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147_9 | Perception of Phenomenal Soundlessness (2006) is an on-site work produced outdoors during her residency at the Cable Factory in Helsinki, Finland. Performative acts were carried out while Ma wandered in the frosty landscape. She dragged an empty suitcase with broken wheels to the lakeside, filled it with her own curled up, unclothed body and photographed herself; she gathered tree sticks from grave land and rearranged them on the ice; and she stuffed ice into a man-shaped cloth doll and hanged it on a tree. Images and documentation of the work were presented in the exhibition entitled Stained, the eclipsed pattern at Uma-g Gallery, Hong Kong in 2006. |
147_10 | The Wayward Cloud (2006) follows a similar methodology. Originally an on-site work created when Ma lived in Wan Chai on the Hong Kong Island, It is about the view seen looks back at the seer, an idea already explored in Far Away, So Close (2003). In the artist's word, "I loved to look from my window and see many old buildings. Then I wanted to search for the view that looked back at my home, so I went to the opposite building, and asked the owner if I could pay her a little bit for permission to got to the top and see back to my home." A photograph depicting a naked figure holding a cotton wool cloud on a rooftop and another photograph of the rooftop without the figure taken at the scene were included in the exhibition Perhaps, Solitude at the studio of the late Jerry Kwan, teacher of Ivy Ma in Fotan in 2007. |
147_11 | In Another Land (2008) is an installation piece created during her residency at the Headlands Center for the Arts in San Francisco, using pebbles collected from Rodeo Beach nearby and cotton thread from a closed-down factory in Oakland.
2010 to 2015: Found images and drawing-interventions |
147_12 | Starting in 2010 Ivy Ma began focusing on found images, both stills taken from specific films and photographs found in history museums, for an ongoing series of what she calls "drawing-interventions" where she actively erases and draws into and over the existing image.
In the exhibitions In Details (2010) at agnès b.’s LIBRAIRE GALERIE, Hong Kong, Gazes (2011) at Gallery EXIT, Hong Kong, and Still Lifes and Waves (2011) at the Hong Kong Film Archive, Ma presented cinematic drawings created by magnifying and printing out film stills of objects, plants and fragments of the mise-en-scène in classic films such as Yasujiro Ozu's Tokyo Story and A Story of Floating Weeds, Yoshimitsu Morita's And Then, Fei Mu's Spring in a small town. Then she draws directly on the prints in various subtle ways. |
147_13 | In the exhibition Numbers Standing Still (2012) at Gallery EXIT, Hong Kong, the source materials are historical images instead of film stills. Re-photographing images of tragedies such as the aftermath of the Hiroshima bombing in Walking Towards (2012), the occupation of Nanjing by Japanese soldiers in Hand 001 / 002 / 003 (2012), and the mass killing by the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia in Cambodia/Tuol sleng Genocide Museum/Numbers Standing Still (2012), she erased large portion of the images and then overlapped them with pigments.
Ma shifted her focus to people in the exhibition Someone (2014) at the Goethe-Gallery and Black Box Studio, Hong Kong. Source materials range from people in the artist's family photographs, to strangers in found photographs and antique photographs, to faces and bodies of people in historical images of war and disaster. |
147_14 | Works presented in the exhibition Last Year (2015) at Gallery EXIT, Hong Kong represents an important development in Ma's drawing-interventions which she has been developed for the past 5 years. It is the first time Ma has taken current events as the subject. "I am trying to see how a present moment will very soon be a past moment and understand what this means...I'm always fascinated by the distance between the present and the past, as well as how history is archived and presented to us in the now," Ma talked about the works in an interview with the South China Morning Post. As the title suggests, the series includes 40 black and white mixed-media portraits based on images of protesters Ma taken with a smartphone during the Occupy protest in Hong Kong in 2014.
Full list of exhibitions
Solo exhibitions
2021
Think of Wind, Touch Gallery, Hong Kong
2020
Poems, days, death, Lumenvisum, Hong Kong
2018
As Time Folds, Art and Culture Outreach, Hong Kong |
147_15 | 2015
Last Year, Gallery EXIT, Hong Kong
2014
Someone, Goethe-Gallery and Black Box Studio, Hong Kong
2012
Numbers Standing Still, Gallery Exit, Hong Kong
2011
Still Lifes and Waves, Artists in the Neighbourhood Scheme V, Hong Kong Film Archive and Commercial Press Book Shop, Hong Kong
Gazes, Gallery Exit, Hong Kong
2010
Hardly Entered, Already Gone, YY9 Gallery, Hong Kong
2009
Deer Running, Gifu Municipal Culture Center, Gifu, Japan
Domestic Nature, Brandt Gallery, Cleveland, USA
2007
Perhaps, Solitude, Loft 21, Fotanian Studio Open 2007, Hong Kong
2001
Nothing At All, The Art School Learning Centre Gallery, Hong Kong
Group exhibitions
2021
Residual Heat, Axel Vervoordt Gallery, Hong Kong
2020 |
147_16 | Now Showing, Karin Weber Gallery, Hong Kong
XX: An Exhibition Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of Hong Kong Art School, Pao Galleries, Hong Kong Arts Centre, Hong Kong
Drawing as the Core, Koo Ming Kown Exhibition Gallery, Lee Shau Kee Communication & Visual Arts Building, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
The spaces Between the Words Are Almost Infinite, Gallery EXIT, Hong Kong
2018 |
147_17 | Social Transformation, Pao Galleries, Hong Kong Arts Centre, Hong Kong
Collections of Tom, Debbie and Harry, JC Contemporary, Tai Kwun, Hong Kong
The Crossing, Gallery EXIT, Hong Kong
What Has Been, Will Be Lost Until We Find It, Karin Weber Gallery, Hong Kong
2017
Ink Asia Art Fair 2017, The Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Hong Kong
Deep Silence – Hong Kong Art School Alumni Network Exhibition 2017, Pao Galleries, Hong Kong Arts Centre, Hong Kong
(An)other-Half: Being a Wife/Mother and the Practices of the Self, Osage Gallery, Hong Kong
ArtTravellers Exhibition Series I: Decoding Exotic Lands, Art Promotion Office, Hong Kong
2016
Islands’ Narrative: Literature X Visual Art, 1a space, Hong Kong
as the leaves fall, Grey and Green Ping Pong Collaboration Art Project, 1a space, Hong Kong
Art Basel HK 2016, The Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Hong Kong
2015
Recollections, Mur Nomade, Hong Kong |
147_18 | Ceramic Show by Non-ceramic Artists, 1a space, Cattle Depot Artist Village, Hong Kong
Painting On and On 6: Gaze of Sins, Koo Ming Kown Gallery, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
2014
Resistance, Online Exhibition on Artshare
2013
Art Basel HK 2013, The Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Hong Kong
Hong Kong Contemporary Art Awards 2012, Hong Kong Museum of Art, Hong Kong
Painting On and On 4: Intertextuality, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
Transformation & 8th Anniversary Show, YY9 Gallery, Hong Kong
2012
Running on the Sidelines – Hong Kong New Media Art Exhibition, Soka Art Center, Taipei, Taiwan
The Chronicle of Disappearance, Gallery EXIT, Hong Kong
樓住生活, Blue House, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
Post-Straight: Contemporary Hong Kong Photography, Hong Kong Heritage Museum, Hong Kong
Why Do Trees Grow Till the End?, Gallery EXIT - SOUTHSITE, Hong Kong
2011
Rediscover Photography, China Pingyao International Photography Festival 2011, Pingyao, China
2010 |
147_19 | Exhibiting Experiments. Experimenting Exhibitions, Wrong Place, JCCAC, Hong Kong
City Flâneur: Social Documentary Photography, Hong Kong Heritage Museum, Hong Kong
In Details, agnès b.’s LIBRAIRE GALERIE, Hong Kong
Memory Clothed Here – A Performance, Woofer Ten, Shanghai Street Art Space, Hong Kong
2009
Intersection, Pao Gallery, Hong Kong Arts Centre, Hong Kong
Imaging Hong Kong, Hong Kong Central Library / Edge Gallery, Hong Kong
2008
Women’s Work, Osage Gallery, Hong Kong
Art Container Project, West Kowloon Cultural District, Hong Kong
2007
The Preview of New West Kowloon Exhibition Venue, C&G Artpartment, Hong Kong
October Contemporary 2007, 1a space, Cattle Depot Artist Village, Hong Kong
A Separate Domain, Hui Gallery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
STABLE- the balance of power, Para/Site (part of Fotanian 2007 Open studios), Hong Kong
2006
Between the Observer and the Observed, Lianzhou International Photo Festival, Lianzhou, China |
147_20 | Second Skin, 3 Boxes, Hong Kong
Media Art Show, Vasl International Artists’ Collective, Pakistan
2005 Hong Kong Art Biennial Exhibition, Hong Kong Museum of Art, Hong Kong
Stained, the eclipsed pattern, Uma-g Gallery, Hong Kong
2005
Pre-Work, Hong Kong Arts Center, Hong Kong
Curiosities, Para/Site, Hong Kong
Re:wanchi, HKAIR International Artists’ Workshop, Hong Kong
Britto International Artists’ Workshop, NikeraKori Center, Nungola, Bora, Bangladesh
Cattle - Can All the Tenants Laugh Efficiently, Artist Commune, Hong Kong
2004
Dream Garden, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Hong Kong
2003
Meat, 1a space, Cattle Depot Artists Village, Hong Kong
Linkage, Calypso, Hong Kong
2002
Articulation, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
2001
Wo-Man, Female Artists Installation, Old Ladies House, Macau
Girls’ Thing, Fringe Club, Hong Kong
2000
BAFA 2000 Exhibition, Faculty Gallery, RMIT, Melbourne, Australia |
147_21 | International Artist Workshops / Artist-in-Residence
2008–2009
Location One, New York City, USA
2008
The Headlands Center for the Arts, San Francisco, USA
2007
The Åland Archipelago Guest Artist Residence, Kökar, Åland
2006
HIAP (Helsinki International Artist Program), Cable Factory, Helsinki, Finland
2005
HKAIR (International Artists’ Workshop), Hong Kong
Britto International Artists’ Workshop, Nikera Kori Center, Nungola, Bora, Bangladesh
Awards
2012
Hong Kong Contemporary Art Award, Young Artists Award, Hong Kong Museum of Art
2007
Lee Hysan Foundation Fellowship, Asian Cultural Council
2001–2002
Hong Kong Arts Development Council – FCO Chevening University of Leeds Scholarship
Publications
Ivy Ma: This Room Is Not Still | Selected Works, 2000-2012
References
External links
Official website: http://www.ivyma.net
Personal blog: http://perhapsolitude.blogspot.hk
Hong Kong women artists
Hong Kong artists
1973 births
Living people |
148_0 | Spruce Mountain, in eastern West Virginia, USA, is the highest ridge of the Allegheny Mountains. The "whale-backed" ridge extends for only about , from northeast to southwest, but several of its peaks exceed in elevation. The summit, Spruce Knob (4863 ft; 1482 m), is celebrated as the highest point in the state as well as the range, which covers parts of four states.
Geography
Spruce Mountain lies mostly within the Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area, a U.S. National Recreation Area (NRA) located within the Monongahela National Forest (MNF) in Pendleton County. It extends from the vicinity of Onego in the north to near Cherry Grove in the south. Brushy Run separates Timber Ridge — a spur of the main mountain — to the east. The ridgelines of Spruce Mountain and Timber Ridge continue to the north of US Route 33 as Hoffman Ridge and Smith Mountain, respectively. To the south (south of West Virginia 28) the line continues as Big Mountain. |
148_1 | Prominent peaks of Spruce Mountain, north to south, are Horse Rock (4536 ft; 1383 m), Spruce Mountain Peak (4586 ft; 1398 m), Picea Benchmark (4613 ft; 1406 m), and Spruce Knob itself. Spruce Knob is the highest point in the eastern United States between the Adirondacks of New York and Mount Rogers (part of the Blue Ridge Mountains) in southern Virginia. |
148_2 | The summit of Spruce Knob has a definite alpine feel, much more so than most other mountains of the southern Appalachians. The upper few hundred feet are covered in a dense spruce forest, a relic boreal forest environment similar to those found in northern New England and Canada. The summit is accessible both via trails and a paved Forest Service road, and is crowned with a stone lookout tower amid a mixture of boulder fields, meadows and trees. A handicap-accessible nature trail half a mile (0.8 km) long circles the topmost part of the mountain. High west winds near the summit have gnarled the spruce there like Krummholz, flagged with limbs only on their leeward (eastward) side. |
148_3 | As is typical in the southern Appalachians, the highest point on a ridge is frequently referred to as a knob or dome. Spruce Knob is the highest point along a ridge known as the Allegheny Front. Dropping steeply to the east, it offers views of the Germany Valley and North Fork Mountain; to the west is the Allegheny Plateau. It also is the highest point in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.
Geology |
148_4 | Like the rest of this part of the Appalachian Mountains, Spruce Knob began to form with the breakup of Pangea I between 570 and 500 mya. The African Plate separated from the North American Plate opening the Proto-Atlantic Ocean. The North American Plate stretched and thinned, allowing it to backfill with a shallow inland sea. About 50 million years later, with the Taconic Orogeny, the two plates reversed course and began to move towards each other. Mid-ocean subduction created a volcanic arc (now known as the Blue Ridge Mountains) which eventually collided with the North American Plate. The arc fused onto the continent and the land to the west was uplifted. |
148_5 | The accumulation of shells and other hard parts of marine organisms (made of CaCO3, calcium carbonate) at the bottom of the shallow inland sea cemented into a layer of Greenbrier Limestone. The shallow inland sea began to retreat with the uplift. This caused fine grains of mud and silt to settle out and lithify into a layer of Mauch Chunk Shale on top of the Greenbrier Limestone. As the Blue Ridge eroded, rivers carried sediment down to the low-lying areas that formed a layer of Pottsville Conglomerate on top of the shale. The large boulders on the summit are remnants of this layer, and outcrops of both Mauch Chunk Shale and Greenbrier Limestone can be found lower on the mountain. |
148_6 | When the North American and African Plates finally collided around 250 mya, it caused a massive uplift that folded and faulted these layers of sedimentary rock. Spruce Knob was originally in the bottom (syncline) of one of these folds, but over time cracks in the Pottsville Conglomerate in the higher elevations allowed it to erode quickly, and the softer layers of shale and limestone were quick to follow. This left Spruce Knob as the highest point in the landscape. Spruce Knob (Spruce Mountain) is the westernmost extent of this intense folding and faulting. To the west, the Allegheny Plateau is composed of more gently sloping hills and dendritic drainages. |
148_7 | Climate
Spruce Knob's climate can be classified as cold continental or highland. Summers are cool and often damp, with thunderstorms common both in spring and summer. Winters are cold and snowy, with an average of around of annual snowfall leaving the summit access road often impassible between October and April. Blizzard conditions can develop in minutes behind cold frontal passages and last days with upslope snowfall continuing with northwest winds, making travel on the mountain dangerous during the colder months. This mountain can receive high winds year-round; red spruce deformed by constant exposure to strong westerly winds are scattered across its rocky ridges.
Ecology |
148_8 | Flora
As with almost the entirety of the MNF, most of the original Spruce Mountain upland forest was completely denuded by logging around the turn of the 20th century and now consists of second- or third-growth forest. (The only documented exception to this on the Mountain is the North Spruce Mountain Old Growth Site. |
148_9 | ) The present second-growth forest of Spruce Mountain is characterized by a dominance of sugar maple (Acer saccharum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and yellow birch (Betula lutea). Other characteristic species of the mixed mesophytic forest region are also present: tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera), basswood (Tilia heterophylla, T.floridana, T. neglecta), chestnut (Castanea dentata), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), red oak (Quercus borealis), white oak (Q. alba), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). The upper reaches of Spruce Mountain also include areas termed northern hardwood and northern evergreen forest types. The former is typified by red oak, white ash (Fraxinus americana), basswood (Tilia spp.), red maple (Acer rubrum), and cherry (Prunus spp.). The latter is dominated by the Mountain's eponymous red spruce (Picea rubens). While not extending above the timberline, the stunted tree growth high on this windy mountaintop is relatively open. |
148_10 | The summit was named for the spruce trees which grow there. Red spruce (Picea rubens) is the most common tree species on the summit. The lower altitudes are populated by oak, hickory, birch, beech and maple
Fauna
Bald eagles, hawks and peregrine falcons have been seen on the mountain. Mammals such as black bear, white-tailed deer, weasel, porcupine, skunk and rabbit are also found. The important presence of ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) on the Mountain has been acknowledged by the establishment of the Spruce Mountain Grouse Management Area by the MNF
Recreation
Spruce Knob is within the Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area, which in turn is part of Monongahela National Forest. Established in 1965, it was the first National Recreation Area designated by the U.S. Forest Service and includes more than . |
148_11 | There are over of hiking trails around the mountain and a small lake well stocked with trout on the west side of the mountain. Two campgrounds are also on the mountain.
Hiking trails — Huckleberry Trail, Lumberjack Trail, Spruce Mountain Trail — extend the length of the ridge. There are over 75 miles (121 km) of trails around the Mountain and a small 25 acre (10 ha) lake well stocked with trout on the west side. There are also two campgrounds on the Mountain; the larger (43 sites) is nearest the lake.
Access
Paved access is from U.S. Route 33/West Virginia Route 28 about south of Riverton. Briery Gap Road (County Route 33/4), Forest Road 112 and Forest Road 104 have been reconstructed and paved to provide a hard-surfaced road to the summit.
Forest Roads 104 and 112 are not maintained in the winter. Impassable conditions can be expected any time from mid-October to mid-April. |
148_12 | See also
List of mountains of the Alleghenies
List of mountain peaks of North America
List of mountain peaks of the United States
List of mountains of West Virginia
List of U.S. states by elevation
References
Citations
Other sources
Core, Earl L. (1928), "Ecological Studies on Spruce Mountain", Proc. W.Va. Acad. Sci. 2:36-39.
Core, Earl L. (1929), "The Plant Ecology of Spruce Mountain, West Virginia", Ecology, 10:1-13.
Robison, William C. (1960), “Spruce Knob Revisited: A Half-Century of Vegetation Change”, Castanea, Vol. 25, No. 1 (March issue), pp 53–61.
External links
Spruce Mountain page at Peakbagger.com
Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area
Monongahela National Forest: Spruce Knob
Ridges of West Virginia
Landforms of Pendleton County, West Virginia
Allegheny Mountains
Monongahela National Forest
Protected areas of Pendleton County, West Virginia |
149_0 | Saugus is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, in the Greater Boston area. The population was 28,619 at the 2020 census. Saugus is known as the site of the first integrated iron works in North America.
History
Native Americans inhabited the area around Saugus for thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settlers in the 1620s. At the time of European arrival, the Naumkeag, also known as Pawtucket, under the leadership of Montowampate were based near present day Saugus and controlled land extending from what is now Boston to the Merrimack River. English settlers took the name Sagus or Saugus from the Pawtucket word for "outlet," and used the term to refer to the Saugus River and the region that includes the present day cities and towns of Swampscott, Nahant, Lynn, Lynnfield, Reading, North Reading and Wakefield) which were later renamed Lin or Lynn in 1637, after King's Lynn in Norfolk, England. |
149_1 | In 1646, the Saugus Iron Works, then called Hammersmith, began operations. It was the first integrated iron works in North America as well as one of the most technologically advanced in the world. The Iron Works produced over one ton of iron a day, but was not financially successful. It closed around 1670.
In September 1687, Major Samuel Appleton was said to have given a speech from a rocky cliff near the Iron Works denouncing the tyranny of Colonial Governor Sir Edmund Andros. The place where he is said to have delivered the speech became known as Appleton's Pulpit.
Nearly 100 men from Saugus fought in the American Revolutionary War. Saugus' preacher, Parson Joseph Roby, worked to strengthen the spirit of independence in Saugus and was instrumental in seeing that Saugus sent a large contingent to fight in the war.
The nineteenth century ice industry began in Saugus when in 1804 Frederic Tudor cut ice from a pond on the family farm and shipped it to Martinique. |
149_2 | In 1805 the Newburyport Turnpike (now U.S. 1) was built. About four miles of this road was built in Saugus. At first the turnpike was considered a mistake, as it was built over hills and swamps and grass soon grew over the road bed. From 1840 to 1846, the tolls were discontinued and it became a public highway. The invention of the automobile resulted in an increase of traffic on the Turnpike. In 1933 the road was widened and an overpass was added to separate the traffic on Route 1 and Main Street. In the 1950s new businesses began moving to Route 1. Today the businesses along Route 1 generate millions in dollars for Saugus.
The Lynn territory was shortened beginning in 1814 with the incorporation of Lynnfield. On February 17, 1815, present-day Saugus was officially incorporated as a town. The first town meeting was held on March 13, 1815, in the parish church. At the time of its incorporation, Saugus' population was 784. Its main industry was agriculture. |
149_3 | During the Industrial Revolution, many new industries moved to Saugus. Shoes and woolen goods were made in Saugus Center, and tobacco was manufactured in Cliftondale and East Saugus.
Saugus' first post office was established in 1832 in East Saugus. In 1858 two more were established – one in Saugus Center and one in Cliftondale. Now only the Cliftondale post office remains in Saugus. |
149_4 | The first town hall was built in 1837. It was built with $2,000 of the United States revenue surplus distributed by President Andrew Jackson. It is currently an American Legion hall. In 1875, the town built its second and current town hall on Central Street. The construction of the town hall put Saugus in a $50,000 debt. For this and other reasons the neighborhood of East Saugus sought to be set off from Saugus and annexed to the city of Lynn. East Saugus was unable to get a bill in both houses of the state legislature, and the issue was dropped after the town appropriated $5,000 for the laying of water pipes through East Saugus.
Passenger trains ran through Saugus from 1853 to 1958 on the Saugus Branch Railroad. There were three Saugus Branch stations in Saugus (Saugus Center, Cliftondale, and Pleasant Hills) and two just outside the town's borders in Lynn (East Saugus) and Revere (Franklin Park). |
149_5 | During the American Civil War, 155 Saugonians enlisted in the Union Army, and eight others enlisted in the Union Navy. Saugus native Gustavus Fox served as the United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy during the war. The , a Union Navy monitor named after the town, was launched in December 1863. Following the war Henry E. Hone donated a large granite monument to the town of Saugus. The monument, which was designed by Melzar Hunt Mosman and cost $10,000 to build, contains the names of all of the men from Saugus who served during the Civil War on bronze tablets. Above the tablets are two bronze statues, one of a soldier and one of a sailor. It is topped by a granite statue of woman wearing a helmet with an eagle on the top and holding a shield in her right hand, which serves as an allegorical representation of the United States. The monument was erected in the rotary at Saugus Center in 1875. |
149_6 | Following the Civil War, the Cliftondale section of Saugus became a major producer of tobacco, as many of the southern tobacco plantations had been destroyed. Waitt & Bond became a major producer of cigars and the snuff factory in East Saugus was the nation's largest producer of that product.
From 1859 to 1905, Saugus was home to the Franklin Park harness racing track. also known as the Old Saugus Race Track or Saugus Race Course. It closed in 1905 after local citizens complained about the questionable patrons that the racetrack attracted. In 1911 the racetrack became an airfield. In 1912, the property was purchased by the General Aviation Corporation who named it Atwood Park in honor of their most famous pilot, Harry Atwood. The airfield saw the first airmail delivery in New England on May 30, 1912. Pioneer aviators Ruth Bancroft Law and Lincoln J. Beachey flew at Saugus. The airport closed in the 1920s. |
149_7 | On October 8, 1900, George E. Bailey was murdered at Breakheart Hill Farm in Saugus. His legs and torso would be found nine days later in Floating Bridge Pond in Lynn. His head and arms were found there the next day. After a highly publicized investigation and trial, John C. Best was found guilty of murder. He was executed on September 9, 1902.
In 1934, Breakheart Hill Forest, a private hunting retreat located in North Saugus, was purchased by the Metropolitan District Commission for use as a state park. Shortly after purchasing Breakheart, the MDC turned the land over to the Civilian Conservation Corps, which built roads and trails, planted trees, and restored two dams on the property. In 1936, Breakheart Reservation was opened to the public. |
149_8 | Following a June 2, 1947, referendum, the town adopted a Plan E form of government. Saugus became the first town in Massachusetts to accept this form of government. On February 16, 1948, James Shurtleff was unanimously chosen by the Board of Selectmen to become the first Town Manager of Saugus.
In 1948, archaeologist Roland W. Robbins began excavating the site of the Saugus Iron Works, which had become hidden by underbrush since its closure. Based on the archeological evidence gathered by Robbins as well as historical documents and conjecture, the First Iron Works Association, with funding from the American Iron and Steel Institute, reconstructed the Saugus Iron Works. The Saugus Iron Works was opened on September 18, 1954, and operated as a private museum from 1954 until April 5, 1968, when it was renamed the Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site and became part of the National Park Service system. |
149_9 | Saugus is home to the oldest barber shop in the United States. The 112-year-old George's Barber Shop is located in the Cliftondale section of Saugus.
In the 1970s, the town, led by Town Manager Francis Moorehouse, attempted to transform the area around Route 107 by having an oil refinery and a garbage incineration plant built. Although the refinery plans fell through in October 1975, the incineration plant was completed. It would become the first commercially successful incineration plant in the U.S. and is still in operation today.
In 1989, the attempted murder of Frank Salemme (infamous criminal associate of Whitey Bulger and Stephen Flemmi) by Angelo Mercurio took place in Saugus. |
149_10 | During the 1990s and 2000s, the town's Capital Improvement Plan, designed by Edward J. Collins, Jr., resulted in the construction of the new public safety building, senior center, library and public works facility. The Saugus Town Hall and the Stackpole Field clubhouse were renovated. In 2001, Town Manager Steven Angelo was able to secure federal funds to dredge the Saugus River, a project that had lingered since the 1960s.
The Saugus American Little League team represented New England in the 2003 Little League World Series. The team finished the tournament in 4th place. Its come-from-behind victory over Richmond, Texas in the tournament's quarterfinals was nominated for the Best Game ESPY Award. |
149_11 | Geography and transportation
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 8.53%, is water. The town lies just inland from Massachusetts Bay, divided from the ocean by the Point of Pines neighborhood of Revere. The southern end of town is dominated by Rumney Marsh, which lies along the Pines River, a tributary of the Saugus River. The Saugus River flows through town, and is fed by several brooks. There are several ponds within town, including parts of Birch Pond, Hawkes Pond and Walden Pond. Part of the Lynn Woods Reservation, and most of the Breakheart Reservation and Rumney Marsh Reservation lie within town. |
149_12 | Saugus is divided into several neighborhood villages, including Saugus Center, East Saugus, North Saugus, Pleasant Hills, Lynnhurst, Oaklandvale, Hammersmith Village, Golden Hills, Blacksmith Village, Bristow and Cliftondale. Of these, the majority of the town's population resides in Lynnhurst, Pleasant Hills, Cliftondale, East Saugus and Saugus Center; Oaklandvale and North Saugus are much less densely populated. The town lies at the southern end of Essex County (though it is not the southernmost town in the county; Nahant extends just south of the town). The town is bordered by Lynnfield to the north, Lynn to the east, Revere (in Suffolk County) to the south, and Melrose and Wakefield to the west, in Middlesex County. The town also shares a common point with the city of Malden, where it also meets Melrose and Revere. Saugus lies southwest of Salem, northeast of Boston, southwest of Cape Ann and south of the New Hampshire state line. |
149_13 | U.S. Route 1 passes through town as a high-speed divided six-lane highway, with five exits throughout town. This stretch of Route 1, though not a full controlled access highway (it is lined with a major shopping district, including the Square One Mall), is the main commuter route out of Boston for the North Shore region, heading towards the interchange of Interstate 95 and Massachusetts Route 128 in Lynnfield, effectively serving as a practical extension of I-95 into Boston. Route 1 through Saugus was once known for its abundance of kitschy roadside commercial architecture, including the 68-foot neon cactus of the Hilltop Steak House, though since the 2000s some of these landmarks have been demolished or fallen into disrepair. The route is also shared by a 3/4-mile long concurrency with Route 129, which passes through North Saugus before joining Route 1 to head northward into Lynnfield. Route 99 terminates at Route 1 as well, in the southern end of town. Route 107 passes through |
149_14 | the town as the Salem Turnpike through the Rumney Marsh, crossing the Saugus River into Lynn over the Fox Hill Bridge. |
149_15 | The Newburyport/Rockport Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail passes through the southeast corner of Saugus, but does not have a station in Saugus. The town is served by several MBTA bus routes. The nearest airport is Boston's Logan International Airport.
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 26,628 people, 10,318 households, and 7,144 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,373.7 people per square mile (916.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 91.9% White, 4.0% Hispanic or Latino, 2.7% Asian, 2.1% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 1.6% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. |
149_16 | There were 10,318 households, out of which 17.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.0% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.8% were non-families. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.09.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 4.5% under the age of 5, 5.2% from 5 to 9, 5.7% from 10 to 14, 5.9% from 15 to 19, 5.6% from 20 to 24, 5.6% from 25 to 29, 5.5% from 30 to 34, 6.4% from 35 to 39, 7.3% from 40 to 44, 8.1% from 45 to 49, 8.4% from 50 to 54, 7.5% from 55 to 59, 6.9% from 60 to 64, 4.9% from 65 to 69, 3.8% from 70 to 74, 3.6% from 75 to 79, 2.9% from 80 to 84, and 2.3% who were 85 years of age or older. The median age was 43.9 years. |
149_17 | The median income for a household in the town was $85,301, and the median income for a family was $95,782. Males had a median income of $53,219 versus $42,783 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,524. About 3.1% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Since 1947 Saugus has had a Plan E form of government, which is a combination of representative town meeting and Town Manager. Saugus was the first town in Massachusetts to accept this form of government. This plan included a Single transferable vote voting system, but this was abandoned in 1950.
Elections for all seats on the Board of Selectmen, School Committee, Town Meeting, and Housing Authority are held biennially in odd-numbered years.
Town manager |
149_18 | The Town Manager serves as the chief administrative manager and chief fiscal officer of Saugus, Massachusetts. He or she is appointed by the Board of Selectmen.
Board of Selectmen
The Board of Selectmen consists of five at-large members. The Board serves as the chief policy makers of the Town. Selectmen are ineligible to hold any other town office.
School committee
The School Committee consists of five at-large members. School Committee members are ineligible to hold any other town office.
Town Meeting
Saugus representative town meeting consists of 50 members; five for each of the town's ten precincts. The annual town meeting is held on the first Monday in May. At the first town meeting after each election of town meeting members, a moderator of all town meetings shall be elected by the body. The moderator must be a town meeting member.
Education
It is served by the Saugus Public Schools, which operates Saugus Middle-High School. |
149_19 | Emergency Services
The Town of Saugus is protected by the 52 paid, professional firefighters of the Town of Saugus Fire Department (SFD). The Saugus Fire Department currently operates out of 2 firehouses, running 2 engine companies and 1 ladder company with Engine 1 near Cliftondale Square. And Engine 3 and Ladder 1 near Saugus center (Monument Square). SFD is commanded by Chief Michael Newbury, a Deputy chief and a "group" Captain per shift.
Media
Saugus Community Television or SCTV is a Public-access television station that provides local television programing to the community.
SCTV broadcasts to Saugus Comcast cable subscribers on channel 8 (public-access), channel 9 (government), and channel 22 (educational).
Saugus is home to two newspapers, the Saugus Advertiser and the Saugus Advocate. Saugus is also covered by The Daily Item of Lynn. |
149_20 | Since 1950, the transmitter for WROL has been located off of the Salem Turnpike in Saugus. It was previously used by WHDH from 1934 to 1948.
Points of interest
Appleton's Pulpit
Belden Bly Bridge
Boardman House
Breakheart Reservation
Camp Nihan
Kowloon Restaurant
Prankers Pond
Rumney Marsh Reservation
Saugus Middle-High School
Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site
Saugus River
Saugus Town Hall
Square One Mall
Notable people
Movies and television shows filmed in Saugus
American Playhouse episode "Three Sovereigns for Sarah" (1985)
The Joneses (2009)
Food Paradise episodes "Steak Paradise" (2008) and "Donut Paradise" (2008)
Furry Vengeance (2010)
Mark of the Dog Rose (2012)
Grown Ups 2 (2013) filmed at Stackpole Field
x
References
External links
Town of Saugus official website
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1629
1629 establishments in Massachusetts
1629 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies |
150_0 | Bloodshy & Avant are a Swedish songwriting and production duo consisting of Christian "Bloodshy" Karlsson and Pontus "Avant" Winnberg. They have worked with many prominent artists, including Britney Spears, Kylie Minogue, Ms. Dynamite, Madonna, Jennifer Lopez, Katy Perry, Kelis, Girls' Generation, Christina Milian, Sky Ferreira, Hikaru Utada and BoA. In addition to their production work, Karlsson and Winnberg are also members of the synth-pop group Miike Snow, alongside lead vocalist Andrew Wyatt.
Career
Original songs and production
Bloodshy and Avant scored their first success working with American singer/songwriter Christina Milian for her début album. The collaboration resulted in two hit singles, "AM to PM," and "When You Look at Me," both of which hit number three on the UK Singles Chart. |
150_1 | They were then commissioned to work with UK hip-hop singer/rapper, Ms. Dynamite and BRIT Award-winning English pop group Sugababes. The collaboration with Ms. Dynamite resulted in several tracks which appeared on her début album, A Little Deeper, including her hit début single, "It Takes More". They also produced tracks for her 2005 second release, Judgement Days. |
150_2 | Bloodshy and Avant co-wrote and produced two songs which appeared on Britney Spears' 2003 album In the Zone: the hit single, "Toxic", that merited a Grammy award; and "Showdown". They also produced all the three new songs on her 2004 Greatest Hits: My Prerogative album and the theme song for Britney & Kevin: Chaotic series. They subsequently worked with Spears on her fifth studio album, Blackout, for which they collaborated with Spears on four songs: the hit single, "Piece of Me", "Radar", "Freakshow" and "Toy Soldier"; and again on her 2008 follow-up album Circus, for which they produced the songs "Unusual You", "Phonography" and "Trouble", the latter two appeared only as bonus tracks. Bloodshy alone co-produced two songs for Britney Spears' 7th studio album Femme Fatale, "How I Roll" and "Trip to Your Heart".
The duo co-wrote and co-produced two tracks with Madonna, "How High" and "Like It or Not", for her 2005 Confessions on a Dance Floor album. |
150_3 | In 2007, for Kylie Minogue's 10th studio album X, Bloodshy and Avant co-wrote and produced "Speakerphone", "Nu-di-ty" and "Cherry Bomb", the latter appeared only on CD singles.
In 2008, Bloodshy and Avant produced few songs for BoA's English début BoA.
A year later they produced "Chocolate Love" for South Korean girl groups Girls' Generation and f(x).
In 2010 Bloodshy signed Sky Ferreira and produced songs like "One", "17" and "Haters Anonymous"
Remixes and other projects
Bloodshy & Avant have also gained fame by remixes. They have remixed songs from Britney Spears (Songs they also wrote and produced the originals of) including a remix for "Piece of Me" which charted number one on the US Billboard Hot Club Play chart. Also other remixes for "Toxic" and "Me Against the Music" have topped the US Billboard charts. |
150_4 | Outside of being Bloodshy and Avant, Christian and Pontus are in a band together with Andrew Wyatt called Miike Snow. They also run a label called Ändersson with signed artists and musicians including Little Majorette, Sky Ferreira and Meadow (a project with their friends Sebastian Ingrosso and Steve Angello. They are also working on the music for a videogame with EA Games/Dice to be released in 2010.
Winnberg is a member of a band called Amason together with Gustav Ejstes, Idiot Wind (Amanda Bergman Mattson), Nils Törnqvist and Petter Winnberg.
Karlsson and Linus Eklöw comprise the band Galantis. Wyatt and Winnberg were among 13 founding members of Swedish artist collective and record label INGRID.
Studio Robotberget
Bloodshy and Avant own a studio based in a 150-year-old fire station in the middle of Söder, Stockholm.
Studio Gear & Recording Equipment |
150_5 | Roland System
Korg MS-20
Korg VC-10 Vocoder
Yamaha CP80
Ondes Martenot
Theremin by Leon Theremin
Viggen Debutant
Wurlitzer
August Hoffman Piano
RCA BA25
Gates Sta-Level
Chandler LTD1, LTD2, TG1, TG2
SSL Bus Compressor
API 1608
LM Ericsson Preamps
EMT 240
AKG BX20
Roland Space Echo
AKG C12
AKG C24
Neumann M49
Neumann SM2
Coles 4038
Awards
ASCAP Award for Most Performed Song - "Toxic" - 2005
ASCAP Award - "Toxic" - 2004
Grammy Award - Best Dance Recording - "Toxic" - 2005
Ivor Novello Award - Performing Right Society (PRS) Most Performed Work - "Toxic" - 2005
Swedish Government - Music Export Award 2007
SMFF Award - 2006
Discography
2020
From Jamie Lynn Spears and Chantel Jeffries's Follow Me (Zoey 101) - Single
"Follow Me (Zoey 101)" - written and produced by Bloodshy & Avant
From Carly Rae Jepsen's Dedicated Side B
"Let's Sort the Whole Thing Out" - written and produced by Avant
"Now I Don't Hate California After All" - written and produced by Avant |
150_6 | 2019
From Carly Rae Jepsen's Dedicated
"For Sure" - written and produced by Avant
2016
MishCatt - EP (produced by Avant)
From Miike Snow's iii
"My Trigger"
"The Heart of Me"
"Genghis Khan"
"Heart Is Full"
"For U" (featuring Charli XCX)
"I Feel the Weight"
"Back of the Car"
"Lonely Life"
"Over and Over"
"Longshot (7 Nights)"
2015
David Guetta
"Bang My Head" - written by Christian Bloodshy Karlsson
Hilary Duff
"Sparks" - produced by Bloodshy
2014
Charli XCX
"Die Tonight" - written by Avant
2013
Katy Perry
"Love Me" - produced by Bloodshy
2012
From Miike Snow's Happy to You
"Enter the Joker's Lair"
"The Wave"
"Devil's Work"
"Vase"
God Help This Divorce"
"Bavarian #1 (Say You Will)"
"Pretender"
"Archipelago"
"Black Tin Box" (featuring Lykke Li)
"Paddling Out" |
150_7 | 2011
From Depeche Mode's Remixes 81-11
"Tora Tora Tora" Karlsson & Winnberg remix
"When the body speaks" Karlsson & Winnberg remix
From Sky Ferreira's As If!
"Haters Anonymous"
"108"
"One"
From Britney Spears' Femme Fatale
"How I Roll" produced by Bloodshy
"Trip to Your Heart" produced by Bloodshy
2010
"Sabali" Amadou & Mariam - Miike Snow remix
From Miike Snow's Miike Snow Deluxe Version
"The Rabbit"
"Silvia" (Robotberget Remix)
From Dangerous Muse's Take Control
"Homewrecker"
"I Want It All"
2009
From Miike Snow's Miike Snow
"Animal"
"Burial"
"Silvia"
"Song for No One"
"Black & Blue"
"Sans Soleil"
"A Horse Is Not a Home"
"Cult Logic"
"Plastic Jungle"
"In Search Of"
"Faker"
"Billie Holiday" (bonus track)
From f(x)'s Chocolate Love
"Chocolate Love (Electronic Pop Version)"
From Girls' Generation's Chocolate Love
"Chocolate Love (Retro Pop Version)"
From BoA's Best & USA
"Universe"
From BoA's BoA
"Did Ya"
"Touched"
2008
From Lisa's Got that Fever
"Leave" |
150_8 | From Maroon 5's Call and Response: The Remix Album
"Little of Your Time"
From Britney Spears' Circus
"Unusual You"
"Phonography"
"Trouble" (iTunes pre-order bonus track)
From Crystal Kay's Namida no Saki ni (涙のさきに; Beyond the Tears)
"Dream World" (SOIDOG MIX) Remixed with Jonback
"Namida no Saki ni (涙のさきに; Beyond the Tears)" (SOIDOG MIX) Remixed with Jonback"
From Crystal Kay's Color Change!
"It's a Crime"
From Sean Garrett's Turbo 919
"Turbo 919"
From Leon Jean Marie's Bent out of shape
"You Must Know"
"Bring It On"
"Fair"
"East End Blues"
"Jumpin Off the Block"
Spiss - "My Slang"
2007
From Britney Spears' Blackout
"Piece of Me" (UK #2, US #18) 3 time VMA winner
"Radar" (co-produced by The Clutch) (US #88, SWE #8)
"Freakshow"
"Toy Soldier"
"Piece of Me" (Böz o Lö remix) (US club play #1)
"Radar" (Bloodshy & Avant remix)
From Jennifer Lopez's Brave
"Brave"
"Brave" (Bloodshy radio edit)
From Jordin Sparks' Jordin Sparks
"See My Side"
"Shy Boy"
"Young and in Love" |
150_9 | From Kevin Michael
"We All Want the Same Thing" featuring Lupe Fiasco
"Hoodbuzzin"
"Lollipop" (unreleased)
From Kylie Minogue's X
"Nu-di-ty"
"Speakerphone"
"Cherry Bomb" b-side to "Wow" and "In My Arms" single
From the soundtrack Music and Lyrics: Music from the Motion Picture
"Haley Bennett - Buddha's Delight"
2006
From Belinda's Utopia
"Good... Good"
From Kelis' Kelis Was Here
"Fire" featuring Spragga Benz
From Natalie's Everything New
"Dance With Me"
From Zoey 101: Music Mix''
"Follow Me" Instrumental version featured on soundtrack
2005
From Britney Spears' Someday (I Will Understand) - CD Single and Britney & Kevin: Chaotic (EP)
"Chaotic"
"Mona Lisa"
From Brooke Valentine's Chain Letter
"Blah-Blah-Blah" featuring Ol Dirty Bastard
"American Girl"
"Thrill of the Chase"
From Madonna's Confessions on a Dancefloor
"How High"
"Like It or Not"
From Rob Thomas' ...Something to Be
"This Is How a Heart Breaks"
From Utada's Exodus
"You Make Me Want to Be a Man" (remix) |
150_10 | 2004
From Britney Spears' Greatest Hits: My Prerogative
"My Prerogative" (UK #3)
"Do Somethin'" (UK #6, US #100)
"I've Just Begun (Having My Fun)"
From Christina Milian's It's About Time
"I Need More"
From Ms. Dynamite's Judgement Days
"Not Today" (#7 UK)
"Shavaar" (#7 UK)
2003
From Britney Spears' In the Zone
"Toxic" (UK #1, US #9) Grammy award winner
"Showdown"
"Me Against the Music" (Bloodshy & Avant's Chix mix) (US club play #1)
"Me Against the Music" (featuring Madonna) (Bloodshy & Avant “Dubbie Style” remix)
"Toxic" (Bloodshy & Avant's Intoxicated remix) (US club play #1)
"Take Off" (unreleased)
"Look Who's Talking Now" (unreleased)
From Rachel Stevens' Funky Dory
"Sweet Dreams My LA Ex" (UK #2)
"Glide"
From Billy Crawford's Ride
"The Way She Rocks My World" (bonus track)
From Ruby Amanfu's Sugah
"Some of That Marley"
From Lene Nystrøm's Play With Me
"Up in Smoke" |
150_11 | 2002
From Christina Milian's Christina Milian
"AM to PM" (#3 UK, #27 US)
"When You Look at Me" (#3 UK)
"You Make Me Laugh"
"Got to Have You"
"Last Call"
"Snooze You Lose"
From Ms. Dynamite's A Little Deeper
"It Takes More" (Bloodshy Main mix) - (#7 UK)
"Brother"
"Put Him Out" - (A Little Deeper) (#28 UK)
"Krazy Krush"
"Get Up, Stand Up"
From Sugababes' Angels with Dirty Faces
"Supernatural"
From Samantha Mumba's The Collection
"I'm Right Here"
2001
Infinite Mass - "She's a Freak"
Infinite Mass - "People Talk"
Ultra Nate - "Get It Up"
Ultra Nate - "I Ain't Looking for Nothing"
Amanda - "You Don't Stand A Chance"
Amanda - "Call Me"
Amanda - "Crush On You"
Stella Soleil - "Let's Just Go to Bed"
Vitamin C - "Busted"
Vitamin C- "I Can't Say No"
References
External links
Swedish songwriters
Swedish composers
Grammy Award winners
Miike Snow members |
151_0 | The Salmon Protocol is a message exchange protocol running over HTTP designed to decentralize commentary and annotations made against newsfeed articles such as blog posts. It allows a single discussion thread to be established between the article's origin and any feed reader or "aggregator" which is subscribing to the content. Put simply, that if an article appeared on 3 sites: A (the source), B and C (the aggregates), that members of all 3 sites could see and contribute to a single thread of conversation regardless of site they were viewing from.
Example
The origin supplies a Salmon end point – a URL in the metadata of an RSS/Atom (standard) feed. An aggregating site makes a note of the end point.
<link rel="salmon" href="http://example.org/salmon-endpoint"/>
If a member of the aggregator makes a comment, the aggregator will construct a comment for the benefit of the origin. |
151_1 | <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<entry xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom'>
<id>tag:example.com,2009:cmt-0.44775718</id>
<author><name>[email protected]</name><uri>[email protected]</uri></author>
<thr:in-reply-to xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'
ref='tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-893591374313312737.post-3861663258538857954'>
tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-893591374313312737.post-3861663258538857954
</thr:in-reply-to>
<content>Salmon swim upstream!</content>
<title>Salmon swim upstream!</title>
<updated>2009-12-18T20:04:03Z</updated>
</entry>
The comment will be base64 encoded, digitally signed, placed in an envelope and POSTed back to the origin via the endpoint.
POST /salmon-endpoint HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Content-Type: application/atom+xml |
151_2 | <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<me:env xmlns:me="http://salmon-protocol.org/ns/magic-env">
<me:data type='application/atom+xml'>
PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0nMS4wJyBlbmNvZGluZz0nVVRGLTgnPz4NCjxlbnRyeSB4bWxucz0naHR0
cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwNS9BdG9tJz4NCiAgPGlkPnRhZzpleGFtcGxlLmNvbSwyMDA5OmNt
dC0wLjQ0Nzc1NzE4PC9pZD4NCiAgPGF1dGhvcj48bmFtZT50ZXN0QGV4YW1wbGUuY29tPC9uYW1l
Pjx1cmk+Ym9iQGV4YW1wbGUuY29tPC91cmk+PC9hdXRob3I+DQogIDx0aHI6aW4tcmVwbHktdG8g
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ZWY9J3RhZzpibG9nZ2VyLmNvbSwxOTk5OmJsb2ctODkzNTkxMzc0MzEzMzEyNzM3LnBvc3QtMzg2
MTY2MzI1ODUzODg1Nzk1NCc+DQogICAgdGFnOmJsb2dnZXIuY29tLDE5OTk6YmxvZy04OTM1OTEz
NzQzMTMzMTI3MzcucG9zdC0zODYxNjYzMjU4NTM4ODU3OTU0DQogIDwvdGhyOmluLXJlcGx5LXRv
Pg0KICA8Y29udGVudD5TYWxtb24gc3dpbSB1cHN0cmVhbSE8L2NvbnRlbnQ+DQogIDx0aXRsZT5T
YWxtb24gc3dpbSB1cHN0cmVhbSE8L3RpdGxlPg0KICA8dXBkYXRlZD4yMDA5LTEyLTE4VDIwOjA0
OjAzWjwvdXBkYXRlZD4NCjwvZW50cnk+ |
151_3 | </me:data>
<me:encoding>base64url</me:encoding>
<me:alg>RSA-SHA256</me:alg>
<me:sig>
EvGSD2vi8qYcveHnb-rrlok07qnCXjn8YSeCDDXlbhILSabgvNsPpbe76up8w63i2f
WHvLKJzeGLKfyHg8ZomQ
</me:sig>
</me:env> |
151_4 | The comment is then made available by the origin in its original feed so subscriber aggregators may refresh their view of the conversation. The protocol provides security so that each aggregator and each member is uniquely identified so that the upstream could employ measures to ban or filter out rogue sites or members if so desired.
Applications
Federated social networks such as GNU Social and Diaspora use Salmon as defined in the OStatus specification to coordinate discussion between members belonging to different servers. A member of one server can publish an article which is disseminated to other users over the network via Salmon who in turn can comment back in a similar fashion.
See also
RSS
AtomPub
Publish Subscribe
OStatus (mentions OStatus users, not specifically Salmon protocol use)
External links
Salmon Protocol - The homepage and technical information regarding the protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocol |
152_0 | Villa Guerrero is a municipality in the State of Mexico, Mexico. The municipal seat is the town of Villa Guerrero. It is located on the southern slopes of the Nevado de Toluca, also known as Xinantecatl, and is 50 minutes/58 km from Toluca. |
152_1 | Its original name of the town was Tequaloyan, which literally in Náhuatl means "place where there are wild beasts that devour men". The Prehispanic philosophy said that Tequani u Ocelotl (jaguar) was the symbol of the west, where the sun goes underground, to make a nocturnal trip and visit the Mictlan or Dead World, sharing its trip with the Wolf Dog as a guide (or Venus as Tlahuiscalpanteuhctli, lord of the rising, to be born in the morning as a new flowered boon. Probably the original name either comes from the previous existence of wild animals called tecuani (tē = "someone, people"; cuā = "eat"; ni = "habitual" suffix), as now noted in the coat of arms shield. Its name was changed in 1867 to honor the duty and courage of its inhabitants, who participated in many war successes during the nineteenth century, such as the Independence battle of January 19 and 20, 1812, National Guard in 1547 and help in Monterrey under command of Santiago Tapia during American intervention, successful |
152_2 | battle on September 14, 1857, versus General Jose Maria Cobos, anti liberal army, National guard at Puebla to fight the French Army on May 5, 1862. |
152_3 | The town
Tequaloyan started out as an Ulmec settlement coming from the Gulf of Mexico, which is why the cult to the ocelot named Nahuatl Ocelotl Tequani giving significance to the name of the town and people (Tequanipas) surely was re-founded by the Otomis in the seventh century. Starting in the tenth century, it came under the influence of the Toltec and Teotihuacan civilizations. From 1221 to 1295, it was part of the Cuitlach Teuhctli domain. In 1472 the area was conquered by the Aztec Empire under Axayacatl. During this period, the town of Tequaloyan, along with some other communities, rose in importance. |
152_4 | After the Spanish conquest, the town became an administrative and political center, with the surrounding lands distributed to various conquistadors who created a number of haciendas including San Miguel, San José, and San Nicolás Buenavista. The natives were evangelized by Augustinians who came from neighboring Malinalco. One of the first secular governors was Don Miguel Sanchez, who signed a title of land for neighbour Iztlahuatzinco, with the presence of Pedro de Gante and Alonso de Santiago in 1560. True separation of ecclesiastical and secular powers came about between 1692 and 1744, finalizing with the naming of Juan de la Cruz as Governor of Tequaloyan, with ecclesiastical authority in the area remaining with Malinalco and Tenancingo. |
152_5 | During the Mexican War of Independence, one battle between the insurgents and royalist forces took place here on January 3, 1812. Rosendo Porlier of the royalist forces attacked José María Oviedo of the rebels, who fortified the town and helped to defend it. Porlier returned on January 17 to attack Tequaloyan as the nearby ravine of the Texcaltenco River, leading to Oviedo's death. This hastened the arrival of José María Morelos, who along with Hermenegildo Galeana, Nicolás Bravo and Mariano Matamoros gathered a force of 3,200 men to defeat the royalist forces on the 19th and 20th of the same month, allowing the insurgents to win again at Tenancingo two days later. |
152_6 | Because of its size at the time (over 1,000 inhabitants), Tequaloyan was designated officially as a municipality with the promulgation of the Constitución Española de Cádiz in 1812, with Don Francisco Hernández as the first mayor; however, it belonged first to the municipality of Malinalco until 1826 when the town voted to secede. This is considered to be the foundation of the town's free municipal seat status.
During American Intervention, the inhabitants were rehabilitated as National Guard and fought with the Mexican Army at Padierna and Molino del Reyn neighbourhood of Chapultepec in Mexico City. |
152_7 | At the promulgation of Liberal Constitution in 1857, the inhabitants of Tequaloyan fought many times versus the Conservator Army commanded for Jose Maria Cobos and had a successful battle on September the 14th, some time after, combat the French Army in Puebla on May 5, 1862, so at the end of Juarez Reform, its main town grew up to "Villa Guerrero", to honor duty and courage of the inhabitants. on April 20, 1867, not before at one tax trade to rebuild the official buildings.
During the Mexican Revolution, on August 18, 1914, Constitutionalist forces under Lt. Col. Bruno Neira entered the town to confront those sympathetic to the Zapatista cause.
According with the results presented by INEGI in 2005, the town has a total of 18,437 inhabitants. |
152_8 | The municipality
As municipal seat, the town of Villa Guerrero is the governing authority for the following communities: Buenavista |
152_9 | El Carmen, Cruz Vidriada, La Finca, El Islote, El Izote, Jesús Carranza (Rancho de Jesús), La Loma de la Concepción (La Loma), Matlazinca, El Moral, Porfirio Díaz, Potrero de la Sierra, Potrero Nuevo, El Progreso Hidalgo, San Bartolomé (San Bartolo), San Diego, San Felipe, San Francisco, San Gaspar, San José, San Lucas, San Mateo Coapexco, San Miguel, San Pedro Buenos Aires (San Pedro), Santa María Aranzazú (Santa María), Santiago Oxtotitlán, Tequimilpa, Totolmajac, Zacango, Coxcacoaco, Ejido de la Finca, La Joya, El Peñón, Ejido de San Mateo Coapexco, Los Ranchos de San José, La Merced (Ex-hacienda la Merced), El Potrero, Loma del Capulín, Los Arroyos (La Baja de San Felipe), Cuajimalpa (Los Cuervos), Presa Tecualoya, Loma de Zacango (El Aventurero), San Martín, El Venturero Santa María Aranzazú, La Alta de Santiago Oxtotitlán, La Loma de Santiago Oxtotitlán, El Potrero de Santiago Oxtotitlán, Potrerillos Santa María Villa Guerrero, and Zanjillas San Bartolomé. |
152_10 | The municipality is 267.8 square kilometers, and has a total population of 52,090.
Villa Guerrero is bordered to the north by Zinacantepec, Toluca, Calimaya and Tenango del Valle; to the east by the municipalities of Tenancingo and Zumpahuacán, to the south by Ixtapan de la Sal and to the west with the same Ixtapan de la Sal and Coatepec Harinas. |
152_11 | Its two major geographical features (aside from the view of the Nevado de Toluca) are the Cerro (Hill) Cuate or of Cuaximalpa with an altitude of 3,760 meters above sea level, followed by the Cerro Cuexcontepec at 3,330 meters. A chain of hills coming down from the Chignahuitecatl volcano divides the municipality on the east from Ixtapan de la Sal and Coatepec Harinas. It is noted for its deep ravines and jagged cliffs and has been compared to Riasa, in Spain. As part of the Alto Balsas basin, it has a number of rivers including the Texcaltenco, the Chiquito de Santa María, the San Gaspar, the Los Tizantez, the Tequimilpa, the Cruz Colorada or San Mateo and the Calderón. Many of these contain waterfalls such as the Salto de Candelitas, the Atlaquisca, the Maquilero; the Salto del Río Grande de San Gaspar, and the Salto de la Neblina, called like this, because never ends of falling but change its water for a perpetual foggy. The territory also possesses natural springs such as La |
152_12 | Estrella, La Piedra Ahuecada, El Coponial, Los Chicamoles, and El Agua de la Pila as well as a thermal spring popularly known as El Salitre. |
152_13 | Floriculture and logistical advantages |
152_14 | The most important economic developments in Villa guerrero occurred from the 1930s to the 1950s when large numbers of Japanese immigrants settled in the area, initiating floriculture. Roses in various varieties, are the primary flower grown, followed by the "gerbera", the lilies as "casablanca", the "stargeiser", chrysanthemum and the Dutch tulip as well as other ornamental plants such as the dollar eucalyptus, aster and most recently many filler plants. The quality of Villa Guerrero's flowers has allowed them to penetrate national and international flower markets, exporting flowers to the United States, Canada and various European countries. This floriculture is said to be the "pride of the Villaguerrenses" and is now the main economic staple of the municipality. In the 2005–2010 period the Mexican Flower Council, the most important flower and pot plant growers organization, developed a special quality program that achieved WF&FSA organization membership. |
152_15 | With more than 75% of Mexico's total flower production land, Villa Guerrero is the main producer of flowers in Mexico. Because of this, the municipality is now internationally recognized as Mexico's Flower Capital. |
152_16 | Floriculture is the most important factor in the economy of the Municipality of Villa Guerrero. According to reports from the municipal government, flower production generated 1,827 million pesos (approx. 91.35 million USD) only in 2010. However, the income by export hardly corresponds to 10% of the total production of flowers according to the most favorable estimates.
In this sense, Villa Guerrero is a paradise of fresh flower suppliers vastly unexplored by transnational American and Canadian wholesale flower companies. These companies buy flowers that are transported by plane into their territories from far out countries like Colombia, Ecuador, the Netherlands, and Kenya. |
152_17 | In counterpoint, the Municipality of Villa Guerrero, State of Mexico, is located at a highway distance of 1,152.00 km (716.00 mi) from Laredo, Texas. This means that the flowers of Villa Guerrero can be within the United States in just 13 hours of travel by land. Moreover, the currently underused Toluca International Airport is located at a highway distance of just 69.00 km (~ 42.87 mi) or one hour driving from Mexico's Flower Capital, making it yet a more competitive air freight option for the Canadian and American flower markets than any other flower growing country in the world. The great advantages in reducing the cost of shipping and reducing the transfer time from harvest to the display of flowers in the American and Canadian markets, have the potential to make Villa Guerrero the favorite flower supplier of both countries; as they would allow flower selling companies in both countries to increase the quality of the supply of flowers even in the furthest of their territories at |
152_18 | an extremely competitive price. Since Mexico has already a free trade agreement with these nations (the USMCA) this could potentially be an opportunity to Mexico for stepping up as the main flower exporter to the United States, and Canada. |
152_19 | The Municipality of Villa Guerrero has a stable microclimate that allows it to maintain its high production of flowers throughout the year. This also represents an advantage compared to countries where drastic changes in the climate limit flower production to specific seasons of the year.
Likewise, the infrastructure that flower growers have in Villa Guerrero allows them to execute sophisticated post-harvest processes in which the flowers are quickly processed for transportation in refrigerated trucks, to their storage in cooling chambers. This allows the flowers to maintain an ideal longevity once they reach the final consumer. |
152_20 | Although the production of flowers in the Municipality of Villa Guerrero remains constant throughout the year, it ostentatiously increases to cover the great demand of four national holidays in Mexico: Valentine's Day -in Mexico also known as Dia del Amor y la Amistad, in English, Day of Love and Friendship- Mother's Day -yearly celebrated in Mexico on May 10th- Day of the Dead, and Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe (in English, Day of our Lady of Guadalupe, yearly celebrated in Mexico on Dec 12th). |
152_21 | The Municipality of Villa Guerrero is one of the largest producers of Mexican marigold -in Mexico known as (z)cempasúchitl (Tagetes erecta) and/or Flor de Muerto- whose greatest production is found in the vast ejidal lands of the Progreso Hidalgo rural community. Although the marigold plant is native to Mexico, nowadays many growers choose to produce hybrid varieties of marigold, as they are more attractive in the national and foreign market and they have greater vigor and longevity compared to their native counterparts. Even though the marigold plant has a great worldwide demand for its uses in the cosmetic, food, and pigment industries, in Mexico it is produced almost exclusively to satisfy the demand for the offerings that are erected during the celebration of the Day of the Dead. |
152_22 | For most contemporary Mexican families, the academic training of the new generations is an extremely important process. For this reason, the completion of studies in basic education, upper secondary education, and higher education, is usually a reason for large family and institutional parties. For this reason, during the first two decades of the 21st century, the flower growers of Villa Guerrero have experienced an upward trend in the demand for cut flowers during the summer graduation season -mainly in the month of July- in Mexico.
Central de Abasto de Villa Guerrero (Supply Center of Villa Guerrero) |
152_23 | The Central de Abasto de Villa Guerrero (Supply Center of Villa Guerrero) began operations on October 21st, 2017 and has a total area of 234,730.94 m² (280,735.86 yd²). Fresh cut flowers are the main product commercialized at the Supply Center of Villa Guerrero. However, the Supply Center of Villa Guerrero also offers trade opportunities for farmers, ranchers, strawberry producers (fragaria), and floral accessories merchants in the region. This space is also an attractive and convenient option for thousands of interstate merchants who, since its inauguration, have come to the Supply Center of Villa Guerrero to satisfy their huge demand for floral products. These products are taken to all the states of the Mexican republic and abroad (mostly to the United States). |
152_24 | This mass commerce space has a direct connection to the Ixtapan de la Sal - Tenango del Valle Highway (Federal Highway 55D, second section), and to Federal Highway 55. Because of this, the wholesale merchants who usually transport their merchandise in trucks, and semi trucks, prefer to go to the extensive facilities of the Central de Abasto de Villa Guerrero located in the vicinity of the community of La Finca (Villa Guerrero), instead of visiting other supply centers located within densely populated cities; with traffic problems, and lack of space for maneuvers of commercial vehicles. |
152_25 | Thus, the Supply Center of Villa Guerrero has established itself as the commercial mecca of floriculture in the State of Mexico and aims to overcome Mexico City's Central de Abasto as the most important flower market of the country.
Currently, the Supply Center of Villa Guerrero has 6-meter wide roads; enough for the circulation of cars in two directions, a direct access to the Ixtapan de la Sal - Tenango del Valle Highway (Federal Highway 55D, second section), a direct access to the Federal Highway 55, two gas stations specifically designed to facilitate the maneuvers of tractors and other large vehicles, and an industrial water well to satisfy the huge water demand of the cut flower sellers. |
152_26 | In addition, the municipal government of Villa Guerrero is carrying out works to improve the loading area, parking, drainage, storm drainage, and paving. Finally, this project involves the construction of commercial premises, simple warehouses, refrigerated warehouses, restaurants, bank, chapel, and food area among other services.
ASFLORVI & ExpoFlor México |
152_27 | The Asociación de Floricultores de Villa Guerrero A.C. or Flower Growers Association of Villa Guerrero, A.C., is located in the municipal seat of Villa Guerrero and has a registry of more than 700 associates. This makes it the largest flower growers association in Mexico. Known by its acronym, ASFLORVI was founded in 1991 and is made up of the main producers of flowers, foliage and floral bouquets in Villa Guerrero. Today, ASFLORVI is internationally recognized, as it is the host of the ExpoFlor México. |
152_28 | ExpoFlor México is the most important floricultural event in the State of Mexico and was originally created by the Villa Guerrero A.C. Flower Growers Association. This event is held annually and in 2018 it had a history of 27 editions. ExpoFlor México brings together the representatives of the companies with the greatest relevance in the floriculture industry in Mexico, among which are HilverdaKooij, Plantas Técnicas Plantec, Ball SB, Sakata Seeds, Takii, Grofit Flower Seeds. This event is usually held during the fall at the facilities of the Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Villa Guerrero (Technological Institute of Higher Studies of Villa Guerrero), which is the largest university in the region. |
152_29 | At ExpoFlor México, the main commercial partners and flower producers in Mexico meet to exchange their knowledge, find new commercial partners and establish cooperative links with government entities in charge of working for the benefit of all parties.
Currently, ASFLORVI seeks to expand the presence of the Mexican fresh flowers in the international market.
References
Rodolfo Guadarrama González, Ed. Instituto Mexiquense de Cultura, Gobierno del Estado de México, 1999.
Mexican Flower Council internal documents
https://opf.news/fci-anuncia-conferencia-internacional-virtual-sobre-oportunidades-de-exportacion-de-la-floricultura-mexicana/
Municipalities of the State of Mexico
Populated places in the State of Mexico |
153_0 | Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace is the eighth studio album by American punk rock band the Offspring, released on June 11, 2008, by Columbia Records. It was the band's first album of new material in nearly five years, following 2003's Splinter, marking their longest gap between studio albums at the time. The Offspring had been working on new material since the fall of 2004, but showed no further signs of progress until November 2006, when they announced on their official website that they had begun recording with producer Bob Rock. The writing and recording process, spanning four years and three recording studios, was finally finished in April 2008.
The album produced four singles: "Hammerhead", "You're Gonna Go Far, Kid", "Kristy, Are You Doing Okay?", and "Half-Truism". |
153_1 | Writing and recording |
153_2 | Work for Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace dates back to September 2004, when frontman Dexter Holland said that he wanted to put out the next Offspring album in 2005 and that the new songs felt "pretty good". From June to August 2005, the band played the Vans Warped Tour for the first time, and followed that with a tour of Europe and Japan. To coincide with that tour, Sony Music released the first Offspring compilation album, Greatest Hits, which includes their hits from 1994 to 2005. After the Greatest Hits tour ended in the fall of 2005, the band took a break from writing, recording and touring. On February 7, 2006, Holland said in his journal that the band entered a demo studio to work on guitar tracks, and a week later, Holland said in his journal that he went out of town to "meet with a guy who might produce" the album. On June 13, 2006, Holland stated that the band (minus Willard) had been meeting every week and would begin recording shortly. On August 18, he posted another update |
153_3 | on the band's journal, saying that they had demoed five songs and were looking to go into the studio soon. He described the new songs as "lots of guitar, energy, lots of energy, and good songs." In September 2006, it was announced that the album would be produced by Bob Rock, who was working with Holland and "helping him sort out songs." |
153_4 | On November 16, 2006, the Offspring announced on their website that they had begun recording the album with Rock, with an intended release date of spring 2007. Recording took place in Hawaii and California with Rock. By May 2007 the music for thirteen songs had been recorded, with a further 10 tracks demoed. At this time Holland announced that all of the songs were completely new with no re-recordings of older songs, jokingly remarking "that would be cheating, wouldn't it?" (in response to rumors that the unreleased song "Pass Me By" and the re-recording of their 1992-song "Dirty Magic" would appear on the album) and commenting that the new tracks "sound like a friggin' freight train." In July 2007, Holland also confirmed that the band had finished "two more songs" and the album was being recorded in Orange County, California. On the Christmas journal entry, he claimed that he had two more lyrics to write, "a couple more" to sing and "various tweaks" to do before mixing could begin. |
153_5 | The band was at that time taking a break to spend Christmas with their families. |
Subsets and Splits