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536_18 | The regional council, responsible for managing natural and physical resources, provides flood protection and monitors environmental problems such as pest infestation and pollution. Invasive plant pests such as African feathergrass, goats rue and nodding thistle pose a threat to pastureland in this heavily agricultural-dependent region, and the council has instituted control campaigns. The council has also instituted animal pest control programmes. Possums are perceived as the major animal pest since they damage native forests and endanger cattle production through the spread of bovine tuberculosis. Eradication programmes also concentrate on rabbits, rooks and feral goats, while other exotic species such as Parma wallaby (Macropus parma), wasps, ferrets, stoats and weasels are a source of concern. |
536_19 | Biodiversity
The internationally recognised Ramsar estuarine wetlands site at Foxton Beach is of note as having one of the most diverse ranges of wetlands birds to be seen at any one place in New Zealand. A total of 95 species have been identified at the estuary. It is a significant area of salt marsh and mudflat and a valuable feeding ground for many birds including the migratory Eastern bar-tailed Godwit, which flies all the way from Siberia to New Zealand to escape the harsh northern winter. The estuary is also a permanent home to 13 species of birds, six species of fish and four plants species, all of which are threatened. It regularly supports about one percent of the world population of wrybills.
Demography
Manawatū-Whanganui Region covers and had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2. |
536_20 | Manawatū-Whanganui Region had a population of 238,797 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 16,125 people (7.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 16,374 people (7.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 90,408 households. There were 117,123 males and 121,671 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.96 males per female. The median age was 39.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 47,763 people (20.0%) aged under 15 years, 46,650 (19.5%) aged 15 to 29, 101,337 (42.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 43,044 (18.0%) aged 65 or older.
Of those at least 15 years old, 30,936 (16.2%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 42,693 (22.3%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $27,200, compared with $31,800 nationally. 22,557 people (11.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 88,254 (46.2%) people were employed full-time, 27,990 (14.7%) were part-time, and 8,580 (4.5%) were unemployed. |
536_21 | Cities and towns
There are two major urban areas. Palmerston North, with a resident population of ( estimate), expanded as an educational centre and a supply centre for the surrounding rural hinterland. It became a city in 1930. The other major urban area is Whanganui, with an estimated resident population of
Urban areas with a population of 1,000 or more include:
Other towns and settlements include:
Bunnythorpe
Eketāhuna
Halcombe
Himatangi Beach
Hiwinui
Hokio Beach
Hunterville
Kai Iwi
Kimbolton
Koitiana
Longburn
Manakau
Mangaore
Mangaweka
National Park
Norsewood
Ohakea
Ōhau
Ohura
Ormondville
Ōwhango
Pohangina
Pongaroa
Rangataua
Rātana
Raurimu
Rongotea
Sanson
Tangimoana
Tokomaru
Waikawa Beach
Waiouru
Waitarere Beach |
536_22 | Culture and identity
Ethnicities in the 2018 census were 79.4% European/Pākehā, 22.9% Māori, 4.2% Pacific peoples, 6.4% Asian, and 2.2% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).
The proportion of Manawatū-Whanganui region born overseas was 14.8%, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people objected to giving their religion, 49.8% had no religion, 36.2% were Christian, 0.9% were Hindu, 0.7% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 3.9% had other religions. |
536_23 | History
Pre-1769 Approximately 3% of Māori lived in the Whanganui Basin and 8% on the Taranaki coast. Coastal Māori garden and gather food but life for Māori further inland is more difficult, relying on hunting and gathering.
1820–40 Ngāti Toa and Te Atiawa iwi displace local iwi from their lands.
1830 Te Rauparaha (Ngati Toa) lay siege to Pūtiki Pā in retaliation for an attack on Kapiti Island, sacking the pā and killing its inhabitants.
1831 European traders arrive in the Whanganui area, led by Joe Rowe, supposedly a dealer in preserved heads (moko mokai). A dispute with local Māori leads to the death of three of his party and his own head is cut off and preserved.
1840 Jerningham Wakefield (Edward Gibbon Wakefield's son) purchases of land, under dubious circumstances, for the New Zealand Company, including the town site for Petre (later to be Wanganui). The first European settlers start arriving in Petre. |
536_24 | 1842 The first organised European settlers in Horowhenua arrive at Paiaka.
1847 In July the "Battle of St John's Wood" occurs when 400 Māori clash with an equal force of British Regulars.
1848 The Crown purchases Wanganui, , of which are supposed to be set aside as a reserve.
1855 Paiaka settlers move closer to the coast at "Foxton", which becomes a port handling flax, timber and agricultural produce.
1856 The Wanganui Chronicle is first published.
1860s Scandinavians settle in the Tararua District, later founding Eketahuna, Dannevirke, and Norsewood.
1865 A battle ensues between the Hau Hau adherents (who were largely upper Whanganui Māori), who want to expel the Pākehā at Wanganui, and the Māori of the lower river.
1866 Palmerston North (Te Papai-oea) is founded. It is surrounded by forests, with the Manawatu River serving as its only link with the port of Foxton and the outside world. |
536_25 | 1870s The bush is gradually felled and the Manawatu opened up for European farms and settlement. Former Danish Prime Minister, Bishop Ditlev Gothard Monrad, organises a settlement of Danes near Awapuni.
1871 The first sawmill is established at Palmerston North.
1872 Wanganui becomes a borough.
1875 The Manawatu Times is published for the first time at Palmerston North.
1876 A railway opens between Foxton and Palmerston North via Longburn, later named the Foxton Branch. Wellington Province abolished.
1877 Palmerston North becomes a borough.
1878 A railway line opens between Palmerston North and Wanganui. The first portion later became part of the North Island Main Trunk railway, between Aramoho and Wanganui the Wanganui Branch, and the rest part of the Marton–New Plymouth Line.
1884 The Sanson Tramway, built and operated by the Manawatu County Council, opens to Sanson, New Zealand from the Foxton Branch at Himatangi. |
536_26 | 1885 Mother Mary Joseph Aubert starts her community of the Daughters of Our Lady of Compassion at Jerusalem, founding a home for Māori orphans, the elderly and infirm. The private Castleciff Railway opens between Wanganui and Castlecliff.
1886 The Wellington and Manawatu Railway opens between Wellington and Longburn railway (later the North Island Main Trunk), superseding the Foxton link and ensuring Palmerston North's growth.
1889 Levin is founded because of the construction of Wellington & Manawatu Railway
1908 The North Island Main Trunk reaches Taumarunui and thence Auckland, opening up the inland districts for development.
1906 Levin becomes a borough.
1924 Wanganui becomes a city.
1925 Mangahao power station near Shannon is completed; electricity supply is established to Palmerston North, Levin, Feilding, Dannevirke and Pahiatua.
1926 Electricity supply from Mangahao to Wanganui completed.
1930 Palmerston North becomes a city. |
536_27 | 1934 A major earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale strikes near Pahiatua and causes widespread damage from Porangahau to Castlepoint.
1939 Ohakea Air Force Station commences operations.
1945 The Sanson Tramway closes.
1953 New Zealand's worst rail disaster occurs at Tangiwai on the North Island Main Trunk, as the railway bridge collapses because of a lahar flow from the crater lake on Mount Ruapehu. A train with Christmas holiday-makers plunges into the flood, killing 151 people.
1956 The private railway between Wanganui and Castlecliff is purchased by the government and incorporated into the national railway network as the Castlecliff Branch.
1959 The Foxton Branch railway closes.
1963 Massey University is formed by a merger of a branch of Victoria University (at Palmerston North) with Massey Agricultural College.
1970 Famous New Zealand poet James K. Baxter sets up a commune at Jerusalem. |
536_28 | 1991 In formal recognition of its original name the government renames the Wanganui River the Whanganui River.
1995 Occupation of Moutoa Gardens (Wanganui) in protest at the slowness of the Waitangi Tribunal claim settlement process and loss of control of the Whanganui River.
1995–96 A series of small eruptions occurs on Mt Ruapehu, throwing ash over a wide area.
2004 Sustained heavy rain in February caused the region's worst flooding in over 100 years.
2015 Wanganui district, and therefore the urban area of Wanganui, is renamed Whanganui by the NZ Geographic Board. |
536_29 | Economy
The subnational gross domestic product (GDP) of Manawatū-Whanganui was estimated at NZ$11.60 billion in the year to March 2019, 3.8% of New Zealand's national GDP. The regional GDP per capita was estimated at $46,764 in the same period. In the year to March 2018, primary industries contributed $1.26 billion (11.5%) to the regional GDP, goods-producing industries contributed $2.01 billion (18.3%), service industries contributed $6.76 billion (61.6%), and taxes and duties contributed $942 million (8.6%). |
536_30 | Agriculture dominates the economy. A higher than average proportion of businesses were engaged in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries, 6.3% compared with 4.4% nationally. Businesses engaged in retail trade were dominant numerically. In 1997 there were 2,300 businesses, employing a total of 10,380 full-time
equivalents (FTEs). The percentage of businesses engaged in manufacturing was slightly higher than the national average and manufacturing employed the greatest number of people (12,830 FTEs). |
536_31 | Agriculture
The region is known for its strong agricultural base, which prompted the establishment of an agricultural college there in the 1920s. The government wanted to promote scientific farming and established colleges in two of the most important farming areas, Canterbury and the Manawatū. Research by members of the college into animal genetics in the 1930s led to the development of new breeds of sheep, the Drysdale and the Perendale, which became commercially significant after World War II. |
536_32 | Agriculture dominates land use although there are areas of forestry and horticulture. Soils and climate favour pastoral farming. There were 6,344 farm holdings on 30 June 1996, which was almost a tenth of all farm holdings in New Zealand. Farming occupied 72.5% of land, which was much higher than the national average of 60.1%. Approximately 80% of this land was used for agricultural purposes (grazing, arable, fodder and fallow land). In the Manawatū, Rangitikei and Tararua Districts this percentage rose to over 90% of total land. |
536_33 | The region is one of the most important areas of pastoral farming in New Zealand. It had 7,216,177 sheep (at 30 June 1996), the largest number of sheep in the North Island and the fourth-highest figure in the country behind Canterbury, Southland and Otago. Barley, which is used for the manufacture of stock feed and for malting, is grown. The region produces the largest quantities of barley in the North Island, providing 10% of the national refined crop of 302,804 tonnes in 1995.
The region has of horticultural land, of which 3,647 hectares are used for vegetable growing. While only having 8% of the country's 45,000-hectare vegetable-growing land, the Manawatū-Whanganui region grows 26% of New Zealand's asparagus, 20% of its lettuce, 19% of its brassicas (broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower), and 10% of its carrots and potatoes. |
536_34 | Forestry
The region is one of the most significant forestry areas in the southern North Island. The predominant soil type, yellow-brown earths, when enhanced by the use of fertilisers, is very suitable for forestry. Forestry has a long history in the Manawatū since Palmerston North developed as a saw-milling town, and the region's initial prosperity depended on heavy exploitation of native timbers. But land use practices inhibited the long term viability of this indigenous forestry industry. Severe burn-offs destroyed large areas of native forest and subsequent overgrazing affected the soils. Forestry largely disappeared until the early twentieth century. In an attempt to combat erosion problems in sandy soils the government planted forests in the Foxton/Levin area in the early twentieth century. Inland forests were planted later. Some private native forest has been set aside for sustainable logging but most forestry depends on exotic plantings. |
536_35 | Energy
Unlike its neighbour Taranaki, Manawatū-Whanganui has not been a major producer of energy or minerals. Some new power schemes are operating, including the southern hemisphere's largest collection of wind farms, with 194 installed turbines and more planned.
Government and defence
The New Zealand Defence Force maintains three bases in the Manawatū-Whanganui region: Waiouru Military Camp in the Ruapehu district, RNZAF Base Ohakea near Bulls, and Linton Military Camp near Palmerston North. |
536_36 | Tourism
For the eight quarters between September 1996 and June 1998 the region averaged 4.1% of total guest nights in New Zealand. This was close behind Wellington at 6.7% and greater than Hawke's Bay, which averaged 3.1%. Occupancy rates, at 20.1%, were the fourth-lowest in the country for the June 1998 quarter. Rates for the city of Palmerston North were significantly higher than the national average (39.5% compared with 25.8%) whereas districts such as Ruapehu are far more seasonal with fairly low occupancy rates except in the peak ski season.
Museums
Key cultural institutions in the region include Te Manawa in Palmerston North, the Whanganui Regional Museum, and the multi-cultural Te Awahou Nieuwe Stroom in Foxton. |
536_37 | Transport
State Highway 1, the main highway, and the North Island Main Trunk railway, which both link Auckland and Wellington, run through the region. The Palmerston North–Gisborne Line and State Highway 3 follow the Manawatu Gorge, linking the region with Hawke's Bay. The Marton–New Plymouth Line provides a railway link with Taranaki, and from this line the short Wanganui Branch runs to Whanganui. Road and rail transport give the region's exporters easy access to ports.
The region has approximately 16% of the North Island's road length. There are 8,732 km of road, of which two-thirds are sealed. Approximately 12% of roads are classified as urban and three-quarters as rural, with almost half of the rural roads being unsealed. With 945.9 km the region has the second-highest length of state highways in the North Island, after Waikato.
References
Sources
A regional profile: Manawatu/Wanganui, Statistics New Zealand.
External links |
536_38 | Horizons Regional Council official website
Destination Manawatu |
537_0 | Diederik III of Limburg Hohenlimburg, born around 1328, was the eldest son of Everhard II van Limburg Hohenlimburg and Juta of Sayn. His father Everhard died on 11 November 1344. Twenty years later he followed the 9th of August 1364 his grandfather Diederik II count of Limburg Hohenlimburg. In 1366 Diederik III became the Amtmann
of Angermünde, the district between Duisburg and Düsseldorf. As the successor to lord Diederik III of Broich, who five years later would become his father-in-law. He also was Voght of the Rellinghausen Abbey. On 3 July 1371. Diederik married Ludgardis (Lukarda) daughter of Diederik of Broich and Katharina of Steinfurt. Lukarda was heiress of the Lordship Broich. At his wedding, he receives a dowry of 1,600 old gold shields.
Castle of Vittinghoven. |
537_1 | Near the ruins of Neu Isenburg on the river Ruhr, once built on allodial ground by his ancestor Diederik I count of Limburg Hohenlimburg, Vitinghoven was located at the wood of Kortenbusch. Diederik III has guardianship rights and on January 2, 1370 he buys the fortified house from the brothers Johan and Hendrik of Vitinchoven. He appoints Johan of Vitinchoven as house lord, with the assignment to further strengthen the house. The building material was presumably taken from the nearby ruin Neu Isenburg
Fief of the Duchy of Berg |
537_2 | On February 5, 1377 the fief letter with the duke of Berg is drawn up and ratified by Diederik on 6 May. On September 28, 1380 reftreft Diederik III an arrangement with his Viscounts at Broich Castle, Diederik of Elverfeld called Sobbe, Bernt of Broich, Evert of Gerscheit and Godert Schele. On September 10, 1382. after mediation of duke Willem of Gullick, Diederik reached an agreement with his brother-in-law of Wevelinghoven, with whom he had a disagreement. It was made clear that Diederik owns the Lordship and castle of Broich with all property to the right of the Rhine and Frederik the patronage of the church in Hemmerden, part income of the toll at Rheinberg and the Broich estates to the left of the River Rhine.
The Abbey of Essen |
537_3 | Kusteress of the nearby nunnery of Essen was Diederick's aunt Lysa of Broich who died in 1370. Her niece Irmgard of Broich was abbess (1360-1370). After Diederick's death in May 1401, his sons Willem and Diederik made an arrangement with their mother Lukarda on September 7, 1403 whereby she continued to live at castle Broich together with a maid and servant. She received an yearly allowance from 54 old Schilden. Some years later she joined the Rellinghausen Abbey and stayed there until her death in 1412. Her daughter Margaretha, a nun of the Abbey of Essen, was Proposes of the Rellinghausen monastery. She was elected abbess of the Abbey of Essen. As a result, a disagreement arose with Elisabeth of Beeck, who claimed the office of Abbess for herself. In history known the 2nd Abbesses Turmoil in the Essen nunnery.
Westphalian Land Peace. |
537_4 | On August 21, 1385 Diederik agrees to a covenant on the preservation of Westphalian land peace that earlier on July 29, 1385. was closed between Westphalian lords, cities and the Archbishop of Cologne. It is mutually agreed that the Allies will individually supply a number of warriors for a joint battle group to safeguard the agreement. Duke of Berg, Count of Ravensberg and Blankenberg, Counts of Nassau, Mark, Waldeck, Teckelenburg, Hoya, Schauenberg, Katzenellenbogen, Everstein, Bentheim, Rietberg, Delmenhorst, Limburg Hohenlimburg Broich and further the lords of Diepholt, Dietz, Steinfurt, Solms, Wildenberg and the guardian of Berg take part in this peace covenant. Later on joined by the count of Mark and his brother the Adolf, duke of Cleves.
Castle of Broich located on the border of Territories. |
537_5 | Due to the strategic location of Broich on the border of 5 territories including the Duchy of Cleves and Duchy of Berg, the count of Limburg Hohenlimburg Broich and sons in 1396 were faced with a dilemma. Until then they were on good terms with count Diederik of Mark. However, duke Willem of Berg comes into open conflict with duke Adolf I of Cleves, brother and ally of the count of Mark. Due to the loan bond with Berg, Diederik and Willem see themselves on December 28, 1396 forced to assist the Duke of Berg in his fight against count Diederik of Mark. In the spring of 1397 the battle broke out. The Bergse troops near the city of Cleves were defeated. Captured men and knights had to ransom themselves for large sums of money. The Berg alliance fell apart after the three sons of duke Willem of Berg, Gerhard, Adolf and Willem turned against their father who was forced to give up his territories to his sons. Count Adolf of Berg, assisted by knight Evert of Limburg, lord of Hardenberg |
537_6 | (Velbert) and his uncle Diederik III count of Limburg Hohenlimburg Broich, fought on. Count Diederik of der Mark was wounded and died in 1398. His brother duke Adolf of Cleves then inherited the entire county of Mark. On December 21, 1399 the battle flares up again after John II, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg and brother Engelbert I of Nassau announce, together with their cousin count Diederik III of Limburg Hohenlimburg Broich, that they are enemies of the Archbishop of Cologne. A short time later Diederik probably died of wounds sustained during fighting against Cologne troops. |
537_7 | Peace with the Archbishop of Cologne.
The brothers Willem I and Diederik IV of Limburg-Hohenlimburg Broich succeed their deceased father. Willem I of Gullick, duke of Berg and Ravensberg returns the county of Limburg with the lordship of Broich back as fief of the Duchy of Berg. Also an peace agreement was made with the Cologne Archbishop on March 29, 1402. Over a period of three years, the Of Limburg's have to pay 1,000 heavy Rhine guilders as compensation and promise not to fight against the archbishop, his cities or subjects anymore. On December 4, 1412 the brothers Willem and Diederik IV mutual to an agreement whereby they divide the estate of their father. Willem goes to live on the Hohenlimburg and Diederik on Broich Castle.
Marriage and offspring |
537_8 | Diederik III count of Limburg was married to Lukarda of Broich with whom he had 8 children, Elisabeth, Willem (I), Diederick (IV), Anna, Lukarda, Margaretha, Jutta and Agnes.
Elisabeth, died 1396 Married Dietrich of Volmestein
Willem (I) died 28.02.1459 Married Metza of Reifferscheid, erbin of Bedburg.
Diederik (IV) died 16.01.1444 married Henrica of Wisch
Anna Married Bernd of Hörde
Lukarda Nun at the Abbey of Essen
Margaretha Nun at St, Gacilien at Cologne
Jutta Married Bern of Strünkede
Agnes Married Heinrich of Ahaus
Literature |
537_9 | Von Kamp,H.A.(1852) Das Schloss Broich und die Herrschaft Broich. Eine Sammlung geschichtlicher Merkwürdigkeiten. Theil. I Duisburg : 1852. Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2011
Redling,O.(1939) Mülheim an der Ruhr – Seine Geschichte von den Anfängen bis zum Übergang an Preußen 1815. Stadt Mülheim an der Ruhr im Selbstverlag, Mülheim an der Ruhr 1939.
Binding,G.(1970) Schloss Broich in Mülheim/Ruhr. (Kunst und Altertum am Rhein. Nr. 23, ISSN 0075-725X) Rheinland-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1970.
Ortmanns,K.(1985) Schloss Broich in Mülheim an der Ruhr. Rheinische Kunststätten, Heft 77. Köln 1985.
Mostert,R.A.(2008) Broich: Burg, Schloss, Residenz. In: Zeugen der Stadtgeschichte / Baudenkmäler und historische Orte in Mülheim an der Ruhr. Verlag Klartext, Essen 2008. |
537_10 | Wisplinghoff,E.:(1960) Der Kampf um die Vogtei des Reichsstiftes Essen im Rahmen der allgemeinen Vogteientwicklung des 10. bis 12 Jahrhunderts. Aus Geschichte und Landeskunde. Festschrift Franz Steinbach. Bonn 1960
Korteweg,K.N.(1964)[Dutch] De Nederlandse Leeuw Jaargang LXXXI no.8 August 1964.
Van Limburg,H.(2016) [Dutch]. Graven van Limburg Hohenlimburg & Broich. (search term: bol.com 9789492185594) [HVL R01 RG:date] Regesten 01 & 02. (search term: bol.com 9789492185600)
Kleij,S.(1970) Zeitschrift für Bergische Geschichtsvereins dl. XXXV (1970) "Der Besitz der Stiffter, Essen und Rellinghausen"
Kohl,W.(1982) Monastisches Westfalen. Kloster und Stifte 800-1800. Münster 1982.
Weigel,H.(1960) Die Grundherrschaften des Frauenstiftes Essen 1960. Beitrage zu Geschichte von Stadt und Stift Essen nr. 76.
Bleicher, W. 1993 [German] Monatsschrift des Vereins für Orts- und Heimatkunde Hohenlimburg e.V. Geschichte der Grafschaft Limburg. Hohenlimburger Heimatblätter. Jg., 1993 Heft Mai. |
537_11 | Bleicher, W. / Van Limburg H., 1998-2004 [German / Dutch] Neue Aspekte der Geschichte der Grafen von Hohen-Limburg und ihrer Nachkommen. In: Hohenlimburger Heimatblätter, Teil 1: 59, 3/1998, S. 81–93; Teil 2: 59, 6/1998, S. 201–213; Teil 3: 59, 8/1998, S. 281–294, 307–311; Teil 4: 63, 10/2002, S. 364–375, 386–390; Teil 5: 64, 2003, S. 210–214, 226-230 & Hefte (2004) Seite 70–79.
Dohmen,K. Zeune,J.: Schloss Hardenberg. Neue Erkenntnisse zur Bausgeschichte einer rheinischen Wasserburg. 2016, S. 266. |
537_12 | References |
537_13 | Charter 03.07.1371 Bestand Herschaft Broich. STADTARCHIV MUHLHEIM Urkunde 1010/28 Also Published (2016) HVL R01:RG: 03.07.1371]
Charter 05.02.1377 Published by KREMER, J.C.(1770) Akademische Beitragen zur Gülich und Bergischen Geschichte. Band II, seite 58. Original Charter in Stadtarchiv Mülheim Bestand Herrschaft Broich. Urkunde 1010/33 Also Published (2016) HVL R01:RG: 05.02.1377]]
Charter 28.09.1380 Published by SCHUBERT Nr. 146. Original Charter in Stadtarchiv Mülheim Bestand Herrschaft Broich. Urkunde 1010/35 Also Publicised (2016) HVL R01:RG: 28.09.1380]
Charter 10.09.1382 Published bij SCHUBERT Nr. 151. Original Charter in Stadtarchiv Mülheim Bestand Herrschaft Broich. Urkunde 1010 Also Published (2016) HVL R01:RG: 10.09.1382]
Charter 07.09.1403. Written on paper end 15th century. STAATS ARCHIVE DUSSELDORFF Hs.BII-3. Bl 6v Also Published (2016) HVL R01:RG: 07.09.1403] |
537_14 | Charter 21.08.1385 Published in Analecta mediaevi HAEBERLIN Seite 357-374 Also Published (2016) HVL R01:RG: 21.08.1385].
Charter 29.07.1385 Published in Urkunde Buch zur Landes und Rechtsgeschichte des Herzogtums Westfalen III. SEIBERTZ, J.S Nr. 870 Also Published (2016) HVL R01:RG: 29.07.1385].
Charter: 28.12.1396 First Published; Urkundenbuch für die Geschichte des Niederrheins, LACOMBLET,T.H. (1840) Universitats Bibliotheek 4 Band III Nr. 1025. Also Published (2016) HVL R01:RG:28.12.1396.
Charter: 21.12.1399 First Published; Limburger Lehnscopiar, ARCHIEF BENTHEIM TECKLENBURG zu Rheda (1964) Limburger Urkunde Nr. 124. Also Published (2016) HVL R01:RG: 21.12.1399
Charter 29.03.1402 Published by SCHUBERT Nr. 197. Original in STAATS ARCHIVE DUSSELDORFF. Kurkoln Urkunde 1370 Also Publicated (2016) HVL R01:RG: 29.03.1402]
Charter 04.12.1412 Published by SCHUBERT Nr. 220. Original in Stadtarchiv Mülheim Bestand Herrschaft Broich. Urkunde 1010/60 HVL R01:RG: 24.12.1412] |
537_15 | 1320s births
1364 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Counts of Germany |
538_0 | Cerro de los Siete Colores (The Hill of Seven Colors) is one of the hills bordering the Quebrada de Purmamarca which is in turn is a western branch of the Quebrada de Humahuaca up to Cuesta del Lipán, in Jujuy Province, Argentina.
Its unique color range is the product of a complex geological history including marine sediments, lake and river movements elevated with the movement of the tectonic plates.
Aside from the commonly known name this colourful hill carries, the locals of the town of Purmamarca also refer to it as the Hill of the Seven Skirts. This is an unofficial name, and not many people other than those who live here refer to it this way. The reasoning behind this second name is because of the resemblance between the colours on the hill and that of the traditional, long skirts worn by Andean women. |
538_1 | This breathtaking sight is composed of 7 different colours, all of which derive from different types of rocks; leading to its diverse range of colours. Each colour/rock is also said to have formed during different time periods. Firstly, pink is believed to be composed of red clay, mudstone (mud) and arilitas (sand). Its estimated age goes back about 3 to 4 million years. The shade of white surrounding the pink is mostly made up of limestone and is aged about 400 million years. Continuing onto the mix of brown and purples, which are composed of lead, and rich in calcium carbonate, and is 80 to 90 million years of age. On top of the purple-brown colour, there is an earthy brown colour that has been detected in the rock. The rocks making up this colour are the most recent colours appearing on the rocks, aging at 1 to 2 million years old, and is described as ‘fanglomerate composed of rock with manganese belonging to Quaternary.’ As for the red, which is composed of claystones (iron) and |
538_2 | other clays belonging to the upper Tertiary, its said to also be aged around 3 to 4 million years. The shades of green, aging at about 600 million years, are made up of phyllites, and slates of copper oxide. Finally, the yellow mustard colour is made of sandstones with sulfur, and is estimated at 80 to 90 million years. |
538_3 | Legend has it: |
538_4 | It is said that when the small town of Purmamarca, situated at the bottom of the hills, was formed, they had no colour to them, making them as dull as any other mountain, or hill. To the imaginative minds of the young children of Purmamarca, this was unacceptable. Whilst the adults of the town deemed it as normal, and something to be ignored, or ‘gotten used to’, the children refused to conform to this belief, and decided to do something unbelievable. Despite their warnings to the adults, none of them seemed to take the children seriously. This did not make a difference though, and they moved forward with their plan, regardless. |
538_5 | For seven nights following their decision to decorate the hillside, the children disappeared from their beds, and every morning the adults would wake with a surprise; a new colour was added to the hill. On the seventh night, all of the adults in the town woke early and found that all the children were missing from their beds. Panicked, the adults began to search the town for their children. After having searched the entire town with nothing to show for it, all of the children began skipping down the hillside, laughing and playing. Since these seven nights, the hill has been completely covered in the seven colours that the children painted onto it.
Every year on this day since, the town of Purmamarca has a celebration in honour of the painting of the colourful hillside. |
538_6 | Tourism/Access to the hill:
The hill is said to be the most beautiful during the first 45 minutes after dawn, and is no stranger to tourists who choose to take advantage of the breathtaking sight. Tours are also offered of the town of Purmamarca, situated at the base of the colourful hills, which include them as one of the biggest attractions. There are also specific tours of the hills themselves via horseback rides, hikes/walks, bike tours and photographic safaris.
If you are looking to hike to the mountain, there are two trails that lead to promising lookout points, one that is a ten-minute walk, and the other being an hour walk. Information on how to get to these locations, etc., is not difficult to find within the town through the tourism office.
The town of Purmamarca: |
538_7 | Purmamarca is considered one of the most ‘picturesque villages in the Humahuaca Ravine.’ This town is a quaint little town nudged at the bottom of the famous hills. Largely focused on the tourists that come to see the mountain; the town has a lot of artisan stands selling all kinds of tapestries, hand-knitted clothing, artwork, sculptures, pottery, etc.
There are many celebrations honoured through the town, proving the thick culture within its people. Some of which include the "‘misa-chico’, the dead worship, the Pachamama worship or the autochthonous music played with quenas (Indian flute), cajas, erques and sikus."
See also
Purmamarca
Quebrada de Humahuaca
Pucará de Tilcara
References
External links
Article on the hill in the newspaper Sin Mordaza. (In spanish)
Tourist attractions in Jujuy Province |
539_0 | A tick mattress, bed tick or tick is a large bag made of strong, stiff, tightly-woven material (ticking). This is then filled to make a mattress, with material such as straw, chaff, horsehair, coarse wool or down feathers, and less commonly, leaves, grass, reeds, bracken, or seaweed. The whole stuffed mattress may also, more loosely, be called a tick. The tick mattress may then be sewn through to hold the filling in place, or the unsecured filling could be shaken and smoothed as the beds were aired each morning. A straw-filled bed tick is called a paillasse, palliasse, or pallet, and these terms may also be used for bed ticks with other fillings. A tick filled with flock (loose, unspun fibers, traditionally of cotton or wool) is called a flockbed. A feather-filled tick is called a featherbed, and a down-filled one a downbed; these can also be used above the sleeper, as a duvet. |
539_1 | A tick mattress (or a pile of such tick mattresses, softest topmost, and the sheets, bedcovers, and pillows), was what Europeans traditionally called a "bed". The bedframe, when present, supported the bed, but was not considered part of it.
History
In the fifteenth century, most people in Europe slept on straw, but very rich people had featherbeds on top (for instance, Anne of Brittany's ladies in waiting slept on straw beds). By the nineteenth century many people had feather beds.
If the pile of mattresses threatened to slide off the bed, in 16th- and 17th-century England it was restrained with bedstaves, vertical poles thrust into the frame. A broad step might be placed alongside the bed, as a place to sit and as a step up onto the pile of bedclothes. |
539_2 | Bedticks were often aired, often by hanging them outdoors, as bedding is still aired in parts of Europe and in East Asia. In English-speaking cultures, however, airing bedding outdoors came to be seen as a foreign practice, with 19th-century housekeeping manuals giving methods of airing beds inside, and disparaging airing them in the window as "German-style".
Stuffings
Straw and hay are cheap and abundant stuffings. The chaff of a local grain, be it rice chaff or oat chaff, is softer but less abundant. Reeds, bracken, seaweed, and esparto grass have also been used. Horsehair and flock make for firmer beds. Rags have also been used. |
539_3 | Before recycled cotton cloth was widely available in Japan, commoners slept upon , stitched crinkled paper stuffed with fibers from beaten dry straw, cattails, or silk waste, on top of straw floor mats. Cotton was introduced from Korea in the 15th century, but did not become widely available throughout Japan until the mid-eighteenth; commoners continued to rely on wild and cultivated bast fibers. Later, futon ticks were made with patchwork recycled cotton, quilted together and filled with bast fiber. Later still, they were filled with cotton, mattresses and coverlets both. Wool and synthetics are now also used. |
539_4 | Leaves can be used to fill ticks; they vary in quality by species and time of year. Chestnut-leaves are prone to rustle, and were therefore called parliament-beds in 17th-century France. Beech leaves were a quieter stuffing; if harvested in autumn before they were "much frostbitten", stayed soft and loose and did not become musty for seven or eight years, far longer than straw. Beach-leaf beds were also said to smell of green tea and crackle slightly, and be as soft an elastic as maize-husk beds.
Swapping out the stuffing was often done seasonally, as materials became available. Travellers might carry ticks, but not the stuffing, buying whatever filling was cheap locally. |
539_5 | For expensive fillings, like feathers, the feathers would outlast the tick, and be transferred into a new tick when they began to poke through old one. Featherbeds may be washed intact, or feathers and tick can be cleaned separately. Since featherbeds were historically very valuable, and the feathers often took years to collect, they were not simply discarded and replaced. Indeed, they were taken along by migrants and mentioned in wills. Featherbeds were often made with feathers saved from poultry plucked for eating (servants were often allowed to keep the feathers they plucked). It took about to fill a tick. Goose and duck feathers were most valued (chicken feathers were undesirable), and down was softer and more valuable than other feathers.
Tufting and quilting |
539_6 | To hold the filling in place, either sturdy individual securing stitches can be made through the tick and the filling (tufting), or the mattress can be quilted with lines of stitches. Both techniques are also used decoratively.
Individual tufting stitches for stronger materials and harder fillings are made with a stronger thread or twine. An extra-long upholstery needle may be needed to pass the thread through the tick easily. Sometimes the stitches are finished with buttons on each side (often covered buttons).
Mattress quilting is done in a variety of patterns. Denser stitching makes the mattress firmer.
Unsewn ticking sheets
The lowest layer might be covered with a length of ticking instead of stuffed into a tick, which made it easier to change. Henry VII of England's bed had a lower layer of loose straw:
Such simple beds were also used as the only mattress
See also
Futons, Japanese tick mattresses
Ticking, cloth used to make ticks.
References
Bedding
Upholstery |
540_0 | Mark Greenwold is an American painter, born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1942, whose subjects often include figures in psychologically charged domestic interiors, executed with pathologically laborious detail. He began exhibiting in New York in the late 1970s, where he currently lives and works. Though he came of age in an art world known for minimalist and conceptual trends, his work has always centered around the figure and his style has fallen somewhere between surrealism and photo realism.
Biography
Mark Greenwold attended the Cleveland Institute of Art from 1962–1966. After which he continued his graduate studies at Indiana University Bloomington, earning his MFA in 1968. At Indiana, his professors were William Bailet and James McGarrell. After grad school, he moved to Seattle, where he got a teaching job. By 1986, he had relocated to Albany, where he had a teaching position at the State University. Mark Greenwold now lives and works in New York, NY. |
540_1 | Artistic style
Mark Greenwold's paintings are best described as humans engaging in discomfiting behavior represented with pathologically laborious detail. He sees his art as a place to put all his mishigas. And, as that mishigas is often human-centered, the figure is absolutely central to what Greenwold paints. The subject matter always appears physiologically charged. |
540_2 | Greenwold's process is painstaking. Some of his paintings have taken him four entire years to complete. His pace has always been slow, steady, and intensive. He uses photography as a starting point, which includes taking source imagery from low-end interior design magazines and photographs of friends and family members. Richard Vine, in a 1993 Art in America review, explains: “Greenwold, who acknowledges an affinity with Woody Allen, subjects a repertory cast of relatives, lovers and friends to various emotional crises, blatant or implicit, while never quite letting go of a self-deprecating humor that is his best—and perhaps only—psychological defense.” |
540_3 | 1960s and 1970s
When Greenwold first embarked on his painting career after grad school, he was entering an art world concerned with little else other than minimalism and conceptualism. This was an art world dominated by Greenbergian modernism, which opposed everything Greenwold valued: space, content, emotion, sex, violence, and humor. Yet, he remained transfixed by the figure.
While still a student at Indiana, he spent six months working on one single painting: Furlough, which he finished in 1968. The style and pace of this painting would set the tone for the rest of Greenwold's career. The work is very much set within its own time frame. Much of his work in the 1970s, for example, took interiors that were classically seventies or used source imagery from porn magazines. But beyond that, the sexual excess of the seventies is represented by Greenwold as an orgiastic celebration of humanity. |
540_4 | Much of his career has been plagued by controversy. In 1973, Greenwold's Secret Storm was allegedly censored from publication in an exhibition catalogue for the show "12 Painters and the Human Figure" at the Santa Barbara Museum. While Greenwold suggested that the museum had shelved publishing the catalogue - an injustice to the other painters in the show - because of cries to censor his explicit painting, the director of the museum, Paul Mills, suggested that Greenwold's painting was never meant to be in the catalogue and that the production had ceased because Greenwold did not cooperate with other photography. |
540_5 | Along these same lines, an exhibition of one single painting was vehemently protested by art critic Lucy Lippard. The exhibition at Phyllis Kind in 1979, Brown's first solo show, included one single painting, Sewing Room, whose subject matter was a husband stabbing his wife with a pair of scissors. Lippard bemoaned Kind's exhibition of a painting that clearly glorified domestic abuse. Greenwold came to his own defense again, penning a letter for the Village Voice, in which he explained that simply depicting an event does not mean he was glorifying it. |
540_6 | 1980s and 1990s
By the 1980s, Greenwold was still focused primarily on placing the human figure in gaudy interiors. However, his style shifted slightly away from the tight almost photo realistic look of his previous paintings to a looser style. Also, in an effort to speed up his process, he shifted away from acrylic on large canvases and instead began using gouache and watercolor on a much smaller scale. Richard Vine, writing in Art in America in 1993, explained how Greenwold's style was reminiscent of Giotto and other Sienese painters of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Grace Glueck described his style as similar to that of magic realism and surrealism, where every inch of the painting is rendered in precise detail; though his paintings are intense they are just ever so slightly too staged to be convincing. |
540_7 | 2000s
In the early 2000s, abstract designs made out of colored lozenge forms start appearing in Greenwold's paintings. These may be a reference to forms used by his friends and fellow artists, Chuck Close and James Siena. He stays true to the subject matter he always focused on, including interiors from architecture magazines and a depiction of the psychological landscape of dysfunctional family life.
Exhibitions |
540_8 | Solo exhibitions
1979
Mark Greenwold, Phyllis Kind Gallery, New York
1986–1987
Mark Greenwold: Family Secrets, Phyllis Kind Gallery, New York, December 1986–January 1987
1993
Mark Greenwold: Recent Works, Phyllis Kind Gallery, New York, March–April
1995–1996
Mark Greenwold: The Odious Facts, 1975–1995, Colby College Museum of Art, Waterville, Maine, November 5–December 29, 1995; Neuberger Museum of Art, State University of New York, Purchase College, April 21–May 19, 1996
1997
Mark Greenwold: A Man’s Worst Enemies, Phyllis Kind Gallery, New York, March 1–April 15
2002
Mark Greenwold: You Must Change Your Life, DC Moore Gallery, New York, October 10–November 9
2007
Mark Greenwold: A Moment of True Feeling, DC Moore Gallery, New York, October 10–November 10
2010
Mark Greenwold: Secret Storm, 1967–1975, DC Moore Gallery, New York, March 18–April 17
2013 |
540_9 | Mark Greenwold: Murdering the World, Sperone Westwater Gallery, New York, May 10–June 28
2016
Mark Greenwold: The Rumble of Panic Underlying Everything, Garth Greenan Gallery, New York, February 18–April 2 |
540_10 | Group exhibitions
1968
Drawings USA: 1968, Saint Paul Art Center, Minnesota
1969
Annual Drawing and Small Sculpture Show, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, March 1–31
Selections from Drawings USA, Charles H. MacNider Museum, Mason City, Iowa, July 27–September 3
1971
San Francisco Art Institute Centennial Exhibition, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, January 15–February 28
Drawings USA: 1971, Minnesota Museum of Art, Saint Paul, April 15–June 27
1973
California Representation: Twelve Painters and the Human Figure, Santa Barbara Museum of Art, California, January 6–February 28
1975
Artists of the Mohawk-Hudson Region, Art Gallery, State University of New York, Albany, June 27–August 8
Unordinary Realities, Xerox Square Exhibition Center, Rochester, New York, September 12–November 2
1981
Crimes of Compassion, Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia, April 16–May 31
1988 |
540_11 | Art and the Law, Minnesota Museum of Art, Saint Paul, June 5–July 31
1991–1992
Art on Paper, Weatherspoon Art Gallery, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, November 24, 1991–January 5, 1992
1992
My Father’s House Has Many Mansions, Phyllis Kind Gallery, New York, January–February
Goodbye to Apple Pie: Contemporary Artists View the Family in Crisis, DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park, Lincoln, Massachusetts, September 19–November 29
1993
Invitational Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture, American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York, March 1–28
1994
A Garden of Earthly Delights, Phyllis Kind Gallery, Chicago, April–March
1994–1995
It’s How You Play the Game, Exit Art, New York, November 5, 1994–February 11, 1995
1995
American Art Today: Night Paintings, Art Museum, Florida International University, Miami, January 13–February 18 |
540_12 | Murder, Bergamot Station Arts Center, Santa Monica, California, February 3–April 1; Thread Waxing Space, New York, May 2–June 10; Centre Gallery, Wolfson Campus, Miami-Dade Community College, September 7–October 17
1998
Original Scale, Apex Art, New York, January 8–February 7
The Risk of Existence, Phyllis Kind Gallery, New York, November 7–December 30
2000
S.P.s, Poor Traits, Idols, and Icons, Phyllis Kind Gallery, New York, April 22–May 13
Private Worlds, Art in General, New York, May 29–July 8
Plots and Intentions, Berrie Center for the Performing and Visual Arts, Ramapo College, Mahwah, New Jersey, November 1–December 6
2000–2001
Collecting Ideas: Modern and Contemporary Works from the Polly and Mark Addison Collection, Denver Art Museum, November 18, 2000–March 11, 2001
2001
Self-Made Men, DC Moore Gallery, New York, April 4–May 5
2002
The 177th Annual Exhibition of Contemporary American Art, National Academy Museum, New York, May 1–June 9
2003 |
540_13 | Ballpoint Inklings, K.S. Art, New York, April 10–May 24
2004
Endless Love, DC Moore Gallery, New York, January 7–February 7
It’s a Wonderful Life: Psychodrama in Contemporary Painting, Spaces Gallery, Cleveland, March 19–May 14
Colored Pencil, K.S. Art, New York, April 1–May 8
About Painting, Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, June 26–September 26
2004–2005
Disparities and Deformations: Our Grotesque, SITE Santa Fe, July 18, 2004–January 9, 2005
2005
Solitude and Focus: Recent Works by MacDowell Colony Fellows in the Visual Arts, Aldrich Museum of Contemporary Art, Ridgefield, Connecticut, January 23–June 22
2006
The Space Between Us, Art Gallery, State University of New York, Albany, January 24–April 9
Subject, Lyman Allyn Art Museum, New London, Connecticut, May 14–August 14
The Figure in American Painting and Drawing, 1985–2005, Ogunquit Museum of American Art, Ogunquit, Maine, August 27–October 31 |
540_14 | 2006–2007
Creative Imaginings: The Howard A. and Judith Tullman Collection, Mobile Museum of Art, Alabama, October 6, 2006–January 7, 2007
2007
The 182nd Annual Exhibition of Contemporary American Art, National Academy Museum, New York, May 16–June 24
2007–2008
The Diane and Sandy Besser Collection, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, October 27, 2007–January 13, 2008
2008
Invitational Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture, American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York, March 6–April 6
Sparks! The William T. Kemper Collecting Initiative, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri, May 3–July 20
2010
Wall-to-Wall, Daniel Weinberg Gallery, Los Angeles, June 5–August 14
Domestic Disturbances, David Klein Gallery, Birmingham, Michigan, September 10–October 16
2012–2013
Untitled (Giotto’s O), Sperone Westwater Gallery, Lugano, Switzerland, November 30, 2012–February 15, 2013
2014 |
540_15 | If You’re Accidentally Not Included, Don’t Worry About It, Galerie Zürcher, New York, April 5–May 3
2015
Embracing Modernism: Ten Years of Drawings Acquisitions, Morgan Library and Museum, New York, February 13–May 24
Intimacy in Discourse, Mana Contemporary, Jersey City, October 8–December 28 |
540_16 | Collections
Cleveland Museum of Art
Colby College Museum of Art, Waterville, Maine
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
Indiana University Art Museum, Bloomington
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Morgan Library and Museum, New York
National Academy Museum, New York
Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
References
External links
Mark Greenwold at Garth Greenan Gallery
1942 births
Living people
20th-century American painters
21st-century American painters
Artists from Cleveland
Cleveland Institute of Art alumni
Indiana University Bloomington alumni |
541_0 | Newington Green is an open space in north London that straddles the border between Islington and Hackney. It gives its name to the surrounding area, roughly bounded by Ball's Pond Road to the south, Petherton Road to the west, Green Lanes and Matthias Road to the north, and Boleyn Road to the east. The Green is in N16 and the area is covered by the N16, N1 and N5 postcodes. |
541_1 | Origins
The first record of the area is as 'Neutone' in the Domesday Survey of 1086, when it still formed part of the demesne of St Paul's Cathedral. In the 13th century, Newton became Newington, whilst the prefix 'Stoke' was added in the area to the north, distinguishing it from Newington Barrow or Newington Berners in Islington. Newington Barrow later became known as Highbury, after the manor house built on a hill. There was probably a medieval settlement, and the prevailing activity was agriculture, growing hay and food for the inhabitants of nearby London. By the 15th century, the area had become more prosperous and in 1445 there were a good number of Londoners living in the hamlet. The name Newington Green was first mentioned in 1480. By the 1490s it was fringed by cottages, homesteads and crofts on the three sides in Newington Barrow manor in Islington. The north side was divided between the manors of Stoke Newington and Brownswood in South Hornsey. |
541_2 | Royal visitors and ministers
In the 16th century the area was connected to the court of Henry VIII. The king used a house on the south side of the Green as a base for hunting the wild bulls, stags and wild boars that roamed the surrounding forest.
In 1523 a resident of the north side of the Green, the future 6th Earl of Northumberland, Henry Percy became engaged to Anne Boleyn. At the time he was page to Cardinal Wolsey. Lord Percy had not sought permission from either his father or the king, causing Wolsey to scold him and his father to refuse the marriage. He later found himself a member of the jury that convicted Anne of adultery. His home, Brook House, stood at the northeast corner of the square. It contained a central courtyard and was decorated with gilded and painted wainscotting. It was later demolished, renamed Bishop's Place, and divided into tenements for the poor. |
541_3 | In 1535 Henry VIII's chief minister (equivalent of today's prime minister), Thomas Cromwell, took up residence at Canonbury Tower to the south of the area, from where he organised the Dissolution of the Monasteries and their transfer into royal ownership. Other Tower residents included, in the 16th century, John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and afterwards Duke of Northumberland, general, admiral, and politician; in the 17th century, Francis Bacon, one of the fathers of the scientific method, at that time the Attorney General, and Sir Thomas Coventry, afterwards Lord Keeper of the Great Seal; in the 18th century, Oliver Goldsmith, the writer.
Samuel Pepys
The famous 17th-century diarist Samuel Pepys was sent to the Newington Green and Kingsland area by his mother in order to benefit from the fresh air and open spaces of what was a rural area at that time.
Mildmay |
541_4 | Newington Green's history is marked by several streets in the area taking their name from this period, such as King Henry's Walk, Boleyn Road (formerly Ann Boleyn's Walk), Wolsey Road and Queen Elizabeth's Walk. Many other thoroughfares are named after the Mildmay estate, including Mildmay Park, Mildmay Grove North and Mildmay Grove South. Sir Walter Mildmay was the Chancellor of the Exchequer under Elizabeth I. He was one of the special commissioners in the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, and founded Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1584. |
541_5 | His grandson Sir Henry Mildmay served as MP and was Master of the Jewel House for Charles I. Henry was critical of the king's religious policies, supported Parliament during the civil wars and attended the king's trial. After the Restoration Henry was arrested for his part in the regicide, but granted leniency because he had refused to sign the king's death warrant. Instead of the death penalty he was sent to the Tower of London, stripped of his knighthood and his estates and sentenced to life imprisonment.
Mildmay Mission Hospital was founded in the 1890s, inspired by the work of the Reverend William Pennefather during the cholera epidemic of 1866. It was absorbed into the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948, and in the 1980s began pioneering work into the treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS, which it continues. |
541_6 | Mildmay Park, located on the street of the same name, was a station on the North London Railway. Opened in 1880, it closed in 1934. The station building was demolished in 1987, but remnants of the platforms can still be seen at track level.
Nonconformists and the Dissenting Academies
The area became the home of English Dissenters during the 17th century. Following the religious upheavals after the Restoration, some Protestants chose to remain in England and maintain their faith openly, but they had to live with the restrictions the state placed upon them. They moved to places tolerant of them; often they set up educational establishments, known in general as dissenting academies, which were intellectually and morally more rigorous than the universities. One such place was Newington Green, then still an agricultural village, but conveniently near London.) Oliver Cromwell's family had links there: his great-granddaughter Mary was born at the Green on 11 April 1691. |
541_7 | A critical mass of "dissident intellectuals, pedagogues with reforming ideas and Dissenters" and "the well-to-do edge of radical Protestantism" clustered around Newington Green, and other villages nearby such as Stoke Newington and Hackney. Not all of these free-thinkers were Unitarians: other notables include the Quaker physician John Coakley Lettsome and the Anglican pacifist Vicesimus Knox.
One such academy was set up on north of the Green, run by Charles Morton. One of the academy's students was Daniel Defoe, the writer, journalist and spy famous for his novel Robinson Crusoe. Another pupil was the controversial poet Samuel Wesley, father of John Wesley, the great religious leader. A later schoolmaster was the Rev. James Burgh, author of The Dignity of Human Nature and Thoughts on Education, who opened his Dissenting Academy on the green in 1750 and sent his pupils to the church there.
Unitarian Church, Price and Wollstonecraft |
541_8 | In 1708 the Newington Green Unitarian Church (NGUC) was built on the north, Hackney side of the Green. That congregation continues today as New Unity. The minister whose name is still remembered centuries later is Dr Richard Price, a libertarian and republican who cemented the village's "reputation as a centre for radical thinkers and social reformers". He arrived in 1758 with his wife Sarah, and took up residence in No. 54 the Green, in the middle of a terrace even then a hundred years old (The building still survives as London's oldest brick terrace, dated 1658). Many important politicians, thinkers, reformers, and writers visited him at Newington Green, including Founding Fathers of the United States, British politicians such as Lord Lyttleton, the Earl of Shelburne, Earl Stanhope (known as "Citizen Stanhope"), and even the Prime Minister William Pitt ; philosophers David Hume and Adam Smith; agitators such as prison reformer John Howard, gadfly John Horne Tooke and husband and |
541_9 | wife John and Ann Jebb. Price was fortunate in forming close friendships among his neighbours and congregants. One was Thomas Rogers, father of poet and banker Samuel Rogers, a merchant turned banker who had married into a long-established Dissenting family and lived at No. 56 the Green. Another was the Rev. James Burgh, author of The Dignity of Human Nature and Thoughts on Education, who opened his Dissenting Academy on the green in 1750 and sent his pupils to Price's sermons. Price, Rogers, and Burgh formed a dining club, eating at each other's houses in rotation. When Joseph Priestley's support of dissent led to the riots named after him, he fled Birmingham and headed for the sanctuary of Newington Green, where Rogers took him in. |
541_10 | One of the most important residents of the Green was the early feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, who moved her fledgling school for girls from Islington to Newington Green in 1784. It was Mrs Burgh, widow of the educationalist, who used her influence to find the young schoolmistress a house to rent and 20 students to fill it. The flavour of the village and the approach of these Rational Dissenters appealed to Wollstonecraft: they were hard-working, humane, critical but uncynical, and respectful towards women. The ideas Wollstonecraft ingested from the sermons at NGUC pushed her towards a political awakening. A couple of years after she left Newington Green, these seeds germinated into A Vindication of the Rights of Men, a response to Burke's denunciation of the French Revolution and attack on Price. In 1792 she published the work for which she is best remembered, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, in the spirit of rationalism extending Price's arguments about equality to women. |
541_11 | Newington Green had made its mark on Mary, and through this founding work of feminist philosophy, on the world. A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft was unveiled in Newington Green on November 10, 2020. |
541_12 | The New River
In 1602 it was proposed that a new river should be constructed to provide London with its first clean, fresh water. Sir Hugh Myddleton, a Welsh goldsmith and philanthropist, was given the responsibility, and in 1609 he built a canal from the Hertfordshire rivers of Chadwell and Amwell, 38 miles to the New River Head in Clerkenwell. Originally open to the air, the aqueduct flowed down the centre of the present day Petherton Road. It was later covered for sanitary reasons. |
541_13 | In 1808, Rochemont Barbauld was appointed minister to Newington Green Unitarian Church. His wife, Anna Laetitia Barbauld (1743–1825), was a prolific writer, admired by Samuel Johnson and William Wordsworth. She enjoyed a long friendship with Joseph Priestley and William Enfield, starting from their years together at the Warrington Academy in the 1760s, where her father was tutor. She wrote poems (including a tribute to Priestley), hymns, children's literature, and political and religious tracts. She was an abolitionist, addressing one of her works to William Wilberforce. 1793 saw her contribution to the Pamphlet War, "Sins of the Government, Sins of the Nation". Two years later she wrote The Rights of Women, but this was not published until her death thirty years later. Rochemont eventually went violently insane, attacked his wife and committed suicide by drowning himself in the river. |
541_14 | In 1946 the supply was redirected at Stoke Newington and in 1990 the New River was replaced by deep mains. Part of the New River's original course through Canonbury has now been turned into an ornamental walk.
Synagogues and Jewish life
Other religious institutions existed nearby. Jews fleeing the pogroms of the Russian Empire established a congregation by 1876, and built the Dalston Synagogue in adjoining Poets Road in 1885. This became one of the leading synagogues of London, with Jacob Koussevitzsky as its cantor from 1936. |
541_15 | For a period from the end of the nineteenth century, the Newington Green Area was host to a large Jewish population, which was beginning to leave the East End and move northwards towards Stoke Newington and Stamford Hill. The original Adath Israel orthodox congregation was founded in 1911 and its first permanent building was in Alma Road, off Green Lanes, before moving on towards Stoke Newington and the other side of Clissold Park in the 1950s. A large United Synagogue was built in Poets Road in the 1870s and remained active until it closed down in the late 1960s, as the remaining Jewish population moved on further afield. At its height, the Poets Road Synagogue (or as it was known the Dalston Synagogue despite the fact that it was not in Dalston – well, in fact, it was originally very close to Dalston Junction Station) had hundreds of worshippers (unlikely as it had only 400 male members at that time) and, for a short while in the 1930s, was the home of one of the world's leading |
541_16 | cantors, a member of the Kusevitsky family. |
541_17 | The synagogue site was eventually sold and the beautiful building, along with its stained glass windows, was demolished in 1970 and replaced by a block of council flats, leaving no trace of the Jewish life which existed in this area. |
541_18 | 19th century |
541_19 | In the early part of the 19th century, there was a change in the character of Newington Green. After a patient struggle of 150 years, the English Dissenters were finally freed from their civil disabilities with the passage of the Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813. With, it seemed, nothing left to fight for on that front, Nonconformists no longer needed the security of the Newington Green, and the area lost some of its intellectual cohesiveness. The church touched a low point. The nature of Newington Green had changed—the fresh bucolic village had been swallowed up by London's relentless growth, and had become a "thriving and expanding suburb". With this growth of prosperity also came a tide of poverty, and this was to prove the mission for the Victorian era. A hundred years before, the ethos had been one of almost Puritan self-reliance, but now the Dickensian poverty, evident in cholera epidemics and rampant malnutrition, made social responsibility an urgent necessity. The minister |
541_20 | who guided the first 25 years of this (1839–1864) was Thomas Cromwell, FSA (1792–1870). (Like many Anglican vicars, one of his hobbies was local history.) In 1840, a Sunday school was set up for poor children, and soon thereafter a Domestic Mission Society, to visit the poor in their homes. A library and a savings club emphasised self-help. A regular day school ran from 1860 for ten years, until primary education became the responsibility of the state with the passing of the Elementary Education Act 1870. |
541_21 | The "small but energetic community" continued to campaign on the larger political stage. Religious freedom and self-improvement were their watchwords. In the last decades of the 19th century, the church thrived and its congregation grew to 80 subscribers. The London Sunday School Society recognised the one at Newington Green as the best in its class, educating up to 200 children and necessitating the construction in 1887 of the schoolhouse immediately behind the main church building. A range of groups sprang up, ranging from intellectual (a Society for Mutual Theological Study) to recreational (cycling and cricket). Young men's and young women's groups met, as did the mothers' meeting, a Provident Society, and teetotalism (abstinence from alcohol) support for adults and children. Other issues of concern were education, social reform and women's suffrage. |
541_22 | Some individuals who lived at the Green during this period included Thomas Rees, the minister after Barbauld, who was a leading authority of the history of Unitarianism, and made connections with the Unitarian Church of Transylvania. Alexander Gilchrist, son of another minister, was the biographer of William Blake. Andrew Pritchard improved the microscope and studied microscopic organisms; he was a friend of Michael Faraday and for him, science and religion were one. He led the Newington Green Conversation Society, membership restricted to 16, a successor to the Mutual Instruction Society. Marian Pritchard is described as an unsung heroine, and "one of the leaders of modern Unitarianism". She set up Oxford Summer Schools for the training of Sunday School teachers and Winifred House Invalid Children's Convalescent Home. John Stuart Mill recalls his family living in Newington Green "from 1810 to the end of 1813"; it was at the time "an almost rustic neighbourhood", and it was during |
541_23 | walks with his father before breakfast "generally in the green lanes towards Hornsey" ("my earliest recollections of green fields and wild flowers") that John Stuart would recount to James Mill what he had learnt reading the previous day. |
541_24 | 20th century |
541_25 | Then came 1914, and the horrors of World War I. Men from Newington Green fell in battle. Meanwhile, many of the older people with long family ties to Newington Green simply died. The professional middle class had largely left the area. By 1930 "it was whispered that the church could not survive", but it did, with an influential supporter, an alderman and councillor in the Borough of Stoke Newington. Although attendance at services was small, other activities drew in crowds: 100 to the temperance meetings, for example. The outbreak of World War II meant that children were evacuated temporarily from London, so the Sunday Schools and Young People's Leagues ceased for a time. The Sunday services never missed a week, however, even when the building was badly damaged by a landmine blast: they just moved to the schoolhouse. After the war, the ministry focused on building bridges between races and faiths, e.g. with the Jewish community of North London, and was recognised by the World Congress |
541_26 | of Faiths. Services were often attended by local politicians, including the mayor of Stoke Newington. Leaders for the national Unitarian movement continued to be found within the congregation at Newington Green. |
541_27 | Newington Green today
The Green, far from being a pleasant and well-manicured garden square, was for many years just a run-down green space that straddled the border between Islington N1 and Hackney N16. However, in 1979 the Newington Green Action Group (NGAG) was formed with the aim of regenerating the area. NGAG worked with Islington Council on this project and traffic calming measures were installed to ease the notorious local congestion, with additional pedestrian crossings providing easier and safer access to the Green on foot. The Green was regenerated to include more lawn space, a play area and a café. New planting has enhanced the Green and was chosen to encourage biodiversity. |
541_28 | Newington Green has grown in popularity with the local community, evinced by the children that now play in the formerly deserted park, which is once more being used like a village green. Community groups hold fairs on the Green and NGAG has organised many events including the annual Jazz on the Green and Open Garden Squares day. These improvements are such that, in 2006, Newington Green won the first of many Green Flag Awards (the national standard for parks and green spaces in England and Wales, sponsored by Keep Britain Tidy). It has also won the Green Heritage Site Award for several years running, which is sponsored by English Heritage. In 2010 NGAG teamed up with the Mayville Gardening Club and the King Henry's Walk Community Garden; the Newington Green area was awarded a High Silver Gilt Royal Horticultural Society Urban Communities Award, as part of the London in Bloom Scheme. |
541_29 | The Newington Green Action Group also published a local history book The Village That Changed the World: A History of Newington Green London N16 by Alex Allardyce in 2008, which won the Walter Bor Award the following year.
Newington Green and Newington Green Road to the south constitute the commercial and cultural centre of the district. This area shares in the gentrification of Islington and Stoke Newington, so the old shopping area has now been supplemented by a number of new and trendy shops, bars and restaurants. However, there is a substantial Turkish Cypriot community in the area, members of whom run many of the local grocery stores. |
541_30 | Since the millennium, two new ministers at the Unitarian Church have injected energy into the Green and added to its events and publicity. Cathal (Cal) Courtney, characterised as a "radical spirit" who had made a "remarkable spiritual journey", opened the church for a multi-faith silent protest vigil through the night before the huge march against the Iraq War. He used his inaugural column in the N16 magazine to address the international furore around Gene Robinson's election as bishop. He was written about as the Right-On Reverend in The Oldie'''s monthly "East of Islington" column. Courtney revived the Richard Price Memorial Lecture, which had last been given in 1981. NGUC now sponsors it annually, to "(address) a topical or important aspect of liberty, reason and ethics." |
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