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Ercole was the son of Mario Giuseppe Consalvi, the Marquess of Toscanella, and Countess Claudia Carandini of Modena. At the death of his father in 1763, Ercole was entrusted to the care of Cardinal Andrea Negroni. He was educated at the college of the Piarists from 1771 to 1776. He then entered the seminary founded in Frascati by the English Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart, who was also called Duke of York by Jacobites, thus often referred to as "Cardinal York", and who was the Stuart pretender to the throne of Great Britain. He became a favorite of the Cardinal's and was helped by him to obtain high office in the Roman Curia while still a young man.
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At the completion of his seminary studies in 1776, Consalvi took minor orders, and was named a member of a congregation charged with the direction of municipal affairs. The years from 1776 to 1782 were devoted to the studies of jurisprudence and ecclesiastical history in the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in Rome, which trained students for the diplomatic corps of the Holy See. There he had among other professors the Jesuit scholar, Zaccaria. He then began studies in both civil and canon law at La Sapienza University, from which he received doctorates in both fields in 1789. He had become an official of the Papal Court in 1784, serving in various administrative offices (votante di segnatura; auditor of the Rota for Rome) for the next 14 years in Rome, where he was known as Monsignore Ubique on account of his taste for travelling and cultivating interesting people.
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Diplomat After the French Revolutionary Army invaded Italy in 1798, Consalvi was jailed in the Castel Sant'Angelo in connection with the death of General Duphot and condemned to deportation. As an "enemy of the Roman republic" his property was confiscated. But he was soon released and joined Pope Pius VI in exile. An able diplomat, he was nominated after the death of that pope to be secretary of the conclave that met in Venice from November 1799 to March 1800 to choose his successor, and resulted in the election of Pope Pius VII. Consalvi was created Cardinal-Deacon and named Cardinal Secretary of State by the new pope in the secret consistory of 11 August 1800, receiving the red hat from him in a public consistory on 14 August 1800. In this capacity Consalvi first endeavoured to restore better conditions in the Papal States. He introduced free trade, withdrew from circulation all depreciated money, and admitted a large number of laymen to Government offices.
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On 20 October 1800, he was assigned the titular church of Sant'Agata dei Goti (later transferred to that of the Basilica of Santa Maria ad Martyres (Our Lady of the Martyrs), better known as the Pantheon, on 28 July 1817). In his new position of Secretary of State, he immediately left Rome for Paris in June 1801 to negotiate an understanding with the French, that resulted in the Church's Concordat of 1801 with Napoleon. While not effecting a return to the old Christian order, the treaty did provide certain civil guarantees to the Church, acknowledging "the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion" as that of the "majority of French citizens". In Paris he enjoyed a considerable social success thanks to his personal charisma, to which even Napoleon was not immune.
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Consalvi was highly cultivated and a lifelong devotee of poetry, the arts and sciences, archaeology, and, in particular, music. He did much to embellish Rome and to make it an art-centre by designing public promenades along the Tiber, restoring the ancient monuments, and filling the museums with statues unearthed by excavations made under his direction. Consalvi was ordained to the subdiaconate and then to the diaconate on 20 and 21 December 1801, respectively. He was never elevated to the sacramental offices of priest or bishop. But he acted as virtual sovereign in Rome during the absence of Pius VII in Paris for the coronation of Napoleon as emperor. Due to his firm stance against the Napoleonic government and his opposition to the participation of the Papal States in France's Continental Blockade, he was required to resign in June 1806 as Cardinal Secretary of State, from which he went on to serve in various functions of the Curia.
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When the French entered Rome in 1808 and formally abolished the temporal power of the pope, Consalvi broke off all relations with the French. When France annexed the Papal States in 1809 and took the pope into exile in Savona, Cardinal Consalvi was forcibly taken to Paris. There he was met by Napoleon himself, who offered him an annual pension of 30,000 francs. This he refused. When he and twelve other cardinals refused to attend Napoleon's marriage to Princess Marie Louise in 1810, they were stripped of their property and ecclesiastical status, becoming known as the black cardinals. Consalvi and the others were also forced to reside in various cities in France, in his case, Reims. This lasted until Pius VII signed the Concordat of Fontainebleau in January 1813. The cardinal was then allowed to leave his place of forced residence and joined the Pope. Consalvi then promptly persuaded Pius to retract the concessions he had made to Napoleon, which he began to do in March of that same
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year.
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In consequence of his role in shifting Pius' position, the French authorities first barred Consalvi from seeing the Pope, then the following January again sent him into exile, this time in Béziers. This exile, however, lasted only a matter of weeks, as he was freed by the French Provisional Government on 2 April 1814, shortly before Napoleon's final abdication. He was then able to rejoin the Pope in Italy, at which time he was reappointed to the office of Secretary of State. Cardinal Bartolomeo Pacca, who was kidnapped along with Pope Pius VII, took the office of Pro-Secretary of State in 1808 and maintained his memoirs during his exile. His memoirs, written originally in Italian, have been translated into English (two volumes) and describe the ups and down of their exile and the triumphant return to Rome in 1814.
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Policy of Papal Neutrality
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After the fall of Napoleon, he was papal plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna and was able to convince the victorious powers to restore the Papal States almost entirely (although the Papacy had been forced to accept the French annexation of Avignon). Pius VII and Consalvi realized that in the face of Metternich's new international system, a neutral position for the pope might be a way for the increasingly marginalized papal state to "find relevance in a new system of bloc state power relationships". This position was first articulated by Consalvi at the time of the 1821 Neapolitan revolt against Austria. Consalvi wrote, "The Holy Father, because of his position as Visible head of the Church, and as an essentially peaceful sovereign, will continue to maintain ...a perfect neutrality toward all nations".<ref>Brady, Joseph H., Rome and the Neapolitan Revolution of 1820-1821: A Study in Papal Neutrality", New York. Columbia University Press, 1937, p. 108</ref>
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For the remainder of the pontificate of Pius VII, Consalvi was the virtual ruler of Rome. Consalvi went on to reform the administration of Rome and to some extent modernized the city. He was said to be so much in control of the pope that Pius would have to wait at the gates of paradise until the cardinal came from purgatory with the keys. He concluded another Concordat with France in 1817 and in 1818 was instrumental in the re-establishment of the English College. He retired when Pius died in 1823. At the time of his own death the following year, he headed the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith to which he had just been appointed a few days prior. Although a consummate diplomat and man of the world, Consalvi has been called "one of the purest glories of the Church of Rome". He secured the Protestant artist Thorwaldsen's right to create the burial monument for Pope Pius VII in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
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Consalvi died in 1824 and is buried in the Church of San Marcello al Corso. Works Decisiones Sacrae Romanae Rotae coram R.P.D. Hercule Consalvi, ejusdem Sacrae Rotae auditore, nunc S.R.E. Diacono Cardinali tituli S. Mariae ad Martyres, S[anctis]s[i]mi D.N. Papae Pii VII. Status, Breviumque a secretis by Ercole Consalvi; Alexander Spetia; Catholic Church. Rota Romana. Romae : Typis Bernardini Olivieri typographi Archigymnasii Romani, 1822. Mémoires Paris : Henri Plon, 1864 Mémoires Paris : Second Edition with considerable augmentation and notes by Jacques Crétineau-Joly, 1866 Memorie del Cardinale Ercole Consalvi, Mario Nasalli Rocca, Roma : A. Signorelli 1950 Memoiren des Cardinals Hercules Consalvi, Staatssecretair Sr. Heiligkeit Pius VII Paderborn : Dr. u. V. der Junfermann'schen Buchh. (J. C. Page, Wittwe), 1870 Biography Cenni biografici sul cardinale Ercole Consalvi Venezia, 1824 References
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Further reading Ellis, John Tracy. Cardinal Consalvi and Anglo-Papal Relations, 1814-1824 (1942) online review Hales, E. E. Y. "Cardinal Consalvi: The Tragedy of Success." History Today'' (Sep 1960) 10#9 pp 616-622. External links Alison Yarrington, ‘Under Italian skies,’ the 6th Duke of Devonshire, Canova and the formation of the Sculpture Gallery at Chatsworth House 1757 births 1824 deaths Carandini family Cardinal Secretaries of State Diplomats of the Holy See 19th-century Italian cardinals Members of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith Clergy from Rome Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni
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Jose Prakash (14 April 1925 – 24 March 2012) was an Indian actor and singer who worked in Malayalam cinema. He was a singer turned actor who had appeared in more than 300 films mostly in antagonist roles. He was awarded with the J. C. Daniel Award in 2011, a day before he died aged 86. In a career spanning for around 40 years, he is known for portraying some of the iconic villain characters in the Malayalam film industry. Later, he switched to character roles in the mid 90s. Personal life
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He was the eldest of the eight children of Kunnel K.J. Joseph & Eliyamma Joseph on 14 April 1925 at Changanassery, Kottayam. He has four younger brothers and three sisters, among whom the youngest brother, Prem Prakash, is also an actor. He had his primary education from Sacred Heart Public School, Kottayam. He was settled around 30 years in Madras and later moved to Cochin. In 2003 his right leg had to be amputated due to Diabetes. He was married to Chinnamma, who predeceased him. They have 6 children, 2 sons and 4 daughters: Elsamma Thomas (nee Joseph), Rajan Joseph, Gracy Maliakal, Shaji Joseph, Jasmine Joseph, and Susan Joseph. He lived with his youngest son Shaji Joseph in Cochin till his death on 24 March 2012. Script writers Bobby-Sanjay and Malayalam movie director Dennis Joseph are his nephews. Early career
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Jose Prakash was in the Indian army before entering the film industry. While in the army he had the rare distinction to serve as the body guard of Mahatma Gandhi during the time of partition. Like other actors of that age he was not a theatre or stage artist. He had served for Indian army for 8 years. He later left army and return to his homeland and start small business. Having interest in cinema and music from childhood he started a small club with his friends called Kottayam Arts Club in which he was the lead singer. Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair once saw his performance and called him as a singer for his debut directorial film Sheriyo Thetto. It was Thikkurissy who gave him the name Jose Prakash. Film career Singer
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Jose Prakash started his early career as a singer who lend his voice for Prem Nazir, Sathyaneshan Nadar etc. Malayalam industry was not professional at early 1950s usually actors sing for themselves. Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair introduced him to V. Dakshinamoorthy who liked his voice and lend his voice for the film Sheriyo Thetto in 1953 directed by Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair. In this film philosophical number "Paadu pettu paadangalil" sung by Jose Prakash introduced a new trend in Malayan cinema. He also did a small role in the movie. He was not at all a professional singer and does not attend any musical class. In the early 1960s Malayalam film industry became professional and the introduction of talented singers like A. M. Rajah, K. J. Yesudas ended the careers of all non professional singers. Up to the 1960s he had sung around 60 songs for various actors like Prem Nazir etc. Actor
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During his singing career he had done small roles and cameos for films. His first break as an actor was Bhakta Kuchela in 1961. But his major break as a villain was Olavum Theravum in 1969 and he later went on to do many films mostly in villain roles. In 1971, he acted in the first ever investigative sequel C.I.D. Nazir (1971) directed by P. Venu. Later he worked with P. Venu in many of his films. He and K. P. Ummer dominated Malayalam film industry in the role of Antagonist and was a hard target for Heroes. Up to date he had acted for more than 350 films in Malayalam language. He retired from film industry in 2003 due to health reasons. His last film was Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum directed by Sibi Malayil. After a long gap of 8 years he did a small cameo role in Traffic. Awards Kerala State Television Awards 1993:Kerala State Television Award For Best Actor - Mikhayelinte Santhathikal 2006 Bahadoor Award 2011 J C Daniel Award Filmography As an actor
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Traffic 2011 Highway Police 2006 as Father John Mr. Brahmachari 2003 Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum 2003 Kanalkkireedam 2002 The Gift Of God 2002 Pathram 1999 Vazhunnor 1999 as Bishop Meenathil Thalikettu 1998 Man of the Match 1996 Thumbolikkadappuram 1995 Agrajan 1995 Highway 1995 Puthran 1994 as michael Bheesmacharya 1994 Chukkan 1994 as Narayanan Akashadoothu 1993 Devasuram 1993 Mayaamayooram 1993 Maanthrika Cheppu 1992 Ragam Anuragam 1991 Kadalora Kattu 1991 Indrajaalam 1990 Orukkam 1990 as Father Francis Arakkal Kadathanadan Ambadi 1990 Veena Meettiya Vilangukal 1990 Kottayam Kunjachan 1990 Ee Kannikoodi 1990 Adikkurippu 1989 Adharvam 1989 Kodugallur Bagavathi 1989 Dhinarathrangal 1988 Loose Loose Arappiri Loose 1988 Vrutham 1987 as Jailor Aankiliyude Tharattu 1987 Oru Sindoora Pottinte Ormaykku 1987 Aalippazhangal 1987 as Sekharan Thampi Rajavinte Makan 1986
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Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku 1986 Sayam Sandhya 1986 Snehamulla Simham 1986 Niramulla Raavukal 1986 as Sudevan Adukkan Entheluppam 1986 Rajavinte Makan 1986 Aayiram Kannukal 1986 Ente Kanakkuyil 1985 Eeran Sandhya 1985 Akalathe Ambili (1985) as Kurichan Akkachide Kunjuvava 1985 Upahaaram 1985 as Fernandez . Sammelanam 1985 as Ananthan Nambiar Madhuvidhu Theerum Munpe 1985 Ee Sabdam Innathe Sabdam 1985 Aa Neram Alppa Dooram 1985 Nirakkoottu 1985 Parannu Parannu Parannu 1984 Koottinilamkili 1984 Piriyilla Naam 1984 Jeevitham 1984 Pavam Poornima 1984 as Thampi Thacholi Thankappan 1984 as Guptha Manithali 1984 Oru Kochu Kadha Arum Parayatha Kadha (1984) as Advocate Swanthamevide Bandhamevide 1984 Sabadham 1984 as Viswanadhan Thampi Kurishuyudham (1984) as Father Fernandez Koodevide 1983 Himam (1983) as Jaykkal Nadi Muthal Nadi Vare 1983 Passport 1983 Ahankaram 1983 Oru Mukham Pala Mukham 1983
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Belt Mathai 1983...Alexander Kodumkattu 1983 Ankam 1983 as Chacko Maniyara 1983 Enne Njan Thedunnu 1983 as Doctor Earadi Koodevide 1983 Sara Varsham 1982 Rakthasakshi 1982 Aarambham 1982 as Sebastian Aranjaanam 1982 as Colonel Shila 1982 Ahimsa 1982 Drohi 1982 Chilanti Vala 1982 Panchajanyam as Madhavan Thampi Saram 1982 Aasha as Mathew Cheriyan Dheera 1982 Shaari Alla Sharada 1982 Ithu Njangalude Katha 1982 Kaliyamardhanam 1982 John Jaffer Janardhanan 1982 Ithiri Neram Othiri Karyam 1982 Oru Vilippadakale 1982 as Dr Cheriyan Saahasam 1981 Kilugaatha Changalakal 1981 Nizha Yudham 1981 Choothattam 1981 Aarathi 1981 Thrishna 1981 as K V S Panikkar Raktham 1981 Ahimsa 1981 Agnisharam 1981 Thadavara 1981 as Kollakkaran Karimpoocha 1981 Sambhavam 1981 Swarnappakshikal 1981 Adimachangala 1981 Maniyan Pilla Adhava Maniyan Pilla 1981 as Parameshwaran Pilla
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Agni Yudham 1981 Prema Geethangal 1981 as P K Panikkar Ariyappedatha Rahasyam 1981 as Sreedharan thampi (P. Venu) Love In Singapore 1980 Air Hostess 1980 as Menon Chandrahasam 1980 as Rathnakaran Agnikshetram 1980 as Vishwanathan Manushya Mrugam 1980 as K. G. Menon Shakthi 1980 Kadalkkattu 1980 Prakadanam 1980 as Damodharan Anthapuram 1980 Edan Thottam 1980 Avan Oru Ahankari 1980 Ival Ee Vazhi Ithu Vare 1980 Baktha Hanuman 1980 Aagamanam 1980 as Issac Agniparvatham 1979 Puthiya Velicham 1979 Avano Atho Avalo 1979 as Surendran Mamangam 1979 Yakshipparu 1979 Irumbazhikal 1979 as Swami Pichathikuttappan 1979 (P. Venu) Alavuddinum Albutha Vilakkum 1979 Vijayanum Veeranum 1979 as Surendran Nair Tharangam 1979 as Gopalan Thuramugham 1979 Kathirmandapam 1979 Ward No.7 1979 (P. Venu) Sarppam 1979 Vaaleduthavan Valaal 1979 Rakthamillatha Manushyan 1979 as Menon Vijayam Nammude Senani 1979
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Peruvazhiyambalam 1979 Prabhu 1979 as Gauri Sankar Prasad Eeta 1978 Beena 1978 Aval vishwathayayirunnu 1978 as Psychiatrist Velluvili 1978 as Minnal Moidu Yaagaaswam 1978 Amarsham 1978 Itha Oru Manushyan 1978 as Narayanan Thampi Aalmarattam 1978 (P. Venu) Lisa 1978 Rajan Paraja Kadha 1978 Ithanente Vazhi 1978 Avakaasham 1978 Kudumbam Nammukku Sreekkovil 1978 as Dharmapalan Aanakkalari 1978 Rowdy Ramu 1978 Kanalkkattakal 1978 as Vikraman/Prasad Padmatheertham 1978 as Achutha Kurup Aval Kanda Lokam 1978 Karimpuli 1978 Ashokavanam 1978 Ee Ganam Marakkumo 1978 Urakkam Varatha Rathrikal 1978 as Balagangadhara Menon Arum Annyaralla 1978 as Priest Randu Lokam 1977 as Thamarasheri Gopala Kurup Aval Oru Devalayam 1977 Sathyavan Saavithri 1977 as Ashwapathi Nirakudam 1977 Rajaparambara 1977 Aadyapaadam 1977 Sujatha 1977 Madura Swapnam 1977 Parivarthanam 1977
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Minimol 1977 Sangamam 1977 Vezhambal 1977 Innale Innu 1977 Sankupushppam 1977 as Dr. Jose Sukradasa 1977 Shanta Oru Devatha 1977 Abhinivesham 1977 as C. P. Menon Sreemad Bhagavath Geetha 1977 Muttathe Mulla 1977 as Thampi Sagakkale Munnottu 1977 Udyanalakshmi 1976 Seemantha Puthran 1976 Agni Pushppam 1976 Paarijatham 1976 Ozhukkinethire 1976 Rajaankanam 1976 Neelasaari 1976 Amba Ambika Ambalika 1976 Themmadi Velappan 1976 as Balakrishnan Light House 1976 Chirkudukka 1976 as Kumar Nee Ente Lahari 1976 Amma 1976 Picnic (1975) as Mooppan Chumaduthaangi 1975 Babumon 1975 as Puli Naanu Hello Darling 1975 as Krishna Kumar Omanakunju 1975 Thomasleeha 1975 Pulivalu 1975 Makkal 1975 Raagam 1975 Ullasa Yaathra 1975 . Pravaham 1975 as Bhaskaran Mattoru Seetha 1975 Love Marriage 1975 as Prakash Love Letter 1975
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Chandanachola 1975 Odakuzhal 1975 Sooryavamsham 1975 Priye Ninakku Vendi 1975 Pancha Thanthram 1974 as Prasad Sapthaswarangal 1974 as Madhava Das Honeymoon 1974 College Girl 1974 as Nanu Shaapamoksham 1974 Poothenaruvi 1974 Pattabhishekam 1974 Ankathattu 1974 Rahasya Raathri 1974 Jesus 1973 Panchavadi 1973 as Shekhar Padmavyooham 1973 as Mathachan Ajaathavasam 1973 as Jayaraj Kaapalika 1973 Panitheeratha Veedu 1973 as Hari's father Badradeepam 1973 as Venugopal Thaniniram 1973 as Mathai/Mathew Philip Police Ariyaruthu 1973 as Alex Pacha Nottukal 1973 as Mathews Muthalali Prethagalude Thazvara 1973 (P. Venu) Swapnam 1973 Maasappadi Mathupilla 1973 Veendum Prabhatham 1973 Rakkuyil 1973 Thekkankattu 1973 as Sebastain Pushppanjali 1972 as Damu Sree Guruvayoorappan 1972 Sambhavami Yuge Yuge 1972 as Balaram Aneshwanam Taxi Car 1972 as Shivaram Nirthasaala 1972 as Dayananthan
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Aaradi Manninte Janmi 1972 as Dr. Menon Shakthi 1972 Manthrakodi 1972 Brahmachari 1972 Prathikaram 1972 as Sreedharan Thampi Avalalppam Vaikipoyi 1971 Jalakanyaka 1971 Makane Ninakku Vendi (1971) ...Pappachan Thapaswini 1971 Vilakkyu Vaangiya Veena 1971 as K.R.Das Achante Bharya 1971 as Rajan Muthassi 1971 Lankadahanam 1971 as Das C.I.D. Nazir 1971 as Shivaram (P. Venu) Nilakkatha Chalanagal 1970 Nizhalattam 1970 as Bhaskaran Abayam 1970 Lottery Ticket 1970 Madhuvidhu 1970 as Sathi's Father Aranaazhikaneram (1970) as Priest Ollavum Theeravum 1970 Kattukurangu 1969 Kannur Deluxe 1969 as Gopalakrishnan Rahasyam 1969 as Karadi Damodharan Chattambikkavala 1969 Kumara Sambhavam (1969) as Devandran Velutha Kathreena 1968 as Superintend Manoharan Love in Kerala 1968 Agniputhri 1967 Subaida 1965 Karutha Kai 1964 as Madhava Menon Adya Kiranangal 1964 as Damodaran Kattumaina 1963 Snapaka Yohannan 1963 as Snapaka Yohannan
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Ammaye Kaanaan 1963 as Advocate Bhaktha Kuchela 1961 as Nandagopan Chathurangam 1959 Mariakutty 1958 as Ponnappachan Devasundari 1957 Padatha Painkili 1957 as Pothachan Manthravaadi 1956 Harishchandra 1955 CID 1955 Aniyathi 1955 as Doctor Harischandra 1955 Balyasakhi 1954 Manasakshi 1954 Sheriyo Thetto 1953 -Debut Film as singer and actor Alphonsa (1952) Premalekha (1952)
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As a singer "Om Namashivaaya" - Love in Kerala (1968) "Oronnoro Chenchorathan" - Avan Varunnu (1954) "Neelippenne" - Manasakshi (1954) "Kannuneer Nee Choriyaathe" - Sheriyo Thetto (1953) "Paadupettu Paadangalil" - Sheriyo Thetto (1953) "Thaarame Thaanuvaru" - Sheriyo Thetto (1953) "Vaarmazhaville Va" - Sheriyo Thetto (1953) "Pokaam Pokaam" - Sheriyo Thetto (1953) "Kelkuka Ha" - Alphonsa (1952) "Chinthayil Neerunna" - Visappinte Vili (1952) "Ramanan" - Visappinte Vili (1952) As a Television actor Akashadoothu (TV series) (2012)- A teleserial from Surya TV which is the sequel of the hit Malayalam film Akashadoothu Mikhaelinte Santhathikal - as Mikhael (Doordarshan) Vava (Asianet) Avashthantarangal (Kairali TV) Further reading Jose Prakash Celebrating his 84th birthday-http://www.ratedesi.com/video/v/XJgxBIs0Hpk/Actor-Jose-Prakash-celebrates-84th-birthday! References Sources External links
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1925 births 2012 deaths J. C. Daniel Award winners Kerala State Film Award winners 21st-century Indian male actors Male actors from Kottayam Male actors in Malayalam cinema Indian male film actors 20th-century Indian male actors Indian male television actors Male actors in Malayalam television Indian male playback singers 20th-century Indian singers Singers from Kerala People from Changanassery 20th-century Indian male singers
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(), or is a Japanese retail company which sells a wide variety of household and consumer goods. Muji's design philosophy is minimalist, and it places an emphasis on recycling, reducing production and packaging waste, and a no-logo or "no-brand" policy. The name Muji is derived from the first part of Mujirushi Ryōhin, translated as No-Brand Quality Goods on Muji's European website. Products and businesses Muji started with only 40 products in the 1980s. Some of their products include pens, pencils, notebooks, storage units, apparel, kitchen appliances, food items, and household care products. Muji has also created an automobile. Muji storefronts such as the one in New York are large and stocked with nearly every single product available. The primary business also includes Café Muji, Meal Muji, Muji Campsite, florist and home furnishing; the company has also engaged in architectural projects such as Muji House.
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By the end of the 2000s, Muji was selling more than 7,000 different products. It is positioned as a "reasonably priced" brand, keeping the retail prices of products "lower than usual" by the materials it selects, streamlining its manufacturing processes, and minimising packaging. Muji has opened hotels in Shenzhen, Beijing, and Ginza, Tokyo. History Mujirushi (no-brand) Ryōhin (quality goods) began as a product brand of the supermarket chain The Seiyu, Ltd. in December 1980. The Mujirushi Ryōhin product range was developed to offer affordable quality products and were marketed using the slogan “Lower priced for a reason.” Products were wrapped in clear cellophane, plain brown paper labels and red writing. Mujirushi Ryōhin's drive to cut retail prices for consumers saw the company cutting waste by, for example, selling U-shaped spaghetti, the left-over part that is cut off to sell straight spaghetti.
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In 1981, Seiji Tsutsumi, the president of the Seibu Ryutsu group proposed opening a dedicated shop for Mujirushi Ryōhin products, although the idea was rejected by the directors of Seiyu. The advisory board of the company supported the idea, proposing the idea of a shop positioned against mass production. The company began to develop products that would allow the shop to expand from a supermarket product range to an independent product company. Such products included food, clothing, stationery, and household goods. In 1983, the first directly operated Mujirushi Ryōhin store opened in Aoyama, Tokyo. In 1985, Mujirushi Ryōhin started overseas production and procurement, started to place direct factory orders in 1986, and in 1987 Muji started to develop material globally. In 1989, Ryohin Keikaku Ltd became the manufacturer and retailer for all Mujirushi Ryōhin products and operations, including planning, development, production, distribution and sale.
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In 1991, Mujirushi Ryōhin opened its first international store in London. In 1995, shares in “Muji Tsunan Campsite” were registered as over-the-counter shares of Japan Securities Dealers Association. In 1998, Ryōhin Keikaku listed on the second section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. From 2001 onwards, it was listed on the first section. In April 2001 they issued the Muji Car 1000 (ムジ・カー 1000), a limited release of 1,000 badgeless and decontented Nissan Marches, only available online. Intended as an exercise to test their online marketing systems it was developed together with Nissan. The spartanly equipped little car (with the rear seat upholstered in vinyl, for instance) was only offered in "marble white". The brand name "Muji" appears to have been used since around 1999. In 2011, the first Muji store in Aoyama was redeveloped as a concept store with products from around the world.
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In 2020 and 2021, Muji faced scrutiny over use of cotton produced in under conditions of forced labor in Xinjiang. Muji subsequently stopped labelling goods as "Xinjiang cotton" in certain markets, such as Hong Kong. In December 2021, it was reported that the same Muji garment labelled simply as "organic cotton" in the Hong Kong, Taiwanese, and Japanese markets was still being sold by Muji under the "Xinjiang cotton" banner in China. Countries of operation In Japan, Ryohin Keikaku has 328 directly operated stores, and supplies 124 outlets, . Ryohin Keikaku has three factory outlets at Osaka, Gotenba and Fukuoka.
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There are 505 International retail outlets , which include UK (12), Finland (1), France (7), Italy (8), Germany (7), Ireland (1), Sweden (1), Spain (6), Poland (1), Portugal (1), United States (17), Canada (8), Hong Kong (19), Singapore (11), Malaysia (7), South Korea (30), Mainland China (264), Taiwan (51), Thailand (17), Australia (5), Indonesia (6), Philippines (5), Bahrain (3), Kuwait (2), Qatar (2), Saudi Arabia (4), UAE (5), Oman (1), India (4), Switzerland (1), Vietnam (2). American Operations Muji entered the US market in 2002; its products were stocked at MOMA, New York. Muji opened its first American store on November 16, 2007, in SoHo, Manhattan. In 2008, it opened two more stores in Manhattan: one in Times Square, and one in Chelsea. On November 30, 2012, it opened its first store on the West Coast in South of Market, San Francisco.
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In New York City, Muji supplies products to a design store at the Museum of Modern Art and maintains a flagship store. , there are 5 stores in Manhattan, one in northern New Jersey, one in Boston, 6 stores in California, and one in Portland. A small branch is at JFK International Airport, and another location in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, has been announced, but is yet to open. In July 2020, Muji USA filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, citing shutdowns from the COVID-19 pandemic. No-brand branding Muji's no-brand strategy (generic brand) means that little money is spent on advertisement or classical marketing, and Muji's success is attributed to word of mouth, a simple shopping experience, and the anti-brand movement. Muji's no-brand strategy also means its products are attractive to customers who prefer unbranded products for aesthetic reasons, and because it provides an alternative to traditional branded products.
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In terms of Muji's advertising of their products, Kenya Hara states that because customers perceived Muji in different ways, advertising would have to be used to present information rather than to communicate a message. These customer perceptions included liking Muji's ecological approach, appreciation for their urban aesthetics, a perception of low cost, and a perception of sophisticated design. Muji has released a T-shirt with a rubber square on the chest for customers to design their own logo or message. Muji now sells paper products (such as notebooks) which can be personalized by customers using rubber stamps in-store at no charge. They also sell soft goods (such as T-shirts and hats) which can be computer embroidered to customer specifications, and picked up a few hours or days later.
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Design Muji is known for its distinctive design, which is extended throughout its more than 7,000 products. Commentators have described Muji's design style as having mundanity, being "no-frills", being "minimalist", and "Bauhaus-style". Muji product design, and brand identity, is based around the selection of materials, streamlined manufacturing processes, and minimal packaging. Muji products have a limited colour range and are displayed on shelves with minimal packaging, displaying only functional product information and a price tag. Detailed instructions included with the product are usually printed only in Japanese, although multilingual translations are starting to be included with some products.
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Design approach and production On its corporate website, Ryohin Keikaku Ltd rationalises its principles in terms of producing high quality products at "lower than usual" retail prices, true to the original Muji marketing slogan "lower priced for a reason". On its catalogue website Muji states that "at the heart of Muji design is the Japanese concept of Kanketsu, the concept of simplicity", aiming to "bring a quiet sense of calm into strenuous everyday lives". In an interview, Hiroyoshi Azami, President of Muji USA, described Muji's design culture as centred around designing "simple" products that are basic and necessary. In its design, Muji also follows environmental guidelines, seeking to "restrict the use of substances that may have a significant impact on people or the environment" and "reduce waste by standardising modules, facilitating disassembly, and by reducing packaging".
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The Muji design process resists technology for its own sake, and prototype designs are produced on paper rather than computers, so as not to encourage unnecessary detail. The manufacturing process is determined by the consumer's use of the product, which is a design priority. Finishes, lines, and forms are minimised for manufacturing ease. In recent years, Muji have looked towards appreciating local culture and craftsmanship. The Found Muji line of products is a movement where Muji's designers find products and designs that follow the company's design approach, focusing on crafts and items that are used globally.
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Designers Muji products are not attributed to individual designers. While Muji has stated that some of its products have been the works of famous international designers, it does not disclose who they are. There are, however, some designers who made their involvement public. The most notable are Naoto Fukasawa, Jasper Morrison, James Irvine, Sam Hecht, and Konstantin Grčić. Muji participates in design collaborations with other companies. In 2001, Muji and Nissan Motors produced the Muji Car 1000. This fuel efficient, low-emission, and low-cost limited edition vehicle aimed to incorporate recycled materials wherever possible. Following Muji's no-brand strategy, the car had no branding logos. Manufacturers Generally, Muji keeps its manufacturing sources private.
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One notable exception is the brand's collaboration with Thonet, the oldest German furniture maker. In 2008, Muji and Thonet announced their cooperation to produce two lines of minimalist furniture. The first was bentwood chairs designed by James Irvine in homage to the iconic No. 14 chair of Thonet. The second was steel tubular chairs and desks designed by Konstantin Grčić. Roland Ohnacker, managing director of Thonet, stated that the aim was "to help 18 to 35 year-olds enter the Thonet brand world". From Spring 2009, these furniture are available at selected Muji stores.
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Directors The first art director of Muji was Ikko Tanaka. Tanaka is credited with developing the Muji concept together with Kazuko Koike (marketing consultant), and Takashi Sugimoto (interior designer). Tanaka articulated the Muji vision and appearance, and he provided ideas and prototypes that visualized the design strategy. Tanaka's design strategy included brown paper and clear cellophane packaging. In 2001, Kenya Hara, an internationally recognized graphic designer and curator, took over as art director. He stated that: "I found that the company was at a standstill with the original idea, 'No design', which was advocated at its inception. They also had more than 250 outlets and sold more than 5,000 items, including products that deviated from the initial Muji concept or were low cost, but of substandard quality."
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Kenya Hara has been credited as key figure in further developing Muji. Hara has a background in graphic design, hence had experience in designing packaging and corporate identities. Beyond that, he is credited with significantly moulding the Muji brand and design identity. In an interview in 2005, Hara stated that "Everything in the world has become an object of interest for me. Everything is designed." Hara has published books on design philosophy, most recently Designing Design. Sam Hecht, Creative Director of Muji Europe, is quoted as saying "The human is not the centre of everything, but on the same level of everything". Design awards and competition In 2005, Muji was awarded five gold product design awards by the International Forum Design in Germany. In 2006, Muji held its first international design competition, “Muji Award 01”. In 2007, Chen Jiaojiao published a book on Muji design and brand entitled "Brands A-Z: Muji".
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Following The Berlin correspondent for The New York Times reports that the Japanese call Muji-fans “Mujirers”. Muji's international stores and The Muji Catalogue mainly retail Muji home consumer goods, furniture and clothing, while Muji Japan sells in a wide range of sectors, including food, bicycles, camp sites, phones, yoga, florists, cafes, and concept houses. References External links Official Websites www.muji.net Official Japanese site www.muji.com Global site Ryohin Keikaku Co., Ltd. Corporate site Unofficial Materials "MUJI: The Japanese brand without a brand" "Museum Quality" -(New York Times article on Muji in MoMa) Interview with Shoji Ito, Design and Art director of MUJI Japanese companies established in 1980 Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Japanese brands Retail companies based in Tokyo Retail companies established in 1980 Clothing brands of Japan 1998 initial public offerings Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2020
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Clan Douglas is an ancient clan or noble house from the Scottish Lowlands. Taking their name from Douglas in Lanarkshire, their leaders gained vast territories throughout the Borders, Angus, Lothian, Moray, and also in France and Sweden. The family is one of the most ennobled in the United Kingdom and has held numerous titles. The Douglases were one of Scotland's most powerful families, and certainly the most prominent family in lowland Scotland during the Late Middle Ages, often holding the real power behind the throne of the Stewart Kings . The heads of the House of Douglas held the titles of the Earl of Douglas (Black Douglas) and later the Earl of Angus (Red Douglas). The clan does not currently have a chief recognised by the Lord Lyon. The principal Douglas today is the Duke of Hamilton, but as his surname is "Douglas-Hamilton" rather than simply "Douglas" the laws of the Lyon Court prevent him from assuming the chiefship of the name.
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The original caput of the family was Douglas Castle in Lanarkshire. The Kirk of St Bride at Douglas, along with Melrose Abbey and the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés holds the remains of many of the Earls of Douglas and Angus. The Swedish branch is descended from Field Marshal Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge, and has been one of Sweden's most prominent noble families since the 17th century. History Origins In modern texts, the family's surname is thought to derive from the village of Douglas, the name of which comes from the Gaelic elements dubh, meaning "dark, black"; and glas, meaning "stream" (in turn from Old Gaelic dub and glais). However, according to the 17th century historian Frederic van Bossen, the Douglas name means "gray hairs in the old language", and it was first given to a Lord Shulton, who lived in the 8th century. Frederic van Bossen states Lord Shulton was a descendant of Adrolena of Shaultow who was a descendant of the Princes of Caledonia.
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In 1179 William Douglas was Lord of Douglas, he is the first certain record of the name Douglas and undoubtedly the ancestor of the family. He witnessed a charter between 1175 and 1199 by the Bishop of Glasgow to the monks of Kelso. His grandson, also Sir William de Douglas had two sons who fought at the Battle of Largs in 1263 against the Norsemen. One old tradition is that the first chief of Douglas was Sholto Douglas who helped the king of Scotland win a battle in the year 767. This is not substantiated and likely to be pseudohistory.
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The true progenitor of Clan Douglas was probably "Theobaldus Flammatius" (Theobald the Fleming), who in 1147 received the lands near Douglas Water in Lanarkshire in return for services for the Abbot of Kelso, who held the barony and lordship of Holydean. The Douglas family names consisted of Arkenbald and Freskin, and were believed to be related to the Clan Murray, believed to be descended from a Flemish knight called Freskin. It seems likely that he was the father of the first William Douglas. However the Flemish origin of the Douglases has been disputed, it has been claimed that the lands which were granted to Theobald the Fleming were not the lands from which the Douglas family later emerged. Wars of Scottish Independence
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During the Wars of Scottish Independence, Sir William Douglas the Hardy, Lord of Douglas was governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed when the town and Berwick Castle were besieged by the English. Douglas was captured and was released only after he had agreed to accept the claim of the Edward I of England to be overlord of Scotland. He subsequently joined William Wallace in fighting for Scottish independence, but was captured and taken to England, where he died in 1298, a prisoner in the Tower of London. The "Good" Sir James Douglas or "Black Douglas" William Le Hardi's son, James Douglas, "The Good Sir James" (c. 1286–1330), was the first to acquire the epithet "the Black". He shared in the early misfortunes of Robert the Bruce and in the defeats at Methven and Dalrigh in 1306. But for both men these setbacks provided a valuable lesson in tactics: limitations in both resources and equipment meant that the Scots would always be at a disadvantage in conventional medieval warfare.
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By the time the fighting flared up again in the spring of 1307 they had learned the value of guerrilla warfare – known at the time as "secret war" – using fast-moving, lightly equipped and agile forces to maximum effect against an enemy often dependent on static defensive positions. Sir James Douglas recaptured Roxburgh Castle from the English in 1313. He was made a knight banneret, a high honor, and fought at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.
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The English called Sir James "The Black Douglas" for what they considered his dark deeds: he became the bogeyman of a Northern English lullaby Hush ye, hush ye, little pet ye. Hush ye, hush ye, do not fret ye. The Black Douglas shall not get ye. Unsubstantiated theories point to his colouring and complexion, this is tenuous. Douglas appears only in English records as "The Black" – Scots chronicles almost always referred to him as "The Guid" or "The Good". Later Douglas lords took the moniker of their revered forebear in the same way that they attached the image of Bruce's heart to their coat of arms: to strike fear into the hearts of their enemies and to exhibit the prowess of their race. Crusader
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King Robert the Bruce had requested that Douglas, latterly his most esteemed companion in arms, should carry his heart to the Holy Land, as atonement for the murder of John III Comyn. Douglas and his knights had been invited to join the forces of Alfonso XI of Castile, Edward III of England's cousin by his mother Queen Isabella, to fight against the Moors in 1330 at the siege of Teba. Outnumbered and cut off from the main Christian force, Douglas was killed leading a cavalry charge. The casket containing the heart of the Bruce was recovered and returned to Scotland, to be interred at Melrose Abbey. Douglas' bones were boiled and returned to Scotland; his embalmed heart was recently recovered in the Douglas vaults at the Kirk of St Bride but his bones are not in the stone vault lying under his effigy and they have yet to be located. Sir Archibald Douglas, Guardian of the Realm
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The Scottish army that fought and lost the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333 was led by James' youngest brother who had been elected Regent of Scotland in late March 1333. Sir Archibald Douglas has been badly treated by some historians; frequently misidentifying this Douglas warrior as the Tyneman or loser when the moniker was intended for a later less fortunate but equally warlike Archibald. He was mentioned in Barbour's The Brus for his great victory during the Weardale campaign; leading the Scottish army further south into County Durham he devastated the lands and took much booty from Darlington and other nearby towns and villages.
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Sir James 'The Good' Douglas' son William succeeded to the title as Lord of Douglas but may not have completed his title to the estates, possibly because he might have been underage. He died at Halidon Hill with his uncle, Sir Archibald Douglas. James' younger brother, Hugh the Dull, Lord of Douglas, a canon serving the See of Glasgow and held a prebendary at Roxburgh became Lord Douglas in 1342; Hugh of Douglas resigned his title to his nephew, the youngest surviving son of the Regent Archibald, William Lord of Douglas who was to become the first Earl. The First Earl's legitimate son James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas succeeded him. His illegitimate son by Margaret Stewart, 4th Countess of Angus was George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus, who was the progenitor of the Earls of Angus also known as the "Red Douglases".
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The prestige of the family was greatly increased when James Douglas's great nephew, James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas married Isabel, a daughter of King Robert II of Scotland. In 1388 at the Battle of Otterburn he was instrumental to the Scots' victory but was killed during the fighting. Leaving no legitimate heir, his titles passed to the illegitimate son of his great-uncle. 15th century Wars with England Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas did much to consolidate the family's power and influence. He successfully defended Edinburgh Castle against Henry IV of England in 1400 but died the following year. His son, Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, married the daughter of Robert III of Scotland. The fourth Earl fought against King Henry IV of England at the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403, where he was taken prisoner.
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In 1406, with the death of the king, the 4th Earl of Douglas became one of the council of regents to rule Scotland during the childhood of James I of Scotland. In 1412, the 4th Earl had visited Paris, when he entered into a personal alliance with John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, and in 1423, he commanded a contingent of 10,000 Scots sent to the aid of Charles VII of France against the English. He was made lieutenant-general in Joan of Arc's French army, and received the title Duke of Touraine, with remainder to his heirs-male, on 19 April 1424. The newly created French duke was defeated and slain at Battle of Verneuil on 17 August 1424, along with his second son, James, and son-in-law John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan. Black Dinner
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In 1440, the 16-year-old William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas, and his younger brother were invited to dine with the ten-year-old King James II of Scotland. Later called the Black Dinner, the occasion was organised by the Lord Chancellor, Sir William Crichton, and James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas who inherited the young earl's wealth and titles. While they ate, a black bull's head, a symbol of death, was brought in and placed before the Earl. Over the protests of the young King James II, the two brothers were then dragged out to Castle Hill, given a mock trial and beheaded. The Clan Douglas then laid siege to Edinburgh Castle. Perceiving the danger, Crichton surrendered the castle to the king and was rewarded with the title Lord Crichton. It is still unclear exactly who else was ultimately responsible, though it is thought Livingston and Buchan were likely candidates. However, it was James Douglas and his son who profited. Clan conflicts
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In 1448, Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormond led a Scottish force to victory against an English army at the Battle of Sark. Sir Alexander Gordon was created Earl of Huntly in 1449. At this time the king was at enmity with the Black Douglases. The Gordons stood on the king's side, and with their men involved in the south of the country, Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray took the opportunity to sack the Gordon lands, setting Huntly Castle ablaze. However, the Gordons returned and quickly destroyed their enemies. Although the castle was burned to the ground, a grander castle was built in its place. The Douglases had a long feud with Clan Colville. Sir Richard Colville had killed the Laird of Auchinleck who was an ally of the Douglases. To avenge this murder the Douglases attacked the Colvilles in their castle, where many were killed. The Douglases levelled the Colvilles' castle and put their men to the sword. William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas personally executed Richard Colville.
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Murder of the Earl of Douglas by King James II After fruitless feuding with the Douglases, the King invited William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas to Stirling Castle in 1452 under the promise of safe conduct, but then the King accused the Earl of conspiracy in his dealings with the Yorkists in England and through a pact made between Douglas, the Earl of Crawford and the Lord of the Isles. Upon Douglas' refusal to repudiate the pact and reaffirm his loyalty to James II, the King drew his dagger and stabbed Douglas in the throat. The story goes that the King's Captain of the Guard then finished off the Earl with a pole axe. The body was thrown from the window into a garden below, where it was later given burial. A stained glass window bearing the Douglas Arms now overlooks "Douglas Garden", the spot where the Earl is said to have fallen. Feud with the Royal Stewarts
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In 1455, James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas (the Black Douglas) rebelled against the king but his forces were defeated at the Battle of Arkinholm by the king's forces who were commanded by George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus (the Red Douglas). This brought an end to the Black Douglases. After the battle an act of parliament gave the Earl of Angus the lordship of Douglas with the original possessions of his ancestors in Douglasdale. The 9th Earl of Douglas was later defeated by the forces of King James III of Scotland at the Battle of Lochmaben Fair in 1484. 16th-century conflicts In 1513, there was a strong Douglas contingent at the Battle of Flodden, where two of Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus's sons were killed along with 200 men of the name of Douglas. In 1526, Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus defeated Walter Scott of Branxholme and Buccleuch, chief of Clan Scott, at the Battle of Melrose, who was attempting to rescue the young James V of Scotland from Douglas.
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A dispute occurred in 1530, when Sir Robert Charteris, the 8th Laird and chief of Clan Charteris fought a duel with Sir James Douglas of Drumlanrig in what was said to have been one of the last great chivalric contests. It was fought with all the observance of a medieval tournament with heralds and the king himself watching from the castle walls. The joust was apparently fought with such fury that Charteris' sword was broken and the king had to send his men-at-arms to part the combatants. Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus held the post of Lord Chancellor and became guardian of James V of Scotland by marrying his widowed mother, Margaret Tudor, with whom he had a daughter, Margaret Douglas, mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. In 1545, Angus led his forces to victory at the Battle of Ancrum Moor where they defeated the English army during the Rough Wooing, and he was also present at the defeat in 1547 at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh.
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James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, nephew of the 6th Earl of Angus, was a bitter enemy of Mary, Queen of Scots. He was one of the murderers of the queen's secretary David Rizzio and was heavily implicated in the murder of her second husband Lord Darnley. As regent, he was brutal in crushing factions still loyal to Mary, however, he was accused of complicity in the murder of Darnley and was executed in 1581. 17th century and the Bishops' War During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, William Douglas, 11th Earl of Angus, a Catholic, was a supporter of King Charles I. In 1633, he was created Marquess of Douglas. Following the Battle of Kilsyth in 1645, he joined James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, and was present when Royalist forces fought Covenanter cavalry at the Battle of Philiphaugh where he barely escaped with his life. Following Cromwell's victory, he was able to make peace and was fined £1,000.
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In 1660, William Douglas, the brother of the second Marquess of Douglas became, through marriage, the Duke of Hamilton. Eventually, the titles of Marquess of Douglas, Earl of Angus, and several others devolved to the Dukes of Hamilton and the heir of that house is always styled 'Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale'. The Douglas and Hamilton lines became Douglas-Hamilton and, under Scots law, are barred from inheriting the title of chief of Clan Douglas due to the hyphenated surname. This similarly applies to the Douglas-Home family who joined their surnames in the nineteenth century. In 1689, James Douglas, Earl of Angus raised the Cameronian regiment (Earl of Angus's regiment). Although greatly outnumbered, the regiment managed to defeat a larger Jacobite force at the Battle of Dunkeld. The regiment was victorious under the command of Captain George Munro, 1st of Auchinbowie. 18th century and the Jacobite risings
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In 1703, the Marquisate of Douglas was elevated to a Dukedom. Archibald Douglas, 1st Duke of Douglas married Margaret Douglas (a distant relation) late in life and had no direct heir – the title of Duke became extinct on his death. By the late 17th century, more political power was wielded by the Douglases of Drumlanrig, in Dumfriesshire who are also descended from the Black Douglases. The Douglases of Drumlanrig had become Earl of Queensberry in 1633, Marquises in 1682 and Dukes in 1684. The maneuvers of James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry, contributed to the Union of 1707.
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During the Jacobite risings of the 18th century the Douglases continued their support for the British Government. Archibald Douglas, 1st Duke of Douglas led the volunteer horse at Battle of Sheriffmuir during the Jacobite rising of 1715. Also at that fight was the Duke's young cousin, Archibald Douglas, 2nd Earl of Forfar, colonel of the 3rd Regiment of foot, and who died of wounds taken there shortly afterward. Douglas Castle was burnt by the Highland armies of Bonnie Prince Charlie in the Jacobite rising of 1745. Douglas Castle was again burnt down in 1755, and the Duke commenced work on a new edifice designed by Robert Adam. Building work ceased on the Duke's death in 1761, and with it his Dukedom became extinct. The Marquisate of Douglas and Earldom of Angus devolved to James Hamilton, 7th Duke of Hamilton, the senior male-line descendant of William Douglas, 1st Marquess of Douglas, his great-great-great grandfather, by the way of his son, Lord William Douglas, 1st Earl of
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Selkirk, whom upon his marriage to Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton, became William Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton, the adoption of the surname Hamilton being one of the conditions to inheriting the Dukedom. His descendants would later add Douglas back to the surname and become the Douglas-Hamilton branch.
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20th century and the World Wars
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In 1895, Alfred Douglas-Hamilton inherited the Dukedom of Hamilton from his cousin William Douglas-Hamilton, 12th Duke of Hamilton and became Alfred Douglas-Hamilton, 13th Duke of Hamilton. Alfred Douglas-Hamilton was the great-great-great grandson of James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton through a collateral line. During World War 1, Hamilton Palace, the main family seat, was used as a hospital with his blessing. During World War 2, his sons, Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton, George Douglas-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Selkirk, Lord Malcolm Douglas-Hamilton, and Lord David Douglas-Hamilton made history by all being squadron leaders or above at the outbreak of the war. Lord David Douglas-Hamilton was killed in action in 1944. Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton was the first man to fly over Mt. Everest. His son, Angus Douglas-Hamilton, 15th Duke of Hamilton was also in the Royal Air Force and achieved the rank of flight lieutenant during his service in the Cold
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War. He was the father of the current Duke, Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, 16th Duke of Hamilton. The current heir presumptive to the Dukedom is the 16th Duke's son, Douglas Charles Douglas-Hamilton, Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale.
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The Swedish branch The Swedish branch of the Douglas family is descended from the Scottish-born Field Marshal Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge, who entered Swedish service in 1627. He received the Swedish title of Baron in 1651 and the title of Count (the highest title awarded to non-royalty in Sweden) in 1654. His descendants, the Swedish Douglas family, is one of Sweden's most prominent noble families since the mid 17th century and has included numerous prominent individuals, such as Foreign Minister Ludvig Douglas. Walburga Habsburg, Countess Douglas, the daughter of Austria-Hungary's last crown prince, is a member of this family by her marriage to Count Archibald Douglas. The escutcheon of the Swedish Douglas family's arms is the Scottish Douglas arms.
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Chief Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, 16th Duke of Hamilton, and 13th Duke of Brandon is heir to the chiefdom of the house of Douglas, but he cannot assume the title of chief since the Lord Lyon King of Arms requires him to assume the single name Douglas. Note that the Duke of Hamilton is the Chief of Clan Hamilton. For a list of the historic chiefs of Clan Douglas see: Earl of Douglas until 1455 and Earl of Angus for after 1455. Douglas castles
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Aberdour Castle, Fife, held by the Earls of Morton (partially preserved). Balvenie Castle, Moray, held by James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas (ruined). Berwick Castle, Northumberland. Governed by William "le Hardi".(ruined, now forms part of Berwick-upon-Tweed railway station) Bonkyll Castle (Bunkle), Berwickshire. Bothwell Castle, South Lanarkshire (ruins). Bowhill House, Selkirkshire. Home of the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry (preserved). Cranshaws Castle. Dalkeith Castle, Mid-Lothian. (heavily converted) Douglas Castle, in South Lanarkshire (now only minimal ruins remain). Drumlanrig Castle, Dumfries and Galloway. 17th-century mansion house of the Dukes of Buccleuch and Queensberry (preserved). Grangemuir House, Fife. Hawthornden Castle, Mid-Lothian. Hermitage Castle, Roxburghshire, 13th-century Douglas stronghold (restored ruin). Hume Castle, Berwickshire. ancient links with Douglas, home of Sir Alexander Douglas.
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Kilspindie Castle, East Lothian. Home to the Douglases of Kilspindie, (scant ruins) Langenstein Castle, Germany, to this day home to the Swedish-German branch (Counts Douglas). Lennoxlove House, East Lothian. Home of the Duke of Hamilton, (also the Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale, Earl of Angus etc.) (preserved). Loch Leven Castle, Kinross. First home of the Earl of Morton (ruins). Lochindorb Castle, Strathspey Morton Castle, Nithsdale, Dumfries and Galloway. ruined former home of the Douglas Earls of Morton. Newark Castle, Selkirkshire. Neidpath Castle, Peeblesshire. Ormond Castle, Black Isle. Roxburgh Castle, captured by Sir James Douglas. Rydboholm Castle, home to the Swedish branch. Sandilands Castle, Fife (ruins). Stjärnorp Castle, Östergötland, Sweden (partially ruined), home to the Swedish branch. Strathaven Castle, South Lanarkshire Strathendry Castle, Fife. Tantallon Castle, East Lothian. Stronghold of the Red Douglases (partially ruined).
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Threave Castle, Dumfries and Galloway (ruins). Timpendean Tower, Roxburghshire (ruins). Whittingehame Tower, East Lothian.
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Tartans Eminent members of the Douglas family Douglases have excelled in many fields, from politics to sports, science to the military, and more. Biographies held on Wikipedia can be found in the lists: 'Douglas (surname) and Douglass (surname)'. Family tree Popular culture Samuel Rutherford Crockett's 1899 novel The Black Douglas featured the "Black Dinner". In the Highlander novel Scotland the Brave, James Douglas is a fictional Scot born into Clan Douglas, who died his First Death in 1746 at the Battle of Culloden. The Black Dinner served as inspiration for the events of the Red Wedding depicted in A Storm of Swords, the third book of George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. Material based on the Red Wedding was included in the episode "The Rains of Castamere" of the HBO drama Game of Thrones which aired on 2 June 2013 in the United States. See also Armigerous clan Earl of Home Scottish clan References Sources
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External links Clan Douglas Society of North America Douglas Family Site, Brief Historical Account Douglas History The Douglas Archives – a compendium of historical notes and biographies. Douglas Douglas Scottish Lowlands lt:Škotijos klanai
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Donnubán ('donuva:n), Donndubán ('donðuva:n), or Donnabán mac Cathail, anglicised Donovan, son of Cahall (died 980), was a tenth-century ruler of the Irish regional kingdom of Uí Fidgenti, and possibly also of the smaller overkingdom of Uí Chairbre Áebda within that. In contemporary sources he is only named king of the former, but his sons and later descendants appear as dynasts of the latter. In addition, at his death in 980 Donovan is styled King of Ressad, a unique title in the surviving Irish annals, and the identity of which place is uncertain. He is the progenitor of the medieval and modern O'Donovan family.
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Playing a notable role in the early twelfth century fictional political saga Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib (CGG), Donovan is notorious for his alliance with his apparent father-in-law or at least relation Ivar of Limerick, the last Norse king of Limerick, and with Máel Muad mac Brain, king of Desmond, against the rising Dál gCais in the persons of Mathgamain mac Cennétig, king of Cashel, and his famous brother Brian Bóruma, later High King of Ireland. The latter would prove the victors, altering the political landscape of Munster and Ireland forever. It was Donovan's assistance that made Máel Muad King of Munster from 976 to 978.
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Accession and pedigree
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The lineage of Donovan as set forth by John O'Donovan in the Appendix to the Annals of the Four Masters positions Donovan as the senior descendant of Oilioll Olum (d. 234 A.D.), and ultimately, the senior descent of the race of Heber. Such a lofty claim attracts considerable scrutiny, and Donovan's lineage suffers criticism as possibly missing a number of generations. It has been argued by one scholar, Donnchadh Ó Corráin, to possibly be a fabrication intended to link the Donovan dynasty to the Uí Chairpre Áebda, although Ó Corráin grudgingly allows that the pedigree may be syncopated. The genealogy of the ÚA CAIRPRI is set forth in Rawlinson B 502, an 11th-century manuscript, from Oilioll Olum to Cenn Faelad, who died approximately 744 A.D. It would appear that Donovan's grandfather, Uainide mac Cathail, is poorly documented, and undocumented in contemporary sources, appearing in the 12th century Caithréim Chellacháin Chaisil, and in records compiled in the 14th–16th centuries as
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being the grandson of Cenn Fáelad. Generally, five generations of descent will encompass more than 250 years. Other manuscripts have an additional two generations of descent during the 744 to 977 period. Ó Corráin's research does demonstrate that Donovan's ancestry was far from certain only a two hundred years after his death in 977. However, the author of the Caithréim had available to him an extensive collection of official Munster pedigrees and his inclusion of known historical figures for purposes of giving credibility to his propaganda tract would indicate the existence of the individuals.
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Donnuban's accession to the kingship of Uí Fidgenti appears to be referred to in the mid 10th century Betha Adamnáin. But in this passage the acceding prince in Uí Fidgenti is actually said to belong to the Uí Echach Muman, another name for the Eóganacht Raithlind, an entirely separate dynasty from the southern region of Munster (Desmond), but curiously the one to which Máel Muad mac Brain, Donovan's close ally, happens to belong. With the recent collapse of the Eóganacht Chaisil the Uí Echach or Eóganacht Raithlind were the most powerful of all the Eóganachta remaining at this time. The prominent appearance of the Uí Fidgenti at the same time was undoubtedly related. In any case the passage in Betha Adamnáin is:
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However, Herbert and Ó Riain believe this is an error, because the Uí Chairpre themselves also descend from a Laippe, and so they conclude Donovan belonged to a sept known as the Ceinél Laippe or Uí Laippe. Thus the passage can actually be used to support his descent from the Uí Chairpre. Notably both of his known sons are described as kings of Uí Chairpre. The Uí Echach may appear either for the above reason, namely Donovan's close association with Máel Muad, or because of influence from another part of the text, or because the name Laippe was found in their dynasty as well. None of this necessarily proves his descent from the early medieval Uí Chairpre but simply associates Donovan's family with the later kingship of their territories in the 10th century. There is no doubt however, regarding his classification as a member of the Ui Fidghente, as he is noted as king of the Ui Fidghente in a number of instances (see below).
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MacCotter argues Donovan belonged to the Uí Mac Eirc, an early sept of Uí Cairbre possibly giving their name to Kinellerc, the territory surrounding Adare, further noting that another Eirc is a direct ancestor of Donovan. Another early known location of the O'Donovans was at Croom, where in the 1130s they are mentioned in the Caithréim Chellacháin Chaisil, an epic describing both its contemporary and 10th century Munster.
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That Donovan's wife was the daughter of Ivar of Limerick has long been the oral (an perhaps once written) tradition of the family. Regardless of this, it has been argued that Donovan's mother was also Norse based on his father's other associations, by the 3rd Earl of Dunraven, who argued that his father Cathal's association through marriage with "Amlaf, king of the Danes of Munster" officially created the alliance between them. Something of this sort might even be hinted at in a 14th-century official pedigree, the earliest surviving, reprinted by Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh in the early-mid 17th century, where his own father is given as Amlaíb (mac Cathail). The most commonly accepted genealogy is given by John O'Donovan.
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In spite of all this controversy, the O'Donovan family belong to the Y-DNA clade R-Z16259, which they share with the Collins, Reagans, and O'Heas (Hayes), all documented either Uí Fidgenti, Corcu Loígde or both. In any event these are both septs of the Dáirine, although the Uí Fidgenti have also been classified relations of the Eóganachta, who have in fact been revealed close relations of the Dáirine under R-A541. This was already expected by a minority in Irish scholarship. Sulcoit It is impossible to prove that Donovan was among those opposing the Dál gCais at the Battle of Sulcoit. According to CGG both Máel Muad and he did support Ivar there, but the annals unfortunately offer no confirmation and no details.
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Capture of Mathgamain The "new" alliance formed between Ivar, Donovan, and Máel Muad alarmed Mathgamain greatly. Máel Muad had preceded him as King of Munster until deposed around 970, and naturally very much wanted to reclaim the kingdom for himself and for the distressed and disorderly Eóganachta. Also, by the Dál gCais' own confession Mathgamain was committing repeated depredations throughout Munster, and thus had probably become persona non-grata throughout much of the province. The author of CGG further claims Mathgamain took hostages from Donovan at this time, but this is rejected by Canon O'Mahony, noting subsequent events.
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For a now unknown purpose, Mathgamain agreed to meet with the allies, with Donovan's house chosen as the place for the meeting, possibly because he was perceived to be the most neutral, or because Mathgamain may have hoped to detach him from the alliance. According to Alice Stopford Green this act of going into a probable enemy's house was "the formal sign of submission and renouncing supremacy", and it may have been understood that from there he was to go on to yield allegiance to Máel Muad. Such speculation is extremely unlikely, given Mathgamain's success over a 15-year period of raiding into the territories of Bran and Donovan, and the military strength of his forces and those of his brother, Brian. Today's records do not fully illuminate the events of that day, and the political tides and developing relationships and commerce between the Danes and the Irish, and so the reason for the meeting has been lost. The following annals report Donovan's decision at the meeting regarding
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his promise of safety to his adversary:
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The last, from the Annals of the Four Masters, is the latest in date, and in it both Máel Muad and Donovan have been demoted to the rank of lords, whereas Mathgamain is made "supreme King of all Munster". He certainly was not this and was never at any time greater than semi-nominal overlord with substantial opposition. The spectacular success of his younger brother Brian becoming a genuine monarch of Munster and eventually Ireland, had a powerful influence on the minds of later historians. It was Mathgamain's fate to pave the way.
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Also of interest is the claim made by the author of CGG that he was taken prisoner as a result of Ivar's interference with Donovan, not Máel Muad's. While unsupported by the brief annals this is supported by Donovan's close association with the Limerick dynasty, and Canon O'Mahony has pointed out that Máel Muad was a considerable distance away at the time, making his way north from his stronghold in Desmond. His argument that all of this removes Máel Muad from the plot may or may not be refuted in principle by the fact he quickly received word of the prisoner and ordered him put to death.
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Final battles and death The sources somewhat disagree on the manner and date of Donovan's death. According to the writer of CGG Brian went on an expedition into Uí Fidgenti against both Donovan and the newly elected king of the Norse of Munster Aralt (Harald), who is given as a third son of Ivar. There, according to CGG, the two were killed in the Battle of Cathair Cuan, presumably referring to a fortress of Donovan's, together with a great number of foreigners or Norse/Danes: But the Annals of the Four Masters, containing a record of this possibly identical battle, do not mention the death of Donovan, nor even mention Harald at all: It is unclear if the Annals of Inisfallen refer to the same or a different event the previous year, but here they do not mention Donovan:
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In any case, these two accounts support the claims of the O'Donovans in their pedigrees that Donovan survived the battle with Brian. These state that he was killed later in the "battle of Croma" against Dunchuan mac Cennétig, a brother of Brian, and was assisted by the troops of Curradh-an-Roe or Curra the Red and the Corcu Baiscinn, many of whom were slain on the field. However these accounts, as well as the one given by John Collins of Myross, and the one found in the Dublin Annals of Inisfallen, state that Donovan's Norse companion was Auliffe (Olaf), whose parentage is not given. These last two also disagree with the above in stating that Donovan and his Norse companion were killed here. According to the first: Collins of Myross took his own account from an apparently now lost source:
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Finally, both these accounts, that of CGG, and possibly those in the pedigrees, may all be contradicted by a notice in the Annals of Inisfallen in 980, leaving only the above account in the Annals of the Four Masters and brief notice in the Annals of Inisfallen completely accurate. Here, curiously, no cause of death is given: Concerning the above accounts, the Dublin Annals of Inisfallen are a frequently unreliable 18th century compilation and the source used by Collins is of unknown date, while the earliest account of Donovan's slaying by Brian's army is found in the early 12th century CGG, written over 120 years after the alleged events. The remaining sources offer no confirmation. As Donovan was evidently still alive in 978 he may have supported Máel Muad in the fateful Battle of Belach Lechta, but this is nowhere recorded. No details of this battle, besides his ally's death, are known for certain, nor even its location.
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Territory The identity of Ress or Ressad is uncertain. According to Paul MacCotter it is "apparently an archaic name for Uí Chairpre or one of its divisions." Noting that Donovan's son Uainide is styled king of Uí Chairpre at his death two years later in 982, MacCotter states "Clearly, Uí Dhonnabháin must have been local kings of... Uí Chairpre Íochtarach." This was the northeasternmost local petty kingdom or túath within Uí Fidgenti and was adjacent to Norse Limerick, a considerable portion of the surrounding settlement of the same name apparently lying within Donovan's own native kingdom. Directly cross the River Shannon to the north could be found Brian's own sept of the Dál gCais, namely the Uí Tairdelbaich or Uí Blait.
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Occupied? According to the author of CGG the Uí Chairpre/Uí Dhonnabháin were in "occupation" of territory he claims actually belonged to the Dál gCais, namely "... Caille Cormaic, from Oclan to Luimnech, and from Cnam-Coill to Luachair." This region has been difficult to identify, but it apparently stretched east into the modern neighbouring County Tipperary, Cnam-Coill being found a mile or mile and a half east of Tipperary itself. Oclan or Hoclan has not been identified but presumably was to the north of this.
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Marriage(s) and issue
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It is the oral tradition of the family that Donovan married a daughter of his ally Ivar of Limerick, although two alternatives exist, each with support. The first is that she was actually the daughter of the later (2nd) Amlaíb/Olaf mentioned above, himself possibly identical with Olaf son of Ivar of Limerick, who was killed along with his father in 977 but who may simply have replaced Aralt in the later accounts of the following battles. Clearly, there was a Danish influence on Donovan, as descendants of Donovan bore Danish names for more than three hundred years, including Amlaíb Ua Donnubáin, who was slain in 1201. In addition, based on naming conventions in the 10th century, it is assumed that Donovan (son of Ivar of Waterford) who was slain in 996, would have been named after his mother's brother, thus making Donovan (slain 977) his uncle. It is possible, that Ivar of Waterford was married to Donovan's daughter, or he could have been married to his sister; a conclusion can not be
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formed as the ages of the individuals is unknown, and classification into generations is not possible.