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345_12 | Each deck is built around a new legendary creature and a distinct mechanical theme. In addition to the intended Commander, they include two other new legendary creatures.
Heavenly Inferno (white/black/red, commanded by ) features a variety of Angels, Demons, and Dragons that Kaalia can put directly into play, and numerous creature destruction effects. Its other new Legendary creatures are and .
Mirror Mastery (blue/red/green, commanded by ) uses large amounts of mana acceleration to cast powerful spells and creatures for Riku to copy. Its other new Legendary creatures are and .
Counterpunch (black/green/white, commanded by ) is constructed around the dual themes of creature tokens and +1/+1 counters. Its other new Legendary creatures are and .
Political Puppets (red/white/blue, commanded by ) uses Zedruu to gain cards and life while earning good will and turning opponents against each other. Its other new Legendary creatures are and . |
345_13 | Devour for Power (green/blue/black, commanded by ) fills graveyards with creatures in order to power up The Mimeoplasm and other synergistic cards. Its other new Legendary creatures are and . |
345_14 | 2012
Commander's Arsenal is a set with 18 premium foil cards, 10 oversized premium foil cards, card sleeves, a life counter, and tokens for keeping track of in-game effects. The set was released on November 2, 2012. Each card in the set was the first edition of that card to receive premium foil treatment, the first to be printed in the modern frame, and/or received special art.
2013
Commander 2013 was released on November 1, 2013. It introduced five new pre-constructed decks, each built around one of the three-colored "shards". 51 new cards were printed for Commander 2013, including five that introduced the mechanic Tempting offer, which allows opponents to duplicate the card's effect but at the cost of granting its controller a larger effect. Each of the Commanders interacts with the Command Zone, either offering a benefit for playing the commander repeatedly or giving the player a benefit while remaining in the Command Zone. |
345_15 | Evasive Maneuvers (green/white/blue, commanded by ) has a tap/untap and exile-and-return theme.
Eternal Bargain (white/blue/black, commanded by ) features the two themes of life gain and artifacts.
Mind Seize (blue/black/red, commanded by ) features an instant and sorcery theme alongside cards that punish opponents for drawing.
Power Hungry (black/red/green, commanded by ) features a creature token theme, sacrificing them for a benefit.
Nature of the Beast (red/green/white, commanded by ) features a creature token theme.
2014
Commander 2014 was released on November 7, 2014. It introduced five new pre-constructed decks, each built around one of the five colors. 61 new cards were printed for Commander 2014, including five that introduced the Lieutenant mechanic, which gives a bonus for the creature if you also control your Commander, and the first ever Planeswalkers that can be your Commander. |
345_16 | Forged In Stone (white, commanded by ) with an equipment theme.
Peer Through Time (blue, commanded by )
Sworn To Darkness (black, commanded by
Built From Scratch (red, commanded by ) themed around artifacts.
Guided By Nature (green, commanded by ) themed around elves. |
345_17 | 2015
Commander 2015 was released on November 10, 2015. It introduced five new pre-constructed decks, built around "enemy" two-color combinations. 55 new cards were printed, including new commanders that utilized "experience counters" to grow more powerful as the game progressed. Other new cards introduced the Myriad mechanic, which allowed a single creature to attack every opponent simultaneously.
Call the Spirits (white/black, commanded by ) themed around enchantments.
Seize Control (blue/red, commanded by ) themed around instants and sorceries.
Plunder the Graves (black/green, commanded by ) themed around sacrificing creatures and returning creatures from the graveyard.
Wade into Battle (red/white, commanded by ) themed around giants.
Swell the Host (green/blue, commanded by ) themed around creating multiple smaller creatures and increasing their power. |
345_18 | 2016
Commander 2016 was released on November 11, 2016. It introduced five new pre-constructed decks, built around four-color combinations. The new "Partner" mechanic allows two legendary creatures, both with Partner, to serve as your commander. 56 new cards were printed, including the first 4-color legendary creatures.
Entropic Uprising (blue/black/red/green, commanded by ) with a "windmill" theme that gains benefits from opponents drawing or discarding cards.
Open Hostility (black/red/green/white, commanded by ) with a focus on combat damage.
Stalwart Unity (red/green/white/blue, commanded by ) with a focus on "Group Hug" effects that benefit all players and encourage playing politics with the other players.
Breed Lethality (green/white/blue/black, commanded by ) with a focus on +1/+1 counters and multiplying those counters.
Invent Superiority (white/blue/black/red, commanded by ) with a focus on artifacts. |
345_19 | 2017
Commander Anthology was released on June 9, 2017. It is a boxed re-release of four pre-constructed decks, one from each of the first four years of Commander sets.
Heavenly Inferno (2011) (white/black/red, commanded by )
Evasive Maneuvers (2013) (green/white/blue, commanded by )
Guided By Nature (2014) (green, commanded by )
Plunder the Graves (2015) (black/green, commanded by )
Commander 2017 was released on August 25, 2017. Starting with Commander 2017, Commander sets are reduced from five to four preconstructed theme decks (without reducing the number of new cards) and will be built around themes instead of focusing on color combinations. Commander 17 is a tribal set, with each deck focusing on one creature type. The new "Eminence" mechanic grants a benefit while a Commander is in play or in the command zone, with each commander having an additional effect while they are on the battlefield.
Draconic Domination (all five colors, commanded by ) a dragon deck. |
345_20 | Feline Ferocity (green/white, commanded by ) a Cat deck, with an equipment theme that encourages improving a single creature at a time.
Vampiric Bloodlust (red/white/black, commanded by ) a vampire deck.
Arcane Wizardry (blue/black/red, commanded by ) a wizard deck. |
345_21 | 2018
Commander Anthology Volume 2 was released on June 8, 2018. Like the previous year's Commander Anthology, Volume 2 was a boxed re-release of four pre-constructed decks. It contains the following decks:
Devour for Power (2011) (green/blue/black, commanded by )
Built from Scratch (2014) (red, commanded by )
Wade into Battle (2015) (red/white, commanded by )
Breed Lethality (2016) (green/white/blue/black, commanded by )
Commander 2018 was announced on February 14, 2018 for release on August 10, 2018. It sees the return of Planeswalkers as Commanders. It contains the following decks:
Exquisite Invention (blue/red, commanded by ) an artifact deck that produces artifact tokens.
Subjective Reality (white/blue/black, commanded by ) with a theme of controlling the top card of the deck.
Nature's Vengeance (black/red/green, commanded by ) a land/landfall themed deck.
Adaptive Enchantment (white/blue/green, commanded by ) an enchantment themed deck. |
345_22 | 2019
Commander 2019 was announced on February 21, 2019 for release on August 23, 2019. It contains the following decks:
Faceless Menace (blue/green/black, commanded by ) with the overarching theme of playing face-down 'Morph' creatures and benefiting of playing creatures.
Mystic Intellect (red/blue/white, commanded by ) a spell-heavy deck focused on casting spells multiple times, using 'Flashback' to cast spells again from the graveyard.
Primal Genesis (red/green/white, commanded by ) a token deck aiming to create a bunch of token creatures and 'Populate' them.
Merciless Rage (red/black, commanded by ) Designed around discarding cards and benefiting of this by employing the 'Madness' keyword for value. |
345_23 | 2020
Commander 2020 was released on May 15, 2020. It contains the following Decks:
Timeless Wisdom (blue/red/white, commanded by )
Symbiotic Swarm (white/black/green, commanded by ) a creature deck focusing on Ability Counters.
Enhanced Evolution (black/green/blue, commanded by ) a creature deck based on the new Mutate Ability.
Arcane Maelstrom (green/blue/red, commanded by )
Ruthless Regiment (red/white/black, commanded by )
Commander Zendikar Rising were released on September 25, 2020. This was the first Commander Deck set to change from the annual 4-5 deck sets to 2 deck sets for each major expansion release. It contains the following Decks:
Land's Wrath (green/white/red, commanded by ) a landfall deck.
Sneak Attack (blue/black, commanded by ) a rogues deck.
Commander Legends Commander Decks were released on November 20, 2020. It contains the following Decks:
Arm For Battle (white/red, commanded by ) an equipment/aura deck. |
345_24 | Reap The Tides (blue/green, commanded by ) a sea-themed landfall deck. |
345_25 | 2021
Commander Kaldheim were released on February 5, 2021. It corresponded with the Kaldheim set. It contains the following Decks:
Elven Empire (green/black, commanded by ) an elf deck.
Phantom Premonition (white/blue, commanded by ) a spirit deck.
Commander 2021 was released on April 23, 2021. It corresponded with the Strixhaven: School of Mages set. It contains the following Decks:
Silverquill Statement (white/black, commanded by ), a deck with a politics and aggro theme.
Prismari Performance (blue/red, commanded by ) a deck with an instants and sorceries theme.
Witherbloom Witchcraft (black/green, commanded by ) a deck with a lifegain theme.
Lorehold Legacies (red/white, commanded by ) a deck with an artifacts / graveyard theme.
Quantum Quandrix (green/blue, commanded by ) a deck with a tokens and +1/+1 counters theme |
345_26 | Adventures in the Forgotten Realms Commander was released on July 23, 2021. It corresponded with the Dungeons & Dragons: Adventures in the Forgotten Realms set. It contains the following Decks: |
345_27 | Aura of Courage (green/white/blue, commanded by ) a deck with an aura/equipment theme.
Draconic Rage (red/green, commanded by ) a deck with a dragon tribal and ramp theme.
Dungeons of Death (white/blue/black, commanded by ) a midrange deck focusing on the dungeon mechanic.
Planar Portal (black/red, commanded by ) a tempo deck that aims to cast spells from exile.
Innistrad: Midnight Hunt Commander was released on September 24, 2021. It corresponded with the Innistrad: Midnight Hunt set. It contains the following Decks:
Coven Counters (green/white, commanded by ) a deck with a focus on going wide with humans and +1/+1 counters.
Undead Unleashed (blue/black, commanded by ) a control deck with zombie tribal support.
Innistrad: Crimson Vow Commander was released on November 19, 2021. It corresponded with the Innistrad: Crimson Vow set. It contains the following Decks: |
345_28 | Spirit Squadron (white/blue, commanded by ) a deck with a spirit tribal theme.
Vampiric Bloodline (black/red, commanded by ) an aggro deck that gets card advantage with Blood tokens.
2022
Kamigawa: Neon Dynasty Commander will be released on February 18, 2022. It will correspond with the Kamigawa: Neon Dynasty set. It contains the following Decks:
Buckle Up (white/blue, commanded by ) a deck with an Artifact and Vehicle theme.
Upgrades Unleashed (red/green, commanded by ) a deck with a theme of modifying creatures via Equipment, Counters, and Enchantments. |
345_29 | Reception
Charlie Hall, for Polygon, commented in 2020 that "many Magic players see creating a Commander deck as the ultimate expression of a player’s skill, and of their ability to use their personal collection of cards to its fullest. The Commander format embodies the game’s reputation for competition, but also for storytelling". Jason Coles, for Dicebreaker, wrote that Commander is "possibly the most popular format in all of Magic: The Gathering [...]. It’s a fun format that generally features groups of up to four players duking it out and trying to keep each other in check". |
345_30 | Jan Švelch, in the academic journal Analog Game Studies, wrote that "the popular Commander format has been receiving yearly expansions since 2011 when the first official Commander pre-constructed decks were released. Many of these emergent formats address the more controversial aspects of the official and sanctioned Magic formats [...]. The interactions between players and developers often follow the logic of cultural convergence with popular community formats receiving official expansions. Creation of such community formats and their consequent commercialization by publishers can also be seen as a manifestation of fan labor in which fans create value which is later capitalized on by the official producers". |
345_31 | In 2013, Steve Heisler, for The A.V. Club, wrote that "EDH is dorky and fun. [...] But ironically, EDH is in danger of transforming into the same kind of serious, streamlined structure that its original creators wanted to avoid". Heisler was concerned that Wizards of the Coast's expansion into the casual Magic scene would recreate issues of the competitive format such as players only using the most optimal deck; additionally, he commented that the preconstructed decks add a new metagame to the format. Heisler highlighted "now there are cards created just for Commander that are inarguably better than their counterparts, and their inclusion in the pre-made decks implies you really should think about picking them up. [...] But if you’re not going to use these optimal cards, you’d better get ready to play against them. [...] The metagame of Commander has largely been dictated by the collector marketplace, which itself is largely dictated by a card’s demand in non-Commander settings". |
345_32 | Heisler stated that Wizards of the Coast began to add cards to Commander decks that are more useful in the Legacy format leading to collectors buying the preconstructed decks for a single card which then led to the price of the Commander decks increasing. Heisler wrote, "by feeding Commander product into the collector-driven sludge pot, and by emphasizing the inclusion of cards that are absolutely better than others, Wizards and the Magic collector community threaten to make this format just like all the others". |
345_33 | In 2021, Xavier Johnson, for Dot eSports, highlighted that deck building thrives in Commander's more casual format. Johnson wrote, "Commander is a casual Constructed format that emphasizes the importance of individual playgroups setting expectations rather than adherence to a strict set of rules and a win-at-all-costs mentality. This underlying philosophy influences how players craft their Commander decks, since many players view deckbuilding as a form of self expression or a way to make use of their collections. [...] A quirk of Commander deckbuilding is the social contract and the format’s focus on a fun, communal experience rather than wins and losses. This leads to certain cards being generally shunned by many playgroups". Since there is so much variety between playgroups and the focus is on the social experience, there isn't the same adherence to the metagame as there is in other formats such as Standard and Modern; optimized cards might not be used in a local playgroup because |
345_34 | these cards are "frustrating to play against". |
345_35 | References
External links
Commander Product Info
Commander site
Official Commander rules
Cards Currently Banned in Commander
Official 1v1 Commander Website
Card games introduced in 2011
Magic: The Gathering sets |
346_0 | LaTroy Hawkins (born December 21, 1972) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. In his 21-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career, he played for the Minnesota Twins, Chicago Cubs, San Francisco Giants, Baltimore Orioles, Colorado Rockies, New York Yankees, Houston Astros, Milwaukee Brewers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, New York Mets, and Toronto Blue Jays. Through the 2020 season, his 1,042 games pitched were the 10th-most of any major league player. He has also registered saves against all 30 MLB teams. |
346_1 | Born and raised in Gary, Indiana, Hawkins was a seventh-round draft pick of the Twins out of high school. He debuted with the team in 1995 and reached the major leagues for good in 1997. After posting some of the worst earned run averages (ERA) in the American League (AL) in 1998 and 1999, Hawkins was moved to the bullpen in 2000. He struggled as the Twins' closer in 2001 but found better success thereafter in a setup role, posting a career-low 1.86 ERA in 2003 and reaching the playoffs in 2002 and 2003 with Minnesota. |
346_2 | In 2004, the Cubs signed Hawkins to setup for closer Joe Borowski, but he blew several saves and became unpopular with the team's fans. He was traded to the Giants in 2005 and served as a setup man again for various teams for the next few seasons. He reached the World Series with the Rockies in 2007, though the team was swept by the Boston Red Sox in four games. Hawkins joined the Yankees in 2008, struggled, and was traded to the Astros, where he was very effective. In 2009, he filled in for an injured José Valverde as the Astros' closer and posted a 2.13 ERA. He signed a two-year contract with the Brewers after the season and reached the playoffs with Milwaukee again in 2011. |
346_3 | After spending a year with the Angels in 2012, Hawkins had to sign a minor league contract with the Mets in 2013. He made their roster and had become their closer by the end of the year. In 2014, as the oldest player in the NL, he served as Colorado's closer. In 2015, he reached the playoffs with the Blue Jays before retiring at the end of the year. |
346_4 | Amateur career
Hawkins was born and raised in Gary, Indiana. Hawkins' father was absent, and he was raised primarily by his mother, Debra, and his maternal grandparents. Growing up, he played baseball with broom handles, not getting to use a glove until he started playing Little League Baseball. Hawkins attended West Side High School. At West Side, he competed in basketball against Glenn Robinson and received a full scholarship offer to play college basketball at Indiana State. Hawkins also participated in track and field and the 1600 meters relay while in high school. Initially, he favored basketball over baseball, but Hawkins chose to pursue a baseball career after his grandfather told him that the latter was his better sport.
Professional career |
346_5 | Minnesota Twins (1995–2003) |
346_6 | Hawkins was drafted straight out of high school by the Minnesota Twins in the seventh round of the 1991 Major League Baseball (MLB) draft and received a $47,500 signing bonus. He spent the next four years in the Twins' minor league system before making the team's starting rotation out of spring training in 1995. His MLB debut on April 29, 1995, was a disastrous start against the Baltimore Orioles, where he gave up seven earned runs on seven hits in only innings of work. After losing his first three starts, Hawkins was demoted to the Salt Lake Buzz of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League in May when the Twins had to shrink their roster. Promoted again in September, he won for the first time in the second game of a doubleheader against the Kansas City Royals on September 18. Altogether, Hawkins made six starts with a 2–3 record and an 8.67 earned run average (ERA). He began 1996 in the Twins' rotation as well, and struck out 10 batters in a win over the Detroit Tigers on April 25. |
346_7 | However, he was demoted to the Buzz in May after posting an 8.20 ERA in seven starts for the Twins. This time, he was not promoted in September. |
346_8 | For the 1997 season, Hawkins started out pitching in Salt Lake City. Though his ERA with the Buzz was 5.45, his record was 9–4. He was promoted to the Twins in June, spending the rest of the season in their rotation. In 20 starts, he compiled a 6–12 record and a 5.84 ERA. Though his first start had not come until June 17, his 12 losses tied him with 11 other pitchers for 10th in the American League (AL).
1998 was the first year that Hawkins spent an entire season in the Twins' rotation. On May 17, he was the opposing starting pitcher during David Wells' perfect game. Hawkins led the team with 33 starts but sported a 7–14 record, leading the team in most runs allowed (126) and walks (70). He had the worst walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) figure among Twins starters, with a 1.53 mark. His 5.25 ERA ranked him 88th out of 97 pitchers who threw enough innings to qualify for the MLB ERA title, and his 14 losses tied him with four other pitchers for eighth in the AL. |
346_9 | In 1999, for the second year in a row, Hawkins made 33 starts. He won 10 games this time but lost 14 again, and his 6.66 ERA was the worst among MLB starters who pitched enough innings to qualify for the ERA title. Hawkins led the AL in earned runs allowed (129), and his 14 losses were tied with four other pitchers for fourth in the AL.
Hawkins was moved to the bullpen in 2000. Twins manager Tom Kelly, unable to decide who he wanted as his full-time closer, used both Hawkins and Bob Wells in the role throughout the year. Hawkins appeared in 66 games, posting a 2–5 record and an ERA of 3.39. After never having recorded a save before, he converted 14 without blowing any chances. |
346_10 | By 2001, Hawkins was the everyday closer. He converted his first nine save opportunities, stretching his streak of consecutive saves recorded to 23 before he finally blew a save on May 5, against the Royals. As the season wore on, however, his ERA climbed to almost 6.00, and he was replaced as the closer by Eddie Guardado. He led the Twins in saves (28) but recorded a 5.96 ERA and a 1.91 WHIP in 61 games. |
346_11 | Over the next two seasons, Hawkins served as a setup man for Guardado. In 2002, Hawkins was used mainly in the seventh and eighth innings. He appeared in 65 games, winning all six of his decisions, posting a 2.13 ERA, and striking out 63 hitters in innings pitched. The Twins won the AL Central Division title, and Hawkins made three appearances in the AL Division Series (ALDS) against the Oakland Athletics, striking out five batters in scoreless innings as the Twins defeated Oakland in five games. He appeared in four games in the AL Championship Series (ALCS) against the Anaheim Angels as well, but his ERA was 20.25 this time, and the Angels defeated the Twins in four games. The next season, he was primarily used in the eighth inning. He posted a 9–3 record and struck out 75 hitters in innings. His 1.86 ERA was fifth-lowest among AL pitchers who threw at least 60 innings, and his 74 appearances were fifth-highest among AL pitchers. For the second year in a row, the Twins won the AL |
346_12 | Central Division title, this time facing the New York Yankees in the ALDS. In Game 1, Hawkins was awarded the win after pitching a scoreless seventh and eighth innings. However, he would post a 6.00 ERA in three appearances in the series, which the Yankees won three games to one. Hawkins became a free agent after the 2003 season. |
346_13 | Chicago Cubs (2004–2005)
In December 2003, Hawkins signed a three-year, $11.2 million contract with the Chicago Cubs. He began the year as the eighth-inning setup man for Cubs closer Joe Borowski, but Borowski was sidelined with an injury in early June, and Hawkins took over closing duties. On September 11, Hawkins threw an immaculate inning, striking out the side on only nine pitches in a game against the Florida Marlins. He posted an ERA of 2.63 and recorded 25 saves in 75 games for the Cubs in 2004. However, Hawkins also blew nine saves, including two (against the New York Mets on September 25 and the Cincinnati Reds on September 29) during a late-season losing streak that cost the Cubs the wild card. The blown saves earned him the ire of Cubs fans, who made a habit of booing him loudly at Wrigley Field when he came on in relief. Hawkins feuded with fans and media, and his relationship with both deteriorated. |
346_14 | Hawkins converted four saves early in the 2005 season but blew an equal number of opportunities. In early May, the Cubs replaced him as closer with Ryan Dempster, who was moved out of the starting rotation. Through 21 games with the team that season, Hawkins had a 1–4 record and a 3.32 ERA. On May 28, the Cubs traded Hawkins to the San Francisco Giants in exchange for pitchers Jerome Williams and David Aardsma. |
346_15 | San Francisco Giants (2005)
With the Giants, Hawkins assumed an eighth inning setup role, frequently preceding closer Tyler Walker. When Hawkins returned to Wrigley Field in late July, he was booed again by the Cubs fans. He suffered another blown save during the series on July 26, but the Giants won the game 3–2. In 45 games with the Giants, Hawkins had a 1–4 record and a 4.10 ERA. Between the Cubs and Giants, Hawkins's record was 2–8 in 66 games, with an ERA of 3.83. He allowed 58 hits in innings pitched and posted a WHIP of 1.46. On December 6, Hawkins was traded along with cash considerations to the Baltimore Orioles for left-handed reliever Steve Kline.
Baltimore Orioles (2006) |
346_16 | With the Orioles in 2006, Hawkins served as the eighth inning setup man for closer Chris Ray. He spent one season with the Orioles, going 3–2 with a 4.48 ERA and no saves in 60 games. After the season, he became a free agent. Following his departure from Baltimore, he criticized the negative atmosphere that plagued the losing team's clubhouse. "Yeah, it was bad," he stated. "I don't want to knock the Orioles, but it was just bad. Bad." |
346_17 | Colorado Rockies (2007) |
346_18 | On December 5, 2006, Hawkins signed a one-year, $3.25 million contract with the Colorado Rockies, who wanted him to serve as the eighth inning setup man in 2007 for closer Brian Fuentes. From April 24 to May 22, Hawkins was on the disabled list due to right elbow inflammation. On July 8, when the Philadelphia Phillies helped the Coors Field groundskeepers get the tarp placed on the field during a heavy storm, Hawkins was the only member of the home team to join them in assisting. In 62 games, Hawkins had a 2–5 record, a 3.42 ERA, and zero saves. At the end of the regular season, the Rockies forced a tie-breaker game against the San Diego Padres to determine the NL wild card team. Hawkins pitched a scoreless seventh inning, and the Rockies eventually won the game 9–8 in 13 innings to reach the playoffs for the first time in their history. He made three appearances for the Rockies in the NLDS (Game 1) and NLCS (Games 2 and 4), pitching a scoreless seventh inning each time as the Rockies |
346_19 | won seven straight games to earn a trip to the World Series. There, he pitched the last inning of Games 1 and 3 against the Boston Red Sox, allowing Mike Lowell to score on a sacrifice fly hit by Jason Varitek in the latter as Colorado lost four straight games. After the season, he became a free agent. |
346_20 | New York Yankees (2008)
On December 9, 2007, Hawkins signed a one-year, $3.75 million contract with the New York Yankees. Previously, he had worn uniform No. 32 with the Rockies. However, since the Yankees had retired that number in honor of Elston Howard, Hawkins switched to No. 21 in 2008. He became the first Yankee to wear that number since outfielder Paul O'Neill in 2001. However, after returning from a road trip on April 16, Hawkins switched to No. 22 in response to the fans' booing, yelling, and calling O'Neill's name when he took the field.
On May 20, during a game against the Baltimore Orioles, Hawkins threw a head-high pitch over left fielder Luke Scott. Hawkins was ejected by home plate umpire Chuck Meriwether, and Scott accused him of deliberately throwing the ball over his head, though Hawkins said he was just pitching inside. Hawkins was suspended by MLB for three games and fined an undisclosed amount. |
346_21 | Hawkins pitched unimpressively with the Yankees in 2008, going 1–1 with a 5.71 ERA in 33 relief appearances. On July 26, he was designated for assignment.
Houston Astros (2008–2009)
On July 30, 2008, the Houston Astros acquired Hawkins from the Yankees for minor leaguer Matt Cusick. The trade was made because the Astros needed someone to help Doug Brocail in late-inning setup situations. Hawkins pitched 21 innings out of the bullpen and allowing just one earned run over that span (good for an ERA of 0.43). "No one could have imagined Hawkins would respond with a nearly perfect two-month run with his new team," praised Alyson Footer of MLB.com. Hawkins signed a one-year deal with the Astros to return for the 2009 season. |
346_22 | Just before the 2009 World Baseball Classic began in March, Hawkins was added to the roster for the United States national baseball team when Joe Nathan had to drop out because of a sore shoulder. He pitched in four games in the tournament, winning one and posting a 7.36 ERA. The United States was eliminated by Japan in the semifinals.
From late April through the middle of June 2009, Hawkins served as Houston's closer, as regular closer José Valverde was sidelined with a calf injury. While Valverde was out, Hawkins was 9-for-11 in save opportunities. When Valverde returned, Hawkins again assumed an eighth-inning setup role. From July 28 through August 12, 2009, Hawkins was on the disabled list because of back pain caused by shingles. "Hugs were completely out of the question," he described the pain. In 65 games, Hawkins sported an ERA of 2.13 in 65 games, the lowest ERA he had since 2003. He had a 1–4 record and saved 11 games. After the 2009 season, Hawkins became a free agent. |
346_23 | Milwaukee Brewers (2010–2011)
On December 16, 2009, Hawkins signed a two-year contract with the Milwaukee Brewers that was worth $7.5 million. Shoulder soreness prevented him from pitching for Milwaukee from May 6 through July 30, and after appearing in only five further games through August 10, he was placed back on the disabled list with shoulder weakness, never to pitch again that season. All told, the injuries limited him to 18 games in 2010. He was 0–3 with an 8.44 ERA. |
346_24 | Hawkins served as the eighth-inning setup man for John Axford in 2011. From April 25 through July 1, he did not allow a run in 22 straight games (20 innings pitched). He was 3–1 with a 2.42 ERA in 52 games as the Brewers won the NL Central. Facing the Arizona Diamondbacks in the NLDS, he pitched a scoreless inning in Game 2. The Brewers won that series in five games. In the NLCS against the Cardinals, he was not charged with a run in three appearances, but he did allow two inherited runners to score in Milwaukee's 12–6 loss in Game 6. The Cardinals defeated the Brewers in six games. After the season, he became a free agent. |
346_25 | Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2012)
On January 6, 2012, Hawkins agreed to a one-year, $3 million contract with the Los Angeles Angels for the 2012 season. From May 7 through June 9, he was on the disabled list with a broken right pinkie finger. He led Angel relievers with a 1.63 ERA through August 2 but posted a 7.71 ERA thereafter, losing the distinction to Ernesto Frieri by season's end. Frieri posted a 2.32 ERA, compared to Hawkins's 3.64. Hawkins appeared in 48 games, going 2–3. After the season, he became a free agent.
New York Mets (2013) |
346_26 | Unable to get a major league contract in 2013, Hawkins signed a minor league deal with invitation to spring training with the Mets on January 31. He considered retiring rather than accepting the minor league contract, but his agent told him to reconsider for 24 hours, and Hawkins decided ""Next time I leave this game, I'm gonna leave on my own terms." At the end of spring training, he earned a spot on the Mets roster. In August, he became the team's closer after Bobby Parnell was shut down for the season with a herniated disc in his back. After blowing a save against the Padres on August 14, he converted 10 straight save opportunities to end the year. Hawkins appeared in 72 games, amassing a 3–2 record and 13 saves (his most since the 2004 season with the Cubs) while posting a 2.93 ERA. After the season, he became a free agent. |
346_27 | Second stint with the Colorado Rockies (2014–2015)
In November 2013, Hawkins signed a one-year, $2.5 million contract to return to the Colorado Rockies. By 2014, the 41-year-old Hawkins was the oldest active player in the NL and the oldest active MLB pitcher.
Hawkins served as the Rockies' closer for the 2014 season. He converted his first 10 save opportunities of the year before blowing one on May 18 against the Padres. The streak of 20 (dating back to 2013) was his longest since he converted 23 straight saves from 2000 to 2001. He finished the year with a 3.31 ERA. On September 27, Hawkins made his 1,000th career appearance in a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers and promptly got Darwin Barney to fly out to right field. Though he converted only 23 saves, he only blew three opportunities and served as Colorado's closer for the entire season. Adam Ottavino was the only other Rockie to record a save in 2014; Colorado's 24 saves were the lowest total among the 15 NL teams. |
346_28 | On December 12, 2014, during an interview on MLB Network, Hawkins announced that 2015 would be his last MLB season. He opened 2015 as the closer but was removed from the role on April 13 after blowing saves in two of his first three appearances. From April 22 through June 15, he was on the disabled list with right biceps tendinitis. After posting a 2–1 record, two saves, and a 3.63 ERA in 24 games, he and teammate Troy Tulowitzki were traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for José Reyes, Jeff Hoffman, Miguel Castro, and Jesús Tinoco on July 28. |
346_29 | Toronto Blue Jays (2015)
On August 5, Hawkins became the 13th player in MLB history to record a save against all 30 teams, closing out a 9–7 win over the Minnesota Twins, the team he started his professional career with. He also surpassed Darren Oliver as the oldest Blue Jay to record a save. He finished the game against the Orioles on September 30 that clinched the AL East division championship, pitching an inning and striking out Ryan Flaherty to end the game and give Toronto its first AL East championship since 1993. Hawkins made 18 regular season appearances for the Blue Jays, pitching to a 1–0 record, 2.76 ERA, and 14 strikeouts in 16 innings. |
346_30 | In Game 2 of the ALDS, Hawkins entered the game at the beginning of the 14th inning, retiring the first two hitters for the Texas Rangers before allowing three straight singles. Two runners scored, and Hawkins took the loss in the 6–4 defeat. It was his only appearance of the series, but Toronto rallied from a 2–0 deficit to win the series in five games. He made two appearances in the ALCS but allowed five runs in one inning pitched as the Blue Jays were eliminated in five games by the Royals. |
346_31 | Through the 2020 season, his 1,042 games pitched were the 10th highest in all-time MLB history. Bob Nightengale of USA Today voted for Hawkins in the 2021 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting. In an article addressing critics of the vote, Nightengale explained that he was so distraught when Hal McRae, a player he greatly admired, failed to get any votes, that he vowed to cast his ballot for anyone else he greatly admired again, even if their statistics did not seem Hall-of-Fame worthy. "Really, Hawkins epitomizes the character clause for the Baseball Writers' Association of America," Nightengale pointed out. The clause reads, “Voting shall be based upon the player’s record, playing ability, integrity, sportsmanship, character and contribution to the team(s) on which the player played.” Though Nightengale was unaware of it at the time, Hawkins garnered a second Hall of Fame vote from someone else, but this was not enough for him to be eligible for future ballots. |
346_32 | Pitching style
In a 1995 scouting report for the Chicago White Sox, Ed Pebley wrote that Hawkins had just an average fastball which travelled only –. He also threw a curveball, a slider, and a changeup, all of which travelled in the range. However, his fastball velocity improved, averaging around later in the decade. Eventual Hall of Famer Ken Griffey Jr. was so impressed with the pitch, he asked to see Hawkins once when the Seattle Mariners were playing the Twins at the Metrodome. Griffey asked Hawkins why, with a fastball as good as the one he had, he would ever bother throwing a slow changeup. "I learned a lot by him telling me that,” Hawkins said. “I used it to my advantage after that, that’s for sure.” Later in his career, he relied more on the slider and a split-finger fastball. |
346_33 | Personal life
Hawkins and his wife Anita have two children, a son named Dakari and a daughter named Troi. They live in Prosper, Texas, a well-to-do suburb of Dallas. Hawkins' half-brother, Ronald Sewood, was sentenced to prison in 1996 at the Federal Correctional Institution, Milan. Hawkins visited Sewood whenever he played against the nearby Detroit Tigers. As of 2013, Hawkins estimated he spent $10,000 on books and magazine subscriptions for Sewood. Hawkins is the godfather of Kansas City Chiefs quarterback Patrick Mahomes, whose father, Pat Mahomes, was a teammate of his on the Minnesota Twins. Hawkins is good friends with Torii Hunter, his teammate for several years with the Twins. Another godson of Hawkins's, Elijah Johnson, played college basketball for the University of Kansas Jayhawks. |
346_34 | After the 2016 season, Hawkins was hired as a special assistant to the Minnesota Twins organization. The team announced that he would, among other things, be "contributing to the development of our organizational pitching philosophies used in the selection and development of all players. Additionally, he will contribute to the amateur scouting process and trade deadline preparation meetings." |
346_35 | On a number of occasions, Hawkins has contributed to charitable efforts. After Hurricane Katrina, Hawkins went to Mississippi and Alabama, working in trailer park hospitals and helping with house rebuilding efforts as part of the Major League Baseball Players Association's relief efforts. He also offered financial help to a young mother with two children whose home had been ruined by the hurricane. Hawkins has given nearly $30,000 to Gary Youth Baseball, which runs the city's Little League teams. In January 2021, Hawkins and his wife paid for a woman who caught a home invasion on TikTok to move into an apartment with better security.
Notes
References
External links
, or Baseball Reference Bullpen, or Retrosheet
Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League) |
346_36 | 1972 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona League Brewers players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball coaches from Indiana
Baseball in Brazil
Baseball players from Gary, Indiana
Baseball players from Chicago
Brevard County Manatees players
Chicago Cubs players
Colorado Rockies players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Elizabethton Twins players
Fort Myers Miracle players
Fort Wayne Wizards players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Gulf Coast Twins players
Houston Astros players
Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino players
Los Angeles Angels players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Brewers players
Minnesota Twins executives
Minnesota Twins players
Nashville Xpress players
Nashville Sounds players
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
New York Mets players
New York Yankees players
Salt Lake Bees players
Salt Lake Buzz players |
346_37 | San Francisco Giants players
Toronto Blue Jays players
World Baseball Classic players of the United States
2009 World Baseball Classic players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople |
347_0 | A splice site mutation is a genetic mutation that inserts, deletes or changes a number of nucleotides in the specific site at which splicing takes place during the processing of precursor messenger RNA into mature messenger RNA. Splice site consensus sequences that drive exon recognition are located at the very termini of introns. The deletion of the splicing site results in one or more introns remaining in mature mRNA and may lead to the production of abnormal proteins. When a splice site mutation occurs, the mRNA transcript possesses information from these introns that normally should not be included. Introns are supposed to be removed, while the exons are expressed. |
347_1 | The mutation must occur at the specific site at which intron splicing occurs: within non-coding sites in a gene, directly next to the location of the exon. The mutation can be an insertion, deletion, frameshift, etc. The splicing process itself is controlled by the given sequences, known as splice-donor and splice-acceptor sequences, which surround each exon. Mutations in these sequences may lead to retention of large segments of intronic DNA by the mRNA, or to entire exons being spliced out of the mRNA. These changes could result in production of a nonfunctional protein. An intron is separated from its exon by means of the splice site. Acceptor-site and donor-site relating to the splice sites signal to the spliceosome where the actual cut should be made. These donor sites, or recognition sites, are essential in the processing of mRNA. The average vertebrate gene consists of multiple small exons (average size, 137 nucleotides) separated by introns that are considerably larger. |
347_2 | Background
In 1993, Richard J. Roberts and Phillip Allen Sharp received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of "split genes". Using the model adenovirus in their research, they were able to discover splicing—the fact that pre-mRNA is processed into mRNA once introns were removed from the RNA segment. These two scientists discovered the existence of splice sites, thereby changing the face of genomics research. They also discovered that the splicing of the messenger RNA can occur in different ways, opening up the possibility for a mutation to occur. |
347_3 | Technology
Today, many different types of technologies exist in which splice sites can be located and analyzed for more information. The Human Splicing Finder is an online database stemming from the Human Genome Project data. The genome database identifies thousands of mutations related to medical and health fields, as well as providing critical research information regarding splice site mutations. The tool specifically searches for pre-mRNA splicing errors, the calculation of potential splice sites using complex algorithms, and correlation with several other online genomic databases, such as the Ensembl genome browser.
Role in Disease
Due to the sensitive location of splice sites, mutations in the acceptor or donor areas of splice sites can become detrimental to a human individual. In fact, many different types of diseases stem from anomalies within the splice sites.
Cancer |
347_4 | A study researching the role of splice site mutations in cancer supported that a splice site mutation was common in a set of women who were positive for breast and ovarian cancer. These women had the same mutation, according to the findings. An intronic single base-pair substitution destroys an acceptor site, thus activating a cryptic splice site, leading to a 59 base-pair insertion and chain termination. The four families with both breast and ovarian cancer had chain termination mutations in the N-terminal half of the protein. The mutation in this research example was located within the splice-site.
Dementia |
347_5 | According to a research study conducted Hutton, M et al, a missense mutation occurring on the 5' region of the RNA associated with the tau protein was found to be correlated with inherited dementia (known as FTDP-17). The splice-site mutations all destabilize a potential stem–loop structure which is most likely involved in regulating the alternative splicing of exon10 in chromosome 17. Consequently, more usage occurs on the 5' splice site and an increased proportion of tau transcripts that include exon 10 are created. Such drastic increase in mRNA will increase the proportion of Tau containing four microtubule-binding repeats, which is consistent with the neuropathology described in several families with FTDP-17, a type inherited dementia.
Epilepsy |
347_6 | Some types of epilepsy may be brought on due to a splice site mutation.
In addition to a mutation in a stop codon, a splice site mutation on the 3' strand was found in a gene coding for cystatin B in Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy patients. This combination of mutations was not found in unaffected individuals. By comparing sequences with and without the splice site mutation, investigators were able to determine that a G-to-C nucleotide transversion occurs at the last position of the first intron. This transversion occurs in the region that codes for the cystatin B gene. Individuals suffering from Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy possess a mutated form of this gene, which results in decreased output of mature mRNA, and subsequently decreases in protein expression. |
347_7 | A study has also shown that a type of Childhood Absence Epilepsy (CAE) causing febrile seizures may be linked to a splice site mutation in the sixth intron of the GABRG2 gene. This splice site mutation was found to cause a nonfunctional GABRG2 subunit in affected individuals. According to this study, a point mutation was the culprit for the splice-donor site mutation, which occurred in intron 6. A nonfunctional protein product is produced, leading to the also nonfunctional subunit.
Hematological Disorders
Several genetic diseases may be the result of splice site mutations. For example, mutations that cause the incorrect splicing of β-globin mRNA are responsible of some cases of β-thalassemia. Another Example is TTP (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura). TTP is caused by deficiency of ADAMTS-13. A splice site mutation of ADAMTS-13 gene can therefore cause TTP. It is estimated that 15% of all point mutations causing human genetic diseases occur within a splice site. |
347_8 | Parathyroid Deficiency
When a splice site mutation occurs in intron 2 of the gene that produces the parathyroid hormone, a parathyroid deficiency can prevail. In one particular study, a G to C substitution in the splice site of intron 2 produces a skipping effect in the messenger RNA transcript. The exon that is skipped possesses the initiation start codon to produce parathyroid hormone. Such failure in initiation causes the deficiency. |
347_9 | Analysis
Using the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, data has been compiled regarding the genomic information and sequencing of this organism. A prediction model exists in which a researcher can upload his or her genomic information and use a splice site prediction database to gather information about where the splice sites could be located. The Berkeley Drosophila Project can be used to incorporate this research, as well as annotate high quality euchromatic data. The splice site predictor can be a great tool for researchers studying human disease in this model organism.
Splice site mutations can be analyzed using information theory.
References
Mutation
Gene expression |
348_0 | USS O'Brien (DD-725), an , was the fourth ship of the United States Navy to be named after Captain Jeremiah O'Brien and his five brothers, Gideon, John, William, Dennis and Joseph, who captured on 12 June 1775 during the American Revolution.
The fourth O'Brien (DD-725) was laid down by Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine, 12 July 1943 and launched on 8 December 1943; sponsored by Miss Josephine O'Brien Campbell, great-great-great granddaughter of Gideon O'Brien. The ship was commissioned at Boston Naval Shipyard, Commander P. F. Heerbrandt in command on 25 February 1944.
Service history
World War II |
348_1 | After shakedown out of Bermuda, British West Indies and Norfolk, Virginia O'Brien joined convoy forces 14 May 1944 en route to Scotland and England. Following patrol and escort duty near England, she participated the invasion of Normandy and in-shore Bombardment of Cherbourg. On 25 June while supporting minesweepers well inshore of the battleship , which was engaging German shore batteries at Cape Levi, near Cherbourg, O'Briens own gunfire was so accurate that enemy gunnery positions shifted from Texas to O'Brien. She received a direct hit just abaft the bridge, but was able to stay on station long enough to lay a smoke screen for Texas. Thirteen men were killed and nineteen wounded. Following temporary repairs on the Isle of Portland, England, O'Brien escorted a convoy to the Boston Naval Shipyard where she underwent extensive work. |
348_2 | After training in the Boston and Norfolk areas, she escorted the aircraft carrier to the Pacific via the Panama Canal and San Diego for carrier operations with the 3rd Fleet east of the Philippines. In early December, she joined 7th Fleet assault forces at Ormoc Bay, Philippines. While under continuous air attack, O'Brien crewmen attempted to extinguish oil fires in , caused by Japanese kamikazes, until ordered to sink the stricken transport by gunfire. O'Briens commanding officer, Commander W. W. Outerbridge, had been in command of Ward when she had sunk a Japanese submarine off Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. On 15 December 1944, O'Brien fought fires in caused by kamikazes, and rescued 198 survivors. |
348_3 | Following a brief patrol period in the Mindoro Strait she proceeded to Lingayen Gulf for the invasion of Luzon. On 6 January 1945, a Japanese aircraft crashed into the port side of her fantail causing slight damage. After several days of escort duty and shore bombardment during the landing of Army assault troops, she proceeded to Manus Island, for repairs. She joined fleet carrier forces 10 February 1945 for air strikes against Tokyo, Iwo Jima, and the Bonin Islands.
She was assigned to Task Force 54 (TF 54) for the invasion of Okinawa. Aircraft attacked her off Kerama Retto on 27 March while U.S. forces secured an advance logistics base for the Okinawa attack. One plane crashed into the water as a result of gunfire while another, an Aichi D3A "Val" carrying a bomb, crashed into the port side amidships exploding a magazine. Fifty were killed or missing and seventy-six wounded. |
348_4 | During the summer, the ship underwent repairs at Mare Island Naval Shipyard and training at San Diego, California. As the war ended in mid-August 1945, she returned to the 3rd Fleet for patrol duty in Japanese waters. The O'Brien was assigned to Task Group 1.7 in support of Operation Crossroads, the first post-war atomic bomb testing, which took place at Bikini Atoll from June through July, 1946. O'Brien continued to operate in the eastern Pacific, Hawaii, the Marianas, and Australia through the first half of 1947. She returned to the west coast in the summer and decommissioned at San Diego on 4 October 1947.
Korea
Three years later she recommissioned at San Diego, on 5 October 1950, Commander Chester W. Nimitz Jr. in command, and became the flagship of Destroyer Division 132. |
348_5 | During the Korean War she first joined the TF 77 carrier group in early March 1951. Later that month she joined TF 95. the United Nations Blockading and Escort Force, and participated in the siege of Songin. On 17 July 1951, at Wonsan harbor, shore batteries opened on O'Brien, and from three sides in an attempt to drive UN vessels from the harbor. The ships went at once into the "War Dance", an evasive maneuver in which ships steamed in an ellipse at firing on batteries in each sector as their guns came to bear. This four and a half hour engagement became known as the Battle of the Buzz-saw. |
348_6 | In July and August O'Brien provided covering fire for LSMR bombardment, and coordinated rescue operations which saved three downed Navy pilots and one Air Force pilot. Although both Radio Moscow and Radio Peking reported O'Brien sunk by the North Korean People's Army, she returned to San Diego for repairs in late September 1951. On 23 July 1952, she returned to Korea as part of TF 95 and participated in shore bombardment, interdiction and patrol duties near Wonsan Harbor. Ordered to the 7th Fleet with the cruiser , she provided search and rescue protection for carrier aircraft and shore bombardment fire on the east coast of Korea in September. The ship joined Operation "Feint", a mock invasion of Kojo from 12–16 October 1952, in which UN forces attempted to lure the enemy into the open. At the end of the month, she left the Korean area for exercises and repairs in Japan before returning to San Diego in mid January 1953.
Chinese involvement |
348_7 | From the end of the Korean action through 1960, O'Brien made annual operational cruises to the western Pacific. In late January and early February 1955, she operated with the aircraft carrier when the 7th Fleet discouraged People's Republic of China resistance to the Nationalist Chinese evacuation of the Tachen Islands off mainland China.
February to October 1961 was spent in Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, California for FRAM II conversion. The ship now specialized in antisubmarine warfare (ASW) procedures and periodically deployed to the western Pacific. In May 1965, operating with Antisubmarine Warfare Group 1, she was one of the first ships successfully to refuel a helicopter inflight. In June O'Brien successfully refueled a helicopter from the aircraft carrier off San Francisco while it made a pioneer non-stop helicopter flight from Seattle, Washington to Imperial Beach, California. |
348_8 | The ship sailed for 7th Fleet duty in August and was assigned to Taiwan patrol. On 14 November 1965, while patrolling the Taiwan Straits, the ship was ordered to the aid of a Chinese Nationalist patrol craft under attack by Chinese Communist torpedo boats near Wuqiu (Wuchiu), Kinmen County, Fujian Province, Republic of China (Taiwan). Arriving after the vessel had sunk, she rescued all fifteen survivors, and was praised by the Commander in Chief of the Nationalist Chinese Navy.
Vietnam
A week later 22 November 1965, more than 600 miles from the rescue, O'Brien saw her first action in the Vietnam War. Called to the aid of a surrounded outpost at Thach Ten, Quảng Ngãi Province, the ship's fire helped turn back a North Vietnamese regiment. In January and early February 1966, she supported carrier operations, conducted search and rescue missions in the Tonkin Gulf, and provided gunfire support for the amphibious landing near Cape Batangan, Operation Double Eagle. |
348_9 | O'Brien returned to her homeport March 1966 and operated on the west coast for the next eight months. During a port visit to The Dalles, Oregon, in July O'Brien became the largest vessel to use the locks at the Bonneville Dam and to transit the Columbia River to The Dalles. |
348_10 | The destroyer got underway again for the Western Pacific 5 November 1966. Following antisubmarine warfare exercises in Hawaii and the eastern South China Sea, O'Brien became flagship for Operation Sea Dragon, the surface action task unit off North Vietnam. With , she was ordered to interdict enemy coastal traffic. More than twenty vessels carrying enemy war supplies to the Viet Cong were sunk or damaged by O'Brien. On 23 December 1966, the ship received three direct hits from coastal batteries north of Đồng Hới. Two crewmen were killed and four wounded. After repairs at Subic Bay, Philippines, she provided support for air strikes from Tonkin Gulf while guarding five different carriers in January 1967. In February and March, she was assigned to Taiwan patrol. The ship returned to the Tonkin Gulf in late March first as a carrier escort and then on "Sea Dragon" operations. Again as flagship for Commander, Destroyer Division 232, she was instrumental in significantly slowing coastal |
348_11 | supply traffic. She was taken under fire by shore batteries seven times during this period. |
348_12 | The ship returned to her homeport of Long Beach, California, in May 1967. In July she made a second trip to The Dalles, Oregon, before entering Long Beach Naval Shipyard for overhaul. Following refresher training at San Diego, she was assigned to destroyer squadron 29 on 1 February 1968. She returned to the 7th Fleet operations in the spring of 1968. |
348_13 | She put to sea for 7th Fleet operations on 30 April 1968, arriving in Japan via Pearl Harbor on 29 May. Following an ASW exercise in the Sea of Japan with Japanese warships, the destroyer sailed south for operations in the Gulf of Tonkin, beginning shore bombardment duties upon arrival on 24 June. Over the next four weeks, O'Brien supported U.S. Army and Marine operations, engaging enemy forces ashore with 5-inch gunfire. After a short port visit to Singapore in early August, the destroyer returned to Japan for a two-week upkeep period alongside tender . Returning to the Gulf of Tonkin in late August, O'Brien escorted carriers at Yankee Station for the next month. On one evening, the destroyer was alerted by that two men from the carrier had fallen overboard. The destroyer quickly retraced the carrier's path and rescued one sailor who had stayed afloat for over five hours. After another naval gunfire support period off South Vietnam in mid-October, O'Brien turned for home. She |
348_14 | arrived in Long Beach on 28 November after a long southern cruise that took her to Subic Bay, Philippines; Brisbane, Australia; Pago Pago, American Samoa; and Pearl Harbor. |
348_15 | Following a post-deployment stand down, O'Brien conducted local training operations out of Long Beach through the summer of 1969, the highlight of which was a major warfare exercise off Hawaii in mid-March. After pre-deployment exercises in July and August, the destroyer got underway for the Far East on 8 October.
Like her previous deployment, O'Brien primarily served in Vietnamese waters, conducting carrier escort duties at Yankee Station and naval gunfire support operations through the end of the year. In January 1970, however, the destroyer steamed north to Okinawa, there joining a task group built around for winter exercises in the Sea of Japan. Returning to Vietnam in February, the warship spent the next two months supporting the carriers on Yankee Station before returning to Long Beach on 15 April. Once home, the destroyer underwent a quick turnaround, with a yard period and refresher training preparing the warship for another deployment starting on 6 November. |
348_16 | During what proved to be her last deployment, O'Brien was plagued by material and equipment problems. Before departing Pearl Harbor for Japan, for example, the destroyer suffered an evaporator failure that required a week of repairs. After arrival on the gun line off Vietnam on 13 January 1971, the warship conducted gunnery operations until a crack in her hull forced her into dry dock at Subic Bay on 2 February. Following those repairs, O'Brien commenced a seven-week period at Yankee Station and on search and rescue duty. She put in at Subic Bay for repairs again on 17 April and sailed for home at the end of the month, arriving home on 29 May after stops at Manus Island; Brisbane, Australia; Auckland, New Zealand; and Pago Pago, American Samoa.
End of career
O'Brien decommissioned at Long Beach on 18 February 1972 and was struck from the Navy List that same day. The hulk was towed out to sea by tug and sunk as a target off California on 13 July 1972. |
348_17 | O'Brien (DD-725) received six battle stars for World War II service, five battle stars for Korean War service, and three battle stars for Vietnam service (1967).
References
External links
navsource.org: USS O'Brien
hazegray.org: USS O'Brien
MaritimeQuest USS O'Brien DD-725 pages
World War II destroyers of the United States
Cold War destroyers of the United States
Korean War destroyers of the United States
Vietnam War destroyers of the United States
Ships built in Bath, Maine
1943 ships
Allen M. Sumner-class destroyers of the United States Navy
Ships sunk as targets
Maritime incidents in 1972 |
349_0 | David Jagger, RP, ROI (1891–1958) was an acclaimed English portrait painter.
He was a prolific portrait painter, renowned for his commissioned portraits of London's high society and British aristocracy, notable portraits include Robert Baden-Powell (1929), Queen Mary (1930 and 1932), King George VI (1937), Winston Churchill (1939), Vivien Leigh (1941) and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1958).
Personal life
David Jagger was born in Kilnhurst, near Rotherham, in 1891. He was the son of colliery manager Enoch Jagger and his wife Mary Sargeant. He had two older siblings, a sister Edith (1881–1977) and brother Charles (1885–1934). Edith became a painter of still lives, and co-founded the charitable organisation, Painted Fabrics Ltd in 1917 and Charles became a celebrated sculptor. |
349_1 | David Jagger studied at the Sheffield School of Art, briefly studying at the same time with both his elder sister and brother. An accomplished draughtsman and skilled illustrator he became a medal-winning student in mural design and painting. After his art education finished, he moved to London. Initially he obtained employment in a commercial art studio and produced portraits in the evening. He became a leading exhibitor with several societies including the Royal Institute of Oil Painters (R.O.I.) and Royal Society of Portrait Painters (R.P.). He regularly exhibited at the Summer Exhibition at the Royal Academy and the Royal Society of British Artists (R.B.A.). His paintings brought him both critical and commercial success, which enabled him to set up his own professional portrait studio in Chelsea, south-west London. After the Great War finished, he met and fell in love with Katherine Gardiner, she immediately became his muse and features in many key work from the period. The couple |
349_2 | married in 1921. |
349_3 | Throughout the 1930s his austere and highly finished portraits were in great demanded by London's elite, for which there was often a waiting list. A major solo exhibition David Jagger was held at the J. Leger Galleries in London (1935). The display was an informal retrospective and featured sixty-six paintings. The exhibition received glowing reviews and was extended due to popular demand. In 1939, he arranged and promoted a touring exhibition, The Art of the Jagger Family, which included work by all three Jagger siblings.
Key works |
349_4 | Jagger's most reproduced work is the portrait of Robert Baden-Powell, as presented to Lord Baden-Powell during the Coming of Age Jamboree on 10 August 1929. Innumerable copies of this portrait have been created, and are displayed on Scouting premises worldwide. The original is on display at Baden-Powell House London, the former headquarters of The Scout Association. A reproduction is in the Office of the Secretary General of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in Geneva, Switzerland. |
349_5 | Jagger produced portraits of many successful and illustrious people, many of the most successful were first exhibited at the Royal Academy in London between 1917 and 1958. Other interesting early works include the artist Robert Fowler (1916), physician Dr. Thomas Forrest Cotton (1926), and Sheffield benefactor and business man J.G. Graves (1920). He produced eighteen military portraits, including an intimate study of his brother, Charles Sargeant Jagger (1917) entitled 'Portrait of an Army Officer'. He also painted many anonymous sitters, such as Portrait of an Officer of the RAF (1941), The Silk Scarf (1926), Negro Profile (1935), and Olga (1936). |
349_6 | His most successful works were portraits of women, ranging from Lady Millicent Taylour (1918) through to Mrs Thelma Bader, wife of Wing Commander Douglas Bader (1942). His final decade was filled with predominately male commissioned portraits, culminating in his final canvas, an unfinished portrait of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1958) |
349_7 | Throughout his career Jagger also painted landscapes for his own amusement, most of which were never exhibited. He produced landscape paintings in Ireland, France, Spain and Italy. Closer to home, his favoured views were picturesque scenes in Derbyshire, Dorset and Sussex.
Reassessment
As a principal portraitist working in London during the inter-war years Jagger's work has undergone a reappraisal in recent years. This ongoing re-evaluation of contemporary British artists working in the first half of the twentieth century has led to several notable canvases by David Jagger appearing at auction in London. His life and work is the subject of a forthcoming publication, 'The Art of the Jagger Family' by Timothy Dickson and a separate catalogue raisonnè is also under preparation.
See also
Baden-Powell House
Don Potter
Yorkshire Art Journal David Jagger, York, 2014 - Historical Feature
References |
349_8 | 20th-century English painters
English male painters
1891 births
1958 deaths
People from Kilnhurst
Alumni of Sheffield Hallam University
English portrait painters
Artists from Sheffield |
350_0 | The Bryant Park Studios (formerly known as the Beaux-Arts Building) is an office building at 80 West 40th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, at the corner of 40th Street and Sixth Avenue. The building, overlooking the southwest corner of Bryant Park, was designed by Charles A. Rich in the French Beaux-Arts style. Built from 1900 to 1901 by Abraham A. Anderson, the building is one of several in Manhattan that were built in the early 20th century as both studios and residences for artists. |
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