptoms suggestive of CPPS in this selected population was 5.7% in women and 2.7% in men, placing in doubt the role of the prostate gland. New evidence from 2008 suggests that the prevalence of CP/CPPS is much higher in teenage males than once suspected. |
183_22 | Society and culture
Notable cases have included:
John Anderson – Deputy Prime Minister of Australia
James Boswell – author of Life of Samuel Johnson
John Cleese – British actor
Vincent Gallo – movie director
Glenn Gould – pianist
John F. Kennedy – President of the United States of America
Tim Parks – British novelist, translator and author.
Howard Stern – radio personality
William Styron – author (Sophie's Choice)
References
External links
Chronic pain syndromes
Urologic pelvic pain syndrome
Inflammatory prostate disorders
Ailments of unknown cause |
184_0 | Salim is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film directed by N. V. Nirmal Kumar. It stars Vijay Antony and Aksha Pardasany. Produced by Studio 9, Sri Green Productions and Vijay Antony Film Corporation, the film is a sequel to Vijay Antony's debut film Naan (2012). The film was released on 29 August 2014.
Plot |
184_1 | The plot continues 2 years after the incidents and events occurred in Naan. Karthik alias Mohammed Salim (Vijay Antony) is an honest doctor working in a private hospital in Chennai. He often goes out of his ways to help needy patients that come to him. His talent and nature earn him the wrath and jealousy of his colleagues. One day, he learns that someone is stalking him and finds it is his suitor Nisha (Aksha Pardasany). Salim goes directly to Nisha and gives his personal diary for her to learn more about him. This response from Salim impresses Nisha so much, and she falls in love with him. As their relationship progresses, Nisha learns that Salim has dedicated himself to his work, so much so that he fails to take care of her and spend time with her, thus creating a rift between them. To reconcile with Nisha, Salim plans to spend a whole day with her. They go to a movie theatre, and some goons tease Nisha, but Salim chooses to take Nisha and leave the place. Nisha gets offended by |
184_2 | this and starts to ignore Salim and his phone calls. |
184_3 | Meanwhile, the hospital's managing director gives Salim a warning to stop refusing fees from patients as it affects the hospital's income. A few days later, Salim manages to convince Nisha, and they renew their relationship. Nisha asks Salim to go to a party with her, and he agrees. But when he is on the way, he sees a young girl, a gang-rape victim, who is hurt and bleeding on the road. He takes her to the hospital and misses the party. Nisha loses her temper and breaks up with him. |
184_4 | The next day, Salim finds that the girl whom he admitted has been discharged from the hospital. He learns that the managing director has discharged the girl as she is poor and unable to pay the cost. The same evening, he gets an invitation to a party from his hospital. There, he learns that the managing director has had enough of his charity and generosity at the hospital's cost. Salim also learns that he is being laid off and it is his own farewell party. He is also insulted by the managing director for not using his talent and reputation to earn money. Salim storms out of the party in rage. On the way, he gets into a scuffle with a police officer (Aruldoss) and hits him, ending up in the police station. But he escapes with the police officer's pistol and goes straight to a hotel. There, he finds four men trying to rape the hotel singer. He beats them up and helps the girl leave the place. Saying that they have to learn their lesson, Salim takes them hostage inside the room. One of |
184_5 | the men, Guru, is the son of Home Minister Thavapunniyam (R. N. R. Manohar), so the police, led by a police officer Chezhian (P. V. Chandramouli), are pressurized to take immediate action. |
184_6 | The police find out Salim's identity and raid his home, where they find his wedding cards and learn about Nisha. They take her into custody and to the hotel, where she meets Chezhian and explains Salim's character and that he is not a terrorist to take hostages. The police plan to use Nisha as bait and capture Salim, but they fail to do so when Salim demands the presence of Thavapunniyam at the hotel. Meanwhile, a police sniper takes a shot at Salim but misses, and Salim throws one of the men out of a window. He tells Chezhian to take him seriously to avoid more disastrous results. It is later revealed that the four men had raped the girl whom Salim had admitted in the hospital. After discharging the victim from the hospital, they killed both the victim and her mother and disposed of the remains in sewage. |
184_7 | Salim realizes he will not be left alive by Thavapunniyam once he lets go of the hostages. So he demands a car for him to leave and tells the police not to follow him. This time, Thavapunniyam arranges a car that is fixed with a bomb and a remote detonator. Salim continues to hold Guru hostage and gets into the latter's car instead. Later, Thavapunniyam receives a call from Guru telling him that Salim left him on the East Coast Road and escaped. Thavapunniyam orders his men to bring Guru back and kill Salim, who has driven away and made it look like an automobile accident. The men chase the car with trucks and crash into it, only to find it was Salim who chose to leave the car, and it was Guru who was driving inside. |
184_8 | Cast
Vijay Antony as Dr. Karthik alias Mohammed Salim
Aksha Pardasany as Nisha
R. N. R. Manohar as Home Minister Thavapunniyam
Swaminathan as Swaminathan
Aruldoss as Police Officer
P. V. Chandramoulli as Chezhian
Sushmitha
Premji Amaren as himself (Cameo appearance) in the song "Avala Nambithan"
Priya Asmitha as Item number in the song "Mascara"
Production
After his debut venture Naan, Vijay Antony decided to start Salim. Vijay Antony plays the role of a doctor while Aksha Pardasany was signed to portray his fiancé in the film, making her Tamil film debut. Since the movie required Vijay Antony to perform some dare devil stunts, he understood the necessity and underwent rigorous training in Taekwondo for a period of two months. The shoot of the first schedule of the film was held in Chennai in June 2013.
Soundtrack |
184_9 | The music of the film was composed by Vijay Antony. The soundtrack album was released at Sathyam Cinemas, Chennai on 5 June 2014, with Bharathiraja, Bala, M. Raja, R. K. Selvamani and R. Parthiepan among other attending the event. Behindwoods gave 2 out of 5 and called the album "a mixed bag from Vijay Antony".
Release
Salim was released on 29 August 2014 in around 400 screens across the country, including Kerala and Karnataka, with Tamil Nadu contributing close to 300 screens. Gopuram Films and Sri Production distribute the film in India. It was released in about 50 screens in the overseas space in key countries, through Suara Networks. |
184_10 | Critical response |
184_11 | The film has received generally positive reviews from the newspapers. Baradwaj Rangan from The Hindu wrote, "The director, N. V. Nirmal Kumar, subscribes to a rather charming theory: things just happen. Nisha just happens to morph into a ghost. Salim just happens to get arrested by a cop...Salim just happens to visit an old man, who dies a few scenes later, having served little purpose other than to demonstrate another facet of Salim’s goodness. If he (Salim) was really that good, he’d have refunded my ticket money by now". The Times of India gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Vijay Antony is definitely not an expressive actor but with Naan earlier and now Salim, he has managed to find roles where impassiveness is a trait of the character...The first half of Salim nicely sets up what's in store...It is only in the second half that things get somewhat cinematic". The New Indian Express wrote, Salim may not have the best of scripts, but with its racy pace and twists, it manages to keep |
184_12 | one glued to the screen for the most part". Sify wrote, " Salim is a decent enough thriller that compensates for its weak first half by a smarter second half and some composed acting by Vijay Antony". Behindwoods in its review stated, "This is not the first time that Tamil Cinema witnesses such a plot, however the way Salim is treated, manages to keep the audiences engaged", calling it a "watchable average movie". Moviecrow stated, Salim is definitely a sound choice by Vijay Antony as a follow up to Naan". Indiaglitz.com wrote, "The film is clean and thought-provoking, and is certainly worth the time invested". |
184_13 | References
External links
2014 films
Tamil-language films
Indian films
2014 action thriller films
2010s Tamil-language films
Films scored by Vijay Antony
Indian action thriller films
Films about rape in India
Films set in Chennai
Films shot in Chennai
Fictional physicians
Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police
Films featuring an item number
2014 directorial debut films |
185_0 | The 2011–12 edition of the Commonwealth Bank Series was a One Day International cricket tournament which was held in Australia. It was a tri-nation series between Australia, India, and Sri Lanka. This was the first time Australia had hosted a tri-series since 2007–08.
Squads
Decision Review System
The series was played without the players having access to the Umpire Decision Review System (DRS). At the time, the DRS could be used in any series at the agreement of all participating cricket boards, but the Board of Control for Cricket in India opposed its use in this series. Umpires could still initiate reviews to the third umpire for run out, stumping and no ball decisions.
Group stage points table
Points System: |
185_1 | In the event of teams finishing on equal points, the right to play in the final match or series was determined as follows:
The team with the highest number of wins
If still equal, the team with the highest number of wins over the other team(s) who are equal on points and have the same number of wins
If still equal, the team with the highest number of bonus points
If still equal, the team with the highest net run rate
In a match declared as no result, run rate is not applicable.
Won (W): 4
Lost (L): 0
No Result (NR): 2
Tie (T): 2
Bonus Points (BP): 1 (The team that achieves a run rate of 1.25 times that of the opposition shall be awarded one bonus point. A team's run rate will be calculated by reference to the runs scored in an innings divided by the number of overs faced) |
185_2 | Net run rate (NRR): Runs per over scored less runs per over conceded, adjusting team batting first to overs of team batting second in rain rule matches, adjusting to team's full allocation if all out, and ignoring no result matches.
Group stage matches
1st match |
185_3 | India won the toss and elected to field in windy conditions, and with rain forecast to interrupt the Australian innings. The rain came after 11 overs, with Australia struggling at 35–2, with Vinay Kumar dismissing both Warner (6) and Ponting (2) for single figures, and keeping the run rate tight. The rain delay reduced the match to 32 overs per side. Following the rain, Australia accelerated, and added 181 runs in 21 overs, Matthew Wade (67) making a half-century on debut, and Michael and David Hussey (45 off 32 balls and 61 off 30 balls respectively) contributing with aggressive middle order batting, to take the total to 5/216. After applying the Duckworth-Lewis method, there was no change to the target, with India to chase 217 to win. |
185_4 | India lost Tendulkar (2) and Gambhir (5) inside the first four overs, with Mitchell Starc (2/33) taking both wickets. Virat Kohli (31) and Rohit Sharma (21) added 51 for the third wicket, before Clint McKay (4/20) dismissed both in the 12th over, reducing India to 4/65. Wickets fell regularly, and India could not keep up with the required run rate. Eventually, India was dismissed for 151 in the 30th over. Australia won by 65 runs and claimed a bonus point; Matthew Wade was man of the match.
2nd match
Sri Lanka won the toss and chose to bat. After reaching a comfortable position at 2/100 in the 24th over, the Indian bowlers were able to stifle the Sri Lankan run rate through the middle portion of the innings with tight bowling and regular wickets. Sri Lanka passed 200 in the 46th over, and finished at 8/233. Ravichandran Ashwin (3/32 from 10 overs) was the best of the bowlers, and Dinesh Chandimal (64) top-scored for Sri Lanka. |
185_5 | India had the run rate well under control in its innings, and had reached 3/157 after 32 overs, before a middle order collapse saw them fall to 6/181 after 36 overs, giving Sri Lanka a chance at bowling India out. However, the number seven and eight batsmen, Ravindra Jadeja (24*) and Ravichandran Ashwin (30*), put on an unbeaten 53 run partnership to guide India to victory in the 47th over.
3rd match |
185_6 | Sri Lanka won the toss and sent Australia in, and dismissed the Australian top order cheaply, reducing them to 3/50 in the 9th over. Michael Clarke (57) tried to anchor the Australian innings, but wickets continued to fall around him; when Clarke fell in the 41st over, the score was 7/190, and Australia was at risk of not batting out its overs. A 32-run partnership for the ninth wicket between Clint McKay (25) and Mitchell Starc (14) helped Australia to reach the 50th over, and they were ultimately bowled out for 231 with five balls remaining. The wickets were shared, with no bowler taking more than two. |
185_7 | In its chase, Sri Lanka had the run rate under control for most of the innings, but lost wickets regularly. They fell to 3/88 in the 21st over, then to 6/130 in the 31st over. Batting at number seven, Angelo Mathews (64) anchored the batting in the lower order, sharing good partnerships with the tail – including 32 runs for the eighth wicket with Sachithra Senanayake and 46 runs for the tenth wicket with Dhammika Prasad – to get Sri Lanka into the 50th over, but the run rate suffered. In the end, Sri Lanka needed 18 from the last over; Mathews hit a four and a six from the first two deliveries, but was caught in the deep on the penultimate ball, with Sri Lanka five runs short of Australia's total. As in the Australian innings, the wickets were shared, with no bowler taking more than two wickets; Xavier Doherty's 2/24 from ten overs were the most economical figures.
4th match |
185_8 | Australia won the toss and chose to bat, and lost both openers inside the first ten overs. Michael Clarke (38), David Hussey (72) and debutant Peter Forrest (66) batted comfortably through the middle of the innings to take Australia to 4/212 after 40 overs; however, Indian fast bowlers Zaheer Khan and Vinay Kumar prevented Australia from accelerating through the final ten overs, and Australia finished at 8/269. |
185_9 | India batted its way into a very comfortable position at the start of its run chase, reaching 2/166 in the 32nd over to be in a strong position to win. They lost Rohit Sharma (33) and Gautam Gambhir (92) in quick succession, and the run rate slowed – India added only eighteen runs in the batting powerplay, which was taken shortly after the wickets. After careful batting by MS Dhoni (44*) and Suresh Raina (38), India brought itself back to a winning position, requiring 40 runs from the last five overs, with six wickets in hand. Eventually, India needed 13 runs from the final over, which Dhoni scored with two balls to spare.
5th match |
185_10 | Batting first, Sri Lanka lost Upul Tharanga (0) in the first over, and was in a vulnerable position at 3/79 in the 20th over. Dinesh Chandimal (81) and Mahela Jayawardene (43) added 94 runs for the fourth wicket to bring Sri Lanka to 3/173 in the 36th over, but both were dismissed shortly afterwards, which stifled the Sri Lankan innings. Only 58 more runs were added in the 12.3 overs after Chandimal's dismissal, to take Sri Lanka to a total of 9/236. |
185_11 | In its chase, Gautam Gambhir (91) scored his second consecutive score of in the nineties to anchor the innings, while nobody else in the top order was able to manage more than twenty runs. Gambhir was joined at the crease by MS Dhoni (58*) in the 28th over, and the pair added sixty runs before Gambhir was run out in the 41st over, with the score 5/178. Dhoni batted patiently with the lower order, and batted into a position where it needed 24 runs to win from the last two overs with three wickets in hand: Angelo Mathews conceded 15 runs from the 49th over, including a wide and a no ball, and Lasith Malinga conceded 8 runs from the last over, including three from the final ball, to tie the game.
There was mild controversy when it was later discovered that India's 30th over had been called off after only five deliveries.
6th match |
185_12 | After winning the toss and choosing to bat, Australia's top and middle orders were decimated by Sri Lanka's bowling. When rain interrupted play after 26 overs, Australia was struggling at 6/88. After the resumption, with the innings shortened to 41 overs, Australia managed to extend its score to 158, mostly through the batting of David Hussey (58), who was the only Australian batsman to pass a score of twenty runs, and his 49-run partnership with Mitchell Starc (17) for the ninth wicket. Thisara Perera (2/29 from 7 overs) and Farveez Maharoof (2/18 from 8 overs) finished with the best bowling figures for Sri Lanka. The target was adjusted down to 152 by the Duckworth-Lewis method.
Sri Lanka had no difficulty chasing down Australia's total, winning in the 25th over, at a run rate of 6.28, to claim the bonus point. Mahela Jayawardene (61*) top-scored in the run chase.
7th match |
185_13 | In a solid performance by the entire batting line-up, Australia reached 5/288 in its innings. Four of the top five batsmen – Matthew Wade (45), David Warner (43), Peter Forrest (52) and Michael Hussey (59) – passed forty runs to set a strong platform, and middle order batsmen Daniel Christian (30* from 18 balls) and David Hussey (26* from 20 balls) accelerated through the death overs. Irfan Pathan (3/61) was the best of the Indian bowlers.
In reply, India's top order fell cheaply, with Brett Lee and Ben Hilfenhaus each taking two wickets to reduce India to 4/36 in the 11th over. India never recovered from that start, and only MS Dhoni (56) could provide any significant resistance, as India was dismissed in the 44th over for 178, conceding a bonus point. Hilfenhaus finished with 5/33 to win Man of the Match, and Brett Lee also took one more wicket to finish 3/49. |
185_14 | Indian captain MS Dhoni was charged for India's slow over rate, which saw the Australian innings run half an hour longer than scheduled, and he was suspended for India's next ODI. It was Dhoni's second suspension for a slow over rate during the summer, after missing the fourth Test against Australia in January.
Australian Ricky Ponting was dropped after this match, after failing to reach double figures during the series.
8th match
As Australia had done in the seventh ODI, almost Sri Lanka's entire batting line-up played well in the first innings – Mahela Jayawardene (45), Tillekaratne Dilshan (51), Dinesh Chandimal (38) and Lahiru Thirimanne (62) set a strong platform, and Angelo Mathews (49* from 37 balls) and Thisara Perera (10 from 7 balls) accelerated at the death. Sri Lanka finished with 6/289. |
185_15 | Sri Lanka took three early wickets, including two to Nuwan Kulasekara, to reduce India to 3/54. Suresh Raina (32) and Virat Kohli (66) added 92 for the fourth wicket, to bring India to 3/146 in the 31st over, before Raina was dismissed. Sri Lanka regained its winning position when Kulasekara (3/40) dismissed Ravindra Jadeja (17), India's last recognised batsman, in the 38th over with the score 6/191. Irfan Pathan (47 from 34 balls) gave India some hope, but he quickly ran out of batting partners, and India was dismissed for 238 in the 46th over. Sri Lanka won by 51 runs, seven runs shy of the margin required to earn a bonus point.
Sri Lankan top-scorer Lahiru Thirimanne had to survive a mankading when he was on 44. He was mankaded by Ravichandran Ashwin in the 40th over, after having previously been warned by the bowler for leaving his crease early, but Indian stand-in captain Virender Sehwag on the advice of Sachin Tendulkar decided to withdraw the appeal.
9th match |
185_16 | Australia lost both openers cheaply to be reduced to 2/27 in the 7th over, before Peter Forrest (104) and Michael Clarke (72) batted together for more than thirty overs, and added 154 runs for the third wicket. Forrest reached his maiden international century, and the first century by a batsman in the tri-series, in the 40th over. From the strong platform of 3/197, aggressive batting in the death overs by David Hussey (40 from 28 balls), Michael Hussey (21 from 14 balls) and Brett Lee (20 from 15 balls) allowed Australia to post a strong total of 6/280. |
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