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529_9 | 1930s she began to study with Hans Hofmann in New York City as well as in Provincetown, MA. and always was able to get direction from Hoffman. Fine joined the American Abstract Artists in the early 1940s where she found a lot of support for her artistic ideas. "By the mid 1940s, Fine had work in the collections of Frank Lloyd Wright and Frank Crowninshield ... her art was also owned by Alfred Barr, director of the Museum of Modern Art, and Emily Hall and Burton Tremaine, the modern art collectors from Connecticut."Perhaps one of the most and distinguishing moments in her career was a commission by Emily Tremaine to make two interpretations of [Piet] Mondrian's Victory Boogie Woogie, a painting left unfinished at his death in 1944." |
529_10 | In 1945, Fine had her first solo exhibit at the Willard Gallery on East 57th Street. Fine had previously run the East River Gallery that was also on East 57th Street from 1936 to 1938. It was in 1940 that Fine opened her own gallery but later, in 1946, Fine accepted an offer to work for Karl Nienrendorf whose gallery was across the street from the Willard Gallery, it was at this gallery that Fine received a subsidy so she could paint full-time.
During a show within the Nienrendorf Gallery Edward Alden Jewell, an art critic dismissed abstraction when it first came out in the 1930s calling it decorative and imitative of European avant-garde, however called Fine's pieces "aplomb" and "native resourcefulness".
In 1947, Fine was featured in an issue of The New Iconograph which showcased nonobjective art and theory. It was written that even though she was a member of American Abstract Artists, her work was different in spirit than that of Ralston Crawford and Robert Motherwell. |
529_11 | It was in 1950 she was nominated by Willem de Kooning and then admitted to the 8th Street "Artists' Club", located at 39 East 8th Street. "Beginning in the mid-1950s, Fine's expressionist style began to loosen. She produced thick, heavily painted abstractions using harsh, jagged strokes with a loaded brush. Her focus was the two-dimensional plane: surface, texture and medium. Fine's palette in these often large- scale pieces was one of much more somber tones."
Perle Fine was chosen by her fellow artists to show in the Ninth Street Show held on May 21 – June 10, 1951.
The show was located at 60 East 9th Street on the first floor and the basement of a building which was about to be demolished. According to Bruce Altshuler:
The artists celebrated not only the appearance of the dealers, collectors and museum people on the 9th Street, and the consequent exposure of their work, but they celebrated the creation and the strength of a living community of significant dimensions. |
529_12 | Perle Fine participated from 1951 to 1957 in the invitational New York Painting and Sculpture Annuals, including the Ninth Street Show., She was among the 24 out of a total 256 New York School artists who was included in all the Annuals. These Annuals were important because the participants were chosen by the artists themselves. Other women artists who took part in all the shows were Elaine de Kooning, Grace Hartigan, and Joan Mitchell.
In the 1950s Fine moved to the Springs, section of East Hampton on the eastern end of Long Island where Jackson Pollock, Lee Krasner. Willem de Kooning, Conrad Marca-Relli and other members of the New York School found permanent residence.
At the 1958 exhibition her paintings offered "abstract intimations of nature ... This perception was reinforced by Fine's inclusion in "Nature in Abstraction: The Relation of Abstract Painting and sculpture to nature and twentieth century American art. |
529_13 | The 1960s marked her re-entry into a profoundly changed New York art scene, she encountered more galleries and new art styles. "Fine had 4 solo shows at the Graham Gallery (1961, 1963, 1964, 1967) with a major shift in her style, with a reintroduction of horizontals and verticals, announced Fine's intention to convey ... 'an emotion about color'."
Fine began to teach in 1961, as a visiting critic and lecturer at Cornell Universitywhich was when Hofstra University approached her with an offer which is where she taught privately from 1962 to 1973.
Perle Fine stated the following:
" I never thought of myself as a student or teacher, but as a painter. When I paint something I am very much aware of the future. If I feel something will not stand up 40 years from now, I am not interested in doing that kind of thing." |
529_14 | In 1965, she developed a severe case of mononucleosis it was then that she took up making wood collages, employing curvilinear forms. Fine went on to win an award at the annual Guild Hall Artist Members' Exhibition in 1978.
"Although the last few years of her life were lost to Alzheimer's disease, she dies fulfilled in her art." Perle Fine died of pneumonia on May 31, 1988, at the age of 83 in East Hampton, New York.
For Fine "Abstract Expressionism had never been a form of open rebellion against earlier styles, but rather a beautiful, unexplored country." |
529_15 | Visual Analysis |
529_16 | As she became a more well-known artist, Perle Fine embodied the characteristics of Abstract Expressionism. She allowed her knowledge of modern European masters to help inspire her style as she explored the depths of human emotion and energy. During the 1940s, Cézanne's work was prevalent in Fine's development as an artist. She took into consideration the way he developed an order from nature and took control of the canvas, therefore she was able to form images in their own space on the canvas. Perle Fine described modern and abstract art to be rather complicated and an ability to execute when facing problems. To Fine, color was very important and it was a way to express emotion. Some of her works were more saturated to show emotion and contrasts with the use of muted color, this shows “different spatial and emotional qualities”. Peters explains some of visual analysis in her book “Cool Series. She explains a piece done by Fine, Untitled, that a yellow rectangle is pushing into the |
529_17 | foreground while in another piece a deep dark brown/ green sits farther in the background. Her brushstrokes also tend to display a variety of emotions such as crisp and clean lines and some are soft and airy. She uses wet on wet paint to create a look of fluidity and draws the paint out to the outer edges. This gives a look of sunlight is shining upon grass with most of the content appearing on the outer edge to give it an environmental atmosphere. Some may say that Fine’s work was a precursor for artist like Joan Mitchell and Helen Frankenthaler. |
529_18 | Because Fine was able to self-isolate in The Spring of East Hamptons, she was able to take inspiration from her surroundings such as the ocean and the nature that surrounded her. It is said that although “Fine was adamant that her works were solely based of the way her materials interacted, people felt that it was hard to not see the connections she made with her surrounding in The Springs. Fine once stated, “For me reality exists in the aura of the unknown. The spell-binding quality, the one that beckons and holds, the unpremeditated, the nameless, touched off perhaps by some transcendental experience but guided by a poetic and creative mind- these are the things hidden beneath the surface”. |
529_19 | The Prescience Series – 1950s
During the 1950s, Fine was inspired by the ideas of Hans Hofmann and the harmony and tension of combining color and shape. Fine was able to evolve using color to express means of its own. Fine started playing with act of staining and contrasting levels of translucency along with the uses reduction and positive and negative space, some may say that her works were similar to Mark Rothko and this might have been because they were close friends at the time. This series of work by Fine was known for their breadth, openness and subtle layering of colors and the way the materials interacted.
The Cool Series 1961-1980
Her Cool Series of 1961-1663 represented a break away from the Abstract Expressionist works of her earlier years. She Stated, that the paintings were a “growth” rather than a “departure”, developing from “a need within the painting to express more.” |
529_20 | The Cool Series was created while Fine was living in isolation in the Springs of East Hampton. It is said in “The Cool Series” that during this time, artists stepped away from the soul-baring of action painting to let their images speak for themselves. The name “Cool Series” came from her awareness that the word “cool” had come to mean a new type of art during the time. It was free from psychological self-examination that could involve just the viewer in a direct emotional and intellectual experience. It was simply about how the viewer interacted with the color and space. Through these aspects alone, this allowed viewers a “visceral, spiritual experience.” The Cool Series concentrated solely on the imagery to rectangles and squares placed in a juxtaposition using mostly monochromatic color pallets. “Out of revelation, which game about through endless probing, came revolution”. |
529_21 | The Accordment Series 1969–1980
The Accordment Series was said to be a culmination of all the modes of paintings that came before from Fine. It was named Accordment which meant an agreement or acceptance and had a defined connection with Minimalism. Kathleen Housley states in Tranquil Power, “Close in age and in temperament, Fine and Agnes Martin shared many similarities, one being that their art was routinely described by critics as “atmospheric and classic” Both Martin and Fine were artist that appeared together in a group show at the Whitney Museum in 1962 in Geometric Abstraction in America. Perle's style is set apart by her minimalist tendencies, using colorful line work, planes of color and her distinct sweeping brushstrokes that are seen in her work. |
529_22 | The Accordment Series was said to be a culmination of all the modes of paintings that came before from Fine. It was named Accordment which meant an agreement or acceptance and had a defined connection with Minimalism. Kathleen Housley states in Tranquil Power, “Close in age and in temperament, Fine and Agnes Martin shared many similarities, one being that their art was routinely described by critics as “atmospheric and classic” Both Martin and Fine were artist that appeared together in a group show at the Whitney Museum in 1962 in Geometric Abstraction in America. Perle's style is set apart by her minimalist tendencies, using colorful line work, planes of color and her distinct sweeping brushstrokes that are seen in her work. |
529_23 | While Fine was painting this collection, she was also teaching at Hofstra University from 1962 to 1973. She was then honored with an exhibition at Guild Hall Museum in East Hampton in 1978 and emphasized her current bodies of work in this collection. David Dietcher, a curator said “bands of color produce luminosity that seems to emanate from within the grid itself”. |
529_24 | Selected Collections
Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, Massachusetts
Arkansas Art Center, Little Rock
Ball State Museum of Art, Muncie, IndianaBrandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
Brooklyn Museum, New York
Cheekwood Botanical Garden and Museum of Art, Nashville, Tennessee
Guild Hall, East Hampton, New York
Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Hofstra University Museum, Hempstead, New York
Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indiana
Indiana University Art Museum, Bloomington
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Museum of Fine Art, St. Petersburg, Florida
Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute, Utica, New York
National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
New York University Art Collection
Parrish Art Museum, Water Mill, New York
Principia College, Saint Louis, Missouri
Provincetown Art Association Museum, Massachusetts
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Sheldon Art Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska |
529_25 | Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, Massachusetts
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
University of California, Berkeley
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
Weatherspoon Art Museum, University of North Carolina, Greensboro
Worcester Art Museum, Massachusetts |
529_26 | Selected solo exhibitions
1945: Marian Willard Gallery, NY;
1946–47: Nierendorf Gallery, NYC;
1947: M.H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, Ca;
1949, 1951–53: Betty Parsons Gallery, NY;
1955, 58: Tanager Gallery, NYC;
1961, 63, 64, 67: Graham Gallery, NY;
1972: Joan Washburn Gallery, NY;
1978: "Major Works: 1954–1978: A Selection of Drawings, Paintings, and Collages," Guild Hall Museum, East Hampton, NY.
2015: "Perle Fine," Berry Campbell, New York
2017: "Perle Fine: Prescience Series," Berry Campbell, New York
2020: "Perle Fine: Accordment Series," Berry Campbell, New York |
529_27 | Selected group exhibitions
1943: The Art of This Century, NYC
1946, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 58, 61, 72: Whitney Museum of American Art, Annuals and Biennials, NY;
1947–52: Painting toward architecture, (Miller Company Collection of Abstract Art), 28(+) venues in US;
1950: "American Painting Today 1950," The Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC;
1951, 1953–57: Ninth Street Exhibition, the first and subsequent 5 "New York Painting and Sculpture Annual," Stable Gallery, NY;
1951–52: "Paintings from the Miller Company Collection". Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, MA. (December 3, 1951 – January 23, 1952);
1958: "Nature in Abstraction; The Relation of Abstract Painting and Sculpture to Nature in Twentieth-Century American Art," circ., Whitney Museum of American Art, NYC;
1961–62: "The Art of Assemblage," circ., Museum of Modern Art, NY;
1963–64: "Hans Hofmann and His Students," circ., Museum of Modern Art, NYC; |
529_28 | 1967: "Selection 1967: Recent Acquisitions in Modern Art," University Art Museum, University of California, Berkeley;
1984: "The Return of Abstraction," Ingber Gallery, NY;
1990: "East Hampton Avant-Garde; A Salute to the Signa Gallery," Guild Hall Museum, East Hampton, NY;
1994: "Reclaiming Artists of the New York School. Toward a More Inclusive View of the 1950s", Baruch College City University, New York City; "New York-Provincetown: A 50s Connection", Provincetown Art Association and Museum, Provincetown, Massachusetts;
2004: "Reuniting an Era Abstract Expressionists of the 1950s.", Rockford Art Museum, Rockford, Illinois.
2011: "Black And – -", Anita Shapolsky Gallery, New York City, NY
2016: "Women of Abstract Expressionism," Denver Art Museum, Colorado
2017: "Women in Abstract Expressionism", Palm Springs Art Museum, Palm Springs, California
2019: "Sparkling Amazons: Abstract Expressionist Women of the 9th St." The Katonah Museum of Art, Westchester County, NY. |
529_29 | 2019: "Postwar Women:alumnae of the Art Students League of New York 1945–1965", Phyllis Harriman Gallery, Art Students League of NY; curated by Will Corwin.
2020: "9th Street Club", Gazelli Art House, London; curated by Will Corwin. |
529_30 | See also
Abstract expressionism
Action painting
New York School
9th Street Art Exhibition
References
Books |
529_31 | Anderson, Janet A. Women in the fine arts : a bibliography and illustration guide (Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland, 1991)
Chiarmonte, Paula. Women artists in the United States : a selective bibliography and resource guide on the fine and decorative arts, 1750–1986 (Boston, Mass. : G.K. Hall, 1990.)
Gibson, Ann Eden Abstract expressionism : other politics (New Haven, CT : Yale University Press, 1997.)
Gibson, Ann Eden. Issues in abstract expressionism : the artist-run periodicals (Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI Research Press, 1990.)
Herskovic, Marika New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists, (New York School Press, 2000.) . p. 16; p. 37; p. 138–141
Herskovic, Marika. American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey, (New York School Press, 2003.) . p. 126–129
Herskovic, Marika. American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism: Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless (New York School Press, 2009.) . p. 88–91 |
529_32 | Housley, Kathleen L. The Tranquil Power of Perle Fine's Art (Woman's Art Journal, Spring – Summer, 2003, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 3–10
Housley, Kathleen L. Tranquil Power: The Art and Life of Perle Fine (New York City : Midmarch Arts Press, 2005)
Rosenberg, Harold. The anxious object; art today and its audience (New York, Horizon Press [1964]
Rubinstein, Charlotte Streifer. American Women Artists: from early Indian times to the present (New York, N.Y. : Avon ; Boston, Mass. : G.K. Hall, 1982.) |
529_33 | External links
1905 births
1988 deaths
Abstract expressionist artists
Modern painters
Artists from New York City
Art Students League of New York alumni
American women painters
People from Springs, New York
20th-century American painters
20th-century American women artists
American women printmakers
20th-century American printmakers
Burials at Green River Cemetery |
530_0 | This is a table of notable people affiliated with Ohio Wesleyan University, including graduates, former students, and former professors. Some noted current faculty are also listed in the main University article. Individuals are sorted by category and alphabetized within each category. |
530_1 | Academics
William Hsiao, Class of 1963 – Professor of Economics, Harvard University School of Public Health
Alexander Brown Mackie, 1916 – founder of Brown Mackie College
Judith McCulloh, B.A. – Folklorist, ethnomusicologist, and university press editor
Edward D. Miller, MD 1964 – Chief Executive Officer of Johns Hopkins Medicine, 1997–2012
James B. Preston, M.D. - Professor and Chairman of the Department of Physiology at SUNY Upstate Medical University
Ram Samudrala, 1993, PhD – Professor and Chief, Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, University at Buffalo
Robert M. Stein – Lena Gohlman Fox Professor of Political Science, Dean of Rice University School of Social Sciences, 1995–2006
Ezra Vogel, Class of 1950 – professor emeritus, Harvard University; author of Japan's New Middle Class (1963), Japan as Number One (1979), [he Four Little Dragons (1991) and Is Japan Still Number One? (2000) |
530_2 | Nobel Prize winners
Frank Sherwood Rowland, Class of 1948–1995 Chemistry Nobel
Science
Helen Blair Bartlett, class of 1927 - geologist and mineralogist
Hü King Eng, Class of 1888 - physician and second Chinese woman to attend university in the USA.
Gerald Gordon May, 1962 – psychiatrist and theologian
Ram Samudrala, Class of 1993 – pioneering researcher in protein and proteome structure, function, interaction, and evolution; recipient of 2010 NIH Director's Pioneer Award, 2005 NSF CAREER Award, and 2002 Searle Scholar Award; named to MIT Technology Reviews 2003 list of Top Young Innovators in the World (TR100) |
530_3 | Education
Guy Potter Benton – president of Miami University, University of Vermont and University of the Philippines
Isaac Crook, Class of 1856 – president of Ohio University, Ohio, 1896–1898
George Richmond Grose – president of Depauw University, Indiana, 1912–1924
Edwin Holt Hughes – president of Depauw University, Indiana, 1903–1909
Francis John McConnell – president of Depauw University, Indiana, 1909–1912
Benjamin T. Spencer – author of The Quest for Nationality: An American Literary Campaign
Thomas R. Tritton – president of Haverford College, Pennsylvania, 1997–2007 |
530_4 | Sports
John Barry Clemens – former professional basketball player; attended Ohio Wesleyan before being drafted by the NBA's New York Knicks in 1965; had 11-year career with five teams: the Knicks, the Chicago Bulls, the Seattle SuperSonics, the Cleveland Cavaliers, and the Portland Trail Blazers; retired in 1976 with career totals of 5,316 points and 2,526 rebounds
Tim Corbin, Class of 1984 – college baseball coach for Vanderbilt Commodores baseball, coached 2014 and 2019 NCAA Division I Baseball Championship teams; 3x SEC Coach of the year
Scott Googins, Class of 1992 – college baseball coach for Xavier
George Little, Class of 1912 – football coach for University of Cincinnati, Miami University, University of Michigan and University of Wisconsin–Madison; inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1955
Ken Redick – basketball coach and father of JJ Redick |
530_5 | Branch Rickey, Class of 1904 – general manager of the Saint Louis Cardinals, Brooklyn Dodgers, and Pittsburgh Pirates; pioneered the farm system and racially integrated Major League Baseball by signing Jackie Robinson for the Dodgers
Keith Rucker, Class of 1993 – nose guard; five-plus seasons in the NFL; played for Cincinnati Bengals, Philadelphia Eagles, Washington Redskins, and Kansas City Chiefs
Phil "Lefty" Saylor, Class of 1890 – pitcher; first quarterback in OWU football history
Olin Smith – former professional football player; played in eight games in the early NFL; played for the Cleveland Bulldogs in 1924
Ed Westfall – former quarterback and running back in the NFL; played for the Boston Braves/Redskins and the Pittsburgh Pirates
Andy Winters – Class of 2013, Head Men's Basketball Coach of the Otterbein Cardinals and former point guard and assistant coach; played for the Battling Bishops and coached the Capital Crusaders. |
530_6 | Politics
Horace Newton Allen, Class of 1878 – diplomat
Kathryn Barger, Class of 1983 - Los Angeles County’s Fifth District Supervisor
William G. Batchelder, Class of 1966 – member of Ohio House of Representatives
Hiram Pitt Bennet – Congressional delegate from the Territory of Colorado; Colorado Secretary of State
Samuel G. Cosgrove – sixth Governor of the state of Washington
Charles Vernon Culver – U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania
Samuel Hitt Elbert, Class of 1854 – sixth governor of the Territory of Colorado, 1873–1874
Jo Ann Emerson – US Representative, Missouri, 8th District
Charles Fairbanks, Class of 1872 – Vice President of the United States under Theodore Roosevelt
Arthur Flemming, Class of 1927 – former Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare; served under presidents Franklin Roosevelt through Ronald Reagan; served as president of University of Oregon, Ohio Wesleyan University, and Macalester College
Joseph B. Foraker – 37th Governor of Ohio; U.S. Senator |
530_7 | Paul Gillmor - U.S. Representative from Ohio, 5th District; President of the Ohio Senate
Nehemiah Green – 4th Governor of Kansas
John Marshall Hamilton – 18th Governor of Illinois
Lucy Webb Hayes, Class of 1850 – wife of Rutherford B. Hayes, U.S. President, 1877–1881
Myron T. Herrick – 42nd governor of Ohio
John W. Hoyt – third Governor of Wyoming Territory
John W. McCormick – U.S. Representative from Ohio
Masa Nakayama, Class of 1916 – first female cabinet minister in Japan
Rudolph Schlabach – Wisconsin lawyer and legislator
William E. Stanley – fifteenth Governor of Kansas
George Washington Steele – first Governor of Oklahoma Territory
Shirin Tahir-Kheli, Class of 1961 – Special Assistant to the President and National Security Council
Michael van der Veen, attorney for former President Donald Trump |
530_8 | Social activists
Mabel Cratty, Class of 1890 – leader of Young Women's Christian Association in its early days
Mary King, Class of 1962 – civil rights activist
Mildred Gillars, Class of 1918 and 1973. Broadcaster of Nazi propaganda under the name "Axis Sally" during World War II. Convicted of treason and incarcerated.
Literature
Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd – novelist and editor of the early 20th century
Mary Bigelow Ingham, writer, educator, social reformer
Robert E. Lee, Class of 1939 – playwright and lyricist
James Oberg, Class of 1966 – expert on space; author; TV personality
Richard North Patterson, Class of 1968 – author
Imad Rahman – Pakistani-American fiction writer, author of I Dream of Microwaves
Maggie Smith, Class of 1999 - poet, freelance writer, and editor, born in Columbus
May Alden Ward - Class of 1872 – author
Martha Wintermute (1842–1918) – author and poet |
530_9 | Arts and entertainment
Matt Furie, Class of 2001 - creator of Pepe the Frog
Fred Baron, Class of 1976 – producer of Moulin Rouge; executive producer for the BBS According to Bex
Jim Berry, Class of 1955 – national newspaper cartoonist
Jim Graner, attended 1937–39 – weeknight TV sports anchor for WKYC TV-3; radio color commentator for the Cleveland Browns
Clark Gregg,Class of 1984 – actor, director, screenwriter, The New Adventures of Old Christine,"Marvel's Agents of SHIELD"What Lies Beneath, The West Wing, The Avengers
George Kirgo, attended 1944–45 – screenwriter, author, humorist, former WGAW president (1987 -1991), and founding member of the National Film Preservation Board of the Library of Congress
Ron Leibman, Class of 1958 – Emmy and Tony-winning actor, Angels in America, Norma Rae, Slaughterhouse Five, Friends
Wendie Malick, Class of 1972 – film, TV actor, Just Shoot Me, Dream On, The American President, Hot in Cleveland |
530_10 | Robert Pine, Class of 1963 – TV, film actor, CHiPs, Murder, She Wrote, Hoover vs. the Kennedys, Six Feet Under; father of actor Chris Pine
Art Sansom, Class of 1942 – creator of the daily comic strip The Born Loser
Trish Van Devere – actress, Curacao, Messenger of Death, Hollywood Vice Squad, Haunted
Salman Toor, class of 2006 - painter
Melvin Van Peebles, Class of 1953 – actor and director, Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971) |
530_11 | News
Mariana Gosnell, science journalist and book author
Byron Pitts, Class of 1982 – CBS News correspondent
Kenyon Farrow, Class of 1997 - Senior Editor at TheBody and TheBodyPro; healthcare journalist and equal rights activist |
530_12 | Religion/Ministry
Nathan Sites, graduated in 1859 - Methodist Episcopal missionary stationed at Foochow, China from 1861 to 1895.
Charles Wesley Brashares, 1914 – a bishop of the Methodist Church
Orville Nave – author of Nave's Topical Bible
Norman Vincent Peale, class of 1920 – author of The Power of Positive Thinking (which sold over 20 million copies in 41 languages); founder of Guideposts magazine; host of the weekly NBC radio program The Art of Living for 54 years; also wrote The Art of Living (1937), Confident Living (1948), and This Incredible Century (1991)
Ralph Washington Sockman – author; host of NBC's National Radio Pulpit, 1928–1962; minister of Christ Church, Methodist, New York City, 1916–1961
Joseph D. Cohen, class of 2005 - President Shomrim Society, New York City, 2017-2018 |
530_13 | Corporate leaders
Daniel Glaser, Class of 1982 – CEO of Marsh & McLennan Companies
Ira A. Lipman, founder and chairman of Guardsmark, later vice chairman of AlliedBarton.
Orra E. Monnette, Class of 1897 – author; banker; co-founder and co-chairman of Bank of America, Los Angeles
James J. Nance, Class of 1923 – industrialist; CEO of Hotpoint, Zenith and Packard Motors; Vice President of Ford Motor Company's Mercury-Edsel-Lincoln Division; Chairman of Central National Bank of Cleveland; first Chairman of the board of trustees of Cleveland State University; member of the board of trustees of Ohio Wesleyan University
Frank Stanton, Class of 1930 – CEO of CBS, 1945–1973
References
People
Ohio Wesleyan University people |
531_0 | The Melbourne Rebels is an Australian professional rugby union team based in Melbourne. They made their debut in SANZAR's Super Rugby tournament in 2011. They were the first privately owned professional rugby union team in Australia, until 2017 when shares in the franchise were returned to the Victorian Rugby Union. The club shares its name with a former Australian Rugby Championship team, but is unrelated. The team plays home matches at AAMI Park.
History
The era of professionalism in rugby union led to a restructuring of the Super 10 competition after the 1995 World Cup. SANZAR was formed to manage a 12-team provincial union from Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. During the early years of 2000s South Africa and Australia pushed for additional teams each. Argentina also expressed interest. Discussions also included a federated Pacific Islands team in the vein of the West Indies cricket team, or individual island nations. |
531_1 | Bids for the 13th and 14th franchise opened in 2002. Melbourne had, to that point, successfully hosted several Wallaby test matches which the Victorian Rugby Union used to demonstrate a ground swell of support for rugby union by the Victorian public. Melbourne also hosted several World Cup matches hosted at Docklands Stadium and drew 50,000 to the final day of the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games Rugby 7s.
The then Bracks government promised investment in infrastructure, considering a 25,000 seat redevelopment of Olympic Park Stadium or $100m for a new stadium. The successful bid went to Western Australia, ultimately becoming the Western Force for the 2004 Super 14 season. |
531_2 | In 2006 the Australian Rugby Union, following the suggestions of a working party, announced the formation of a national domestic competition. The Melbourne Rebels were established for the inaugural season of the Australian Rugby Championship by virtue of NSW surrendering a fourth team in favour of Victoria. Coached by Bill Millard and captained by David Croft, the Rebels finished fourth (out of 8) and were runners up. The move was viewed as an interim step to a Super 14 franchise.
The VRU bid twice for a team in SANZAR's 'Super' provincial competition before being accepted for the 2011 season. Their winning bid was named after the team they fielded in the ARC.
On 29 July, at the Victorian Rugby Union's quarterly corporate luncheon, the Melbourne Rebels and the Victorian Rugby Union launched the playing strip, logo and club song "Do You Hear the People Sing?" from Les Misérables. |
531_3 | The 15th licence
With SANZAR announcing a restructure while renegotiating broadcast rights, an additional licence was created. Ten bids were received: seven from Australia, two from New Zealand (Hawkes Bay and Taranaki) and the Southern Kings from South Africa.
The Australian expressions of interest included three from Victoria, one from Western Sydney, one from the Gold Coast, the New South Wales Country Rugby Union (backed by John Singleton) and a second Queensland team.
Three expressions of interest came out of Victoria for new Super licence- the Vic Super 15 headed by Mark Ella and backed by Kevin Maloney along with three former VRU directors, a Belgravia Group bid led by Geoff Lord (on behalf of the Melbourne Victory) and the Melbourne Rebels bid from the Victorian Rugby Union with backing from media magnate Harold Mitchell with assistance from corporate consultants, including KPMG. |
531_4 | On 12 August 2009, the Australian Rugby Union endorsed Victoria as Australia's sole candidate state for the new licence in the Australian conference in the expanded 2011 Super Rugby competition.
They attempted to broker a deal that would consolidate the three bids as a singular entity that they hoped would be "overwhelmingly successful". The Melbourne Rebels bid petitioned the ARU to submit only one of the three bids to SANZAR.
The efforts to amalgamate these bids was fraught with politics. Investment banker John Wylie brokered a tentative agreement between the Melbourne Rebels and the Vic Super 15 that was announced at the 2009 Weary Dunlop Luncheon. |
531_5 | Given that SANZAR could not reach a unanimous decision the matter was sent to arbitration. The arbitrators felt that the Southern Kings' bid was more advanced with regard to business and financial planning and organisation structure and governance. They also felt that the Southern Kings also had a stronger player base and rugby tradition. Revenue however, from the sale of broadcasting rights to Australasian broadcasters, would be reduced by US$15–20m over the course of a five-year agreement should the 15th team be resident in South Africa. |
531_6 | On 12 November 2009, after an arbitration process between themselves and South Africa's Southern Kings, Victoria was awarded the 15th Super Rugby licence, as it was considered more financially viable to SANZAR. The bid was provisionally offered to the Vicsuper 15 consortium but when the ARU declined to offer a AUD4.3m grant commensurate with funding supplied to the other Australian franchise, the Mark Ella led consortium withdrew its bid. The licence was subsequently awarded to the Victorian Rugby Union's Melbourne Rebels. |
531_7 | Establishment
The ownership licence was handed to Harold Mitchell's consortium on 5 January 2010. The following day the ARU announced restrictions on the Rebels, gagging the franchise from announcing their signings from other Australian Super rugby team players until 1 June 2010. The Melbourne Rebels and the Rugby Union Players Association threatened legal action and successful had the embargo moved to 15 March.
Rod Macqueen was appointed Head Coach, and Director of Coaching, 12 January. Macqueen is former coach or the winning World Cup Wallabies, and is a former Brumbies administrator. Damien Hill, three time Shute Shield Sydney University coach, became Macqueen's assistant. Former Western Force CEO Greg Harris was appointed general manager, Football Operations. |
531_8 | Brian Waldron was initially appointed CEO, but resigned in April after being implicated in salary cap rorting while CEO of the Melbourne Storm. Auditor were called to examine Waldron's signings to ensure, as Wilson put it, "[Rebels] procedures are in accordance with the [ARU] protocols."
Pat Wilson, a former CEO of the Manly Sea Eagles and NSW Waratahs, and former ARU general manager of high performance became interim CEO in April, until Ross Oakley was appointed in September. Oakley is a former AFL CEO and current CEO of the Victorian Rugby Union. Mitchell said he expected the Rebels to retain Wilson in some capacity.
In September 2011 Oakley stood down from the Rebels and was succeeded by Steven Boland as CEO. The Rebels announced the succession plan, citing Boland's credentials as an executive at Visy and Veolia, and his presidency of the Parramatta Rugby Club during its rebuilding phase. |
531_9 | On 15 April 2013, Harold Mitchell announced that CEO Steve Boland had resigned, citing other opportunities. On 17 April, the Rebels announced the appointment of interim CEO Rob Clarke. Clarke, who had been CEO of the ACT Brumbies between 2003 and 2005 and chief operating officer of the Australian Rugby Union 2006–07, will fill the role until season's end.
Eddie Jones said the Rebels should not have been added to Super Rugby: "The reason they're in is because of TV rights. The current 14-team competition is just starting to find its feet [and the] addition of another Australian franchise is not good for Australian [or Super] rugby ..." Jones went on: "Another Australian side is just going to weaken the third and fourth teams. ... It's unrealistic for Australia to have five teams and it will be bad for Wallaby rugby in the short-term, for the next 10 to 15 years." |
531_10 | Contrary to Jones, Wallabies coach Robbie Deans stated the side's vast experience was an asset and predicted the Rebels could be competitive from the outset.
Foundation Team
The first signing was London Wasps fly half Danny Cipriani initially slated to play at fullback, a position he's played on occasion for the Wasps. Prop Laurie Weeks signed 18 March. Welsh number 8 Gareth Delve signed 28 March saying, "The opportunity to test myself alongside the best players in world rugby in a competition I have grown up admiring, was one I couldn't refuse." Stirling Mortlock signed 31 March, in a three-year deal for an undisclosed sum. |
531_11 | Jarrod Saffy became the first Rebel to 'convert' from rugby league. The ARU was reluctant to allow the Rebels to sign rugby league players, due to a high number of converts returning to league.<ref
name="saffy"></ref> In the case of Saffy they made an exception, considering his selection in the Australian school boys, the Australian U21s and the Australian Sevens sides.
Transfer of Shares to VRU
On 27 June 2013, the RaboDirect Rebels announced that foundation shareholders Harold Mitchell AC, Bob Dalziel, Lyndsey Cattermole, Alan Winney, Ralph D'Silva, Gary Gray, Paul Kirk, Leon L'Huillier, David Ogilvy and Michael Bartlett had signed a term sheet dealing with the 100% transfer of their shares to the Victorian Rugby Union. The decision was made to promote the growth of Rugby in Victoria, with both the community and professional arms working together on joint objectives. |
531_12 | As part of the transfer of ownership, Melbourne Rebels chairman Harold Mitchell AC passed on his legacy to new chairman, Mr Jonathan Ling. The two organizations combined operations, with Rob Clarke becoming CEO for both organizations, and Ross Oakley OAM stepping away from his role as VRU CEO.
Sale in 2015
The Rebels proved to be a financial drain on the Australian Rugby Union; the franchise was responsible for more than half of the ARU's deficit of A$6.3 million in fiscal 2014. In June 2015, the ARU announced that the Rebels had been purchased by locally based Imperium Sports Management. The ARU is understood to have spent $15.6 million in the franchise. |
531_13 | 2017 and the threat of Super Rugby axe
During the 2017 season the ARU announced that one Australian franchise would be axed from Super Rugby, as the competition was trimmed to 15 teams. They announced that either the Rebels or the Western Force were at threat of the axe hoping to come to a decision by April at the latest. Rebels CEO Andrew Cox sold the franchise back to the Victorian Rugby Union for $1 in an attempt to protect and 'save' the Rebels as the VRU were unlikely to sell the franchise to the ARU as they would axe it, whereas crucially the Force were owned solely by the ARU. On 10 August the Force were instead axed from Super Rugby with the Rebels surviving as a Super Rugby side.
Name and colours |
531_14 | The Rebels name was chosen for the Melbourne ARC team in consultation with the local rugby community; VRU officials decided on the Rebels name in reference to Victoria's first Wallaby, Sir Edward "Weary" Dunlop. Chris "Buddha" Handy said at the launch, that "like the great Weary Dunlop, Victorian rugby has a history of daring to be different, a touch of the larrikin, and always having a go. These qualities are what you want in a Rebel and characterise the way Victoria is successfully tackling this historic year." The name was retained for the Super team.
The Melbourne Rebels and the Victorian Rugby Union launched the Super Rugby logo and jersey at the Weary Dunlop lunch on 29 July 2010. The logo's five stars represent the Rebel creed: Respect (yourself and the opposition), Excellence (highest standards in everything we do), Balance (sport and life, determination and humility), Ethos (team first, 'we, not me'), Leadership (challenge the status quo). |
531_15 | The Rebels colours are based on the state of Victoria's traditional colour of navy blue. Both the logo and kit heavily feature navy blue, while the iconic five stars that run vertically down the centre of both are white, also a traditional Victorian colour. Red has also been incorporated to give the Rebels their own uniqueness and to slightly differ them to other Victorian-based sporting clubs.
The home kit is predominantly navy blue with navy blue shorts and socks, and also features red and white trimmings. The away kit is mainly white, but has navy blue hoops (similar to that of the Melbourne Rebels team which competed in the ARC), grey sleeves and a red trim. The kits are manufactured by BLK.
Franchise area |
531_16 | The Rebels represent Victoria in the Super Rugby provincial tournament. The franchise area includes the 25 Victorian senior clubs of the Victorian Rugby Union, who view the Rebels as the final step for elite Victorian players to representative rugby. The 2010 state trials experienced a huge increase in participation, attributed to the establishment of the Rebels.
In addition to representing Victoria and the Victorian Rugby Union sides, the Rebels sought to build player pathways for South Australian rugby players. They developed a Memorandum of Understanding with the South Australian Rugby Union in 2011, with Brighton Rugby Club lock Andrew Brown being selected to play in the Rebels reserve side against Sydney Rugby Union representative side.
Stadium and facilities
The Melbourne Rebels play their home games at AAMI Park in inner Melbourne's Sport and Entertainment Precinct. The stadium has a capacity of 30,050, but is decreased slightly to 29,500 seats for Super Rugby matches. |
531_17 | The stadium officially opened 8 May 2010 after the Victorian government looked to build a specialised rectangular arena in Melbourne to accommodate the growing sports of soccer, rugby league and rugby union, and to also complement the circular MCG and Etihad Stadium.
AAMI Park was designed by Cox Architects (Sydney), with input from Waratah and former Wallaby prop Al Baxter.
Rebels training and administration will be based in Carlton North, in a specially upgraded facility at Princes Park stadium, which also hosts the Carlton Football Club.
Supporters
In April 2009, Neville Howard and Gavin Norman created an independent supporter group to grow awareness of the bid at a grassroots level. The Rebel Army networked via Facebook and Twitter; in early 2011 the Facebook page was 'liked' by 4500 fans and 600 Twitter followers. |
531_18 | The Herald Sun's Russell Gould compared the Rebel Army with Melbourne Storm's banner crew. Gould interviewed Rebel Army founder Gavin Norman who said: "The Rebels and the Waratahs have been talking up the interstate rivalries ... We are trying to make it a bit more tribal."
After the licence was awarded to Australia and subsequently Melbourne, Victoria, the group became the Rebel Army, and were acknowledged on the Rebel website by hooker and media columnist Adam Freier who wrote:
"There are two types of people who watch sport. Their worth to us as players are equal, but there are some subtle differences. There are supporters and then there are fans- the fanatics who are crazy about their sport and team. The Rebel Army are beyond both ... My team mates and I love the fact that The Rebel Army are bridging the gap and making it easier for the players to follow our supporters." |
531_19 | Adam Freier also referenced the Army in his column on 'Rugby Heaven' (Fairfax) "The Rebel Army motto is "by the fans for the fans" ... Never have I been a prouder player as I walk past the clan at the games, and never have I felt so normal when I swing by and have a chat. They are very much part of the Rebels team."
Other sport reporters including Wide World of Sports Matt McKay, and The Roar's Brett McKay. McKay wrote:
"I’ve given the Rebel Army numerous raps this season, all of them well deserved. I think what they’ve brought to Australian Rugby has been a breath of fresh air within an environment that has ferociously stuck to its tweed coat and chardonnay stereotypes."
Seasons
Pre-season 2011
The Rebels played two pre-season games against Tonga, and one against Fiji, before facing the Crusaders (New Zealand), a fortnight before Round One. |
531_20 | The Rebels won both games against Tonga, 43–13 at Olympic Park and 54–0 at La Trobe City Stadium in Morwell, playing two uncontracted amateur players from Victorian Rugby Union clubs; Chris Slade from the Melbourne Unicorns and Sam Latunipulu Jnr from the Southern Districts Pirates.
Coach Macqueen said, after the contests with Tonga: "We were looking to try a few different things and a lot of them came off, so overall, we were happy with the performance; ... it's not about winning and losing, it's about trialling things under pressure. [We had pressure and] started to see a lot of the team structure, too, a lot of phases of play coming off. ... We are about to enter into one of the toughest competitions in world rugby. If we were playing like we are now, we wouldn't be successful ..." |
531_21 | 2011 |
531_22 | The Rebels inaugural season kicked off on 18 February, with a Round One match against the Waratahs (NSW) at home, in front of over 24,000 people. The Rebels made four changes to the starting 15 to take on the Brumbies on 25 February, in front of over 14,000 people. Huxley moved to inside centre (number 12), allowing Mark Gerrard to make his debut at full back. Danny Cipriani and Nick Phipps also took their places in the run-on 15 for their first times. It was Cipriani who scored the first points for the Rebels, with a successful penalty kick in the 15th minute. Captain Stirling Mortlock scored the Rebels' first try with eight minutes to go, to put the team in front 22–19. Shortly after, Brumbies' winger Henry Speight scored a controversial try, off what appeared to be a clear forward pass, and the Brumbies were ahead 24–22. In the final minute of the game, the Brumbies gave away a penalty 37 metres out from the Rebels line, after some push and shove in a Brumbies scrum. Danny Cipriani |
531_23 | slotted the penalty, handing Melbourne their debut Super Rugby win, 25 points to 24. |
531_24 | The Rebels won their Round Six home-game against the Wellington Hurricanes, and their Round Seven clash against the Western Force. For Rounds 13 and 14 the Rebels travelled to South Africa for games against the Bulls and the Cheetahs. The Rebels lost 47–10 to the Bulls, yet Bulls coach Frans Ludeke expressed confidence that the Rebels could experience a rapid rise. |
531_25 | Post season 2011 |
531_26 | The Rebels finished 15th on the overall competition log and last in the Australian conference winning 3 games (eclipsing the Western Force's 1 win, 2 draws and 10 losses) and falling 3 log points short the Cheetahs debut season (who won 5 and lost 8 incurring 27 log points). The franchise announced the morning after their final round loss to the Western Force they had signed a two-year deal with James O'Connor and Mitch Inman in addition to Kurtley Beale from the Waratahs. Rod Macqueen stepped down as head coach to take up a place on the board of directors and was succeeded as head coach by former assistant Damien Hill. There were three retirees from the inaugural squad; Kevin O'Neill, Greg Somerville and Sam Cordingley while Luke Rooney returned to French rugby club Toulon. The Rebels announced a week-long post season tour; playing Bath, Worcester and European champions Leinster. At the 2011 Australian Super Rugby Awards Rebels incumbent scrumhalf Nick Phipps won the Australian |
531_27 | conference Rookie of the year award. New Senior Coach John Muggleton joined the Rebels as defence specialist after coaching Georgia at the 2011 Rugby World Cup. |
531_28 | 2012
It took until Round 5 for the Rebels to win under new coach Damien Hill. They would go on to win a further 3 games including a comeback win against the Crusaders and a first ever victory against the Auckland Blues in round 7. Kurtley Beale was named player's player of the year while Gareth Delve won the people's player of the year award. Caderyn Neville won Rookie of the year. Overall the Rebels finished 13th in the table. |
531_29 | 2013
The Rebels in 2013 were bolstered by the signings of Scott Higginbotham and Japanese hooker Shota Horie and these signings helped them achieve a 12th-place finish, securing a franchise record 36 points. The secured their first victory over a South African side when the defeated the Stormers and also claimed the Weary Dunlop shield when they defeated the NSW Waratahs. In 2013 the Rebels also hosted the touring British & Irish Lions side, although they were defeated 35–0 at AAMI Park. At the conclusion of the season that the Rebels had transferred their shares to the Victorian Rugby Union after three seasons of private ownership. |
531_30 | 2014
2014 saw change for the Rebels with Tony McGahan taking over from Hill as head coach and 15 Rebels making their debuts across the season. Despite this upheaval the Rebels still secured 4 wins including a 35–14 win against the Cheetahs, their highest ever winning margin, and a first victory over the Queensland Reds. 2014 could be seen as a season of near misses though for the Rebels as they either defeated or secured a losing bonus point against 6 of the 8 top finishers in the table that season. |
531_31 | 2015
The Rebels in 2015 was a settled outfit with 20 of the players from the previous season being retained. Young players including Jack Debreczeni, Nic Stirzaker and Sean McMahon all flourished as the Rebels secured 7 wins across the season, the most in a season since its inception. They achieved their first ever overseas victory against the Crusaders and 5 Rebels were selected for a preliminary Australia squad in July. At the conclusion of the 2015 season the Rebels were sold to Imperium Sports Management led by Andrew Cox. |
531_32 | 2016
The 2016 season started with the Rebels signing two local talents, Sione Tuipulotu and Rob Leota, who would become the first players to come from the Victorian rugby system to play for the Rebels. The Rebels also signed Reece Hodge from the pathway although he was not a local player. The Rebels won 3 of their first 4 games and after defeating the Cheetahs in round 9 were top of the Australian conference, however an injury crisis would see them fall to 3rd in the Australian conference and 12th overall. |
531_33 | 2017 |
531_34 | 2017 was a season of struggle for the Rebels, as the threat of the axe by the ARU hung over their head across the season, and a horrific run of injuries saw 39 different players play across the season, and a further 13 signed to help deal with this injury crisis. The Rebels had recruited strongly in the off season with Welsh international Dominic Day, Japanese international Amanaki Mafi and NRL star Marika Koroibete joining along with a selection of young talent including another young Victorian talent Jordan Uelese, who would win his first Australian cap at the end of the season. Kiwi fly-half Jackson Garden-Bachop would become the 100th player to represent the Rebels, while the only remaining foundation player, Laurie Weeks, became the most capped player. The Rebels only won once across the season, a 19–17 victory against the Brumbies, while there was also a 9–9 draw against the Sharks in Durban as the Rebels finished 18th and bottom of the Super Rugby ladder. The threat of the axe |
531_35 | from Super Rugby continued to hang over the Rebels well into the off season when it was announced that the Western Force would be axed and the Rebels saved, with CEO Andrew Cox transferring his shares back to the Victorian Rugby Union to secure the future of the Rebels. At the end of the season coach Tony McGahan departed the club the become the Reds' assistant coach. |
531_36 | 2018 |
531_37 | 2018 saw great change for the Rebels, as 28 players departed the Rebels and 20 new players debuted, 12 of them new signings from the now defunct Force. David Wessels was appointed the new coach, moving from the Force, and major signings were made in Australian international scrum-half Will Genia, Australian international lock Adam Coleman and former England and British and Irish Lion Geoff Parling. On the field the Rebels made a significant improvement winning 4 of their first 5 matches, although they would only win 3 more narrowly missing out of their first appearance in the Super Rugby playoffs. Jack Maddocks finished the season as the Rebels top try scorer with 9 tries, including the first ever Rebels hat-trick in Week 3 against the Sunwolves, while Reece Hodge overtook Jason Woodward as the Rebels leading points scorer, with his 117 points in the season putting him on 298 points total for the Rebels. The season though ended on a sour note for the Rebels as disciplinary problems |
531_38 | involving players Amanaki Mafi and Lopeti Timani before a nightclub incident involving Hunter Paisami led to an integrity review being ordered by the Rebels. |
531_39 | 2019
2019 was much similar to 2018 for the Rebels as they just missed out of the playoffs again, finishing with 7 wins and 9 losses in 11th overall. Further Wallaby additions were made in the off season in former Reds fly-half Quade Cooper, while Luke Jones and Matt To'omua returned to Australia from Europe to join the Rebels. Foundation Rebel Laurie Weeks announced his retirement just before the season finishing with 85 caps for the club, while Geoff Parling retired and joined the coaching staff. Jack Maddocks would finish the season as top try scorer with 10 tries, while Tom English became the most capped player for the club, ending the season on 94 caps. The Rebels season though petering out for the second season in succession, having started with 5 wins from 7 games, caused concern leading to a comprehensive on-field review being held at the end of the season. |
531_40 | 2020 |
531_41 | 2020 saw major departures to the Rebels squad as Wallabies Adam Coleman, Quade Cooper, Will Genia and Jack Maddocks all departed following the 2019 Rugby World Cup, with younger players including Andrew Deegan, Andrew Kellaway, Josh Kemeny and Cameron Orr join the side, along with Fijian international Frank Lomani. The Super Rugby season, though, was abandoned after 7 rounds due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During these 7 rounds the Rebels won 3 of their 6 games, with new signing Kellaway topping the try scoring charts with 7 tries. In July, a domestic Super Rugby AU competition replaced the remainder of the Super Rugby season, with the Rebels playing the 3 other Australian sides, and a returning Western Force. The Rebels, playing all their fixtures away from home and staying in hotels in New South Wales and the ARU due to an outbreak of COVID-19 in Victoria, won 4 of their 8 group games qualifying them for the qualifying final against the Reds, the first time any Rebels side had made |
531_42 | the Super Rugby playoffs stage, with a 79th minute Cabous Eloff try and conversion allowing them to beat the Force by enough points in their final group match to qualify. They though would lose the qualifying final 25–13. |
531_43 | 2021
2021 again saw a Super Rugby AU format played, with the addition of the Super Rugby Trans-Tasman competition, where Australian sides would play New Zealand sides head-to-head for 5 rounds, at the conclusion of the Super Rugby AU competition. In Super Rugby AU, the Rebels missed out on the playoffs, winning 3 and losing 5. Following missing out on the playoffs, coach David Wessels stepped down, replaced by assistant Kevin Foote on an interim basis for the rest of the season. The Rebels though were unable to win any of their Trans-Tasman fixtures, finishing in 9th place, only ahead of the Waratahs on points difference, having picked up no bonus points. The Rebels again would spend most of the Super Rugby Trans-Tasman competition on the road due to COVID-19 restrictions in Victoria, with the Rebels final three fixtures all played at Leichhardt Oval in Sydney.
Season standings
Notes:'
Current squad
The squad for the 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season is:
Notes
See also |
531_44 | Melbourne Rising
Ganbatte Trophy
References
External links
Rugby union teams in Victoria (Australia)
Sporting clubs in Melbourne
2010 establishments in Australia
Rugby clubs established in 2010
Super Rugby teams
Super W |
532_0 | Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood is a 1995 book, whose author used the pseudonym Binjamin Wilkomirski, which purports to be a memoir of the Holocaust. It was debunked by Swiss journalist and writer in August 1998. The subsequent disclosure of Wilkomirski's fabrications sparked heated debate in the German and English-speaking world. Many critics argued that Fragments no longer had any literary value. Swiss historian and anti-Semitism expert Stefan Maechler later wrote, "Once the professed interrelationship between the first-person narrator, the death-camp story he narrates, and historical reality are proved palpably false, what was a masterpiece becomes kitsch."
Author
Binjamin Wilkomirski (Pseudonym), real name Bruno Dössekker (born Bruno Grosjean; February 12, 1941 in Biel/Bienne), is a musician and writer who claimed to be a Holocaust survivor. |
532_1 | The book |
532_2 | In 1995, Wilkomirski, a professional clarinettist and instrument maker living in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, published a memoir entitled Bruchstücke. Aus einer Kindheit 1939–1948 (later published in English as Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood). In the book, he described what he claimed were his experiences as a child survivor of the Holocaust. The supposed memories of World War II are presented in a fractured manner and using simple language from the point of view of the narrator, an overwhelmed, very young Jewish child. His first memory is of a man being crushed by uniformed men against the wall of a house; the narrator is seemingly too young for a more precise recollection, but the reader is led to infer that this is his father. Later on, the narrator and his brother hide out in a farmhouse in Poland before being arrested and interned in two Nazi concentration camps, where he meets his dying mother for the last time. After his liberation from the death camps, |
532_3 | he is brought to an orphanage in Kraków and, finally, to Switzerland where he lives for decades before being able to reconstruct his fragmented past. |
532_4 | First publication
First published in German in 1995 by the Jüdischer Verlag (part of the highly respected Suhrkamp Verlag publishing house), Bruchstücke was soon translated into nine languages; an English translation by Carol Brown Janeway with the title Fragments appeared in 1996, published by Schocken. The book earned widespread critical admiration, most particularly in Switzerland and in the English-speaking countries, and won several awards, including the National Jewish Book Award in the United States, the Prix Memoire de la Shoah in France, and the Jewish Quarterly literary prize in Britain. The book sold well, but in contradiction to common belief it was not a bestseller. |
532_5 | Wilkomirski was invited to participate in radio and television programs as a witness and expert, and was interviewed and videotaped by reputable archives. In his oral statements Wilkomirski elaborated on many aspects which remained unclear or unexplained. For example, he provided the names of the concentration camps in which he claimed to have been interned (Majdanek and Auschwitz), and added that he had been the victim of unbearable medical experiments.
Ganzfried's article |
532_6 | In August 1998, a Swiss journalist and writer named questioned the veracity of Fragments in an article published in the Swiss newsweekly Weltwoche. Ganzfried argued that Wilkomirski knew the concentration camps "only as a tourist", and that, far from being born in Latvia, he was actually born Bruno Grosjean, an illegitimate child of an unmarried mother named Yvonne Grosjean from Biel in Switzerland. The boy had been sent to an orphanage in Adelboden, Switzerland, from which he was taken in by the Dössekkers, a wealthy and childless couple in Zurich who finally adopted him. |
532_7 | Wilkomirski became a cause célèbre in the English-speaking world, appearing on 60 Minutes and the BBC and in Granta and The New Yorker. He insisted that he was an authentic Holocaust survivor who had been secretly switched as a young boy with Bruno Grosjean upon his arrival in Switzerland. His supporters condemned Ganzfried, who, however, presented further evidence to support his theory. Wilkomirski could not verify his claims, but Ganzfried was also unable to prove his arguments conclusively.
Exposure
In April 1999, Wilkomirski's literary agency commissioned the Zurich historian Stefan Maechler to investigate the accusations. The historian presented his findings to his client and to the nine publishers of Fragments in the autumn of that year. Maechler concluded that Ganzfried's allegations were correct, and that Wilkomirski's alleged autobiography was a fraud. |
532_8 | Maechler described in detail in his report how Grosjean-Wilkomirski had developed his fictional life story step by step and over decades. Most fascinating was his discovery that Wilkomirski's alleged experiences in German-occupied Poland closely corresponded with real events of his factual childhood in Switzerland, to the point that he suggested the author rewrote and reframed his own experience in a complex manner, turning the occurrences of his real life into that of a child surviving the Holocaust. |
532_9 | It remained unclear to Maechler whether Grosjean-Wilkomirski had done this deliberately or if the writer actually believed what he had written, but he was skeptical that the writer was a "cold, calculating crook", as Ganzfried assumed. (Maechler, 2001b, pp. 67–69) Amongst other things, Maechler revealed that a Holocaust survivor Wilkomirski claimed to have known in the camps, a woman named Laura Grabowski, had been earlier unearthed as a fraud, and had previously used the name Lauren Stratford to write about alleged satanic ritual abuse — a story which itself had been debunked nearly a decade earlier. |
532_10 | Maechler's first report was published in German in March 2000; the English edition appeared one year later and included the original English translation of Fragments which had been withdrawn by the publisher after Maechler's report. Subsequently, the historian published two essays with additional findings and analysis, while Ganzfried (2002) published his own controversial version of the case. Journalist Blake Eskin covered the affair. Prior to the exposure, Eskin wrote and told the story of Wilkomirski's trip to the US to become reunited with people he claimed to be distant family, of which Eskin was a part. This story was aired in act two of This American Life episode 82, "Haunted". The writer Elena Lappin published an extensive report in May 1999. She had become acquainted with Wilkomirski two years before, when the Jewish Quarterly awarded him its prize for nonfiction. At the time, she was editor of that English magazine. In the course of her research, she identified a number |
532_11 | of contradictions in Wilkomirski's story and came to believe that Fragments was fiction. (Lappin 1999) |
532_12 | In addition, she reported that Wilkomirski's uncle, Max Grosjean, said that as children he and his sister Yvonne (Wilkomirski's biological mother) had been Verdingkinder (or "earning children")—in other words, that they had been part of the old Swiss institution of orphaned children working for families, with overtones of child slavery. Eskin's interest in Wilkomirski had its origins in genealogy: his family had ancestors in Riga and, initially, they believed that the author of Fragments could perhaps be a long-lost relative. In the same year (2002) the public prosecutor of the canton of Zurich announced that she found no evidence of criminal fraud. She added that a DNA test she had ordered had confirmed that Wilkomirski and Grosjean were the same person. |
532_13 | Aftermath
The disclosure of Wilkomirski's fabrications altered the status of his book. Many critics argued that Fragments no longer had any literary value. "Once the professed interrelationship between the first-person narrator, the death-camp story he narrates, and historical reality are proved palpably false, what was a masterpiece becomes kitsch" (Maechler, 2000, p. 281). But for a few scholars, even as a pseudomemoir, the merits of the work still remain. "Those merits reside in a ferocious vision, a powerful narrative, an accumulation of indelible images, and the unforgettable way in which a small child's voice is deployed in an unfeeling adult world, during the war and thereafter" (Zeitlin, 2003, p. 177, see also Suleiman, 2006, p. 170). |
532_14 | The Wilkomirski case was heatedly debated in Germany and in Switzerland as a textbook example of the contemporary treatment of the Holocaust and of the perils of using it for one's own causes. However, the affair transcends the specific context of the Holocaust (see e.g. Chambers, 2002; Gabriel, 2004; Langer, 2006; Maechler, 2001b; Oels, 2004; Suleiman, 2006; Wickman, 2007). Wilkomirski's case raises questions about the literary genre of autobiography, the aesthetics of a literary work's reception, oral history, witness testimony, memory research, trauma therapies, and the like. The case is discussed in great detail by psychologists Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson as an interesting case of self-inflicted false memories (Tavris and Aronson, 2007, pp. 82ff.) |
532_15 | See also
Misha Defonseca (Misha: A Mémoire of the Holocaust Years, 1997)
Martin Grey (Au nom de tous les miens)
Herman Rosenblat (Angel at the Fence)
Rosemarie Pence (Hannah: From Dachau to the Olympics and Beyond, 2005)
Enric Marco (Memorias del infierno, 1978)
Donald J. Watt (Stoker, 1995)
Denis Avey (The Man who Broke into Auschwitz, 2011)
Alex Kurzem (The Mascot, 2002)
References |
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