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Cocaine analogs substituting the C1-tropane ring position, requiring sulfinimine (N-sulfinyl-imine) chemistry (before the innovation of which were untenable) which bind unlike the typical configuration at DAT (open to out) as cocaine (with its terminal D79-Y156 distance of 6.03 Å), or in the atypical (closed to out) conformation of the benztropines (3.29 Å). Though closer to the open to out: (—)-1-methyl-cocaine = 4.40 Å & (—)-1-phenyl-cocaine = 4.89 Å, and exhibiting preferential interaction with outward facing DAT conformation, they appear to have the lack of behavioral stimulation as-like the closed to out type. Despite having non-stimulant behavior profiles, they still seem to have anti-depressant behavioral profiles.
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The C1 phenyl analog is ten times stronger than cocaine as a dopamine reuptake pump ligand, and twenty four times stronger as a local anesthetic (voltage-dependent Na+ channel blocker), whereas the C1 methyl analog is 2.3 times less potent as a local anesthetic. cf. hydroxytropacocaine for a natural alkaloid (lacking however, the 2-position carbmethoxy) that is a C1 substituent with a hydroxy group. 2β-substitutions
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Compounds 196e-h possess greater SERT affinity than cocaine, but possess weaker NET/DAT affinities (with the exception of 196g at NET). Compounds 196k, 196n, 196o, and 197c all possess greater DAT affinity than cocaine. Compound 197b (dimethyl amide) displayed a 1,131-fold increased selectivity in affinity over the serotonin transporter, with only slight reductions in potency for the dopamine & norepinephrine transporters. Whereas 197c (Weinreb amide, N-methoxy-N-methyl amide) had a 469× increase at SERT, with greater affinity for DAT than cocaine and an equal NET affinity. 197b was 137×, and 196c 27× less potent at binding to the serotonin transporter, but both had a NET / DAT ratio that made for a better dopaminergic than cocaine. The consideration that large, bulky C2 substituents would alter the spatial conformation of the tropane ring system by distorting the piperidine portion of the system and thus hamper binding appears to be unfounded.
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Benzoylecgonine (197e) is the inactive primary metabolite of cocaine generated through hydrolysis of the C2 methyl ester. In vitro binding studies indicate that benzoylecgonine is ~2,200x less potent than cocaine at the dopamine transporter, possibly due to zwitterion formation preventing strong DAT binding. In contrast to in vitro studies, the lack of activity observed in in vivo studies is likely the result of reduced blood–brain barrier penetration than formation of a zwitterion. Bioisostere 2-position carbmethoxy-ester functional replacements Vinylogous 2β-position carbmethoxy-ester functional replacements Compounds 201b & 201c were significantly more potent than cocaine while compounds 201a, 201d & 201e were significantly less potent. This finding indicates that the presence of a hydrogen bond acceptor (i.e. carbomethoxy) at the 2β position is not absolutely necessary for the creation of high affinity cocaine analogues. N-modifications
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ɑIC50 (nM) for displacement of [3H]WIN 35428 Tricyclic cocaine analogues 8 to 2 tethered analogues See N-front & back bridged phenyltropanes. Back-bridged cocaine analogues are considered more akin to untethered cocaine analogs & phenyltropane derivatives (where the nitrogen lone pair is not fixed or constrained) and better mimics their affinities. This is due to when the eighth carbon tropane position is freely rotatable and unbound it preferably occupies the axial position as defining its least energy & most unhindered state. In front-bridged analogs the nitrogen lone pairings rigid fixity makes it reside in an equatorial placing for the piperidine ring-part of the tropane nucleus, pointing to the two-carbon & three methylene unit bridgehead; giving the attested front-bridged cocaine analogues preference for SERT over DAT. 8 to 3 tethered analogues "N/T" = "not tested" Tropane ring contraction (azabornane) analogues
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6/7 tropane position methoxycocaine & methoxypseudococaine analogues 3β-position 2′—(6′) & 2β-substitution combination analogues ɑFor displacement of [3H]paroxetine (5-HTT & NET) bFor displacement of [3H]nisoxetine (5-HTT & NET) 3β-Carbamoyl analogues Phenyl 3-position linkage substitutions See: List of phenyltropanes (Many phenyltropanes are derived from cocaine metabolites, such as methylecgonidine, as precursors. Whereas fully synthetic methods have been devised from the starting material of vinylcarbenoids & pyrroles.)
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The difference in the length of the benzoyloxy and the phenyl linkage contrasted between cocaine and phenyltropanes makes for a shorter distance between the centroid of the aromatic benzene and the bridge nitrogen of the tropane in the latter PTs. This distance being on a scale of 5.6 Å for phenyltropanes and 7.7 Å for cocaine or analogs with the benzoyloxy intact. This may account for PTs increased behavioral stimulation profile over cocaine. Differences in binding potency have also been explained considering solvation effects; cocaine containing 2β,3β-ester groups being calculated as more solvated than the WIN-type compounds (i.e. troparil). Higher pKɑs of the tropane nitrogen (8.65 for cocaine, 9.55 for troparil & 11.95 for vinyl analogue 43a), decreased aqueous solvation & decreased conformational flexibility added to increased binding affinity.
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Despite the observation of increased stimulation, phenyltropanes lack the local anesthetic sodium channel blocking effect that the benzoyloxy imparts to cocaine. Beside topical affect, this gives cocaine an affinity for binding to sites on the dopamine and serotonin sodium dependent transport areas that are distinct & specific to MAT in contrast to the general sodium channels; creating a separate mechanism of relational affinity to the transporters in addition to its inhibition of the reuptake for those transporters; this is unique to the local anesthetic value in cocaine & analogues with a similar substitute for the benzoyloxy that leaves the sodium channel blockage ability intact. Rendering such compounds as different functionally in their relation to MAT contrasted to phenyltropane analogues which have the local anesthetic bridge removed. (Requiring some of the sodium ions to be pumped from the axon via Na+/K+-ATPase). In addition, it even has been postulated that a crucial role
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regarding the electron energy imparted via voltage sensitization (and thus action potential blockage with a molecule capable of intersecting its specific channel, in the case of cocaine a sodium channel, that potentially serves in re-quantifying its charge) upon a receptor binding site may attenuate the mediating influence of the inhibitory regulation that autoreceptors play by their slowing neurotransmitter release when an efflux is created through an instance of agonism by a compound; allowing said efflux to be continued without the body's attempt to maintain homeostasis enacting in as readily responsive a manner to its conformational change.
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3β-Alkylphenyltropane & 3β-Alkenyl analogues The compound 224e, the 3β-styrene analogue, had the highest potency in its group. While 224b & 224c showed the most selectivity, with 224b having a ten-fold greater potency for the dopamine transporter than cocaine. 6-Alkyl-3-benzyltropane analogues N.B. The benzylidene derivatives serve as synthetic intermediates for 6-Alkyl-3-benzyltropanes and have not been assayed for biological activity. Compounds 237a and 238a are the same compound as both are the parent for either series with a hydrogen saturated in their respective substitution place. Direct 2,3-pyrimidino fused cf. strobamine (at right) for a more efficacious compound as like the below. "NA" = "no affinity", e.g. unquantifiable. Direct di-hetero-benzene (pyrimidino) 2,3-fused and thus rigidified cocaine analogs. Piperidine cocaine-homologues
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cf. phenyltropane piperidine-homologues for compounds with a more optimized conformation that yield higher affinities when binding to MAT. Cocaine hapten analogues ɑ6-(2R,3S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2-carbonyloxy-hexanoic acid b6-(2R,3S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane-2-carboxamido-hexanoic acid Cocaine haptens that create catalytic anti-bodies require transitional states as affected in vivo. Monoclonal antibodies generated against BSA-coupled 402e accelerated the rate of cocaine hydrolysis by ~23,000x and eliminated the reinforcing effects of cocaine administration in rats. Structural/Functional intermediate analogues Piperidine Analogues JZ-IV-10 (a "Modafinil hybrid" with nocaine. cf. List of modafinil analogues) Nocaine
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A somewhat recent occurrence among tentative modern folklore which has traversed the circling of rumors mostly confined to the likes of universities and popular culture trivia has been that cocaine is one element, or molecule increment of weight or charge etc., away from the molecular structure of sugar. Though such a statement is false as a general pretense, there is a dextrose based super-structure that has a vaguely similar overlay with cocaine which is "benzoyl-beta-D-glucoside." Benzoyl-beta-D-glucoside Benztropine (3α-Diphenylmethoxy Tropane) Analogues ɑInhibition at 10 μM
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The binding of benztropine analogues to the DAT differs significantly from that of cocaine and the phenyltropanes. Benztropines are considered to be "atypical" DAT ligands because they stabilize the DAT in an inward-facing (closed-to-out) conformation, whereas cocaine and the phenyltropanes stabilize the DAT in an outward-facing (open-to-out) conformation. This difference in DAT binding may be responsible for the lack of cocaine-like behavioral effects observed in animal and human studies of the benztropine analogues and other “atypical” DAT inhibitors. Studies of the structure-activity relationships of benztropine have shown that DAT affinity and selectivity over other monoamine transporters is enhanced by 4′,4′-difluorination. Modification of the tropane n-substituent was found to mitigate the anticholinergic effects of benztropine analogues by reducing M1 affinity. Tropanyl Isoxazoline Analogues
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Compound 7a (3′-methoxy-8-methyl-spiro(8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-3,5′(4′H)-isoxazole) allosterically enhances SERT binding of other reuptake ligands. Compound 7a construed as a potentiating allosteric effect (by unveiling occluded configured serotonin uptake-area ligand-site on surface of transporter that allows for binding by exogenous ligand, when SERT is otherwise conformed in a transitional manner where a SERT ligand cannot bind, this effect with compound in question occurs) at concentrations of 10μM—30μM (wherein it acts by interconverting the conformational state of unexposed SERTs to ones exposing the SSRI binding site via a shift to the equilibrium of the MAT) while exerting an inhibitory orthosteric effect when concentrations reach >30μM and above.7a is the only known compound to allosterically modulate SERT in such a way within in vitro conditions (tianeptine has been shown to do similar, but has only shown efficacy doing so in living in vivo tissue samples). Considering
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its noncompetitive inhibition of 5-HT transporters decreasing Vmax with small change in the Km for serotonin, putatively stabilizing the cytoplasm-facing conformation of SERT: in such respect it is considered to have the opposite effect profile of the anti-addiction drug ibogaine (save for the function by which its anti-addictive properties are thought to be mediated, i.e. α3β4 nicotinic channel blockage. cf. 18-Methoxycornaridine for such nicotinergic activity without the likewise SERT affinity).Compound 11a possesses similar effects, but acts on the DAT. Similarly, such peripheral DAT considerations (when, as often is, considered conformational rather than otherwise explained as being electrostatic) may constitute the difference in affinity, through allosertic occulsion, between cyclopentyl-ruthenium phenyltropane in its difference from the tricarbonyl-chromium
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Alicyclic Amine Analogues Dihydroimidazoles See: List of Mazindol analogues Mazindol is usually considered a non-habituating (in humans, and some other mammals, but is habituating for e.g. Beagles) tetracyclic dopamine reuptake inhibitor (of somewhat spurious classification in the former). It is a loosely functional analog used in cocaine research; due in large part to N-Ethylmaleimide being able to inhibit approximately 95% of the specific binding of [3H]Mazindol to the residues of the MAT binding site(s), however said effect of 10 mM N-Ethylmaleimide was prevented in its entirety by just 10 μM cocaine. Whereas neither 300 μM dopamine or D-amphetamine afforded sufficient protection to contrast the efficacy of cocaine.
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Local anesthetics (not usually CNS stimulants) In animal studies, certain of the local anesthetics have displayed residual dopamine reuptake inhibitor properties, although not normally ones that are easily available. These are expected to be more cardiotoxic than phenyltropanes. For example, dimethocaine has behavioral stimulant effects (and therefore not here listed below) if a dose of it is taken that is 10 times the amount of cocaine. Dimethocaine is equipotent to cocaine in terms of its anesthetic equivalency. Intralipid "rescue" has been shown to reverse the cardiotoxic effects of sodium channel blockers and presumably those effects when from cocaine administered intravenously as well. See also
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Coca alkaloids, the ones relating to cocaine biosynthesis include: benzoylecgonine, ecgonidine, ecgonine, hydroxytropacocaine, methylecgonine cinnamate, tropacocaine & truxilline Cocaine metabolites (Human), which include: benzoylecgonine (BE), ecgonine methyl ester (EME), ecgonine, norcocaine, p-hydroxycocaine, m-hydroxycocaine, p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine (pOHBE) & m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine Dopaminergics Federal Analog Act Pharmacophore Pharmacopoeia Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Common analogues to prototypical D-RAs: Substituted amphetamines Substituted cathinones Substituted phenethylamines Substituted phenylmorpholines Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamines Notes (inclu. specific locations of citations from within references used) References External links
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U. S. Provisional Patent Application listing examples of compounds which are tropanes for prospective use in research Article on cocaine analogue research List of tropanyl type molecules and their CAS Registry Numbers Cocaine Local anesthetics Euphoriants Carboxylate esters Methyl esters Tropanes Chemical classes of psychoactive drugs
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East Mississippi Community College (EMCC), formerly known as East Mississippi Junior College, is a public community college in Scooba, Mississippi. EMCC serves and is supported by Clay, Kemper, Lauderdale, Lowndes, Noxubee and Oktibbeha counties in east central Mississippi. The college has two principal campuses in Scooba and Mayhew, Mississippi and offers courses at five other locations. One of fifteen community colleges in Mississippi, EMCC is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) to award the Associate of Applied Science degree and the Associate of Arts degree. EMCC is the home of the 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, and 2018 NJCAA National Champions in American football. Campuses Scooba campus
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East Mississippi Community College's original campus is located in the Kemper County town of Scooba. It was founded in 1927 following its beginnings 15 years earlier as Kemper County Agricultural High School. The town is adjacent to the Kansas City Southern Railroad, U.S. Route 45, and Mississippi Highway 16, 35 miles north of Meridian and 50 miles south of Columbus. The college owns 287 acres of land, 25 of which make up the campus. The central administrative office for all of EMCC's locations is in the Thomas L. Davis Jr. Administration Building. Other buildings include the F.R. Young Student Union (includes cafeteria and bookstore), Wallace Hall (business and financial aid offices), Wellness and Fitness Center, Physical Plant Complex, Chapel in the Pines, Orr Center for Christian Activity, Scooba Campus Police Department and EMCC president's residence.
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Athletic facilities include Athletic Instruction and Training Building/Lions Field House, Sullivan-Windham Field (5,000-seat, artificial turf football stadium), Keyes Currie Coliseum (900-seat basketball arena), Gerald Poole Baseball Field, Lady Lions Softball Field and rodeo training arena. Residence halls The college maintains six residence halls and thirty cottages on the Scooba Campus which house nearly 600 students. Student residences are air-conditioned and equipped with furniture, cable TV outlets, Wi-Fi, security and laundry facilities. Gilbert-Anderson Hall, the main residence hall for women, has living accommodations for 170 students. The Women's Honor Residence Hall can house 46 students; assignment to this residence hall requires students to demonstrate, and maintain, high grade point averages.
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Residence halls for men include Lauderdale Hall (78 students), Noxubee Hall (84 students) and Sullivan Hall (60 students). The Men's Honor Residence can house 46 students; assignment to this residence hall requires students to demonstrate, and maintain, high grade point averages. The campus also includes three athletic villages made up of 30 Katrina-style cottages, each housing four or five students, for a combined capacity of 104. New dorm: Due to increasing demand, a new residence hall for the Scooba campus is currently in the planning stages. Golden Triangle campus
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The Golden Triangle campus was opened in 1968. It is located in Mayhew, an unincorporated area in Lowndes County. on 83.46 acres adjacent to the frontage road of Highway 182 and the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad and 1 mile east of the intersection of U.S. Route 45 Alternate and U.S. Route 82. The campus is 10 miles east of Starkville, 10 miles south of West Point, and 12 miles west of Columbus. The Golden Triangle campus of multiple building with more than 200,000 square feet.
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Thomas Douglas Building: Originally built as a vocational education center, the building has been expanded over time into a large complex, which houses classrooms for both academic and technical instruction. In addition, the Counseling Center, classrooms and laboratories for career-technical programs, computer applications, IT, Administrative Computing, ABE-GED and developmental education are located in this facility. Also located in the Douglas Building is the Aaron Langston Student Center, which houses the bookstore, lounge area and 155 Grill. Thomas Douglas Annex: This facility includes classrooms, labs, and office space for three career-technical programs, Automotive Technology, Welding and Fabrication and Industrial Maintenance.
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Center for Manufacturing Technology Excellence: Located on the west side of the campus, the CMTE is the home of EMCC's Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division, which provides workforce training for Golden Triangle area industries. It includes 7,800 square feet of high bay manufacturing space, a 4,400-square-foot multi-purpose commons area, classrooms, a 70-seat elevated seminar room, and an administration area which includes office space, workrooms and a conference room. Math and Science Building: This facility provides classrooms and additional office space for faculty, recruiting staff, and the Dean of Students. It contains three science laboratories, which are used concurrently as chemistry, physics and biology classrooms. A 70-seat elevated seminar classroom for larger group instruction is supported by laptop connections. Library: With more than 8,000 square feet, the library has two study rooms, a computer lab with 17 computers, and a multi-media center.
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Administration and Student Services Building: This facility houses administrative offices, the business office, financial aid offices, the registrar's office and other student services offices. Humanities and Fine Arts Building: Opened in 2008, this facility includes classrooms and offices for faculty, as well as the campus art studio. A central administrative suite contains the offices of the Vice President for Instruction and the Associate Deans of Instruction. Student Union: A new 76,000-square-foot Student Union is scheduled to open during fall 2016. The building will house a full-service cafeteria with a large open dining room and a much larger bookstore, with lounge areas and additional retail space for online e-books, laptop computers and tablets. Also included are a special events dining room, 12 multi-purpose classrooms, large elevated lecture hall, computer lab with 100 work stations, office suites, art gallery, convenience store and Starbucks coffee shop.
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Columbus Air Force Base extension East Mississippi Community College opened an extension campus at Columbus Air Force Base in 1972, just four years after the Golden Triangle campus in Mayhew. CAFB is located 11 miles north of Columbus. The extension campus offers daytime, evening and online classes. Military students can complete their associate degrees with EMCC, or transfer credits to the Community College of the Air Force and pick up where they left off at their next duty station. Generally, about a third of CAFB Extension's students are active-duty military or military dependents. The other two-thirds are civilians from the Lowndes County area.
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Naval Air Station Meridian extension Since 1989, East Mississippi Community College has offered classes year-round at its Naval Air Station Meridian Extension, located 20 miles north of Meridian. Military students can complete their associate degrees with EMCC, or pick up where they left off at their next duty station through an agreement with the Servicemembers Opportunity Colleges and the American Council on Education. Students include active-duty military, military dependents and civilians from the Lauderdale County area. Lion Hills Center In October 2012, East Mississippi Community College purchased the land and buildings of the former Columbus Country Club in Columbus, Miss., in U.S. Bankruptcy Court. After renovations, the facility re-opened the following year as Lion Hills Center, an extension campus of EMCC.
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Education and training is the centerpiece of Lion Hills Center's service to the community. The facility is the home of EMCC's Hotel and Restaurant Management, Culinary Arts, and Golf and Recreational Turf Management programs. In addition to these college credit programs, Lion Hills hosts continuing education and community interest courses, educational and corporate seminars, and small conferences that serve local and regional interests. EMCC has retained the facility's identity as a community meeting place. Lion Hills Center operates as a dining facility with professionally trained staff and opportunities for EMCC Hotel and Restaurant and Culinary Arts students to benefit from hands-on experience. Culinary camps are offered in the summer to area children. Lion Hills Center also hosts civic club meetings, banquets, receptions, holiday parties and family gatherings.
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Lion Hills Center continues to operate the golf course, swimming pool and tennis courts. Community groups host fund-raising golf tournaments. Golf, swimming and tennis lessons are offered to area children. As with the restaurant operation, EMCC Golf and Recreational Turf Management students work with professional groundskeepers to put classroom lessons into practice. West Point-Clay County Center EMCC opened the West Point-Clay County Center in August 2007 after a plant closing in West Point resulted in the loss of 1,600 jobs and a double-digit unemployment rate in Clay County. The West Point facility is the result of a collaborative effort among the city of West Point, Clay County and EMCC. It began with the signing of an interlocal agreement providing for the renovation of three buildings donated by the Tennessee Valley Authority.
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The West Point-Clay County Center is the home of EMCC's Commercial Truck Driving and Residential Carpentry programs. Through EMCC's Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division, students can also take Adult Basic Education and GED preparation classes. Workforce classes in welding are offered in the evening. In addition, Yokohama Tire Manufacturing Mississippi, located in West Point, requires all potential employees to complete workforce classes at EMCC before applying for jobs. These classes, as well as classes and training for current Yokohama employees, are conducted at the West Point-Clay County Center. Macon Extension In the mid-1980s, East Mississippi Community College established extension offerings in Macon, which is located in Noxubee County. Core classes are taught at various locations, including Noxubee County High School, Noxubee County Public Library, Noxubee County Civic Center and Hensleigh Training Center.
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Educational programs Roughly three-quarters of all freshmen in the state of Mississippi are enrolled in community colleges. EMCC offers a broad range of academic/university parallel, career-technical, and workforce training options. These include "stackable" education credentials. At EMCC, one student could progress seamlessly though these steps, earning in order: GED, industry certificate through a non-credit workforce class, vocational certificate through a for-credit career-technical program, two-year associate degree in a career-technical program. Some EMCC graduates enter the workforce at different points along this path; others transfer to four-year colleges and universities. Academic/university parallel EMCC offers a full range of academic classes that prepare students for transfer to four-year colleges and universities. Graduates earn an Associate of Arts degree. The college has Honors programs and Phi Theta Kappa chapters at its Scooba and Golden Triangle campuses.
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Career-technical programs EMCC offers career-technical programs at its Scooba and Golden Triangle campuses, as well as Lions Hills Center and the West Point-Clay County Center. In many programs, students have the option of earning a vocational certificate through a short-term curriculum plan or an Associate of Applied Science degree over the course of two years of study. Career-technical programs related to industry and manufacturing are overseen by EMCC's Manufacturing Technology and Engineering (MTE) Division.
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Workforce training EMCC's Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division offers workforce training designed around the needs of the Golden Triangle area's high-tech industries. Students learn the skills needed by potential employers, earn certificates and degrees recognized by industry and are prepared to compete successfully for jobs. Industry leaders have the unique opportunity to partner with EMCC and build training models to ensure that new hires will start their jobs with a skill set suited to their duties. EMCC established the Workforce Development program in 1993. The staff now works with more than 70 industrial and business partners and is working to increase the number of workforce offerings throughout EMCC's six-county district. Workforce Development and the new Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division are headquartered at the Golden Triangle campus in the Center for Manufacturing Technology Excellence (CMTE).
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Expansion: In 2018, EMCC is scheduled to open a large-scale workforce training center on land adjoining the Golden Triangle Regional Global Industrial Aerospace Park. Known as the "Communiversity" in the Golden Triangle area, it will replace the current CMTE. The 140,000-square-foot facility will accommodate EMCC Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division credit and non-credit courses related to training workers for careers in advanced manufacturing. It is intended to enhance a growing manufacturing sector in East Mississippi by supporting workforce development for existing and prospective industries.
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Credit classes Workforce/Manufacturing Technology & Engineering oversees nine career-technical programs offering vocational certificate and/or associate degree options: Automation & Control, Automotive Technology, Drafting and Design, Electrical Technology, Electro-Mechanical Technology/Mechatronics, Electronics Technology, Industrial Maintenance, Precision Manufacturing & Machining, and Welding & Fabrication Technology. Non-credit classes Non-credit workforce training options include customized programs for individual industries. EMCC also offers non-credit workforce classes in computer applications, leadership, manufacturing skills, medical technology and health care, construction, electrical work, machining, HVAC, AutoCAD and welding. The MTE Division also offers employability skills classes for young adults and a summer camp for students in grades 7–12.
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ABE-GED The Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Division oversees the EMCC Launch Pad, which offers Adult Basic Education and GED preparation classes. History East Mississippi Community College was organized in 1927 following its beginnings as Kemper County Agricultural High School in Scooba. While the Scooba location has always been the primary campus, the Golden Triangle campus has been growing at an increasing rate since the 1990s. Founded as the Golden Triangle Vo-Tech Center in 1968, it serves the Golden Triangle region of Mississippi and is the primary location for workforce training and career-technical programs.
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Historical highlights: 1922: The Mississippi Legislature passed enabling legislation authorizing agricultural high schools to add the "13th and 14th grades." 1927: Kemper County Agricultural High School became the sixth agricultural high school to add the 13th grade, marking the beginnings of the present-day college. Twenty students were enrolled that first year. 1929: John C. Stennis, then a state representative in the Mississippi Legislature, guided a bill that enabled Kemper County Agricultural High School to borrow $50,000 for the repair of buildings.
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1932: Noxubee County joined in the support of Kemper-Noxubee Junior College and enrollment increased to 155 students. The 1933 catalogue included this statement: "To assist our students in paying matriculation fees and buying books, we will purchase, as far as we can use them, corn, peas, potatoes, molasses, pork, beef, butter, eggs and vegetables." This established the college's long-term policy of helping students overcome economic barriers to education. 1939: Lauderdale County joined in providing support, and the college was renamed East Mississippi Junior College. 1963: Lowndes County joined the EMJC district. 1966: Clay County joined the EMJC district. 1967: Oktibbeha County joined the EMJC district. 1968: East Mississippi Junior College's board of trustees voted to establish a vocational-technical center in Mayhew – the beginnings of the present-day Golden Triangle campus. 1972: EMJC began offering classes to military personnel and civilians at Columbus Air Force Base.
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Mid-1980s: EMJC began offering classes in Macon. The first teaching site was at the Noxubee County Vocational Center; present-day classes are taught at various locations in Macon. 1989: EMJC began offering classes at Naval Air Station Meridian. 1989: East Mississippi Junior College was renamed East Mississippi Community College. 1993: East Mississippi Community College established a Workforce Development program. The Workforce Development staff now works with more than 70 industrial and business partners, and the Center for Manufacturing Technology Excellence is considered a model program throughout the state. August 2007: East Mississippi Community College opened the West Point-Clay County Center in partnership with elected officials from Clay County and West Point. The first West Point programs were housed in three buildings donated by the Tennessee Valley Authority.
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October 2008: The State College Board of the Institutions of Higher Learning approved an associate degree Nursing Program at EMCC's Golden Triangle campus. Fall 2008 to Spring 2009: EMCC's tuition guarantee program got off the ground in Clay County in October 2008, with help from the CREATE Foundation, the Clay County Board of Supervisors and local fund-raisers. In January 2009, with the help of an anonymous corporate donor, the tuition guarantee program expanded to include students from Lowndes County. EMCC's tuition guarantee program went district-wide in April 2009 and is now available to students from Clay, Lowndes, Oktibbeha, Noxubee, Kemper and Lauderdale counties. October 2012: EMCC purchased the land and buildings of the former Columbus Country Club in U.S. Bankruptcy Court. After renovations, the facility re-opened the next year as Lion Hills Center, an extension campus of EMCC.
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Athletics EMCC offers men's athletics programs in baseball, basketball, cheerleading, football, golf and rodeo. Women's teams are fielded in basketball, cheerleading, rodeo, and softball. The Lions of East Mississippi Community College are affiliated with the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) and the Mississippi Association of Community and Junior Colleges (MACJC). EMCC competes at the NJCAA Division I level in football and basketball while participating at the Division II level in baseball, softball and men's golf. The college's athletic teams in football and basketball currently compete within the MACJC's North Division.
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Over the past decade (beginning with 2008–09 season), East Mississippi Community College's athletic teams have combined for four NJCAA national championships, 10 NJCAA national postseason appearances, nine NJCAA Region 23 championships, four MACJC state championships, and 16 MACJC North Division regular-season titles. Individually since 2008–09, EMCC has had a composite total of 30 NJCAA All-Americans in football, men's basketball, women's basketball and men's golf combined. In addition, Marcus Theriot claimed the national collegiate championships (National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association) in men's All-Around and tie-down roping at the 2016 College National Finals Rodeo. The 2015 and 2016 football seasons were documented in the first and second seasons of the Netflix series Last Chance U.
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Football Five-time NJCAA National Champions (2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018) Seven-time MACJC State/NJCAA Region 23 Champions (2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018) Nine-time MACJC North Division Champions (2009, 2011–2018) Men's basketball Five-time NJCAA National Tournament participants (2010–13, 2016) Four-time NJCAA Region 23 Tournament champions (2010–13) Five-time MACJC North Division champions (2010–13, 2019) 2019 MACJC State champions Women's basketball 2009 NJCAA National Tournament participant 2009 NJCAA Region 23 Tournament champion Three-time MACJC North Division champions (2009, 2011, 2014) Baseball 2015 NJCAA Region 23 Tournament participant 2014 MACJC North Division champion Three-time MACJC state playoff participants (2011, 2014, 2015) Softball Two-time NJCAA Academic Softball Team of the Year (2013, 2014) 2011 MACJC North Division champion Seven-time MACJC state playoff participants (2009–14, 2016)
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Men's golf Four-time MACJC State Championship runners-up (2011–13, 2015) Two-time NJCAA Region 23 Championship runners-up (2009, 2014) Rodeo Fifth-place men's team national finish in 2016 College National Finals Rodeo. Marcus Theriot won 2016 All-Around and tie-down roping national championships at 2016 CNFR. Represented at CNFR every year since program's inception in 2010.
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Alumni Dakota Allen, NFL player for the Jacksonville Jaguars. Appeared on Last Chance U. Larry Anderson, basketball coach for MIT Denico Autry, current NFL player for the Indianapolis Colts. LeGarrette Blount, University of Oregon running back and former NFL player for the Detroit Lions. Orlando Bobo, former NFL player for the Minnesota Vikings, Cleveland Browns, and the Baltimore Ravens. Eddie Briggs, former Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi Milford Brown, former NFL player for multiple NFL teams. Sen. Terry Brown, former president pro tempore of the Mississippi State Senate Bill Buckley, longtime regional director of Fellowship of Christian Athletes. Kortney Clemons, Paralympic athlete who played cornerback at EMCC. Justin Cox, former-NFL player for the Kansas City Chiefs and former player for the CFL's Saskatchewan Roughriders
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George Cummings, guitarist and songwriter. Founder of Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show, well known for many hits, among them "The Cover of Rolling Stone." Quinton Dial, University of Alabama NFL player for the San Francisco 49ers. John Franklin III, NFL player for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Super Bowl LV champion. Currently a free agent. Appeared on Last Chance U. Eugene Futato, deputy director of University of Alabama Office of Archaeological Research. Willie Earl Gillespie, USFL and NFL wide receiver. Tom Goode, former NFL player for the Baltimore Colts. Chad Kelly, current football player for the Indianapolis Colts, currently a free agent. Jack Manley, former NFL player for the San Francisco 49ers. Devonta Pollard, basketball player for the University of Houston, currently playing overseas. C. J. Reavis, NFL player for the Atlanta Falconsand free agent now. Appeared on Last Chance U. Jarran Reed, NFL player for the Seattle Seahawks.
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Dr. Donald C. Simmons, Jr., noted documentary filmmaker, author, and social entrepreneur. Antowain Smith, former NFL player for the Buffalo Bills. Rep. Jeff Smith, R-District 39, Mississippi State Legislature. Za'Darius Smith, University of Kentucky and Current NFL player for the Green Bay Packers. Bob "Bull" "Cyclone" Sullivan, football coach. Bo Wallace, former football player for the University of Mississippi. Chauncey Rivers, NFL player for the Green Bay Packers. Appeared on Last Chance U.
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References External links EMCC Athletics Community colleges in Mississippi Educational institutions established in 1927 Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Education in Kemper County, Mississippi Education in Lowndes County, Mississippi Education in Lauderdale County, Mississippi Education in Noxubee County, Mississippi Buildings and structures in Kemper County, Mississippi NJCAA athletics 1927 establishments in Mississippi
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The Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment was conducted by Washington University in St. Louis alumnus Clyde L. Cowan and Stevens Institute of Technology and New York University alumnus Frederick Reines in 1956. The experiment confirmed the existence of neutrinos. Neutrinos, subatomic particles with no electric charge and very small mass, had been conjectured to be an essential particle in beta decay processes in the 1930s. With neither mass nor charge, such particles appeared to be impossible to detect. The experiment exploited a huge flux of (then hypothetical) electron antineutrinos emanating from a nearby nuclear reactor and a detector consisting of large tanks of water. Neutrino interactions with the protons of the water were observed, verifying the existence and basic properties of this particle for the first time.
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Background During the 1910s and 1920s, the observations of electrons from the nuclear beta decay showed that their energy had a continuous distribution. If the process involved only the atomic nucleus and the electron, the electron's energy would have a single, narrow peak, rather than a continuous energy spectrum. Only the resulting electron was observed, so its varying energy suggested that energy may not be conserved. This quandary and other factors led Wolfgang Pauli to attempt to resolve the issue by postulating the existence of the neutrino in 1930. If the fundamental principle of energy conservation was to be preserved, beta decay had to be a three-body, rather than a two-body, decay. Therefore, in addition to an electron, Pauli suggested that another particle was emitted from the atomic nucleus in beta decay. This particle, the neutrino, had very small mass and no electric charge; it was not observed, but it carried the missing energy.
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Pauli's suggestion was developed into a proposed theory for beta decay by Enrico Fermi in 1933. The theory posits that the beta decay process consists of four fermions directly interacting with one another. By this interaction, the neutron decays directly to an electron, the conjectured neutrino (later determined to be an antineutrino) and a proton. The theory, which proved to be remarkably successful, relied on the existence of the hypothetical neutrino. Fermi first submitted his "tentative" theory of beta decay to the journal Nature, which rejected it "because it contained speculations too remote from reality to be of interest to the reader." One problem with the neutrino conjecture and Fermi's theory was that the neutrino appeared to have such weak interactions with other matter that it would never be observed. In a 1934 paper, Rudolf Peierls and Hans Bethe calculated that neutrinos could easily pass through the Earth without interactions with any matter.
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Potential for experiment By inverse beta decay, the predicted neutrino, more correctly an electron antineutrino (), should interact with a proton () to produce a neutron () and positron (), The chance of this reaction occurring was small. The probability for any given reaction to occur is in proportion to its cross section. Cowan and Reines predicted a cross section for the reaction to be about . The usual unit for a cross section in nuclear physics is a barn, which is and 20 orders of magnitudes larger.
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Despite the low probability of the neutrino interaction, the signatures of the interaction are unique, making detection of the rare interactions possible. The positron, the antimatter counterpart of the electron, quickly interacts with any nearby electron, and they annihilate each other. The two resulting coincident gamma rays () are detectable. The neutron can be detected by its capture by an appropriate nucleus, releasing a third gamma ray. The coincidence of the positron annihilation and neutron capture events gives a unique signature of an antineutrino interaction.
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A water molecule is composed of an oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, and most of the hydrogen atoms of water have a single proton for a nucleus. Those protons can serve as targets for antineutrinos, so that simple water can serve as a primary detecting material. The hydrogen atoms are so weakly bound in water that they can be viewed as free protons for the neutrino interaction. The interaction mechanism of neutrinos with heavier nuclei, those with several protons and neutrons, is more complicated, since the constituent protons are strongly bound within the nuclei.
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Setup Given the small chance of interaction of a single neutrino with a proton, neutrinos could only be observed using a huge neutrino flux. Beginning in 1951, Cowan and Reines, both then scientists at Los Alamos, New Mexico, initially thought that neutrino bursts from the atomic weapons tests that were then occurring could provide the required flux. They eventually used a nuclear reactor as a source of neutrinos, as advised by Los Alamos physics division leader J.M.B. Kellogg. The reactor had a neutrino flux of neutrinos per second per square centimeter, far higher than any flux attainable from other radioactive sources. A detector consisting of two tanks of water was employed, offering a huge number of potential targets in the protons of the water.
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At those rare instances when neutrinos interacted with protons in the water, neutrons and positrons were created. The two gamma rays created by positron annihilation were detected by sandwiching the water tanks between tanks filled with liquid scintillator. The scintillator material gives off flashes of light in response to the gamma rays, and these light flashes are detected by photomultiplier tubes. The additional detection of the neutron from the neutrino interaction provided a second layer of certainty. Cowan and Reines detected the neutrons by dissolving cadmium chloride, CdCl2, in the tank. Cadmium is a highly effective neutron absorber and gives off a gamma ray when it absorbs a neutron. + → → + The arrangement was such that after a neutrino interaction event, the two gamma rays from the positron annihilation would be detected, followed by the gamma ray from the neutron absorption by cadmium several microseconds later.
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The experiment that Cowan and Reines devised used two tanks with a total of about 200 liters of water with about 40 kg of dissolved CdCl2. The water tanks were sandwiched between three scintillator layers which contained 110 five-inch (127 mm) photomultiplier tubes. Results A preliminary experiment was performed in 1953 at the Hanford Site in Washington state, but in late 1955 the experiment moved to the Savannah River Plant near Aiken, South Carolina. The Savannah River site had better shielding against cosmic rays. This shielded location was 11 m from the reactor and 12 m underground. After months of data collection, the accumulated data showed about three neutrino interactions per hour in the detector. To be absolutely sure that they were seeing neutrino events from the detection scheme described above, Cowan and Reines shut down the reactor to show that there was a difference in the rate of detected events.
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They had predicted a cross-section for the reaction to be about and their measured cross-section was . The results were published in the July 20, 1956 issue of Science. Legacy Clyde Cowan died in 1974 at the age of 54. In 1995, Frederick Reines was honored with the Nobel Prize for his work on neutrino physics.
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The basic strategy of employing massive detectors, often water based, for neutrino research was exploited by several subsequent experiments, including the Irvine–Michigan–Brookhaven detector, Kamiokande, the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory and the Homestake Experiment. The Homestake Experiment is a contemporary experiment which detected neutrinos from nuclear fusion in the solar core. Observatories such as these detected neutrino bursts from supernova SN 1987A in 1987, the birth of neutrino astronomy. Through observations of solar neutrinos, the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory was able to demonstrate the process of neutrino oscillation. Neutrino oscillation shows that neutrinos are not massless, a profound development in particle physics. See also List of neutrino experiments Subatomic particles References
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External links Cowan and Reines Neutrino Experiment Decay of the Neutron Beta Decay Electron Neutrinos and Antineutrinos Cowan & Reines Experiments: Poltergeist, Hanford, Savannah River The Neutrino with Dr. Clyde L. Cowan (Lecture on Nobel Prize winning experiment) Particle experiments
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Pub names are used to identify and differentiate traditional drinking establishments. Many pubs are centuries old, and were named at a time when most of their customers were illiterate, but could recognise pub signs. The use of signage was not confined to drinking establishments. British pubs may be named after and depict anything from everyday (particularly agricultural) objects, to sovereigns, aristocrats and landowners (shown by their coats of arms). Other names come from historic events, livery companies, occupations, sports, and craftsmen's guilds. One of the most common pub names is the Red Lion. Irish pubs tend to be named after the current or former owner. In Australia a high proportion of older pubs have names ending in "hotel", and generally their names reflect hotel naming conventions. This list contains both contemporary/modern and historical examples.
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Methodology Although the word "the" appears on much pub signage, it is ignored in the following examples; the word "ye' is likewise ignored as it is only an archaic spelling of "the". "Y" represents an obsolete character (þ, the letter Thorn, which is nowadays used only in Icelandic) for the th sound. Its later forms resembled a blackletter y, and it was never pronounced with a y sound. Similarly, other archaic spellings such as "olde worlde" are not distinguished below. Animals
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Names like Fox and Hounds, Dog and Duck, Dog and Gun, Hare and Hounds, etc., refer to shooting and hunting. Animal names coupled with colours, such as White Hart and Red Lion, are often heraldic. A white hart featured as a badge of King Richard II, while a red lion was a badge of John of Gaunt and a blue boar of the Earls of Oxford. Dolphin, Wisbech, Isle of Ely (now closed): dolphins were caught and presented to the lord of the manor in earlier times; however it may just be a nautical reference to the port. The Black Bear, Walsoken actually had a black bear (stuffed) at the entrance to the premises years ago.
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Bald Faced Stag Inn, Finchley. An inn notorious as frequented by murderers in the past. Barking Dogs, Hoxton (closed). (Also various Barking Dog pubs). Named after the canine burglar deterrents. Bear Inn, Reading. Black Birds, Barnwell, Cambridgeshire. Named after Turdus merula in which the males are that colour. Black Horse, Chester-le-Street : some may be named in memory of a black horse ridden by Dick Turpin, however many including this one predate the event. Bull Inn, Stamford : the town was the last in England to practice bull-running. Chameleon, Wisbech (now closed). Bustard Inn, South Rauceby.(closed). After the bird of that name, once numerous. Crane, Cambridge. After the bird of that name, once numerous in The Fens. Crane is one of the nicknames for the inhabitants. Dog, Westhall, Suffolk. Dove, Ipswich : a biblical source. Four Swans, Butchers Market, Cambridge (closed down). Greyfriars Bobby, Scotland. Named after a local dog.
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Heathcock Tavern, Strand : named after a game bird. Lobster, Sheringham. Patronised by the lifeboat crew who formed the Shanty Men. Old Ram, Tivetshall St. Mary. Olde Fighting Cocks, St. Albans. Named for the cocks used in fights and for gambling. Ostrich Inn, Castle Acre. Named after the flightless bird. Packhorse and Pig, Aldergate Street, London Pickerel Inn, Cambridge : named after young pike (Esox lucius). Pyewipe Inn, Lincoln. Pyewipe is the Lincolnshire dialect name for the lapwing. Py'd Bull, Lincoln (closed). This pub was advertised as convenient for drovers in the 18th century. The Pied Bull in Chester in reputed to be the oldest licensed house in the city and dates back to 1155. Red-Hart Inn, Petty Cury, Cambridge (closed). Claimed to have the only cockpit in the town. Rein Deer, Lincoln (closed). Roebuck Inn, Chesterton. Named after the male of the species Capreolus capreolus. Swan and Falcon Inn, Gloucester (closed). Ugly Bug, Colton.
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Branding The Manners family chose blue as their colour and when they purchased pubs and inns in Grantham their names were soon to include the prefix Blue, leading to the Bell, Cow, Dog, Fox, Horse, Lion, Man, Pig, Ram and Sheep being given this hue. Some pub chains in the UK adopt the same or similar names for many pubs as a means of brand expression. The principal examples of this are "The Moon Under Water", commonly used by the JD Wetherspoon chain (and inspired by George Orwell's 1946 essay in the Evening Standard, "The Moon Under Water"), and the "Tap and Spile" brand name used by the now defunct Century Inns chain. The "Slug and Lettuce" is another example of a chain of food-based pubs with a prominent brand; founder Hugh Corbett had owned a small number of pubs, to which he gave humorous or nonsensical names, with the effect of differentiating them from competitors. Found objects
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Before painted inn signs became commonplace, medieval publicans often identified their establishments by hanging or standing a distinctive object outside the pub. A fictional example of this otherwise real-life practice can be found in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series of books, where the pub in Ankh Morpork starts off as The Drum, becomes The Broken Drum after a bar fight damages it and then in later books The Mended Drum. This tradition dates back to Roman times, when vine leaves were hung outside tabernae to show where wine was sold. Boot Inn, Whittlesea Boot and Slipper, Amersham. Copper Kettle Crooked Billet, Portsmouth St, London (a bent branch from a tree) Sometimes the object was coloured, such as Blue Post or Blue Door.
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Heraldry The ubiquity of heraldic pub names shows how important heraldry has been in the naming of pubs. The simpler symbols of the heraldic badges of royalty or local nobility give rise to many of the most common pub names. Five common colours (heraldic tinctures) are gules (red); sable (black); azure (blue); vert (green); and purpure (purple). The metals are or (gold) and argent (silver), although in practice they are usually depicted as yellow and white.
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Items appearing in coats of arms Antlers: although this is often seen as a derivation of Richard II's white hart emblem, it may also be an echo of a pagan figure, Herne the Hunter. Bear and Ragged Staff: a badge of the earls of Warwick. Refers to bear baiting (see Dog and Bear in the Sports section). Black Griffin: a pub in Lisvane, Cardiff, named after the coat of arms carried by the lords of the manor. Old Black Lion is the name of an ancient pub opposite the railway station in Northampton. Blue Boar, the name of many pubs in Westminster, Norwich, Billericay, Maldon, Witney and elsewhere, from the badge of the Earls of Oxford. Castle: sometimes originally referred to the Coat of Arms of Castile in Spain, and meant that Spanish wines were available within.
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Checkers or Chequer(s), March, Isle of Ely and many other sites : sometimes derived from the coat of arms of a local landowner (see Chequy), this name and sign originated in ancient Rome when a chequer board indicated that a bar also provided banking services. The checked board was used as an aid to counting and is the origin of the word exchequer. The last pub to use the older, now American spelling of checker was in Baldock, Hertfordshire, but this closed circa 1990; all pubs now use the modern "q" spelling (but see also Chequers, in Plants and horticulture below). Cross Keys, Wisbech, derived from the town's coat of arms and the town's church of SS. Peter & Paul. Eagle and Child, Oxford, derived from the arms of the Earls of Derby, was a meeting place of the Inklings. Elephant and Castle: apocryphally a corruption of the words "Infanta of Castile", more probably taken from the crest of the Cutlers' Company.
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Lamb and Flag: a common religious symbol, with the Agnus Dei holding the red cross flag that represented the Resurrection of Christ earlier than it was the flag of England. This was the device of the Middle Temple, a legal society in London, which was given a charter in 1608 to occupy lands formerly owned by the Knights Templar. It is one of the four Inns of Court, still training barristers today. The Lamb & Flag (Oxford) is one of many pubs with this name. Olde Man and Scythe, Bolton, taken from the crest of the Pilkington family. Ostrich feathers have been used as a royal badge since the time of Edward III, particularly the Three Feathers badge of the Prince of Wales. Rampant Horse (earlier Ramping Horse), Norwich : horses are popular pub signs and names. Red Dragon of Cadwaladr: the symbol of Wales, and a heraldic badge of Henry VII and many other royal figures.
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Red Lion is the name of over 600 pubs. It thus can stand for an archetypal British pub. The lion is one of the most common charges in coats of arms, second only to the cross, and thus the Red Lion as a pub sign probably has multiple origins: in the arms or crest of a local landowner, now perhaps forgotten; as a personal badge of John of Gaunt, founder of the House of Lancaster; or in the royal arms of Scotland, conjoined to the arms of England after the Stuart succession in 1603. Rising Sun: symbol of the east and of optimism. The Sun in Splendour was also a livery badge of Edward IV Silver Lion, Lilley, Hertfordshire: from the arms of the Sowerby family. Spread Eagle: from the heraldic depiction of an eagle 'displayed'; probably derived from the arms of Germany, indicating that German wines were available within. Swan, Wisbech a badge of many Lancastrian figures—see Dunstable Swan Jewel
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Talbot or Talbot Arms refers to an actual breed of hunting dog, now extinct, which is also a heraldic hound, and is the badge of the Talbot family, Earls of Shrewsbury. Old Talbot, Wisbech (now closed) Unicorn White Bear White Hart: the livery badge of King Richard II of England. It became so popular as an inn sign in his reign that it was adopted by many later inns and taverns. White Horse: the sign of the House of Hanover, adopted by many eighteenth-century inns to demonstrate loyalty to the new Royal dynasty. A white horse is also the emblem of the County of Kent. The name can also refer to the chalk horses carved into hillsides. White lion: the livery badge of the Duke of Norfolk
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Livery companies Names starting with the word "Three" are often based on the arms of a London Livery company or trade guild : Three Arrows: The Worshipful Company of Bowyers Three Bucks: The Worshipful Company of Leathersellers Three Castles: The Worshipful Company of Masons Three Compasses: The Worshipful Company of Carpenters Three Crowns: The Worshipful Company of Drapers, although it can also refer to the Magi, the Diocese of Ely or the three crowns of East Anglia. Three Cups: The Worshipful Company of Salters Three Fishes: The Worshipful Company of Fishmongers Three Goats' Heads: The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers Three Hammers: The Worshipful Company of Blacksmiths Three Horseshoes: The Worshipful Company of Farriers Three Tuns: The Brewers and the Worshipful Company of Vintners Three Wheatsheafs: The Worshipful Company of Bakers
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Landowners Many coats of arms appear as pub signs, usually honouring a local landowner. Duke of Bedford, Wisbech, Isle of Ely: (now closed) named for the person draining the fens. Hardwicke Arms, Wisbech (now closed Down) - the Earl of Hardwicke KG MP being Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum. Huntingtower Arms, Grantham : named after William Tollemache, Lord Huntingtower. Manners Arms, Grantham : also named after William Tollemache, Lord Huntingtower (Sir William Manners, Baronet). Osborne, Wisbech, Isle of Ely: (now closed) named for the residence of a local family. Percy Arms, Otterburn, Northumberland, commemorates the Battle of Otterburn in 1388, where Sir Henry Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, led the English army. There are other pubs with the same or similar names at various locations in the North East of England. Prince Albert, Wisbech, Isle of Ely: (now closed) named for the prince consort. Queen Victoria, Wisbech, Isle of Ely : named for the monarch.
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Royal Standard, Wisbech, Isle of Ely : named for royal family. Stanley Arms, Huyton, near Liverpool: after Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby. Marshland Arms, Wisbech, Isle of Ely: (now closed) named for a nearby council. Melbourne Arms, Duston, Northampton: after former local landowner Lord Melbourne Tollemache, Grantham : named after Frederick Tollemache Wisbech Arms, Wisbech: (now closed) named for the local borough.
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Occupations See also Trades, tools and products below Some "Arms" signs refer to working occupations. These may show people undertaking such work or the arms of the appropriate London livery company. This class of name may be only just a name but there are stories behind some of them.
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Artillery Arms Bunhill Row, London EC1: situated next door to the headquarters of the Honourable Artillery Company, the British Army's oldest regiment. Blacksmith's Arms, (Wisbech) with the pun of the actual blacksmiths arms and their strength. Bricklayer's Arms, e.g., Hitchin, Hertfordshire: The first landlord, William Huckle, who opened this pub in 1846, was a bricklayer by trade. Brewers Arms, Wisbech. The town had and has several breweries. Builders Arms: Kensington Court Place, London Carpenters Arms - A series of pubs, related to the occupation or more likely to the guild of carpenters. Cooper's Arms, Little Old Bailey - Worshipful Company of Coopers. Drover's Inn, Loch Lomond, Scotland. Named after the cattle drivers. Also an example in Caerleon, near Newport, Wales. Fisherman's Arms, Birgham near Coldstream Foundryman's Arms Northampton Glazier's Arms, Stamford (closed). Jolly Gardeners, Hertford (closed).
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Lathrenders' Arms, Wisbech, Isle of Ely. Nearby were lathe makers. Mason's Arms, Wisbech. Mechanics Arms (now renamed the Old Neighbourhood), near Stroud, Gloucestershire. In this context a mechanic was a bonesetter. Another was (now closed) in Stamford, Lincs Millers Arms, Lincoln, Lincolnshire. Robert Taylor, the first publican in 1861, was a miller by trade. Plumbers Arms (Lower Belgrave Street, London SW1). Porters Arms, (Wisbech), Isle of Ely. Printers Arms, (Wisbech )owned by a local newspaper owner. Pyrotechnists' Arms, a local gunpowder maker. Ratcatchers, Cawston, Norfolk. Recruiting Sergeant, Newton Harcourt Ropers' Arms, Wisbech, Isle of Ely. Now closed. At least two rope walks in the town. Ship Carpenters' Arms, Wisbech named for local shipbuilders trades. Shipwrights' Arms, Wisbech named for the men employed in the local shipbuilders. Spinners' Arms, Hindley Green, Wigan. Waterman's Arms Wire Workers' Arms, St. Neots, Hunts.
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Historic events Abdication, in Arnold : the reign and abdication of Edward VIII. Alma: commemorating the Battle of the Alma which took place in 1854, during the Crimean War. Bhurtpore Inn, Aston, near Nantwich, Cheshire: commemorating the Siege of Bharatpur in Rajasthan, 1826. The Inn is on land formerly part of the estates of Lord Combermere, commander of British forces during the siege.
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Dolphin: often anglicised from the French Dauphin, commemorating battles in which England defeated France. These include "The Dolphin" in Wellington, Somerset which was named in honour of Wellington's victory at the Battle of Waterloo. Festival Inn: name of a pub in Poplar, London, built at the time of the Festival of Britain in 1951. Hand and Shears: this famous City of London pub got its name owing to Bartholomew Fair. Tailors would gather in the pub the night before the fair and wave their shears announcing that the fair should begin. Magna Charta in Lowdham, Nottinghamshire, has its name spelled differently from the historic document after which it is named. Man on the Moon, Northfield, Birmingham: originally called The Man in the Moon and renamed on the day of the first moon landing in 1969. Battle of Minden, Portsmouth (closed): named after this historic military engagement.
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Rose and Crown: Edward III used a golden rose as a personal badge, and two of his sons adapted it by changing the colour: John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, used a red rose, and Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, used a white rose. The dynastic conflicts between their descendants are collectively called the Wars of the Roses. In 1485 Henry Tudor, a descendant of Lancaster, defeated Richard III of the York dynasty and married Richard's niece Elizabeth of York. Since then the combined red-and-white Tudor rose, often crowned, has been a symbol of the monarchy of England.
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Royal Oak: After the Battle of Worcester (1651) in the English Civil War, the defeated Prince Charles escaped the scene with the Roundheads on his tail. He managed to reach Bishops Wood in Staffordshire, where he found an oak tree (now known as the Boscobel Oak near Boscobel House). He climbed the tree and hid in it for a day while his obviously short-sighted pursuers strolled around under the tree looking for him. The hunters gave up, Prince Charles came down and escaped to France (the Escape of Charles II). He became Charles II on the Restoration of the Monarchy. To celebrate this good fortune, 29 May (Charles' birthday) was declared Royal Oak Day and the pub name remembers this. The Royal Naval ship HMS Royal Oak gets its name from the same source. Early ships were built of the heartwood of oak.
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Saracen's Head and Turk's Head: Saracens and Turks were among the enemies faced by Crusaders. This is also a reference to the Barbary pirates that raided the coasts from the Crusades until the early 19th century. Trafalgar: commemorating the Battle of Trafalgar. There are many pubs called the Nelson, and an Emma Hamilton pub in Wimbledon Chase where Nelson lived with her. A famous pub is the Trafalgar Tavern, part of the Greenwich Maritime World Heritage site at Greenwich.
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Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem, Nottingham, one of the claimants to the title of oldest pub in Britain, said to have been a stopping-off place for the Crusaders on the way to the Holy Land. "Trip" here has the old meaning of a stop, not the modern journey. The pub was once called the Pilgrim, which is probably the real story behind the name. The pub has the date 1189 painted on its masonry, which is the year King Richard I ascended to the throne. Like many elderly pubs, the Trip carries "Ye" before its name, with an E on the end of "old" another "olde worlde" affectation.
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Literature Names from books
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Cat and Custard Pot in Shipton Moyne is said to originate from the book Handley Cross or Mr Jorrocks's Hunt by R. S. Surtees. Jabez Clegg in Manchester, now closed, was named after the title character in Isabella Banks' novel The Manchester Man. Hobbit in Southampton, named after J. R. R. Tolkien's creation and threatened with legal action by US movie lawyers, because of this. Lass O' Gowrie in Manchester, named after the poem by Carolina Nairne. Moon and Sixpence pubs in Portland, Oregon; Whitby, North Yorkshire; Harrow, Middlesex; and Soho, London are named after Somerset Maugham's novel of the same name. Moon Under Water, inspired by George Orwell's essay describing his perfect pub Muppet Inn, Wisbech, Isle of Ely: (now the Globe) named for the TV series, books and comics. Paul Pry Inn, Peterborough. Named after the main character in the play of that name.
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Peveril of the Peak, in Manchester, commemorates a stagecoach that once connected Manchester and London, but the pub itself claims it is named for the novel by Sir Walter Scott. Sherlock Holmes in Charing Cross, London contains a reproduction of the great detective's study. Three Pigeons, Norwich and other locations. Used in a number of books and plays e.g. Charles Dickens' Our Mutual Friend (1864–65). Herbert Wells in Woking, a town that was fictionally destroyed by Martian invaders in H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds. A 25' (7.6-metre) tall statue of a Martian stands in Chobham Road in the town, and a Martian is depicted in a drawing in the pub. Edgar Wallace, The Strand, London, named for the 1930s mystery writer. John Masefield in New Ferry, named for the former Poet Laureate who served for some years on a naval training ship, HMS Conway, off New Ferry pier.
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Pubs in books from real-world pubs The Ivy Bush is a "small inn on the Bywater road" near Hobbiton in The Shire in J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. Here Gaffer Gamgee recounted to the other regulars his stories about Bilbo and Frodo Baggins, who were about to throw a magnificent joint birthday party. The most likely real-world source is an Edgbaston pub called the Ivy Bush, near where Tolkien lived when he was growing up in Birmingham. The Fortune of War, Smithfield was located on "Pie Corner" (where the Great Fire of London stopped) and was frequented by Resurrectionists including the London Burkers, two of whom, John Bishop and Thomas Williams were hanged for murder, after they sold the bodies for dissection. The pub is mentioned in William Makepeace Thackeray's 1848 Vanity Fair.
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Myths and legends Images from myths and legends are evocative and memorable. Black Bess: usually named after the legendary overnight ride from London to York in 1737 by Dick Turpin on his Mare of this name. This fictional account was popularised in a novel, Rookwood (1834), resulting in a surge of Dick Turpin nostalgia and associated pub names. Brazen George Inn, Cambridge (closed). Named after England's patron Saint. The Bucket of Blood, is a public house in Phillack, Hayle, Cornwall, owned by St Austell Brewery. It is thought to be named after an incident where the landlord brought up a bucket of blood from the building's well, as a murdered smuggler had been dropped there. Fiddler's Green, a legendary place in the afterlife where existence consists of all leisure and no work. George and Dragon: St George is the patron saint of England and his conflict with a dragon is essential to his story. This sign is a symbol of English nationalism.
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Green Dragon, Wisbech, Wymondham etc.: a couple of a number of pubs of this name. Green Man: a spirit of the wild woods. The original images are in churches as a face peering through or made of leaves and petals; this character is the Will of the Wisp, the Jack of the Green. Some pub signs will show the green man as he appears in English traditional sword dances (in green hats). The Green Man is not the same character as Robin Hood, although the two may be linked. Some pubs which were the Green Man have become the Robin Hood; there are no pubs in Robin's own county of Nottinghamshire named the Green Man but there are Robin Hoods. The 1973 film The Wicker Man features a Green Man pub. Hob in the Well, King's Lynn: pubs of this name can come from Hobgoblin in the well or Dogget's play Flora: or, Hob in the Well (1748).
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Moonrakers: In the 17th century, some Wiltshire yokels hid their smuggled liquor in the Crammer (a pond in Devizes) and used rakes to recover their stash. They were caught in the act by customs officials and they claimed they were trying to rake in a cheese, which was in fact the reflection of the full moon. The customs officials left thinking that the locals were a bit simple, whilst the locals recovered the smuggled goods without any more interference. The name Moonrakers has been used as a nickname for Wiltshire folk ever since and is the name of pubs in Devizes and Swindon. Robin Hood, sometimes partnered by his second in charge to form the name Robin Hood and Little John. Other Robin Hood names can be found throughout Arnold, Nottinghamshire. These were given to pubs built in the new estates of the 1960s by the Home Brewery of Daybrook, Nottinghamshire: Arrow, Friar Tuck, Longbow, Maid Marian and Major Oak.
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Silent Woman, Quiet Lady or Headless Woman: The origin is uncertain, with various local stories, such as a landlady whose tongue was cut out by smugglers so she couldn't talk to the authorities, or a saint beheaded for her Christianity. The pub signs sometimes have an image of a decapitated woman or the couplet: "Here is a woman who has lost her head / She's quiet now—you see she's dead". Captain's Wife, near the medieval trading port of Swanbridge on the south Wales coast near Penarth. The pub was converted during the 1970s from a row of fishermen's cottages. There is a local legend of a ghostly wife keeping endless vigil after her husband's boat was lost in a storm.
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Paired names Common enough today, the pairing of words in the name of an inn or tavern was rare before the mid-17th century, but by 1708 had become frequent enough for a pamphlet to complain of 'the variety and contradictory language of the signs', citing absurdities such as 'Bull and Mouth', 'Whale and Cow', and 'Shovel and Boot'. Two years later an essay in the Spectator echoed this complaint, deriding among others such contemporary paired names as 'Bell and Neat's Tongue', though accepting 'Cat and Fiddle'. A possible explanation for doubling of names is the combining of businesses, for example when a landlord of one pub moved to another premises. Fashion, as in the rise of intentionally amusing paired names like 'Slug and Lettuce' and 'Frog and Firkin' (see Puns, Jokes and Corruptions below) in the late 20th century, is responsible for many more recent pub names.
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Black Boy and Trumpet, Peterborough. (Now closed). Boot and Shoe in March, Isle of Ely Butcher and Beast, Heighington : claims to be the only one of this name in England. Goat and Boot Inn, Colchester. Harp and Horn, Edgware Road: later the Welsh Harp, finally the Old Welsh Harp after another pub named the Welsh Harp was opened. The Welsh Harp railway station (now closed and demolished) was named after the pub (which closed in 1971). Pink and Lily, Princes Risborough. Named after flowers. Snipe and Duck, Exmoor Drive, Upwell.(closed). Swan and Woolpack, near Stamford. Personal names or titles
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Some pubs are known by the names of former landlords and landladies, for instance Nellie's (originally the White Horse) in Beverley, and Ma Pardoe's (officially the Olde Swan) in Netherton, West Midlands. The Baron of Beef, Welwyn, Hertfordshire is named after a nineteenth-century landlord, George Baron, listed in Kelly's Directory for 1890 as "Butcher and Beer Retailer". Others are named after various people.
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Duke of Bedford, Wisbech. Rupert Brooke, Grantchester named after the soldier poet. General Burgoyne Duke of Cambridge Catherine Wheel, Henley-on-Thames, Manea and other locations: purportedly from Katherine Whele, in other locations evolved from The Wheel or other derivations. Clarkson, Wisbech, Isle of Ely: named for the local antislavery campaigner Thomas Clarkson. William Cobbet formerly the Jolly Farmer, Farnham. Named for the radical, newspaper publisher and MP of this name. French Horn, Stepping : thought to be a corruption or nickname of 'Frenchman de Schorne'. However, there were also other pubs with this name e.g. Upton. Four Jacks, Wisbech. The former Shipwrights Arms. Renamed after the new landlord Jack Johnson and his three sons. The four playing cards were used in adverts etc. Garrick public house, Cambridge (closed down). Named after the famous actor. Linked to the 1876 murder of Emma Rolfe by Robert Browning. General Elliot
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Hesketh Arms, Wisbech. Owned by Lord Hesketh of Hesketh Racing car fame. Hoste Arms, Burnham Market. Named for Sir George William Hoste, who served under Nelson. Manby Crest, Great Yarmouth, Captain George Manby F.R.S. Marquis of Granby: a general in the 18th century. He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men upon their retirement and provided funds for many ex-soldiers to establish taverns, which were subsequently named after him. (See right). Nell Gwyn: mistress of Charles II. Hardwicke Arms, Wisbech : named after local nobility. Lord Nelson: Quite a common name (in various forms) throughout England but especially in Norfolk, where the admiral was born. The Hero of Norfolk at Swaffham, Norfolk, portrays Nelson as did Norfolk Hero at Wisbech. John H Stracey, Brixton near Holt. 16th inn named after the former landlor, a boxer. Has now reverted to its former name.