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During the exchange of gunfire, Farenholt received several damaging hits from both the Japanese and the American ships, killing several men. She escaped from the crossfire by crossing ahead of San Francisco and passing to the disengaged side of Scott's column. Duncan—still engaged in her solitary torpedo attack on the Japanese formation—was also hit by gunfire from both sides, set afire, and looped away in her own effort to escape the crossfire.<ref>Cook, Cape Esperance, pp. 80–84, 106–108, Frank, Guadalcanal, pp. 303–304, Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp. 161–162.</ref>
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As Gotō's ships endeavored to escape, Scott's ships tightened their formation and then turned to pursue the retreating Japanese warships. At 00:06, two torpedoes from Kinugasa barely missed Boise. Boise and Salt Lake City turned on their searchlights to help target the Japanese ships, giving Kinugasas gunners clear targets. At 00:10, two shells from Kinugasa exploded in Boises main ammunition magazine between turrets one and two. The resulting explosion killed almost 100 men and threatened to blow the ship apart. Seawater rushed in through rents in her hull opened by the explosion and helped quench the fire before it could explode the ship's powder magazines. Boise immediately sheered out of the column and retreated from the action. Kinugasa and Salt Lake City exchanged fire with each other, each hitting the other several times, causing minor damage to Kinugasa and damaging one of Salt Lake Citys boilers, reducing her speed.
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At 00:16, Scott ordered his ships to turn to a heading of 330° in an attempt to pursue the fleeing Japanese ships. Scott's ships, however, quickly lost sight of Gotō's ships, and all firing ceased by 00:20. The American formation was beginning to scatter, so Scott ordered a turn to 205° to disengage.
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Retreat
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During the battle between Scott's and Gotō's ships, Jojima's reinforcement group completed unloading at Guadalcanal and began its return journey unseen by Scott's warships, using a route that passed south of the Russell Islands and New Georgia. Despite extensive damage, Aoba was able to join Kinugasa in retirement to the north through the Slot. Furutakas damage caused her to lose power around 00:50, and she sank at 02:28, northwest of Savo Island. Hatsuyuki picked up Furutakas survivors and joined the retreat northward.Boise extinguished her fires by 02:40 and at 03:05 rejoined Scott's formation. Duncan—on fire—was abandoned by her crew at 02:00. Unaware of Duncans fate, Scott detached McCalla to search for her and retired with the rest of his ships towards Nouméa, arriving in the afternoon of 13 October. McCalla located the burning, abandoned Duncan about 03:00, and several members of McCallas crew made an attempt to keep her from sinking. By 12:00, however, they had to abandon the
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effort as bulkheads within Duncan collapsed causing the ship to finally sink north of Savo Island. American servicemen in boats from Guadalcanal as well as McCalla picked up Duncans scattered survivors from the sea around Savo. In total, 195 Duncan sailors survived; 48 did not. As they rescued Duncans crew, the Americans came across the more than 100 Fubuki survivors, floating in the same general area. The Japanese initially refused all rescue attempts but a day later allowed themselves to be picked up and taken prisoner.
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Jojima—learning of the bombardment force's crisis—detached destroyers Shirayuki and Murakumo to assist Furutaka or her survivors and Asagumo and to rendezvous with Kinugasa, which had paused in her retreat northward to cover the withdrawal of Jojima's ships. At 07:00, five CAF Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers attacked Kinugasa but inflicted no damage. At 08:20, 11 more SBDs found and attacked Shirayuki and . Although they scored no direct hits, a near miss caused Murakumo to begin leaking oil, marking a trail for other CAF aircraft to follow. A short time later, seven more CAF SBDs plus six Grumman TBF-1 Avenger torpedo bombers, accompanied by 14 Grumman F4F-4 Wildcats, found the two Japanese destroyers from Guadalcanal. In the ensuing attack, Murakumo was hit by a torpedo in her engineering spaces, leaving her without power. In the meantime, Aoba and Hatsuyuki reached the sanctuary of the Japanese base in the Shortland Islands at 10:00.
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Rushing to assist Murakumo, Asagumo and Natsugumo were attacked by another group of 11 CAF SBDs and TBFs escorted by 12 fighters at 15:45. An SBD placed its bomb almost directly amidships on Natsugumo while two more near misses contributed to her severe damage. After Asagumo took off her survivors, Natsugumo sank at 16:27. The CAF aircraft also scored several more hits on the stationary Murakumo, setting her afire. After her crew abandoned ship, Shirayuki scuttled her with a torpedo, picked up her survivors, and joined the rest of the Japanese warships for the remainder of their return trip to the Shortland Islands.
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Aftermath and significance
Captain Kikunori Kijima—Gotō's chief of staff and commander of the bombardment force during the return trip to the Shortland Islands after Gotō's death in battle—claimed that his force had sunk two American cruisers and one destroyer. Furutakas Captain Araki Tsuto—who survived the sinking of his ship—blamed the loss of his cruiser on bad air reconnaissance and poor leadership from the 8th fleet staff under Admiral Mikawa. Although Gotō's bombardment mission failed, Jojima's reinforcement convoy was successful in delivering the crucial men and equipment to Guadalcanal. Aoba journeyed to Kure, Japan, for repairs that were completed on February 15, 1943. Kinugasa was sunk one month later during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal.
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Scott claimed that his force sank three Japanese cruisers and four destroyers. News of the victory was widely publicized in the American media. Boise—which was damaged enough to require a trip to the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard for repairs—was dubbed the "one-ship fleet" by the press for her exploits in the battle, although this was mainly because the names of the other involved ships were withheld for security reasons. Boise was under repair until 20 March 1943.
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Although a tactical victory for the U.S., Cape Esperance had little immediate strategic effect on the situation on Guadalcanal. Just two days later on the night of 13/14 October, the Japanese battleships and bombarded and almost destroyed Henderson Field, firing a total of 918 14-inch shells. One day after that, a large Japanese convoy successfully delivered 4,500 troops and equipment to the island. This is followed on the night of 14/15 October by a bombardment from heavy cruisers and which fire a combined 752 8-inch shells at the airfield,http://www.combinedfleet.com/kinugasa_t.htm and then again during the night of 15/16 October, this time by heavy cruisers and firing 912 8-inch shells. The delivered troops and equipment helped complete Japanese preparations for the large land offensive scheduled to begin on 23 October. The convoy of U.S. Army troops reached Guadalcanal on 13 October as planned and were key participants for the Allied side in the decisive land battle for
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Henderson Field that took place from 23–26 October.
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The Cape Esperance victory helped prevent an accurate U.S. assessment of Japanese skills and tactics in naval night fighting. The U.S. was still unaware of the range and power of Japanese torpedoes, the effectiveness of Japanese night optics, and the skilled fighting ability of most Japanese destroyer and cruiser commanders. Incorrectly applying the perceived lessons learned from this battle, U.S. commanders in future naval night battles in the Solomons consistently tried to prove that American naval gunfire was more effective than Japanese torpedo attacks. This belief was severely tested just two months later during the Battle of Tassafaronga. A junior officer on Helena'' later wrote, "Cape Esperance was a three-sided battle in which chance was the major winner."
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On 11 October, a large force of carriers and battleships together with their escort groups left Truk and lingered in the area around Guadalcanal, heavily bombarding Henderson field and looking to intercept Allied reinforcement convoys. This buildup of naval forces would culminate in the subsequent Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands.
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
– somewhat inaccurate on details, since it was written during the war
– Copy of the commander of U.S. Destroyer Squadron 12's after action report.
1942 in Japan
Guadalcanal Campaign
Naval battles of World War II involving Japan
Naval battles of World War II involving the United States
Conflicts in 1942
1942 in the Solomon Islands
Battles and operations of World War II involving the Solomon Islands
Military history of Japan during World War II
Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II
Night battles
October 1942 events
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Al-Wathbah uprising () or simply Al-Wathbah (), which means The Leap in Arabic, was the term that came to be used for the urban unrest in Baghdad in January 1948. The protests were sparked by the monarchy's plans to renew the 1930 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty that effectively made Iraq a British protectorate. Nuri al-Said, the Prime Minister of Iraq, was planning on renewing, albeit in a revised form, this 1930 treaty that tied Iraq to British interests, allowed for the unrestricted movement of British troops on Iraqi soil, and provided significant protection to the British-installed Iraqi monarchy.
History
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In 1947, the Iraqi monarchy entered into secret negotiations with the British government. The various political parties in Iraq were not informed of the negotiations and instead, heard about them on the radio or read about them in the newspapers the following day. Although the news on the treaty sparked the al-Wathbah protests, it soon became clear that there were elements of unrest that went beyond the opposition to the treaty. The participants in the demonstrations included workers, students, and the urban poor, living on the outskirts of Baghdad. Many of the protests were orchestrated by the Iraqi Communist Party. The al-Wathbah “sprang from the same conditions of existence that had since the first years of the forties been making for the advance of communism.” The rigid boundaries of class in Iraqi society, widespread poverty in the urban centers, a growing student population, all these factors contributed to the events of January 1948. In addition the purchasing power of workers
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was at a historic low, thus contributing to growing frustrations among salaried workers.
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Timeline
January, 1948
On January 3, the Iraqi foreign minister, Fāḍil al-Jamālī, was reported to have said that the Iraqi people were “sensitive to the merits” of the 1930 Anglo-Iraqi treaty. That night, the Independence Party held a secret meeting in its headquarters, planning a public protest against the government.
On January 4, students from al-Karkh and Al Adhamiya secondary schools joined up to protest the statements of al-Jamālī. They marched toward the School of Law, with the intent on continuing on toward the Royal Palace. When they arrived in the vicinity of the School of Law, police attempted to break up the protest. Students from the School of Law left their classrooms to join the protest (548). The police used clubs and fired shots to disperse the protest. Many students were wounded and thirty-nine were arrested (six of whom were members of the Iraqi Communist Party or the related party The National Liberation Party), and the School of Law was closed down.
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On January 6, students from all colleges went on strike.
On January 8, the authorities released the arrested students. The strike ceased.
On January 16, it was announced that the Iraqi government had signed a treaty in Portsmouth, effectively renewing its alliance with Britain. At the announcement of the treaty a three-day strike of college students began during which they protested in the streets.
On January 16, there were large-scale student protests. Although the protests were somewhat spontaneous in nature, they coalesced through the organizing of several political organizations: The communist “Student Cooperation Committee,” the Progressive Democrats, the Populists, the Kurdish Democrats, and the student wings of the National Democratic Party and the Independence Party.
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On January 20 there was a large-scale student march. For the first time since the beginning of the unrest, other social groups joined the students: The Schalchiyyah workers and the poor shantytown dwelling migrants from South-Eastern Iraq known as the Shargāwiyyīn. The police responded by firing directly at the demonstrators. The demonstrators, however, did not disperse.
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On January 21, the demonstrations escalated. The police fired on students who were transporting those who had been killed the day before. Members of the faculty at the School of pharmacy and medicine resigned from their posts. Protests spread in the streets including non-students and many Communists. “An atmosphere redolent of social revolution enveloped Baghdad.”
That night, the king of Iraq annulled the treaty. The king's disavowal of the treaty split the opposition in two camps: those, like the Independence Party and the National Democrats called on a cease of protests. The Communists called on protesters to continue, seeing that they were close to overthrowing the government.
On January 23, new demonstrations convened, combining students, members of the Independence Party, workers, and Scuffles broke out between members of the Independence party and Communists.
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On January 26, Jabr and Nūri returned to Baghdad from London. In a radio address that very night, Jabr asked that the people remain calm and stated that details of the treaty would soon be provided. Immediately, a great number of people went out on the streets. Many reported hearing machine-gun fire in the night.
On January 27, the Central Committee of the Communist Party released and distributed a manifesto that called for continued protests. It claimed that imperialists had infiltrated the demonstrations and acted in such a way as to justify the government's violent intervention. The manifesto called on the protesters to continue their struggle until the government was toppled and a democratic government established in its wake.
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Students and workers, coming from the popular areas of Baghdad, gathered to protest. A large group attempted to cross the bridge into West Baghdad where they would meet with students and the Schalchiyyah rail workers. In Al-Rasafa, the police opened fire on a group of Communists, killing four. Despite their losses, they kept marching forward and arriving in Amīn square, they were stopped by new police reinforcement. On the other side of the river, new clashes broke out between protesters. They moved onto the Ma’mūn Bridge and the police fired directly onto the crowd with machine-guns, killing scores. Many fell into the river. Meanwhile, demonstrations in Amīn square escalated and again, police fired directly onto the crowds. While the demonstrators regrouped in various locations, the police withdrew.
It is estimated that 300 – 400 demonstrators were killed.
Aftermath
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On the evening of January 26, Salih Jabr fled to England. The king entrusted a Shi’ī religious scholar who had been involved in the 1920 uprisings with forming a new government.
The Iraqi government blamed foreign agitators for the January uprisings. They pointed to the Saudi support for the Independence Party and the Soviet links to the Communist party. They claimed that the Communist party received major donations from Jewish communists. However, records indicate that the Communist party spent very little money in January 1948, which supports the idea that the demonstrations were spontaneous and enjoyed widespread popular support.
The al-Wathbah uprising strengthened the Communist party. However, the new recruits were not trained and Fahd and 125 other senior communists were in the prison of Kut. The Communist Party more or less merged ideologically with the National Liberation Party and literally with the National Revolutionary Committee.
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After the al-Wathbah the Communist party's ideology was radicalized. One of the major issues that came to the fore was whether the party should cooperate strategically with the national bourgeoisie against the monarchy.
However, in the spring of 1948 a number of protests and strikes took place.
Railway strikes on March 18, April 14 and May 12.
Strikes at the Port: April 4, April 6, May 2 and May 18
The K3 oil pump was immobilized by workers from April 23 to May 15
In April, the Communist Party organized the first national student congress, at which the General Union of Iraqi Students was founded.
In April, peasants led an uprising in the village of Arbat. “The workers demanded wage increases, ‘bread and shoes,’ democratic rights, the release of political prisoners, and national independence"
In May, the demonstrations were ended by the government's declaration of martial law, following the outbreak of war in Palestine.
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Although many different factions came together for the protests, and the Liberal and National Democrats cooperated with the Communist party, there was no further collaboration on their respective opposition to the monarchy. By the end of 1948, the Communist party was in shambles, many of its leaders in prison. It was ideologically discredited after it had followed the Soviet line of accepting the partition of Palestine and the establishment of Israel in the summer.
However, another effect of the al-Wathbah was that "the opposition parties responsible for organizing the demonstrations were discovering new, immediate forms of power, denied to them both by their small numbers and by the rigging of the parliamentary system. The al-Wathbah uprising helped pave the way for the 1952 Intifada, the overthrow of the monarchy in the 14 July Revolution, and the creation of a republic.
See also
List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
1941 Iraqi coup d'état
14 July Revolution
References
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Sources
Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq’s Old Landed Classes and of its Communists, Ba’thists, and Free Officers. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.
Salucci, Ilario. A People’s History of Iraq: The Iraqi Communist Party, Worker’s Movements, and the Left 1924-2004. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005.
Tripp, Charles. A History of Iraq 3rd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia
Conflicts in 1948
20th century in Baghdad
Civil wars of the Industrial era
Kingdom of Iraq
1948 in Iraq
Protests in Iraq
Rebellions in Iraq
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Ahmed Hossam Hussein Abdelhamid (; born 23 February 1983), publicly known as Mido, is an Egyptian football manager and former player who played as a striker.
Mido started his career with Zamalek in Egypt in 1999. He left the club for Gent of Belgium in 2000, where he won the Belgian Ebony Shoe. This led to a move to Dutch side Ajax in 2001, from where he joined Celta Vigo on loan in 2003. His next destination was Marseille in France and he left them for Italian side Roma in 2004. He joined English side Tottenham Hotspur on an 18-month loan in 2005 and eventually joined the club permanently in 2006. He left the club in 2007 to join Middlesbrough, from whom he joined Wigan Athletic, Zamalek, West Ham United and Ajax on loan. In 2011, he rejoined Zamalek, before joining Barnsley in 2012. He also played for Egypt 51 times, scoring 20 goals. Mido retired from football in June 2013.
Club career
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Zamalek
Born in Cairo, Mido started his career with Egyptian Premier League club Zamalek in 1999. He made his league debut on 22 May 2000 in a 0–0 draw against El Qanah. The next week, Mido scored his first two goals against Aluminium Nag Hammâdi, which Zamalek won 3–2. His African debut came on 28 May 2000, in a 2–1 win against Ethiopian Coffee, making the aggregate score 3–3, which led to the game being decided on penalties. Zamalek won 4–2. Zamalek eventually reached the 2000 African Cup Winners' Cup final, beating Cameroonian side Canon Yaoundé 4–3 on aggregate. Mido's performances eventually attracted interest from Belgian club Gent.
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Gent
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In 2000, at the age of 17, Mido signed for Gent. Initially, he suffered from homesickness, and returned to Egypt shortly after arriving in Belgium, only staying at his father's vehement insistence. Working hard to fight his reservations, Mido eventually overcame them, in his own words gaining "the mentality of a pro". Gent manager Patrick Remy was impressed by Mido's handling of the issue and promoted him to the first team in September 2000, placing him at first on the substitutes' bench. However, Mido continued to impress Remy, who commented on his "responsibilities ... [and] great technical capabilities". He eventually became a first-team regular, and made his league debut on 27 August 2000 in a 4–1 away win against Eendracht Aalst. On 2 October 2000, he scored his first goal in a 2–1 home win against Standard Liège. His European debut came on 12 September 2000, where Gent suffered a 6–0 home defeat to Ajax. He became a fan favourite, and was praised by the Belgian press at the end
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of the season. Mido went on to win the Belgian Ebony Shoe in 2001 as the best African player in the Belgian First Division, as well as being named the Belgian "Discovery of the Year". As he attracted interest from major clubs both in Belgium and abroad, he ended the season with a powerful performance against Royal Antwerp, scoring one of Gent's goals in a 3–1 win and setting up the other two. Two years later, Remy described the match to an Egyptian journalist, saying that "Mido did everything." He finished the season with 11 goals from 21 matches, as Gent finished fifth, earning them a spot in the following season of the UEFA Intertoto Cup.
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Ajax
After his success in Belgium with Gent, Mido signed a five-year contract with Eredivisie team Ajax in 2001. He suffered a concussion during their UEFA Cup match with Limassol, after colliding with a defender. He made his return for the team against Heerenveen, a match which Ajax lost 5–1. However, he was sent off against Twente, after kicking Spira Grujić whilst trying to beat him to the ball, for which he was later given a three-match ban. He returned for Ajax against Vitesse, coming on as a substitute in the 75th minute. He failed to be selected for the substitutes bench against Feyenoord in March 2002, which was due to a minor clash with manager Ronald Koeman, and Mido left for a short vacation in Cairo. Mido scored in Ajax's victory over Utrecht in the KNVB Cup final, meaning he ended the 2001–02 season with the Dutch League and Cup double.
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He played for only 32 minutes against Groningen, after a display which lacked creativity. He said afterwards he was tired and was carrying a slight injury during the match, but Koeman criticised Mido saying he was not giving everything. He revealed in September 2002 that he wanted to leave Ajax in the transfer window in late December. However, Mido soon apologised to Koeman and Leo Beenhakker regarding the transfer comments, saying he was "irresponsible" and "unthoughtful". He was handed a fine and suspended from Ajax's game against Olympique Lyonnais. In December of that year, he revealed that he wanted to stay at Ajax. He scored for Ajax during their 6–0 defeat of Willem II in February 2003, but Koeman again criticised Mido, commenting negatively on his performance against Roda in the KNVB Cup. He was dropped for Ajax's next game against Feyenoord, only featuring as an unused substitute. He suffered a muscle strain in his upper thigh after a friendly for Egypt, and was ruled out of
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Ajax's game against Groningen. Mido was relegated to the Ajax reserve team for disciplinary reasons, surrounding a perceived lack of effort in training. His situation at the club led to interest from Serie A clubs Juventus and Lazio and he later admitted to have thrown a pair of scissors at Ajax teammate Zlatan Ibrahimović following an argument in March 2003.
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Loan to Celta Vigo
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Celta Vigo made a loan offer for Mido in March, which was reported to have fallen through days later as it was not approved by FIFA. However, FIFA eventually allowed the move to go through and it was completed on 18 March. He scored on his Celta Vigo debut against Athletic Bilbao, which Celta won 2–1. Ajax valued Mido between the values of €5 million and €6 million, amidst interest from clubs in Italy and Spain. Newcastle United were reportedly on the verge of making a bid for Mido in May, but this was ruled out by Mido's agent Christophe Henrotay. Ajax attempted to make him return to the club, but he declined this, in favour of staying at Celta. He suffered a muscle injury whilst training in May, but was available to play in Celta's match against Villarreal CF, which saw Mido sent off in a game which Celta lost 5–0. Mido was linked with a move to A.S. Roma in late May, with Roma chairman Franco Sensi stating "I want Mido", but Ajax revealed they wanted €15 million for him. Ajax
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turned down a loan move from Real Betis for Mido in June. Marseille were then believed to have made an offer for the striker and Celta were not ready to meet Ajax's asking price of €15 million.
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Marseille
Ajax accepted a €12 million bid for Mido from Marseille in July, and completed the move on a five-year contract on 12 July 2003, which made Mido the most expensive Egyptian player ever. He made his debut for Marseille in 1–0 win over Guingamp on 1 August 2003. Jean-Pierre Papin gave praise to Mido, saying it was down to players like him that the French Ligue 1 was among the top European leagues. He scored against Real Madrid in a UEFA Champions League match in November, which Marseille lost 2–1.
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Mido stated in March 2004 that he may leave Marseille at the end of the 2003–04 season. An English club and several Spanish clubs were believed to be interested in signing Mido, who had been overshadowed at Marseille by Didier Drogba. Atlético Madrid, Zaragoza, Osasuna and former club Celta Vigo were all rumoured to be interested in signing Mido, with Atlético's interest being confirmed by their Technical Director Toni Muñoz. Meanwhile, Mido was caught speeding on the way to Marseille's game against AS Monaco, which resulted in a court hearing. Reports suggested Roma were ready to sign Mido for a fee of €9 million even though Mido would be out injured for the rest of the French football season. Turkish side Beşiktaş revealed they wanted to sign him, and Mido said he was to have talks with Bobby Robson about a possible move to Newcastle United.
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Roma
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Mido eventually signed for Roma on the final day of the 2004 summer transfer window, for a fee of €6 million, signing a five-year contract. It was confirmed that he would miss the opening game of the season, and possibly the following two games. Mido was penciled in to make his Roma debut against Messina in September 2004, a game in which he did actually play, but Roma lost 4–3. Reports suggested that Mido could be sold to Valencia in a swap deal with Bernardo Corradi and was also linked with a move to Premier League side Manchester City. Southampton were believed to have had Mido on their shortlist of targets, but his agent Christophe Henrotay said Roma would not be willing to let Mido leave the club. It was even reported that he had been offered to Southampton on loan but his new agent, Mino Raiola, repeated the earlier claims that Roma wanted to keep Mido until, at least, the end of the season. He was linked with a move to Tottenham Hotspur, with his agent confirming he wanted a
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move away from Roma.
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Tottenham Hotspur
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Mido was signed by Tottenham on an 18-month loan deal on 28 January 2005. He scored two goals on his Tottenham debut against Portsmouth on 5 February 2005. He scored 3 goals in 11 appearances during the 2004–05 season for Tottenham. Mido announced plans in July 2005 to launch his own football academy in Egypt, which had the aim of nurturing the country's young talent. In January 2006, he expressed that he did not wish to return to Roma at the end of the 2005–06 season, but rather sign permanently with Tottenham. Tottenham manager Martin Jol said that the club were confident of signing Mido on a permanent deal due to his good performances, but later admitted Tottenham may be defeated in keeping Mido, with other clubs interested in signing him. His permanent move was further put into doubt in April 2006, after he suffered a new injury problem. He suffered abuse from a small section of the Southampton and West Ham United fans in 2005. West Ham manager Alan Pardew apologised to Mido for
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the abuse by the fans. He finished the 2005–06 season with 11 goals in 27 games, meaning he was Tottenham's second highest goalscorer. Tottenham confirmed in May 2006 that Mido would be returning to Roma.
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However, Mido re-joined Tottenham on 29 August on a permanent deal for a fee of €6.75 million. After returning to Tottenham he commented on the team's official website that he "always knew in his heart he would be coming back" and that he "couldn't wait to pull on a Tottenham shirt, play at the Lane and score some more goals". However, soon after this, Mido was accused of being "irresponsible and disrespectful" by his manager Martin Jol, following comments Mido had made about former Tottenham player Sol Campbell. After failing to score in his first five appearances as a permanent Tottenham player, he finally found the net against rivals West Ham with a match-winning volley on 19 October 2006, and followed that with two goals against League Two side Milton Keynes Dons in the League Cup. He had to contend with being fourth in line for one of the two striking spots, but insisted that this was a sign of the club's strength, and something he was fully aware of before rejoining the club.
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However, he was linked with a move to Manchester City. Mido scored what looked to be his final goal for Tottenham on 31 January 2007 against Arsenal, but his potential move to Manchester City fell through half an hour before the close of the transfer window. He eventually admitted he made a mistake by joining Tottenham on a permanent deal. He ended the 2006–07 season with 23 appearances and 5 goals.
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Middlesbrough
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Tottenham agreed a £6 million fee with Birmingham City for Mido on 20 July 2007. Birmingham manager Steve Bruce said the move was close to collapsing, as the deal reportedly faltered over the wages and the length of contract Mido was demanding. The deal eventually fell through over a clause that Mido insisted be in the contract. In August 2007 Sunderland made a £6 million bid for him and held talks, after which Birmingham confirmed they were trying to revive their deal to sign Mido. Middlesbrough then revealed their interest in signing him, matching the £6 million fee of Birmingham and Sunderland and were given permission to speak to him. They eventually signed Mido for a fee of £6 million on a four-year contract on 16 August 2007. He scored on his debut for Middlesbrough against Fulham and on his home debut against Newcastle United. During the Newcastle game, Mido was reportedly subject to Islamophobic abuse from some Newcastle supporters, which The Football Association (The FA) was
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to investigate.
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He suffered a stress fracture to the pubic bone which kept him out for more than three months from November 2007 until he returned to first-team action for Middlesbrough's 2–0 FA Cup victory over Mansfield Town on 26 January 2008. He was sent off in the 80th minute in a match against Arsenal on 15 March 2008 after kicking Gaël Clichy in the face with his boot, which resulted in him receiving a three-match ban. Mido was ruled out for the remainder of the 2007–08 season in April following a hernia operation on a pelvic injury. He made the bench for Middlesbrough's opening Premier League fixture against former club Tottenham and came on as a substitute in the 82nd minute and scored four minutes later after deflecting Didier Digard's shot. The following weekend saw him score against Liverpool at Anfield to put Middlesbrough 1–0 in the lead, but they eventually lost the game 2–1. This was followed up with goals against Yeovil Town in the League Cup and Portsmouth in the league. Mido was
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again targeted by some Newcastle fans while warming up before Middlesbrough's 0–0 draw, with claims of racist chanting being investigated by The FA. He revealed his anger at The FA's investigation, believing that they would make no difference to any future abuse. Two men were eventually arrested over the chanting and were due to appear at Teesside Magistrates Court.
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Loan to Wigan Athletic
Mido entered talks with Wigan Athletic over signing on a six-month loan deal, and he completed the move on 23 January 2009. He scored on his debut with the equalizing goal against Liverpool with a penalty kick in a 1–1 draw on 28 January. He scored for Wigan in a 4–1 defeat against Arsenal and he finished the loan spell with 12 appearances and 2 goals. Following Middlesbrough's relegation to the Championship, he failed to report to pre-season training, and he was eventually fined by the club after not turning up after a fortnight. He returned to training a day after this.
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Loan to Zamalek
Middlesbrough accepted an undisclosed offer for Mido from an unnamed club on 26 July, and he completed a season-long move to former club Zamalek on 3 August, who had an option to sign him permanently if they were able to meet Middlesbrough's terms. On 20 August, Mido made a disappointing debut for Zamalek, wasting a second-half penalty as Zamalek threw away their lead to suffer a late 2–1 home victory to Petrojet in the Egyptian Premier League.
Loan to West Ham United
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Mido joined West Ham United on a four-month loan on 1 February 2010 after his season-long loan spell with Zamalek was terminated by mutual agreement. He stated "I had to sacrifice some things but I'm here to play football again and I'm here to prove a point. I'm very happy to be here, it's a great club – and I'm sure I'll do well here." West Ham chairman David Sullivan announced that in order for Mido to secure his long-term footballing future, his contract with West Ham put him amongst the lowest earners in the Premier League. Sullivan said "He doesn't want to be known as a 'has been' of English football, so he was willing to come here to play for a nominal fee, just £1,000 a week." He made his debut for West Ham on 6 February in 2–1 away defeat against Burnley. In nine appearances for West Ham he failed to score and had a tame penalty saved in a 2–2 away draw against Everton. In June 2010, West Ham decided not to offer him a new contract.
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Loan to Ajax (Second Spell)
Ajax entered talks with Middlesbrough over signing Mido on a free transfer in July. On 1 September, he signed a one-year loan contract.
Mido made his league second debut on 16 October 2010, coming on as a substitute for Miralem Sulejmani in a 3–0 win against NAC Breda. He scored his first goal on 11 November in a 3–0 win against Veendam in the Dutch Cup. Despite scoring three goals in six appearances, his first-team football opportunities were limited, having been on the starting line-up only once. After Martin Jol resigned, Mido lost his place when new manager Frank de Boer was appointed on 6 December 2010. On 4 January 2011, he wrote Ajax a letter to cancel his contract.
Return to Zamalek
On 21 January 2011, Mido rejoined Zamalek on a three-and-a half-year contract. However, due to an error made by Zamalek management Mido was not registered in time to play with Zamalek thus sitting out the remainder of the season.
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Barnsley
On 16 June 2012, Mido agreed a deal with English Championship side Barnsley, subject to a medical. His move was completed on 21 June 2012 when he signed a one-year contract with Barnsley. Mido made his league debut on 10 November 2012 as a substitute for Kelvin Etuhu in a 1–0 home defeat against Huddersfield Town. On 31 January 2013 he was released by mutual consent along with defender Lee Collins.
Retirement
His retirement from football was announced in June 2013.
Prior to his retirement, Mido was named Honorary Life President of the Old Wykehamist Football Club, a club for alumni of Winchester College and one of the founding member clubs of the Arthurian League.
International career
Mido played 13 times for the Egypt youth team between 1999 and 2001.
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He has earned 51 caps for Egypt and scored 20 goals. Mido scored on his international debut against the United Arab Emirates, which Egypt won 2–1. Mido sent a fax to the Egypt team to tell them he was not available for international selection in May 2004, saying he was not psychologically fit to join the team. Mido was a part of the Egypt squad that played at the 2004 African Cup of Nations.
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Egypt manager Marco Tardelli dropped Mido in September 2004, after Mido claimed to be unavailable for the national team due to an injury, but played in a friendly match for Roma 24 hours later. A day later, Mido rejected accusations that he refused to play for his country. Also, the Egyptian Football Association announced that he would not play for the team again. However, Tardelli was sacked as Egypt coach and in January 2005 the Egyptian Football Association said they would consider bringing Mido back into the team if he were to apologise for his past behaviour. Mido flew to Cairo in February 2005 and made a public apology and the following month he was recalled by the national team. Mido withdrew from Egypt's 2006 World Cup qualifier against Cameroon, after sustaining a muscle tear while playing with Tottenham Hotspur.
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Mido was thrown out of the Egypt team during the 2006 African Cup of Nations as a consequence of an argument with coach Hassan Shehata in the semi-final game against Senegal, which started after Mido reacted badly to being substituted. His replacement Amr Zaki came on to score a header with his first touch, putting Egypt into the final. A day later, Mido reconciled with Shehata, but was given a six-month suspension from playing with Egypt. Mido was eventually recalled by the side following his suspension, ready for the 2008 African Cup of Nations qualification which Egypt won. Mido was included in the Egypt squad to play South Africa in London in November 2006, despite suffering from a knee injury at the time. However, he was left out of the Egypt squad to play Mauritania in an African Nations Cup qualifier in March 2007.
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Post-retirement career
After his retirement, he turned into analysing Premier League matches as well as Champions league matches on Al Jazeera Sports channels. He also has his own show on AlHayat TV as well as an on-line show on FilGoal. He stated that he aims to become a manager after gaining required certificate.
Managerial career
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Zamalek
Although he received numerous offers from teams like Paris Saint-Germain Youth Academy and Egyptian team Al-Masry but turned them down. He was appointed as Zamalek head coach after the firing of Helmy Toulan on 21 January 2014, despite being only 30 years old.
Mido led his team to the third place in the 2013–14 Egyptian Premier League and secured a place in the 2015 CAF Confederation Cup after a 1–0 loss to his rival Al-Ahly, 2–1 loss to Alexandria side Smouha and then a 2–0 win over Petrojet.
Mido succeeded to win the Egypt Cup and secure the cup title for the second year in row, by beating Smouha 1–0, making him the youngest manager to win a trophy with his team in Egypt. On 29 July 2014, Mido was replaced by Hossam Hassan as the manager of Zamalek.
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Zamalek Youth Academy
He later accepted an offer from Zamalek's chairman Mortada Mansour to be the Director of Zamalek Youth Academy with appointing his former assistant Mohamed Salah as the technical manager of Zamalek Youth Academy.
Under his leadership, The U-16 team won Al Wehda International Championship after defeating FC Steaua București U-16 by a result of 2–0 in the final.
Ismaily
On 15 July 2015, Ismaily's chairman Mohamed Abo El-Soud announced that Mido will be the manager of the team. He also announced that Ashraf Khedr will be the assistant manager. He resigned from his position in 20 December 2015 following a developed
problem with the team captain Hosny Abd Rabo.
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Return to Zamalek
Zamalek's chairman Mortada Mansour announced the return of Mido as the manager of Zamalek, succeeding Marcos Paquetá who failed to control the team. He also appointed Hazem Emam as the general manager and Ismail Youssef as the technical director. After only one month as a manager, he was fired after a 2–0 loss to rivals Al Ahly in Cairo derby, leading to increase the gap between the two teams to seven points. Later Mortada Mansour said that the board decided to remove Mido from his position after the loss to Ismaily, but announcing it was delayed until Cairo Derby is played, to avoid distraction of players.
Lierse
On 7 July 2016, Lierse's chairman Maged Samy announced the hiring of Mido as a technical adviser for Lierse and Wadi Degla. Mido said that he aims to help the club to get promoted to Belgian First Division A.
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Wadi Degla
On 8 November 2016, he was appointed as the manager of Wadi Degla till the end of 2016–17 Season following the sack of Patrice Carteron. Mido also stated that he accepted the job in order to be qualified for UEFA A License which requires the applicant to be currently managing a team.
Al Wehda
On 17 December 2018, he became technical advisor and caretaker manager at Al Wehda, after the sacking of Fábio Carille.
El Makkasa
On 9 June 2019, Mido was appointed manager of Misr Lel Makkasa SC. He was later sacked in January 2020.
Personal life
Mido's father, Hossam Wasfi, was also a footballer who played for Zamalek. In 2002, Mido married at age 19, and later had three sons.
At the age of 34, he reached in weight which made him vunerable to diabetes; however, he managed to lose in five months.
Career statistics
Club
Sources:
International
Sources:
International goals
Egypt score listed first, score column indicates score after each Mido goal.
Managerial statistics
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Honours
As a player
Zamalek
African Cup Winners' Cup: 2000
Ajax
Eredivisie: 2001–02, 2010–11
KNVB Cup: 2001–02
Johan Cruijff Shield: 2002
International
Africa Cup of Nations: 2006
Individual
Belgian Ebony Shoe: 2001
Belgian League Young Player of the Year: 2000–01
Egyptian Young Footballer of the Year: 2000–01
African Young Player of the Year: 2001–02
As a manager
Zamalek
Egypt Cup: 2014
References
External links
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1983 births
Living people
Egyptian Muslims
Sportspeople from Cairo
Egyptian footballers
Association football forwards
Zamalek SC players
K.A.A. Gent players
AFC Ajax players
RC Celta de Vigo players
Olympique de Marseille players
A.S. Roma players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Egyptian Premier League players
Belgian First Division A players
Eredivisie players
La Liga players
Ligue 1 players
Serie A players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Egypt youth international footballers
Egypt international footballers
2002 African Cup of Nations players
2004 African Cup of Nations players
2006 Africa Cup of Nations players
Egyptian expatriate footballers
Egyptian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Egyptian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Egyptian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Egyptian expatriate sportspeople in France
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Egyptian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Egyptian expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in France
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate footballers in England
Egyptian football managers
Zamalek SC managers
Ismaily SC managers
Wadi Degla SC managers
Al-Wehda Club (Mecca) managers
Egyptian Premier League managers
Saudi Professional League managers
Egyptian expatriate football managers
Egyptian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
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1229_0
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Marjorie Leeming (1903 – June 10, 1987) was a Canadian tennis player, badminton player and teacher. She won the Canadian Open ladies' singles title twice and was runner-up on four occasions. Leeming took the Canadian doubles championship three times and the mixed doubles twice. She won seven titles in British Columbia and was the Oregon State Tennis Championship singles winner in 1926. After her tennis ended due to injury, Leeming moved into education, co-authoring a 1935 school textbook on modern composition for use in schools in British Columbia. She taught badminton, golf and tennis to coeds at the University of British Columbia before becoming assistant dean to its dean of women. Leeming is an inductee of the BC Sports Hall of Fame, the Tennis Canada Hall of Fame and the Greater Victoria Sports Hall of Fame.
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Personal background
In 1903, Leeming was born in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. She had an sister, Hope, who was also a tennis player. When she was four years old, Leeming and her family moved to Victoria, British Columbia. She studied at Victoria High School. While enrolled at the University of British Columbia (UBC), Leeming was told she would fail her classes if she took some time off to meet another tennis player for an exhibition match in Vancouver since sport was not considered as legitimate activity for women in that era. She graduated from the UBC in 1926. Leeming died on June 10, 1987, in Victoria. She did not marry.
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Tennis career
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While in high school, Leeming started her amateur tennis career. Aged 12, she won the annual challenge Pooley Cup to become the girls' junior tennis champion of British Columbia in 1915. Leeming won the trophy three more times from 1916 to 1918 to earn the Pooley Cup permanently. In 1909, when she was 16, she and Gerald Patterson played against Norman Brookes, the world champion, in a mixed doubles match. In 1921, Leeming won the British Columbia Tennis Championships singles as well as the ladies' doubles and mixed doubles titles. She won the singles, doubles and mixed doubles titles at the Victoria City Clay Court Championships the following year. In 1923, she progressed to the final of the women's singles division of the Oregon State Tennis Championship, and won the title with a victory over C. J. Cushing that July. Leeming took her second BC ladies' singles title and her first mixed doubles victory two weeks later, and added a second singles, doubles and mixed doubles victory at
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the Victoria City Clay Court Championships. She also took the title in the BC Mainland Championship in that year.
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In 1924, Leeming was runner-up in her first Canadian Open singles final. She won her third singles and doubles titles win for the Victoria City Clay Court Championships that same year and her third British Columbia Tennis Championship singles accolade. Leeming ended the year 1 in the inaugural women's tennis rankings for British Columbia. She won the 1925 Canadian Open singles and doubles competitions, and the 1925 BC Mainland Championship title. Leeming went on to win the ladies' open and handicap singles as well as the mixed handicap doubles events in the BC Championships that same year. She added a second Canadian Open singles title, a fifth and third respective title in the singles event at each of the BC Championship and BC Mainland competitions in 1926. Leeming also won the singles Oregon State Championship event that same year. She ended the year No. 1 in each of the BC and Pacific North West Association rankings.
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Leeming was selected by the British Columbia Lawn Tennis Association to compete at the 1928 Dominion Championships staged in Toronto. In January 1929, she progressed to the women's final of the Upisland Badminton Championships and won the title by defeating Anna Kier in the final. Leeming subsequently lost to Dorothy Weisel in straight sets of the women's final of the Oregon State Championship in July that year. In January 1930, she won two badminton titles in the ladies' singles and ladies' doubles at the Upper Island Badminton Championships. Leeming began the tennis year No. 1 in both the British Columbia and Pacific rankings. That year, she won each of the doubles and mixed doubles events and was runner-up in the singles competition at the Canadian Open. Leeming also played in that year's U.S. National Championships in the women's singles. She ended up as runner-up in the Canadian Open women's singles event in each of 1931 and 1932. Leeming and her sister lasted until the
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semi-finals in the women's doubles at the 1932 U.S. National Championships. After being deemed the favourite to win the women's singles competition of the Eastern Canadian Tennis Championships in Calgary, she took that title and paired with her sister to claim the women's doubles title.
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Also from 1930 to 1932, Leeming was second in the women's Canadian rankings. She was again runner-up in the women's singles and the women's doubles at the 1932 Canadian Open, and lasted until the third round of the women's singles competition as a representative of Canada at that year's U.S. National Championships. Leeming was removed from BC rankings list because she had not competed in any singles event held in the province, but was ranked No. 2 in the national Canadian rankings at the start of 1933. She retired soon after on advice to cease playing tennis due to a hip injury she picked up in competition.
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Academic career
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Leeming did three years of teacher training at UBC following her 1926 graduation, and taught in Duncan before moving on to teach English at History at King Edward High School in Vancouver. In 1935, she and her friend Dorothy Mawdsley co-authored a school textbook about modern composition for use in schools in British Columbia. After a period in England, she spent a year as an exchange teacher at Mansfield Boys' School, in Durban, Natal, South Africa, where she was the only Canadian amongst the staff there before returning to Canada in early 1940. In 1942, Leeming's two-hour film of the views and the flora and fauna of South Africa was shown at an illustrated lecture of hers held in aid of Vancouver Island's Queen Alexandra Solarium. She joined the faculty of UBC to instruct coeds to play the individual sports of badminton, golf and tennis in 1947. From July 1951 to June 1959, Leeming was assistant dean to the university's dean of women. She subsequently retired to Vancouver Island,
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where she and Mawdsley constructed a cabin.
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Accolades and legacy
From 1923 to 1931, she was voted Outstanding Tennis Player in BC on six occasions in 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1930 and 1931. Leeming was the first female tennis player to be elected to the BC Sports Hall of Fame as an individual in 1978. She earned induction into the Tennis Canada Hall of Fame in 1993. In November 1997, Leeming was inducted into the Greater Victoria Sports Hall of Fame. She was named as one of the Top 100 Island Athletes of the 20th Century by the sports department of the Times Colonist newspaper in December 1999. The UBC holds a black and white portrait photograph of Leeming in its UBC Archives Photograph Collection.
References
1903 births
1987 deaths
Sportspeople from Kamloops
20th-century Canadian women
University of British Columbia alumni
Racket sportspeople from British Columbia
Canadian female tennis players
Canadian female badminton players
University of British Columbia faculty
Canadian schoolteachers
20th-century Canadian educators
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Sand-based athletic fields are sports turf playing fields constructed on top of sand surfaces. It is important that turf managers select the most suitable type of sand when constructing these fields, as sands with different shapes offer varied pros and cons. Regular maintenance of sand-based athletic fields is just as important as the initial construction of the field. As water and other aqueous solutions (fungicides, herbicides, and pesticides) are added, a layer of thatch may accumulate on the surface of the turf. There are different ways to manage this level of thatch, however the most common are aeration and vertical mowing.
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Sand-based athletic fields are utilized by many professional sporting facilities as they provide efficient drainage, thus allowing games and matches to be played during rainfall. Improved filtration is also imperative to the prevention of common fungal diseases that occur in sports turf. An excess of availability of nutrients can expedite the occurrence of these diseases, as well as increase the severity of the disease. Diseases such as;
Dollar Spot (Sclerotinia homeocarpa)
Summer Patch (Magnaporthe poae)
Red Thread (Laetisaria fuciformis)
are commonly associated with prolonged periods of precipitation, followed by warm temperatures. Improving the speed at which water can filter through the soil, minimizes the time that pathogens have to accumulate in the turf. A turf manager must be able to identify the speed of water filtration, as timely irrigation patterns are essential in water management.
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Choice of soil
Highly maintained areas of grass, such as those on an athletic field or on golf greens and tees, can be grown in native soil or sand-based systems. There are advantages and disadvantages to both that need to be considered before deciding what type of soil to grow turf in. Native soils offer many positive qualities, such as high nutrient holding capacity, water holding capacity, and sure footing. However, native soil fields are typically very poorly drained. This causes problems with growing turf and maintaining a safe surface for players. Sand-based systems provide all of the above qualities, and also improved drainage. They allow the turf manager better control over moisture management and resist soil compaction.
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Construction
Sand-based systems are composed of a sand-based root zone, often a gravel layer, and a drainage pipe (tile) system. Although the root zone of a sand-based system is mostly sand, additives can be included to increase the organic matter content and add stability to the root zone. Peat is a common root zone additive used, but other organic and inorganic additives can also be used. Peat has the ability to increase water and nutrient holding capacity and decrease bulk density. A common ratio of sand to peat ranges from 9.5:5 to 8:2. These ratios will allow a water holding capacity of 15 to 26% and increase nutrient holding capacity greatly.
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100% sand root zones are used often and are more cost effective from a construction standpoint. Selection of the type of sand is very crucial, as there are variations in particle size and shape. One main type being rounded sands, that provide efficient filtration for water and other aqueous solutions, enabling the turf to take more rainfall. The downside of rounded sands is that their shape prohibits them from forming a firm seedbed. This makes the turf less durable which can be problematic for high trafficked areas during sporting seasons. Another type is angular sands, that are able to provide this firm seed bed, thus establishing durable turf. Angular sands achieve this firmness as they are able to settle and form together more efficiently than rounded sands. However, because of this firmness, angular sands do have the potential to cut into roots, thus inhibiting water and nutrient uptake and leaving the turf susceptible to plant pathogens. Both types of sands have potential pros
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and cons, but in the end, it is up to the turf manager to determine which type of sand will be most beneficial to the turf. Once a sand is selected and it is determined if a soil conditioner will be used, the layout of the root zone profile must be determined.
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In the United States, common specifications for constructing a sand-based system are laid out by the United States Golf Association (USGA) and by ASTM International (American Society of Testing and Materials, ASTM F2396 Standard Guide for Construction of High Performance Sand-Based Rootzones for Athletic Fields). The USGA specifications used for a sand-based athletic field are the same as what is typically used for USGA golf greens. These specifications consist of a 12 to 16 inch sand root zone. The choice of sand type and the addition of an amendment depend on the designer. When an amendment is used, it must be thoroughly incorporated with the sand. The sand overlays a 4-inch gravel layer. This creates a perched water table above the gravel that helps keep the root zone moist during dry conditions. A drainage system is installed below the gravel to carry excess water away from the field. ASTM F2396 methods are more flexible in design and instead of a set specification gives guidance
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on selecting sand for a more varied range in construction methods. For example, with or without a gravel drainage layer, with or without peat and/or soil amendment, and profile depth variance from 8 to 16+ inches.
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Aeration and topdressing
Aeration on a sand-based system is used more to control the thickness of the thatch layer than to relieve compaction. Thatch layers are the accumulation of decomposed vegetative parts of grass plants like stolons and rhizomes at the surface level. A thick thatch layer on a sand-based athletic field may prevent nutrients and water from reaching the soil. Further, fertilizers, fungicides, and insecticides can not penetrate the surface and reach the soil. This can obviously be devastating if a field is consumed by a soil borne disease or insect. Water penetration can also be deterred by a thick thatch layer. When there is a thick mat of organic matter near the surface of a field a second perched water table will form. This will cause roots to stay in the top couple of inches of soil because they do not need to search for water at greater depths. Without a deep root system, a field can become unsafe due to footing issues.
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One method of thatch control is core aerification. This is the process of tilling the field with hollow tines to remove thatch from the surface. Tines used in aerification are hollow, measuring a half inch in diameter, and typically reach a depth of four inches into the turf. If the holes are on 2 inch center, 36 holes will be punched per square foot. After a field is aerified, the cores can either be raked up and removed, or left on the surface to break down. Once a field is aerified, and there are holes in the surface, a field should be topdressed with the same sand that was used in the construction of the field. Refilling the aerification holes with sand improves the macroporosity of the soil and allows better penetration of water. This will allow the turf manager to water deeper and therefore improve the root system. Introducing sand into the thatch layer allows the growth media to be suitable for play. Without sand mixed with the thatch layer, divots would readily kick out and
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the field would not be safe for any type of sport.
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Another common method of reducing thatch is vertical mowing. This consists of vertical blades tearing into the soil and pulling out organic matter. This can lead to a long recovery time for the turf. Reducing the amount of thatch at the surface allows nutrients and pesticides to penetrate into the soil.
Nutrient management
Nutrient management is essential in maintaining a healthy stand of turfgrass, and is much more difficult to achieve effectively in a sand-based system. Unlike with native soil fields, leaching of nutrients is a major concern when managing a sand-based turf system.
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Nutrient leaching occurs more readily in a sand-based system because sand has a relatively low cation-exchange capacity (CEC). This refers to the sand's ability to retain nutrient particles. Soil particle "hold on" to positively charged nutrient particles because they are negatively charged. The opposite charges cause the nutrients to adhere to soil particles which can then be taken up by plants. Sand has virtually no CEC, whereas clay and organic matter have relatively high CEC. This means that the higher the clay and organic matter of a soil, the more nutrients it will hold.
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Low CEC is a major concern when an athletic field is constructed with 100% sand because substantial amounts of nutrients will be unavailable to the turf. The pure sand base will not hold on to nutrients until there is substantial organic matter incorporated into the soil to keep nutrients from leaching. Eventually, organic matter levels will rise as the plants begin to mature and dead vegetative matter decomposes.
The best way to avoid this problem is to incorporate some type of organic matter into the root zone mix during construction. The most common, as noted above, is peat moss. Mixing peat moss into the root zone mixture greatly increases nutrient holding capacity. This will greatly increase the chances of establishing a healthy stand of turfgrass because the soil will be able to retain both nutrients and water.
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Because the nutrient holding capacity is low, soil tests are crucial for sand-based athletic fields. Soil tests should be taken frequently to measure what nutrients are lacking. Fertility programs should then be based on the soil tests. Unlike a native soil field, where most nutrients that are applied stay in the soil, sand-based fields nutrient status fluctuates. That is why a yearly fertilizer program can not be followed. It is more important to obtain soil tests during the establishment of a new field because organic matter will be low and amounts of nutrients will fluctuate even more.
Water management
One of the many advantages of sand-based systems is extremely good drainage. A well constructed sand-based system can drain excessive amounts of rainfall very quickly. The good drainage that sand-based systems exhibit also offer the turf manager better control over soil water content.
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The large size of sand particles allow water to flow freely which, in turn, allows sand-based system to drain extremely well. This is beneficial because it allows fields to be used during inclement weather. Sand-based systems will drain multiple inches of water within a short period of time. This allows a sporting event to be played through a rain or after a short delay. Native soil fields, on the other hand, do not drain well and many games have to be cancelled or postponed due to puddling on the field.
The good drainage of a sand-based system allows turf managers better control over their irrigation. Once the turf manager learns how his/her field drains, they will know, fairly accurately, when the field will need water. This allows them to make an irrigation plan that provides the turf with just enough water to maintain its health.
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Localized dry spots, more commonly known as hot spots, are a common occurrence on sand-based turf systems. Hot spots are small areas of turf that are dry and often become hydrophobic. They can be first seen when the grass plants in the area begin to wilt. If the hot spot is not taken care of, the turf in that area will eventually die. Once the soil becomes hydrophobic, it is very hard to get water to penetrate. The best way to alleviate a hot spot is through long, light irrigation or rainfall. It may also help to use a pitchfork to poke holes into the soil to increase percolation.
References
Playing field surfaces
Lawn care
Agricultural soil science
Drainage
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The Natural is a 1952 novel about baseball by Bernard Malamud, and is his debut novel. The story follows Roy Hobbs, a baseball prodigy whose career is sidetracked after being shot by a woman whose motivation remains mysterious. The story mostly concerns his attempts to return to baseball later in life, when he plays for the fictional New York Knights with his self-made bat "Wonderboy".
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