chunk_id
stringlengths 5
8
| chunk
stringlengths 1
1k
|
|---|---|
302_13 | Subsequently, additional Dinocephalosaurus specimens were discovered from the slightly older Luoping locality, which has been dated to 245–244 million years old based on conodont biostratigraphy as well as preliminary radiometric dating. The specimens originate from bed 74 of the Luoping locality, in deposits located near the village of Dawazi, Luoping County, Yunnan, China. Bed 74 is part of a section composed of thin dark grey micritic limestone layers mixed with thicker layers of siliceous limestone and silty limestone, which extends downwards to bed 67. |
302_14 | One particular specimen is notable for containing an embryo in its abdominal region, of which cervical vertebrae, forelimbs, and several other elements are preserved. It was collected in 2008; by the time of its collection, weathering had already split the specimen into three blocks, with the gaps having been filled by modern soil. The specimen was then transferred to the Chengdu Center of the China Geological Survey, where it was prepared and stored under the collection number LPV 30280. Subsequently, a description of the specimen, authored by Jun Liu, Chris Organ, Michael Benton, Matthew Brandley, and Jonathan Aitchison, was published in February 2017 by Nature Communications. |
302_15 | Naming
In his 2003 description, Li combined the roots of din- ("terrible"), cephalo- ("head"), and saur ("lizard") to create the genus name Dinocephalosaurus. According to Li, this name refers to the "ghastful skull" of the holotype. Meanwhile, the species name is derived from Latin orientalis ("eastern"), in reference to D. orientalis representing the only known record at the time of the Tanystropheidae in what would have been the eastern portion of the Tethys Ocean. |
302_16 | Classification
Dinocephalosaurus is considered to be a member of the Protorosauria, a group of ubiquitous and diverse Permo-Triassic reptiles. This assignment is based upon characteristics including the low and narrow skull with a short and narrow postorbital region; the long nasal relative to the frontal; the reduced backward projection of the jugal; the presence of more than seven cervical vertebrae, with centra longer than those of the dorsal vertebrae; the low neural spines of the cervical vertebrae; the long cervical ribs; the lack of intercentra articulating with the dorsal centra; and the absence of an entepicondylar foramen on the humerus. These characteristics are shared with Tanystropheus, Macrocnemus, and other protorosaurs. |
302_17 | Protorosaurs were formerly considered to be the ancestors of lizards, but phylogenetic analysis has subsequently verified that they are in fact non-archosaur archosauromorphs. As originally defined, the Protorosauria referred to the group containing Protorosaurus and Prolacerta, and was synonymous with the "Prolacertiformes". In 1997, Nour-Eddine Jalil conducted an analysis of the "Prolacertiformes"; this analysis expanded its definition to include 14 genera, including the Tanystropheidae. Subsequent research has generally found that Prolacerta is closer to the Archosauriformes than Protorosaurus, making the "Prolacertiformes" non-monophyletic. Whether the remaining protorosaurs – including Protorosaurus, tanystropheids, and drepanosaurs in some studies – form a monophyletic group is unclear. Different phylogenies have supported both monophyletic and non-monophyletic Protorosauria, with the latter arrangement generally having Protorosaurus as being more basal than the Tanystropheidae. |
302_18 | In the original description of Dinocephalosaurus, Li recognized the postorbital region and the elongated cervical centra as being indicative of a close relationship with Tanystropheus, which led him to assign it to the Tanystropheidae. However, Rieppel and colleagues subsequently noted characteristics that distinguished Dinocephalosaurus from derived protorosaurs such as Tanystropheus, Macrocnemus, Langobardisaurus, and Tanytrachelos; these include the lack of tapering at the front end of the nasal and an unreduced contribution of the ilium to the acetabulum. This led Rieppel and colleagues to consider Dinocephalosaurus as an indeterminate protorosaur, with its neck elongation been convergent upon that of Tanystropheus. Their phylogenetic tree, based on a dataset derived from the separate analyses of Jalil (1997), David Dilkes (1998), and Michael Benton & Jackie Allen (1997), is reproduced below, at left.
Topology A: Rieppel et al. (2008)Topology B: Liu et al. (2017) |
302_19 | Liu and colleagues conducted a separate phylogenetic analysis in 2017. They criticized the analysis of Rieppel and colleagues as having unnecessarily repeated several characters in their data, thus imbuing the repeated characters with undue weight in the analysis. In their own analysis, Liu and colleagues used the same source datasets, but deleted repeated characters, added two new characters from an analysis by Sean Modesto and Hans-Dieter Sues (2004), and removed poorly preserved or potentially chimeric taxa such as Cosesaurus, Kadimakara, Trachelosaurus, and Malerisaurus. Analyses based on parsimony-based and Bayesian methods found that Dinocephalosaurus was a member of the Tanystropheidae, being the sister group to a clade containing Tanystropheus, Macrocnemus, Langobardisaurus, and Tanytrachelos. The analyses also recovered a monophyletic Protorosauria, albeit to the exclusion of Prolacerta. The tree from the parsimony-based analysis is reproduced above, at right.
Paleobiology |
302_20 | Neck and feeding
The long neck of Dinocephalosaurus probably served a functional role. In particular, the length of the neck places a long distance between the head and the remainder of the body. This would have allowed Dinocephalosaurus to approach potential prey without the majority of its bulk being detected, which would have been effective in the murky waters of its habitat. |
302_21 | Dinocephalosaurus may also have used its neck to capture its prey via suction feeding. After flexing its neck to the side (which would have been facilitated by the slenderness of the cervical ribs), the act of straightening the neck would have caused the cervical ribs to splay outwards due to the action of the neck muscles attached to the ribs. As the head lunged forward, the volume of the esophagus would have increased, creating suction. Once the prey was caught, the fang-like teeth would have secured the prey in the mouth. Like other aquatic amniotes, Dinocephalosaurus would have swallowed and digested its prey head-first, as evidenced by the preservation of a perleidid fish in the abdominal region of LPV 30280 from Luoping. |
302_22 | It is not likely that Dinocephalosaurus used its long neck for breathing by extending it vertically. If it tried to do so, the difference in pressure between the surface and its torso would be sufficiently extreme such that its lungs would not have inflated. Thus, in order to breathe, Dinocephalosaurus would need to approach the surface with a nearly horizontal neck. The horizontal posture of the neck would also have facilitated locomotion at the surface, due to its long profile increasing its "hull length" and reducing the effect of resistance from waves. |
302_23 | Reproduction
Dinocephalosaurus represents the climax of aquatic adaptations among the protorosaurs. Given its long neck and paddle-like limbs, it was probably incapable of functioning comfortably in a terrestrial environment. One consequence of these adaptations is that Dinocephalosaurus would have been incapable of building nests on land. This would also have prevented it from possessing hard-shelled reptilian eggs; such eggs necessitate the exchange of gases with the outside environment, and this process is significantly slower in water than it is in air. Thus, Dinocephalosaurus could not have been oviparous. At the same time, however, archosaurs are known for the total absence of viviparous, or live birth, among its living members. |
302_24 | The embryonic individual of Dinocephalosaurus preserved inside LPV 30280 from Luoping can be identified as such for several reasons. First, it is enclosed entirely within the body cavity of the adult. Its cervical ribs - which are long, like that of the adult - face the same direction as the dorsal vertebrae of the adult, which is in contradiction to the typical head-first method of swallowing prey among amniotes. It is also preserved with its neck curling towards its forelimbs, a posture which is seen among vertebrate embryos but not adult Dinocephalosaurus specimens, which generally have the neck bent upwards. The absence of hands associated with the forelimbs in the embryo may be an artifact of preservation, but it may also be due to the sequence in which the limb bones of tetrapods ossify. |
302_25 | Although the presence of an embryo per se would be equivocal regarding this issue, the conditions in which the embryo were preserved provide strong evidence that Dinocephalosaurus was viviparous. There is no preserved calcified eggshell surrounding the embryo, despite the presence of delicately-preserved calcified elements from other animals at Luoping. This is consistent with the eggshells surrounding the embryos of viviparous reptiles being non-calcified membranes. Furthermore, the relative proportions of the humerus and the fibula in the embryo, compared with the maternal individual and IVPP V13898 from Panxian, indicate that the embryo is around 12% of the size of its mother. Combined with its ossified bones, this suggests that the embryo was at an advanced developmental stage, whereas crocodilians, birds, turtles, and tuataras lay eggs at very early developmental stages. |
302_26 | Overall, the evidence provided by the embryo suggests that Dinocephalosaurus was viviparous, making it the first viviparous archosauromorph asides from possibly metriorhynchids. This is consistent with the separation of its sacral ribs from its sacrum, which indicates a mobile pelvis that could have functioned in giving birth. While the otherwise absence of viviparous archosaurs has been historically attributed to common attributes inherited from the archosaurian stem-lineage, the discovery that Dinocephalosaurus was viviparous suggests that this phenomenon is due to lineage-specific lifestyle restrictions. Although the sex-determination systems among living archosauromorphs are diverse, with crocodilians and turtles using temperature-dependent sex determination, phylogenetic modelling suggests that Dinocephalosaurus retained the basal condition of genotypic sex determination from early diapsids, and that this system facilitated its transition to an obligately marine lifestyle |
302_27 | alongside viviparity. |
302_28 | Paleoecology
Until at least the end of the Middle Triassic, high sea levels enabled shallow water to cover much of the South China Block, a tectonic plate that today consists of the stable Yangtze Craton and the less stable South China Fold Belt. A mountain-building event known as the Indosinian orogeny uplifted Precambrian rocks to form four major landmasses on the South China Block: Khamdian to the west, Jiangnan in the centre, Yunkai to the south, and Cathaysia to the east. Island chains also stretched between Yunkai and Cathaysia in the east. Located between Khamdian and Jiangnan was a deep oceanic basin known as the Nanpanjiang Basin. Along the western edge of this basin, fossil-bearing sediments were laid down to become what are now the Lagerstätten (sedimentary deposits characterized by exemplary preservation) of Panxian, Luoping, and other localities. |
302_29 | At Panxian, there appears to have been a transition in the endemic marine reptile fauna, possibly caused by volcanism. This volcanism is indicated by the presence of a bentonite layer between the Middle and Upper Reptile Horizons. From lower in the Upper Reptile Horizon, fossils have also been found of the ubiquitous mixosaurian ichthyosaur Mixosaurus panxianensis (which occurs in all layers), the pachypleurosaurs Keichousaurus sp. and Wumengosaurus delicatomandibularis, and fish, although fossils of the latter are fragmentary. The lower Middle and Lower Reptile Horizons also include the mixosaurian Phalarodon cf. fraasi, the primitive ichthyosaur Xinminosaurus catactes, the placodont Placodus inexpectatus, the nothosaurs Lariosaurus hongguoensis and Nothosaurus yangjuanensis, and the archosaur Qianosuchus mixtus, alongside bivalves and saurichthyid fish. |
302_30 | The fauna of Luoping appears to have been preserved in a small intraplatform basin instead of the surrounding open water, judging by the anoxic sediments present at the site. Out of 19,759 specimens, 93.7% of the fossils found at Luoping are arthropods: decapods, isopods, crab-like cycloids, shrimp-like mysidaceans, clam shrimp, and ostracods, as well as rare millipedes and horseshoe crabs. By comparison, only 0.07% of specimens come from marine reptiles, which include Dinocephalosaurus alongside Mixosaurus cf. panxianensis, Dianopachysaurus dingi, Sinosaurosphargis yunguiensis, and an archosaur. Otherwise, fish including saurichthyids, palaeoniscids, birgeriids, perleidids, eugnathids, semionotids, pholidopleurids, peltopleurids, and coelacanths have been found at Luoping, forming 3.66% of fossils with 25 taxa in 9 families. Molluscs such as bivalves and gastropods, along with ammonoids and belemnoids, account for 1.69% of specimens. Rare and probably non-endemic fossils also include |
302_31 | echinoderms such as crinoids, starfish, and sea urchins; branchiopods; and relatively complete conifer branches and leaves, which probably originated from coastal forests less than away. |
302_32 | References
Tanystropheids
Prehistoric reptile genera
Anisian genera
Middle Triassic reptiles of Asia
Triassic China
Fossils of China
Fossil taxa described in 2003 |
303_0 | WLII-DT, virtual and VHF digital channel 11, branded on-air as TeleOnce, is a dual Univision/UniMás-affiliated television station serving San Juan, Puerto Rico that is licensed to Caguas. The station is owned by Burbank, California-based Liberman Media Group. WLII-DT's primary studio facilities are located on Calle Carazo in Guaynabo, with additional studios at The Mall of San Juan. The station's transmitter is located near the Bosque Estatal de Carite mountain reserve.
TeleOnce operates two satellite stations: WSUR-DT (channel 9) in Ponce and WOLE-DT (channel 12) in Aguadilla.
History |
303_1 | Telecadena Perez-Perry (1960–1981) |
303_2 | In 1960, Rafael Perez Perry received authorization from the government to start WKBM-TV on May 23, broadcasting on channel 11, as part of his new Telecadena Perez-Perry chain of television stations. Some of the shows that WKBM-TV aired throughout those years included Una Hora Contigo and Tira y Tapate with Myrta Silva, Yo Soy el Gallo with José Miguel Class, El Show de Carmita with Carmita Jiménez, El Show de Lissette, El Show de Iris Chacón, El Hit del Momento and El Super Show Goya with Enrique Maluenda, Lillian Hurst and Luz Odilea Font, Una Chica llamada: Ivonne Coll, Cambia Cambia con Alfred D. Herger, Almorzando and Del Brazo with Ruth Fernández, and Mediodia Circular with Vilma Carbia. At the time, Perez Perry owned one of the most successful radio stations on the island, WKVM (810 AM). Perez Perry died of a heart attack of unknown cause while he was working on the transmitter in the late 1970s; his death eventually resulted in WKBM-TV declaring bankruptcy in 1981. The station |
303_3 | went silent that year. Its former competition benefited from WKBM's demise—not only from a reduction in competition itself, but also from the availability of many of the stations' former hosts and talent. |
303_4 | TeleOnce (First Era, 1986–2002) |
303_5 | In 1985, production company Lorimar-Telepictures (with the Telepictures division now part of Warner Bros. Television) acquired the station from bankruptcy court. The callsign became WLII-TV on December 12, and was branded as "TeleOnce" on April 27, 1986, with a new slogan: "TeleOnce… Vívelo!" ("TeleOnce…Live it!"). Warner Communications (now part of WarnerMedia) would gain indirect ownership of the stations after it bought Lorimar-Telepictures in 1988. The station became a success around this time by airing popular American programs translated in Spanish, especially The Simpsons. However, its lack of a repeater or rebroadcaster on the western portion of the island continued to put it behind the competition, WKAQ-TV (channel 2) and WAPA-TV (channel 4). That all changed when WNJX-TV (channel 22) in Mayagüez signed an affiliation agreement with the station in the late 1980s. WLII was subsequently sold to Malrite Communications Group in 1991 after it sold WSTE-TV (channel 7); Malrite |
303_6 | merged with Raycom Media in 1998. |
303_7 | On January 1, 1995, at midnight, TeleOnce entered into its first marketing agreement with a television station in western Puerto Rico, WORA-TV (channel 5), which at that time had ended an affiliation agreement with WKAQ-TV. In turn, WKAQ-TV switched its affiliation agreement to WOLE-TV (channel 12), which was WAPA-TV's repeater station at the time; this left WAPA-TV out of the western Puerto Rico television market for the first time in 30 years.
Some of the shows that aired on WLII during this time included En Un Día, R con R, El Show de Awilda, Dime la Verdad, Ellas al Mediodía, La Noche es Nuestra, Fiesta, A Fuego, Pulso Preciso, Lio, El Super Show, Que Suerte que es Domingo, Anda Pa'l Cará, Entrando por la Cocina, NBA Jam, Atácate (a Spanish-language version of NBA Inside Stuff) and El Kiosko Budweiser. |
303_8 | In the late 1980s, actresses Ángela Meyer and Camille Carrión founded Empresas Meca, a production company, which produced some of the last telenovelas shot in Puerto Rico: La Isla, Ave de Paso (starring Yolandita Monge), Yara Prohibida and La Otra.
Univision Puerto Rico (2002–2021)
In 2002, Univision entered into a local marketing agreement with Raycom Media to operate WLII and WSUR-TV. At the time, WLII had a longtime local marketing agreement with another Puerto Rican station, WSTE (channel 7), which Univision honored. Both WLII and WSUR-TV were sold to Univision Communications in 2005; Univision bought WSTE at the end of 2007. Although Univision operates a second network, UniMás, in the mainland United States, WSTE remains an independent station. In 2005, WLII relocated from its studios in the Puerta de Tierra borough of San Juan to a new facility in Guaynabo. |
303_9 | On October 17, 2014, WLII-DT laid off 109 staffers and canceled most of its local programming, becoming a repeater of Univision network programming with minimal local content. With the move, the station's daily talk show, Ruben & Co., became the only local program still produced by WLII. In addition, WLII shared a general manager with Univision's Puerto Rico radio stations.
On February 25, 2020, investment firms ForgeLight (launched by founder & CEO & ex-Viacom CFO Wade Davis) and Searchlight Capital agreed to acquire the 64% controlling stake of Univision Communications which owned WLII-DT, while minority owner Televisa continued to hold its 36% stake with the company. However, both Searchlight and ForgeLight had a stake in Hemisphere Media Group, which owns WAPA-TV in San Juan. Univision was required to divest WLII and its satellite stations in order to comply with ownership limits. |
303_10 | Liberman purchase and the return of TeleOnce (2021–present)
On August 27, 2020, Univision announced that WLII and its satellite stations would be acquired by Liberman Media Group, a company owned by Estrella Media founder Lenard Liberman, for $1 million each. The sale was completed on December 10, 2020. Univision retained WSTE-DT, WKAQ-AM and WKAQ-FM. It was also reported that WLII would bring back the TeleOnce branding, which the station used for 15 years from 1986 to 2002. On January 19, 2021, Liberman Media Group named Winter Horton as the new General Manager for the station. |
303_11 | WLII-DT (and its repeaters) aired as Univision Puerto Rico until February 18, 2021, when the on screen branding switched to TeleOnce at 8 p.m. The station held a press conference unveiling the new station logo and a new slate of programming which includes the return of local newscasts after more than six years of the dissolution of the original news department, with longtime WAPA-TV news director José Enrique Cruz named as an adviser for the newly established news department and the debut of new shows like Ahora Es que Es and a new season of La Comay which premiered on March 1 at 5:55 p.m., bringing high ratings for the revamped network. |
303_12 | On July 2, 2021, Liberman Media Group and TeleOnce entered a distribution agreement with SBS operated stations WACX-DT11 in Orlando, Florida and WGCT-LD in Tampa, Florida to show TeleOnce programming on their stations. Local programs La Comay, Jugando Pelota Dura and Ahora Es que Es would begin airing on the Mega TV stations either live or on tape delay the same day they are originally aired in Puerto Rico. This agreement marks the first time local Puerto Rican programming is exported to the mainland United States since the launch of WAPA America in 2004.
On December 8, 2021, WLII-DT unveiled their new studio facility at The Mall of San Juan. The facility, which will occupy one of the empty anchor spaces at the shopping center, was unveiled during the station's upfront presentation which was held at the site. The station's new game show La Boveda de Mr. Cash is set to be the first to broadcast live from the new studios when it premieres on March 1, 2022. |
303_13 | WSUR-TV history (1958–present)
WSUR-TV was founded on February 20, 1958, by American Colonial Broadcasting. In 1963, the station was located on Avenida Tito Castro (Puerto Rico Highway 14) in the La Rambla sector of Barrio Machuelo Abajo; its transmitter tower was located within the municipality of Guayanilla, Puerto Rico, and it was an affiliate of WAPA-TV, but carried two local programs from Ponce. Currently, WSUR originates no local programming of its own. The station transmitted its analog signal over VHF channel 9. Its tower is now located at Cerro Jayuya in the border between the municipality of Ponce with Jayuya.
Programming
Las Noticias TeleOnce (1986-2002, 2021 – present) Las Noticias Univisión (2002–2014) |
303_14 | News programming on WLII began in May 1986, with Ramón Enrique Torres (now at WTCV) and Jennifer Wolff as anchors of the 5:00 p.m. newscast. In 1990, a noon newscast premiered with Torres and Margarita Aponte as its anchors, followed by the 10:30 p.m. newscast with Torres. On March 11, 1991, a weekday morning news program, Tu Mañana, made its debut; the program was anchored by Carlos Ochoteco and Cyd Marie Fleming and featured segments such as panels of experts on different topics.
Over the years, many people worked on Tu Mañana and Las Noticias. Reporters such as Carmen Dominicci, Elwood Cruz, Susan Soltero, Bruni Torres, Nuria Sebazco, Rommy Segarra, Felipe Gómez (now at WAPA-TV), Ada Monzón (now at WAPA-TV), Liza Lugo and many others have been featured. |
303_15 | In 1996, a monthly investigative/tabloid newsmagazine began airing called Las Noticias Xtra, which offered reports considered to be shocking by many. Taboo themes in Puerto Rican society such as homosexuality were featured. Las Noticias Xtra eventually was reduced to a weekly segment seen during the 6:00 and 11:00 p.m. newscasts. |
303_16 | During WLII's TeleOnce years, the station's slogan was "TeleOnce: 24 horas el canal de Las Noticias" ("TeleOnce, the 24-hour news channel"), paralleling the 24 Hour News Source trend in the United States at this time. After the Univision integration in 2002, Las Noticias became Las Noticias Univision and acquired the branding of all other Univision O&O stations news broadcasts. WLII began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition on September 26, 2010. Due to budget cuts that were imposed by Univision in Miami, WLII reduced its news department by between 20 and 50 employees, and Las Noticias a las 6 was reduced from one hour to 30 minutes. The station discontinued its weekend newscasts on January 5, 2014; following this reducing its news operation from 35½ to 32½ hours each week and caused the firing of 19 employees. |
303_17 | On October 17, 2014, Univision announced that Jaime Bauzá was ascending his position to senior vice-president and general manager of all of the network's operations in Puerto Rico. The first change he made was the firing of 109 employees. This caused the closing of the entire news department, including reporters, anchors, cameramen, etc. On that day, the morning show Tu Mañana was shown normally, but after that, the midday show Tu Mediodia wasn't shown. Instead, a Mexican drama was shown.
During that time of mid-morning, reporter Daisy Sánchez published on her Twitter account the announcing of the news department's closing.
The roundtable talk show Rubén & Co. replaced the 5:00 p.m. spot left by Las Noticias. The program was originally a half hour program shown weeknights at 10:30 p.m. Since the closing of the news department, the show filled the 5 p.m. spot and was extended from half an hour of duration to an hour until its cancellation on January 20, 2016. |
303_18 | On February 18, 2021, TeleOnce hired José Enrique "Kike" Cruz, who was news director at WAPA-TV for 32 years and who worked at the station from 1976 until his retirement in 2018 as an adviser for the revamped news department after more than six years without newscasts. On April 14, 2021, TeleOnce hired Jenny Suarez, a former news producer at WAPA-TV, as its vice-president of the revamped news department. |
303_19 | On June 7, 2021, WLII-DT confirmed their intentions to relaunch their newscasts with the new telecast set to premiere in late July/early August 2021 in the 5 p.m. slot. Celimar Adames Casalduc (who anchored WAPA-TV's NotiCentro for 18 years) would join TeleOnce as the lead anchor for the newscast and Deborah Martorell (who served as WAPA-TV's Chief Meteorologist for 27 years) would also be joining as TeleOnce's Chief Meteorologist. Nuria Sebazco (who previously hosted TeleOnce's morning newscast Tu Mañana) was also announced to be returning to the network (migrating from WKAQ-TV) and Tatiana Ortiz (also from WKAQ) was also announced as on air talent. On June 8, 2021, WLII-DT announced that Ricardo Currás (formerly of WKAQ-TV and who anchored morning newscasts from Univision O&O WXTV-DT), would join Adames as co-anchor. |
303_20 | On June 23, 2021, WLII-DT announced that their relaunched newscast would be called Las Noticias TeleOnce thus reviving the original brand that ran for almost 30 years. Las Noticias TeleOnce premiered on July 12, 2021, with three editions: Las Noticias: Ahora (The News: Now) at 3:55 p.m., Las Noticias: Prime (The News: Prime) at 4:55 p.m. and Las Noticias: Última Edición (The News: Final Edition) at 10:00 p.m. All three editions will be anchored by Adames and Currás and will feature Martorell on the weather and Luis Joel Aymat (who anchored the former Edicion Puerto Rico newscast) in sports. |
303_21 | On October 4, 2021, Las Noticias added a political analysis team composed of former Puerto Rican Governor Anibal Acevedo Vila, former gubernatorial candidate Alexandra Lúgaro, journalist and Jugando Pelota Dura contributor Leo Aldridge and Lawyer Ramón Rosario Cortés. The segment entitled "El Comentario de la Tarde" features one of the aforementioned commentators breaking down a news item alongside anchors Currás and Adames.
On October 11, 2021, The nightly newscast Las Noticias: Última Edición moved from 10 p.m. to 11 p.m. due to premiere of WLII's new late-night talk show Acuéstate con Francis. |
303_22 | On November 18, 2021, WLII-DT announced that Las Noticias would add another daily newscast, this one during the midday time slot. The newscast titled Las Noticias Al Mediodía (The News at Noon) debuted December 6, 2021 at 12pm and features Celimar Adames, Nuria Sebazco and Deborah Martorell, which WLII is touting as the first all-female team in local news on the island. This edition follows a different format from the other newscast features segments on lifestyle, travel and finances.
On December 3, 2021, Celimar Adames announced on her Instagram account she will no longer anchor the 11pm broadcast Última Edición to focus on anchoring the midday edition and the afternoon broadcast. On the same post she announced that field reporter, Shirlyan Odette would be taking over anchoring duties for the 11pm broadcast alongside Ricardo Currás. |
303_23 | During the station's upfront presentation, VP of News Jenny Suarez and consultant José Enrique "Kike" Cruz announced that WLII will additionally be reviving their morning news show Tu Mañana. The show is slated to return in early 2022 over 8 years after the abrupt cancellation of the show while it was on the air in October 2014. Tu Mañana's return will bring up the station's news programming to over 20 hours a week and contribute to the increase of local programming on the station. |
303_24 | On December 14, 2021, WLII-DT launched a new investigative unit for the news department headed by journalist and lawyer Mardelis Jusino, who has worked at the investigative division of Jugando Pelota Dura, also worked for WAPA-TV and WMTJ. The investigative unit team consists of Melissa Correa, who worked for 18 years at El Vocero, Tatiana Ortiz and Arnaldo Rojas, who worked as an anchor/reporter for WAPA-TV from 2002 to 2008, The Univision-owned stations in Sacramento (KUVS-DT) and Houston (KXLN-DT) and served as a Houston-based correspondent for VOA News.
On January 11, 2022, WLII-DT announced that former representative Gary Rodriguez, who worked for WAPA-TV's Lo Sé Todo would be joining Las Noticias as a political commentator and other projects. His on-air debut was on January 15, 2022. The new section titled El Fuetazo de Gary officially began on January 24, 2021, and airs during the midday and evening newscasts. |
303_25 | On January 23, 2022, WLII-DT announced that Liam Rodríguez Muñoz, who was recently worked for ABC News Extra, joins the news department as a videojournalist and reporter. Rodríguez Muñoz previously worked for the station, as a panelist for Los Seis de la Tarde and as a reporter and content producer for Jugando Pelota Dura.
Jugando Pelota Dura (2017–present) |
303_26 | In November 2017, it was announced that the political analysis show Jugando Pelota Dura would move to Univision Puerto Rico after initially premiering on NCN Television and Sistema TV. The show, hosted by radio personality and former PPD legislator Ferdinand Perez with a panel of journalists and political analysts discussing current events, began airing soon after at the 6 p.m. spot before bouncing around several time slots on the station. Currently the program airs at 7 p.m. after La Comay and features Leo Aldrige, who was a reporter for Primera Hora from 2002 to 2005, Alex Delgado from NotiUno, Cyd Marie Fleming and Margarita Aponte as contributors, both of whom were original reporters for Las Noticias prior to it shutting down in 2014.
Acuéstate con Francis (2021–present) |
303_27 | On June 11, 2021, WLII announced the surprise signing of Puerto Rican Comedian Francis Rosas, who had worked as part of comedy projects on WAPA-TV for over 20-years. The deal with Rosas allowed the comedian to launch his own comedy show with him serving as executive producer and his production company working alongside WLII's owner, Liberman Media Group, in the production of other future projects. |
303_28 | At the time of Rosas' signing with WLII the comedian was still under contract with WAPA-TV's Sanco Productions, owned by actor and comedian Sunshine Logroño. On July 2, 2021, Logroño and his wife Gilda Santini sued Francis Rosas and his production company for breach of contract (Rosas had signed a 2-year extension to his contract with WAPA-TV in January 2021), additionally the lawsuit asked Rosas to pay $100,000 in damages and it included a request for the court to prohibit Rosas from appearing on any television network until the end of his deal in October 2022. On July 15, 2021, The First Instance Court of San Juan denied the injunction by Logroño to prohibit Rosas from appearing on any other television network until 2022 citing that "The court recognized an artists' liberty of working where they pleased" |
303_29 | On September 27, 2021, it was announced that the title of Rosas' upcoming show would be Acuéstate con Francis (Go to Bed with Francis), the show's premiere date was scheduled for October 11, 2021 at 10PM. Rosas described the show as a family show that would follow a late-night talk show format that would feature sketches, interviews and games with a variety of guests and a live studio audience. The show officially premiered on October 11, 2021, featuring guests Félix Trinidad, Celimar Adames Casalduc and musical guest Nio Garcia who performed his single "Tus Poses". The premiere also featured special appearances by Danilo Beauchamp and Alejandro Gil who worked alongside Rosas on WAPA-TV, the duo teased joining rosas on WLII in the future. |
303_30 | Edición Puerto Rico (2018, 2021)
In March 2018, the network announced plans to restore a news program with the creation of Edición Puerto Rico. The program is a 30-minute no-anchor, voiceover, videotaped newscast which, in addition to being broadcast in Puerto Rico, is shown on many Univision-affiliate stations owned by Entravision (such as Boston, Orlando and Tampa) and Unimás owned-and-operated stations in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Raleigh and Atlanta. It airs on weekday mornings, except in Puerto Rico, where it airs weeknights at 11 p.m. (the first local-themed newscast at that time slot since the news department shutdown in 2014). On March 8, 2021, the newscast returned as Edición Puerto Rico aired weekdays at 5:30 p.m. (25 minutes) and 10:00 p.m. (one full hour) and was still produced at the studios of WOLE-DT in Aguadilla. The final newscast produced in Aguadilla aired on July 9, 2021.
Edición Digital Puerto Rico (2019–2021) |
303_31 | After more than five years without newscasts, WLII-DT aired a 60-minute local news program called Edición Digital Puerto Rico, similar to WKAQ-TV and WAPA-TV's news offerings. This newscast was produced at the studios of sister station WOLE-DT in Aguadilla. Started on April 22, 2019, and ending on March 5, 2021, the newscast focused on events happening in and around Puerto Rico and the United States, and interacts with others through social media platforms. The program was also aired on WOLE, Facebook Live, Univision Puerto Rico's Mobile App and Univision Puerto Rico's website.
Ratings
From 1986 to 2003, channel 11 went No. 1 at most of its timeslots, surpassing rivals WKAQ and WAPA. In the early 1990s, longtime news leader WKAQ was surpassed by Channel 11.
Between 2005 and 2008, WLII had made some firings, causing its fall from first to last place.
In 2008, WAPA took the lead in all of its newscasts, except in mornings (WLII was #1 at mornings). |
303_32 | Between 2010 and 2014, a serious group of changes caused even more ratings loss: canceling its longtime 6 p.m. newscast in favor of the returning of a 5 p.m. newscast, the cancellation of its 4 weekend newscasts, and the evolution of its noon newscast as a talk show. During that time, the station made serious anchor shake-ups, like moving main anchor Ramon Enrique Torres from evenings to mornings (this went on for only a couple of months, until its return to weeknights). The other move was moving longtime 11 p.m. newscast anchor Carlos Weber to weekends and longtime weekend anchors Felipe Gomez and Mariliana Torres to Weber's spot at 11 p.m. Neither of this changes went successful for ratings, and rival WAPA dominated all of its newscasts (sometimes, including mornings). |
303_33 | In January 2014, WLII canceled its weekend newscasts, and Weber became reporters. Later, in March of that year, Mariliana Torres and Felipe Gomez also became reporters, leaving the 5 p.m. news team of Ramon Enrique Torres and Cyd Marie Fleming to fill the spot left by Torres and Gomez.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
WLII shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 56 to VHF channel 11, which was among the high band UHF channels (52–69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition. WSUR switched to digital-only broadcasts on January 23, 2009, broadcasting on VHF channel 9 (or virtual channel 9.1). |
303_34 | Satellite, repeater and translator stations
WLII programming can be seen across Puerto Rico on the following stations:
References
External links
Official website
1960 establishments in Puerto Rico
Caguas, Puerto Rico
Television channels and stations established in 1960
LII-DT
Univision network affiliates
Television stations in Ponce, Puerto Rico |
304_0 | Chauncy Welliver (born 28 April 1983) is an American-New Zealand heavyweight boxer from Spokane, Washington who lives in Auckland, New Zealand. He has a career record of 57–13–5. Throughout his career he has never been knocked down and at one point the WBC ranked him the 5th best heavyweight in the world.
Career
He came to widespread attention when he fought Odlanier Solís in October 2008. He lost when the referee intervened in the ninth round but impressed many with his skills and decent chin.
Welliver was then rated in the top 10 for some time by both the WBC and WBO after picking up numerous titles from limited opposition. His ranking dropped however when he suffered two defeats in 2012, being outpointed by Sherman Williams and Kyotaro Fujimoto. |
304_1 | His ring name is the Hillyard Hammer. He is currently trained by former Native American heavyweight title challenger, Joe "The Boss" Hipp.
His current manager is Roland Jankelson. He is also a heavyweight consultant for the boxing radio show On The Ropes. Welliver trains and coaches amateur boxers at Boxfit in Spokane, Washington.
On 31 January 2015, Welliver lost to rugby football star Sonny Bill Williams, in what he has described as the biggest fight of his career and Williams as "a better athlete than Michael Jordan. YARN"
Professional boxing record |
304_2 | |-
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Record
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Result
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Rd., Time
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
|- align=center
|Loss
|55–12–5||align=left| Marselles Brown
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|55–11–5||align=left| Sonny Bill Williams
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|55–10–5
|align=left| Alexander Ustinov
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|- align=center
|Loss
|55–9–5
|align=left| Lucas Browne
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|- align=center
|Loss
|55–8–5
|align=left| Billy Wright
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left| |
304_3 | |- align=center
|Win
|55–7–5
|align=left| Saul Farah
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|54–7–5
|align=left| Donnie Davis
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|53–7–5
|align=left| Kyotaro Fujimoto
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|53–6–5
|align=left| Sherman Williams
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|53–5–5
|align=left| Bert Cooper
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|52–5–5
|align=left| Moyoyo Mensah
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|51–5–5
|align=left| Galen Brown
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|50–5–5
|align=left| Rob Calloway
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|49–5–5
|align=left| Lawrence Tauasa
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|48–5–5
|align=left| Byron Polley
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|47–5–5
|align=left| Galen Brown
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|46–5–5 |
304_4 | |align=left| Jimmy Haynes
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|45–5–5
|align=left| Brad Gregory
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|44–5–5
|align=left| Daniel Tai
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|43–5–5
|align=left| Joell Godfrey
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|42–5–5
|align=left| Daniel Tai
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|41–5–5
|align=left| Mike Sheppard
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|40–5–5
|align=left| Seiaute Mailata
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|39–5–5
|align=left| Toa Naketoatama
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|38–5–5
|align=left| Amosa Zinck
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|37–5–5
|align=left| George Westerman
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|36–5–5
|align=left| David Gemmell
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|35–5–5
|align=left| Odlanier Solís
|||
| |
304_5 | |align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|35–4–5
|align=left| Mike Lloyd
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|34–4–5
|align=left| Daniel Tai
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|33–4–5
|align=left| Oscar Talemaira
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|32–4–5
|align=left| Seiaute Mailata
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|32–4–4
|align=left| Corey Williams
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|31–4–4
|align=left| Chad Van Sickle
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|30–4–4
|align=left| Richard Tutaki
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|29–4–4
|align=left| Chad Van Sickle
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|29–4–3
|align=left| Brian McIntyre
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|28–4–3
|align=left| Travis Fulton
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|27–4–3 |
304_6 | |align=left| Chris Lewallen
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|26–4–3
|align=left| David Robinson
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|25–4–3
|align=left| Scott Lansdon
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|24–4–3
|align=left| Bridger Bercier
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|23–4–3
|align=left| Ted Reiter
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|22–4–3
|align=left| Ted Reiter
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|21–4–3
|align=left| Shane Wijohn
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|20–4–3
|align=left| Elisara Sii Uta
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|20–3–3
|align=left| Oscar Talemaira
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|19–3–3
|align=left| Bob Gasio
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|18–3–3
|align=left| Richard Tutaki
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|17–3–3
|align=left| Chris Brown
|||
| |
304_7 | |align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|16–3–3
|align=left| David Bostice
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|16–2–3
|align=left| John Sargent
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|16–1–3
|align=left| Chris Brown
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|15–1–3
|align=left| Ken Murphy
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|15–1–2
|align=left| Billy Zumbrun
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|14–1–2
|align=left| John Clark
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|14–1–1
|align=left| Wesley Martin
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|13–1–1
|align=left| Bradley Rone
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|12–1–1
|align=left| King Ipitan
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|11–1–1
|align=left| Felipe Bojorquez
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|10–1–1 |
304_8 | |align=left| Craig Brinson
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|9–1–1
|align=left| Bobby McGraw
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|8–1–1
|align=left| George Chamberlain
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|7–1–1
|align=left| Ricardo Raya
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|6–1–1
|align=left| Jonathan Williams
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|6–0–1
|align=left| Jonathan Williams
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|6–0
|align=left| John Clark
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|5–0
|align=left| Enoch Green
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|4–0
|align=left| Jim Brown
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|3–0
|align=left| Jonathan Williams
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|2–0
|align=left| Marcio Castillo
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|1–0 |
304_9 | |align=left| Thomas Eynon
|||
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center |
304_10 | References
External links
On The Ropes
Spokane Boxfit
1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Spokane, Washington
Boxers from Washington (state)
New Zealand professional boxing champions
American male boxers
Boxers from Auckland
Heavyweight boxers |
305_0 | The mass media in Afghanistan includes printing, broadcasting, and digital. It is mainly in Dari and Pashto, the official languages of the nation. According to the Attorney General's Office of Afghanistan, "there are 1,879 active media outlets in Afghanistan which were called one of the main achievements of the country in the past 18 years."
Following the Taliban takeover in 2021, there is a concern that there will be a significant decrease in mass media in Afghanistan.
Media history
The first newspaper, Shams-i Nahar (Morning Sun) was published in 1873 during the rule of Sher Ali Khan. |
305_1 | Another newspaper, Siraj-ul-Akhbar (Lamp of the News) was initially published on January 11, 1906, with Abdul-Rauf as editor. After this first and only issue in Persian language, its publication stopped. It was revived in October 1911 by Mahmud Tarzi, the editor and owner of the newspaper who was critical of the friendship between the British Empire and Afghanistan. Mahmud Tarzi became known as the pioneer of Afghan journalism, in 1916 he famously wrote: "Siraj Al Akhbar Afghaniya is neither British, nor Russian nor French nor Italian nor German nor Chinese or Japanese. It is a Muslim newspaper and, in that, it is specifically an Afghan newspaper. Whatever it says, whatever melody it sings, is from an Afghan point of view and stems from the tone of Afghan national dignity." In 1919, under King Amanullah Khan, Aman-i-Afghan (Afghan Peace) replaced Siraj al-Akhbar, serving as an organ of the government, while several smaller private journals appeared under different ministries. Along |
305_2 | with these developments, Radio Kabul began broadcasting in 1925, which inaugurated a new era of mass media in the country. The 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan and the Press Law of 1965 provided for freedom of the press, within the boundaries of appropriate behavior. The 1960’s saw a rapid growth of television services around the world, including most developing countries. The conceptual foundation of Television in Afghanistan to improve literacy rate and specific technical recommendation for initial launch was first published in 1967 by Dr. Hafiz Sahar, Chief Editor of national morning newspaper, in his academic work in New York University. It was not until 1978, due to political instability in 1970’s, that the first TV channel was launch in Kabul with a grant aid from Japan. The press was editorially independent from government but was instructed to safeguard the interests of the state and constitutional monarchy, Islam, and public order. Afghan journalism progressed and developed |
305_3 | from the 1950s through to the 1970s, though it remained limited. |
305_4 | When King Zahir Shah's government was overthrown in the 1973 coup by his cousin Daoud Khan, approximately 19 newspapers were shut down and media came under severe restriction, ending a period of relative freedom. The first color television broadcasting appeared in 1978. The media fell into the control of Soviet influences during the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan from 1979 to 1992. |
305_5 | Media under the Taliban government was characterized by strict media laws, including the banning of television. The Taliban instigated the destruction of television sets in 1998. People caught with a television in their homes were subject to monetary fines, flogging, or imprisonment. Most media operated from other countries, except for a small area in northern Afghanistan, which had its own television service called Badakhshan Television. It broadcast news and films for around 5,000 viewers for three hours a day. All television stations were shut down in 1996 by order of the Taliban, and printed newspapers were forbidden to publish commentary, photos, or readers letters. The radio stations under Taliban control broadcast nothing other than religious programs and selected news. Around 70% of the population listened to its broadcasts. In 2000, the Taliban government launched The Islamic Emirate, an English-language newspaper designed to counteract information produced by the "enemies of |
305_6 | Islam". Only Russia, Czech Republic and Serbia had news bureaus based in Kabul due to instability. The Kabul TV center was converted into a military barracks, and journalists were not permitted to work with foreign media. The media environment remained bleak until the overthrow of the Taliban government in late 2001. |
305_7 | The Afghan media has experienced a rapid growth during the Karzai administration, with dozens of TV stations being established around the country. Some of these include Tolo, Ariana Television Network, Lemar, Shamshad, and the state-owned Afghanistan National Television (RTA). Over two hundred radio stations have also been established. As of 2019, there are over 1,000 newspapers, magazines, and other print media. All media flourished under Afghanistan's new rules, though journalists do undergo self-censorship; penalties are still in place for defaming individuals and running material contrary to the principles of Islam. |
305_8 | Some government officials have used their positions to maintain their own communications facilities, as national and local governments own or control several dozen newspapers and many electronic media outlets. A 2004 media law prohibits censorship, but requires registration of periodicals with the Ministry of Information and Culture; in 2005 some 250 periodicals were registered. International organizations have been training new journalists since the fall of the Taliban. However, due to instability in Afghanistan, journalists have been as highly targeted as soldiers, as shown by instances of kidnapping and death threats. An NGO named Nai (meaning flute, an important symbolic instrument for broadcasting) tracks violence against journalists with its Media Watch Data. More than 100 journalists also protested a raid on a private TV station which drew concern of further government interference in reporting. |
305_9 | One of Afghanistan's largest independent news agencies is Pajhwok Afghan News, which was founded in 2004 by Afghan journalists who worked with the Institute for War and Peace Reporting. It has reporters in nearly every province, and publishes stories online in English, Dari and Pashto. Bakhtar News Agency, another wire service, is run by the Afghan government. |
305_10 | Although many fewer Afghan women than men work as journalists, female Afghan reporters and editors are increasingly making their voices heard not just on traditionally "feminine" topics like education and health, but on larger issues affecting Afghanistan, such as the tension between tradition and modernity. Shukria Barakzai founded the weekly bilingual Women's Voice to campaign for women's rights. She was elected to the House of the People (or Wolesi Jirga, the lower house of the National Assembly of Afghanistan), and speaks up for hopes that a better and freer press will lead to strong democracy and civil society. One of the most high-profile government attacks on press freedom occurred in 2008 when presenter Mohammad Nasir Fayyaz of Ariana Television Network was arrested for criticizing members of the cabinet. He was later released without charge. During the Afghan presidential election, 2009 there were some reports of attacks on press freedom. On April 30, 2018, nine journalists |
305_11 | lost their lives in an insurgent bombing in Kabul, the deadliest incident against journalists since 2001. By the end of the year a total of 14 journalists and media workers were killed in Afghanistan. |
305_12 | Newspapers
Afghanistan has nearly 1,500 print media as of 2019. The principal daily newspapers are the state-owned Anis, Arman-e Melli, and the privately owned Afghanistan Group of Newspapers which includes The Daily Outlook Afghanistan (The first Independent English Newspaper of Afghanistan) and The Daily Afghanistan in local languages of Dari and Pashto, Cheragh, founded by first Afghan lady journalist Kathreen Wida in December 2003, Eslah, and The Kabul Times and Khaama Press and Eradeh, Hewad, Ittefaq-e Islam, and Shari'at. The circulation of independent print publications has been confined primarily to the Kabul region. About 500 publications are now registered in the country.
Radio |
305_13 | Radio has long been the most widespread source of information in Afghanistan. Radio broadcasting went into air in 1925 with Radio Kabul being the first station. By the late 1970s nearly every home owned at least one radio, especially in the major cities. As of 2019, the country has 284 radio stations, with AM, FM and shortwave, broadcasting mainly in Pashto and Dari languages. The BBC World Service, Voice of America, Radio Azadi and others broadcast into Afghanistan as an additional source of news, in both Pashto and Dari.
Television
It was reported in 2019 that Afghanistan has 203 television stations, 96 in Kabul and 107 in other provinces of the country. They include local and international channels. One of this is state-owned RTA TV. Satellite and cable television ownership is growing; Al Jazeera widely seen as a leading source of uncensored information. Many global news channels have local bureau's in Kabul, including: CNN, BBC, Sky News, DD News, and Aljazeera. |
305_14 | With a combination of Afghan news and political programs, original reality TV shows, Bollywood movies and American programs like "24", ARIA TV is the first exclusive channel for children and teenagers, while Tolo TV is Afghanistan's most watched station. Saad Mohseni, chairman of Tolo's parent company, MOBY Group, said Moby's revenues are in the $20 million range and the media company operates at a profit. Lemar TV, which broadcasts in Pashto language, is a sister channel of Tolo. Another channel that is mostly in Pashto is Shamshad TV, which is owned by another Afghan group. Sharq TV is also another TV channel that broadcasts in Pashto in the Eastern zone of Afghanistan, it is owned by Shaiq Network.
Baano TV is a women dedicated channel started in July 2017. The channel is available in Kabul & Mazar-e-sharif as well as on all over Afghanistan & middle east via satellite. |
305_15 | ABS "Afghanistan Broadcast System" a part of ACG "Asian Consulting Group" start its DTTV service under the trade name of Oqaab. Oqaab ((meaning “eagle” in Dari)),is a digital broadcasting service that allows users to see television in digital format. Digital TV is an advanced television format that provides a much better picture and sound quality when compared to traditional analog television. Users will continue to receive local channels for free while, coming soon, expanded premium channels will be offered for a low month fee. Today many new TV channels start their Broadcasting via ABS (OQAAB). ANAAR TV was the first Digital TV (DTT) which starts its broadcasting on 31 May 2015 dedicated to technology.
List of Digital TV channels are including but not limited to Anaar TV, Harirood TV (Now Afghanistan TV), Hadees TV, 10 TV, Mashal TV, 11TV, Meshrano Jerga TV (Parliament's 2nd TV channel) and Afghanistan Youth TV.
Internet |
305_16 | Digital media increased rapidly in Afghanistan in the last decade. About 2.69 million online users were reported in 2015. Internet access mainly grew through internet cafes as well as public "telekiosks" in Kabul. A number of online newspapers are available, including Bakhtar News Agency, Khaama Press, and Pajhwok Afghan News.
See also
Communications in Afghanistan
Pashto media
References
External links
List of Afghan newspapers
Afghanistan
Afghanistan |
306_0 | Forrest is a village in Livingston County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,220 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Forrest is located in southeastern Livingston County at (40.750018, -88.409992). It is in the northern part of Forrest Township, with a small area extending north into Pleasant Ridge Township.
U.S. Route 24 (Wabash Avenue) passes through the village, leading east to Interstate 57 at Gilman and west to Interstate 55 at Chenoa. Illinois Route 47 (Center Street) crosses US 24 near the village center; it leads north to Dwight and south to Gibson City.
According to the 2010 census, Forrest has a total area of , all land.
History
Founding and naming |
306_1 | Forrest was laid out on December 11, 1866, by Israel J. Krack (1816 – 1900). Krack was born in Baltimore, Maryland. Both of his parents had come from Germany. He was briefly a teacher, lived in Indiana, and came to Livingston County in 1854. Krack was a farmer, notary public, grain dealer, and in later life an insurance agent. Krack was elected to the Illinois General Assembly in 1872 and became treasurer of Livingston County in 1878. Krack Street, which parallels the railroad, was named for the town's founder. When Forrest was established, the Toledo, Peoria and Western Railroad had already been in operation for almost ten years, and therefore the origin of the town is unlike Fairbury, Chatsworth, Chenoa, Gridley and El Paso, all of which were founded when the railroad was first built. Within a few years of its founding, the people of Forrest did not know the full name of the person for whom the town was named. The author of the 1878 History of Livingston County says only two things |
306_2 | about Mr. Forrest: he was a business partner of C. L. Frost, an official of the Toledo, Peoria and Western, and that he had promised to do something for the young village and that promise was "unfulfilled". The first version of the name was said to be "Forestville", spelled with one "r", but the "Forrest" spelling quickly came into use. Forrest Township was created soon after the village was founded and took its name from the village. |
306_3 | Design and commerce |
306_4 | In 1861 or 1862, before the town was platted, Israel J. Krack was operating a grain elevator at the location. Like most towns of the period, the plan of the original town of Forrest was centered on a long narrow depot grounds, which were on the north side of the tracks. The plat was for a simple grid of twenty blocks. The first house in Forrest was built by Mr. Krack, who was also the first postmaster and the first station agent. He also laid out many additions to the town. The first hotel was built by William Umberfield and was known as the Forrest House. The first mill was built by R. B. Wilson. The first church was built by the Methodists in 1868. The town grew rapidly and by 1890 had over 1,000 people. Forrest, like almost every other early town of central Illinois during this period, was built from inexpensive pine lumber brought in by the railroad from Michigan or Wisconsin. In the winter of 1868-1869 much of the business district, including one grain warehouse, was burned. It |
306_5 | was quickly rebuilt. This was the first of many fires that plagued the new town. In 1890 a particularly devastating blaze destroyed much of downtown Forrest. Rebuilding was rapid, and by 1893 there were five hotels. |
306_6 | Introduction of the Wabash Railroad |
306_7 | The people of Forrest worked to attract a second railroad. At first there were hopes that the Chicago and Paducah Railroad could be induced to construct its tracks through the town, but this road was diverted to nearby Fairbury. Success came when the Wabash Railroad was constructed through Forrest in 1880. On May 1 of that year, the first train on the Wabash passed through Forrest. The village became an important stopping place on the Wabash line linking Chicago and Kansas City. Soon repair shops were built, and by the early 1890s over sixty men were employed here. The town became a freight shipment point for the Chicago Division of the railroad. In 1894 local workers supported a strike against the Wabash, and many of those who had supported the strike lost their jobs to strikebreakers. The Freight Division was removed to Decatur. Between 1914 and 1921 it was briefly returned to Forrest. By the 1920s the days of Forrest as a railroad center began to fade. In 1924 the state of Illinois |
306_8 | began construction on a paved road that eventually became Route 24. |
306_9 | Historical landmarks
In the Railroad Park at Forrest are several important railroad-related remains. A surviving railroad turntable is located here. The turntable was re-painted in 2017. The park also contains the former Wabash Railroad station and a restored Norfolk & Western Railroad caboose. The Wabash Railroad station is now a museum, and contains a scale model of the town as it was in its railroad heyday. The model includes a fully functional turntable and electric railroad track. The museum also contains many artifacts from the early 1900s.
Demographics
Per the 2010 United States Census, Forrest had 1,220 people. Among non-Hispanics this includes 1,135 White (93.0%), 5 Black (0.4%), 2 Asian (0.2%), & 2 from two or more races. The Hispanic or Latino population included 75 people (6.1%). |
306_10 | There were 469 households, out of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.9% were married couples living together, 3.4% had a female householder with children & no husband present, and 32.8% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 28.6% had someone who was 65 years of age or older.
The population had 74.0% over the age of 18 and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.9 years. The gender ratio was 49.8% male & 50.2% female. Among 469 occupied households, 73.1% were owner-occupied & 26.9% were renter-occupied. |
306_11 | As of the census of 2000, there were 1,225 people, 470 households, and 344 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,956.4 people per square mile (750.8/km). There were 504 housing units at an average density of 804.9 per square mile (308.9/km). The racial makeup of the village was 96.33% White, 0.57% African American, 0.57% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 1.31% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.69% of the population.
There were 470 households, out of which 34.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.7% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.13. |
306_12 | In the village, the population was spread, with 29.7% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $40,677, and the median income for a family was $45,938. Males had a median income of $37,868 versus $20,694 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,707. About 5.8% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.3% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Official website
Villages in Illinois
Villages in Livingston County, Illinois
Populated places established in 1866
1866 establishments in Illinois |
307_0 | Kanata (, ) is a major suburb of the Canadian capital of Ottawa, Ontario. It is about west of the city's downtown core. As of 2016, Kanata had a population of 98,938 (137,118 in the population centre) and is growing. Before it was amalgamated into Ottawa in 2001, it was one of the fastest-growing cities in Canada and the fastest-growing community in Eastern Ontario. Located just to the west of the National Capital Commission Greenbelt, it is one of the largest of several communities that surround central Ottawa.
History
The area that is today Kanata was originally part of the Township of March, and was first settled by Europeans in the early nineteenth century. One site dating from this era is Pinhey's Point. |
307_1 | It remained mainly agricultural until the 1960s when it became the site of heavy development. Modern Kanata is largely the creation of Bill Teron, a developer and urban planner who purchased over of rural land and set about building a model community. Unlike other suburbs, Kanata was designed to have a mix of densities and commercial and residential properties. It had large amounts of open space, and was to be surrounded by a greenbelt. A reflection of the garden city movement, the area was divided into a series of communities, each of which was intended to have its own commercial centre and unique culture. These include Beaverbrook, Glen Cairn, Bridlewood, Katimavik, Hazeldean, Morgan's Grant, and Kanata Lakes. The first street to be built was Tiffany Crescent in 1964. |
307_2 | As part of the overall plan for the city's future, Teron set aside land for a technology park, reasoning that the city could grow a high-tech sector on the foundation of the scientists and researchers already attracted to the area for the dominant government sector in Ottawa. To attract the first high-tech companies to the new city, he offered land to the first technology companies to settle in Kanata at no cost other than the price of servicing, attracting Atomic Energy Canada, Northern Electric and Mitel.
The community grew rapidly due to the influx of hi-tech workers looking to capitalize on the new economic cityscape. The Province of Ontario incorporated Kanata as a city in 1978 out of the Township of March, and portions of the Township of Goulbourn and the Township of Nepean (subsequently the City of Nepean). The name "Kanata" was chosen in a referendum, defeating "Hazeldean", "March" and "Kairnwood". |
307_3 | On September 20, 1998, the city of Kanata dedicated a cenotaph in Village Green Memorial Park dedicated to those who served their country in war and peace.
It remained a city until 2001, when the province created a new (amalgamated) City of Ottawa that included the City of Kanata (pop. 59,700).
The Kanata Avenue–Castlefrank Road overpass next to Royal Canadian Legion National Headquarters, opened in December 2003 and renamed Valour Bridge on December 1, 2006, is dedicated to all Canadians who have served in defence of freedoms in the great battles and campaigns since the turn of the 20th century. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.