chunk_id
stringlengths 5
8
| chunk
stringlengths 1
1k
|
|---|---|
1355_40 | Bibliography
Guillermo Gonzalez, "Microwave Transistor Amplifiers, Analysis and Design, 2nd. Ed.", Prentice Hall, New Jersey;
David M. Pozar, "Microwave Engineering", Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.;
William Eisenstadt, Bob Stengel, and Bruce Thompson, "Microwave Differential Circuit Design using Mixed-Mode S-Parameters", Artech House; ;
"S-Parameter Design", Application Note AN 154, Keysight Technologies
"S-Parameter Techniques for Faster, More Accurate Network Design", Application Note AN 95-1, Keysight Technologies, PDF slides plus QuickTime video or scan of Richard W. Anderson's original article
A. J. Baden Fuller, "An Introduction to Microwave Theory and Techniques, Second Edition, Pergammon International Library;
Ramo, Whinnery and Van Duzer, "Fields and Waves in Communications Electronics", John Wiley & Sons;
C. W. Davidson, "Transmission Lines for Communications with CAD Programs", Second Edition, Macmillan Education Ltd.; |
1355_41 | Electrical parameters
Two-port networks
Transfer functions |
1356_0 | Jessica Watson (born 18 May 1993) is an Australian sailor who was awarded the Order of Australia Medal after attempting a solo global circumnavigation at the age of 16. Departing Sydney on 18 October 2009, Watson headed north-east, crossing the equator in the Pacific Ocean before crossing the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. She returned to Sydney on 15 May 2010, three days before her 17th birthday, though the voyage was ultimately shorter than the required 21,600 nautical miles to be considered a global circumnavigation. In recognition of her attempt Watson was named the 2011 Young Australian of the Year, and the following year was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia. She currently resides in Buderim, Queensland. |
1356_1 | Early life
Watson was born in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. The second of four children of New Zealander couple Roger and Julie Watson, who moved to Australia in 1987, she has dual Australian and New Zealand citizenship. She has an older sister (Emily) and younger brother and sister (Tom and Hannah). All four took sailing lessons as children, and the family went on to live on board a 16-metre cabin cruiser for five years, the children being home schooled via distance learning. Later they lived on a purpose-built double decker bus for some time. When Watson was eleven and they were still living on the boat, her mother read Jesse Martin's book Lionheart: A Journey of the Human Spirit to the children as a bedtime story. This led to Watson forming the ambition, at age 12, to sail around the world too.
Circumnavigation and publicity |
1356_2 | Watson had been planning to complete a solo non-stop and unassisted circumnavigation since at least early 2008. Officially announced in May 2009, the journey was expected to take eight months with an estimated distance of 23,000 nautical miles. To fulfill the plan of sailing non-stop and unassisted, during the journey no other person would be allowed to give her anything and she must not moor to any port or other boat, although advice over radio communication would be permitted. |
1356_3 | Watson's planned circumnavigation route was to start and end at Sydney and to pass near New Zealand, Fiji, Kiribati, Cape Horn, Cape of Good Hope, Cape Leeuwin and South East Cape. In accordance with the definitions for circumnavigations set out by the International Sailing Federation's WSSRC, the equator must be crossed - this crossing was carried out near Kiritimati. However, the WSSRC criteria also stipulate that a global circumnavigation must have an orthodromic distance of 21,600 nautical miles - Watson's journey did not meet this requirement.
Watson arrived back in Sydney Harbour at 1:53 pm, Saturday 15 May 2010. |
1356_4 | The Los Angeles Times reported Watson's reason for her journey: "I wanted to challenge myself and achieve something to be proud of. And yes, I wanted to inspire people. I hated being judged by my appearance and other people's expectations of what a 'little girl' was capable of. It's no longer just my dream or voyage. Every milestone out here isn't just my achievement, but an achievement for everyone who has put so much time and effort into helping getting me here."
Watson wrote a book about her experience, True Spirit published by Hachette Australia. The book was released 29 July 2010.
Watson filmed a documentary about her solo trip before, during and after completing her journey. It was narrated by Sir Richard Branson and premiered on ONEHD on 16 August 2010, before being released on DVD along with a CD album on 20 August 2010. |
1356_5 | Preparation
As training for her voyage, Watson crewed on a number of vessels, including OceansWatch's Magic Roundabout on which she acted as skipper during a crossing of the Tasman Sea. At the time she left on her voyage, Watson had the following qualifications:
RYA/ISAF Offshore Safety course (ISAF SR 6.01) Cat zero (one-day 8-hour course)
RYA Diesel Engine course (one-day 8-hour course)
RYA Radar course (one-day 8-hour course)
YAs Safety and Sea Survival certificate (two-day 16-hour course)
OMTC issued Certificates of Competence for Apply First Aid HTLF301B
IMO compliant Elementary First Aid Table A VI/1-3 STCW95 (one-day 8-hour course)
Yachtmaster Ocean theory certificates (40-hour course)
Radio operator's licence
About 6,000 coastal and 6,000 ocean miles experience.
Boat |
1356_6 | The boat is a Sparkman & Stephens model S&S 34, the same design as used by Jon Sanders, David Dicks and Jesse Martin in their circumnavigations. It was obtained and refitted with new equipment under the supervision of Don McIntyre and Bruce Arms, both skilled and experienced sailors. The refitting included a new galley, reconditioned diesel and water tanks, and a complete rebuild of the electrical system. Watson was also deeply involved in the preparation of the boat, which she named Ella's Pink Lady. Most of the time the boat is steered by a self-steering windvane system. She has named the system Parker after the chauffeur of the pink Rolls-Royce in the Thunderbirds television series. |
1356_7 | Test run and collision
During a test run sailing from Brisbane to Sydney, on her first night after leaving Brisbane, Ella's Pink Lady collided with the Silver Yang, a 63,000-tonne bulk carrier at about 02.00 am on 9 September 2009 near Point Lookout. Watson's boat was dismasted in the collision. She was able to retain control and return the boat to Southport under motor.
The Australian Transport Safety Bureau's preliminary report on the collision found that Watson had been taking a five-minute nap during the event, (thus she was asleep at the time of the collision), and that while she had checked her radar prior to lying down, she had failed to spot the Silver Yang. This led to the accident four minutes later. The report also found that the Silver Yang had been aware of her presence and had attempted to change course, but that this had been insufficient to avoid Watson's boat. |
1356_8 | The final report was released in June 2010. The report stated that both Watson and the Silver Yang's watchkeepers had failed to maintain an adequate lookout and that both had failed to properly employ the navigational aids. In addition, the report found that the watchkeeper on the Silver Yang had failed to offer assistance to Watson after the two vessels had collided.
Journey
Watson sailed out of Sydney Harbour on 18 October 2009 in her pink-hulled Ella Baché-sponsored Ella's Pink Lady. 18 days later, on 5 November, she passed Tonga, sailing clear of both New Zealand and Fiji. |
1356_9 | As required for a full circumnavigation, she crossed the equator on 19 November 2009 (Australian date), near Jarvis Island at about 161°40'W longitude, and rounded Kiritimati on 22 November 2009 (Australian date) after 36 days. Then she crossed the equator again at 156°20'W longitude, and continued south-easterly towards Cape Horn. The sailed distance from Sydney to Kiritimati was about 3,900 nmi. At Christmas she was near Point Nemo, the place located furthest from land. |
1356_10 | On 13 January 2010 (9:40 UTC) she passed Cape Horn, having sailed around 9,800 nmi in 87 days. This was 11 days ahead of the planned per day schedule. Soon after her parents flew over her in a small plane in order to witness the passage. Just over a week later, on 23 January 2010, several days after passing the Falkland Islands, she suffered four knock-downs in a severe storm with 10-metre waves and winds. The storm caused minor damage to her boat and her emergency beacon was inadvertently activated as the mast hit the water.
The halfway point on the voyage was passed on 25 January 2010, her 100th day at sea, based on the original calculation of sailing route. |
1356_11 | On 15 February 2010, she crossed the Prime Meridian, crossing from the Western Hemisphere to the Eastern Hemisphere. This placed her near the Cape of Good Hope, which she passed on 24 February, reaching Cape Agulhas, (the southernmost point of Africa), and crossing from the Atlantic Ocean into the Indian Ocean. From southern Africa, Watson sailed more than towards Western Australia.
Watson arrived in the Australian economic zone on 10 April 2010, celebrating with crackers and Vegemite. There her parents and media flew over her in a small plane in order to welcome her. She passed Cape Leeuwin on south-western Australia two days later, with approximately remaining. |
1356_12 | When south of Australia, Watson suffered a lot of bad weather. In this part of the journey, she had at least three knockdowns (where the mast hit the water), one of them with the mast deep into the sea, but escaped serious damage and injury. The swells she experienced in the Great Australian Bight were up to 12 metres in height, higher than anytime before.
On 3 May, Watson rounded the South East Cape of Tasmania and began heading north to Sydney, her final destination. She completed her journey on day 210 of her voyage at 1:53 pm on 15 May 2010 when she arrived in Sydney Harbour. Her 17th birthday was three days later. |
1356_13 | During the journey Watson had to repair the boat and the equipment. Several of the repairs were reported on the blog: the battery monitor (18 December), the stove, toilet and mainsail (24 January), the toilet again (11 March), replacement of wind generator blades (30 March), the kettle (10 April), the mainsail again (18 April), replacement of the wind generator with a spare (21 April), and finally the fuel pump of the engine (10 May).
Ella's Pink Lady stays in Queensland
In the months following the completion of Jessica's journey, there were questions about what would become of her boat, Ella's Pink Lady. In April 2011, after the state and federal governments jointly purchased the yacht for $300,000, it was announced that the Pink Lady would have a permanent exhibition at the Queensland Maritime Museum in Brisbane. |
1356_14 | Criticism
Watson's journey has been criticised, particularly after the collision with the freighter. Barry Tyler of Pacific Motor Yacht magazine wrote, "like the majority of the seafaring world [I] consider it irresponsible, cavalier and indeed ignorant to attempt such a feat, at such a tender age and with so little trans-ocean experience." Questions about her experience were also expressed by Phil Jones, the CEO of Yachting Australia, and by Grant Wharington, the skipper of Skandia, with Wharington stating that he had been impressed by Watson when they had met, but that he had advised her to gain experience by undertaking a number of shorter solo passages before attempting the circumnavigation, although she chose not to follow his advice. A more general concern was raised by the Australian Childhood Foundation, who questioned whether a 16-year-old girl would have the ability to fully understand the risks that such a venture would involve. |
1356_15 | Circumnavigation scrutiny |
1356_16 | Sailing website Sail-World.com published an analysis on 3 May 2010 which claimed that the expected rhumb line distance travelled by Watson was , which was less than the required distance according to the definition set by the World Sailing Speed Record Council (WSSRC), and that the journey was therefore ineligible to claim world record status for round-the-world journeys. The equivalent orthodromic distance for Watson's route would be . The WSSRC definition states in part "The shortest orthodromic track of the vessel must be at least in length." The analysis suggests that Watson's published distance logs are based on sailed distances, including tacks and strategic weather detours, rather than the shortest orthodromic track between islands and capes as defined. The rule is based on the older rule, followed by current record-holder Jesse Martin, that during a circumnavigation the sailor must pass two points on opposite sides of the earth (antipodes). For example, if starting in |
1356_17 | southern England, a place near the start will be opposite to the track near New Zealand. It was replaced by the rule that for world records the shortest orthodromic track must be at least as long as the circumference of the earth (hence 21,600 nautical miles). |
1356_18 | Watson's response, "If I haven't been sailing around the world, then it beats me what I've been doing out here all this time." received widespread media coverage. And by following on with "...it's a shame that my voyage won't be recognized by a few organizations because I'm under 18 ..." |
1356_19 | Watson's manager, Andrew Fraser, defended Watson's circumnavigation claim, noting that the WSSRC does not recognise records by sailors under eighteen. He stated "Jessica has sailed a southern hemisphere solo circumnavigation, [in which] 'a vessel must start from and return to the same point, must cross all meridians of longitude and must cross the Equator'. Jessica has ticked all of these boxes. Jessica has sailed the most challenging and treacherous oceans of the world, passing the four capes (Cape Horn, Cape Agulhas, Cape Leeuwin and the Cape of SE Tasmania) and crossed the Equator twice. She has sailed around the world, non-stop, solo, unassisted and when she completes the voyage, she will be the youngest to have done that, sailing almost 23,000 nautical miles in the process. We have official TracPlus data to confirm Jessica's exact distance upon her return." |
1356_20 | British sailing journalist and author Bob Fisher published an article on Sail-World.com refuting the round the world claim. He said "True, Jessica has sailed alone and unassisted, passed under the four required capes, but the orthodromic route she has taken does not total the necessary 21,600 miles that is equivalent of the girth of the Earth at the equator. And that, Andrew Fraser, is a requirement for the world record you were claiming for Jessica, and which would put her in line to beat Jesse Martin's record." |
1356_21 | Watson commented on this matter in her book True Spirit. She states that she wrote a number of letters to the WSSRC asking what she had to do to claim the record. Their answer was that she could not claim the record since age records were no longer recognized. She got the impression it was (according to WSSRC) not necessary to follow the route Jesse Martin followed (which went far north of the equator in the Atlantic), a route Watson knew well from reading Martin's book more than once.
In the book she also criticised those who criticised her management. Sail-World.com has written "We don’t believe she decided her route. People think we’re criticising Jessica. We’re not. We’re criticising her management". She felt hurt by that, since it hinted that "He was suggesting that I was just a puppet, that I had no voice and no will of my own." |
1356_22 | Praise
Despite criticism, Watson has had her supporters, not only after, but before the departure. In particular, adventurer Don McIntyre strongly supported her attempt, providing her with a boat and speaking in support of her attempt. Similarly, Tony Mowbray, who, like McIntyre, has previously circumnavigated the globe, provided his support, arguing that she was "doing it for the right reasons" and that he was confident of her success. The captain of the Magic Roundabout spoke highly of her skills, backing her circumnavigation attempt by describing her as a "damn-good crew member" and stating that he believed that she possessed the necessary abilities. Also adventurer and company owner Richard Branson gave his support before departure. |
1356_23 | During her journey others expressed their support for her attempt. Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd said in a public speech on 26 January that "Jessica Watson ... is an extraordinary young Australian." According to ABC News, competing circumnavigator Abby Sunderland congratulated Watson on rounding Cape Horn, "She's done an amazing job and I hope the rest of her trip goes as well as it has so far."
At the arrival in Sydney, she was met by thousands of spectators including then Australian Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd. He said "Jess welcome back to dry land. Welcome back home to Australia. You know something, you may feel a little wobbly on your feet just now, but in the eyes of all Australians you now stand tall as our newest Australian hero." The crowd then sang a special rendition of Australia's national Anthem Advance Australia Fair as a salute to Watson.
Awards |
1356_24 | Since completing her circumnavigation, Watson has been recognised with a number of awards. These include the "Spirit of Sport" award from the Sport Australia Hall of Fame, and "Young Performer of the Year" for 2010, an award voted by the Australian public and presented at the annual Sports Performer Awards in Melbourne.
Watson was named the Australian Geographic Society's Young Adventurer of the Year in 2010. She was selected as one of the ten international "2010 Adventurers of the Year" by National Geographic Society, and was the only sailor in the group.
Watson was named the Young Australian of the Year on 25 January 2011.
She was selected as one of the entrants to the Who's Who in Australia 2012 edition.
Watson was the first female skipper to cross the line in the 2011 Sydney to Hobart and as a result earned the Jane Tate trophy. |
1356_25 | Watson received an Order of Australia Medal (OAM) in the Australia Day Honours List in January 2012 for service to sailing and to youth through the achievement of sailing solo and unassisted around the world, and as a role model for young Australians.
Further projects
Watson took part in the Mini Fastnet sailing race, in Europe, in June 2011, sailing a two-person mini sailboat with Scott Cavanough as skipper. Following the Mini Fastnet, she sailed the Round the Island Race in United Kingdom in June 2011, as a crew member with Phil Baughen as skipper and Michael Perham as third crew member, although they had to retire after boat damage. In August 2011 she sailed in the Sydney Gold Coast Yacht Race with part of her intended Sydney–Hobart crew using the boat Another Challenge. They won their class. |
1356_26 | After that, she sailed in the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race in December 2011, skippering Another Challenge with the youngest crew to ever compete in the race, consisting of ten people aged under 22, with Watson aged 18. The boat got the second place in its class, Sydney 38 One Design, with equal standard boats. This was considered a success, since all the other boats in the class had considerably older skippers.
She has studied marketing and communications at university. In 2015, she took a position as communications manager for Deckee, an online forum and business directory for the boating community.
Popular culture
A television documentary "201 Days" was made about her circumnavigation. It was narrated by Richard Branson.
In 2021 a movie "True Spirit" about her circumnavigation is in production in Queensland, starring Teagan Croft as Watson. It is produced by Netflix and expected to be released in 2022. The production has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. |
1356_27 | See also
List of youth solo sailing circumnavigations
List of female adventurers
References
External links
Official website
Broadcast of her arrival in Sydney (7:19 in length). Retrieved 29 January 2011.
Collision between Silver Yang and Ella's Pink Lady off Point Lookout, Queensland on 9 September 2009 ATSB Final Report, 15 June 2010 |
1356_28 | 1993 births
Australian people of New Zealand descent
Australian autobiographers
Australian bloggers
Australian sailors
New Zealand autobiographers
New Zealand bloggers
New Zealand female sailors (sport)
New Zealand women writers
Sportspeople from the Gold Coast, Queensland
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Single-handed circumnavigating sailors
Teenage single-handed circumnavigating sailors
Writers from Queensland
Australian explorers
Female explorers
Ambassadors of supra-national bodies
World Food Programme people
Living people
Women autobiographers
Australian women bloggers
Sportswomen from Queensland |
1357_0 | Newnham (since circa 1718 Old Newnham) in the parish of Plympton St Mary in Devon is a historic estate long held by the Devonshire gentry family of Strode. The ancient mansion house is situated 1 mile north-east of St Mary's Church, beside the Smallhanger Brook, a tributary of the Tory Brook, itself flowing into the River Plym. The house was abandoned by the Strode family in about 1700 when they built a new mansion on the site of Loughtor Manor House, about 1/3 mile to the north-east of Old Newnham. |
1357_1 | Monuments to the Strode family survive in St Mary's Church, Plympton, including the canopied stone effigy of Richard Strode (d.1464), showing a recumbent knight clad in armour. The mural monument of William II Strode (d.1637) and his family shows him kneeling with his two wives on either side and ten children below. The kneeling effigy mural monument to his daughter Ursula Strode, the wife of Sir John III Chichester of Hall, North Devon, survives in Bishop's Tawton Church. A notable member of this family and William II Strode's second son was the parliamentarian Sir William Strode (1594–1645), one of the Five Members whom King Charles I attempted to arrest in the House of Commons in 1642. In 1538 following the Dissolution of the Monasteries the Strode family purchased the demesne lands of Plympton Priory the second wealthiest monastery in Devon, and thus greatly expanded their estate. The Parliamentary Rotten Borough of Plympton Erle (abolished following the Reform Act of 1832) was |
1357_2 | controlled by the Strode family and the Treby family of Plympton House, and thus several Members of Parliament for the borough were members of these two families or were nominated by them. |
1357_3 | Descent of estate
de Plympton
According to the Devon historian Sir William Pole (d.1635) the descent of the estate of Newnham was as follows:
Simon de Plimton, in residence during the reign of King Edward I (1272–1307)
John de Plimton, in residence in 1314
de Newenham
Simon de Newenham (son of John de Plimton), who took the surname de Newenham. He married Cicely de Doddescombe, one of the five daughters and co-heiress of John de Doddescombe (fl. temp. King Edward III (1327–1377)) of Doddescombe Leigh and Compton Pole.
John de Newenham (son)
Simon de Newenham (son)
Melior de Newenham (daughter and heiress), who married John Strode of Strode in the parish of Ermington in Devon, to which family thus passed the estate of Newnham.
Strode
The de Strode family originated at the estate
of Strode in the parish of Ermington in Devon, from which they took their surname. Today's Strode Farmhouse incorporates traces of the ancient former mansion house of the Strodes. |
1357_4 | Strode of Strode
The ancestry of the Strode family of Strode is recorded by Pole as follows:
Adam de Strode was in residence during the reign of King Henry III (1216–1272) and was one of the gentlemen of Devon summoned by royal herald to attend King Edward I (1272–1307) in his Scottish wars.
Roger de Strode
Richard I de Strode
William I de Strode
John I de Strode
Reginald de Strode, who married Florence
John II de Strode (son), who during the reign of King Henry IV (1399–1413) married Melior de Newnham, heiress of Newnham. The Strodes thenceforth made Newnham their principal residence, although they were still in possession of the estate of Strode in the early 17th century.
Strode of Newnham
The descent of the Strode family of Newnham is as follows:
John II de Strode
John II de Strode, who during the reign of King Henry IV (1399–1413) married Melior de Newnham, daughter and heiress of Simon de Newenham. |
1357_5 | John III Strode
John III Strode (son) who married Joane Burley, daughter of a certain Burley of Clanacombe
Richard II Strode (d.1464)
Richard II Strode (d.1464) (son), who married Margaret Fortescue, a daughter of Sir Henry Fortescue (fl. 1426), Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in Ireland, who had married as his first wife Jane Bozun, daughter of Edmond Bozun of Wood in the parish of Woodleigh, Devon, and Wood became the residence of his son and heir John Fortescue, and passed to his male descendants for three generations and then to Fortescue cousins. Sir Henry was a younger son of the Fortescue family whose earliest known seat in Devon was Wympstone in the parish of Modbury, later Earls Fortescue seated at Castle Hill, Filleigh. Richard II Strode's canopied effigy survives in St Mary's Church, Plympton, against the north chancel aisle of the north aisle chapel.
William II Strode (d.1518)
William II Strode (d.1518) (eldest son), who married three times without progeny |
1357_6 | Richard III Strode
Richard III Strode (brother), who married Joan Pennalls, daughter of Ellis Pennalls of Plympton. Possibly identical in person to Richard Strode (floruit 1512) who was MP for Plympton Erle in 1512 and was responsible for having instigated Strode's case, one of the earliest and most important English legal cases dealing with parliamentary privilege.
Richard IV Strode (d.1552)
Richard IV Strode (d.1552)(son), who married Agnes Milliton, daughter of John Milliton of Meavy, about 6 miles north of Newnham. Meavy was later one of the residences of Sir William IV Strode (1562–1637), and later became the seat of the latter's 2nd son William Strode (1594–1645), MP. In 1538 following the Dissolution of the Monasteries Richard IV purchased the demesne lands of Plympton Priory the second wealthiest monastery in Devon, and thus greatly expanded his estate. |
1357_7 | William III Strode (1512-1579) |
1357_8 | William III Strode (1512–1579) (son), married his neighbour Elizabeth Courtenay, daughter and heiress of Philip Courtenay of Loughtor, a younger son of Sir Philip Courtenay (d.1488) of Molland in North Devon. Thus Loughtor passed into the possession of the Strode family. The mansion house of the estate of Loughtor was situated within the parish of Plympton St Mary, on a hill about 1/3 mile north-east of Newnham, and to this site the Strode family later moved its residence, where in about 1700 a new mansion house was built near or on the site of Loughtor House and named "Newnham Park", which survives today. The Courtenay family of Molland were a junior branch of the Courtenay family of Powderham, itself a junior branch of the Courtenay Earls of Devon, feudal barons of Plympton and feudal barons of Okehampton, seated at Tiverton Castle. The canopied effigy of William Courtenay of Loughtor survives, in a mutilated state, in St Mary's Church, Plympton. The 6th son of William III Strode |
1357_9 | (1512–1579) was Rev. Sampson Strode (born 1552), rector of Dittisham, whose great-great-grandson was Richard Strode (1750–1790) of Boterford, who inherited the ancient estates of the senior Strodes on the failure of the male line of Strode of Newnham, following the death in 1767 of William Strode of Newnham. The 4th son was Philip Strode (d.1605) who married Wilmot Houghton, daughter of William Houghton of Houghton Towers, Lancaster, and was the father of William Strode (1602–1644), Doctor of Divinity and Public Orator of Oxford University, one of the Worthies of Devon of John Prince (d.1723), who called him "this reverend divine, this rare poet, this charming orator". |
1357_10 | Richard V Strode (d.1581)
Richard V Strode (d.1581) (son), who married Frances Cromwell, first cousin of King Edward VI (1547–1553). Frances was a daughter of Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell (c. 1520 – 1551) (only son of Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex (c.1485 – 1540), chief minister of King Henry VIII) by his wife Elizabeth Seymour, sister of Queen Jane Seymour and sister of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (c. 1500-1552) uncle and Lord Protector of King Edward VI. |
1357_11 | Sir William IV Strode (1562-1637)
Sir William IV Strode (1562–1637) (son), whose mural monument survives in St Mary's Church, Plympton. He was MP for Devon in 1597 and 1624, for Plympton Erle in 1601, 1604, 1621 and 1625, and for Plymouth in 1614, was High Sheriff of Devon from 1593 to 1594 and was Deputy Lieutenant of Devon from 1599. His 2nd son was William Strode (1594–1645), MP, one of the Five Members whose impeachment and attempted unconstitutional arrest by King Charles I in the House of Commons in 1642 sparked the Civil War.
Sir Richard VI Strode (1584-1669)
Sir Richard VI Strode (1584–1669) (eldest son), also resident at Chalmington in Dorset, who served as MP for Bere Alston in 1604, Bridport in 1626 and for Plympton Erle in 1640. He was a puritan and during the Civil War a parliamentarian who raised a force of 3,000 dragoons.
William V Strode (1614-1676)
William V Strode (1614–1676) (son), twice MP for Plympton Erle, in 1660 and 1661-1676. |
1357_12 | Richard VII Strode (1638-1707)
Richard VII Strode (1638–1707) (eldest son from 1st marriage), MP for Plympton Erle. He died unmarried. Together with his near neighbour Sir George Treby (d.1700) of Plympton House, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, also an MP for Plympton Erle, he financed the building of Plympton Guildhall which he gave to the Borough of Plympton.
William Strode (d.1718)
William Strode (d.1718) (half-brother), died without progeny. |
1357_13 | Sidney II Strode (1684-1721)
Sidney II Strode (1684–1721), (nephew, son of Sidney I Strode (1655–1712), younger brother of William Strode (d.1718)), who abandoned Old Newnham and moved his residence to the manor of Loughtor, 1/3 mile to the north-east, where he rebuilt the manor house and called it "Newnham Park" He married Ann Trevanion, daughter of Sir Nicholas Trevanion, by whom he had a son William Strode (1718–1767) who died without progeny, when the heir to Newnham became his distant cousin Richard Strode (1750–1790) of Boterford, North Huish, Devon, descended from William Strode (d.1579) of Newnham by his wife Elizabeth Courtenay, heiress of Loughtor.
For further descents of this family up to 2014 see Newnham Park
Let to tenants |
1357_14 | Following the removal of Sidney II Strode (1684–1721) to Loughtor ("Newnham Park"), Old Newnham was let to tenants. In 1797 Rev John Swete visited Old Newnham, which he painted in watercolour, and made the following entry in his travel journal, having just visited Newnham Park: |
1357_15 | "Reluctantly therefore quitting a scenery so very picturesque I returned by the mill to the public road on which I had rode but a short way when from a rising of a hill I had a prospect of an old mansion in a bottom on the left, its appearance was exceedingly antique, of the architecture which subsisted two or three centuries past. In a guess that I made as to this edifice being Old Newnham, I found from the information gained from a labourer, that I was right...This mansion, the remains of which even now were respectable...The pile of buildings was large and apparently constructed at different periods. It was now inhabited, and had been for a considerable time, by a farmer who rented part of the demesne and much of it seem'd in a state of dilapidation. Having from within a gate of the courtyard taken hastily the foregoing sketch, I proceeded toward Cornwood..." |
1357_16 | Old Newnham in 2014
In 2014 Old Newnham House, having been converted into two residences, is in multiple ownership. The landed estate however forms part of the 1,550 acre estate of Newnham Park, formerly Loughtor. Part of the land now forms the Newnham Industrial Estate, a few hundred yards to the west of Old Newnham House. In 2014 Newnham Park mansion house and estate are still owned by a descendant of the Strode family, via female lines, in the person of David Michael Strode Cobbald (born 1961), who operates the estate as a clay-pigeon shooting ground and benefits from various mineral mines on the estate. |
1357_17 | Sources
Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, pp. 718–20, pedigree of Strode of Newnham
Pole, Sir William (d.1635), Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon, Sir John-William de la Pole (ed.), London, 1791, pp. 329–10, Newenham & Loughtorre
Risdon, Tristram (d.1640), Survey of Devon, 1811 edition, London, 1811, with 1810 Additions, pp. 197–8, 395, Newnham & Loughter
Pevsner, Nikolaus & Cherry, Bridget, The Buildings of England: Devon, London, 2004, pp. 582–4, Old Newnham & Newnham Park
Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry, 15th Edition, ed. Pirie-Gordon, H., London, 1937, pp. 2172–3, Strode of Newnham Park
Gray, Todd & Rowe, Margery (Eds.), Travels in Georgian Devon: The Illustrated Journals of The Reverend John Swete, 1789-1800, 4 vols., Tiverton, 1999, vil 4, pp. 17–20
References
Historic estates in Devon |
1358_0 | The foreign policy of the Ollanta Humala concerns the policy initiatives made towards other states by the former President of Peru, in difference to past, or future, Peruvian foreign policy as represented by his Foreign Minister Rafael Roncagliolo. Humala's foreign policy was based on relations with other states of the Americas.
Background
In 2006, Ollanta Humala lost a run-off to Alan García. One reason for his
loss was a perception that he too close to Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and the latter's Bolivarian revolution based on the principles of 21st century socialism and that he was a part of the "pink tide" in Latin America. However, five years later he beat Keiko Fujimori in a run-off, in part because he distanced himself from Chavez and aligned with the ideas of Lula da Silva in Brazil, who also experienced similar rapid growth as the economy of Peru.
2006 presidential candidacy |
1358_1 | Questioned by the media, Humala denied any ties to Venezuela's president Hugo Chávez, but said he would welcome Chávez's support in the 2006 presidential election. On January 3, 2006, Evo Morales made his first official visit to Venezuela as President-Elect of Bolivia. Humala attended the official ceremonies held in the Miraflores presidential palace in Caracas where both Morales and Chávez pledged their support to Humala in his bid for the 2006 presidential race in Peru. In objection to this, Peru recalled its ambassador to Venezuela, Carlos Urrutia, in protest against Venezuela's alleged interference in the election. |
1358_2 | In March 2006, Humala also met with President Néstor Kirchner of Argentina in Buenos Aires. During the meeting, Humala stated that regional integration took priority over bilateral agreements with the United States and called Kirchner a "brother" in the cause to integrate Latin America. Humala also travelled to meet with Brazilian President Lula da Silva and officials of his government to discuss regional integration. |
1358_3 | On May 8, 2006 Humala met with Bolivian President Evo Morales in Copacabana, Bolivia on the Bolivian border with Peru. While meeting with Morales Humala stated that he stood in "solidarity with the historical and legitimate demand of the Bolivian Republic" of access to the Pacific Ocean which Bolivia lost after the War of the Pacific when Chile annexed what is now the Antofagasta Region of Chile. Humala also explicitly stated that he was not opposed to a free trade agreement with the United States but said that any free trade agreement with the United States would have to be negotiated through the Andean Community (CAN) and signed with approval of all members of CAN. During the meeting Humala emphasised the need to maintain CAN as a bloc to negotiate with the United States and asked Morales to work to help maintain the CAN, referring to the CAN's recent troubles with Venezuela removing itself as a member in protest to the signing of trade agreements with the U.S. by Peru and Colombia. |
1358_4 | 2011 president-elect
Prior to his official inauguration Humala undertook a tour of American states including Bolivia, Colombia and the United States (his tour of Venezuela was postponed til 15 July 2011 due to Chavez's health concerns as he underwent surgery in Cuba). Upon resumption of the Venezuela leg of his tour the business community in Peru were concerned that Humala may drift back towards to Chavez's policies.
Pan-Americas tour
His first visit as president-elect was to Brazil. Following a meeting with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff he said though the situation in Peru and Brazil is different, both countries' plan was similar along the lines of economic growth and prudent macroeconomic management. He added that: "We are pleased with this meeting. Brazil is an important strategic partner for Peru. Brazil is a successful model of economic growth." He then left for Paraguay where he met President Fernando Lugo, following which he planned to visit Uruguay, Argentina and Chile. |
1358_5 | Following a meeting in 2006 with Bolivian President Evo Morales in Copacabana on the Bolivian border with Peru, in which Humala stated that he stood in "solidarity with the historical and legitimate demand of the Bolivian Republic," after his electoral victory in 2011 he went back to Bolivia and made calls for the resurrection of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. Bolivian Communications Minister Ivan Canelas announced that he would meet Morales and discuss Bolivia's maritime claim against Chile (for which Peru expressed tacit support). Humala also added that he had "a widely shared vision of integration [with Morales]. For me, it's an important meeting, [Bolivia] is an Aymara and sister nation." (However Peru's large indigenous population is mostly Quechua)
Humala also visited Colombia where he met one of the only two right-wing president's left in South America, Juan Manuel Santos. The two leaders of talked integration projects between Colombia and Peru. |
1358_6 | During a visit to Washington, D.C. Humala also met Organization of American States' Secretary-General Jose Miguel Insulza in which he said Peru intends to work towards greater regional integration. During the same tour he also met with US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on Washington, D.C. During the meeting US President Barack Obama made a surprise appearance to meet Humala, a visit that was appreciated by the latter. Obama spoke of the importance of "sound market-based economic policies with efforts to increase economic and social inclusion." Peruvian ambassador Luis Valdivieso said that the visit was an "extraordinary step" in starting relations at the highest level between the Humala government and the United States. |
1358_7 | During his postponed trip to Venezuela, Humala was personally welcomed by Chavez at Miraflores Palace. He reiterated calls for regional integration saying "As 200 years ago, when we fought colonialism, today we have common enemies like poverty, inequalities, drug trafficking and so many threats against our countries. I have come as a friend and a brother; and this brotherhood leads us to a similar future." He also wished Chavez a recovery from his cancer treatment: "We are giving you support, please count on our forces and the prayers of the Peruvian people, who want your recovery because you have a mission to accomplish." Humala also paid a visit to Simón Bolívar's birthplace house and met with officials at the headquarters of the Corporacion Andina de Fomento. |
1358_8 | He was then due to travel to Mexico on 18 July. In meeting President Felipe Calderón at Palace Los Pinos he said that "With Mexico, after July 28, we are going to improve relations that already are excellent. We want to improve commercial exchange even more so" and "strengthen relations in the area of education." They also discussed the general strengthening of Mexico-Peru relations. After Mexico he visited Cuba, a move that Granma quoted Humala as saying that he had come to visit a "sister" country and to share an "open agenda" with President Raul Castro. He also met leftist political icon and Cuban commander-in-chief Fidel Castro. The two leaders talked of the "happy atmosphere" as well as the "complicated situation in Latin America." His talks with Raul Castro focused on Cuba-Peru relations and the "need" to enhance education via Cuba's "Yes I Can" educational programme. In doing so he cited Cuba's success in contributing to the eradication of illiteracy in countries such as |
1358_9 | Venezuela, Nicaragua, Bolivia and Ecuador. |
1358_10 | Inauguration
His inauguration on 28 July was attended by regional leaders. Foreign dignitaries such as Colombia's Juan Manuel Santos were scheduled to attend the event, along with Brazil's Dilma Rousseff, Uruguay's José Mujica, Panama's Ricardo Martinelli, (and his wife First Lady Marta Linares de Martinelli), Argentina's Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Chile's Sebastián Piñera, Ecuador's Rafael Correa, Bolivia's Evo Morales, Guatemala's Álvaro Colom, Honduras’ Porfirio Lobo, South Africa's Jacob Zuma and Georgia's Mikheil Saakashvili. They would also be joined by Cuban First Vice President Jose Ramon Machado Ventura and his delegation, Spain's crown prince Felipe, Prince of Asturias, Secretary-general of the Organization of American States Jose Miguel Insulza, the U.S. ambassador, the brother of South Korean President Lee Myung-bak, Lee Sang-deuk of the incumbent Grand National Party and Chinese President Hu Jintao's special envoy, Minister of Agriculture Han Changfu. |
1358_11 | State visits as president
Humala's first official foreign trip was to Spain. He also traveled to Colombia for the 6th Summit of the Americas. He also attended the 6th BRICS summit in Brasil in 2014.
Relations with individual states
Chile |
1358_12 | The new Foreign Minister Rafael Roncagliolo met his Chilean counterpart Alfredo Moreno Charme prior to taking office. Following the meeting he said that Moreno was "a concerned person, who has an attitude of dialogue and does not encourage unnecessary antagonism" and added that in regards to the Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute "by going to the Hague, what we are looking for is peaceful understanding, avoid lawsuits and verbal arguments. Peru has taken the position of a modern civilized nation to go to court. Resolve conflicts by means of right reason, not force." However he also commented on Chilean military spending vis-a-vis its neighbours: "When a country develops a quite disproportionate military capacity compared to their neighbours, others are right to worry. That is the situation we face. Yes, we should worry. Chile's military spending is disproportionate to the neighbours. That is why Peru, in UNASUR is promoting transparency and a reduction of military spending. There are |
1358_13 | more important things you must invest in Latin America. All countries must have a credible military defense, and Peru has not maintained one like this." |
1358_14 | Prior to Humala's visit to Bolivia in his pre-inauguration Pan-Americas tour, Peru agreed to cede territory claimed by Bolivia against Chile so as to facilitate resolution of the maritime claim. The 1929 Peace and Friendship treaty, which formalised relations between the three states following the War of the Pacific, requires Peru's "prior agreement" to pursue further negotiations for Chile to cede former Peruvian territory to a third party and settle the conflict.
References
Foreign relations of Peru
Humala. Ollanta |
1359_0 | Elm Grove is a mainly residential area of Brighton, part of the English coastal city of Brighton and Hove. The densely populated district lies on a steep hill northeast of the city centre and developed in the second half of the 19th century after the laying out of a major west–east road, also called Elm Grove. Terraced houses, small shops and architecturally impressive public buildings characterise the streetscape: within the area are a major hospital, two churches (all with listed building status) and a former board school, as well as Brighton's oldest council houses and an interwar council estate. |
1359_1 | The long, steep road has its origins in a cross-country Roman road, and it remained a rural track until the 19th century. It is now known for its mature elm trees, and although their numbers have declined some still line the steep road, which links the main road to Lewes with Brighton Racecourse and the city's eastern suburbs. The road is also a busy bus route, but a tram route which ran along it and a railway branch line which passed through the area by viaduct and tunnel closed in the 20th century. Although surrounded on several sides by other inner suburbs such as Hanover and Round Hill, Elm Grove is close to large areas of open space such as Race Hill, Tenantry Down and Brighton's extensive Victorian cemeteries.
Location and topography |
1359_2 | Brighton and Hove City Council's Urban Characterisation Study of the Hanover and Elm Grove districts describes the Elm Grove area as a "high density Victorian residential area following the contours of the steep valley side". There is "a strong sense of place" and it is "a very popular [place] to live". Located on a west-facing slope on the steep eastern side of the dry valley through which Lewes Road runs, it is convenient for the city centre, the Lewes Road shopping area and major transport routes. The top of Elm Grove close to the racecourse acts as an "important potential gateway into the city" from the east. |
1359_3 | The hillside location gives many parts of the Elm Grove area long views in several directions, especially to the west and north. There is little open space within the area apart from William Clarke Park, although Queen's Park lies within walking distance to the south and open downland is nearby. There is also limited tree cover, except for Elm Grove itself which is lined with mature elm trees. Elms are ideally suited to Brighton's chalky soil and salt-laden air. Thousands were planted in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and there are still more than 17,000—helped by an ongoing programme of Elm disease control by the council. The Great Storm of 1987 destroyed or damaged many, though, including along Elm Grove. |
1359_4 | Elm Grove (the road) forms the northern limit of the Hanover suburb. Although developed at a similar time to the streets to the north, Hanover originally had a solidly working-class character, with many streets of small terraced houses. Although terraced housing is also common north of Elm Grove, there is a much wider range of housing styles and sizes, and the area developed a more mixed character as a result. Brighton's extensive chain of Victorian cemeteries, set into an undulating valley formerly used as farmland, lie immediately north of Hartington Road and separate the Elm Grove district from the Bear Road/Coombe Road district, another hillside area of dense terraced housing.
History |
1359_5 | Several Roman roads have been identified running across the area covered by the city of Brighton and Hove. One ran west–east inland from the coast along the line of the present Old Shoreham Road. After crossing the London to Brighton Way possibly where Preston Circus is now, it continued eastwards up the east side of the Wellesbourne valley on to the ridge of the South Downs to Lewes, where it became a ridgeway as it crossed Newmarket Hill and Kingston Hill. |
1359_6 | Brighton Racecourse opened on Whitehawk Hill to the northeast of Brighton in 1783, and the ancient track—which climbed a long, steep west-facing slope at this point—was used by people visiting it from central Brighton. As the town grew, it became a more important route, and in 1852 elm trees were planted along each side by Amon Henry Wilds on behalf of the Brighton Town Commissioners, for whom he had previously served as an officer. The name Elm Grove was given at this time. The only building north of the road was Hanover Mill, a post mill erected 1838 and demolished in the 1890s when Bernard Road was built on the site. Lewes Road itself was mostly undeveloped as well, apart from six almshouses built on the south side of its junction with Elm Grove. These were the first part of what later became the Percy and Wagner Almshouses after six more were added in 1859. |
1359_7 | The first residential development took place between 1854 and 1858 at Melbourne Street and on Wellington Road, which led northeastwards from the bottom of Elm Grove. Of the detached villas in spacious grounds, only one remains, at number 18. This was converted into a children's home and later became a daycare centre operated by The Children's Society, but it became vacant in 2004. It fell into dereliction and was bought by developers Baron Homes in 2006, whose planning application for partial demolition and redevelopment (granted in 2008) lapsed in 2011. In January 2012, local residents raised concerns about the building's fate and the presence of squatters. A new planning application seeking full demolition and replacement with two blocks of flats was refused in August 2013. Elsewhere on Wellington Road, Victorian houses are interspersed with postwar blocks of flats. |
1359_8 | The top (east) end of the road was undeveloped until the late 19th century, except for the Brighton Workhouse—built in 1865–67 to replace an earlier building established in the West Hill area in 1822. (The new workhouse also housed one of three fire-hoses which the town's earliest fire department, the Brighton Fire Establishment, could use in conjunction with its fire engines.) Residential development gradually spread eastwards up the hill from the 1860s, though. Between 1859 and 1864 Elm Grove itself was built up as far as Wellington Street, which was also laid out at the time. Infill development within this area continued in the late 1860s with Hastings Road and Franklin Road, followed in the early 1870s by Agnes Street, Franklin Street, De Montfort Road, Fairlight Place and St Martin's Place. Meanwhile, the Kemp Town branch line had opened in 1869, forming the eastern limit of the residential area until 1880 when Bonchurch Road, Brading Road and Totland Road were built further |
1359_9 | up the hill on a north–south alignment parallel with the line. Newmarket Road, Upper Wellington Road and Normanton Street filled in more gaps in the meantime, and Elm Grove itself was continuously built up as far as Totland Road by 1884. Hartington Road, the area's other major road, developed between 1885 and 1889 (north side) and a decade later on the south side. East of Bernard Road to the top of the hill remained undeveloped until 1900 but was quickly built up thereafter. The latest building took place around the junction of Whippingham Road and Hartington Road, between 1915 and 1919. |
1359_10 | Among the houses built during this period of intense development were Brighton's earliest council houses. Two landowners donated land north of Elm Grove in 1897, and simple polychromatic brick cottages were built to commemorate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. They still stand on the north side of St Helen's Road. More council houses were built soon afterwards in nearby May Road, but these do not survive. A larger estate of council housing followed in the 1920s with the development of Pankhurst Avenue and surrounding streets on land southwest of the workhouse, as it was at the time. The land had previously been used for allotments. Pankhurst Avenue was developed in the early 1920s along with nearby streets such as Glynde, Plumpton and Firle Roads; infill housing at Clayton and Hallett Roads followed in the 1930s. "Uniform, low-density semi-detached houses" characterise these streets, which are also dominated by the hospital buildings. |
1359_11 | The area was affected by bombing during the Brighton Blitz. The Franklin Arms pub at the junction of Lewes Road and Franklin Road was destroyed on 20 September 1940, killing the licensee, his wife and another woman. On 22 October 1943, a bomb intended for the railway viaduct over Lewes Road missed and detonated in the cutting behind Bonchurch Road, damaging or destroying houses and a laundry in the road, Seville Street and Wellington Street. Elm Grove School was also damaged. |
1359_12 | After the Kemp Town branch line closed, the former railway cutting—a long and narrow area of land between Hartington Road and Elm Grove—became available for redevelopment. Labour councillor and former Mayor of Brighton William Clarke led a campaign to lay out a recreational area to serve the Elm Grove and Lewes Road areas, which are underprovided with open space. William Clarke Park (also known as The Patch) opened in the late 20th century and has been looked after by a community group, the Friends of William Clarke Park, since 1995. The park has a playground and can be accessed by paths from Hartington Road and Franklin Street. It is one of several parks in the city where the council can arrange for people to plant a commemorative tree.
In 1994 Elm Grove was featured as a climb in the Tour de France, where riders climbed it twice as part of a finishing circuit in Brighton on the first of two days' racing in Britain during that year's Tour. |
1359_13 | In July 2010 the council announced plans to demolish Ainsworth House, a 1960s low-rise block on Wellington Road, and build a higher-density high-rise "family complex". These would be the first new council houses in Brighton since the 1980s. Planning permission was granted in April 2011, and the 15-home development called Balchin Court was opened in September 2013. In November 2011 squatters occupied had occupied Ainsworth House, which was in a dangerous condition because it contained asbestos. Also in 2010, planning permission was granted for the demolition of former nurses' homes facing Pankhurst Avenue and their replacement with three blocks of flats and a community centre. Of the 95 flats, 80% were to be classed as affordable housing, although in 2012 (by which time development had started) this was reduced to 40%. |
1359_14 | Demographics and community
The Hanover & Elm Grove ward, one of the 21 local government wards in the city of Brighton and Hove, covers the whole of the Elm Grove area. Since July 2013, when a by-election was held, the ward has been represented by councillor Emma Daniel of the Labour Party. The ward is part of the Brighton Pavilion parliamentary constituency, which elected Caroline Lucas of the Green Party at the 2010 General Election. Wards in Brighton have changed size and name many times over the years. The Elm Grove area was part of the Park ward, one of six, between 1854 and 1894. In that year, when the borough of Brighton was divided into 14 wards, the area came under Lewes Road ward. Next, an Elm Grove ward was created in 1928; then in 1983 it became Tenantry ward. |
1359_15 | Demographic data is collated at ward level. The Hanover & Elm Grove ward covers also covers the Hanover suburb and part of the Carlton Hill/Albion Hill district, which have different characteristics, housing styles and population densities. For the ward overall in 2001, the population was about 13,000, the gross housing density was 68 dwellings per hectare (27.5 dwellings per acre), 50% of dwellings were terraced houses, and housing tenure was split 53%–47% between ownership and rental. |
1359_16 | The Elm Grove area is popular with students. There are several streets in which the proportion of dwellings registered as student housing or houses in multiple occupation (HMO) exceeds 10%, and some where more than 20% are of this type; and in the two years to April 2014, 430 HMO licences were granted in the Hanover & Elm Grove ward. In a feature about student housing in the city, the University of Sussex edition of online student newspaper The Tab claimed that "Elm Grove is probably the most average student area in Great Britain", with "decent" houses and atmosphere and "normal" levels of rent. In April 2013, the council introduced new Article Four Directions for HMO and student housing in the five wards with the highest density of such housing, including Hanover & Elm Grove ward. Planning permission is now required before a house can be converted for multiple occupancy. |
1359_17 | The Hanover and Elm Grove Local Action Team (HEGLAT) is a voluntary group which brings together residents of the Hanover & Elm Grove ward and representatives of groups such as the police, council departments, elected councillors, transport operators and other agencies.
Buildings
Churches |
1359_18 | There are two large and architecturally impressive churches on the north side of Elm Grove. At the triangular junction of Wellington Road stands St Joseph's Church, a Grade II*-listed Roman Catholic church built of Kentish Ragstone and Bath stone in the Early English Gothic Revival style. A Catholic chapel which had stood on the site since 1869 was replaced in 1879 with the first part of the present building, which was designed by William Kedo Broder. This was funded from the will of a local Catholic resident. The apse was added in 1880; Joseph Stanislaus Hansom designed the east end in 1883 and a side chapel and transept in 1885; and Frederick Walters added the west end in 1900–01. The "spectacular" church is "one of the grandest in the Diocese [of Arundel and Brighton]". A house on Wellington Road adjoining the church serves as the presbytery. |
1359_19 | Further up Elm Grove at the junction of Whippingham Road is the former St Wilfrid's Church—a distinctive interwar Anglican church which has been converted into sheltered housing (St Wilfrid's Flats). Again, a temporary church (a tin tabernacle) was provided for worshippers until the permanent building was ready. A conventional district was formed in 1900, the tin building was ready in 1901, and it became a parish church in 1922 when a large parish was created. Local architect Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel was commissioned to design the permanent church once enough money had been raised, and work took place between 1932 and 1934. Architecturally, the church was "highly original" and "remarkable in its ingenuity", expressing elements of Eclecticism and Rationalism, and inside a mural by Hans Feibusch—his first work in the United Kingdom—has been retained. The church was declared redundant in 1980 because asbestos had been used in its construction. The church hall of 1926 survives |
1359_20 | further down Whippingham Road. When the church closed the parish was added to that of St Martin's Church on Lewes Road. |
1359_21 | The former Emmanuel Full Gospel Church, an Assemblies of God chapel, occupied part of a building on De Montfort Road from 1932 until the late 20th century. Until 1994, a building at Bernard Road was used as a Jehovah's Witnesses Kingdom Hall; a new building at Woodingdean replaced it. Also registered for marriages until 2000 on the same road was the Whosoever Metropolitan Community Church and Worship Centre.
Institutional buildings |
1359_22 | Brighton General Hospital stands at the top of Elm Grove at the Queen's Park Road junction. The main building, which is Grade II-listed and forms the hospital's Arundel Building, was built as the Brighton workhouse between 1865 and 1867 by local architect George Maynard and the London firm of J.C. and G. Lansdown. It rises to four storeys and has a 37-window, stucco-faced Italianate façade. Other decoration includes a clock tower with a cupola and a pediment with carved dolphins (the Brighton coat of arms). During World War I it was used as a military hospital, then reverted to being a workhouse. It was renamed the Elm Grove Home in 1930, but most of the site became a hospital in 1935. The final workhouse inmates were moved to other sites in 1940. In 1948 the hospital took the name Brighton General. Many additions have been made in the 20th and 21st centuries, including an ambulance station to the west (built in 1951–52 on the former allotments of the workhouse). Since 2002 |
1359_23 | Brighton & Sussex Universities Hospital NHS Trust have run the hospital. Its hilltop position means it can be seen from many parts of the city. |
1359_24 | Elm Grove Primary School was built in 1893 as one of "a distinguished group of board schools" erected by the Brighton and Preston School Board between 1870 and 1903. It was designed by the Board's architects Simpson & Son (Thomas Simpson and Gilbert Murray Simpson). Architecturally, the variegated brickwork, terracotta decoration and wide range of decorative elements is characteristic of the "distinguished group of Board schools" in the area. Under its present name, the school caters for more than 400 pupils between the ages of 4 and 11. It is mixed-sex and non-denominational. When it opened, 300 children moved across from the nearby Bentham Road Infants School; within a year 800 pupils were on the roll, and senior school-age pupils were also accommodated. Senior age boys were sent to other schools after 1928, and the school survived a closure threat in the 1980s as numbers fell further. Simpson also built a board school on Fairlight Place in 1870. This was altered in 1937 and |
1359_25 | is also still in use as a primary school. |
1359_26 | At 12–14 Wellington Road stands the former Queen's Nurses Home. This opened on 12 October 1912 as a memorial to King Edward VII—a fact recorded on the late King's other memorial, the Peace Statue on the seafront. The building has been converted into flats.
Transport
Elm Grove was one of the first roads in the city to be given a 20 mph speed limit when the council introduced the first phase of the city's 20 mph zones in April 2013. The limit now applies to every street in the Elm Grove area. |
1359_27 | The Elm Grove area is well served by buses: Elm Grove itself is a major bus corridor. Brighton & Hove Bus Company route 22 (Churchill Square shopping centre–Woodingdean) runs along the full length of the road. Routes 18 (Brighton city centre–Queen's Park via Elm Grove westbound), 20 (Furze Hill, Hove–Queen's Park circular via Elm Grove eastbound), 21 (Goldstone Valley, Hove–Brighton Marina via Brighton railway station and Whitehawk) and 23 (Universities–Brighton Marina) run along the lower section as far as the Queen's Park Road junction. Route 2 (Shoreham-by-Sea/Steyning–Rottingdean) runs close to Brighton General Hospital, as does Compass Travel Route 37B which also serves Pankhurst Avenue and the full length of Hartington Road. Routes 18 and 20 were introduced in April 2014 to replace route 81 and its variants which had previously served Elm Grove. |
1359_28 | From 1869 until 1933, passenger trains ran on the Kemp Town branch line between Brighton station and Kemp Town station. Freight services continued until 1971. The heavily engineered line entered the Elm Grove area on a three-arch viaduct across Hartington Road, then passed through a deep cutting, entered the -long Kemp Town Tunnel under Elm Grove School and emerged from the tunnel at the terminus on Eastern Road. The tunnel has been blocked up (and was briefly used as a mushroom farm) and the cutting filled in and grassed over to form William Clarke Park. A landscaped area behind the school occupies the site of the northern portal. The Hartington Road viaduct was removed in 1973; a housing development called Old Viaduct Court occupies the site. Nearby was the former Hartington Road Halt, which was only in use between 1906 and 1911. |
1359_29 | Brighton Corporation Tramways operated tram routes along Elm Grove between 25 November 1901 and 1 September 1939, when the system was closed down. Service E ran between the seafront terminus at Brighton Aquarium near Old Steine and the top of Elm Grove every 10 minutes; Service Q connected the seafront and Queen's Park, providing an additional 10-minute frequency service between Lewes Road and Queen's Park Road; and Service C operated between Seven Dials and Queen's Park avoiding central Brighton. The end-to-end fare for each route was 2d, and the average journey time from the top of Elm Grove to the Aquarium was 18 minutes. On race days at Brighton Racecourse, extra trams would be provided along Elm Grove to move large numbers of people to and from the town centre. Trolleybuses replaced the tram routes immediately after World War II, but conventional buses replaced them by 1961. The trolleybus routes along Elm Grove ceased on 24 March 1959. |
1359_30 | See also
List of places of worship in Brighton and Hove
Notes
References
Bibliography
Areas of Brighton and Hove
Roads in East Sussex |
1360_0 | Nonverbal communication (NVC) is the transmission of messages or signals through a nonverbal platform such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture, and body language. It includes the use of social cues, kinesics, distance (proxemics) and physical environments/appearance, of voice (paralanguage) and of touch (haptics). It can also include the use of time (chronemics) and eye contact and the actions of looking while talking and listening, frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil dilation, and blink rate (oculesics). |
1360_1 | The study of nonverbal communication started in 1872 with the publication of The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals by Charles Darwin. Darwin began to study nonverbal communication as he noticed the interactions between animals such as lions, tigers, dogs etc. and realized they also communicated by gestures and expressions. For the first time, nonverbal communication was studied and its relevance questioned. Today, scholars argue that nonverbal communication can convey more meaning than verbal communication. Some scholars state that most people trust forms of nonverbal communication over verbal communication. Ray Birdwhistell concludes that nonverbal communication accounts for 60–70 percent of human communication, although according to other researchers the communication type is not quantifiable or does not reflect modern human communication, especially when people rely so much on written means. |
1360_2 | Just as speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, loudness, and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress, so written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on interaction between individuals, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction. |
1360_3 | Nonverbal communication involves the conscious and unconscious processes of encoding and decoding. Encoding is defined as our ability to express emotions in a way that can be accurately interpreted by the receiver(s). Decoding is called "nonverbal sensitivity", defined as the ability to take this encoded emotion and interpret its meanings accurately to what the sender intended. Encoding is the act of generating information such as facial expressions, gestures, and postures. Encoding information utilizes signals which we may think to be universal. Decoding is the interpretation of information from received sensations given by the encoder. Decoding information utilizes knowledge one may have of certain received sensations. For example, in the picture above, the encoder holds up two fingers, and the decoder may know from previous experience that this means two. There are some "decoding rules", which state that in some cases a person may be able to properly assess some nonverbal cues and |
1360_4 | understand their meaning, whereas others might not be able to do so as effectively. Both of these skills can vary from person to person, with some people being better than others at one or both. These individuals would be more socially conscious and have better interpersonal relationships. An example of this would be with gender: women are found to be better decoders than men since they are more observant of nonverbal cues, as well as more likely to use them. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.