Datasets:
illuin-conteb
/
mldr-conteb-eval

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
chunk_id
stringlengths
5
8
chunk
stringlengths
1
1k
700_32
Frances Widdowson, herself fired in December 2021 from her tenured professorship at Mount Royal University following claims that she articulates racism, said in an interview that while she was herself opposed to white identity politics, she did not think Duchesne should be "shut down" and prevented from speaking. She expressed concern that "as soon as you say you want to have a discussion about what Duchesne is talking about, you’re accused of being a white supremacist." Duchesne had stopped publishing in mainstream academic journals even before his retirement. Since then, he has continued his research and writing as an independent scholar, publishing articles on his Council of Euro-Canadians blog and in Kevin McDonald's white nationalist journal, The Occidental Quarterly. Bibliography "Defending the Rise of Western Culture Against its Multicultural Critics," The European Legacy: Toward New Paradigms (2005) 10#5, pp. 455–484. online References
700_33
Further reading Groves, J. Randall (2012). "Rationalization, Dialectic and the West: An Appraisal of Ricardo Duchesne's Uniqueness of Western Civilization". In: The Coming Clash of Civilization: China versus the West? Proceedings of the 42nd Conference of the International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations. (Washington, D.C.): 165-177. External links Personal website The Council of Euro-Canadians — Duchesne's political blog Research Gate—Duchesne's research profile Canadian sociologists Concordia University alumni Living people McGill University alumni University of New Brunswick faculty York University alumni Year of birth missing (living people) Critics of multiculturalism
701_0
Elizabeth "Betty" Hofstadt Francis (formerly Draper) is a fictional character on AMC's television series Mad Men, portrayed by January Jones. She is wife (and later ex-wife) of main character Don Draper (Jon Hamm) and mother of his three children. Blonde and beautiful but emotionally distant and immature, she spends the bulk of the series slowly growing as a person amid the social and political turmoil of the 1960s. The character's appearance is often compared to that of Grace Kelly, with the similarities between the two also drawn during the first season of the series. Jones received two Golden Globe nominations and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for her performance. She also won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series twice along with the cast of Mad Men.
701_1
Casting and character development The character of Betty Draper was not originally part of the pilot episode, though she did appear in the pilot. The script established that lead character Don Draper (Jon Hamm) was married, but only by a mention in dialogue, and there was no intention to show his home life. January Jones was instead initially considered, along with Elisabeth Moss, for the character Peggy Olson; Moss was ultimately cast as Peggy. Show creator Matthew Weiner then wrote two scenes featuring Betty, and Jones successfully auditioned for the part two days later. Although there were no full scripts or even plot ideas involving the character at the time, Weiner promised Jones that the character would be developed.
701_2
Weiner has attributed Mad Mens visual style to the influence of film director Alfred Hitchcock, who featured a signature "icy blonde" female character in many of his films. Betty Draper's character has also been compared to that of Peyton Place's Constance MacKenzie: "cold, remote, and emotionally unavailable." Fictional character biography
701_3
Backstory
701_4
Betty was born Elizabeth Hofstadt''' in 1932. According to her son's birth certificate, she was born in Cape May, New Jersey, where her wealthy family summered. In season two the character is said to have been raised in the home rule Philadelphia suburb of Elkins Park, in Cheltenham Township. Betty is of German ancestry. Betty is a debutante who graduated from Bryn Mawr College, an exclusive Seven Sister college with an anthropology degree; after which she briefly modeled in Italy before moving to Manhattan. It was during this time that she met Don Draper – he was writing ad copy for a fur company, and she was one of their models. He began courting her by buying her the fur coat she wore at a shoot and then she got pregnant. Betty and Don were married in May 1953. Her favorite movie is Singin' in the Rain (1952). Betty's mother Ruth died early in 1960, three months before the events of the episode "Ladies Room". Her father, Gene (Ryan Cutrona), has a girlfriend named Gloria (Darcy
701_5
Shean), whom Betty dislikes and whom her father marries sometime in the 18 months between seasons 1 and 2; Gloria leaves Gene when he begins showing signs of mental deterioration in Season 3. He moved in with the Drapers during season 3 and later died in that season, set in 1963. Betty has a brother, William (Eric Ladin), who is married to Judy (Megan Henning) and whose daughters Don and Betty consider to be "rowdy." Betty's confidantes have included her neighbor Francine Hanson (Anne Dudek) and Glen Bishop (Marten Holden Weiner), the young son of divorcée Helen Bishop (Darby Stanchfield). Ill-suited for parenting, Betty has a strained relationship with her children, particularly with her daughter Sally (Kiernan Shipka).
701_6
Season one Betty and Don Draper live in a large house in suburban Ossining, New York, with their children Sally and Bobby (Maxwell Huckabee). In the second episode, set in the spring of 1960, Betty starts to see a psychiatrist to address repeated spells of numbness in her hands, which medical doctors have indicated are psychosomatic. It was during these meetings that, after having discovered the psychiatrist was giving reports of her sessions to Don, she voiced her suspicion that her husband was unfaithful. By the start of the second season, set in February 1962, she had discontinued the consultations.
701_7
Season two
701_8
During the second season episode "A Night to Remember", Betty and Don seem to have reached an agreement, but after a dinner party where Betty is embarrassed to be considered a "demographic" by Don and his associates, she confronts her husband for the first time about his adultery, specifically with Bobbie Barrett (Melinda McGraw). Don, however, denies having an affair. The next day, with a glass of wine in hand, Betty searches through Don's belongings for proof of his indiscretions but does not find any. Betty awakens Don - who is sleeping on the couch - that night and explains that she doesn't want things to "be like this." He repeats that he did not do anything, and when she asks if he hates her, he insists that he loves her and doesn't want to "lose this." When preparing dinner the next day, an Utz commercial featuring Jimmy Barrett (Patrick Fischler) airs on television, reminding Betty of Don's infidelity. After seeing this, Betty calls Don at work and tells him she doesn't want
701_9
him to come home.
701_10
Betty does turn to Don when she learns her father has suffered a stroke. She and Don leave the children with a neighbor and drive to visit Gene. Betty is visibly impatient with Gloria and William, but she and Don are careful to present a united front. At the end of a stressful day, Betty makes Don sleep on the floor of the guestroom, but later joins him on the floor, where they make love. The next morning, Gene mistakes Betty for her late mother Ruth, suggesting they "go upstairs." Betty is shocked and frightened, but tries to pretend that everything is all right. When she and Don return to New York, Betty surprises Don by asking him to leave again. In the Season 2 finale, Betty discovers she is pregnant. Although she brings up the subject of abortion with her doctor and has sex with a random man she picks up at a bar, at the end of the episode she asks Don to return home, and tells him she is pregnant.
701_11
Season three Season 3 begins with Betty in her third trimester, seemingly reconciled with Don. In Episode 5, she gives birth to Eugene Scott Draper, whom she names after her father. After giving birth, Betty comes to the quick realization that her dream of everything being perfect will never come true. During Episode 3, Betty and Don attend a country club party hosted by Roger Sterling (John Slattery) and his new wife, Jane Siegel Sterling (Peyton List), where Betty meets Henry Francis (Christopher Stanley), who is later revealed to be an advisor to then-New York governor Nelson A. Rockefeller. Henry is infatuated with Betty, and though she seems reluctant to return his feelings at first, as the season progresses, their affair intensifies. Betty eventually ends it, feeling guilty.
701_12
In Episode 11, Betty corners Don, after getting into a locked drawer in the desk in his home office that contains pictures and documents of Don's past life. (Don had inadvertently left his keys in his clothes, and Betty heard them jingling in the dryer). She forces him to give her an explanation, and he haltingly tells her about his life as Dick Whitman, how he came to exchange dog tags with Lieutenant Don Draper, and his half-brother Adam's (Jay Paulson) suicide. While apparently sympathetic to his feelings of guilt about Adam's death, Betty is conflicted about Don's having hidden this aspect of his life from her.
701_13
After President John F. Kennedy's assassination and Margaret Sterling's (Elizabeth Rice) wedding the following day, Betty meets with Henry, who confesses his desire to marry her. They passionately kiss, and after the encounter, Betty returns home to tell Don she no longer loves him, leaving him stunned. This culminates in her seeing a divorce lawyer in the season 3 finale. During the same episode, Roger, whose daughter is friends with Henry's daughter, unintentionally reveals to Don that Betty and Francis are involved. An incensed Don confronts Betty. After calling her a whore, he assures her that she "won't get a nickel" in the ensuing divorce, and he intends to seek sole custody of the children. The next morning, Don and Betty inform the children they are separating, and both older children react badly.
701_14
After moving into Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce's new office, Don calls Betty and tells her he will not fight her, and he wishes her the best. She tells him he'll always be their children's father. The season ends with Betty taking a plane to Reno with baby Gene and Henry. Season four Betty's presence in season four is diminished compared to the previous seasons. Season 4 opens with Betty, Henry, and the children still living in the former Draper residence (which Don owns) following Betty's marriage to Henry. The residence is a point of contention for Don and Betty, as Don is still paying the mortgage, and Betty is required by their divorce agreement to move out but has not.
701_15
Throughout Season 4, Betty finds her marriage to Henry strained by tensions with Don and by deteriorating relations with Sally. When she discovers Sally has become friends with her old confidant, Glen Bishop, Betty forces them to end the friendship. Glen's reappearance is the catalyst for Betty to finally insist to Henry that it's time for them to move because of the "low-caliber people" taking over the neighborhood, much to Sally's distress.
701_16
In the season finale "Tomorrowland", Betty and Francis are packing to move out of the Ossining house and into a new home in nearby Rye, New York. When the children's nanny, Carla (Deborah Lacey), lets Glen into the house to say goodbye to Sally, Betty becomes upset and fires her, refusing to give her a reference. This angers Henry, with whom Betty feels increasingly dissatisfied. At the end of the episode Betty waits for Don at the now-empty Ossining house, telling him she is unhappy with her new life. Don senses her desire to try and repair things between them, but instead informs her of his engagement to Megan Calvet (Jessica Paré). Betty congratulates him, but is visibly disheartened and angry that he has moved on. They leave the house through opposite doors.
701_17
Season five
701_18
Betty's presence in season five is further reduced due to January Jones' pregnancy. In the episode, "Tea Leaves", Betty and her family are now shown to be living in a large Victorian estate in Rye, New York. Since the season four finale, she has put on a significant amount of weight and dislikes leaving the house. Her mother-in-law, Pauline (Pamela Dunlap), advises Betty to take diet pills since Pauline believes Henry is unhappy in the marriage, even though he repeatedly tells Betty that he loves her regardless of her appearance. Betty goes to her doctor to get a prescription, but he finds a lump in her throat that could be cancerous. When it turns out to be benign, Betty is barely relieved and returns to focusing on her physical condition. By the episode "Dark Shadows", Betty attends Weight Watchers meetings to attempt to regain her old form but receives mixed results; she notes that it is difficult to take the weight off. Betty is often seen eating very little in an attempt to lose
701_19
weight but appears to weaken when she consumes whipped cream directly from the can and occasionally sneaks sweets. Betty regresses further when she goes to Don's NYC apartment to pick up her kids and becomes jealous and bitter over the lovely, modern accommodations and Megan's lissome beauty. She then tries to stir up rancor by mentioning Don's deceased friend Anna Draper (Melinda Page Hamilton) to Sally, but after Megan and (particularly) Don tell Sally more about Anna, Betty is defeated; Sally expresses visible contempt for her mother, further straining their relationship. However, when Sally begins menstruating for the first time while visiting her father in New York, she immediately returns to Rye and seeks out her mother for help. Here, Betty is finally shown to be a caring mother to Sally; showing what is at this point uncharacteristic warmth, Betty recognizes that Sally needs her and provides comfort and guidance to her daughter.
701_20
Season six Betty spends most of the beginning of the sixth season losing the weight she gained over the past year. After visiting the Lower East Side in search of one of Sally's friends and being snidely dismissed by one of the young people there as a "bottle blonde", she dyes her hair brunette. Betty's hair later reverts to its original blonde color. When Henry announces that he wants to run for public office, she has mixed feelings about the idea (still being concerned about her weight).
701_21
In episode 8 ("The Better Half"), Betty is back to her original weight and actively campaigning alongside her husband. Henry sees the excess attention that Betty receives and is turned on by it, as is Betty, who is beginning to feel more confident about herself. When one of Henry's colleagues makes a pass at her at a fundraising dinner, she informs him that she's had three children, to which he replies that he doesn't care. But he's misunderstood her meaning; she then tells him triumphantly, "No, look at me. Can you believe I've had three children?" before leaving with Henry.
701_22
Betty goes to Bobby's summer camp for a family weekend in "The Better Half", driving down without Henry. Don, also on his way to the camp, sees the newly svelte Betty lost at a gas station, and they go down to the campground together. They spend the afternoon with Bobby, and everyone has a wonderful time. That night Don visits Betty's cabin, and they share a drink, reminiscing about the early years of their marriage and the kids. Don accepts Betty's tacit invitation to enter her cabin, and they make love. Betty and Don talk afterward, and Betty admits that she's happy with Henry, is no longer as mad at Don as she once was, and feels sorry for Megan, who doesn't know that loving Don is the worst way of getting to him. The next morning Don wakes up alone and goes down to the cafeteria, where he sees Betty and Henry eating together. Don says hello to them and goes off to eat, alone, at the other side of the room.
701_23
In "The Quality of Mercy", Betty takes Sally on an overnight trip to interview at Miss Porter's boarding school. She detects Sally is troubled by something but doesn't realize it's because Sally saw Don in bed with his downstairs neighbor, Sylvia Rosen (Linda Cardellini). Sally is accepted at Miss Porter's, but Betty soon calls Don with the news that Sally has gotten suspended because she bought beer with a fake I.D. and got drunk with some other girls. Betty sadly blames herself for Sally's troubles and tells Don, "the good isn't beating out the bad." Season seven
701_24
In episode 3, "Field Trip," the distinctly un-maternal Betty questions if she is a good mother, and if her children love her, after a field trip with Bobby to a farm goes sour. Bobby trades Betty's sandwich for a bag of gumdrops, leaving Betty with no food. Betty orders Bobby to eat the candy and is visibly irritated with him for the rest of the day. When they return home, neither is willing to talk about what happened. Henry insists that the children love her, but Betty believes it will change in time.
701_25
In episode 5, "Runaways", Betty speaks her mind about the Vietnam War, causing a rough patch between herself and the conservative Henry during a dinner party. Bobby overhears the arguing and sees Henry sleeping in the den. When Sally comes home after getting hurt faux sword-fighting at Miss Porter's, Bobby asks her if Betty and Henry are getting a divorce. Sally assures him they aren't, and Bobby tells her he wishes he could go with her to school. At the end of the episode, Betty resents Henry for telling her what to do, say, and think. In episode 9, "New Business," Betty is revealed to be pursuing a master's degree in psychology at Fairfield University in Connecticut.
701_26
In episode 13, "The Milk and Honey Route," Betty begins to feel dizzy and winded at school and falls down while climbing the stairs, fracturing her rib. When she sees her doctor, Betty is shocked to discover that her recent lightheadedness is a sign of aggressive, advanced lung cancer that has begun to spread throughout her body. Both Henry and Sally pressure her to undergo chemotherapy, but she stoically refuses, saying "I've learned to believe people when they say it's over." She writes a letter to Sally, telling her in a matter-of-fact way how she wants to be dressed and made up for her funeral, and then stating: "Sally, I always worried about you because you marched to the beat of your own drum, but now I know that's good. I know your life will be an adventure. I love you, Mom."
701_27
In the series finale, "Person to Person," Betty insists to Don (and apparently to Henry) that her children should live with her brother William and his wife after her death, so that the boys will have a woman in their lives. Betty is last seen reading a newspaper at her kitchen table while smoking a cigarette, as Sally is in the background, washing dishes. Reception Betty Draper appeared in Comcast's list of TV's Most Intriguing Characters. TV Guide named her one of the most fashionable TV characters. She was also included in Glamours list of the 12 Most Stylish TV Characters. HuffPost'' named her as one of the Worst TV Characters in 2012, saying "her unchanging narcissism and her selfish petulance simply bore us to tears". Awards and nominations
701_28
January Jones earned nominations and accolades for her portrayal of Betty Draper. She was jointly nominated on six occasions for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series, in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, and 2015, winning twice in 2009 and 2010. In 2009 and 2010, Jones was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series (Drama). In 2010, Jones was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. References External links AMC Character Page Guardian.co.uk Profile Draper, Elizabeth "Betty" Fictional models Fictional characters from Philadelphia Fictional housewives Fictional German American people Fictional characters from New York (state) Television characters introduced in 2007 Fictional smokers Fictional characters with cancer American female characters in television
702_0
Archduchess Margaret of Austria (; ; ; ; 10 January 1480 – 1 December 1530) was Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1507 to 1515 and again from 1519 to 1530. She was the first of many female regents in the Netherlands. Childhood and life in France Margaret was born on 10 January 1480 and named after her stepgrandmother, Margaret of York. She was the second child and only daughter of Maximilian of Austria (future Holy Roman Emperor) and Mary of Burgundy, co-sovereigns of the Low Countries. In 1482, her mother died and her three-year-old brother Philip the Handsome succeeded her as sovereign of the Low Countries, with her father as his regent.
702_1
The same year her mother died, King Louis XI of France signed the Treaty of Arras, whereby her father promised to give her hand in marriage to Louis' son, Dauphin Charles. The engagement took place in 1483. With Franche-Comté and Artois as her dowry, Margaret was transferred to the guardianship of Louis XI, who died soon after. She was raised as a fille de France and prepared for her future role as Queen of France. Under the supervision of her governess Madame de Segré, and Charles' sister, regent of France Anne de Beaujeu, Margaret received a fine education alongside several noble children, amongst whom was Louise of Savoy.
702_2
Although their union was political, the young Margaret developed a genuine affection for Charles. However, he renounced the treaty in the autumn of 1491 and forcibly married Margaret's former stepmother Anne, Duchess of Brittany, for political reasons. The French court had ceased treating Margaret as their future queen but she could not return to her ex-stepmother's (Anne of Brittany) court until June 1493 after the Treaty of Senlis had been signed in May that year. She was hurt by Charles' actions and was left with a feeling of enduring resentment towards the House of Valois. Marriages Princess of Asturias
702_3
To achieve an alliance with Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, Maximilian started negotiating the marriage of their only son and heir, John, Prince of Asturias, to Margaret, as well as the marriage of their daughter Juana to Philip. Margaret left the Netherlands for Spain late in 1496. Her engagement to the Prince of Asturias seemed doomed when the ship carrying her to Spain hit a storm in the Bay of Biscay. In haste, she wrote her own epitaph should she not reach Spain: However, Margaret actually married Prince John on 3 April 1497 in Burgos Cathedral. Tragically, John died of a fever after only six months, on 4 October. Margaret was left pregnant but gave birth to a premature stillborn daughter on 2 April 1498. Duchess of Savoy
702_4
In 1501, Margaret married Philibert II, Duke of Savoy (1480–1504), whose realm played a decisive role in the rivalry between France and the Habsburgs in Italy on account of its strategic position in the Western Alps. They had a very stable relationship for those 3 years. When Margaret came to Savoy, the government was in the hands of René, Philibert's bastard brother. Margaret fought hard to strip away his powers and possessions, even involving Maximilian (as Holy Roman Emperor, he was overlord of Savoy) to nullify the letters that gave René legitimacy. René, being declared a traitor, took refuge in France and was welcomed by his half-sister Louise of Savoy, mother of Francis I. She then took hold of the government, while her husband focused on private hobbies like hunting (which she did share with him). She summoned councils, appointed officers, and when her brother Philip visited, she discussed and approved his plan regarding a continued reapproachement with France.
702_5
By 1504, however, Philibert died of pleurisy. Grief-stricken, Margaret threw herself out of a window, but was saved. After being persuaded to bury her husband, she had his heart embalmed so she could keep it with her forever. Her court historian and poet Jean Lemaire de Belges gave her the title "Dame de deuil" (Lady of Mourning). Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands
702_6
Queen Isabella died in late 1504, and Philip and Juana went to Castile to claim the crown. After Philip's death, Charles was the new sovereign of the Low Countries, but he was young and alone. Juana could not return to act as regent because her unstable mental state and her Castilian subjects would not allow their ruler to abandon the kingdom. Preoccupied with German affairs, her father, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire Maximillian I, named Margaret governor of the Low Countries and guardian of Charles in 1507, along with her nieces Eleanor, Isabella and Mary. She became the only woman elected as its ruler by the representative assembly of Franche-Comté, with her title confirmed in 1509.
702_7
Some report that Margaret was considered a foreigner because of her childhood at the French court. According to Blockmans and others though, Margaret, Philip as well as Charles V were considered autochthonous; only Maximilian was always a foreigner. The Governess served as an intermediary between her father and her nephew's subjects in the Netherlands from her newly built palace at Mechelen. During a remarkably successful career, she broke new ground for women rulers. In 1520, Charles made Margaret his governor-general in gratitude for her services. She was the only regent he ever re-appointed indefinitely from 1519 until her death in on 1 December 1530.
702_8
Tupu Ylä-Anttila opines that Margaret acted as defacto queen consort in a political sense, first to her father and then Charles V, "absent rulers" who needed a representative dynastic presence that also complemented their characteristics. Her queenly virtues helped her to play the role of diplomat and peace-maker, as well as guardian and educator of future rulers, whom Maximilian called "our children" or "our common children" in letters to Margaret. This was a model that developed as part of the solution for the emerging Habsburg composite monarchy and would continue to serve later generations. As an older relative and former guardian, she had more power with Charles than with her father Maximilian, who treated her cordially but occasionally acted in a threatening manner.
702_9
Authors of The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369-1530 credit Margaret with keeping the provinces together as well as fulfilling the demands for peace from the Netherlandish Estates. Despite Louis XII's attempts to regain control of certain territories and interfered in Guelders, Friesland and Liege, cooperation between the regent, the Privy Council and the Estates General maintained the integrity of the Burgundian inheritance. Foreign policy
702_10
Margaret soon found herself at war with France over the question of Charles's requirement to pay homage to the French king for the County of Flanders (which was outside the Empire; and while a long-standing portion of the inherited Burgundian titles & provinces, legally still within France). In response, she persuaded Emperor Maximilian to end the war with King Louis XII. On November 1508, she journeyed to Cambrai to assist in the formation of the League of Cambrai, which ended (for a time) the possibility of a French invasion of the Low Countries, redirecting French attention to Northern Italy.
702_11
The Estates preferred to maintain peace with France and Guelders. But Charles of Egmont, the defacto lord of Guelders continued to cause trouble. In 1511, she made an alliance with England and besieged Venlo, but Charles of Egmont invaded Holland so the siege had to be lifted. When she asked her father (who had fought Guelders even without the Low Countries's help during the time of Philip, and then helped Philip to achieve his 1505 victory over Guelders) to come to help, he suggested to her that the Estates in the Low Countries should defend themselves, forcing her to sign the 1513 treaty with Charles, recognizing him as Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen. In 1514, he marched into Arnhem – a clear breach of the treaty. The Habsburg Netherlands would only be able to incorporate Guelders and Zutphen under Charles V.
702_12
According to James D. Tracy, Maximilian and Margaret were reasonable in demanding more stern measures against Guelders, but their critics in the Estates General (that had continuously voted against providing funds for wars against Guelders) and among the nobles naively thought that Charles of Egmont could be controlled by maintaining the peaceful relationship with the King of France, his patron. After Charles's brief personal rule (1514-1517), Margaret returned to witness Guelders's most stunning military success in decades, together with a horrible trail of destruction their Black Band mercenaries left through Friesland and Holland. Many of Charles V's Netherlands subjects, including leading Humanists like Erasmus and Hadrianus Barlandus unreasonably mistrusted their government, suspecting that princes (Maximilian, in particular) were concocting clever schemes just to expand the Habsburg dominion and extracting money (in fact, Maximilian also did hope to employ the wealth of the Low
702_13
Countries to finance his projects elsewhere – he hardly succeeded though). The inaction of the experienced commander Rudolf von Anhalt during the sacking of the town of Tienen in Brabant, in particular, made Barlandus suspect a sinister motive (in reality, von Anhalt was ordered by Margaret to avoid direct engagement until he had more troops).
702_14
By 1512, she told her father that the Netherlands existed on peace and trade, and thus she would declare neutrality while using foreign armies and funds to wage wars. She played the key role in bringing together the participants of Holy League: the pope, the Swiss, Henry VIII, Ferdinand of Aragon and her father Maximilian (he joined the League only as Emperor, as not as guardian of his grandson Charles and thus, the Low Countries' neutrality was maintained). The league targeted France. The treaty also would not prevent the more adventurous Netherlands seigneurs from serving under Maximilian and Henry when they attacked the French later.
702_15
Following this strategy, in 1513, at the head of Henry VIII's army, Maximilian gained a victory against the French at the Battle of the Spurs, at little cost to himself or his daughter (in fact according to Margaret, the Low Countries got a profit of one million of gold from supplying the English army). For the sake of his grandson Charles's Burgundian lands, he ordered Therouanne's walls to be demolished (the stronghold had often served as a backdoor for French interference in the Low Countries).
702_16
After Maximillian I's death in 1518, Margaret and young Charles (all of 18) began to negotiate the latter's election as Holy Roman Emperor despite the opposition of the papacy and France. The Governess instead supported her younger nephew Ferdinand. However, Charles refused to withdraw. Using a combination of diplomacy and bribery, Margaret played a crucial role in the election of Charles as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, defeating the candidacy of King Francis I of France, who from this day forward became Charles' great rival in the struggle for pre-eminence in Europe.
702_17
As Emperor, Charles V inherited the long-running disputes with the Kings of France over possession of the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Naples. Though Charles preferred the Netherlands to many of his possessions, his many kingdoms (and many wars) required him to travel throughout Europe. His great victory at Pavia over Francis I in 1525 (Battle of Pavia) in which he took the French King prisoner and then freed him in exchange for his sons as hostages, led once more to French invasion of the Low Countries. Francis reneged on promises to renounce overlordship of Artois, Flanders and the Franche-Cômté, much less return the much-desired Burgundian core territory, the Duchy itself centered at Dijon (Duchy of Burgundy) as soon as he was safely back in France.
702_18
Once again, Margaret proved a remarkably capable ruler of the Netherlands, holding off the forces of the League of Cognac -- i.e. the French (1526-29) and then negotiating the "Paix de Dames/ Ladies Peace". Journeying to Cambrai again, Margaret reunited with Louise of Savoy, her sister-in-law and mother of Francis I. They negotiated the end of a war that France could no longer sustain; the Hapsburgs lost Burgundy proper forever, but France gave up its claims to legal overlordship of Flanders, Artois and the "Free County" of Burgundy (Franche-Comté). Economy Margaret had an aptitude for business, and maintained the prosperity of the Netherlands. She negotiated the restoration of Intercursus Magnus with England, which was favorable to the Flemish textile interests and brought huge profits. Because of the trade, industry and wealth of the regions and cities she oversaw, the Low Countries was an important source of income for the Imperial treasury.
702_19
In 1524, she signed a trade agreement with Frederick I of Denmark (the condition was that Holland would not support Christian II) that ensured the regular supply of grain into the Netherlands. Christian later managed to get the support from Charles V thanks to the efforts of his secretary Cornelis de Schepper, but Margaret refused to follow even Charles's order and insisted on placing the economical interests of the Netherlands above dynastic interests (Christian was the husband of Isabella of Austria, thus brother-in-law to Charles sister of Charles and nephew-in-law to Margaret). Margaret provided funds and war supplies for her nephew's troops, especially against King Francis I of France and the German Protestants. In following years, Habsburg forces consolidated their hold over Tournai, Friesland, Utrecht, and Overijssel, which became part of the Netherlands.
702_20
Internal conflict Although the Low Countries was not previously centralized, Margaret's reign was a period of relative peace for the Netherlands. The exception was the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, especially in the north. The first martyrs were burnt at the stake in 1523. Patronage of the arts Once she was declared Governor of the Netherlands, Margaret purchased the Hof van Savoye, located in the Korte Maagdenstraat (Short Virgins Street). She found the residence too small and started an ambitious expansion campaign in 1507. From 1517 to 1530, the architect Rombout II Keldermans furthered the project along the Keizerstraat (Emperor Street) and modified what became the rear wing, which faces the Palace of Margaret of York. The Governess kept several painters at her court, including the Master of the Legend of the Magdalen and Pieter van Coninxloo.
702_21
Margaret possessed a rich library, consisting mostly of missals, poetry, historical and ethical treatises, which included the works of Christine de Pizan and the famous illuminated Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry. She possessed several Chansonniers which contained works by Josquin des Prez, Johannes Ockeghem, Jacob Obrecht and Pierre de la Rue, who was her favourite composer. In his 1517-1518 travel journal, Italian canon Antonio de Beatis described Margaret's highly decorated library for women. The books are all written in French and bound in velvet with silver-gilt clasps.
702_22
Margaret ended up raising her nephew and nieces in her palace. Her court was visited by the great humanists of her time, including Erasmus, Adrian of Utrecht (later Pope Adrian VI), and Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa. Agrippa dedicated his arguably feminist work "Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex" to her. The Governor was so impressed with diplomat Thomas Boleyn's charm that she offered his daughter Anne Boleyn (future Queen consort of England) a temporary place in her household. She reported to the English nobleman that the little girl was "so presentable and so pleasant, considering her youthful age, that I am more beholden to you for sending her to me, than you to me."
702_23
Margaret ordered several splendid music manuscripts from Pierre Alamire to send them as gifts to her relatives and political relations. She had one of the earliest collections of objects from the New World. Hernán Cortés had presented Charles V with treasures received from the Aztec King Moctezuma in 1519. Several of these treasures were sent to Mechelen as a gift from her nephew in 1523. Portraits Death and Burial On 15 November 1530, Margaret stepped on a piece of broken glass. She initially thought little of the injury but gangrene set in and the leg had to be amputated. She decided to arrange all her affairs first, designating Charles V as her sole heir and writing him a letter in which she asked him to maintain peace with France and England. On the night of 30 November, the doctors came to operate on her. They gave her a dose of opium to lessen the pain, but it was reportedly so strong that she would not wake up again. She passed away between midnight and one o'clock.
702_24
She was buried alongside her second husband at Bourg-en-Bresse, in the mausoleum of the Royal Monastery of Brou that she previously commissioned. There is a statue of the Governess next to the St. Rumbold's Cathedral in Mechelen, Belgium. Heraldry Depiction in media Margaret of Austria is portrayed by Spanish actress Úrsula Corberó in the TV show Isabel. A fictionalized version of Margaret can be found in the play The Unhappy Penitent by Catharine Trotter, where she appears as the character 'Margarite'. In the play, Margarite is in love with René II, Duke of Lorraine, although this may be a historical inaccuracy since there is no indication available today that the two ever met. Also, the Duke of Brittany is in love with Margarite, but this likely another historical inaccuracy since he died in 1488, three years before Anne came to France to marry Charles VIII; her father's death is what spurred the various betrothals of Anne. Ancestry References Bibliography
702_25
Margarete - Maximilian I. Musik um 1500, Capilla Flamenca with La Caccia, Schola Cantorum Cantate Domino Aalst, Schola Gregoriana Lovaniensis, 1998, ORF Shop CD 265 (2 CDs). Dulcis Melancholia, Biographie musicale de Marguerite d'Autriche, Capilla Flamenca, 2005 (MEW 0525). Dame de Deuil. Musical Offerings for Marguerite of Austria, La Morra, 2005 (KTC 4011). Margaret of Austria (1480–1530) Encyclopedia |- 1480 births 1530 deaths 15th-century House of Habsburg 16th-century House of Habsburg Austrian princesses Austrian Roman Catholics Princesses of Asturias House of Trastámara 16th-century women rulers Duchesses of Savoy Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands Daughters of emperors
703_0
The following is a timeline of Lincoln, Nebraska history including significant social, political, cultural, and economic events in the history of Lincoln. 1856–1868
703_1
Early 19th century Plains Indians, descendants of indigenous peoples who occupy the area for thousands of years, live and hunt along Salt Creek. The Pawnee, which include four tribes, live in villages along the Platte River. The Great Sioux Nation, including the Ihanktowan-Ihanktowana and the Lakota located to the north and west, use Nebraska as a hunting and skirmish ground. 1856 Village of Lancaster founded. Captain W. T. Donovan, a former steamer captain, and his family settle on Salt Creek 1858 Captain Donovan and his family abandon the schemes of the Crescent Company and leave the area to the Stevens Creek settlement due to the threatening aspect of the Pawnee Indians. 1859 Lancaster becomes the county seat of Lancaster County. 1862 Passage of the Homestead Act, homesteaders begin to inhabit the area. 1864 The first plat for Lancaster laid out. In September, most settlers abandoned Lancaster due to the 1864 Sioux Indian scare. 1867 Nebraska granted statehood.
703_2
Formation of Capital Commission to locate a site for the State Capital on State owned land. Commission, composed of Governor David Butler, Secretary of State Thomas Kennard, and Auditor John Gillespie, tour sites for the State Capital. Village of Lancaster chosen. Disregarding the original plat of the village of Lancaster, Thomas Kennard plats Lincoln on a broader scale. Village of Lancaster not dissolved nor abandoned, however Lancaster becomes Lincoln when the Lincoln plat is filed on September 6. First newspaper, The Nebraska Commonwealth established by Charles H. Gere. 1868 December 1, Nebraska State Capitol completed. The Commonwealth newspaper becomes the Nebraska State Journal. Population approximately 500.
703_3
1869–1899
703_4
1869 April 1, Lincoln incorporated. Kennard house built. University of Nebraska established by the State with a land grant of about 130,000 acres. Wyuka Cemetery established by the State as a State cemetery. Nebraska State Penitentiary opens. 1870 June 6, Burlington and Missouri River Railroad's first train arrives in Lincoln. July, Police force formed. December 22, State Lunatic Asylum completed and accepting patients. 1871 Midland Pacific Railway begins service. State Lunatic Asylum burns down. Lincoln High School established. University of Nebraska State Museum, also known as Elephant Hall, a natural history museum in the Morrill Hall building on the University of Nebraska campus, founded. 1872 New State Lunatic Asylum completed. Atchison and Nebraska Railroad begins service. Lincoln Gas Light Company organized. 1874-1879 US Post Office and Courthouse built. 1875 December, public library founded. 1877 Union Pacific railroad begins service. 1880
703_5
Herpolsheimer's and Miller & Paine department stores founded. Lincoln Telephone Exchange organized. 1881 City Water Works begin. 1885 City council votes to establish a full-time paid Fire Department. 1886 Volunteer fire companies dispand. Chicago & North Western railroad and Missouri Pacific Railroad begin service. 1887 Fire department increases to three companies. 1888 New capitol building designed by architect William H. Willcox is constructed on the site of the old first capitol. 1889 First hospital Saint Elizabeth Hospital founded. 1892 Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad extend service to Lincoln. Lincoln becomes a rail center. 1893 First use of the name Cornhuskers for University of Nebraska athletic teams. By 1900, Cornhuskers would replace all previous names. Cornhuskers often abbreviated to "Huskers." 1894 August 9, Rock Island railroad wreck.
703_6
1900-–1960
703_7
Early 20th century Volga-German immigrants from Russia settle in the North Bottoms neighborhood. 1900 Worldwide economic depression of 1890. Population decreases from 55,000 to 37,000. 1901 Nebraska Legislature names Lancaster County Fairgrounds in Lincoln as the official home of the Nebraska State Fair. 1905 Evening newspaper, Nebraska State Journal, joined by morning newspaper, Lincoln Star. 1911 Omaha-Denver Trans-Continental Route Association in with support from the Good Roads Movement, Omaha-Lincoln-Denver Highway (O-L-D) established through Lincoln. 1915 William Gold incorporates his former dry goods store The Peoples Store as Gold and Company. 1916 Terminal Building completed. Scottish Rite Temple completed. 1919 O-L-D highway transferred to the State highway system. 1920
703_8
Omaha-Denver Association merges with Detroit-Lincoln-Denver Highway Association. O-L-D renamed Detroit-Lincoln-Denver Highway (D-L-D) with the goal of having a continuous highway from Detroit to Denver. Union Airport, established northeast of Lincoln by E.J. Sias. 1922 Bethany Heights annexed. Former city incorporated in 1890. Construction begins on a third capitol building. Bertram G. Goodhue selected in a national competition as its architect. Former United States Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan donates his home and land to create Bryan Memorial Hospital. April 1, Charles Lindbergh learns to fly at the Lincoln Flying School. The flying school was founded by E.J. Sias in a building he built at 2145 O Street. 1924 First phase of construction completed on capitol building. State offices move in. D-L-D officially designated as Nebraska State Highway 6. 1925 Willcox designed capitol building razed. City hospital Lincoln General Hospital opens.
703_9
Arrow Airport established as a manufacturing and test facility for Arrow Aircraft and Motors Corporation, primarily for the manufacture of the Arrow Sport. 1926 Nebraska State Highway 6 becomes part of the Federal Highway System and renumbered U.S. Route 38. Town of University Place annexed. 1927 United Airlines begins flights to city's air field. 1928 City's air field a mail stop. 1929 City annexes the town College View. College View incorporated in 1892. Union College, a Seventh Day Adventist institution, was founded in College View in 1891. 1930 The city's small municipal airfield dedicated to Charles Lindbergh and named Lindbergh Field for a short period of time as another airfield was named Lindbergh in California. 1930 Veterans' Hospital opens east of the city. City annexes town of Havelock. Population grows to 75,933. 1931 Nebraska State Highway 6 renumbered as U.S. 6/U.S. 38 overlap and in 1933, the U.S. 38 route designation dropped.
703_10
Herpolsheimer's department store closes due to the Great Depression. 1932 Completion of the fourth phase of the Capitol building. 1937 On June 30, Congress designates U.S. 6 as a national route to honor the Grand Army of the Republic. Route is named Grand Army of The Republic. 1939 Arrow Aircraft & Motors declares bankruptcy and Arrow Airport closes roughly several decades later. 1941 Lincoln Northeast High School opened. 1942 Lincoln Army Airfield established at the Lincoln Air Field. 1945 Army closes Lincoln Army Airfield base. 1947 Lincoln Flying School closes. 1952 Lincoln Army Airfield reactivated by the Air Force for the Korean War. 1955 Lincoln Southeast High School opened. 1956 Bankers Life Insurance Company of Nebraska announces plans to build a $6 million shopping center next to their new campus on the east-side outskirts of Lincoln. Pius X High School, a Catholic high school founded by Bishop Louis B. Kucera.
703_11
1957 March 10, Pershing Center, a multi-purpose arena opens. 1958 Charles Starkweather murder spree with accomplice Caril Ann Fugate. All but one of Starkweather's victims were killed between January 21 and January 29. March 17, Nebraska Governor's Mansion opened with Governor Victor Emanuel Anderson as the first resident.
703_12
1960–1999
703_13
1960 Gateway Mall completed and opens for business at 60th and O streets. 1961 One of the first segments of Interstate 80 completed in Nebraska linking Lincoln to Omaha; was largely open to traffic in 1962. 1964 Gold's department store merges with Omaha-based department store Brandeis. 1965 Lincoln Children's Zoo opened. 1966 The Lincoln Electric System is formed on February 1. It would not be until 1971 when LES would have full control of its system. Air Force base closes. Lincoln annexes airfield, including the base's old housing units to the west. The base becomes the Lincoln Municipal Airport under ownership of the Lincoln Airport Authority. Township of West Lincoln annexed. 1967 Lincoln East High School opened. 1969 Nebraska legislature legislates laws for urban renewal. Lincoln begins program of revitalization and beautification of the city.
703_14
1971 Expansion of Gateway Mall completed. Expansion includes new second story indoor mall corridor connecting outlying Sears to mall with covered parking underneath the corridor. 1975 Mayor Helen Boosalis, Lincoln's first woman mayor elected. After the Fall of Saigon, Vietnamese refugees are relocated to Lincoln. Lincoln designated as a "Refugee Friendly" city by the U.S. Department of State in the 1970s. 1977 Brandeis opens new store in outdoor portion of Gateway Mall adjacent to Miller & Paine. Hyde Memorial Observatory established at Holmes Lake. 1978 Downtown beautification project completed. 1979 The square-block downtown Centrum opens and is connected to buildings with a skywalk. 1980 Brandeis closes the former Gold's downtown store. 1984 75% of Lincoln's revenue from retail sales tax come from within a one-mile radius of Gateway Mall. 1985 Bankers Life sells Gateway Mall to Jacobs Visconsi Jacobs of Cleveland.
703_15
1987 Brandeis purchased by Younkers department stores. 1988 Miller & Paine purchased by department store chain Dillard's. Miller & Paine's flagship downtown store closes shortly after purchase. 1995 Original open-air portion of Gateway Mall enclosed and expanded. Indoor mall corridor built connecting new J.C. Penney store to existing 1971 enclosed corridor. 1995 Nebraska State Journal and Lincoln Star newspapers merge becoming Lincoln Journal Star. 1997 A surprise 200-year snow storm hits Lincoln and much of eastern Nebraska on October 25–26, crippling the city for nearly two weeks. 55,000 Lincoln Electric System customers lose power, including schools and some of the city's water system pumps. of snow is officially recorded in Lincoln for the date. International Quilt Study Center & Museum founded on the University of Nebraska-Lincoln campus.
703_16
1998 Cliffs Notes sold to IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.; all jobs associated with Cliffs Notes, except for one, are transferred out of Lincoln.
703_17
2000 to present
703_18
Early 21st century Lincoln Municipal airport renamed Lincoln Airport. 2000 Population reaches a quarter of a million people (225,581). Lincoln declared the 12th largest resettlement site for refugees per capita in the country. Gallup announces move of its operational headquarters to Omaha; Lincoln begins to question itself. 2001 On January 1, the Lincoln Fire Department began both emergency and non-emergency ambulance services for the city; Rural/Metro provided service prior to 2001. Around the same time, LFD was renamed the Lincoln Fire & Rescue Department. Gateway Mall purchased by Westfield America Trust. Westfield renames mall Westfield Shoppingtown Gateway. Haymarket Park completed; the Lincoln Saltdogs have first home game at the park on June 1 against Sioux City (7-6) in front of 6,827 people.
703_19
Kawasaki begins production in its newly built rail car plant late in the year, located next to its existing Lincoln operations. It is the only rail car facility in the nation that can build a rail car from the ground-up. Lancaster Event Center opens with an arena, two pavilions, and offices, with an initial pricetag of $12 million. A $10 million expansion in 2009 brought way to a third pavilion, and a 125,000-square-foot second arena. 2002 The University of Nebraska-Lincoln (Husker) Baseball team has first home game at Haymarket Park on March 5 against the University of Nebraska-Kearney (23-1). The Antelope Valley Project (Phase I), a $246 million flood control, transportation and urban revitalization project, begins. It is expected that the largest public works project in Lincoln's history will take six to ten years to complete.
703_20
After two years of construction, Lincoln Southwest High School is completed and classes begin in August. Southwest is the first high school built in Lincoln since 1968. Just after celebrating 100 years in business, Cushman is sold to Textron, Inc. and the plant closes in December. Production moves to other Textron plants in Georgia and North Carolina. 2003 Lincoln North Star Middle/High School completed. December, Mary Riepma Ross Media Arts Center opens. 2005 Westfield Shoppingtown Gateway renamed Westfield Gateway. Westfield made a $45 million makeover of the mall in 2005 including an expanded food court, a new west-side entrance and installation of an Italian carousel. The Lincoln Police Department reactivates its motorcycle traffic unit after a nearly 30-year absence. 2007 April 15, Nebraska Holocaust Memorial in Wyuka Cemetery dedicated.
703_21
Lincoln receives beautification grants for improvements on O and West O Streets, west of the Harris Overpass, commemorating the history of the former Detroit-Lincoln-Denver (D-L-D) Highway. 2008 Nebraska Legislature votes to move State Fair Park from Lincoln to Grand Island by 2010; the University of Nebraska-Lincoln is set to acquire the park after the move and convert it into Nebraska Innovation Campus. 2010 Population is 258,379. The 2010 Special Olympics USA National Games are held in Lincoln during the month of July. 2,408 athletes, 746 coaches, 258 unified partners and 8,500 volunteers attend. The Olympics also include one of the largest civilian airlifts in aviation history. Nebraska State Fair moves from Lincoln to Grand Island. The former fairgrounds becomes the Nebraska Innovation Campus.
703_22
The Star City Parade, in its 26th year, is postponed indefinitely due to budget cuts of the Great Recession. Organizers hope to have private funding sources secured for a parade next year. 2011 The Lincoln Public Schools District Office burns to the ground on the night of May 30 in a four-alarm arson. Losses are estimated at $20 million, the costliest fire in Lincoln's history. 2012 Westfield America Trust sells Westfield Gateway to Starwood Capital Group. Starwood reverts mall's name from Westfield Gateway to Gateway Mall. Antelope Valley Phase I is complete in early September. Phase II is postponed indefinitely. 2013 Pinnacle Bank Arena, an $179 million project; part of a much larger $344 bond issue (including money for the adjoining West Haymarket development), is completed with a September grand opening. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln has their first basketball game at the new arena in November. 2014
703_23
On May 22, the University of Nebraska at Lincoln demolished the former Cushman Motorworks building. Built in 1913 and purchased from Textron in 2003, UNL demolished the building without any notice and without demolition permits from the city. The building featured mission deco-style architecture. As of July 2016, the site of the former factory still sat empty. U.S. Postal Service plans to downsize; announces plans to move Gateway U.S. Post Office to a different location. Exact location yet to be determined. Gateway Post Office has been at the same location west of Gateway Mall and north of Ameritas, formerly Bankers Life, since 1968. A 200-year rain hits Lincoln over a period of 20 hours (September 30 to October 1); of rain officially at the Lincoln Airport but some parts of Lincoln see up to . Except for numerous flooded basements, the city mostly goes unscathed.
703_24
Lincoln Community Foundation Tower Square, mostly completed earlier in the year, is dedicated on the winter solstice (December 21). 2015 Lincoln Mayor Chris Beutler is elected to a third term; the first mayor to be elected beyond two terms in Lincoln's history. Record rains hit Lincoln, Lancaster County and southeast Nebraska. Lincoln officially receives of rain on May 6 to 7 at the Lincoln Airport (with higher amounts south of the city); the most rain the city has seen during the month over any 24-hour period. Salt Creek, with a levee system built for a 50-year flood, comes within a foot of topping; its highest crest since 1908. May ends as the wettest on record for Lincoln; of rain for the month. The 2015 State Games of America were held in Lincoln (and surrounding areas) from July 28 to August 2. 15,244 participants from 47 states and the District of Columbia attended.
703_25
On November 5, it was announced that Pinnacle Bank Arena would be hosting the North, Central America & Caribbean Volleyball Confederation's Women's Olympic Qualification Tournament for the 2016 Summer Olympics on January 7–9, 2016. Teams from the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic were expected to attend. On November 17, it was announced that ALLO Communications (a Nelnet Company) would bring ultra-high speed internet to Lincoln, with speeds up to 1 Gigabit per second over the city's existing fiber network. Citywide network completion was estimated by 2019. On December 18, Windstream Communications announced that 1 Gigabit internet would come to Lincoln, using its existing fiber network. It was not initially clear how many homes or businesses would have access. 2016
703_26
In mid-January, it was announced that the future of the Frank H. Woods Telephone Pioneer Museum was unclear. Its lease was ending with Windstream Communications on March 31 because the property was within "The Telegraph District" redevelopment (codeveloped by Nelnet & Speedway Properties). As of mid-February 2016, the museum's fate was still uncertain. On May 19, a four-alarm fire destroyed Lincoln's oldest, independent grocery store, Ideal Grocery (905 S. 27th Street). Established in 1920, the fire was ruled accidental and the store's fate was uncertain, although the owners indicated that they hoped to rebuild. On July 21, Bryan Health demolished the historic nurses' dormitory on the Bryan Health West Campus. The dormitory was one of the few remaining original buildings from the former Lincoln General Hospital.
703_27
See also History of Lincoln, Nebraska Gilded Age Plains City: The Great Sheedy Murder Trial and the Booster Ethos of Lincoln, Nebraska List of mayors of Lincoln, Nebraska National Register of Historic Places listings in Lancaster County, Nebraska References Citations Cited works History of Lincoln, Nebraska Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska
704_0
Denise Lopez is an American Dance/freestyle singer, born in Queens, New York, mainly active in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
704_1
Background
704_2
Lopez's first release was in 1984 via TNT Records, under the alias Neecy Dee. This was a single called "Best of Me", but it did not gain any commercial success. In 1985 she was part of a project 'band' called Love Patrol, which released one single under the same name. This was released by 4th & Broadway/Island Trading Co. and again did not gain any notable commercial attention. In 1987, she released her first single under her own name. With assistance from electro and HiNRG producers and remixers John Morales and Sergio Munzibai, "If You Feel It" was released via RCA Victor, where it made No. 22 on the Dance Music/Club Play Singles Chart, and No. 3 on the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales Chart. Shortly after, largely down to the club hit success of her debut single, Lopez signed with A&M Records with an album deal. It was with the label that she gained success as a solo artist. In 1988, her debut album Truth in Disguise was released in America, Canada and other European countries
704_3
such as Germany and the Netherlands. The album peaked at No. 184 on The Billboard 200 Chart, and spawned three singles which saw varying levels of commercial success. "Sayin' Sorry (Don't Make It Right)" was the leading single from Lopez's debut album, and it became her biggest success, peaking at No. 31 on The Billboard Hot 100. It was also a success within the dance charts, topping the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales Chart, and peaking at No. 6 on the Dance Music/Club Play Singles Chart. "If You Feel It" was re-issued as the second single from the album by A&M Records, and its specialty imprint label Vendetta Records, and made an entry at No. 94 on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as re-appearing on the dance charts.
704_4
In 1989, "Too Much Too Late" was the third and final single release from the debut album, and it peaked at No. 21 on the Dance Music/Club Play Singles Chart and No. 13 on the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales Chart. That same year she performed a duet, "The Love You Take" with American musician-singer-songwriter Dan Hartman, for the soundtrack of the 1988 comedy film Scrooged, starring Bill Murray. The song was written and produced by Hartman, and ended up being released as a single and made an appearance on the US Cash Box Top 100 Singles Chart at No. 75. In 1990, Lopez released her second and final studio album; Every Dog Has Her Day!!! in America and Japan. It was not a big commercial success, but the sole single "Don't You Wanna Be Mine" did peak at No. 86 on The Billboard Hot 100. Though it never received a full commercial release in the UK, "Don't You Wanna Be Mine" had fast become a huge underground dance anthem in the country, and this was largely with a remix from the
704_5
production duo Robert Clivillas and the late David Cole (better known as C+C Music Factory). Vendetta Records, which had been started by A&M in 1988 for releases which were chiefly freestyle and house, was shut down in 1990.
704_6
In 1991, the song "I Want U 2 Know", from Every Dog Has Her Day!!!, was included in the romantic musical comedy film Cool as Ice, starring Vanilla Ice and Kristin Minter. The track was one of the main themes of the film, played during the Kristin Minter scenes, however was not included on the official soundtrack album. I Want U 2 Know became the last airplay hit by the singer before her absence. The song gained moderate airplay during 1991–92 in the United States, due to its exposure in the film.
704_7
Afterwards Lopez disappeared from the music scene and public eye, and never made a mainstream appearance again, with the exception of guesting on a single project named Status Control, which was really Davidson Ospina. The single "Ain't You Happy (With What You Got)" was released in 1993 via Digital Dungeon Records. In 2008, "Don't You Wanna Be Mine" saw an official single release in the UK (as well as Europe), with a remix being the featured version: "Bimbo Jones Radio Edit". Released via House Trained/Universal Music TV, the single came to fruition after fans demanded an update of the club hit. Lopez had no involvement in the re-release. Discography Albums 1988: Truth in Disguise 1990: Every Dog Has Her Day!!!
704_8
Singles 1984: "Best of Me" (as Neecy Dee) 1985: "Love Patrol" (as part of the project Love Patrol) 1988: "If You Feel It" 1988: "Sayin' Sorry (Don't Make It Right)" 1988: "Too Much Too Late" 1988: "The Love You Take" (Denise Lopez & Dan Hartman) 1990: "Don't You Wanna Be Mine" 1993: "Ain't You Happy (With What You Got)" (Status Control feat. Denise Lopez) 2008: "Don't You Wanna Be Mine" (UK remix release) References External links Allmusic page Discogs page American women singers Living people American freestyle musicians A&M Records artists Year of birth missing (living people) 21st-century American women
705_0
Nicolas Paquin (April 5, 1648 – November 26, 1708) was an early pioneer in New France now Quebec, Canada), a carpenter and the ancestor of virtually all of the Paquins in North America. Early life Jean Pasquin, the father of Nicolas Pasquin, lived in La Poterie, France as early as 1612. Nicolas was born on April 5, 1648. He came to New France in 1672. After completing his apprenticeship as master carpenter, Nicolas Pasquin was hired by Jean Deschamps to his son Jean-Baptiste François Deschamps, sieur de the Bouteillerie, established in Canada since 1671. He signed a 3 year contract. Immigration to New France Nicolas left France in the spring of 1672 in the direction of the New France to arrive in Quebec City during the summer of the same year. He worked 3 years for the sieur de Bouteillerie for three years, in the seigneury of the Rivière-Ouelle, Quebec.
705_1
Subsequently, Nicolas joined to the factory Château-Richer, near Quebec City. There, he met his future wife, Marie-Françoise Plante. Marie-Françoise was the daughter of the sieur Jean Plante and Marie-Françoise Boucher. It was one of the first children of French, to emerge in the new France family. She was born January 27, 1655, Château-Richer. Nicolas and Marie-Françoise was married November 18, 1676 the church Notre-Dame-de-la-Visitation, in the parish of Château Richer. Note that this marriage was greatly famous because the plant had much knowledge in the colony because they had spent a good part of their lives. In addition, the plant family had a large number of its members in this country and all were present at this happy event.
705_2
Following their marriage, both spouses elected domicile at the Côte de Beaupré, Château Richer, and Nicolas continued to work at the factory for a while. In the first year of their marriage, Marie-Françoise gave birth to her first child she named Nicolas, just like her husband. In 1678, Marie-Françoise gave birth to the second child of the couple that they taken Geneviève. In this same year, Nicolas bought a land on the île d ' Orléans, in the parish of Sainte-Famille. This earth, he bought it from a man named Jean Moreau. Compared to soldiers and labourers who earned that sixty pounds per year of work, Nicolas en earned one hundred fifty pounds, so Nicolas earned more than double the average salary of that time.
705_3
Note that this land in the cadastre of new-France, in the parish of Sainte-Famille of the St. Lawrence Island, numbered 11. The current cadastre this land lies at number 231-233, either the last dwelling of the parish of Ste-Famille toward the St. Peter parish. The Paquin appear to have been prosperous people in this era of colonization. Although he cultivated a great land and it auto-suffisait on many plans, Nicolas still continued to offer its services to master-carpenter for so make sure to avoid periods of food shortages.
705_4
In 1693, Nicolas was hospitalized at the Hotel-Dieu de Québec and it is not known why. Despite their many family responsibilities, Nicolas and Marie-Françoise is involved in the community. For example, in this same year of 1698, when the Committee of helping the poor was founded in the île d ' Orléans, it is Nicolas who was appointed Director of the passers-by. It was he who took care of those who sought charity from parishioners. His wife, Marie-Françoise and three of her companions were charged to collect alms. In 1700, the Lord of the Bouteillerie, where Nicolas was committed to working in 1672, owed him still one hundred ninety pounds salary and Nicolas in was don verbally at his parish of Sainte-Famille. Thus, the Church could be reimbursed this money which was due to Nicolas, by the Sieur de the Bouteillerie. In Exchange, the parish joined to say annually four masses for the repose of the soul of Nicolas, his wife and their children following their dead.
705_5
It was on 10 October 1705, that Marie-Françoise and Nicolas attended the first wedding of one of their children, Nicolas II. The latter married Marie-Anne Perreault. Then, it was already established in the seigneury of Mr. Deschambault., since 1702. June 12, 1708, it was the turn of Marie to marry. She married Jean-Baptiste Marcotte, the Church of the Holy Family parish, at the île d ' Orléans. Death Nicolas Paquin died December 16, 1708, at the age of sixty years, probably worn out by work. He had done it its duty of good Christian also working by the sweat of his brow, from dawn until dark, his life during.