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185_17 | In reply, Mahela Jayawardene opened the batting aggressively, bring his personal total to fifty in only the 12th over. Jayawardene (85) and Dinesh Chandimal (80) took the score to 2/153 in the 27th over, when Jayawardene was dismissed. Chandimal added another ninety runs in partnerships to bring Sri Lanka to 4/243. At this point, Sri Lanka was in a comfortable position, needing 38 from 35 deliveries. Ryan Harris and Ben Hilfenhaus each took a wicket to reduce Sri Lanka to 6/250 after 46 overs; but aggressive hitting from Thisara Perera (21 from 11 balls), including twelve runs off Daniel Christian in the 49th over saw Sri Lanka home with four balls to spare.
10th match |
185_18 | Australia was reduced to 2/26 after two early wickets to Praveen Kumar (2/37). Australia recovered to reach 3/107, before David Warner (68 off 66 balls) was dismissed in the 21st over. David Hussey (54) and Matthew Wade (56) added 94 runs for the fifth wicket, taking Australia to 4/201, before both men were dismissed by Umesh Yadav (2/39) in the space of four overs. Australia was unable to accelerate through the death overs, mostly through the part-time bowling of Virender Sehwag, who took 3/43 from his nine overs; Australia passed 250 only by scoring 13 runs from Sehwag's last over. |
185_19 | In its run chase, India lost wickets early and regularly, before being dismissed for 165 in the 40th over. There were no innings or partnerships of note: Ravichandran Ashwin top-scored with 26, and the highest partnership was only 44 runs, between Gautam Gambhir (23) and Virat Kohli (21). Xavier Doherty, Shane Watson and Ben Hilfenhaus all took two wickets for Australia. Australia won the match with a bonus point, and the result ensured that Australia qualified for the finals. |
185_20 | David Hussey had to survive an appeal for either handled the ball or obstructing the field when he was on 17 in the 24th over. While taking a single, Hussey used his open hand to swat away a throw which was on target for the stumps, but was also likely to hit Hussey as he attempted to make his ground. The third umpire, after much deliberation, gave him not out. It was the second unusual appeal of the series, after the attempted mankading of Lahiru Thirimanne in the eighth ODI.
In another controversial incident, Sachin Tendulkar while running was obstructed by Brett Lee and was forced to go around him, eventually getting run out by a direct hit from David Warner.
11th match
Entering India's final round robin match, it was five points behind Sri Lanka. As such, India needed to beat Sri Lanka with a bonus point to have a chance at reaching the finals; any other result would have ended India's tournament. |
185_21 | Sri Lanka was sent in to bat, and compiled a huge total of 4/320. Most of the runs came in a 200-run partnership for the second wicket between Tillekaratne Dilshan and Kumar Sangakkara, both of whom made centuries. Sangakkara (105 from 87 balls) was finally dismissed in the 44th over. Dilshan finished the innings unbeaten on 160 from 165 balls; his last 60 runs came from only 33 deliveries in the death overs. |
185_22 | Needing to score at more than eight runs per over to earn the bonus point, the openers started quickly: Virender Sehwag (30 from 16 balls) and Sachin Tendulkar (39 from 30 balls) helped to take the score to 2/86 in the tenth over. Tendulkar's dismissal brought Virat Kohli to the crease, who batted in two century partnerships to complete the run chase in only 36.4 overs, earning the bonus point. Kohli and Gautam Gambhir (63 from 64 balls) put on 115 for the third wicket, then Kohli and Suresh Raina (40 from 24 balls) put on an unbeaten 120 runs for the fourth wicket. Kohli finished unbeaten on 133 runs from 86 balls; he completed his century in 76 balls, then added his last 33 runs in only ten deliveries, including hitting 24 runs off Lasith Malinga in the 35th over. Malinga conceded 96 runs from his 7.4 overs, setting a new record for the worst innings economy rate in ODI history (12.52).
12th match |
185_23 | Entering the match, Australia had already qualified for the finals. Sri Lanka and India were tied on 15 points for second, with India ahead on the head-to-head tiebreaker; as such, Sri Lanka needed at least one point to qualify for the finals. A win, tie, or no result would see Sri Lanka qualify, a loss would see India qualify. |
185_24 | Sri Lanka fell to 2/17 in the fifth over, before Kumar Sangakkara (64), Dinesh Chandimal (75) and Lahiru Thirimanne (51) all scored half centuries to steady Sri Lanka's innings. Sri Lanka brought the score to 4/195 in the 42nd over, with Thirimanne still at the crease, before collapsing to 8/206 in the 44th over; this was due to the efforts of Daniel Christian, who dismissed Thisara Perera, Sachithra Senanayake and Nuwan Kulasekara for a hat-trick (the 31st hat-trick in ODI history), and took 4/5 across a two over spell. Thirimanne and Rangana Herath (14) added 29 for the ninth wicket to help to take the Sri Lankan total to 238. Christian finished with 5/31 from nine overs, and James Pattinson, playing his first ODI for the summer, took four top order wickets to finish with 4/51. |
185_25 | Australia's reply started poorly, with Lasith Malinga taking two early wickets to help reduce Australia to 3/26 in the 5th over. Shane Watson (65) and Michael Hussey (29) added 87 for the fourth wicket to resurrect the Australian innings. Sri Lanka's bowling attack was struck by injuries to both Angelo Mathews and Thisara Perera, which forced Thirimanne to bowl for only the third time in his List A career, but Thirimanne got the breakthrough, dismissing Michael Hussey in the 25th over. When Shane Watson was dismissed by Malinga (4/49) in the 31st over, Australia fell to 5/140, putting Sri Lanka in a winning position. David Hussey (74) almost guided Australia to victory, but he quickly ran out of batting partners; a 39-run partnership with Xavier Doherty (7) for the ninth wicket was the longest partnership of Hussey's innings. Needing ten runs from the last over with one wicket in hand, Hussey was caught in the deep from the first delivery. |
185_26 | The victory sent Sri Lanka to the top of the points table, qualifying Sri Lanka for the finals series.
Finals
1st final
Winning the toss and choosing to bat, Australian batsmen made their first century opening stand for the series, with David Warner and Matthew Wade (64) taking the score to 0/136 in the 24th over before Wade was dismissed. Warner batted throughout the rest of the innings, bringing up his maiden ODI century in the 35th over from 113 balls, and finally being dismissed on the last ball of the innings for 163 from 157 balls. Support came from Michael Clarke (37 from 25 balls) and Michael Hussey (19* from 10 balls), to take the total to 6/321. |
185_27 | In reply, Sri Lanka replied with a strong run rate, but Brett Lee took the wickets of the two openers to leave Sri Lanka at 2/66 after eight overs. The run rate slowed and wickets fell regularly, and when Farveez Maharoof was dismissed in the first ball of the 31st over, Sri Lanka were reduced to 6/144; Kumar Sangakkara (42) was the only batsman to have passed twenty runs, and Brett Lee (3/59) and part-time spinner David Hussey (4/43) had each taken three wickets. Two significant and fast-scoring lower order partnerships then brought Sri Lanka back into contention for the game: Upul Tharanga (60) and Nuwan Kulasekara (73 from 43 balls) added 104 runs from 69 deliveries for the seventh wicket, and Tharanga and Dhammika Prasad (31* from 21 balls) added 37 runs from 25 balls for the eighth wicket. |
185_28 | Sri Lanka needed 23 runs from the final three overs with two wickets in hand, but accurate death bowling by Lee and Shane Watson saw both wickets fall for only seven runs, with four deliveries to spare. The final margin of victory was 15 runs, and Australia took a 1–0 lead in the finals series.
Australia's innings match was interrupted twice by rain, and light rain fell for much of the game, but no overs were lost.
2nd final |
185_29 | After choosing to bat, Australia were reduced to 2/56 in the 16th over, at a conservative run rate of 3.69. After that, Michael Clarke (117) and David Warner (100) batted together for more than thirty overs, adding 184 runs for the third wicket, and Warner scoring a century for the second consecutive match. From the strong platform of 2/232 after 43 overs, Australia failed to accelerate at the death, scoring only 39 runs from the last seven overs to set a total of 6/271; Lasith Malinga (3/40) took 3/13 from his last three overs of the innings. Sri Lanka dropped five catching opportunities in the field. |
185_30 | It took Sri Lanka only six overs to reach 0/50 in reply – helped by a poor display of opening bowling by Australia, which conceded twelve extras and a catch behind annulled through wides, no balls and byes. Mahela Jayawardene (80) and Tillekaratne Dilshan (106) put together an opening stand of 179 runs before Jayawardene was dismissed in the 28th over. Kumar Sangakkara (51*) also contributed a half century, and Sri Lanka cruised to a comfortable victory in the 45th over, to level the finals series 1–1.
3rd final |
185_31 | After being sent in, Australian openers David Warner (48) and Matthew Wade (49) set a strong opening platform of 1/115 in the 21st over. The top order then collapsed, Sri Lanka taking 4/20 in seven overs to reduce Australia to 5/135. The middle order failed to recover, and Australia was reduced to 7/177 in the 38th over, before a 40 run partnership between bowlers Clint McKay (28) and Brett Lee (32) helped to take the Australian score to 231, all out in the 50th over. The bowling of Rangana Herath (3/36 from 10 overs) and Farveez Maharoof (3/40 from 10 overs) was key to Sri Lanka's recovery during the Australian innings. |
185_32 | In its reply, Sri Lanka fell to 4/53 inside ten overs as Lee and McKay took two early wickets each. Upul Tharanga (71) helped to resurrect the Sri Lankan innings, compiling a fifth wicket partnership of 60 runs with Lahiru Thirimanne (30) to bring the score to 4/113, but after Tharanga's dismissal, wickets fell regularly until Sri Lanka was reduced to 8/204 in the 46th over. Australia eventually dismissed Sri Lanka in the 49th over for 215, largely through the bowling of Clint McKay, who took 5/28 for the innings. Australia won the series 2–1.
References
Australian Tri-Series
2011–12 Australian cricket season
Sri Lankan cricket tours of Australia
2012 in Sri Lankan cricket
2012 in Australian cricket |
186_0 | God He Reigns is the fourteenth album in the live praise and worship series of contemporary worship music by Hillsong Church. A single-disc version of this album was released in North America and South America by Integrity Media. The album reached No. 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart.
Recording
God He Reigns was recorded live at the Sydney Entertainment Centre on 27 February 2005 by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team with a congregation of 10,500. God He Reigns was released at the annual Hillsong Conference in July.
Writing and composition
The majority of songs were written by Marty Sampson, Darlene Zschech, Reuben Morgan, and Joel Houston. Raymond Badham, Ned Davies, Mia Fieldes and Miriam Webster also contributed to writing songs. Songs were written in the 12 months prior to the album recording, some songs were first recorded on the Hillsong United album Look to You. |
186_1 | Commercial performance
God He Reigns reached No. 2 on the Australian album charts and the DVD hit No. 1. Initially, there was doubt as to the commercial success of the album as the release coincided with the release of new albums by Guy Sebastian and Paulini, but in that week more copies of God He Reigns were sold than every other CD in Australia combined (including pop charts, alternative, rock, et cetera).
Track listing (EU/AUS) |
186_2 | Disc 1
"Let Creation Sing" (Reuben Morgan) – Worship Leaders: Darlene Zschech b. Reuben Morgan
"Salvation Is Here" (Joel Houston) – Worship Leaders: Joel Houston, b. Darlene Zschech
"His Love" (Raymond Badham) – Worship Leader: Darlene Zschech & Paul Andrew
"Emmanuel" (Reuben Morgan) – Worship Leaders: Darlene Zschech b. Reuben Morgan
"Saviour" (Darlene Zschech) – Worship Leaders: Miriam Webster b Darlene Zschech
"Wonderful God" (Ned Davies) – Worship Leader: Darlene Zschech, b. Joel Houston "God He Reigns"/"All I Need Is You" (chorus) (Marty Sampson) – Worship Leaders: Darlene Zschech
"Yours Is the Kingdom" (Joel Houston) – Worship Leaders: Marty Sampson, b. Darlene Zschech
"Welcome in This Place" (Miriam Webster) – Worship Leader: Darlene ZschechDisc 2 "Let Us Adore" (Reuben Morgan) – Worship Leaders: Darlene Zschech b. Reuben Morgan
"All for Love" (Mia Fieldes) – Worship Leaders: Men of Hillsong (Marcus Temu, Tulele Faletolu, Barry Southgate) |
186_3 | "Know You More" (Darlene Zschech) – Worship Leaders: Dee Uluirewa & Darlene Zschech
"There Is Nothing Like" (Marty Sampson & Jonas Myrin) – Worship Leaders: Marty Sampson
"What the World Will Never Take" (Matt Crocker, Scott Ligertwood & Marty Sampson) – Worship Leaders: Marty Sampson & Tulele Faletolu
"Tell the World" (Jonathan Douglass, Joel Houston & Marty Sampson) – Worship Leaders: Joel Houston & Jonathan Douglass, b. Darlene ZschechNotes'''
(b. = Lead Backing Vocal)
The two-disc music DVD has an extra track: "Praise in the Highest" as an 'opener', as well as documentaries. |
186_4 | Track listing (NA/SA)
"Let Creation Sing" (Reuben Morgan)
"Salvation Is Here" (Joel Houston)
"His Love" (Raymond Badham)
"Emmanuel" (Morgan)
"Saviour" (Darlene Zschech)
"Wonderful God" (Ned Davies)
"God He Reigns"/"All I Need Is You" (chorus) (Marty Sampson)
"Yours Is the Kingdom" (Houston)
"Welcome in This Place" (Miriam Webster)
"Let Us Adore" (Morgan)
"All for Love" (Mia Fieldes)(Men of Hillsong)
"Know You More" (Zschech)
"There Is Nothing Like" (Sampson, Jonas Myrin)
Personnel |
186_5 | Darlene Zschech – worship pastor, producer, senior worship leader, senior lead vocal, songwriter
Joel Houston – assistant producer
Reuben Morgan – worship leader, acoustic guitar, songwriter
Marty Sampson – worship leader, acoustic guitar, songwriter
Tulele Faletolu – worship leader
Joel Houston – united worship leader, acoustic guitar, songwriter
Vera Kasevich – worship leader
Paul Nevison – worship leader, acoustic guitar
Miriam Webster – worship leader
Steve McPherson – vocals, vocal production
Julia A'Bell – vocals
Paul Andrew – vocals
Julie Bassett – vocals, vocal production
Gilbert Clark – vocals
Holly Dawson – vocals
Jonathan Douglass (JD) – vocals
Deb Ezzy – vocals
Faletolu Faletolu – vocals
Lucy Fisher – vocals
Michelle Grigg – vocals
Peter Hart – vocals
Scott Haslem – vocals, vocal production
Karen Horn – vocals
Nathan Phillips – vocals
Aran Puddle – vocals
Barry Southgate – vocals
Katrina Tadman – vocals
Marcus Temu – vocals |
186_6 | Dee Uluirewa – vocals, vocal production
Beci Wakerley – vocals
Matthew Hope – trumpet, brass director, flugelhorn
Ian Fisher – bass
Nigel Hendroff – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Jonno Louwrens – saxophone
Raymond Badham – acoustic guitar, music direction
Sonja Bailey – Percussion
Marcüs Beaumont – electric guitar
Jason Blackboum – drum technician
Tim Whincop – trumpet
Michael Guy Chislett – electric guitar
Craig Gower – piano, keyboards
Elisha Vella – percussion
Gary Honor – saxophone
Stephanie Lambert – trumpet
Rick Petereit – drum technician
Steve Luke – trombone
Greg Hughes – trombone
Peter King – piano, keyboards
Joel Houston bass
Peter Kelly – percussion
Peter James – keyboards
David Holmes – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Mike Short – bass technician
Marty Beaton – keyboard technician, piano technician, guitar technician
Rolf Wam Fjell – drums
Timothy Dearmin – saxophone
Matt Tennikoff – bass
Sam O'Donnell – drum technician |
186_7 | Justin Hopkins – drum technician
Kevin Lee – piano, keyboards
David Holmes – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Peter Wilson – electric guitar
Marty Beaton – guitar technician
Jad Gillies – electric guitar
Timothy Dearmin – saxophone
Rebecca Gunn – cello
Dan Munns – guitar technician
Tirza VanBreda – cello
Matt Tennikoff -bass
George Whippy – bass
Gio Galanti – keyboards
Sonja Crocker – percussion
Hillsong Church Choir
Brian Houston – senior pastor
Bobbie Houston – senior pastor |
186_8 | References
2005 live albums
2005 video albums
Live video albums
Hillsong Music live albums
Hillsong Music video albums
pt:God He Reigns |
187_0 | Stanley Ann Dunham (November 29, 1942 – November 7, 1995) was an American anthropologist who specialized in the economic anthropology and rural development of Indonesia. She was the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th president of the United States. Dunham was known as Stanley Ann Dunham through high school, then as Ann Dunham, Ann Obama, Ann Soetoro, a.k.a. Ann Sutoro, and resumed her maiden name, Ann Dunham, later in life. |
187_1 | Born in Wichita, Kansas, Dunham studied at the East–West Center and at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in Honolulu, where she attained a bachelor of arts degree in anthropology (1967), and later received master of arts (1974) and PhD (1992) degrees, also in anthropology. She also attended the University of Washington in Seattle from 1961 to 1962. Interested in craftsmanship, weaving, and the role of women in cottage industries, Dunham's research focused on women's work on the island of Java and blacksmithing in Indonesia. To address the problem of poverty in rural villages, she created microcredit programs while working as a consultant for the United States Agency for International Development. Dunham was also employed by the Ford Foundation in Jakarta and she consulted with the Asian Development Bank in Gujranwala, Pakistan. Towards the latter part of her life, she worked with Bank Rakyat Indonesia, where she helped apply her research to the largest microfinance program in the |
187_2 | world. |
187_3 | After her son was elected president, interest renewed in Dunham's work: the University of Hawaiʻi held a symposium about her research; an exhibition of Dunham's Indonesian batik textile collection toured the United States; and in December 2009, Duke University Press published Surviving against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia, a book based on Dunham's original 1992 dissertation. Janny Scott, an author and former New York Times reporter, published a biography of her titled A Singular Woman in 2011. Posthumous interest has also led to the creation of the Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment in the Anthropology Department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, as well as the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships, intended to fund students associated with the East–West Center in Honolulu, Hawaii. |
187_4 | In an interview, Barack Obama referred to his mother as "the dominant figure in my formative years ... The values she taught me continue to be my touchstone when it comes to how I go about the world of politics."
Early life
Dunham was born on November 29, 1942, at St. Francis Hospital in Wichita, Kansas, the only child of Madelyn Lee Payne and Stanley Armour Dunham. She was of predominantly English ancestry, with some Scottish, Welsh, Irish, German and Swiss. Wild Bill Hickok is her sixth cousin, five times removed. Ancestry.com announced on July 30, 2012, after using a combination of old documents and yDNA analysis, that Dunham's mother was descended from John Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in seventeenth-century colonial Virginia. |
187_5 | Her parents were born in Kansas and met in Wichita, where they married on May 5, 1940. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, her father joined the United States Army and her mother worked at a Boeing plant in Wichita. According to Dunham, she was named after her father because he wanted a son, though her relatives doubt this story and her maternal uncle recalled that her mother named Dunham after her favorite actress Bette Davis' character in the film In This Our Life because she thought Stanley, as a girl's name, sounded sophisticated. As a child and teenager she was known as Stanley. Other children teased her about her name. Nonetheless, she used it through high school, "apologizing for it each time she introduced herself in a new town." By the time Dunham began attending college, she was known by her middle name, Ann, instead. After World War II, Dunham's family moved from Wichita to California while her father attended the University of California, Berkeley. In 1948, they moved to |
187_6 | Ponca City, Oklahoma, and from there to Vernon, Texas, and then to El Dorado, Kansas. In 1955, the family moved to Seattle, Washington, where her father was employed as a furniture salesman and her mother worked as vice president of a bank. They lived in an apartment complex in the Wedgwood neighborhood where she attended Nathan Eckstein Junior High School. |
187_7 | In 1956, Dunham's family moved to Mercer Island, an Eastside suburb of Seattle. Dunham's parents wanted their 13-year-old daughter to attend the newly opened Mercer Island High School. At the school, teachers Val Foubert and Jim Wichterman taught the importance of challenging social norms and questioning authority to the young Dunham, and she took the lessons to heart: "She felt she didn't need to date or marry or have children." One classmate remembered her as "intellectually way more mature than we were and a little bit ahead of her time, in an off-center way", and a high school friend described her as knowledgeable and progressive: "If you were concerned about something going wrong in the world, Stanley would know about it first. We were liberals before we knew what liberals were." Another called her "the original feminist". She went through high school "reading beatnik poets and French existentialists".
Family life and marriages |
187_8 | On August 21, 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state to be admitted into the Union. Dunham's parents sought business opportunities in the new state, and after graduating from high school in 1960, Dunham and her family moved to Honolulu. Dunham enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa. |
187_9 | First marriage
While attending a Russian language class, Dunham met Barack Obama Sr., the school's first African student. At the age of 23, Obama Sr. had come to Hawaii to pursue his education, leaving behind a pregnant wife, Kezia, and their infant son in his home town of Nyang'oma Kogelo in Kenya. Dunham and Obama Sr. were married on the Hawaiian island of Maui on February 2, 1961, despite parental opposition from both families. Dunham was three months pregnant. Obama Sr. eventually informed Dunham about his first marriage in Kenya but claimed he was divorced. Years later she discovered this was false. Obama Sr.'s first wife, Kezia, later said she had granted her consent for him to marry a second wife in keeping with Luo customs. |
187_10 | On August 4, 1961, at the age of 18, Dunham gave birth to her first child, Barack Obama in Honolulu. Friends in the state of Washington recall her visiting with her month-old baby in 1961. |
187_11 | She studied at the University of Washington from September 1961 to June 1962, and lived as a single mother in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle with her son while her husband continued his studies in Hawaii. When Obama Sr. graduated from the University of Hawaii in June 1962, he was offered a scholarship to study in New York City, but declined it, preferring to attend the more prestigious Harvard University. He left for Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he began graduate study at Harvard in the fall of 1962. Dunham returned to Honolulu and resumed her undergraduate education at the University of Hawaii with the spring semester in January 1963. During this time, her parents helped her raise the young Barack. Dunham filed for divorce in January 1964, which Obama Sr. did not contest. In December 1964, Obama Sr. married Ruth Baker, a Jewish American of Lithuanian-Jewish heritage; they were separated in 1971 and divorced in 1973 after having two sons. In 1965, Obama Sr. received a MA |
187_12 | in economics from Harvard. In 1971, he stayed in Hawaii for a month and visited his 10 year old son Barack. In 1982, Obama Sr. was killed in a car accident. |
187_13 | Second marriage
It was at the East–West Center that Dunham met Lolo Soetoro, a Javanese surveyor who had come to Honolulu in September 1962 on an East–West Center grant to study geography at the University of Hawaii. Soetoro graduated from the University of Hawaii with an MA in geography in June 1964. In 1965, Soetoro and Dunham were married in Hawaii, and in 1966, Soetoro returned to Indonesia. Dunham graduated from the University of Hawaii with a B.A. in anthropology on August 6, 1967, and moved in October the same year with her six-year-old son to Jakarta, Indonesia, to rejoin her husband. |
187_14 | In Indonesia, Soetoro worked first as a low-paid topographical surveyor for the Indonesian government, and later in the government relations office of Union Oil Company. The family first lived at 16 Kyai Haji Ramli Tengah Street in a newly built neighborhood in the Menteng Dalam administrative village of the Tebet subdistrict in South Jakarta for two and a half years, with her son attending the nearby Indonesian-language Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi) Catholic School for 1st, 2nd, and part of 3rd grade, then in 1970 moved two miles north to 22 Taman Amir Hamzah Street in the Matraman Dalam neighborhood in the Pegangsaan administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta, with her son attending the Indonesian-language government-run Besuki School one and half miles east in the exclusive Menteng administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict for part of 3rd grade and for 4th grade. On August 15, 1970, Soetoro and Dunham had a daughter, Maya Kassandra |
187_15 | Soetoro. |
187_16 | In Indonesia, Dunham enriched her son's education with correspondence courses in English, recordings of Mahalia Jackson, and speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. In 1971, she sent the young Obama back to Hawaii to attend Punahou School starting in 5th grade rather than having him stay in Indonesia with her. Madelyn Dunham's job at the Bank of Hawaii, where she had worked her way up over a decade from clerk to becoming one of its first two female vice presidents in 1970, helped pay the steep tuition, with some assistance from a scholarship.
A year later, in August 1972, Dunham and her daughter moved back to Hawaii to rejoin her son and begin graduate study in anthropology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Dunham's graduate work was supported by an Asia Foundation grant from August 1972 to July 1973 and by an East–West Center Technology and Development Institute grant from August 1973 to December 1978. |
187_17 | Dunham completed her coursework at the University of Hawaii for an M.A. in anthropology in December 1974, and after having spent three years in Hawaii, Dunham, accompanied by her daughter Maya, returned to Indonesia in 1975 to do anthropological field work. Her son chose not to go with them back to Indonesia, preferring to finish high school at Punahou School in Honolulu while living with his grandparents. Lolo Soetoro and Dunham divorced on November 5, 1980; Lolo Soetoro married Erna Kustina in 1980 and had two children, a son, Yusuf Aji Soetoro (born 1981), and daughter, Rahayu Nurmaida Soetoro (born 1987). Lolo Soetoro died, age 52, on March 2, 1987, due to liver failure.
Dunham was not estranged from either ex-husband and encouraged her children to feel connected to their fathers. |
187_18 | Professional life
From January 1968 to December 1969, Dunham taught English and was an assistant director of the Lembaga Persahabatan Indonesia Amerika (LIA)–the Indonesia-America Friendship Institute at 9 Teuku Umar Street in the Gondangdia administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta–which was subsidized by the United States government. From January 1970 to August 1972, Dunham taught English and was a department head and a director of the Lembaga Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Manajemen (LPPM)–the Institute of Management Education and Development at 9 Menteng Raya Street in the Kebon Sirih administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta.
From 1968 to 1972, Dunham was a co-founder and active member of the Ganesha Volunteers (Indonesian Heritage Society) at the National Museum in Jakarta. From 1972 to 1975, Dunham was crafts instructor (in weaving, batik, and dye) at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu. |
187_19 | Dunham then had a career in rural development, championing women's work and microcredit for the world's poor and worked with leaders from organizations supporting Indonesian human rights, women's rights, and grass-roots development.
In March 1977, Dunham, under the supervision of agricultural economics professor Leon A. Mears, developed and taught a short lecture course at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Indonesia (FEUI) in Jakarta for staff members of BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional)—the Indonesian National Development Planning Agency.
From June 1977 through September 1978, Dunham carried out research on village industries in the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY)—the Yogyakarta Special Region within Central Java in Indonesia under a student grant from the East–West Center. As a weaver herself, Dunham was interested in village industries, and moved to Yogyakarta City, the center of Javanese handicrafts. |
187_20 | In May and June 1978, Dunham was a short-term consultant in the office of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in Jakarta, writing recommendations on village industries and other non-agricultural enterprises for the Indonesian government's third five-year development plan (REPELITA III).
From October 1978 to December 1980, Dunham was a rural industries consultant in Central Java on the Indonesian Ministry of Industry's Provincial Development Program (PDP I), funded by USAID in Jakarta and implemented through Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI). |
187_21 | From January 1981 to November 1984, Dunham was the program officer for women and employment in the Ford Foundation's Southeast Asia regional office in Jakarta. While at the Ford Foundation, she developed a model of microfinance which is now the standard in Indonesia, a country that is a world leader in micro-credit systems. Peter Geithner, father of Tim Geithner (who later became U.S. Secretary of the Treasury in her son's administration), was head of the foundation's Asia grant-making at that time. |
187_22 | From May to November 1986 and from August to November 1987, Dunham was a cottage industries development consultant for the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (ADBP) under the Gujranwala Integrated Rural Development Project (GADP). The credit component of the project was implemented in the Gujranwala district of the Punjab province of Pakistan with funding from the Asian Development Bank and IFAD, with the credit component implemented through Louis Berger International, Inc. Dunham worked closely with the Lahore office of the Punjab Small Industries Corporation (PSIC). |
187_23 | From January 1988 to 1995, Dunham was a consultant and research coordinator for Indonesia's oldest bank, Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) in Jakarta, with her work funded by USAID and the World Bank. In March 1993, Dunham was a research and policy coordinator for Women's World Banking (WWB) in New York. She helped WWB manage the Expert Group Meeting on Women and Finance in New York in January 1994, and helped the WWB take prominent roles in the UN's Fourth World Conference on Women held September 4–15, 1995 in Beijing, and in the UN regional conferences and NGO forums that preceded it. |
187_24 | On August 9, 1992, she was awarded PhD in anthropology from the University of Hawaii, under the supervision of Prof. Alice G. Dewey, with a 1,043-page dissertation titled Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: surviving and thriving against all odds. Anthropologist Michael Dove described the dissertation as "a classic, in-depth, on-the-ground anthropological study of a 1,200-year-old industry". According to Dove, Dunham's dissertation challenged popular perceptions regarding economically and politically marginalized groups, and countered the notions that the roots of poverty lie with the poor themselves and that cultural differences are responsible for the gap between less-developed countries and the industrialized West. According to Dove, Dunham |
187_25 | found that the villagers she studied in Central Java had many of the same economic needs, beliefs and aspirations as the most capitalist of Westerners. Village craftsmen were "keenly interested in profits", she wrote, and entrepreneurship was "in plentiful supply in rural Indonesia", having been "part of the traditional culture" there for a millennium.Based on these observations, Dr. Soetoro concluded that underdevelopment in these communities resulted from a scarcity of capital, the allocation of which was a matter of politics, not culture. Antipoverty programs that ignored this reality had the potential, perversely, of exacerbating inequality because they would only reinforce the power of elites. As she wrote in her dissertation, "many government programs inadvertently foster stratification by channeling resources through village officials", who then used the money to strengthen their own status further. |
187_26 | Dunham produced a large amount of professional papers that are held in collections of the National Anthropological Archives (NAA). Her daughter donated a collection of them that is categorized as the S. Ann Dunham papers, 1965-2013. This collection contains case studies, correspondence, field notebooks, lectures, photographs, reports, research files, research proposals, surveys, and floppy disks documenting her dissertation research on blacksmithing, as well as her professional work as a consultant for organizations such as the Ford Foundation and the Bank Raykat Indonesia (BRI). They are housed at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.
Her field notes have been digitized and, in 2020, Smithsonian Magazine noted that an effort had been established for a project to transcribe them. Public participation in the transcription project was announced at the same time. |
187_27 | Illness and death
In late 1994, Dunham was living and working in Indonesia. One night, during dinner at a friend's house in Jakarta, she experienced stomach pain. A visit to a local physician led to an initial diagnosis of indigestion. Dunham returned to the United States in early 1995 and was examined at the Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center in New York City and diagnosed with uterine cancer. By this time, the cancer had spread to her ovaries. She moved back to Hawaii to live near her widowed mother and died on November 7, 1995, 22 days short of her 53rd birthday. Following a memorial service at the University of Hawaii, Obama and his sister spread their mother's ashes in the Pacific Ocean at Lanai Lookout on the south side of Oahu. Obama scattered the ashes of his grandmother Madelyn Dunham in the same spot on December 23, 2008, weeks after his election to the presidency. |
187_28 | Obama talked about Dunham's death in a 30-second campaign advertisement ("Mother") arguing for health care reform. The ad featured a photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama in her arms as Obama talks about her last days worrying about expensive medical bills. The topic also came up in a 2007 speech in Santa Barbara: |
187_29 | I remember my mother. She was 52 years old when she died of ovarian cancer, and you know what she was thinking about in the last months of her life? She wasn't thinking about getting well. She wasn't thinking about coming to terms with her own mortality. She had been diagnosed just as she was transitioning between jobs. And she wasn't sure whether insurance was going to cover the medical expenses because they might consider this a preexisting condition. I remember just being heartbroken, seeing her struggle through the paperwork and the medical bills and the insurance forms. So, I have seen what it's like when somebody you love is suffering because of a broken health care system. And it's wrong. It's not who we are as a people. |
187_30 | Dunham's employer-provided health insurance covered most of the costs of her medical treatment, leaving her to pay the deductible and uncovered expenses, which came to several hundred dollars per month. Her employer-provided disability insurance denied her claims for uncovered expenses because the insurance company said her cancer was a preexisting condition. |
187_31 | Posthumous interest
In September 2008, the University of Hawaii at Mānoa held a symposium about Dunham. In December 2009, Duke University Press published a version of Dunham's dissertation titled Surviving against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia. The book was revised and edited by Dunham's graduate advisor, Alice G. Dewey, and Nancy I. Cooper. Dunham's daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, wrote the foreword for the book. In his afterword, Boston University anthropologist Robert W. Hefner describes Dunham's research as "prescient" and her legacy as "relevant today for anthropology, Indonesian studies, and engaged scholarship". The book was launched at the 2009 annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association in Philadelphia with a special Presidential Panel on Dunham's work; The 2009 meeting was taped by C-SPAN. |
187_32 | In 2009, an exhibition of Dunham's Javanese batik textile collection (A Lady Found a Culture in its Cloth: Barack Obama's Mother and Indonesian Batiks) toured six museums in the United States, finishing the tour at the Textile Museum of Washington, D.C., in August. Early in her life, Dunham explored her interest in the textile arts as a weaver, creating wall hangings for her own enjoyment. After moving to Indonesia, she was attracted to the striking textile art of the batik and began to collect a variety of different fabrics.
In December 2010 Dunham was awarded the Bintang Jasa Utama, Indonesia's highest civilian award; the Bintang Jasa is awarded at three levels, and is presented to those individuals who have made notable civic and cultural contributions.
A lengthy major biography of Dunham by former New York Times reporter Janny Scott, titled A Singular Woman, was published in 2011. |
187_33 | The University of Hawaii Foundation has established the Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment, which supports a faculty position housed in the Anthropology Department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, and the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships, providing funding for students associated with the East–West Center (EWC) in Honolulu, Hawaii.
In 2010 the Stanley Ann Dunham Scholarship was established for young women graduating from Mercer Island High School, Ann's alma mater. In its first six years the scholarship fund has awarded eleven college scholarships.
On January 1, 2012, President Obama and his family visited an exhibition of his mother's anthropological work on display at the East–West Center.
Filmmaker Vivian Norris's feature length biographical film of Ann Dunham entitled Obama Mama (La mère d'Obama-French title) premiered on May 31, 2014, as part of the 40th annual Seattle International Film Festival, not far from where Dunham grew up on Mercer Island. |
187_34 | Personal beliefs
In his 1995 memoir Dreams from My Father, Barack Obama wrote, "My mother's confidence in needlepoint virtues depended on a faith I didn't possess... In a land [Indonesia] where fatalism remained a necessary tool for enduring hardship ... she was a lonely witness for secular humanism, a soldier for New Deal, Peace Corps, position-paper liberalism." In his 2006 book The Audacity of Hope Obama wrote, "I was not raised in a religious household ... My mother's own experiences ... only reinforced this inherited skepticism. Her memories of the Christians who populated her youth were not fond ones ... And yet for all her professed secularism, my mother was in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I've ever known." "Religion for her was "just one of the many ways—and not necessarily the best way—that man attempted to control the unknowable and understand the deeper truths about our lives," Obama wrote: |
187_35 | Dunham's best friend in high school, Maxine Box, said that Dunham "touted herself as an atheist, and it was something she'd read about and could argue. She was always challenging and arguing and comparing. She was already thinking about things that the rest of us hadn't." On the other hand, Dunham's daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, when asked later if her mother was an atheist, said, "I wouldn't have called her an atheist. She was an agnostic. She basically gave us all the good books—the Bible, the Hindu Upanishads and the Buddhist scripture, the Tao Te Ching—and wanted us to recognize that everyone has something beautiful to contribute." "Jesus, she felt, was a wonderful example. But she felt that a lot of Christians behaved in un-Christian ways." |
187_36 | In a 2007 speech, Obama contrasted the beliefs of his mother to those of her parents, and commented on her spirituality and skepticism: "My mother, whose parents were nonpracticing Baptists and Methodists, was one of the most spiritual souls I ever knew. But she had a healthy skepticism of religion as an institution."
Obama also described his own beliefs in relation to the religious upbringing of his mother and father:
Publications
References
References
Further reading |
187_37 | Obama family
American anthropologists
American women anthropologists
American women social scientists
American feminists
American humanists
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni
University of Washington alumni
People from Honolulu
People from Mercer Island, Washington
People from Wichita, Kansas
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American people of Swiss descent
American people of Welsh descent
American expatriates in Indonesia
American expatriates in Pakistan
Deaths from cancer in Hawaii
Deaths from uterine cancer
Mothers of presidents of the United States
1942 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American scientists
Mercer Island High School alumni
20th-century anthropologists
American people of African descent |
188_0 | Wallenstein is a medium-weight German-style board game designed by Dirk Henn and published by Queen Games in 2002. Though set during the Thirty Years' War, Wallenstein should not be confused with a complex wargame. Rather, it has the feel of a light strategy game with the familiar Euro elements of area control and resource management mixed in. As such, it has a wide range of appeal that attracts wargamers and non-wargamers alike.
Theme
Historical Context
Wallenstein is named for Albrecht von Wallenstein, the most influential commander of the Imperial Army during the Thirty Years' War (1618–48).
He won a series of victories, gaining the title of Duke of Mecklenburg. His goal was a large central European empire dominating Western Europe. His ambitions led to his dismissal in 1630, but he was reinstated to defend the empire against Swedish attack. He recovered Bohemia, but was defeated by Gustav II Adolph at Lutzen, and was again dismissed. |
188_1 | Wallenstein's intrigues with the Protestants and his rapidly growing power alarmed the Catholic princes, and he was murdered in his bedroom at Eger by Irish mercenaries.
Integration of Theme and Mechanics
The game Wallenstein represents two years of the Thirty Years' War. It does not pretend to be a conflict simulation of war. Rather, it is a multiplayer game set in that historical period. Elements from that era intermix with the game mechanics to create an engaging experience.
Wallenstein is represented abstractly in the game by whoever chooses the yellow player. Other important figures of the period are represented by the other colors.
The game board is a map of Germany during the Thirty Years' War. Players must raise grain and gold, feed the masses, stave off rebellions, build churches, trade houses, and palaces, and possibly conquer other provinces. Game play and historical setting mesh to create a compelling gaming experience.
Gameplay |
188_2 | Turn Phases
The game takes place over the course of two years. Each year is divided into the four seasons: Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter. During the first three phases, players take actions to build, gather resources, and battle. During the last phase (Winter), players camp and feed their troops and score victory points for buildings. At the end of the second year, players score victory points for buildings again, and the player with the highest total wins. |
188_3 | Therefore, there are six phases in the game where players may take actions. There are 10 actions the players may take during these seasons, the order of which is randomly decided at the beginning of each season. The first five actions are placed on the game board face up, allowing players to plan based on their order. However, the last five actions remain hidden. The first of the hidden actions is revealed after the completion by all players of the first action, and so on until all actions are revealed by the time the fifth action is taken by all players. In this way, the order of the next five actions is always known to the players.
Mechanics
Turn order is randomly set at the beginning of each season by shuffling then ordering the Leader cards. This order is used throughout the entire season for all actions taken by the players. |
188_4 | At the start of a year, special “season” event cards are randomly chosen from a deck. All players learn the modifiers these cards may have on the game. These four cards are then shuffled and placed face down on the season track. The first three seasons, a card is revealed and its modifiers applied to the game. During the last season (Winter), the modifiers are ignored, but a number on the card reveals the extent of grain shortage for that year. This element allows players a certain level of planning, but an uncertainty of when (or even if) the season event will happen. |
188_5 | Players may only take actions with regions they control, and only one per region. Each player has a player board that shows the available actions. At the beginning of each season, each player secretly plans which action a region will take. Players assign actions to regions by placing the proper region card face down over the appropriate action. Blank region cards allow each player to hide which actions a player has selected to pass on.
Actions
Build a Palace, Church, or Trading Firm – Choosing this action for a region allows you to build the appropriate building in the region, providing there is a space. A region may not have more than one of the same building. The regions have varying numbers of available building spaces…one to three. Once full, no more building action may be made in the region. |
188_6 | Produce Gold/Grain – Each region produces a set amount of gold and grain. By choosing one of these actions, the region produces that resource. However, this action also causes unrest in the region, represented by a revolt marker placed on the region. If the region is already in unrest (already has one or more revolt markers), a battle must occur to determine if the player still controls the region. A battle triggered by this action involves placing 1 Farmer army for each revolt marker into the cube tower along with any Farmer armies currently in the cup of the tower. A successful revolt will cause the player to lose the region, all buildings will be destroyed, and he receives none of the income from the territory. A revolt marker is always placed in the region, even if one already existed. Pressing the same region over and over results in stronger unrest and increases the chances of a successful revolt. |
188_7 | Supply Army – Creation of new armies. There are three different supply actions such that a player may increase armies in three different regions per season. One of the actions allows an addition of five armies for the cost of three gold. A second allows the addition of three armies for the cost of two gold. The last allows the addition of one army for one gold. This last action additionally allows the player to move as many troops as he wants from one friendly region to an adjacent friendly region. The player may take either or both of these actions.
Movement/Battle – The movement action allows a player to move armies from a country they own into a neighboring country. The player is allowed to move any number of armies they wish, with the exception that they must leave at least one army in the originating country. If the neighboring country does not belong to that player, a battle occurs.
Battles |
188_8 | A battle will take place when a player moves armies into a country belonging to another player, into a neutral country, or when a revolt occurs. All battles are determined by the cube tower. The cube tower is a small, cardboard, tube-like structure. At the beginning of any battle, the two combatants gather their armies (cubes) along with all cubes in the bottom tray of the tower. After all cubes have passed through the tower, the cubes of the two combatants are tallied. Each opponent loses a cube for each enemy cube that makes it through the tower. For example, if four red army cubes and five yellow army cubes ended up in the tray, both players would lose four cubes. The yellow player would win the battle and put the one surviving yellow army cube in the region. The lost army cubes of each combatant are returned to their supply. If one fewer yellow cube had fallen out of the tower, the country would have been devastated, destroying any buildings present and leaving the country |
188_9 | uncontrolled by either player. |
188_10 | Due to the vagaries of the cube tower, it can be very difficult to predict the outcome of any battle. Many cubes can be poured into the tower, while only a few may come out. During initial setup, armies from all players are added to the tower as well, so it is also possible that in some battles, more cubes come out than were poured in.
Victory Conditions
During each Winter phase, players score victory points based on their positions on the board.
For every territory and building owned, a player scores 1 point. Then each colored region is considered as a whole. The player with the most Palaces in a region scores 3 points, the player with most Churches in a region scores 2 points and the player with the most Trading Firms in a region scores 1 point. If there is a tie in any region, the players with the most buildings of a particular type score 1 point fewer. Each colored region is scored in this manner. |
188_11 | e.g. If Jack and Kim are scoring the red region and each of them has 2 Palaces in red territories (provided that no other player has more than 1 Palace in that region), they both score 2 points (3 for the most Palaces, minus 1 for the tie). In this manner, tying another player for the most Trading Firms results in zero points.
At the end of 2 years the player with the most victory points wins the game.
Strategy
Elements of Luck
One of the largest elements of uncertainty in Wallenstein is the cube tower used to decide the outcome of battles. At the beginning of the game, players put some of their army cubes into the tower and some neutral farmer armies as well. With each battle, army cubes from the two combatants (or possibly neutral 'peasant' cubes) are poured in the top of the tower and a random number of cubes fall out, including some or all of those just put in, and possible some left from previous encounters or the initial load. |
188_12 | This randomness makes for a good amount of luck, without letting it overpower the game. This system, though, tends to make sure that most battles tend to be fought when the attacker has superior numbers and can reasonably count on the tower favoring him with its outcome.
The event cards that play out each season are another small level of randomness. They are known to all players, but the order in which they appear is random each game, leaving players able to plan ahead for possible outcomes, but also forcing them to choose which outcomes to prepare for.
As with most German-style board games, Wallenstein tends to favor player skill and foresight in planning over randomness when deciding the winner for each game. |
188_13 | Strategy
As a general rule, Wallenstein is more about developing territories rather than conquering them. However, it can certainly be beneficial to take another player's territory after they have already spent resources to develop it. Because of the reliability of receiving victory points from buildings and the uncertainties of battles due to the cube tower, most players tend to avoid conflict in the first year in order to amass larger armies for the second year.
The following more-detailed strategy tips were selected from Innovan's excellent Wallenstein Strategy (V 2004.1.1) document on BoardGameGeek. |
188_14 | When picking your starting countries look for high wheat or gold production and pass on 2s and 3s. When expanding into neutral countries all the high production countries are usually already taken. Look instead to expand into countries with 3 or 2 cities spaces while being defensible from the other players. Basically you’re looking for a safe place to build palaces and churches without worrying about them being stolen away or devastated in the remainder of the game. These are the countries where you’ll be too busy with building actions to use them for gold or wheat actions.
Linked countries allow linked actions. The more countries in an area of the map, the more actions you can perform each season in that area. A single country by itself is not survivable. But two otherwise isolated countries side by side are usually survivable because of the greater number of actions they together have in that area. |
188_15 | Buildings built the first year score victory points both year 1 and year 2. So spending one gold each turn building Trade Firms will net you 9 VPs for cost 6 gold by game end, which is the best return in the game.
Logistically, particularly because of the “conquered neutral countries get a peasant riot token” rule, it is extremely difficult to get grain and gold from neutral countries taken in year 2. Any expansion for grain and gold countries should happen in year 1. Year 2 expansion into neutral countries should only be about “Where can I build more buildings safely/Steal that Palace from a neighbor and make 5 points?”
In the three harvesting seasons you can usually gather 12 wheat per year and will lose 3-4 wheat from spoilage in the winter, so you would have to limit yourself to 8-9 countries to completely avoid winter revolts. Certainly expanding to 12 countries is guaranteeing heavy winter revolt losses from over expansion. |
188_16 | Performing all actions in a season costs 12 gold, yet you’ll usually only raise 6. Your starting gold divided by six turns is how much in deficit you can go each season. On the other hand, ending the game with unspent gold means actions you could have made but didn’t. Starting with 18 gold I aim to raise six gold each turn and spend nine gold in actions each turn.
Churchpeace is the most likely event of all. A common strategy is to place trade buildings in countries with only one city, but try to place churches and palaces in your 2 and 3 city countries. That way when churchpeace happens it’ll protect not just the church but the palace in that country as well.
You have 3 ways to buys armies: 5 for 3gold, 3 for 2 gold, and 1 for 1 gold (plus the optional non-combat move). The one army for one gold should be your least used of the three. Instead buy troops in bulk and use your free moveA and moveB on the next turn to move your troops instead. |
188_17 | Troops in the center of the board have many more movement options than troops on the edge of the board. Try to buy troops in countries in the center. |
188_18 | Components
As included in the 2002 release of Wallenstein by Queen Games.
Board
1 Large game board representing Germany, divided into five regions, each divided into nine smaller territories.
5 Individual player boards (one for each player). Each player board shows the player's color, a chart of all the territories and their attributes, and a central area in which to place cards for each of the ten actions.
Cards
45 Land cards representing each different territory.
25 Blank land cards.
5 Leader cards
10 Action cards
25 Event cards
Pieces
28 Palace tokens
26 Church tokens
26 Trading firm tokens
42 Revolt markers
62 Colored wooden cubes for each player, representing armies
20 Green wooden cubes, representing farmers
35 Natural-colored wooden chests, representing 1 gold
20 Orange wooden chests, representing 5 gold
Other
1 Cube tower
1 Plastic sorting container
1 Rulebook
1 Brief history book
Variations |
188_19 | 2-Player Variation
A two-player variant created by fans of the game is available at BoardGameGeek.
Shogun
The game was rethemed as Shogun, released by Queen in multi-language international edition in 2006.
Awards
Games – Best Advanced Strategy Game Runner-Up 2003
International Gamers Award – Best Strategy Game Nominee (special award) 2003
Availability
As of 2005, the Queen Games release of Wallenstein is no longer available. Though this is a German edition, various language translations can be found on BoardGameGeek. Aside from the rules, the game is fairly language independent. Most of the cards contain little or no text, preferring to convey meaning graphically. Being able to pronounce the countries depicted on the board is not essential to gameplay.
Queen Games is also planning to release a multilingual game based on Wallenstein with a new theme. As reported by Gamewire: |
188_20 | It's official - Queen Games will be publishing a game based on the Wallenstein game system to be titled Shogun. The game is designed by Dirk Henn. The game is set in the Sengoku period (approx 1467-1573) which ends with the inception of the well-known Tokugawa Shogunate. The game will be an international edition with language-independent components and a multilingual rules booklet. Here is a small picture of the box cover. The game is to be released in 2006.
Rio Grande Games also lists Wallenstein as a 2006 release. These two releases may or may not be referring to the same game.
References
External links
Publishers
Queen Games' Wallenstein page
Rio Grande Games' Wallenstein page
Reviews
A solid review of Wallenstein at gamersalliance.com.
An in-depth review of Wallenstein at thedicetower.com.
Another solid review of Wallenstein at solicitor.de.
A light review of Wallenstein at gamefest.com.
A review of Wallenstein at grognard.com. |
188_21 | Online Versions
SpielByWeb a play-by-web site including games of Wallenstein.
Board games introduced in 2002
Board wargames
Queen Games games
Dirk Henn games
Cultural depictions of Albrecht von Wallenstein |
189_0 | Natchez ( ) is the county seat and only city of Adams County, Mississippi, United States. Natchez has a total population of 15,792 (as of the 2010 census). Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia in Concordia Parish, Louisiana, Natchez was a prominent city in the antebellum years, a center of cotton planters and Mississippi River trade.
Natchez is some southwest of Jackson, the capital of Mississippi, which is located near the center of the state. It is approximately north of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, located on the lower Mississippi River. Natchez is the 25th-largest city in the state. The city was named for the Natchez tribe of Native Americans, who with their ancestors, inhabited much of the area from the 8th century AD through the French colonial period.
History |
189_1 | Established by French colonists in 1716, Natchez is one of the oldest and most important European settlements in the lower Mississippi River Valley. After the French lost the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), they ceded Natchez and near territory to Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris of 1763. (It later traded other territory east of the Mississippi River with Great Britain, which expanded what it called West Florida). The British Crown bestowed land grants in this territory to officers who had served with distinction in the war. These officers came mostly from the colonies of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. They established plantations and brought their upper class style of living to the area. |
189_2 | Beginning 1779, the area was under Spanish colonial rule. After defeat in the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain ceded the territory to the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1783). Spain was not a party to the treaty, and it was their forces who had taken Natchez from British troops. Although Spain had been allied with the American colonists, they were more interested in advancing their power at the expense of Britain. Once the war was over, they were not inclined to give up that which they had acquired by force.
In 1797 Major Andrew Ellicott of the United States marched to the highest ridge in the young town of Natchez, set up camp, and raised the first American Flag claiming Natchez and all former Spanish lands east of the Mississippi above the 31st parallel for the United States. |
189_3 | After the United States acquired this area from the Spanish, the city served as the capital of the Mississippi Territory and then of the state of Mississippi. It predates Jackson by more than a century; the latter replaced Natchez as the capital in 1822, as it was more centrally located in the developing state. The strategic location of Natchez, on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River, ensured that it would be a pivotal center of trade, commerce, and the interchange of ethnic Native American, European, and African cultures in the region; it held this position for two centuries after its founding. |
189_4 | In U.S. history, Natchez is recognized particularly for its role in the development of the Old Southwest during the first half of the 19th century. It was the southern terminus of the historic Natchez Trace, with the northern terminus being Nashville, Tennessee. After unloading their cargoes in Natchez or New Orleans, many pilots and crew of flatboats and keelboats traveled by the Trace overland to their homes in the Ohio River Valley. (Given the strong current of the Mississippi River, it was not until steam-powered vessels were developed in the 1820s that travel northward on the river could be accomplished by large boats.) The Natchez Trace also played an important role during the War of 1812. Today the modern Natchez Trace Parkway, which commemorates this route, still has its southern terminus in Natchez. |
189_5 | In the decades preceding the Civil War, Natchez was by far the most prevalent slave trading city in Mississippi, and second in the United States only to New Orleans. The leading markets were located at the Forks of the Road, at the intersection of Liberty Road and Washington Road (now D’Evereux Drive and St. Catherine Street). In 1833, the most active slavers in the United States, John Armfield and Isaac Franklin began a program of arbitrating low slave prices in the Middle Atlantic area by sending thousands of slaves to Deep South markets in Natchez and New Orleans. Their company, Franklin and Armfield sent an annual caravan of slaves, called a coffle, from Virginia to the Forks of the Road in Natchez, as well as sending others by ship through New Orleans. Unlike other slave sellers of the day, Franklin and Armfield sold slaves individually, with the buyers allowed to survey the merchandise much like items in a modern retail store. |
189_6 | In the middle of the nineteenth century, the city attracted wealthy Southern planters as residents, who built mansions to fit their ambitions. Their plantations were vast tracts of land in the surrounding lowlands along the river fronts of Mississippi and Louisiana, where they grew large commodity crops of cotton and sugarcane using slave labor. Natchez became the principal port from which these crops were exported, both upriver to Northern cities and downriver to New Orleans, where much of the cargo was exported to Europe. Many of the mansions built by planters before 1860 survive and form a major part of the city's architecture and identity. Agriculture remained the primary economic base for the region until well into the twentieth century. |
189_7 | During the American Civil War Natchez was surrendered by Confederate forces without a fight in September 1862. Following the Union victory at the Battle of Vicksburg in July 1863, many refugees, including former slaves, freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, began moving into Natchez and the surrounding countryside. The Union Army officers claimed to be short on resources and unable to provide for the refugees. The Army planned to address the situation with a mixture of paid labor for freed slaves on government leased plantations, the enlistment of able bodied males who were willing to fight in the Union Army and the establishment of refugee camps where former slaves could be provided with education. However, as the war continued, the plan was never effectively implemented and the leased plantations were crowded, poorly managed and frequently raided by Confederate troops who controlled the surrounding territory. Hundreds of people living in Natchez, including many former slaves and |
189_8 | refugees, died of hunger, disease, overwork or were killed in the fighting during this period. In order to manage the tens of thousands of freed Black slaves, the Union Army created a concentration camp in Natchez in a natural pit known as the Devil's Punchbowl, where thousands died of starvation, smallpox, and other diseases. |
189_9 | After the American Civil War, the city's economy rapidly revived, mostly due to Natchez having been spared the destruction visited upon many other parts of the South. The vitality of the city and region was captured most significantly in the 80 years or so following the war by the photographers Henry C. Norman and his son Earl. The output of the Norman Studio between roughly 1870 and 1950 documents this period in Natchez's development vividly; the photographs are now preserved as the Thomas and Joan Gandy Collection in special collections of the library of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. |
189_10 | During the twentieth century, the city's economy experienced a downturn, first due to the replacement of steamboat traffic on the Mississippi River by railroads in the early 1900s, some of which bypassed the river cities and drew away their commerce. Later in the 20th century, many local industries closed in a restructuring that sharply reduced the number of jobs in the area. Despite its status as a popular destination for heritage tourism because of well-preserved antebellum architecture, Natchez has had a general decline in population since 1960. It remains the principal city of the Natchez micropolitan area. |
189_11 | Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which are land and (4.62%) is water.
Climate
Natchez has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) under the Köppen climate classification system.
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 14,520 people, 6,026 households, and 3,149 families residing in the city.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 18,464 people, 7,591 households, and 4,858 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,398.3 people per square mile (540.1/km2). There were 8,479 housing units at an average density of 642.1 per square mile (248.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 54.49% African American, 44.18% White, 0.38% Asian, 0.11% Native American, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 0.63% from two or more races. 0.70% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. |
189_12 | There were 7,591 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.6% were married couples living together, 23.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.0% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.7 males. |
189_13 | The median income for a household in the city was $25,117, and the median income for a family was $29,723. Males had a median income of $31,323 versus $20,829 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,868. 28.6% of the population and 25.1% of families were below the poverty line. 41.6% of those under the age of 18 and 23.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
Economy
Adams County Correctional Center, a private prison operated by the Corrections Corporation of America on behalf of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, is in an unincorporated area in Adams County, near Natchez. |
189_14 | Education
Natchez is home to Alcorn State University's Natchez Campus, which offers the School of Nursing, the School of Business, and graduate business programs. The School of Business offers Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree and other business classes from its Natchez campus. The MBA program attracts students from a wide range of academic disciplines and preparation from the Southwest Mississippi area and beyond offering concentrations in general business, gaming management and hospitality management. Both schools in the Natchez campus provide skills which has enabled community students to have an important impact on the economic opportunities of people in Southwest Mississippi.
Copiah-Lincoln Community College also operates a campus in Natchez. |
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