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153_6 | In January 2008, the band comically responded to upset fans who wanted news by having a "breaking news" story regarding the band buying plane tickets for their next show. In his journal, Holland explained that when there were no updates, it's usually because there's nothing to talk about- hence the faux "news." The next month, Holland said that the Offspring were "just in the studio getting some tracks down for the new record" and claims "it's a lot louder than the last couple". He also said the band wasn't "going to be making another Smash, or another Ixnay" but thought they were still "relevant to punk when they were created, and this one will be no different".
Holland announced on April 9, 2008, that the new album was finally finished and announced the name and release date, and that "Hammerhead" would be the first single. The album's title is derived from two tracks: "Rise and Fall" is the last track on the album and the song "Fix You" features the line "Rage and Grace". |
153_7 | Promotion and release
In June 2008, shortly before the album's release, the influential L.A. station KROQ began playing "You're Gonna Go Far, Kid", making it seem possible that this could be the second single, though the station has played non-singles from the band in the past. Six other stations in the Southwestern United States followed suit. During the Offspring's three May 2008 concerts in California, "You're Gonna Go Far, Kid" was the only new song besides "Hammerhead" that was played, also causing fans to believe this would be the second single. "You're Gonna Go Far, Kid" was digitally released in Australia in July 2008 as a single and also appeared on the album cover as a sticker promoting the album as "includes the songs "Hammerhead and You're Gonna Go Far, Kid". In November 2008, KROQ briefly played "Stuff Is Messed Up", another song off the album, until the plug was pulled after "Kristy, Are You Doing Okay?" was confirmed as the third single. |
153_8 | On June 2, 2008, 30 second clips of each song on the new album were accidentally released by Amazon.com. They were removed swiftly but not before fans had ripped the clips and uploaded them to several fileshare and video sharing sites.
The official premiere of the album took place on the band's imeem site on June 9 at 3pm UTC. |
153_9 | Promotional tour |
153_10 | In 2007, the Offspring first premiered "Hammerhead" at the Summersonic Festival, before any details of the new album had been revealed. The song would later be played again on the first night of the Australian Soundwave Festival, before being replaced on the set-list by "Half-Truism". "Hammerhead" was then played again on the last night of Soundwave Festival. In May 2008, during their performances on San Diego X-Fest, KROQ Weenie Roast, and the KJEE Summer Roundup, they also premiered "You're Gonna Go Far, Kid" alongside "Hammerhead", and have since played both songs in their sets at the Electric Festival in Spain, Rock in Rio 2008 in Portugal and Rock am Ring and Rock im Park in Germany. The band also played a series of Japanese dates from October 6–21, 2008. After headlining the nineteenth annual KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas on December 13, 2008, they went on hiatus for a few months. In March 2009, the Offspring announced on their official website that they would be touring North |
153_11 | America from May through July with Dropkick Murphys, Alkaline Trio, Street Dogs, Pennywise, Shiny Toy Guns and Sum 41. The Offspring also joined 311 on their summer 2010 Unity Tour. The 19-date tour was held in amphitheaters around the U.S., also featuring Pepper as a special guest. After this, the Offspring played Japan's Summer Sonic Festival that August. Before the 311 and Pepper tour, the Offspring played four East Coast Dates in June, which was supported by Terrible Things. |
153_12 | Reception
Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace received mixed reviews from critics. While AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine criticized the band for not changing their sound or moving forward, Kerrang! positively stated that the album is "an exquisite reminder of what a fabulous band they are".
Commercial performance
Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace debuted at number 10 on the Billboard 200 with 45,700 units sold, significantly higher than Splinter'''s peak position at 30, but with sales considerably lower than the debuts of its predecessors Splinter (87,000) and Conspiracy of One'' (125,000). As of May 2013, the album has sold more than 329,000 copies in North America.
Track listing
Personnel
The Offspring
Dexter Holland – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, piano
Noodles – lead guitar, backing vocals
Greg K. – bass guitar, backing vocals
Additional personnel
Josh Freese – drums
Chris "X-13" Higgins – backing vocals
Bob Rock – producer, keyboards, piano |
153_13 | Production
Bob Rock – producer, engineer
Steve Masi – guitar technician
Eric Helmkamp – engineer
George Marino – mastering
Artwork
Jason Goad – illustrations
Chart performance
Certifications
Release history
Release dates from The Offspring's official website.
References
External links
Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)
Official Page for the album
The Offspring albums
2008 albums
Columbia Records albums
Albums produced by Bob Rock |
154_0 | Volker David Kirchner (25 June 1942 – 4 February 2020) was a German composer and violist. After studies of violin and composition at the Peter Cornelius Conservatory, the Hochschule für Musik Köln and the Hochschule für Musik Detmold, he worked for decades as a violist in the Radio-Sinfonie-Orchester Frankfurt. He was simultaneously the violist in the Kehr Trio founded by his violin teacher Günter Kehr, and a composer of incidental music at the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden. |
154_1 | He was known for his operas which were commissioned by major German opera houses. Die Trauung was premiered at Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden in 1975, Die fünf Minuten des Isaak Babel, described as a scenic Requiem, premiered at the Opernhaus Wuppertal in 1980, and Gilgamesh was commissioned for the Expo 2000 and staged at the Staatsoper Hannover. His operas often focus on historic personalities such as Savonarola and Gutenberg. Kirchner also composed two symphonies, concertos, keyboard music, sacred music such as the Missa Moguntina for the Mainz Cathedral, and especially chamber music. His music has been recorded, and performed internationally. |
154_2 | Life
Born in Mainz, Kirchner took his first violin lessons with his grandfather. He studied at the Peter Cornelius Conservatory in Mainz from 1956 to 1959, violin with Günter Kehr and musical composition with Günter Raphael. On a recommendation by Kehr, he then studied at the Hochschule für Musik Köln from 1959 to 1963, where he was influenced by composers Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Pierre Boulez. Kirchner studied further with Tibor Varga at the Hochschule für Musik Detmold from 1964 to 1965. He played in jazz ensembles in Cologne. |
154_3 | Kirchner was principal violist in the chamber orchestra Rheinisches Kammerorchester Köln from 1962 to 1964. He was a violist of the Radio-Sinfonie-Orchester Frankfurt (RSO) from 1966 to 1988. As a chamber musician, he played viola in the Kehr Trio, with his teacher as the violinist and cellist Bernhard Braunholz, recording and touring in South America, North Africa and the Near East. In 1970, he co-founded the Ensemble 70 in Wiesbaden. From 1972 to 1974, he was also a composer of incidental music (Bühnenmusik) for the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden. It prepared him for writing his operas, with a focus on the relation of text and music. |
154_4 | He became known when his first opera was premiered in 1975, Die Trauung (The Wedding), after Witold Gombrowicz's The Marriage. It was played on 27 April 1975 at the Staatstheater Wiesbaden, conducted by Siegfried Köhler. Kirchner was then commissioned to write more stage works. During the 1980s, Generalmusikdirektor Siegfried Köhler promoted his operas in Wiesbaden, conducting in 1981 Das kalte Herz (The cold heart) after a fairy-tale by Wilhelm Hauff, revised in 1987 for a performance on 27 October 1988 at the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz in Munich. Kirchner's Die fünf Minuten des Isaak Babel (The five minutes of Isaac Babel), subtitled A Scenic Requiem, premiered on 19 April 1980 at the Opernhaus Wuppertal, conducted by Hanns-Martin Schneidt and staged by Friedrich Meyer-Oertel. Belshazar premiered in 1985 at the Bavarian State Opera, and Gilgamesch premiered for the Expo 2000 in Hanover. The production at the Staatsoper Hannover was staged by Hans-Peter Lehmann in a set design by |
154_5 | Ekkehard Grübler, and conducted by Stefan Sanderling. His Violin Concerto was first performed in the Berliner Philharmonie in 1984, and his Requiem Messa di pace received its first performance in Moscow 1990 for the opening of a festival. Musicians such as violinists Ulf Hoelscher and Christian Tetzlaff, violist Tabea Zimmermann, cellists Yo Yo Ma, Wolfgang Boettcher and Martin Ostertag, and pianists Lars Vogt and Nina Tichman played his music, in collaboration with conductors such as Gerd Albrecht, Leif Segerstam and Eliahu Inbal. |
154_6 | Kirchner moved to Mainz and became a freelance composer in 1988. Invited by Walter Fink, he was the third composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival in 1992. In 1997, the Kleines Haus of the Staatstheater Mainz opened with his Labyrinthos. In 2010, he was one of five living composers, with Toshio Hosokawa, Helmut Lachenmann, Wolfgang Rihm and Jörg Widmann, whose music celebrated the 80th birthday of Walter Fink in a concert of the Rheingau Musik Festival. His piano piece was titled Nachlese (Gleaning).
Kirchner died in Wiesbaden on 4 February 2020 at the age of 77. |
154_7 | Work
Kirchner's compositions have included solo pieces, string quartets and other chamber music, symphonies and solo concertos, culminating in works for the stage. His operas often have a political background. Isaak Babel, a 1980 work, shows a person facing the Russian Revolution. Savonarola, a 2011 opera, deals with the short reign of a religious fanatic. Gutenberg, written in 2012, shows the genius from Mainz who had difficulties introducing his invention. Kirchner composed the mass Missa Moguntina in 1993 especially for the Mainz Cathedral, reflecting his roots. The text is the Latin mass expanded by Psalm 130, "De profundis", and Kirchner studied the acoustics of the cathedral.
Kirchner's works were published by Schott, including: |
154_8 | Opera
Riten, described as "für kleines Klangtheater" (for a small sound-theatre), premiered in 1971 in Graz, , and afterwards at the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden
Die Trauung (The Wedding, 1974) after Witold Gombrowicz, premiered 27 April 1975, Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden
Die fünf Minuten des Isaak Babel, Szenisches Requiem in zwölf Bildern (1977–79), premiered 19 April 1980 at the Opernhaus Wuppertal
Das kalte Herz / Ein deutsches Märchen after Wilhelm Hauff (1980), premiered 1981 in Wiesbaden, revised in 1987 for a performance on 27 October 1988 at the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz
Belshazar (1986); commissioned by the Bayerische Staatsoper, premiered on 25 January 1985
Erinys, Threnos in two parts after the Oresteia by Aeschylos (1986–89), premiered on 15 April 1990 in Wuppertal
Inferno d'amore (Shakespearion I) after Shakespeare and Michelangelo (1992), staged premiere on 12 March 1995, Ballhof by Niedersächsisches Staatstheater |
154_9 | Labyrinthos (Shakespearion II) (1994/95), premiered 17 October 1997 in Mainz for the opening of the Kleines Haus of the Staatstheater Mainz
Gilgamesh (2002), commissioned by the Niedersächsische Staatsoper on the occasion of the EXPO 2000, premiered on 20 May 2000
Ahasver, scenic oratorio (1998–2000), commissioned by the Theater Bielefeld, premiered in 2001
Savonarola, premiered in 2011 at the Opernhaus Kiel
Gutenberg (2011–12), premiered in Erfurt on 24 March 2016 |
154_10 | Sacred music
Requiem – Messa di Pace for soloist, choir and orchestra (1988)
Missa Moguntina for soloist, choir, two echo-choirs, orchestra and organ (1993)
Aus den 53 Tagen, Passion music for soloists, mixed chorus, male chorus, boys chorus, speaker (Evangelist) and orchestra (1998); commissioned by the "93. Deutscher Katholikentag" in Mainz
Orchestra
Choral Variations for 15 solo strings (1967–1968)
Bildnisse I for orchestra (1981–1982)
Bildnisse II for orchestra (1983–1984)
Bildnisse III: Hommage à W. A. Mozart for small orchestra (1989–1991)
Symphony No. 2 "Mythen" (1992), premiered in Wiesbaden as part of the Rheingau Musik Festival
Concertante
Nachtstück: Varianten über eine Wagnersche Akkordverbindung (Nocturne: Variations on a Wagnerian Chord Progression) for viola and chamber orchestra (1980–1981, revised 1983)
Schibboleth, Poème Concertante for viola and orchestra (1989)
Violin Concerto (Homage à Krzysztof Penderecki) (1981–1982)
Oboe Concerto (1997–1998) |
154_11 | Chamber music
Dybuk for marimba solo (1995)
Aus dem Buch der Könige, 3 Meditations for cello solo (2000)
Piano Trio (1979)
String Quartet [No.1] (1982–1983)
Mysterion for altoflute, horn, viola d'amore, cello and piano (1985)
Tre Poemi for horn and piano (1987)
Drei Lieder (2 Songs) for medium voice, horn, violin, cello and piano (1985–1986)
Und Salomo sprach ... (And Solomon spoke) for cello solo (1987)
Tre poemi (3 Poems) for horn and piano (1986–1987)
Der blaue Harlekin (Hommage à Picasso) for flute, clarinet, 2 bassoons (also contrabassoon), 2 trumpets and 2 trombones (1981)
Saitenspiel for violin and cello (1993)
Gethsemani, Notturno for string sextet (1994)
Quartet for clarinet, violin, cello and piano (1984)
Il canto della notte, Poema for clarinet, horn, piano, violin, viola and cello (1997–1998)
Orphischer Gesang II for string sextet (1998)
String Trio (2000)
String Quartet No. 2 (1999)
String Quartet No. 3 (2000) |
154_12 | String Quartet No. 4 with obligato clarinet (2000)
String Quartet No. 5 (2000, revised 2002)
String Quartet No. 6 (2000)
"Meine Augen möchte ich erfreuen, Shulamith..." for flute, horn, viola, cello and piano (2001)
Pierrots Galgenlieder for clarinet solo (2001)
Kreuzweg for 2 oboes and English horn (2001)
Pietà, Partita for violin solo (2001)
Threnos for solo cello (2006); written for the Feuermann Competition
Strophen for 2 clarinets (also bass clarinet) and piano (2007) |
154_13 | Keyboard
Piano Sonata (1985–1986)
Luces and Sombras, 5 Tangos for piano (1999)
Con mortuis in lingua mortua, three pieces for organ (2000)
Nachlese for piano (2010); commissioned by Walter Fink for his 80th birthday
Recordings
Kirchner's mass Missa Moguntina was recorded in 1993, with soloists Maria Karb, Alison Browner, Mads Elung-Jensen, Johannes M. Kösters and Gregory Reinhart, organist Albert Schönberger, the Mainzer Domchor and Domkantorei St. Martin, and the Mainzer Domorchester, conducted by Mathias Breitschaft.
A recording of his quartet Exil for clarinet, violin, cello and piano, composed in 1995, was combined on a 2015 recording Beyond Time with Fabian Müller's Am Anfang for soprano and ensemble, and Messiaen's Quatuor pour la fin du temps. |
154_14 | In 2016, a recording of vocal chamber music was released entitled Media vita in morte sumus (In the midst of life we are in death) – vocal chamber music by Volker David Kirchner, containing three song collections, Obsidian-Gesänge on poems by Dana Obsidian for voice, horn, violin, cello and piano (2013), Es ist ein Weinen in der Welt, setting poems by Else Lasker-Schüler, for voice and piano (2011–2013), and Media vita in morte sumus on poems by Erich Michelsberg for soprano, clarinet, horn, piano and string trio (2006–2007). |
154_15 | Awards
Kirchner received a prize from Rhineland-Palatinate for young composers in 1974, for his first opera Die Trauung. In 1977, he was awarded the Kunstpreis Rheinland-Pfalz and in 1992 the Gutenberg Plaque of Mainz. In 1994, Kirchner was the first recipient of the Rheingau Musikpreis of the Rheingau Musik Festival. In 1995, he received the composer's prize of the Niedersächsische Sparkassenstiftung and the Kreissparkasse Hannover, and in 2007, the of Rhineland-Palatinate, the highest honour of the state. In 2014, Kirchner was awarded the "Preis für die Verdienste um die Musikkultur" by the Landesmusikrat Rheinland-Pfalz, in connection with the premiere of the orchestral composition Der mythische Fluss played by the Landesjugendorchester Rheinland-Pfalz (State youth orchestra of Rhineland-Palatinate).
References
External links
Volker David Kirchner – Werkverzeichnis (works list)
Kehr-Trio discography at Discogs |
154_16 | 1942 births
2020 deaths
German classical violists
German opera composers
Male opera composers
Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln alumni
Hochschule für Musik Detmold alumni
German male classical composers
Musicians from Mainz |
155_0 | Fridley is a city in Anoka County, Minnesota, United States. Its population was 29,590 at the 2020 census. Fridley was incorporated in 1949 as a village, and became a city in 1957. It is part of the Twin Cities metropolitan area. Fridley is a "first ring" or "inner ring" suburb in the northern part of the Twin Cities. Fridley connects with the city of Minneapolis at its southern border. Neighboring first-ring suburbs are Columbia Heights to the south and Brooklyn Center to the west across the Mississippi River.
Geography and climate
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which are land and is covered by water.
The city lies within a narrow portion of the southernmost part of Anoka County. It is longer north–south along the path of the Mississippi River, and the highways that follow the river. It is narrower east/west in the portion between the boundaries of the Mississippi River and the City of Spring Lake Park. |
155_1 | The city of Fridley borders the cities of Coon Rapids and Blaine to the north; Spring Lake Park to the northeast; Mounds View and New Brighton to the east; Columbia Heights to the southeast; Minneapolis to the southwest; and Brooklyn Park and Brooklyn Center to the west.
Fridley is at the Southern edge of the Anoka Sand Plain. Lakes in Fridley include East Moore Lake, West Moore Lake, and Locke Lake. Rice Creek flows through the central part of the city, Springbrook Creek flows through the northwest section, and the Mississippi River borders Fridley to the west. Portions of islands in the Mississippi River, including the Islands of Peace and Banfill Island, are within the borders of the city.
Climate |
155_2 | Fridley shares its climate with nearby Minneapolis. It has a hot-summer humid continental climate zone (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification), typical of southern parts of the Upper Midwest, and is situated in USDA plant hardiness zone 4b. As is typical in a continental climate, the difference between average temperatures in the coldest winter month and the warmest summer month is great: .
History
19th century
The post-European/American settlement history of Fridley began with the construction of the Red River Ox Cart Trail in 1844. The trail traveled through Minnesota Territory from St. Paul to Pembina in present-day North Dakota). The road was used to transport furs to the south and other various supplies to the Red River Valley settlers in the north. The East River Road (Anoka County Highway 1) follows this route today within Fridley, from the border with Minneapolis to the border with Coon Rapids. |
155_3 | In 1847, John Banfill became the first settler in the area, which was known at the time as Manomin. Manomin is a variant spelling of manoomin, the Ojibwe word for wild rice, a staple of their diet. It comprised the modern-day municipalities of Columbia Heights, Fridley, Hilltop, and Spring Lake Park. The Banfill Tavern was built in 1847.
The area soon grew quickly in size. In 1851, Banfill platted the actual town of Manomin. There, a general store and sawmill were built next to Rice Creek, named after Henry Mower Rice, a settler who just two years earlier had acquired land in the area. In 1853, the first town post office was in operation, and a year later, a ferry crossing the Mississippi River was established.
In 1855, Abram M. Fridley, for whom the city is named, was elected as the first territorial representative for the area. |
155_4 | In 1857, the area separated from Ramsey County; Manomin County was established, and it became the smallest county in the United States, having only 18 sections. This distinction was short-lived, after it was annexed by Anoka County in 1870 and became a township with the same name.
The Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad, which joined St. Paul to St. Anthony across from Minneapolis in 1862, began extending rail to Anoka, reaching it through Fridley in 1864.
In 1879, the Minnesota State Legislature, of which Abram M. Fridley was still a member, changed the township's name to bear his last name. |
155_5 | 20th Century
In 1949, the Fridley Township was incorporated as the Village of Fridley. The Fridley Free Press was also established. A lawsuit that challenged the incorporation of the village caused the funds to be frozen. Minnesota state law allowed cities to operate municipal liquor stores following the end of Prohibition. The Fridley Liquor store proceeds were the primary funding for the daily city operations until the lawsuit was resolved in 1950. In Minnesota there are both private liquor stores or city-owned municipal liquor stores. Fridley is the location of the headquarters of the Minnesota Municipal Beverage Association (MMBA), a lobbying coalition for municipalities with city-owned liquor stores. In conjunction with the Minnesota Licensed Beverage Association, they lobbied against Sunday liquor store sales in Minnesota until it was finally permitted in 2017.
Growth |
155_6 | In 1957, the village became as the City of Fridley, a "home rule charter city". The City Hall at 6431 University Avenue Northeast is dedicated with fire station, city services and council meetings. A newer fire station is built in 1964. The city population grew past 15,000 in the 1950s and peaked over 30,000 by the 1970s. |
155_7 | 1965 flood and tornadoes
Two of the worst disasters to hit the city happened within weeks of each other. In April 1965, all of Minnesota was affected by a "500 year flood". The spring 1965 flood on the Upper Mississippi is still the flood of record for from about 100 miles north of Minneapolis, Minnesota to Hannibal, Missouri. The crests of that April exceeded previous records by several feet at many river gauge sites. Those record crests still exceed the second highest crest by a foot or more at many of those same sites. An ice jam rising 24 feet over the river broke up when it rammed a series of ice breakers above the Sartell Dam. The Riverview Heights area where Springbrook creek enters the river was severely flooded. |
155_8 | On May 6, 1965, Fridley was hit by two F4 tornadoes. One out of every four homes in the city was destroyed or damaged. The second twister that hit was the deadliest storm in Twin Cities history (see 1965 Twin Cities tornado outbreak), which killed a total of 13 people. Portions of the City Hall and Fire Station were damaged.
In 1967 the new Civic Center Building opens at the City Hall location with a plaza located to the south. This building was remodeled in 1989. The building was demolished in 2019.
Springbrook Nature Center and Springbrook Tornado
In 1970, Fridley began purchasing land which would become the Springbrook Nature Center. On July 18, 1986, a widely photographed tornado spent 16 minutes in Springbrook Nature Center, destroying thousands of century old trees and extensive areas of mature forest habitat. Well-known aerial footage of the tornado was filmed by a KARE 11 television news helicopter passing through the area. |
155_9 | 21st Century
In 2001, Medtronic opened its new World Headquarters on the site of the 100 Twin Drive-in at Interstate 694 and Minnesota Highway 65. As of 2019, it is still the Operational Headquarters for the Medtronic, PLC, which re-organized as an Irish company in 2015.
On June 19, 2003, President George W. Bush visited the Micro Controls company in Fridley. He was promoting one of the tax relief changes made during his administration. He flew into Minnesota for only a few hours on Air Force One before returning to Washington.
In the early 2000s, the Minnesota Sports Cafe was a notable venue for Mixed martial arts competitions. Fighters who have claimed victories in Fridley include Sean Sherk, Nick Thompson, Brock Larson, Marcus LeVesseur, Brian Ebersole, and Harry Moskowitz. |
155_10 | On September 21, 2005, Fridley was struck by straight-line winds exceeding , toppling many old growth trees as large as in diameter and in turn, destroying dozens of homes and several vehicles. Cleanup efforts took as long as a week, leaving hundreds of residents stranded in their homes without power, unable to drive until streets were cleared of debris. This same storm also affected Brooklyn Center, New Brighton, Brooklyn Park, Coon Rapids, Spring Lake Park and Blaine, as well as other communities in the surrounding North Metro area.
Fridley has one of the first six stations of the Northstar Commuter Rail line connecting the northwest suburbs and downtown Minneapolis; the line opened in November 2009. |
155_11 | On July 17, 2011, heavy rains caused a washout of the BNSF rail bridge over Rice Creek. A train derailed there, and sent hopper cars containing corn into the creek. Traffic was rerouted for several days. In 2013, a Jury awarded damages from BNSF to the engineer and conductor of the train. |
155_12 | The Columbia Arena, filming location for the Disney Movie D3: The Mighty Ducks, was demolished in 2016 to make way for a new City Hall It was a controversial issue in that it was expected to cost $50 million and increase homeowner taxes by nineteen percent The Fridley Civic Campus dedication at 7071 University Avenue NE was held on November 17, 2018. The staff had moved from the previous city hall over Veteran's day weekend and began working there on November 12. The City Council approved the project in December 2016 after nearly three years of studies, meetings and workshops. The council raised the levy to pay for the project, increasing city taxes by about 16 percent for the average homeowner. A number of other Twin Cities suburbs updated their civic facilities during a 2018 "building boom of sorts", including Eagan, New Hope, Minnetonka, and Burnsville. |
155_13 | Economy
Fridley is home to the Operational (formerly World) Headquarters of Ireland-based Medtronic plc. Medtronic also has a substantial Rice Creek business campus. Other major employers in Fridley include BAE Systems (formerly United Defense), Cummins, Unity Medical Center, part of the Allina Healthcare system, part of the Mercy Hospitals, Minco Products, Inc, Kurt Manufacturing Company, and Park Construction Company. Fridley is also home to a Target Stores retail distribution center. Magnum Research, a company that produces the Desert Eagle firearm, had its headquarters in Fridley until 2010.
Both Minneapolis and Saint Paul draw their municipal water supplies from the Mississippi River at Fridley, which is upstream. The City of Minneapolis Waterworks plant and Fire Department training facility are within the city of Fridley. |
155_14 | In the 2000 Census data, there were 11,542 more jobs in Fridley than the number of workers age 16 and over. However, most Fridley residents work outside of Fridley. The most common place of employment for Fridley residents is not Fridley. It is other cities in Hennepin County and, secondly, Minneapolis. Only 21% of the 15,221 Fridley residents in the work force in 2000 were actually working in Fridley's borders. Fridley saw a decline in the number of jobs from 26,763 in 2000 to 23,845 in 2006 according to the city economic plan report.
Largest employers
According to the city's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are: |
155_15 | Education
The public schools in Fridley are governed by Fridley Independent School District 14. Fridley High School, Fridley Middle School, Hayes Elementary School, and Stevenson Elementary School comprise the district. In 1978, Fridley closed three elementary schools due to declining enrollment: Gardena, Riverwood, and Parkview. The Riverwood Elementary school was demolished and single family homes were developed. The Parkview Elementary school became the Fridley Community center. The Gardena Elementary school location is now the Al-Amal school. The Rice Creek Elementary school was a fourth school closed later and demolished like Riverwood, single family homes were developed. After the 1965 Tornado, students at Parkview had to double up at the Riverwood school while it was being rebuilt. |
155_16 | Totino-Grace High School, a private Roman Catholic high school, Calvin Christian High School, a private Christian high school, and Al-Amal School, a private Islamic K-12 school, are also located in Fridley.
A small portion of the northern part of Fridley lies within the Anoka-Hennepin School District 11. Students living in an area of eastern Fridley are in the Columbia Heights School District 13. North Park elementary school is located in Fridley. Most of the students living in the north-northeastern part of the city are in Spring Lake Park School District 16. A District 16 Elementary School, Woodcrest Spanish Immersion, is located within Fridley. |
155_17 | Parks and recreation
Fridley is home to the Springbrook Nature Center park and nature reserve on its northern border with Coon Rapids. The total Fridley city park space is . There are baseball and softball diamonds, football and soccer fields, basketball courts, and tennis courts for sports. In the winter there are outdoor skating rinks with warming houses. The western border of Fridley comprises the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area. Portions of islands within the recreation area are within the Fridley city limits.
Fridley has the following Anoka County parks within the city:
Manomin County Park (Rice Creek where it enters the Mississippi River and Locke Lake)
Rice Creek West/Locke Park and Regional Trail (Rice Creek)
Islands of Peace County Park (Mississippi River)
Anoka County Riverfront Regional Park (Mississippi River)
Infrastructure/Transportation |
155_18 | Interstate 694 and Minnesota State Highways 47 and 65 are three of the main routes in the city. East River Road is one of the oldest roads in the state as a Minnesota Territorial road. It was part of the Red River Oxcart Trail. The I-694 Bridge is the only crossing of the Mississippi River that connects the city directly.
The BNSF Railway main Northern transcontinental Twin Cities to Portland/Seattle double track line passes through Fridley as part of the Staples Subdivision. The Fridley Station is served by the Northstar Commuter Rail line running on the BNSF tracks into Minneapolis. The Amtrak Empire Builder passes through Fridley twice daily on this line, but does not stop within the city. The massive BNSF Northtown Classification Yards are located in the city. The Minnesota Commercial Railway also serves Fridley, with a terminal warehouse located there. |
155_19 | The Mississippi River is non-navigable for barge traffic north of the Canadian Pacific Camden Place Rail Bridge; however, small boats can travel upstream to the Coon Rapids Dam without a portage. There is a boat landing for small boats in the river near Interstate 694 at the Anoka County Riverfront Regional Park.
The Anoka County–Blaine Airport serves the area and is located in neighboring Blaine.
Nickname
Fridley has the nickname "Friendly Fridley". The nickname was spread further by a long-running series of advertisements on various radio stations for a local car dealer. The announcer would direct people to "Friendly Chevrolet up in Friendly Fridley".
The city festival is named "49'er" days, which commemorates the 1949 incorporation. It is usually held in mid June.
Sister city
Fourmies, Nord (France) - Medtronic plc has an assembly plant in Fourmies.
Demographics |
155_20 | 2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 27,208 people, 11,110 households, and 7,057 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 11,760 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 75.2% White, 11.1% African American, 1.2% Native American, 4.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.4% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.3% of the population.
There were 11,110 households, of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.5% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.99. |
155_21 | The median age in the city was 37.1 years. 23.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.6% were from 45 to 64; and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 27,449 people, 11,328 households, and 7,317 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,701.3 people per square mile (1,043.1/km2). There were 11,504 housing units at an average density of 1,132.1 per square mile (437.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.65% White, 3.42% African American, 0.82% Native American, 2.89% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.23% from other races, and 2.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.56% of the population. |
155_22 | There were 11,328 households, out of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.6% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.4% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.91.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males. |
155_23 | The median income for a household in the city was $48,372, and the median income for a family was $55,381. Males had a median income of $38,100 versus $29,997 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,022. About 5.3% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.
Politics
Fridley has a Council-manager government. Scott Lund is the current Mayor, first elected in 2000.
Fridley is located in Minnesota's 5th congressional district, represented by Ilhan Omar, a Democrat. Ilhan became the first Somali American elected to the United States Congress. She was one of the first two Muslim women elected to Congress. Omar is also the first Somali American elected to Congress, and the first woman of color to serve as a U.S. Representative from Minnesota. She replaced Keith Ellison, the first Muslim to be elected to the United States Congress. |
155_24 | Notable people
Bill Antonello - Major League Baseball player
Gordon Backlund -Minnesota State Politician
Connie Bernardy -Minnesota State Politician
Don Betzold - Minnesota State Politician
Satveer Chaudhary - Minnesota State Politician
L. Joseph Connors - Minnesota State Politician
Chris Dahlquist -Professional Hockey NHL Player
Ducky DooLittle - Sex educator
Brooke Elliott - actress
Mike Erlandson - Businessman
Abram M. Fridley - Minnesota State Politician and namesake of the city
Larry Hosch - Minnesota State Politician
Jon Melander - Professional Football NFL player
Donald Savelkoul - Minnesota State Politician and Lawyer
Don Simensen - Professional Football NFL player
Wayne Simoneau - Minnesota State Politician
Tom Tillberry - Minnesota State Politician
Rose Totino - Businesswoman
Warren Johnson - Former NHRA Drag Racer and Champion
Cory Wong - Guitar Player
References
External links
Official City Website
Fridley Historical Society |
155_25 | Cities in Minnesota
Minnesota populated places on the Mississippi River
Cities in Anoka County, Minnesota
Populated places established in 1847
1847 establishments in Wisconsin Territory
Former county seats in Minnesota |
156_0 | "Blood Sweat & Tears" (; Japanese: ; Hepburn: Chi, ase, namida) is a song recorded in two languages (Korean and Japanese) by South Korean boy band BTS. It was written by "Hitman" Bang, Kim Do-hoon, RM, Suga, J-Hope, and Pdogg, with the latter of the six solely handling production. The Korean version was released on October 10, 2016, as the lead single from the band's second studio album, Wings (2016), by Big Hit Entertainment. The Japanese version of the song was released on May 10, 2017, through Universal Music Japan, as a single album that included the B-side tracks "Spring Day" and "Not Today", both also in Japanese. It is a moombahton, trap, and tropical house song with influences of dancehall and reggaeton. The song's lyrics address the pain of addictive love. |
156_1 | The song received generally positive reviews from music critics, who were favourable towards its production, the refreshing sound, and BTS' vocal delivery. It was also likened to the musical styles of Major Lazer and Justin Bieber. It was nominated for the Song of the Year at the 2016 Mnet Asian Music Awards and appeared on the decade-end lists of the best K-pop songs by Billboard and GQ. Commercially, the Korean version of the song debuted at number one on South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart, becoming the band's first number one on the chart. As of May 2019, the song has sold over 2.5 million copies in South Korea. The Japanese version peaked at number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, becoming the 22nd best-selling single of 2017 in Japan. It received a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipments of 250,000 copies in the country. |
156_2 | Two music videos were filmed for "Blood Sweat & Tears", one for the Korean version and another for the Japanese version; the first video was directed by YongSeok Choi and premiered via Big Hit's YouTube channel on October 10, 2016. Inspired by Hermann Hesse's coming of age novel, Demian (1991), the symbolism-heavy video depicts BTS exploring a museum and performing choreography. The video was awarded the Best Music Video at the 2017 Seoul Music Awards. The second video, featuring psychedelic and neon colours, was uploaded to Universal Japan's YouTube channel on May 10, 2017. BTS promoted the song with televised live performances on various South Korean music programs, including M! Countdown, Music Bank, and Inkigayo. It was also included on the set list of their second worldwide concert tour, The Wings Tour (2017). |
156_3 | Background and release
Following the conclusion of their three-part narrative "Youth" series, which presented the theme of the beauty of youth and its uncertainties, BTS announced the release of their second Korean-language studio album Wings in 2016. "Blood Sweat & Tears" was confirmed to be included on Wings when the band shared the track-listing of the album. On October 7, 2016, the song was announced as the lead single from the album. The song was written by "Hitman" Bang, Kim Do-hoon, RM, Suga, J-Hope, and its producer Pdogg. The track was engineered by the producer, while mixing was handled by James F. Reynolds at Schmuzik Studios. |
156_4 | "Blood Sweat & Tears" was released for digital download and streaming by Big Hit Entertainment on October 10, 2016, as the lead single from Wings. A Japanese version of the song was recorded, and issued digitally for purchase on May 10, 2017 by Universal Music Japan as the band's seventh Japanese-language single album, together with the Japanese versions of previously released 2017 Korean singles, "Spring Day" and "Not Today". The single album was also released as a four-version CD single in Japan on the same day, with a regular edition and three different limited editions; A, B and C. All four editions contain Japanese versions of "Blood, Sweat & Tears" as the A-side and "Not Today" as B-side track, while the Japanese version of "Spring Day" is included exclusively on the regular edition. In addition, edition A includes a DVD that contains the music videos for both the Korean and Japanese versions of "Blood, Sweat & Tears". Edition B also comes with a DVD, which contains behind the |
156_5 | scenes footage of the music video for the Japanese version of the song and the making of the album jacket photos, while C contains a 36-page photobook. The lyrics for the Japanese version were written by KM-MARKIT. It was subsequently included as the third track on BTS' third Japanese-language studio album Face Yourself (2018). |
156_6 | Music and lyrics
As opposed to BTS' signature hip hop sound, "Blood Sweat & Tears" was described as a hybrid of moombahton, trap, and tropical house. The song takes influence from dancehall and reggaeton. It is composed in the key of C minor, with a moderate tempo of 93 beats per minute, and runs for 3:37. Instrumentally, the song relies on keyboards, synthesizer, and Caribbean drums. The song employs a "layered" production that consists of "spacey chill-house beats," "airy synths," "echoing sirens" and "rhythmic claps." A reviewer from The Singles Jukebox noted similarities in the song's composition to the styles of Norwegian production duo Stargate. |
156_7 | The verses are driven by "pounding beats," and use an emotional and melancholic delivery. The vocal approaches are characterized by gentle, cascading chimes, as well as "sentimental crooning." The song features "feathery coos," "breathy" falsettos, "chopped vocal" hooks and at-times, "undulating" raps from the band. The chorus is "circuitous," in which they chant "My blood, sweat and tears, my last dance, take it all away." It leads to a smoky, electronic-dance-driven breakdown, which was compared to the "emotionally tinged" works of Major Lazer and Justin Bieber. |
156_8 | Speaking about the concept and the meaning of the song at a press conference, RM stated: "The harder a temptation is to resist, the more you think about it and vacillate. That uncertainty is part of the process of growing. 'Blood Sweat & Tears' is a song that shows how one thinks, chooses, and grows." Suga added that "the song conveys an optimistic determination to use our wings to go far, even if we encounter temptations in life." Lyrically, the song talks about the pain of addictive love. The lyrics address the themes of "temptation" and "carnal willingness" to sacrifice everything, through lines like: "Kiss me, I don't care if it hurts/ Hurry up and choke me/ So I can't get hurt any more." An editor from Billboard wrote that the song "embraces the sense of desperation that the septet had featured on previous singles, like 'I Need U' and 'Save Me'." |
156_9 | Critical reception |
156_10 | "Blood Sweat & Tears" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Jeff Benjamin of Fuse praised the track's sound and the band's vocal delivery, writing that the "wholly accessible dance single" is "perfect for today's pop soundscape." Benjamin also wrote an article for Billboard where he cited it as BTS' best song and said, "the raps, the vocal deliveries and the visuals all feel specific and important to their developing story, while still being wholly accessible to audiences around the globe [...] and only continue to push their art deeper into the global music scene." Tamar Herman, in a separate Billboard review, labelled the song as "game-changing" and called it "sonically" complex. She praised the "ethereal vocals" and "high notes," adding that the song "maintains BTS' bombastic style even while shifting away from hip-hop and toward a more mainstream, Major Lazer-esque sound." In The Malaysia Star, Chester Chin commended the song for its "infectious EDM sounds." |
156_11 | Jacques Peterson of Idolator wrote that the track "wouldn't sound out of place on Justin Bieber's Purpose." Hyun-su Yim from The Korea Herald praised the song for its "minimalist" chorus and "synth-based" production. |
156_12 | Reviewing for Vulture, T.K. Park and Youngdae Kim felt that the song evolved the band's sound and musical direction in a way "that represents a turning point in [BTS'] career." They elaborated writing: "Despite being influenced by dancehall, reggaeton, and moombahton, the number eschews the partylike atmosphere of its influences, electing instead for a baroque mysticism." Craig Jenkins, also of Vulture, deemed the track as "dark and existential." Taylor Glasby of Dazed lauded the song's production and the band's vocal delivery, writing that "BTS are able to marry the lyrics' intimate, bloodied brokenness to an opposing state of leviathan pop with such effortlessness that it dominates all that stands before it." IZMs Minhyung Hyun observed that "the theme of 'temptation' that was a new concept following 'school' and 'youth' [series], fitted with their lyrics" and displayed growth towards "a slightly intense identity" than that "shown through their previous works" with the song. He also |
156_13 | praised the production and dubbed the song's chorus as "addictive," which captured "emotions." For Tamara Fuentes of Seventeen, the song "ushers in the new era in a beautiful way." |
156_14 | Accolades
Billboard and Dazed selected "Blood Sweat & Tears" as one of the 20 best K-pop songs of 2016. The former ranked it at number 7 and 16 on their lists of the 100 best K-pop songs of 2010s and 100 greatest boy band songs of all time, respectively. GQ placed the song on their decade-end list of the best K-pop songs of the 2010s and picked it as the highlight of 2016. On behalf of the magazine, Glasby called the song BTS' "magnum opus." "Blood Sweat & Tears" was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2016 Mnet Asian Music Awards. The song achieved the top spot on various South Korean weekly music programs, garnering a total of six awards, including two consecutive wins on Music Bank. It also achieved two consecutive Melon Weekly Popularity Awards due to being a substantial success on digital platforms. |
156_15 | Commercial performance
"Blood Sweat & Tears" was a commercial success in South Korea. It debuted at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart for the chart issue dated October 9–15, 2016, becoming BTS' first domestic number one. The song also peaked at number one on the component Download Chart, selling 198,987 digital units in its first week of release. "Blood Sweat & Tears" was the sixth best-performing song in October 2016 on the Gaon Monthly Digital Chart, based on digital sales, streaming, and background music (instrumental track) downloads. As of May 2019, "Blood Sweat & Tears" has sold over 2.5 million digital copies in South Korea. The song peaked at number one on the US Billboard World Digital Songs chart for the week of October 29, 2016, the band's second chart topper, following on from "Fire" (2016). In Canada, the song led to BTS becoming the third Korean act to chart on the Canadian Hot 100 by peaking at number 86, a new best for a K-pop group. |
156_16 | Following the release of "Blood Sweat & Tears" as a single album in Japan, the single album topped the Oricon Daily Singles Chart on its first day of release, selling 141,243 copies. "Blood Sweat & Tears" peaked at number one on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart for the chart issue dated May 8–14, 2017, becoming BTS' second number one single on the chart. The single album sold 238,795 copies in its first week, making BTS the fastest foreign artist to surpass 200,000 copies in a week. In May 2017, the single sold 273,000 copies, achieving higher sales than the band's previous Japanese single album "Run" (2016). For the year end chart, the former ranked as the 22nd best-selling single of 2017 in Japan. It also became the second-highest charting single by a Korean artist in the country, the first being BTS' eighth Japanese single, "Mic Drop/ DNA / Crystal Snow" (2017) at number 13. "Blood Sweat & Tears" additionally charted at number one on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 for the issue dated |
156_17 | May 22, 2017, selling 310,276 copies. In February 2018, "Blood Sweat & Tears" was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ), denoting shipments of 250,000 copies in Japan. |
156_18 | Music videos
An accompanying music video was released to Big Hit's YouTube channel on October 10, 2016; it was preceded by a teaser, which was released via the same platform on October 6. The video was directed by YongSeok Choi of Lumpens, with Edie YooJeong Ko serving as the assistant director. It was choreographed by Keone Madrid and Quick Style Crew, under the supervision of Sungdeuk Son. HyunWoo Nam of GDW received credit as the director of photography, while GyeungSeok Kim and MoonYoung Lee served as the gaffer and art director, respectively. Inspired by Hermann Hesse's 1919 coming of age novel Demian, the six-minute long visual heavily contains baroque symbolism, and explores the concepts of "fate, reality, life and death, and falling from grace." |
156_19 | The music video opens with the seven members of BTS exploring a museum that is filled with European Renaissance replications and weeping angels, and switches to showing the band posing together. The clip then zooms out briefly before depicting the seven members in a hall, where they start performing choreography as the opening line of the song plays. Footage alternates between close-up shots of each member staring directly into the camera and group-shots to the performance of "sensual choreography," which has their hands "constantly blind, seek, and reveal desire and truth." In some scenes, BTS drink colourful elixirs, wear blindfolds, blow smoke, and jump to and from the camera. Throughout the visual, the band members are seen dancing in multiple sets or being confined by extravagant rooms that have classic white sculptures kept in dark places, tied up or trapped. At one point, RM recites a passage from Demian, which is not included in the studio version of the song. The video |
156_20 | features classical imagery and several references to literature and art, such as the quote "One must still have chaos within oneself to give birth to a dancing star" from the opening lines of Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophical novel Thus Spoke Zarathustra and the paintings The Lament for Icarus (1898) by Herbert James Draper, and Pieter Bruegel's The Fall of Icarus (1560) and The Fall of the Rebel Angels (1562). These serve as visual representations of emotions, including fear or danger, temptation and chaos. A scene featuring V jumping off a balcony in front of a painting of the fallen Icarus bears testimony to this. It follows a Biblical story-line of angels and demons, through portraying members in decadent settings and outfits as they try not to surrender to sin and temptation. Darker and complex elements in the video include shrouds and veils, which are in reference to afterlife. For its conclusion, Jin comes across a white concrete angel with black wings and is compelled to |
156_21 | kiss it. As the visual ends, V poses with his wings ripped off to convey "the acceptance of imperfection that an angel could lose his wings." |
156_22 | Benjamin of Fuse noted the "darker" atmosphere of the music video, and called it "stunning." Glasby of Dazed wrote that the clip visually "captures a passionate, destructive relationship." Herman noted the metaphors presented in the visual and deemed it as "haunting." Dazed editor Selim Bulut ranked the visual at number nine on his list of the best music videos of 2016, while Billboard placed the video on their decade-end list of the best music videos of the 2010s, with Caitlin Kelley writing, "'Blood Sweat & Tears' is the thesis for BTS as a K-pop group whose work is rich for interpretation." The video was awarded the Best Music Video at the 2017 Seoul Music Awards. It earned nominations for Best Music Video at the 2017 Mnet Asian Music Awards and Fuse Music Video of the Year at the 2017 Annual Soompi Awards. The music video was an instant success on YouTube, surpassing 6.3 million views in 24 hours. Within 42 hours, it garnered over 10 million views on the platform and became the |
156_23 | fastest music video by a K-pop group to do so. The visual was the most-viewed K-pop music video of October 2016 in the US. As of July 2020, the video has over 600 million views. |
156_24 | A music video for the Japanese version of "Blood Sweat & Tears" was uploaded to Universal Japan's YouTube channel on May 9, 2017. While it is centered around art like the Korean version's video, the visual is more intense and includes references to the story-lines of those of "I Need U" and "Run". Portrayed in neon and psychedelic colours, the music video features a dark alternate dimension and multiple realities, in which the band members fight and try to kill each other.
Live performances |
156_25 | To promote "Blood, Sweat & Tears" and Wings, BTS made several appearances on South Korean music programs around October and November 2016. They performed the song for the first time for Mnet's M! Countdown on October 13, 2016 as part of their comeback stage. The following three days, the band appeared on Music Bank, Show! Music Core, and Inkigayo, where they also performed "Am I Wrong" and "21st Century Girl". BTS performed the song at the 2016 Melon Music Awards alongside "Fire" on November 19, 2016. On December 2 of that year, the band performed the former live at the 2016 Mnet Asian Music Awards. As a prelude to the performance, Jungkook was suspended above the stage, while RM recited a passage from Demian. This was followed by a choreography to a rendition of "Boy Meets Evil" and "Lie" performed by J-Hope and Jimin, with the latter dancing to it blindfolded. They were then joined by the rest of the bandmates who appeared as "fallen angels." "Blood, Sweat & Tears" was also included |
156_26 | on the setlist of BTS' The Wings Tour (2017). |
156_27 | Track listings
Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the CD liner notes of You Never Walk Alone.
BTS primary vocals
"Hitman" Bang songwriting
RM songwriting
Suga songwriting
J-Hope songwriting
Kim Doohyon songwriting
Pdogg songwriting, production, synthesizer, keyboard, vocal arrangement, rap arrangement, record engineering
KM-MARKIT songwriting (Japanese version)
Jungkook chorus
Jimin chorus
James F. Reynolds mix engineering
Charts
Weekly charts
Monthly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
See also
List of Gaon Digital Chart number ones of 2016
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2016 (Japan)
List of Oricon number-one singles of 2016
Notes
References |
156_28 | 2016 singles
2017 singles
Korean-language songs
Japanese-language songs
BTS songs
Oricon Weekly number-one singles
Billboard Japan Hot 100 number-one singles
Gaon Digital Chart number-one singles
Songs written by Bang Si-hyuk
Music videos directed by Lumpens
Songs written by Pdogg
Songs written by RM (rapper)
Songs written by J-Hope
Songs written by Suga (rapper)
Hybe Corporation singles |
157_0 | The Sparrow (1996) is the first novel by author Mary Doria Russell.
It won the Arthur C. Clarke Award, James Tiptree, Jr. Award, Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis and the British Science Fiction Association Award. It was followed by a sequel, Children of God, in 1998. The title refers to Gospel of Matthew 10:29–31, which relates that not even a sparrow falls to the earth without God's knowledge thereof. |
157_1 | Plot
In the year 2019, the SETI program at Arecibo Observatory discovers radio broadcasts of music from the vicinity of Alpha Centauri. The first expedition to Rakhat, the world that is sending the music, is organized by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), known for its missionary, linguistic and scientific activities since the time of its founder, Ignatius of Loyola. In the year 2060, only one of the crew, the Jesuit priest Emilio Sandoz, survives to return to Earth, and he is damaged physically and psychologically. The story is told with parallel plot lines, interspersing the journey of Sandoz and his friends to Rakhat with Sandoz's experiences upon his return to Earth. |
157_2 | Father Sandoz is a talented Puerto Rican linguist. He is described as of mixed Taíno and Conquistador heritage and character. Sandoz grew up in La Perla, a poor neighborhood in San Juan. He joined the Jesuits as a teenager. After several stints at Jesuit missionaries around the world, he returns to Puerto Rico. Several of his close friends and co-workers, people with a variety of unique skills and talents, have seemingly coincidental connections to Arecibo. One of them, a gifted young technician, was the first to hear the transmissions; another, Sofia Mendes, a Turkish Jewish artificial intelligence specialist, has the connections and aptitude to obtain a spacecraft and help pilot the mission. Sandoz, who has often struggled with his faith, becomes convinced that only God's will could bring this group of people with the perfect combination of knowledge and experience together at the moment when the alien signal was detected. Sandoz and his friends, along with three other Jesuit |
157_3 | priests, are chosen by the Society of Jesus to travel in secret to the planet, using an interstellar vessel made with a small asteroid. |
157_4 | Upon reaching Rakhat, the crew tries to acclimatize themselves to the new world, experimenting with eating local flora and fauna, then making contact with a rural village, inhabited by a peaceful tribe of herbivore gatherers, the Runa. Though the Runa are clearly not the singers of the radio broadcasts, the Earthlings settle among them and begin to learn their language Ruanja and culture. Although Sandoz struggles with his attraction to Sofia, he finds greater spiritual meaning in his interactions with the Runa. The crew transmits all their findings via computer uplink to the asteroid-ship in orbit. One day, in an attempt to retrieve supplies from their landing vehicle for a sick crew member, the landing vehicle runs short of the fuel needed to safely return to the asteroid ship, and the crew must face the reality that they may never return to Earth. |
157_5 | When the Earthlings finally meet a member of the culture which produced the radio transmissions, he proves to be of an entirely different species from the rural natives, a Jana'ata who is an ambitious merchant named Supaari VaGayjur. Supaari VaGayjur sees in the visitors a possibility to improve his status, while the crew hopes to find an alternative source of fuel in Supaari's city, Gayjur. Meanwhile, the crew begins to grow their own food, introducing the concept of agriculture to the villagers. These seemingly innocent actions and accompanying cultural misunderstandings precipitate an outbreak of violence. Though not closely related genetically, the Jana'ata have evolved by aggressive mimicry to physically resemble the Runa, who are in fact their prey species. The human introduction of agriculture leads to a Runa baby boom which is harvested by the predatory Jana'ata. The humans are riven with guilt over their misguided action, and most, including Sofia, are killed when defending |
157_6 | against the Jana'ata attack. Only Sandoz and one other human survive, and Sandoz endures capture, degradation, and a crisis of faith. Eventually found by Suupari, Sandoz's hands are disfigured and rendered useless in a Jana'ata practice meant to convey the honor and privilege of being dependent on another, a mutilation analogous to the practice of foot binding. The mutilation kills the other surviving crew member; Sandoz survives, though he is physically and spiritually traumatized and believes himself at fault for the death of his friends. Later, Supaari gives Sandoz to the Reshtar of Galatna, a poet and musician, in exchange for the right to have a wife and start his own lineage. Held captive by the Reshtar, Sandoz realizes the Reshtar is the source of the music that brought the humans to Rakhat and momentarily regains his faith; however, the Reshtar is only interested in Sandoz as a pet who is forced to sexually satisfy the musician, along with his friends and colleagues. It is |
157_7 | later revealed that the Reshtar broadcasts songs about his sexual exploits, songs which may have been heard on Earth. |
157_8 | When Sandoz returns to Earth in 2060, his friends are dead, and his faith, once considered worthy of canonization by his superiors, has turned into bitter anger with the God who inspired him to go to Rakhat. Due to relativistic space-time effects, decades had passed while he has been gone, during which popular outrage at the United Nation's initial and highly out-of-context report on the mission, and especially Sandoz's role in the tragedy, had left the Society of Jesus shattered and nearly extinct. The Jesuits shelter Sandoz from the media and help him recover physically, while the Father Superior selects a panel of Jesuit priests from around the world to help Sandoz come out of his shell and explain what really happened. Initially bent on discovering the truth, the other priests eventually recognize the great personal cost at which the journey came, and accept Sandoz's epic struggle with his faith. Over the course of several months, Sandoz painfully explains his story and begins his |
157_9 | personal healing. |
157_10 | Similarities to other works
The Sparrow is similar to James Blish's science fiction novel A Case of Conscience. It also involves a Jesuit priest confronting an alien civilization. Mary Doria Russell has addressed this speculation:
Literary significance and reception
Nancy Pearl, reviewing in the Library Journal, felt that this book was mistakenly categorized as science fiction, and that it is really "a philosophical novel about the nature of good and evil and what happens when a man tries to do the right thing, for the right reasons and ends up causing incalculable harm". |
157_11 | In the Catholic journal Commonweal, Paul Q. Kane writes that Russell has done her research on the early historic Jesuit missions and on Jesuit spirituality. He continues that she is successfully updating the stories of other important Jesuits who have sent men to distant lands or went themselves to foreign cultures to represent Christianity. "Russell subtly raises concerns about the ways in which sophisticated cultures tell themselves cover stories in order to justify actions taken at a terrible cost to others". This is also reflected in the way that Sofia has to buy her freedom from what she describes as an institution of intellectual prostitution; as well as the differences between the simple Runa who live in the countryside and the Jana'ata, who are the sophisticated city dwellers that created the beautiful music which triggered the mission originally. |
157_12 | Awards and nominations
The 1996 James Tiptree, Jr. Award
The 1998 Arthur C. Clarke Award
The 1998 BSFA Award for Best Novel
The 1998 John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer
The 2001 Kurd Laßwitz Award
The 2001 Gaylactic Spectrum Hall of Fame (The Sparrow and Children of God together)
Film, television and theatrical adaptations
In March 2006 it was announced that Warner Bros. had purchased the rights to The Sparrow for Brad Pitt's production company, Plan B, and that Pitt himself would be playing the role of Sandoz with screenwriter Michael Seitzman adapting the novel to film.
Since then, Mary Russell has revoked all film rights, believing that Hollywood cannot and will not make a film version of The Sparrow that is faithful to the book. She has written her own screenplay with her assistant Karen Hall, but has realized it has little to no chance of being produced.
In 2014, AMC announced it was developing a television adaptation of the book. |
157_13 | In 2021, Scott Frank announced his plans to adapt The Sparrow as a miniseries, to be presented on FX.
Related works
James Blish's A Case of Conscience also has a Jesuit priest confronting an alien civilization.
In Arthur C. Clarke's short story "The Star" a Jesuit scientist finds out a faith-shaking fact about a supernova.
Stanisław Lem's Fiasco is also about first contact SETI mission and has a priest (although Dominican) as one of prominent secondary characters.
Michel Faber's The Book of Strange New Things is a novel about a pastor sent as a missionary to an alien species.
Progressive/symphonic rock band Metaphor has produced a concept album/rock opera based on The Sparrow (with the author's permission). The CD was released in September 2007. |
157_14 | Publication history
1996, US, Villard , Pub date 9 September 1996, Hardcover
1996, US, Brilliance Corp , Pub date 1 October 1996, Audio Cassette
1997, US, Ballantine Books , Pub date 8 September 1997, Paperback
1997, UK, Black Swan , Pub date 1 November 1997, Paperback
2008, US, Brilliance Audio , Pub date 4 April 2008, Audio CD
Notes
External links
The following links are to detailed reviews with many plot details.
First review of The Sparrow by R.W. Rasband, Association for Mormon Letters.
Second review of The Sparrow by Rasband, with Russell's response.
Review of Children of God by Rasband.
Infinity Plus Interview with Mary Doria Russell where she discusses The Sparrow.
Video clip of interview with Mary Doria Russell and NPR Book Reviewer Alan Cheuse talking about faith and fiction in The Sparrow.
Mary Doria Russell personal website. |
157_15 | 1996 American novels
1996 debut novels
Alpha Centauri in fiction
American philosophical novels
American science fiction novels
Catholic novels
Fiction set in 2019
Interpreting and translation in fiction
James Tiptree Jr. Award-winning works
Novels set on fictional planets
Religion in science fiction
Villard (imprint) books |
158_0 | Aswang, also called The Unearthing, is a 1994 horror film directed and written Wrye Martin and Barry Poltermann. It is based on the mythical creature that feeds on the unborn in Philippine folklore, with the screenplay written following a story telling session by Frank L. Anderson, who was a friend of the filmmakers. The movie was written by amateur directors Wyre Martin and Barry Poltermann and shot with a low budget, while actors were paid just $50 a day with the expectation they would receive a cut of any future profit. Many of the actors were cast from Milwaukee theater group Theater X, most of who had never acted in a film before. |
158_1 | To achieve some of its effects, the film utilized reverse motion as well as hiring an effects technician and a mechanical tongue, despite the limited budget. Some people had mixed opinions on the film, with some believing it was too slow to start while others felt the opposite, that it started well but were disappointed with the ending; critic Emanuel Levy considered it was "more gruesome and gross than really frightening". It was one of only 65 films selected to be shown at the Sundance Film Festival, to a mixed audience reception. Some people walked out part way through due to the use of blood and gore. |
158_2 | Plot
Wealthy Peter Null, heir to his family's prosperous estate, is desperately in need of a child. An opportunity presents itself when he meets Katrina, a young and unmarried woman who is trapped with an unwanted pregnancy. Despite protestations from her boyfriend, Katrina meets Peter Null, who offers to pay her to bear the child; she agrees to sign over the rights for a large payment, in effect acting as a surrogate. In exchange for her payment, she must pose as his wife in order to convince Null's wheelchair-bound mother Olive, the family matriarch, that they are truly in love and that she is having his child, ostensibly to allow him to inherit his family's estate. |
158_3 | Heavily pregnant, Katrina is brought to the secluded estate deep within a menacing forest and is introduced to its residents; crippled Olive Null, mentally-ill reclusive sister Claire and their devoted Filipino maid Cupid, who Peter explains was once a midwife. Unbeknownst to Katrina, the residents are secret "Aswangs", vampires with mega-tongues that feed on living fetuses and they are planning to eat her unborn child. The Aswang kills and feeds via its endlessly long, flexible and strong tongue, nourishing on blood. It also has the ability to possess others. |
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