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PGF2α: FP-(PGF2α) (PTGFR) – ; FP is the receptor for prostaglandin F2 alpha; relative potencies in binding to and stimulating FP are PGF2α>PGD2>PGE2>PGI2=thromboxane A2 (http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=344). This receptor is the least selective of the prostanoid receptors in that both PGD2 and PGE2 bind to and stimulate it with potencies close to that of PGF2α. FP has two splice variants, FPa and FPb, which differ in the length of their C-terminus tails. PGF2α-induced activation of FP has pro-inflammatory effects as well as roles in ovulation, luteolysis, contraction of uterine smooth muscle, and initiation of parturition. Analogs of PGF2α have been developed for estrus synchronization, abortion in domestic animals, influencing human reproductive function, and reducing intraocular pressure in glaucoma.
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PGI2 (prostacyclin): IP-(PGI2) (PTGIR) – ; IP is the receptor for prostacyclin I2; relative potencies in binding to and stimulating IP are: PGI2>>PGD2= PGE2=PGF2α>TXA2 (http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=345). Activation of IP is associated with the promotion of capillary permeability in inflammation and allergic responses as well as partial suppression of experimental arthritis in animal models. IP is expressed in at least three alternatively spliced isoforms which differ in the length of their C-terminus and which also activate different cellular signaling pathways and responses.
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TXA2 (thromboxane): TP-(TXA2) (TBXA2R) – ; TP is the receptor for thromboxane A2; relative potencies in binding to and stimulating TP are TXA2=PGH2>>PGD2=PGE2=PGF2α=PGI2 (http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=346&familyId=58&familyType=GPCR). In addition to PGH2, several isoprostanes have been found to be potent stimulators of and to act in part through TP. The TP receptor is expressed in most human cells types as two alternatively spliced isoforms, TP receptor-α and TP receptor β, which differ in the length of their C-terminus tail; these isoforms communicate with different G proteins, undergo heterodimerization, and thereby result in different changes in intracellular signaling (only the TP receptor α is expressed in mice). Activation of TP by TXA2 or isoprostanes is associated with pro-inflammatory responses in cells, tissues, and animal models. TP activation is also associated with the promotion of platelet aggregation and thereby blood clotting
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and thrombosis.
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References
External links
G protein-coupled receptors
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Mexican literature is one of the most prolific and influential of Spanish-language literatures along with those of Spain and Argentina. Found among the names of its most important and internationally recognized literary figures are authors Octavio Paz, Alfonso Reyes, Carlos Fuentes, Sergio Pitol, José Emilio Pacheco, Rosario Castellanos, Fernando del Paso, Juan Rulfo, Amado Nervo, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Ramón López Velarde, and Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, among others.
Introduction
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Mexico's literature has its antecedents in the literatures of the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica and the literary traditions of Spain. With the arrival of the Spanish, a new literature was produced through mestizaje, which made way for a period of creolization of literature in the newly established Viceroyalty of New Spain. The literature of New Spain was highly influenced by the Spanish Renaissance, which was represented in all the Spanish literature of the time, and local productions also incorporated numerous terms commonly used in the vernacular of the viceroyalty and some of the topics discussed in the works of the period shaped a distinctive variant of the Spanish literature produced in Mexico.
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During the colonial era, New Spain was home to Baroque writers such as Bernardo de Balbuena, Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Francisco de Castro, Luis Sandoval Zapata, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Diego de Ribera and Rafael Landivar. Towards the independence a new wave of writers gave the initial struggle for the emancipation of national literature from the literature of the Spanish peninsula: Diego José Abad, Francisco Javier Alegre and Friar Servando Teresa de Mier.
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Towards the end of colonial rule in New Spain arose figures like José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, El Periquillo Sarniento is considered as an emblem of the Mexican literature and the first modern novel written in the Americas. By the second half of that century, works like Los mexicanos pintados por sí mismos, a manners book that gives a rough idea of how intellectuals of the time saw the rest of his countrymen. Towards the end of the century, during the Porfirio Diaz government, Mexican writers inclined towards the dominant European trends of the time.
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To celebrate the centenary of the Independence of Mexico, there was a literary project surged Antología del Centenario which aimed to collect authors of the first hundred years of Mexico. This was truncated and only the first volume was published in two volumes primarily consisting of collected poetry. The poets of the time that were included were Friar Manuel de Navarrete, Fernando Calderón, Ignacio Rodríguez Galván. Notable modernists of the time included Amado Nervo and Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera. Other notable authors of that time were Luis G. Urbina, Efren Rebolledo, José Juan Tablada, Enrique González Martínez and Ramón López Velarde.
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The emergence of the Mexican Revolution favored the development of journalistic genre. After the civil conflict finished, the Revolution theme appeared as a theme in many novels, short stories and plays like those of Mariano Azuela or Rodolfo Usigli. This trend would be an antecedent for the flowering of 'revolutionary literature', which was embodied in the work of writers like Rosario Castellanos or Juan Rulfo. A literature of indigenous themes, which aimed to portray the thoughts and life of the indigenous peoples of Mexico surged along with this revolutionary literature, although ironically, none of the writers were indigenous. The most notable indigenist authors of the time included Miguel Angel Menendez Reyes, Ricardo Pozas and Francisco Rojas González.
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In alternative to these mainstream literature, also other literary styles were developed in the country, less known movements being outside the main focus. Among them, the estridentistas (1920s) that included authors such as Arqueles Vela and Manuel Maples Arce. Another relevant movement to the literary history of the country was a group of intellectuals known as Los Contemporáneos (1930s), which unified figures such as journalist Salvador Novo and poets like Xavier Villaurrutia and José Gorostiza.
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During the second half of 20th century, Mexican literature had diversified into themes, styles and genres. There were new groups such as Literatura de la Onda (1960s), which sought for an urban, satirical and rebellious literature; among the featured authors were Parmenides García Saldaña and José Agustín; another literary style surged called Infrarrealismo (1970s), which sought to "blow his brains out the official culture"; La mafia cultural (1960s), was composed of Carlos Fuentes, Salvador Elizondo, José Emilio Pacheco, Carlos Monsivais, Inés Arredondo, Fernando Benítez among others. In 1990, Octavio Paz became the only Mexican to date to have won the Nobel Prize for Literature.
Pre-Columbian literature
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While the peoples of Mesoamerica developed systems of writing, these were not often used to preserve the literature of these peoples. Most of the myths and literary works of the indigenous peoples of Mexico were transmitted by oral tradition. We know, for example, that the activities that were to dominate the novices of priests among the Mexica was the memorization of lyrical works or mythology of their people.
Some of these productions were permanently fixed by writing them down using the Latin alphabet that the missionaries of the 16th century used to transcribe the information they received from the native inhabitants. Modern scholars such as Angel Maria Garibay K. and Miguel Leon-Portilla, have translated these works which were once dispersed in several texts and have reunited or reviewed these works in publications such as in "Visión de los vencidos. Relaciones indígenas de la Conquista" or "Historia de la literatura Náhuatl."
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The works of Spanish missionaries in central Mexico contributed to the preservation of the oral tradition of the Nahuatl speaking peoples by writing them down on paper using the Latin alphabet. In this regard the lyrical works of Acolmiztli Nezahualcoyotl (1402–1472), tlatoani of Texcoco, were preserved and passed down to posterity giving the author the title of Poet King. His works, along with other nobles of the nahuatlaca peoples of the Altiplano such as Ayocuan of Chalco-Atenco, and Tecayehuatzin of Huexotzinco, constitute the largest sample of pre-Columbian works and philosophical lyrics preserved into the modern era.
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There are also smaller stocks of Postclassic Era literature recovered among other peoples such as the Purépecha, the Zapotec and Mixtec. The Case of the Mixtec is special as four codices have been preserved which have led to an approach to the study of the history of these people under the imprint of Eight Deer, Lord of Tututepec and Tilantongo. In the Mayan world there are preserved fragments called Books of Chilam Balam.
Another well known pre-Columbian literature is that of the Quiché people who did not inhabit the current Mexican territory, but rather, lived in what is now Guatemala. The Popol Vuh (Book of Counsel) was written in the Quiché language and incorporates two Mayan cosmogonical myths: the creation of the world and falling of Hunahpu and Xbalanque into Xibalba which is the underworld of the Maya.
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Outside of Mesoamerica, Arturo Warman forwarded the hypothesis that the verses sung by the Yaquis and Mayo musicians during the performance of the Danza del Venado have their origin in pre-Columbian times and have survived to this day with very little change since then.
Among the prehispanic literature which flourished are:
Epic Poetry which chronicles the life of famous people such as Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, the founding of cities and pilgrimages of tribes.
Lyric poetry of religious, military or philosophical context.
Dramatic poetry, which mixed elements of music and dance, as the feast of Tezcatlipoca.
Historical Prose and didactic genealogies, also proverbs called Huehuetlatolli ("The sayings of the old").
Spanish colonial period
In the colonial literature of Mexico we can distinguish several periods. The first period is linked with the historical moment of conquest, it chronicles and letters abound.
16th century
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The influence of indigenous themes in the literature of New Spain is evident in the incorporation of many terms commonly used in the common local tongue of the people in colonial Mexico as well as some of the topics touched in the works of the period which reflected local views and cultures. During this period, New Spain housed writers such as Bernardo de Balbuena.
In the colonial literature of Mexico we can distinguish several periods. The first examples of literature are linked with the historical moment of conquest, colonization chronicles and letters.
Works and writers:
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Itinerario de la armada del rey católico a la isla de Yucatán[...], probably by Juan Díaz (1480–1549)
Relación de algunas cosas de las que acaescieron a Hernan Cortés[...] by Andrés de Tapia (1498? -1561)
Cartas de relación de Hernán Cortés (1485–1547)
Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España by Bernal Diaz del Castillo (1492–1584)
Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España Friar Bernardino de Sahagún (1499–1590)
Historia de las Indias, Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias, Apologética historia [...], etc. Friar Bartolomé de las Casas (1484–1566)
Historia general de las Indias, La Conquista de México by Francisco Lopez de Gomara (1511–1566)
Antigüedades de la Nueva España by Francisco Hernández (1517–1578)
Relación de las cosas de Yucatán Friar Diego de Landa (1524–1579)
Crónica mexicana y Crónica mexicáyotl by Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc (c. 1525 – c. 1610)
Historia de Tlaxcala by Diego Muñoz Camargo (c. 1530 – c. 1600)
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Historia Chichimeca by Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl (1568? -1648)
Historia general de las Indias occidentales y particular de la gobernación de Chiapa y Guatemala by Friar Antonio de Remesal
Francisco Cervantes de Salazar (1514? -1575). Born in Spain, was professor of rhetoric and then rector at the University of Mexico, author of Crónica de la Nueva España and poems such as Túmulo Imperial" y Diálogos latinos (following the example of Juan Luis Vives) of Mexican themes for the teaching of Latin.
Gutierre de Cetina (1520 – c. 1567). Born in Spain, lived and died in Mexico. His poetry predates his stay in Mexico, but is very likely the existence of many plays of his authorship.
Bernardo de Balbuena (1562–1627). Born in Spain, graduated from the University of Mexico, author of Grandeza mexicana (Mexican Greatness).
Friar Luis de Fonsalida, author of "Diálogos o coloquios en lengua mexicana entre la Virgen María y el Arcángel San Gabriel".
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Friar Luis Cancer, author of "Varias canciones en verso zapoteco".
Plácido Francisco, tepaneca prince, author of "Cánticos de las apariciones de la Virgen María".
Andrés de Olmos, playwright author, "Representación de fin del mundo".
Gaspar Perez de Villagra (1555–1620). Born in Puebla, participated in the conquest of New Mexico. Author of the poem Historia de la nueva México (1610) and several printed memorials.
Francisco de Terrazas (1525–1600). First known poet born in New Spain.
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17th century
In this period flourished particularly the Mexican variant of the Baroque literature. Many of the most famous authors of the century reached varying success in the area of literary games, with works like anagrams, emblems and mazes. There were notable authors in poetry, lyric, narrative and drama. The Baroque literature in New Spain followed the rivers of Spanish writers Góngora and Quevedo. Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz and Diego de Ribera were major exponents of the Mexican literature of this period.
The most notable authors:
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Arias Villalobos. He wrote "Historia de México en verso castellano", a narrative poetry.
Bernardino de Llanos. Born in Spain, was known for his plays and literary whims.
Diego de Ribera. A descriptive poetry writer of nature and art.
Juan Ortiz de Torres and Jerome Becerra. Playwrights.
José López Avilés. He wrote "Payo Enríquez", a biography in verse.
Matías Bocanegra, author of "Canción la vista de un desengaño".
María Estrada Medinilla and Sister Teresa de Cristo, verse reciters in civil and religious ceremonies.
Fernando de Córdoba y Bocanegra (1565–1589). He was born in Mexico city and died in Puebla. He wrote Canción al amor divino and Canción al santísimo nombre de Jesús.
Juan de Guevara, was born in Mexico, was an acclaimed lyric poet.
Juan Ruiz de Alarcón (1581–1639).
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1651–1695).
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Miguel de Guevara (c. 1586 – after 1646). Augustinian friar from Michoacan, with knowledge of 'Indigenous language'. A manuscript of him dating back 1638 includes, among other poems, sonnets such as No me mueve mi Dios para quererte....
Antonio de Saavedra Guzman (? -¿? Published in 1599). Author of the poem El peregrino indiano, a praise of Hernán Cortés.
Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora (1645–1700).
Francisco de Terrazas (? - ?, he was alive between 1525 and 1600). Born Mexico, close to Cortés, his works were praised by Miguel de Cervantes, as in La Galatea. Fragments of his poem Conquista y Mundo Nuevo are preserved.
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18th century
Towards the end of the colonial period emerged important figures such as José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, whose El Periquillo Sarniento, is considered emblematic of Mexican picaresque alongside other of his novels such as La Quijotita y su Prima and Don Catrín dela Fachenda represented the first novels written in the Americas.
Illustrated writers and classicists included:
Diego José Abad (1727–1779)
Francisco Javier Alegre (1729–1788)
Francisco Javier Clavijero (1731–1787)
Rafael Landivar (1731–1793)
José Mariano Beristain (1756–1817)
José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi (1776–1827) also known as "The Mexican thinker"
Friar Servando Teresa de Mier (1765–1827)
Writers of independent Mexico (19th century)
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Due to the political instability of the 19th century, Mexico—already an independent nation—saw a decline not only in its literature but in the other arts as well. During the second half of the 19th century, Mexican literature became revitalized with works such as Los Mexicanos Pintados Por Si Mismos, a book that gives us an approximate idea of how intellectuals of the period saw their contemporaries. Towards the end of the century Mexican writers adopted the common tendencies of the period. Two modernist poets that stand out are Amado Nervo and Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera.
During the 19th century there were three major literary trends: romanticism, realism-naturalism and modernism.
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Romantic writers gathered around hundreds of associations; among the most important the Academy Lateran, founded in 1836 (José María Lacunza, Guillermo Prieto, Manuel Carpio, Andrés Quintana Roo, José Joaquín Pesado, Ignacio Rodríguez Galván (Ignacio Ramirez). Liceo Hidalgo, was another prominent literary association founded in 1850, (Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, Manuel Acuña, Manuel M. Flores). Unto whom it was labeled as neo-classical or academic, as opposed to the category of "romantic" that was given to the former authors. Other authors belong to this group such as José Manuel Martínez de Navarrete, Vicente Riva Palacio, Joaquin Arcadio Caspian, Justo Sierra and Manuel Jose Othon.
Later, during the rise of positivism aesthetic taste changed. Between realists and naturalists Mexican writers were Luis G. Inclán, Rafael Delgado, Emilio Rabasa, José Tomás de Cuéllar, Federico Gamboa and Ángel de Campo.
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Within the modernist superman, original literary revolution in Latin America, there were numerous metrics and rhyming innovations, revival of obsolete forms and mainly symbolic findings. Between 1895 and 1910 Mexico became a core of modernist activity; among famous writers there were Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, Enrique González Martínez, Salvador Díaz Mirón and Amado Nervo.
Essayists
Lucas Alamán (1792–1853)
Serapio Baqueiro Barrera (1865–1940)
Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera (1859–1895).
Antonio Menendez de la Peña (1844–1912).
Rodolfo Menéndez de la Peña (1850–1928).
Justo Sierra Méndez (1848–1912).
José Vasconcelos Calderón (1882–1959).
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Novelists and short story writers
Ignacio Manuel Altamirano (1834–1893).
Angel del Campo (1868–1908).
Florencio María del Castillo (1828–1863).
José Tomás de Cuellar (1830–1894).
Rafael Delgado (1853–1914).
Federico Gamboa (1864–1939).
Gregorio López (1897–1966).
Manuel Payno (1810–1894).
Guillermo Prieto (1818–1897).
Vicente Riva Palacio (1832–1896)
José Rubén Romero (1890–1952).
Victoriano Salado Alvarez (1867–1931).
Justo Sierra O'Reilly (1814–1861).
Francisco Javier Moreno (1895–1961).
Poets
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Manuel Acuña (1849–1873).
Manuel Carpio (1791–1860).
Salvador Díaz Mirón (1853–1928).
Enrique González Martínez (1871–1952).
Enrique González Red (1899–1939).
Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera (1858–1895).
Renato Leduc (1898–1986).
Rafael Lopez (1873–1943).
Ramón López Velarde (1888–1921).
Amado Nervo (1870–1919).
Manuel Jose Othon (1858–1906).
Juan de Dios Peza (1852–1910).
Efren Rebolledo (1877–1929).
Alfonso Reyes (1889–1959).
José Juan Tablada (1871–1945).
Luis G. Urbina (1864–1934).
Granade Miriam (1995)
Arianna Alvarez (2001)
Contemporary Writers (20th and 21st centuries)
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The inception of the Mexican Revolution favored the growth of the journalistic genre. Once the civil conflict ended, the theme of the Revolution appeared as a theme in novels, stories and plays by Mariano Azuela and Rodolfo Usigli. This tendency would anticipate the flowering of a nationalist literature, which took shape in the works of writers such as Rosario Castellanos and Juan Rulfo. There also appeared on the scene an "indigenous literature," which purported to depict the life and thought of the indigenous peoples of Mexico, although, ironically, none of the authors of this movement were indigenous. Among them Ricardo Pozas and Francisco Rojas Gonzalez stand out.
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There also developed less mainstream movements such as that of the "Estridentistas", with figures that include Arqueles Vela and Manuel Maples Arce (1920s). Other literary movements include that of Los Contemporáneos, which was represented by writers like Salvador Novo, Xavier Villaurrutia and José Gorostiza. Towards the end of the 20th century Mexican literature had become diversified in themes, styles and genres. In 1990 Octavio Paz became the first Mexican—and up until this point the only one—to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.
In the years between 1900 and 1914 it continued to dominate modernism in poetry and prose realism and naturalism. During this period lived representatives 19th-century literature with members of the Ateneo´s youth.
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From 1915 to 1930 there were three streams: a stylistic renewal incorporating influences from the European vanguard (the estridentismo (Manuel Maples Arce, German List Arzubide, Arqueles Vela) and Contemporaries), a group of writers resumed colonial subjects (Xavier Villaurrutia, Jaime Torres Bodet, Jorge Cuesta, José Gorostiza, Salvador Novo), and others who began publishing calls "novels of the Revolution "(the best known is the Underdogs of Mariano Azuela): Martin Luis Guzman, Rafael Muñoz, Heriberto Frías, Jorge Ferretis, Nellie Campobello.
Until the mid-1940s there were authors who continued realistic narrative, but also reached their peak the indigenista novel and reflections involved around on self and national culture. Emerged two new poetic generations, grouped around the magazines Taller y Tierra Nueva.
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With the publication of Agustín Yáñez's Al filo del agua in 1947 began what we call "contemporary Mexican novel" incorporating innovative techniques, influences of American writers such as (William Faulkner and John Dos Passos), and European influences from (James Joyce and Franz Kafka), and in 1963, the hitherto known for his articles in newspapers and magazines and its beautiful theater Elena Garro, published which became the initiator of the boom Latin American and founder of the genre known as "magical realism": the novel memories of the Future , which inspired the Colombian Gabriel García Márquez to write his most celebrated One Hundred Years of Solitude. While during the period from 1947 to 1961 predominated the narrators (Arreola, Rulfo, Fuentes), then emerged poets worth as Rubén Bonifaz Nuño and Rosario Castellanos (also narrator).
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In 1960 an anthology was edited La espiga amotinada, which brought together the major group of poets: Juan Banuelos, Oscar Oliva, Jaime Augusto Shelley, Eraclius Zepeda and Jaime Labastida. Literary magazines were one of the main vehicles for disseminating the writers, so they tend to group many of them under the name of the journals in which they were active. The Prodigal Son was directed by Xavier Villaurrutia, the group Los Contemporaneos who had Octavio Paz as a coolaborador. Octavio Paz, after leaving founded the newspaper Excelsior, a magazine called Vuelta, which led for many years the national culture, mainly after the death of Martin Luis Guzman in 1976.
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After the death of Octavio Paz, a group of his contributors tried to start a magazine, but the fledgling magazine, Letras libres, failed to have the acceptance of Vuelta.
In 1979, Gabriel Zaid made a census of poets published in his anthology Assembly of young poets of Mexico; among those who were included, there were poets as Eduardo Hurtado, Alberto Blanco, Coral Bracho, Eduardo Casar, Eduardo Langagne, Manuel Ulacia, Vicente Quirarte, Victor Manuel Mendiola, Dante Medina, Veronica Volkow, Pearl Schwartz, Jaime Moreno Villarreal and Francisco Segovia. These and the other authors included are those who currently make up the group of authors at the peak of his literary career. Most worked in Vuelta.
Present-day notable Mexican poets include Elsa Cross and Efraín Bartolomé.
Essayists
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Jorge Cuesta (1903–1942)
Germán Dehesa (1944–2010)
Ricardo Garibay (1923–1999)
Margo Glantz (1930–)
Manuel Hernández Gómez (1950–)
Hugo Hiriart (1942–)
Carlos Monsivais (1938–2010)
Octavio Paz (1914–1998)
Óscar René Cruz Oliva (1933–)
Sergio Pitol (1933–2018)
Elena Poniatowska (1932–)
Vicente Quirarte (1954–)
Alfonso Reyes (1889–1959)
Guillermo Samperio (1948–)
Sara Sefchovich (1949–)
Carlos J. Sierra (1933–)
Gabriel Zaid (1934–)
Novelists and short story writers
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Abraham Nissan (1969–)
Andres Acosta (1964–)
José Agustín (1944–)
Homer Aridjis (1940–)
Inés Arredondo (1928–1989)
Juan José Arreola (1918–2001)
René Avilés Fabila (1940–)
René Avilés Rojas (1911–1979)
Mariano Azuela (1873–1952)
Mario Bellatín (1960–)
Carmen Boulton (1954–)
Juan de la Cabada Vera (1901–1986)
Nellie Campobello (1900–1986)
Rosario Castellanos (1925–1974)
José de la Colina (1934)
Alberto Chimal (1970)
Leonardo Da Jandra (1951–)
Amparo Dávila (1928)
Guadalupe Dueñas (1920–2002)
Salvador Elizondo (1932–2006)
Beatriz Mirror
Laura Esquivel (1950–)
William Fadanelli (1963–)
J. M. Servin (1962)
Bernardo Fernández
Jorge Ferretis (1902–1962)
Heriberto Frías (1870–1925)
Carlos Fuentes (1928–2012)
Sergio Galindo (1926)
Juan García Ponce (1932–2003)
Parmenides García Saldaña (1944–1982)
Jesus Gardea (1939–2000)
Ricardo Garibay (1923–1999)
Elena Garro (1916–1998)
José Luis González (1926)
Martin Luis Guzman (1887–1977)
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Andrés Henestrosa (1906–2008)
Jorge Ibargüengoitia (1928–1983)
Xavier Icaza (1892–1969)
Monica Lavin (1955–)
Alfredo Lèal (1985)
Vicente Leñero (1933–2014)
Mauricio Magdaleno (1906–1986)
Ángeles Mastretta (1949–)
Elmer Mendoza (1949–)
Miguel Angel Menendez Reyes (1904–1982)
Thomas Mojarro (1932)
Rafael Muñoz
Gilberto Owen (1904–1952)
José Emilio Pacheco (1939–2014)
Fernando del Paso (1935–2018)
Sergio Pitol (1933)
Gerardo Horacio Porcayo (1966–)
Maria Luisa Puga (1944–2004)
Rafael Ramírez Heredia (1942–2006)
Sergio-Jesús Rodríguez (1967)
Octavio Rodriguez Araujo (1941)
José Revueltas (1914–1976)
Martha Robles (1949–)
Bernardo Ruiz (1953–)
Juan Rulfo (1918–1986)
Daniel Sada (1953–2011)
Alberto Ruy Sanchez (1951)
Gustavo Sainz (1940)
Guillermo Samperio (1948–)
Federico Schaffler
Mauricio-José Schwarz (1955–)
Enrique Serna (1959–)
Jordi Soler (1963–)
Gerardo de la Torre (1938)
David Toscana (1961–)
Juan Tovar (1941)
Elman Trevizo (1981)
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Gabriel Trujillo
Edmundo Valadés (1915–1994)
Arqueles Vela (1899–1977)
Xavier Velasco (1964–)
Juan Villoro (1956–)
Josefina Vicens (1911–1988)
Janitzio Villamar (1969–)
Jorge Volpi (1968)
Agustín Yáñez (1904–1980)
José Luis Zárate (1966–)
Eraclius Zepeda (1937)
Gerardo Arana (1987–2012)
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Poets
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Griselda Álvarez (1913–2009)
Guadalupe Amor (1918–2000)
Homero Aridjis (1940–)
List Germán Arzubide (1898–1998)
Juan Banuelos (1932–)
Efraín Bartolomé (1950–)
José Carlos Becerra (1936–1970)
Abigael Bohórquez (1936–1995)
Rubén Bonifaz Nuño (1923–2013)
Andrés Castuera-Micher (1976)
Alí Chumacero (1918– 2010)
Óscar Cortés Tapia (1960–)
Jorge Cuesta (1903–1942)
Gerardo Deniz (1934–2014)
José Gorostiza (1901–1973)
Daniel Gutiérrez Pedreiro (1964–)
Francisco Hernández (1946–)
Efraín Huerta (1914–1982)
David Huerta (1949–)
Martín Jiménez Serrano (1967)
Jaime Labastida (1939–)
Ricardo López Méndez (1903–1989)
Tedi López Mills (1959–)
Manuel Maples Arce (1898–1981)
Yaxkin Melchy Ramos (1985–)
Carmen Mondragón "Nahui Olin" (1893–1978)
Marco Antonio Montes de Oca (1932–2008)
Oscar Oliva (1938–)
José Emilio Pacheco (1939–2014)
Helena Paz Garro
Octavio Paz (1914–1998)
Carlos Pellicer (1899–1977)
Jaime Sabines (1926–1999)
Jaime Augusto Shelley (1937)
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Javier Sicilia (1956–)
Concha Urquiza (1910–1945)
Xavier Villaurrutia (1903–1950)
Eraclio Zepeda (1937–2015)
Arianna Alvarez (2001)
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Playwrights
Hugo Argüelles (1932–2003)
Homer Aridjis (1940–)
Luis G. Basurto (1920–1990)
Sabina Berman (1955–)
Emilio Carballido (1925–2008)
Andrés Castuera-Micher (1976)
Elena Garro (1916–1998)
Ricardo Garibay (1923–1999)
Miguel Ángel Tenorio (1954–1)
Luisa Josefina Hernandez (1928–)
Vicente Leñero (1933–)
Oscar Liera (1946–1990)
Carlos Olmos (1947–2003)
José Lorenzo Canchola (1962–)
Victor Hugo Rascon Banda (1948–2008)
Guillermo Schmidhuber (1943–)
Juan Tovar (1941–)
Luis Mario Moncada (1963–)
Rodolfo Usigli (1905–1980)
Xavier Villaurrutia (1903–1951)
Historians
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Alfonso Junco
Carlos Antonio Aguirre Rojas (1954–)
Carlos Pereyra
Carlos Alvear Acevedo
Eduardo Blanquel
Guillermo Bonfil Batalla (1935–1991)
Victor Manuel Castillo Farreras (1932–)
Daniel Cosio Villegas (1898–1976)
Martha Fernandez
Mariano Cuevas
José Fuentes Mares (1918–1986)
Adolfo Gilly
Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuru
Lucas Alamán
Luis González y González (1925–2003)
Luis González Obregón
Enrique Krauze (1947–)
Miguel León-Portilla (1926–)
Alfredo López Austin (1936–)
Leonardo López Luján (1964–)
Jorge Alberto Manrique
Francisco Martin Moreno (1946–)
Álvaro Matute Aguirre
Margarita Menegus
Alfonso Mendiola
Jean Meyer (1942–)
Lorenzo Meyer (1942–)
Juan Miralles (1930–2011)
Moguel Josefina Flores (1952–)
Edmundo O'Gorman (1906–1995)
Héctor Pérez Martínez (1906–1948)
Constantino Reyes-Valerio (1922–2006)
Antonio Rubial
Rafael Tovar y de Teresa
Guillermo Tovar y de Teresa
Paco Ignacio Taibo II
Cristina Pacheco Torales
Elisa Vargas Lugo
Bolívar Zapata
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José David Gamboa
Vito Alessio Robles
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Chronology
National Prize for Arts and Sciences (Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes) awarded
Linguistics and literature
Lingüística y Literatura
|
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2014: Dolores Castro
2011: Daniel Sada
2010: Maruxa Vilalta
2005: Carlos Monsiváis
2004: Margo Glantz
2002: Elena Poniatowska
2001: Vicente Leñero
2000: Margit Frenk
1995: Juan Miguel Lope Blanch
1993: Sergio Pitol
1988: Eduardo Lizalde
1987: Alí Chumacero
1986: Rafael Solana
1985: Marco Antonio Montes de Oca
1984: Carlos Fuentes Macías
1983: Jaime Sabines
1982: Elías Nandino
1981: Mauricio Magdaleno
1980: José Luis Martínez Rodríguez
1979: Juan José Arreola
1978: Fernando Benítez
1977: Octavio Paz
1976: (Tie)
Antonio Gómez Robledo
Efraín Huerta
1975: Francisco Monterde
1974: Rubén Bonifaz Nuño
1973: Agustín Yáñez
1972: Rodolfo Usigli
1971: Daniel Cosío Villegas
1970: Juan Rulfo
1969: Silvio Zavala Vallado
1968: José Gorostiza
1967: Salvador Novo López
1966: Jaime Torres Bodet
1965: Ángel María Garibay
1964: Carlos Pellicer Cámara
1958: Martín Luis Guzmán
1949: Mariano Azuela González
1946: Alfonso Reyes
1935: Gregorio López y Fuentes
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History, Social Sciences, and Philosophy
Historia, Ciencias Sociales y Filosofía
2007: Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuru and Eduardo Matos Moctezuma
1997: Rodolfo Stavenhagen
1986: Luis Villoro Toranzo
1985: Alfonso Noriega Cantú
1984: Pablo González Casanova
1983: Luis González y González
1982: Héctor Fix Zamudio
1981: Miguel León-Portilla
1980: Leopoldo Zea Aguilar
1979: Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán
1978: Mario de la Cueva
1977: Víctor L. Urquidi Bingham
1976: Eduardo García Máynez
1962: Jesús Silva Herzog
1960: Alfonso Caso
Awards
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Nobel Prize for Literature: Octavio Paz
Miguel de Cervantes Prize: Octavio Paz, Carlos Fuentes, Sergio Pitol, José Emilio Pacheco, Elena Poniatowska, Fernando del Paso.
Neustadt Prize: Octavio Paz, Carlos Fuentes (candidate), Homero Aridjis (candidate)
Jerusalem Prize: Octavio Paz
Alfonso Reyes Prize: Octavio Paz, Juan José Arreola, José Emilio Pacheco, Ali Chumacero, José Luis Martínez, Ramón Xirau, Rubén Bonifaz Nuño
National Prize for Literature: Octavio Paz, Sergio Pitol, Juan Rulfo, Carlos Monsivais, Juan José Arreola, Margo Glantz, Elena Poniatowska, Ali Chumacero, Vicente Leñero, Mariano Azuela, Alfonso Reyes, Jaime Sabines, Maruxa Vilalta
Menendez y Pelayo International Prize: Octavio Paz, Carlos Fuentes, José Luis Martínez
Prince of Asturias Award: Carlos Fuentes, Juan Rulfo
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Guggenheim Fellowship: Sergio Pitol, Homero Aridjis, Juan García Ponce, Alfredo López Austin, Margo Glantz, Elena Poniatowska, Fernando del Paso, Vicente Leñero, Ramón Xirau, Rubén Bonifaz Nuño, Leonardo López Luján
Romulo Gallegos Prize: Carlos Fuentes, Elena Poniatowska, Fernando del Paso, Ángeles Mastretta
Federico Garcia Lorca Prize: José Emilio Pacheco
Juan Rulfo Prize: Sergio Pitol, Carlos Monsiváis, Tomás Segovia, Juan José Arreola, Juan García Ponce
Octavio Paz Prize: Tomás Segovia, José Emilio Pacheco
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See also
List of Mexican writers
List of Mexican poets
Infrarealism
Crack Movement
References
External links
Preface to C.M. Mayo anthology Mexico: A Traveler's Literary Companion
Latin American literature by country
North American literature
Spanish-language literature
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, often stylized as 5★Star Grand Prix was a professional wrestling tournament promoted by the Japanese promotion World Wonder Ring Stardom. It took place between July 31 and September 25, 2021 with a limited attendance due in part to the COVID-19 pandemic at the time.
Tournament history
The Stardom 5 Star Grand Prix is a professional wrestling tournament held each summer by Stardom. Similar to Bushiroad-owned male counterpart New Japan Pro-Wrestling with the G1 Climax tournament, it is currently held as a round-robin tournament with wrestlers split into two pools. The winner of each pool will compete in the final to decide the winner.
As is the case with G1 Climax, a win is two points and a draw is one point for each wrestler.
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There have been a total of nine editions which gave nine different champions. Seven of the title challenges were unsuccessfully while only two successfully. Io Shirai successfully defended the World of Stardom Championship against three different tournament winners while Mayu Iwatani scored the only two defeats, dropping the same title.
In 2021, Stardom introduced the World of Stardom challenge rights certificate, which the winner of 5 Star Grand Prix receives a contract for a future World of Stardom Championship match. Like NJPW's Tokyo Dome IWGP Heavyweight Championship challenge rights certificate, the contract is kept in a briefcase and is defended until the title match.
List of winners
Record
Storylines
The show featured professional wrestling matches that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.
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On the sixth night of the tournament which took place in the Korakuen Hall on August 13, it was announced that the shows from August 14 and August 15 were cancelled due to a certain number of female wrestlers being identified as contacts for a person infected with COVID-19. On the same night, after losing the Future of Stardom Championship match to Unagi Sayaka, Mai Sakurai was presented as the newest member of Cosmic Angels and was announced to undergo a newcomer "challenge" against ten opponents during the tournament.
After a couple of lockdowns were announced to be taking place during the event, the original schedule had been slightly changed. So due to several wrestlers undergoing home isolation, the shows from August 21 and 22 were also cancelled.
On the eight night from August 29, Hazuki appeared to confront Mayu Iwatani as she was cleared for her in-ring return.
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On the ninth night from September 4 it was revealed that Waka Tsukiyama from Actwres girl'Z would make her debut in Stardom. Just as Mai Sakurai, she was announced to undergo a rookie "challenge" against ten different opponents.
The seventeenth night portraited the final of the tournament on September 25 with Syuri defeating Momo Watanabe to win it. She revealed that she will challenge Utami Hayashishita for the World of Stardom Championship on December 29 at "Stardom Dream Queendom". Utami Hayashishita versus Takumi Iroha for the World of Stardom Championship, Tam Nakano versus Mayu Iwatani for the Wonder of Stardom Championship and Syuri against Konami for the SWA World Championship were also announced for the Stardom 10th Anniversary Grand Final Osaka Dream Cinderella pay-per-view from October 9.
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Participants
This is a list of participants which changed a couple of times during the event. Despite being listed as a participant, Natsuko Tora was replaced by Fukigen Death after suffering a legitimate knee injury at Yokohama Dream Cinderella 2021 in Summer on July 4. Takumi Iroha from Marvelous That's Women Pro Wrestling was announced as the mystery participant at the July 17 press conference.
The tournament featured twenty wrestlers, being the biggest tournament to date, equally divided into two distinctive blocks with the two winners of their respective block moving on to the finals. One mystery competitor, usually a guest from another promotion, is often revealed on the first night of the event. But at Hyakka Ryoran! Press Conference held on July 17, it was revealed that Takumi Iroha was set to make her return to the promotion as the mystery competitor and Fukigen Death would replace Natsuko Tora after the latter's injury.
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*Noted underneath are the champions who held their titles at the time of the tournament.
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="left center"
|-
!Wrestler
!Unit
!Notes
|-
|AZM
|Queen's Quest
|
|-style="background-color:#e3e3e3"
|Giulia
|Donna Del Mondo
|Goddess of Stardom ChampionPulled out of the tournament on September 9 due to injury
|-
|Himeka
|Donna Del Mondo
|
|-
|Fukigen Death
|Oedo Tai
|Replaced Natsuko Tora
|-
|Koguma
|Stars
|
|-
|Konami
|Oedo Tai
|
|-
|Maika
|Donna Del Mondo
|
|-
|Mayu Iwatani
|Stars
|
|-
|Mina Shirakawa
|Cosmic Angels
|Artist of Stardom Champion
|-
|Momo Watanabe
|Queen's Quest
|
|-style="background-color:#e3e3e3"
|Natsuko Tora
|Oedo Tai
|Pulled out of the tournament due to injury
|-
|Natsupoi
|Donna Del Mondo
|
|-
|Ruaka
|Oedo Tai
|
|-
|Saki Kashima
|Oedo Tai
|
|-
|Saya Kamitani
|Queen's Quest
|
|-
|Starlight Kid
|Oedo Tai
|High Speed Champion
|-
|Syuri
|Donna Del Mondo
|Goddess of Stardom ChampionSWA World Champion
|-
|Takumi Iroha
|Unaffiliated
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|
|Announced as the "X"
|-
|Tam Nakano
|Cosmic Angels
|Wonder of Stardom ChampionArtist of Stardom Champion
|-
|Unagi Sayaka
|Cosmic Angels
|Artist of Stardom ChampionFuture of Stardom Champion
|-
|Utami Hayashishita
|Queen's Quest
|World of Stardom Champion
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Results
Blocks
Notes
See Also
G1 Climax
References
External links
Page Stardom World
2021 in professional wrestling
Women's professional wrestling shows
World Wonder Ring Stardom
Professional wrestling in Japan
Women's professional wrestling tournaments
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This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 2011.
Events
June 7 – Ransom Riggs publishes his young-adult novel Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children, which pins its narrative around a series of earlier private photographs he had collected. It remains top of The New York Times Children's Chapter Books list for 45 weeks and founds a series of five novels.
July – J. K. Rowling ends her relationship with her long-standing agent Christopher Little and joins his rival, Neil Blair.
September 24 – The first 100 Thousand Poets for Change Day takes place, the organization having been founded by Michael Rothenberg and Terri Carrion in March.
November 12 – The Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library opens in Istanbul, Turkey.
New books
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Fiction
Chris Adrian – The Great Night
David Almond – The True Tale of the Monster Billy Dean
Kevin Barry – City of Bohane
Giannina Braschi – United States of Banana
T. C. Boyle – When the Killing's Done
Geraldine Brooks – Caleb's Crossing
Bonnie Jo Campbell – Once Upon a River
Kate Christensen – The Astral: A Novel
Patrick deWitt – The Sisters Brothers
E. L. Doctorow – All the Time in the World
Steve Earle – I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive
Esi Edugyan – Half-Blood Blues
Jeffrey Eugenides – The Marriage Plot
Jonathan Evison – West of Here
Robb Forman Dew – Being Polite to Hitler
Charles Frazier – Nightwoods
James Frey – The Final Testament of the Holy Bible
Roxane Gay – Ayiti (short stories)
Abdulrazak Gurnah – The Last Gift
Benjamin Hale – The Evolution of Bruno Littlemore
Hallgrímur Helgason – Konan við 1000° (The Woman at 1000°)
Ron Hansen – A Wild Surge of Guilty Passion
Chad Harbach – The Art of Fielding
Philip Hensher – King of the Badgers
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Alan Hollinghurst – The Stranger's Child
E. L. James – Fifty Shades of Grey
Mat Johnson – Pym
Stephen Kelman – Pigeon English
Jeanine Leane – Purple Threads
Ben Lerner – Leaving the Atocha Station
Merethe Lindstrøm – Days in the History of Silence (Dager i stillhetens historie)
Javier Marías – Los enamoramientos (The Infatuations)
Andrew Miller – Pure
Haruki Murakami (村上 春樹) – 1Q84
Téa Obreht – The Tiger's Wife
Daniel Olivas – The Book of Want
Michael Ondaatje – The Cat's Table
Ann Patchett – State of Wonder
Chuck Palahniuk – Damned
Tom Perrotta – The Leftovers
Arthur Phillips – The Tragedy of Arthur
Nina Revoyr – Wingshooters
Rodrigo Rey Rosa – Severina (novella)
Karen Russell – Swamplandia!
Stig Sæterbakken – Through the Night (Gjennom natten)
John Sayles – A Moment in the Sun
Faruk Šehić – Knjiga o Uni (Quiet Flows the Una)
Dana Spiotta – Stone Arabia
Colm Tóibín – The Empty Family
Zlatko Topčić – The Final Word
Donald Trump (with Jeffrey Robinson) – Trump Tower
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Juan Gabriel Vásquez – The Sound of Things Falling (El ruido de las cosas al caer)
David Foster Wallace – The Pale King
Daniel Woodrell – The Outlaw Album
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Children and young people
Chris Van Allsburg
Queen of the Falls
The Chronicles of Harris Burdick: Fourteen Amazing Authors Tell the Tales
David Almond – The True Tale of the Monster Billy Dean
Kelley Armstrong – The Gathering
K. A. Applegate – Re-release of Animorphs books
The Invasion
The Visitor
Paula Bossio – El Lapiz (The Pencil, 2016)
Carmen Agra Deedy (with Randall Wright) – The Cheshire Cheese Cat: A Dickens of a Tale
Cornelia Funke – Ghost Knight
Andy Griffiths – The 13-Storey Treehouse (first in the Treehouse series of seven books)
Anthony Horowitz – Scorpia Rising
Jon Klassen – I Want My Hat Back
Gordon Korman, Peter Lerangis, Rick Riordan, and Jude Watson – Vespers Rising
Maxine Kumin – Oh, Harry!
Derek Landy – Skulduggery Pleasant: Kingdom of the Wicked
Patricia McKissack (with Leo and Diane Dillon) – Never Forgotten
Courtney Allison Moulton – Angelfire
Brandon Mull – Beyonders: A World Without Heroes
Christopher Paolini – Inheritance
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Liz Pichon – The Brilliant World of Tom Gates
Jerry Pinkney (adaptation) – Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star
Catherine Rayner – Solomon Crocodile
Rick Riordan
The Throne of Fire
The Son of Neptune
Douglas Wood – Franklin and Winston: A Christmas That Changed the World
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Poetry
See 2011 in poetry.
Rae Armantrout – Money Shot (February)
Billy Collins – Horoscopes for the Dead (April)
Mehr Lal Soni Zia Fatehabadi – Meri Tasveer (Urdu, My Portrait)
Susan Howe – That This (February)
Alice Notley – Culture of One (March)
Sarah Palin (edited by Michael Solomon) – I Hope Like Heck (June 21)
Michael Palmer – Thread (May)
Lee Wardlaw – Won Ton: A Cat Tale Told in Haiku
Drama
Richard Bean – One Man, Two Guvnors (adaptation)
Alecky Blythe – London Road (musical verbatim theatre)
Nick Dear – Frankenstein
Vivienne Franzmann – Mogadishu
Rodrigo García – Golgota Picnic
Stephen Adly Guirgis – The Motherfucker with the Hat
Sam Holcroft – Edgar and Annabel
Stephen Karam – Sons of the Prophet
Andrew Motion – Incoming
Various authors – Sixty-Six Books
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Science fiction and fantasy
Joe Abercrombie – The Heroes
Daniel Abraham
The Dragon's Path
Leviathan Wakes (writing as James S. A. Corey, with Ty Franck)
Ann Aguirre – Aftermath
Greg Bear – Halo: Cryptum
Lauren Beukes – Zoo City
M. M. Buckner – The Gravity Pilot
Robert Buettner – Undercurrents
Jack Campbell – The Lost Frontier: Beyond the Frontier: Dreadnought
Orson Scott Card – The Lost Gate
Ernest Cline – Ready Player One
Michael Crichton & Richard Preston – Micro
Ian Douglas – Center of Gravity
David Anthony Durham – The Sacred Band
Greg Egan – The Clockwork Rocket
Michael Grant — Plague
Mira Grant – Deadline
Lev Grossman – The Magician King
Stephen Hunt – The Rise of the Iron Moon
N. K. Jemisin – The Kingdom of Gods
Stephen King — 11/22/63
Sharon Lee & Steve Miller – Ghost Ship
Pittacus Lore — The Power of Six
Richard Matheson – Other Kingdoms
George R. R. Martin – A Dance with Dragons
Jack McDevitt – Firebird
China Miéville – Embassytown
Andrew Miller – Pure
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Karen Miller – A Blight of Mages
Richard K. Morgan – The Cold Commands
Joseph Nassise – Eyes to See
Terry Pratchett – Snuff
Cherie Priest – Ganymede
Hannu Rajaniemi – The Quantum Thief
Brian Ruckley – The Edinburgh Dead
Brandon Sanderson – The Alloy of Law
John Scalzi – Fuzzy Nation
Dan Simmons – Flashback
Neal Stephenson – Reamde
Charles Stross – Rule 34
Michael Swanwick – Dancing with Bears
Catherynne M. Valente – Deathless
Vernor Vinge – The Children of the Sky
Jo Walton – Among Others
David Weber – How Firm a Foundation
Robert Charles Wilson – Vortex
Daniel Wilson – Robopocalypse
Gene Wolfe – Home Fires
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Crime and thrillers
Jeff Abbott – Adrenaline
Ace Atkins – The Ranger
Kate Atkinson – Started Early, Took My Dog
Steve Berry – The Jefferson Key
James Lee Burke – Feast Day of Fools
Lee Child – The Affair
Edward Conlon – Red on Red
Michael Connelly – The Fifth Witness
John Connolly – The Burning Soul
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Chris Culver – The AbbeyJeffery Deaver – Carte BlancheTed Dekker and Tosca Lee – ForbiddenTed Dekker – The Priest's GraveyardRanj Dhaliwal – Daaku: The Gangster's LifeSue Grafton – V is for VengeanceJohn Grisham – The LitigatorsMorag Joss – Among the MissingStuart M. Kaminsky – A Whisper to the LivingJoe R. LansdaleHyenas: a Hap and Leonard NovellaDevil RedHenning Mankell – The Troubled ManJo Nesbø – The SnowmanT. Jefferson Parker – The Border LordsGeorge Pelecanos – The CutRalph Peters – The Officers' ClubJames Rollins – The Devil's ColonyJohn Sandford – Buried PreyMarcus Sakey – The Two Deaths of Daniel HayesBernard J. Schaffer – Whitechapel: The Final Stand of Sherlock HolmesDuane Swierczynski – Fun and GamesGuillermo del Toro and Chuck Hogan – The Night EternalNicolaas Vergunst – Knot of StoneFerdinand von Schirach – Der Fall Collini (The Collini Case)
S. J. Watson – Before I Go to SleepNon-fiction
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Peter Bergen – The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and Al-QaedaAbhinav Bindra – A Shot at History: My Obsessive Journey to Olympic GoldMark Bowden – Worm: The First Digital World WarFrank Brady – Endgame: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Bobby FischerMichael Bronski – A Queer History of the United StatesDavid Brooks – The Social AnimalBrian Christian – The Most Human HumanRichard Dawkins – The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really TrueDouglas Edwards – I'm Feeling LuckyT. J. English – The Savage City: Race, Murder and a Generation on the EdgeUlrich Eberl – Life in 2050Tina Fey – BossypantsJohn M. Findlay and Bruce Hevly - Atomic Frontier Days: Hanford and the American WestJoshua Foer – Moonwalking with EinsteinJames Gleick – The Information: A History, a Theory, a FloodBrian Greene – The Hidden RealityMichael Gross – Unreal Estate: Money, Ambition, and the Lust for Land in Los AngelesYuval Noah Harari – קיצור תולדות האנושות (Ḳitsur toldot ha-enoshut, Sapiens:
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A Brief History of Humankind)
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Matthew Hollis – Now All Roads Lead to FranceLouis Hyman – Debtor NationZlatan Ibrahimović and David Lagercrantz – I Am Zlatan Ibrahimović (Jag är Zlatan Ibrahimović)Daniel Kahneman – Thinking, Fast and SlowDavid King – Death in the City of Light: The Serial Killer of Nazi-Occupied ParisJoshua Knelman – Hot ArtLawrence M. Krauss – Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in ScienceB. B. Lal – Piecing Together – Memoirs of an ArchaeologistErik Larson – In the Garden of Beasts: Love, Terror, and an American Family in Hitler's BerlinJoseph Lelyveld – Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With IndiaSteven Levy – In The Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our LivesCharles C. Mann – 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus CreatedRajiv MalhotraBeing DifferentBreaking IndiaDavid McCullough – The Greater JourneyBen Mezrich – Sex on the MoonScott Miller – The President and the AssassinErrol Morris – Believing is SeeingGrant Morrison – SupergodsJoyce Carol Oates – A Widow's StoryPatton
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Oswalt – Zombie, Spaceship, WastelandDana Priest – Top Secret AmericaAnnie Proulx – Bird Cloud: A MemoirJanet Reitman – Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive ReligionSylvain Tesson – The Consolations of the ForestSarah Vowell – Unfamiliar FishesMatt Welch and Nick Gillespie – The Declaration of IndependentsJeanette Winterson – Why Be Happy When You Could Be Normal?Daniel Yergin – The QuestMitchell Zuckoff – Lost in Shangri-LaDeaths
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January 2 – Robert Trumble, Australian writer (born 1919)
January 4
Eva Strittmatter, German author and poet (born 1930)
Dick King-Smith English children's writer (born 1922)
January 10 – Joe Gores, American novelist and screenwriter (born 1931)
January 11 – Marcel Trudel, Canadian historian and author (born 1917)
January 14 – Sun Axelsson, Swedish novelist (born 1935)
January 15 – Romulus Linney, American playwright (born 1930)
January 16 – R. F. Langley, English poet and diarist (born 1938)
January 17 – Jean Dutourd, French novelist (born 1920)
January 19 – Wilfrid Sheed, English-born American novelist and essayist (born 1930)
January 20
F. A. Nettelbeck, American poet (born 1950)
Reynolds Price, American author (born 1933)
January 22 – Park Wan-suh, South Korean novelist (born 1931)
January 23 – Novica Tadić, Serbian poet (born 1949)
January 24 – Anna Yablonskaya, Ukrainian playwright and poet (born 1981)
January 25 – Vincent Cronin, English writer (born 1924)
January 29
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Loreen Rice Lucas, Canadian author (born 1914)
Hemayel Martina, Curaçaon poet (born 1990)
January 30 – Hisaye Yamamoto, Japanese American author (born 1921)
February 2 – Eric Nicol, Canadian author (born 1919)
February 3 – Édouard Glissant, Martinique poet and critic writing in French (born 1928)
February 5
Charles E. Silberman, American author (born 1925)
Martin Quigley Jr., American author and publisher (born 1917)
Brian Jacques, English children's writer (born 1939)
February 9 – David Sánchez Juliao, Colombian author and diplomat (born 1945)
February 13 – Oakley Hall III, American playwright (born 1950)
February 15 – Judith Binney, New Zealand author (born 1940)
February 16
Justinas Marcinkevičius, Lithuanian poet and playwright (born 1930)
Hans Joachim Alpers, German science fiction author (born 1943)
February 17
Perry Moore, American author (born 1971)
Vivien Noakes, English biographer and critic (born 1937)
James McLure, American playwright (born 1951)
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February 18 – Victor Martinez, US poet and novelist (born 1954)
February 19 – Max Wilk, American playwright, screenwriter and author (born 1920)
February 22 – Ion Hobana, Romanian science fiction author (born 1931)
February 25
Manny Fried, American playwright and actor (born 1913)
Aminath Faiza, Maldivian poet and writer in the Dhivehi language (born 1924)
February 26 – Arnošt Lustig, Czech author (born 1926)
February 28 – Netiva Ben-Yehuda, Israeli author (born 1928)
March 2 – Thor Vilhjálmsson, Icelandic author (born 1925)
March 3 – May Cutler, Canadian author and publisher (born 1923)
March 5 – Alberto Granado, Argentine-born Cuban biochemist and writer (born 1922)
March 8
Iraj Afshar, Iranian bibliographer and historian (born 1925)
Steven Kroll, American children's author (born 1941)
March 9 – Doris Burn, American children's author and illustrator (born 1923)
March 13 – Leo Steinberg, American art historian and critic (born 1920)
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March 14 – Giora Leshem, Israeli poet and publisher (born 1940)
March 19 – Raymond Garlick, English-born Welsh poet and editor (born 1926)
March 26 – Diana Wynne Jones, English children's fantasy novelist (born 1934)
March 27 – H. R. F. Keating, English crime novelist (born 1926)
April 2 – Paul Violi, American poet (born 1944)
April 3 – Ulli Beier, German writer, editor and scholar (born 1922)
April 4 – Craig Thomas, Welsh novelist (born 1942)
April 6 – Thøger Birkeland, Danish children's writer (born 1922)
April 10 – Stephen Watson, South African writer and critic in English (born 1954)
April 12 – Sachin Bhowmick, Indian screenwriter (born 1930)
April 14
Rosihan Anwar, Indonesian journalist (born 1922)
Patrick Cullinan, South African poet and biographer (born 1933)
April 16 – William A. Rusher, American columnist and publisher (born 1923)
April 17 – Bob Block, English comedy writer (born 1921)
April 19 – Anne Blonstein, English poet (born 1958)
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April 20 – Madelyn Pugh, American screenwriter (born 1921)
April 21 – W. J. Gruffydd (Elerydd), Welsh-language poet (born 1916)
April 25 – Gonzalo Rojas, Chilean poet (born 1917)
April 29
Abdul Hameed, Pakistani novelist (born 1928)
Joanna Russ, American science fiction author (born 1937)
April 30
Richard Holmes, English military historian (born 1946)
Ernesto Sabato, Argentine writer (born 1911)
May 4 – Frans Sammut, Maltese writer (born 1945)
May 5 – Arthur Laurents, American playwright, librettist and screenwriter (born 1917)
May 9 – Newton Thornburg, American novelist (born 1929)
May 10 – Patrick Galvin, Irish poet and dramatist (born 1927)
May 11 – Reach Sambath, Cambodian journalist (born 1964)
May 13
Pam Gems, English playwright (born 1925)
Badal Sarkar, Indian dramatist (born 1925)
May 14 – Birgitta Trotzig, Swedish novelist and poet (born 1929)
May 15 – Martin Woodhouse, English novelist, screenwriter and inventor (born 1932)
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May 19 – William Kloefkorn, American poet (born 1932)
May 21 – Pádraig Kennelly, Irish journalist, publisher and editor (born 1938)
May 22 – Chidananda Dasgupta, Indian film critic (born 1921)
May 23 – Roberto Sosa, Honduran poet (heart attack, born 1930)
May 25
Leonora Carrington, British-born Mexican painter and novelist (born 1917)
Edwin Honig, American poet and translator (born 1919)
Yannis Varveris, Greek poet, critic and translator (born 1955)
May 30 – Marek Siemek, Polish philosopher and historian of philosophy (born 1942)
June 4 – Curth Flatow, German dramatist and screenwriter (born 1920)
June 7 – Jorge Semprún, Spanish writer and politician (born 1923)
June 10 – Sir Patrick Leigh Fermor, English travel writer and novelist, (born 1915)
June 13 – Burt Styler, American screenwriter (born 1925)
June 18 – Cheryl B, American poet and spoken word artist (born 1972)
June 21 – Robert Kroetsch, Canadian novelist and poet (car crash, born 1927)
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June 22 – Zbyněk Zeman, Czech historian (born 1928)
June 29 – K. D. Sethna, Indian poet, writer and cultural critic (born 1904)
July 7 – Olav Versto, Norwegian journalist and editor (drowning, born 1950)
July 3 – Iain Blair (Emma Blair), Scottish romance novelist (born 1942)
July 11 – Henry Carlisle, American translator, novelist and activist (born 1926)
July 16 – Geraint Bowen, Welsh poet (born 1915)
July 18 – Georgess McHargue, American author and poet (born 1941)
July 20 – Blaize Clement, American mystery writer and psychologist (born 1932)
July 22 – Ifti Nasim, Pakistani-born American poet and radio host (born 1946)
July 27 – Agota Kristof, Hungarian novelist writing in French (born 1935)
July 28 – Ahmed Omaid Khpalwak, Afghan journalist (killed in explosion, born c. 1958)
July 30 – Pêr Denez, French Breton linguist and writer (born 1921)
July 31 – Eliseo Alberto, Cuban-born Mexican novelist, essayist and journalist (born 1951)
August 1 – Stan Barstow, English novelist (born 1928)
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August 3 – Simona Monyová, Czech novelist (murdered, born 1967)
August 10 – Selwyn Griffith, Welsh poet (born 1928)
August 15 – Michael Legat, English author and publisher (born 1923)
August 17 – Michel Mohrt, French writer (born 1914)
August 26 – Susan Fromberg Schaeffer, American novelist (born 1940)
August 27 – N. F. Simpson, English dramatist (born 1919)
September 9
Herbert Lomas, English poet (born 1924)
Khairy Shalaby, Egyptian novelist and dramatist (born 1938)
September 14 – Frank Parkin, Welsh sociologist and novelist (born 1931)
September 22
Cengiz Dağcı, Crimean Tatar novelist and poet writing in Turkish (born 1919)
Margaret Ogola, Kenyan novelist (born 1958)
September 23 – José Miguel Varas, Chilean writer (born 1928)
September 26 – David Zelag Goodman, American screenwriter (born 1930)
September 27
David Croft, English television writer and producer (born 1922)
Sara Douglass, Australian fantasy author (ovarian cancer, born 1957)
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September 29 – Hella Haasse, Dutch novelist (born 1918)
October 4 – Vittorio Curtoni, Italian science fiction writer and translator (born 1949)
October 10 – Uno Röndahl, Swedish writer (born 1924)
October 11 – Ewald Osers, Czech translator and poet (born 1917)
October 12 – Lowell H. Harrison, American historian (born 1922)
October 15 – Earl McRae, Canadian journalist (born 1942)
October 18
Paul Everac, Romanian writer (born 1924)
Friedrich Kittler, German literary scholar and media theorist (born 1943)
October 19
Kakkanadan, Indian Malayalam writer (born 1935)
Bohdan Osadchuk, Ukrainian historian and journalist (born 1920)
October 21
Hikmet Bilâ, Turkish journalist and author (lung cancer, born 1954)
Tone Pavček, Slovenian author and translator (born 1928)
October 23
Florence Parry Heide, American children's author (born 1919)
Bogdan Zakrzewski, Polish historian and researcher of Polish literature (born 1916)
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October 24 – Morio Kita (北 杜夫), Japanese novelist, essayist and psychiatrist (born 1927)
November 3
H. G. Francis, German science fiction author (born 1936)
Morris Philipson, American novelist and publisher (born 1926)
November 21
Arie van Deursen, Dutch historian (born 1931)
Theodore Enslin, American poet (born 1925)
Anne McCaffrey, American fantasy writer (born 1926)
November 25 – Leonid Borodin, Russian novelist, journalist and Soviet dissident, (born 1938) (Russian)
November 26 – Rashid Karim, Bangladeshi novelist (born 1925)
November 30
Ana Daniel, Portuguese poet (born 1928)
Partap Sharma, Indian playwright (born 1939)
December 15 – Christopher Hitchens, English journalist and commentator (esophageal cancer, born 1949)
December 20 – Barry Reckord, Jamaican playwright (born 1926)
December 23 – Tripuraneni Maharadhi, Indian screenwriter (born 1930)
December 27 – Thinley Norbu, Tibetan Buddhist writer and teacher (born 1931)
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December 30 – Eleanor Ross Taylor, American poet (born 1920)
December 31
Celia Dale, English fiction writer and book reviewer (born 1912
Penny Jordan, English romantic novelist (born 1946)
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Awards
Nobel Prize in Literature: Tomas Tranströmer
Australia
Miles Franklin Award: Kim Scott, That Deadman DanceCanada
Amazon.ca First Novel Award: David Bezmozgis, The Free WorldEdna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction: Helen Waldstein Wilkes, Letters from the LostDayne Ogilvie Prize: Main award, Farzana Doctor; honours of distinction, Dani Couture, Matthew J. Trafford.
Governor General's Awards: Multiple categories; see 2011 Governor General's Awards.
Scotiabank Giller Prize: Esi Edugyan, Half-Blood BluesRogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize: Patrick deWitt, The Sisters BrothersHilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction: Charles Foran, Mordecai: The Life and TimesWriters' Trust Engel/Findley Award: Wayne Johnston
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United Kingdom
Man Booker Prize: Julian Barnes, The Sense of an EndingCaine Prize for African Writing: NoViolet Bulawayo, "Hitting Budapest"
David Cohen Prize: Julian Barnes
Orange Prize for Fiction: Téa Obreht, The Tiger's WifeUnited States
Lambda Literary Awards: Multiple categories; see 2011 Lambda Literary Awards.
National Book Award for Fiction: to Salvage the Bones by Jesmyn Ward
National Book Critics Circle Award: to Binocular Vision: New and Selected Stories by Edith Pearlman
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction: to The Collected Stories of Deborah Eisenberg by Deborah Eisenberg
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: Jennifer Egan, A Visit from the Goon SquadWhiting Awards: Fiction: Scott Blackwood, Ryan Call, Daniel Orozco, Teddy Wayne; Nonfiction: Paul Clemens; Plays: Amy Herzog; Poetry: Don Mee Choi, Eduardo C. Corral, Shane McCrae, Kerri Webster
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Other
Camões Prize: Manuel António Pina
Europe Theatre Prize: Peter Stein
European Book Prize: Maxim Leo, Red Love, and Anna Bikont, The Crime and the SilenceInternational Prize for Arabic Fiction: Mohammed Achaari, The Arch and the Butterfly, and Raja'a Alem, The Doves' Necklace''
SAARC Literary Award: Ibrahim Waheed, Syed Akhtar Hussain Akhtar
See also
List of literary awards
List of poetry awards
2011 in comics
2011 in Australian literature
Notes
References
2011 books
Years of the 21st century in literature
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On August 2, 2005, elections were held in Ohio's 2nd congressional district to choose a United States Representative to replace Rob Portman, who had resigned his seat in April to become United States Trade Representative. Jean Schmidt, the Republican Party candidate, defeated Democrat Paul Hackett, in a surprisingly close election as the district has not elected a Democrat since Tom Luken won a 1974 special election.
Background on the district
The district is the 57th most Republican congressional district in the nation by the reckoning of the Cook Political Report. It stretches along the Ohio River from the Hamilton County suburbs of Cincinnati east to Scioto County, and includes all of Adams, Brown Pike, and Clermont counties and parts of Hamilton, Scioto and Warren counties.
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It includes all of the Warren County municipalities of Lebanon, South Lebanon, Loveland, Maineville, Morrow, Butlerville, and Pleasant Plain, and parts of the municipalities of Mason and Blanchester. All of Union, Hamilton, Harlan, Salem, and Washington Townships were in the district, as well as parts of Turtlecreek Township immediately adjacent to the city of Lebanon, and southern Deerfield Township. The Hamilton County municipalities of Sharonville, Blue Ash, Deer Park, Loveland, Madeira, Newtown, Terrace Park, and Indian Hill were in the district, along with eastern parts of Cincinnati. All of Anderson and Symmes Townships and parts of Sycamore Township and the city of Springdale are also in the district.
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The district (known as the First District before 1982) has been in Republican hands for all but nine years since 1879. The last Democrat to win a full term in this district was Jack Gilligan in 1964. No Democrat had held the seat since Thomas A. Luken's narrow loss to Willis D. Gradison in 1974. Since Luken's defeat, no Democrat had won more than 40% of the vote in the general election.
Portman won the seat in a 1993 special election with 77 percent of the vote. In six subsequent campaigns he never received less than 70 percent.
Republican primary
Candidates
Jean Schmidt, former Ohio State Representative
Bob McEwen, former U.S. Congressman
Tom Brinkman, Ohio State Representative
Pat DeWine, Hamilton County Commissioner and son of Senator Mike DeWine
Eric Minamyer, attorney
Peter A. Fossett, teacher
Tom Bemmes, former local Board of Education member
Jeff Morgan, mailman
David Smith, financial analyst
Steve Austin, retired teacher
Douglas Mink, teacher
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DeWine faces questions over his family
DeWine amassed a campaign treasury larger than all his rivals combined, raising over $750,000. He was helped by his father, thousands coming from the political action committees associated with Republican colleagues of his father, such as Mississippi Senator Trent Lott. McEwen was dependent on his own money, contributing $250,000 to his campaign. Schmidt also made significant contributions to her campaign.
DeWine's father was also a hindrance to the campaign. Never the most conservative of Republican senators, DeWine angered supporters of President George W. Bush by his participation in a deal to avoid the "nuclear option" to filibusters on Bush's nominees to federal courts. Pat DeWine told the press had he been in Congress, he would not have supported his father's compromise.
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More damaging to DeWine were the questions raised about his personal life. In 2004, he had faced incumbent John Dowlin in the March primary for the Republican nomination to be county commissioner. Dowlin had run ads calling attention to DeWine leaving his pregnant wife and their two children for a mistress working as a lobbyist. Though Dowlin lost, the issue was resurrected by DeWine's rivals in 2005. McEwen and Schmidt made it a point in their stump speeches to emphasize how long they had been married to their spouses, Schmidt declaring "I am a woman of character who has been married for twenty-nine years."
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DeWine focuses on McEwen
DeWine focused his attention on the most experienced candidate, Bob McEwen. DeWine said McEwen had "wasted taxpayers' money" by having the most expensive Congressional office of any Ohio member of the U.S. House. DeWine criticized McEwen's bouncing of 166 checks on the House bank, a major factor in his 1992 defeat. And DeWine tried to depict McEwen as a carpetbagger, asking in television advertisements "If Bob McEwen really cares about us, why has he spent the last twelve years living in Virginia?" McEwen denied he has bounced any checks, repeating what he had claimed in 1992 and insisted that he had continued to reside in Ohio since he lost his re-election bid, that he had never voted in Virginia nor held a Virginia drivers license.
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DeWine also questioned McEwen's record on taxes, sending out mailings criticizing McEwen's vote on May 24, 1982, in the 97th Congress "in support of a Democrat budget that raised out taxes by $233 billion." Two mailings focused on this issue, one featuring a photograph of Ronald Reagan which was captioned "When President Reagan Needed Votes to Keep Taxes Low, Bob McEwen Said 'NO'", the other asking "Are We Still the Party of Lower Taxes?" which noted DeWine supports Ohio Secretary of State Ken Blackwell's amendment to the Ohio Constitution to limit spending increases and had a photo of DeWine and Blackwell together.
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McEwen responds to DeWine
McEwen ran television ads that lamented DeWine's "desperate, untrue attacks" but did not attempt to refute them, instead focusing on how he would continue to advance the idea of Ronald Reagan. To emphasize his connection to Reagan, McEwen brought Reagan aide and Attorney General Edwin Meese to Ohio to speak on how important McEwen had been in advancing Reagan's legislative agenda. McEwen also emphasized his return to Congress would mean he would enter not as a freshman but as a seventh termer, thus entitling him to better committee assignments. However, spokesmen for Ohio's Deborah Pryce, chairman of the House Republican Conference, the body which decides such matters, denied McEwen would automatically get his former seniority back.
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On the issues, McEwen emphasized his pro-life stance and support for immigration reform. One mailing he sent had a picture of 9/11 hijacker Mohamed Atta's visa captioned "Shocking: All of the 9/11 murderers had visas issued to them by the U.S. State Department" and called for "a military presence on the Mexican and Canadian borders."
McEwen had high-profile endorsements from Focus on the Family leader James Dobson, former United States Attorney General Edwin Meese, Cincinnati Bengals player Anthony Muñoz, American Family Association president Donald Wildmon, Citizens for Community Values anti-pornography crusader Phil Burress, and former New York congressman and 1996 vice presidential candidate Jack Kemp, who came to the district to campaign for him.
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Attacks on Schmidt
Jean Schmidt was criticized in ads paid for by the Club for Growth, the Washington, D.C.-based group associated with Grover Norquist which campaigns for lower taxes and actively works for the defeat of Republicans it considers insufficiently conservative. The Club's ads noted Schmidt had voted in favor of Governor Taft's 20 percent increase in the state sales tax and increases in the state budget. The Club compared her unfavorably to Tom Brinkman, who was hailed in the ad as "Honest. Conservative. Leader." The Ohio Taxpayers Association disputed the Club's ad. Its president told The Cincinnati Enquirer that Schmidt had "a pretty good record" in Columbus and that the OTA's political action committee had endorsed her.
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In her campaign, Schmidt ran on a conservative platform. In one mailing to voters, she promised to "reduce our taxes", "keep our nation safe", advocated "a responsible energy policy", and for "promoting family values." The tag line on the mailer was "continuing a tradition of character and leadership."
Schmidt's campaign literature noted her pro-life voting record, her opposition to gay marriage, her high ratings from the National Rifle Association, and that she "opposes an activist court system that acts against our conservative values." Her literature also featured her endorsement by Phil Fulton, a pastor who fought the court ordered removal of tablets containing the Ten Commandments from the grounds of schools in Adams County.
Results
Democratic primary
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