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1389_13 | Traditional and popular songs may draw heavily upon a limited range of metres, leading to interchangeability of melodies. Early hymnals commonly did not include musical notation but simply texts that could be sung to any tune known by the singers that had a matching metre. For example, The Blind Boys of Alabama rendered the hymn "Amazing Grace" to the setting of The Animals' version of the folk song "The House of the Rising Sun". This is possible because the texts share a popular basic four-line (quatrain) verse-form called ballad metre or, in hymnals, common metre, the four lines having a syllable-count of 8–6–8–6 (Hymns Ancient and Modern Revised), the rhyme-scheme usually following suit: ABAB. There is generally a pause in the melody in a cadence at the end of the shorter lines so that the underlying musical metre is 8–8–8–8 beats, the cadences dividing this musically into two symmetrical "normal" phrases of four bars each. |
1389_14 | In some regional music, for example Balkan music (like Bulgarian music, and the Macedonian metre), a wealth of irregular or compound metres are used. Other terms for this are "additive metre" and "imperfect time".
Metre in dance music
Metre is often essential to any style of dance music, such as the waltz or tango, that has instantly recognizable patterns of beats built upon a characteristic tempo and bar. The Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing defines the tango, for example, as to be danced in time at approximately 66 beats per minute. The basic slow step forwards or backwards, lasting for one beat, is called a "slow", so that a full "right–left" step is equal to one bar. |
1389_15 | But step-figures such as turns, the corte and walk-ins also require "quick" steps of half the duration, each entire figure requiring 3–6 "slow" beats. Such figures may then be "amalgamated" to create a series of movements that may synchronise to an entire musical section or piece. This can be thought of as an equivalent of prosody (see also: prosody (music)).
Metre in classical music |
1389_16 | In music of the common practice period (about 1600–1900), there are four different families of time signature in common use:
Simple duple: two or four beats to a bar, each divided by two, the top number being "2" or "4" (, , ... , , ...). When there are four beats to a bar, it is alternatively referred to as "quadruple" time.
Simple triple: three beats to a bar, each divided by two, the top number being "3" (, , ...)
Compound duple: two beats to a bar, each divided by three, the top number being "6" (, , ...) Similarly compound quadruple, four beats to a bar, each divided by three, the top number being "12" (, , ...)
Compound triple: three beats to a bar, each divided by three, the top number being "9" (, , ) |
1389_17 | If the beat is divided into two the metre is simple, if divided into three it is compound. If each bar is divided into two it is duple and if into three it is triple. Some people also label quadruple, while some consider it as two duples. Any other division is considered additively, as a bar of five beats may be broken into duple+triple (12123) or triple+duple (12312) depending on accent. However, in some music, especially at faster tempos, it may be treated as one unit of five.
Changing metre
In 20th-century concert music, it became more common to switch metre—the end of Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring (shown below) is an example. This practice is sometimes called mixed metres.
A metric modulation is a modulation from one metric unit or metre to another. |
1389_18 | The use of asymmetrical rhythms – sometimes called aksak rhythm (the Turkish word for "limping") – also became more common in the 20th century: such metres include quintuple as well as more complex additive metres along the lines of time, where each bar has two 2-beat units and a 3-beat unit with a stress at the beginning of each unit. Similar metres are often used in Bulgarian folk dances and Indian classical music.
Hypermetre
Hypermetre is large-scale metre (as opposed to smaller-scale metre). Hypermeasures consist of hyperbeats. "Hypermeter is metre, with all its inherent characteristics, at the level where bars act as beats". For example, the four-bar hypermeasures are the prototypical structure for country music, in and against which country songs work. In some styles, two- and four-bar hypermetres are common. |
1389_19 | The term was coined, together with "hypermeasures", by Edward T. , who regarded it as applying to a relatively small scale, conceiving of a still larger kind of gestural "rhythm" imparting a sense of "an extended upbeat followed by its downbeat" contends that in terms of multiple and simultaneous levels of metrical "entrainment" (evenly spaced temporal events "that we internalize and come to expect", p. 9), there is no in-principle distinction between metre and hypermetre; instead, they are the same phenomenon occurring at different levels. |
1389_20 | and Middleton have described musical metre in terms of deep structure, using generative concepts to show how different metres (, , etc.) generate many different surface rhythms. For example, the first phrase of The Beatles' "A Hard Day's Night", excluding the syncopation on "night", may be generated from its metre of :
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The syncopation may then be added, moving "night" forward one eighth note, and the first phrase is generated. |
1389_22 | Polymetre
With polymetre, the bar sizes differ, but the beat remains constant. Since the beat is the same, the various metres eventually agree. (Four bars of = seven bars of ). An example is the second moment, titled "Scherzo polimetrico", of Edmund Rubbra's Second String Quartet (1951), in which a constant triplet texture holds together overlapping bars of , , and , and barlines rarely coincide in all four instruments.
With polyrhythm, the number of beats varies within a fixed bar length. For example, in a 4:3 polyrhythm, one part plays while the other plays , but the beats are stretched so that three beats of are played in the same time as four beats of . More generally, sometimes rhythms are combined in a way that is neither tactus nor bar preserving—the beat differs and the bar size also differs. See Polytempi. |
1389_23 | Research into the perception of polymetre shows that listeners often either extract a composite pattern that is fitted to a metric framework, or focus on one rhythmic stream while treating others as "noise". This is consistent with the Gestalt psychology tenet that "the figure–ground dichotomy is fundamental to all perception". In the music, the two metres will meet each other after a specific number of beats. For example, a metre and metre will meet after 12 beats. |
1389_24 | In "Toads of the Short Forest" (from the album Weasels Ripped My Flesh), composer Frank Zappa explains: "At this very moment on stage we have drummer A playing in , drummer B playing in , the bass playing in , the organ playing in , the tambourine playing in , and the alto sax blowing his nose". "Touch And Go", a hit single by The Cars, has polymetric verses, with the drums and bass playing in , while the guitar, synthesizer, and vocals are in (the choruses are entirely in ). Magma uses extensively on (e.g. Mëkanïk Dëstruktïẁ Kömmandöh) and some other combinations. King Crimson's albums of the eighties have several songs that use polymetre of various combinations.
Polymetres are a defining characteristic of the music of Meshuggah, whose compositions often feature unconventionally timed rhythm figures cycling over a base.
Examples
See also
Metre (hymn)
Metre (poetry)
Hymn tune
List of musical works in unusual time signatures
References
Sources |
1389_25 | , chapters "Metre" and "Rhythm"
Further reading
Anon. (1999). "Polymeter." Baker's Student Encyclopedia of Music, 3 vols., ed. Laura Kuhn. New York: Schirmer-Thomson Gale; London: Simon & Schuster. . Online version 2006:
Anon. [2001]. "Polyrhythm". Grove Music Online. (Accessed 4 April 2009)
Hindemith, Paul (1974). Elementary Training for Musicians, second edition (rev. 1949). Mainz, London, and New York: Schott. .
Honing, Henkjan (2002). "Structure and Interpretation of Rhythm and Timing." Tijdschrift voor Muziektheorie 7(3):227–232. (pdf)
Larson, Steve (2006). "Rhythmic Displacement in the Music of Bill Evans". In Structure and Meaning in Tonal Music: Festschrift in Honor of Carl Schachter, edited by L. Poundie Burstein and David Gagné, 103–122. Harmonologia Series, no. 12. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press. .
Waters, Keith (1996). "Blurring the Barline: Metric Displacement in the Piano Solos of Herbie Hancock". Annual Review of Jazz Studies 8:19–37. |
1389_26 | Articles containing video clips
Patterns |
1390_0 | World AIDS Day, designated on 1 December every year since 1988, is an international day dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS pandemic caused by the spread of HIV infection and mourning those who have died of the disease. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The HIV virus attacks the immune system of the patient and reduces its resistance to other 'diseases'. Government and health officials, non-governmental organizations, and individuals around the world observe the day, often with education on AIDS prevention and control. |
1390_1 | World AIDS Day is one of the eleven official global public health campaigns marked by the World Health Organization (WHO), along with World Health Day, World Blood Donor Day, World Immunization Week, World Tuberculosis Day, World No Tobacco Day, World Malaria Day, World Hepatitis Day, World Antimicrobial Awareness Week, World Patient Safety Day and World Chagas Disease Day.
, AIDS has killed 36.3 million between [27.2 million and 47.8 million] people worldwide, and an estimated 37.7 million people are living with HIV, making it one of the most important global public health issues in recorded history. Thanks to recent improved access to antiretroviral treatment in many regions of the world, the death rate from AIDS epidemic has decreased by 64% since its peak in 2004 (1.9 million in 2004, compared to 680 000 in 2020).
History |
1390_2 | World AIDS Day was first conceived in August 1987 by James W. Bunn and Thomas Netter, two public information officers for the Global Programme on AIDS at the World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland. Bunn and Netter took their idea to Dr. Jonathan Mann, Director of the Global Programme on AIDS (now known as UNAIDS). Mann liked the concept, approved it, and agreed with the recommendation that the first observance of World AIDS Day should be on 1 December 1988. Bunn, a former television broadcast journalist from San Francisco, had recommended the date of 1 December that believing it would maximize coverage of World AIDS Day by western news media, sufficiently long following the US elections but before the Christmas holidays. |
1390_3 | In its first two years, the theme of World AIDS Day focused on children and young people. While the choice of this theme was criticized at the time by some for ignoring the fact that people of all ages may become infected with HIV, the theme helped alleviate some of the stigma surrounding the disease and boost recognition of the problem as a family disease.
The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) became operational in 1996, and it took over the planning and promotion of World AIDS Day. Rather than focus on a single day, UNAIDS created the World AIDS Campaign in 1997 to focus on year-round communications, prevention and education. In 2004, the World AIDS Campaign became an independent organization. |
1390_4 | Each year, Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI have released a greeting message for patients and doctors on World AIDS Day. In 2016, a collection of HIV and AIDS-related NGOs (including Panagea Global AIDS and The AIDS and Rights Alliance for Southern Africa) started a campaign to rename World AIDS Day to World HIV Day. They claim the change will emphasize social justice issues, and the advancement of treatments like PrEP. |
1390_5 | In the US, the White House began marking World AIDS Day with the iconic display of a AIDS Ribbon on the building's North Portico in 2007. White House aide Steven M. Levine, then serving in President George W. Bush's administration, proposed the display to symbolize the United States' commitment to combat the world AIDS epidemic through its landmark PEPFAR program. The White House display, now an annual tradition across four presidential administrations, quickly garnered attention, as it was the banner, sign or symbol to prominently hang from the White House since the Abraham Lincoln administration.
Since 1993, the President of the United States has made an official proclamation for World AIDS Day (see section #US Presidential Proclamations for World AIDS Day for copies of those proclamations). On 30 November 2017, President Donald Trump proclaimed World AIDS Day for 1 December. |
1390_6 | Themes
All the World AIDS Day campaigns focus on a specific theme, chosen following consultations with UNAIDS, WHO, and a large number of grassroots, national and international agencies involved in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. As of 2008, each year's theme is chosen by the Global Steering Committee of the World AIDS Campaign (WAC).
For each World AIDS Day from 2005 through 2010, the theme was "Stop AIDS. Keep the Promise", designed to encourage political leaders to keep their commitment to achieving universal access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, care, and support by the year 2010.
As of 2012, the multi-year theme for World AIDS Day is "Getting to Zero: Zero new HIV infections. Zero deaths from AIDS-related illness. Zero discrimination." The US Federal theme for the year 2014 was "Focus, Partner, Achieve: An AIDS-Free Generation". |
1390_7 | The themes are not limited to a single day but are used year-round in international efforts to highlight HIV/AIDS awareness within the context of other major global events including the G8 Summit, as well as local campaigns like the Student Stop AIDS Campaign in the UK.
World AIDS Day Themes
See also
AIDS Awareness Week
List of LGBTIQ+ awareness periods
National AIDS Testing Day (United States)
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
World Health Day
Day Without Art
HIV.gov
World AIDS Vaccine Day
References
External links
World AIDS Day – UK site
The World AIDS Campaign
World AIDS Day Campaign – WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
World Aids Day posters from the AIDS Posters Collection – UCLA Library
The ILO's Getting to Zero at the workplace campaign
US Presidential Proclamations for World AIDS Day |
1390_8 | 2015 Proclamation
2014 Proclamation
2013 Proclamation
2012 Proclamation
2011 Proclamation
2010 Proclamation
2004 Proclamation
2003 Proclamation
2002 Proclamation
2001 Proclamation
1999 Proclamation
1997 Proclamation
1996 Proclamation
1995 Proclamation
HIV/AIDS activism
December observances
Health awareness days
History of HIV/AIDS
Recurring events established in 1988
United Nations days
World Health Organization |
1391_0 | The Ferrer school was an early 20th century libertarian school inspired by the anarchist pedagogy of Francisco Ferrer. He was a proponent of rationalist, secular education that emphasized reason, dignity, self-reliance, and scientific observation, as opposed to the ecclesiastical and dogmatic standard Spanish curriculum of the period. Ferrer's teachings followed in a tradition of rationalist and romantic education philosophy, and 19th century extragovernment, secular Spanish schools. He was particularly influenced by Paul Robin's orphanage at Cempuis. |
1391_1 | With this ideal in mind, Ferrer established the Escola Moderna in Barcelona, which ran for five years between 1901 and 1906. Ferrer tried a less dogmatic approach to education that would try to draw out the child's natural powers, though children still received moral indoctrination on social responsibility and the importance of freedom. Ferrer championed practical knowledge over theory, and emphasized experiences and trips over readings. Pupils were free and trusted to direct their own education and attend as they pleased. The school also hosted lectures for adults in the evenings and weekends. It also hosted a printing press to create readings for the school. The press ran its own journal with news from the school and articles from prominent libertarian writers. |
1391_2 | Following Ferrer's execution, an international Ferrer movement (also known as the Modern School movement) spread throughout Europe and as far as Brazil and the United States, most notably in the New York and Stelton Modern School.
Background
Francisco Ferrer, through his Escuela Moderna, sought to afford children educational liberties uncommon for the time period. Upon his return to Barcelona in 1901, following 16 years of exile in Paris, Ferrer became a prominent proponent of education focused on reason, dignity, self-reliance, and scientific observation. Standard Spanish schools, by comparison, emphasized piety and obedience under the authority of the Church. Where those schools used formal regulation and dogmatic curriculum to discipline and conform, Ferrer wanted his school to encourage originality, independence, the combination of manual and intellectual work, openness between children and teachers, and participation of children and parents in school administration. |
1391_3 | Ferrer's pedagogy descended from a libertarian pedagogical tradition from 18th century rationalism and 19th century romanticism, with pedagogues including Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Kropotkin, and Tolstoy. These influences advocated learning through experience and treating children with love and warmth. By removing the influence of the church and state from mass education, they argued, the enlightened public would upend the status quo. A free education, to Ferrer, entailed educators who would use improvised experimentation and spontaneity—rather than their own formal dogma—to arouse the child's will and autodidactic drive. His beliefs on pedagogy did not follow a single school of thought, being of a time when ideological separations were not as pronounced. Instead, they reflected a rough and ready Spanish tradition of extragovernment, rationalist education: the republicans and Fourierists schools (1840–50s), the anarchist and secularist schools (1870–80s), Paul Robin's Cempuis |
1391_4 | orphanage in France, Joan Puig i Elias's work in Catalonia, and José Sánchez Rosa's work in Andalusia. |
1391_5 | Education was a major topic among rationalists and anarchists at the close of the 19th century. Ferrer had been a longtime radical for Spanish republicanism but moved towards anarchist circles during his time in Paris, where he read ravenously about education. He was captivated by Paul Robin's Prévost orphanage school in Cempuis, which tried to integrate the children's physical and intellectual capacities without coercion. Around 1900 Ferrer announced he would open a libertarian school based on that model. This intention became plausible when he inherited around a million francs from a French woman whom he had tutored and convinced of his ideas. His return to Spain in 1901 coincided with a period of national self-reflection, particularly regarding ecclesiastical national education, after losing the Spanish–American War.
Barcelona |
1391_6 | The Escola Moderna opened on Barcelona's Calle de las Cortes with 30 students on September 8, 1901. This class was nearly two-thirds male and divided into three groups: primary, intermediate, and advanced. The school charged sliding scale tuition based on parental capacity to pay. School enrollment increased throughout its existence, from 70 at the end of the first year to 114 in 1904 and 126 in 1905. Spanish authorities closed the school in 1906. |
1391_7 | Ferrer's pedagogy sought to strip dogma from education and instead help children direct their own powers. Ferrer's school eschewed punishments and rewards, which he felt incentivized deception over sincerity. Similarly, he did not adopt grades or exams, because he considered that their propensity to flatter, deflate, and torture were injurious. Ferrer prioritized practical knowledge over theory, and encouraged children to experience rather than read. Lessons entailed visits to local factories, museums, and parks where the objects of the lesson could be experienced firsthand. Pupils planned their own work and were trusted and free to attend as they pleased. |
1391_8 | The school invited parents to participate in the school's operation and the public to attend lessons. Evening and Sunday afternoon lectures were open to the public and featured scholars of physiology, geography, and natural science. By the school's second year, these ad hoc lectures had become regular evening courses. Ferrer spoke with Barcelona University professors about creating a popular university with classes open to the public. Though this idea grew contemporaneously in France and other parts of Europe, Ferrer's popular university did not come to fruition. |
1391_9 | Apart from the school's workshop, laboratory, and teaching aids including maps, the Escuela Moderna hosted a school to train teachers and a radical publishing press. The press was partly impelled by what Ferrer considered a lack of decent reading material. With a cadre of translators and luminaries, the press created more than 40 textbooks written in accessible language on recent scientific concepts, many translated from French. The Spanish authorities abhorred the books for upending social order. Their topics included grammar, math, natural and social science, geography, anthropology, sociology, religious mythology, and the injustices of patriotism and conquest. The most popular children's book was Jean Grave's utopian fairy tale The Adventures of Nono. Other titles included: |
1391_10 | Survey of Spanish History by Nicolás Estévanez
Compendium of Universal History by Clémence Jacquinet
Physical Geography by Odón de Buen
First Stages of Humanity by Georges Engerrand
The Origins of Christianity by Malvert
Ethnic Psychology by Charles Letourneau
Man and the Earth (abridged edition) by Elisée Reclus
Poverty: Its Cause and Cure by Léon Martin
Social Classes by Charles Malato
The press's monthly journal, Boletín de la Escuela Moderna, hosted the school's news and articles from prominent libertarian writers. The press published selections from student essays, which were written on themes of economic and religious oppression. |
1391_11 | Atop the school's purpose of fostering self-development, Ferrer believed it had an additional function: prefigurative social regeneration. The school was an embryonic version of the future libertarian society Ferrer hoped to see. Propaganda and agitation were central to the Escuela Moderna's aims, as Ferrer dreamt of a society in which people constantly renewed themselves and their environment through experimentation. Ferrer approximated the role of the syndicalist union for the school. |
1391_12 | To this end, Escola Moderna students were not free from dogmatic instruction, which they received in the form of moral indoctrination. Ferrer believed that respect for fellow men was a quality to be instilled in children. Children brought to love freedom and see their dignity as shared with others, by this accord, would become good adults. The school also taught the international Esperanto language to foster cooperation. The lessons of this education in social justice, equality, and liberty included capitalism as evil, government as slavery, war as crime against humanity, freedom as fundamental to human development, and suffering produced through patriotism, exploitation, and superstition. Their textbooks took positions against capitalism, the state, and the military:
Anarchist Morality by Peter Kropotkin
War by Charles Malato
A Free World by Jean Grave
The Feast of Life by Anselmo Lorenzo |
1391_13 | Ferrer was the center of Barcelonan libertarian education for the decade between his return and his death. The Escuela Moderna's program, from Ferrer's anticlericalism to the quality of guest intellectual lecturers, had impressed even middle-class liberal reformers. Anarchist Emma Goldman credited the success of the school's expansion to Ferrer's methodical administrative ability.
Other schools and centers in his model spread across Spain and to South America. By the time Ferrer opened a satellite school in the nearby textile center Vilanova i la Geltrú towards the end of 1905, Ferrer schools in the image of his Moderna Escuela, for both children and adults, grew across eastern Spain: 14 in Barcelona and 34 across Catalonia, Valencia, and Andalusia. The Spanish Republicans and the secular League of Freethinkers organized their own classes using materials from the school press, with around 120 such rationalist schools in all.
International movement |
1391_14 | Ferrer schools spread as far as Geneva, Liverpool, Milan, São Paulo, and New York. Their variety complicates their comprehensive study.
The resulting Ferrer movement's philosophy of pedagogy had two distinct tendencies: towards non-didactic freedom from dogma, and the more didactic fostering of counter-hegemonic beliefs. Towards non-didactic freedom from dogma, Ferrer fulfilled the child-centered tradition of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, and Froebel by "opting out" of the traditional systems of Spanish education. Ferrer's pedagogy advanced an "ideal" of education against a critique of the "evils" of schooling systems. Towards the didactic fostering of counter-hegemonic beliefs, the Ferrer schools of Barcelona, Lausanne, Liverpool, and Clivio (northern Italy) advocated for the school's role in driving sociopolitical change. They sought to change society by changing the school, that rational education would address error and ignorance.
United States |
1391_15 | Following Ferrer's execution, Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, and other anarchists founded the Ferrer Association in New York City to promote Ferrer's teachings and open schools in his model across the United States. The Association's Modern School, operated from its New York City Ferrer Center from 1911 in its first incarnation, served as a model for similarly short-lived schools in Chicago, Los Angeles, Salt Lake City, and Seattle. Each lasted several years. However, the schools opened at the Stelton (New Jersey) and Mohegan (New York) colonies lasted decades.
The schools mostly did not employ formal curriculum and their lessons were non-compulsory. Students focused on hands-on work. These schools fell out of favor during the 1940s, though a few continued into the next decade. American libertarian schools experienced a resurgence in the 1960s and were guided by alumni of Ferrer schools.
Notes
References
Education in Spain |
1392_0 | The Himalaya are a vast mountain chain in Asia that span multiple countries, including China and India. The Himalaya contain the highest peaks in the world, Mount Everest and K2. These peaks have been attracting mountaineers from around the world since 1920. The Himalaya are also important in art, literature, and religion.
States and territories
Geographically, the Himalayan states lie in the Indian subcontinent. The countries and territories include:
India
Jammu and Kashmir
Arunachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Sikkim
Tripura
Uttarakhand
Darjeeling district of West Bengal
Tajikistan
Afghanistan
Bhutan
China
Aksai Chin, disputed territory, invaded by China
Tibet/South Tibet
Trans-Karakoram Tract, disputed territory
Myanmar
Kachin State
Nepal
Pakistan
Azad Jammu and Kashmir,
Gilgit-Baltistan,
Afghania, Autonomous provincial region
Notable peaks
Mountain passes
Notable mountaineers |
1392_1 | George Mallory (1886–1924) Attempted first ascent of Mount Everest in 1922 and 1924; died on North Face along with Sandy Irvine.
Noel Odell (1890–1987) British. First ascent, in 1936, of Nanda Devi, which remained the highest summitted peak until 1950. Last person to see Mallory and Irvine high up on Everest in 1924.
Bill Tilman (1898–1977) British. First ascent of Nanda Devi in 1936. In 1934, first person to penetrate Nanda Devi sanctuary
Frank Smythe (1900–1949) British. Kamet, and early attempt on Kangchenjunga.
Eric Shipton (1907–1977) British. With Bill Tilman, first to penetrate Nanda Devi sanctuary. Discovered route to Everest over Khumbu Glacier.
W. H. Murray Deputy leader to Shipton in 1951. Author of The Scottish Himalayan Expedition (1951)
John Hunt (1910–1998) British. Leader of 1953 expedition of Mount Everest.
Tenzing Norgay (1914–1986) Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer. First man on Everest's summit along with Edmund Hillary. |
1392_2 | Maurice Herzog (b. 1919) First person to summit an Eight-thousander, Annapurna, in 1950. Lost all toes and most fingers due to frostbite. Peak not climbed again until 1970.
Sir Edmund Hillary (1919–2008) New Zealand mountaineer and explorer, the first man on Everest's summit along with Tenzing Norgay.
Tom Bourdillon (1924–1956) member of British Everest expeditions 1951, 1952, and 1953, reached from summit of Everest three days before Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay finally conquered it.
Hermann Buhl (1924–1957) First ascent of Nanga Parbat in 1953 (feat accomplished solo and without oxygen). First ascent of Broad Peak. Died in fall on Chogolisa, body never found.
Willi Unsoeld (1926–1979) United States. First ascent of Everest from West Face and first major traverse of a Himalayan peak, with Tom Hornbein 1963. Daughter Nanda Devi Unsoeld killed during Nanda Devi expedition 1976. Died during avalanche on Mount Rainier, 1979. |
1392_3 | Chris Bonington (b. 1934) First ascent of Annapurna (South Face), 4 ascents of Everest.
Nawang Gombu (1935-2011) Indian mountaineer. First person to climb Everest twice: 1963 and 1965.
Reinhold Messner (born 1944) Italian mountaineer. First man to climb all fourteen mountains over 8000 metres (collectively known as the eight-thousanders).
Jerzy Kukuczka (1948–1989) Polish mountaineer. Ascended all fourteen eight-thousanders faster than anybody else, establishing ten new routes.
Erhard Loretan Swiss climber. Ascended all 14 8000ers, most establishing new routes and/or in alpine style.
Nazir Sabir Pakistani mountaineer. First ascent of two eight thousanders (Broad Peak & Gasherbrum II) in a single attempt.
Swami Sundaranand (b. 1926 India) Climbed 25 mountains with little or no equipment from 1950–1990 to experience open eyed Samādhi using the ancient techniques of the Himalayan yogis. Noted also for his extensive photography of the Indian Himalayas. |
1392_4 | Casey Mackins An English mountaineer who climbed Mt Everest by a new route without oxygen from Tibet in 1984 and then again from Nepal in 1990 during his famous Sea to Summit expedition where he became the first person to climb Everest starting from sea level
José Antonio Delgado (1965–2006) was the first Venezuelan mountaineer to reach the summit of five eight-thousanders. He was one of the most experienced climbers in Latin America.
Ed Viesturs (b. June 22, 1959) is the first American, and 12th person overall, to summit all fourteen eight-thousanders, and the sixth climber to do it without bottled oxygen.
Pemba Dorjie (born c. 1977) a Sherpa who currently holds the world record for the quickest climb to the summit of Mount Everest from camp. On May 21, 2004, Dorjie set that record, with a total time of 8 hours and 10 minutes.
Apa Sherpa (born c. 1960) On May 11, 2011, successfully summited Mt. Everest for the 21st time, breaking his own record for most successful ascents. |
1392_5 | Krzysztof Wielicki (born 1950) Polish mountaineer, the fifth man to climb all fourteen eight-thousanders. Three of them (Mount Everest, Kangchenjunga and Lhotse) he ascended as the first man ever to do it in winter.
Junko Tabei (born 1939) First woman to climb Mount Everest (1975) |
1392_6 | Religions |
1392_7 | The main religions in the Himalayas are Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam. Some of the important religious places in the Himalayas are:
Sri Hemkunt Sahib, the place where the 10th Guru, Guru Gobind Singh Ji has meditated and achieved enlightenment in a previous incarnation
Haridwar, the place where the river Ganges enters the plains.
Badrinath, a temple dedicated to Vishnu.
Kedarnath, where one of the 12 Jyotirlingas is located.
Gaumukh, the source of the Bhagirathi (and hence, by extension, the Ganges), located a few miles above the town of Gangotri.
Devprayag, where the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi merge to form the Ganges.
Rishikesh, has a temple of Lakshmana.
Mount Kailash, a 6,638 m high peak which is the abode of the Hindu Gods Shiva and Uma and is also venerated by Buddhists. The peak is forbidden to climb, it is so sacred it is circled at its base. Lake Manasarowar lies at the base of Mount Kailash, and is the source of the Brahmaputra. |
1392_8 | Amarnath, has a natural Shiva linga of ice which forms for a few weeks each year. Thousands of people visit this cave during these few weeks.
The Vaishno Devi is a popular shrine among Durga devotees. |
1392_9 | The following mystic entities are associated with the Himalayas:
The Yeti is one of the most famous creatures in cryptozoology. It is a large primate-like creature that is supposed to live in the Himalaya. Most mainstream scientists and experts consider current evidence of the Yeti's existence unpersuasive, and the result of hoaxes, legend or misidentification of mundane creatures.
Shambhala is a mystical city with various legends associated with it, it is one of twenty-four Himalayan hidden realms, or beyul, in Vajrayana Buddhism. While some legends consider it to be a real city where secret Buddhist doctrines are being preserved, other legends believe that the city does not physically exist, and can only be reached in the mental realm.
In art, literature, and film |
1392_10 | Kim, by Rudyard Kipling, is the signature account of life in 19th century India as seen through British eyes and is based on the exploits of a young boy in the Himalayas and plains of India while engaged in the Great Game.
Shangri-La is a fictional utopia situated somewhere in the Himalayas, based on the legendary Shambhala. It is described in the novel Lost Horizon, written by the British writer James Hilton in 1933.
Tintin in Tibet is one of the series of classic comic-strip albums, written and illustrated by Belgian writer and illustrator Hergé, featuring the young reporter Tintin investigating a plane crash in the Gosain Than massif in the Himalayas. (1960)
The Hollywood movie Vertical Limit (2000), is set in the K2 peak of the Himalayas, in Pakistan.
Several levels of Tomb Raider II and one level in Tomb Raider: Legend of the Tomb Raider series are situated in the Himalayas.
The Inheritance of Loss written by Kiran Desai is partly set in the Himalaya Mountains. |
1392_11 | Rumer Godden's novel Black Narcissus (1939) is about an order of nuns who set up a convent in the Himalayas. The film, released in 1947 by Powell and Pressburger and starring Deborah Kerr, was not actually shot in the Himalayas and relied primarily on matte paintings to evoke the mountains.
Isabel Allende's novel, Kingdom of the Golden Dragon takes place mostly in the Forbidden Kingdom, a fictional country in the Himalayas.
Dragon Rider is authored by Cornelia Funke and tells the story of an epic journey that a small boy, a brownie, and a dragon take to the "Rim of Heaven," a place in the Himalayas where dragons reside.
Expedition Everest – Legend of the Forbidden Mountain is an elaborately themed roller coaster located at Disney's Animal Kingdom at Walt Disney World that takes riders through a yeti-guarded Mount Everest. |
1392_12 | Seven Years in Tibet is an autobiographical travel book written by Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer based on his real life experiences in Tibet between 1944 and 1951 during the Second World War and the interim period before the PRC's People's Liberation Army invaded Tibet in 1950. Heinrich Harrer took part in a German mountaineering expedition to the Himalayas, intending to climb Nanga Parbat, the ninth-highest mountain in the world.
Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film) is a 1997 film based on the book of the same name written by Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer.
Journey of a Red Fridge (2007), directed by Lucian and Natasa Muntean (Lunam Docs), is a documentary that tells the story of child porters working in the Himalayan mountains of Nepal.
G.I. Joe: The Movie is a 1987 animated feature, in which an ancient civilization known as Cobra-La has taken refuge deep within the Himalayas after the Ice Age, which nearly wiped them off the face of the Earth. |
1392_13 | Himalaya: Ladder to Paradise, a 2015 Chinese documentary film. |
1392_14 | References
topics
Asia geography-related lists |
1393_0 | Aminiasi Fonua Silatolu (born September 16, 1988) is a former American football offensive guard. Of Tongan descent, Silatolu attended and played college football for Midwestern State University from 2010 to 2011. He was selected by the Carolina Panthers in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft, with the 40th overall pick.
High school career
A native of Redwood City, California, Silatolu attended Merrill F. West High School in Tracy, California, where he was a lineman on both sides of the ball. The 2005 team went to the Sac-Joaquin Section Division I championship game and finished as runner-up, and in 2006 they got as far as the section semifinals. Silatolu was not recognized by any recruiting service. |
1393_1 | College career
After graduating from high school in 2007, Silatolu took the junior college route to San Joaquin Delta College, where he was a heralded offensive tackle. After starting nine of ten games at left tackle as a freshman, he had a dominant sophomore season earning California Community College Coaches' Association first-team All-America, first-team Region II All-California and first-team All-Valley Conference honors in addition to capturing All-Valley Conference Offensive Lineman of the Year. Despite his accomplishments, Silatolu was regarded as only a two-star recruit by both Rivals.com and Scout.com. He drew interest from California, Hawaii, San Jose State, and Tennessee, before signing with Nevada. However, he did not qualify academically and had to sit out the 2009 season. |
1393_2 | Silatolu transferred to Division II Midwestern State, where he dominated the competition with his aggressive play, and was a two-time All-American in 2010 and 2011. Protecting the blind side of quarterback Zack Eskridge, Silatolu draw the attention of NFL scouts. He delivered 182 knockdowns and 43 touchdown-resulting blocks, and allowed just one-half sack and one quarterback pressure in 560 pass plays. He was selected as the Lone Star Conference Offensive Lineman of the Year both of his seasons at MSU, and in 2011 finished as runner-up in voting for the Gene Upshaw Award, which is presented to the nation's top Division II lineman. He was invited to participate in the 2012 Senior Bowl—the first MSU player to ever receive an invitation—but was unable to play due to an injury. Besides Rishaw Johnson, Silatolu was the only D-II player invited to the 2012 Senior Bowl. |
1393_3 | Professional career
Projected as a late-first to second-round prospect, Silatolu was considered one of the top offensive linemen available in the 2012 NFL Draft, and drew comparisons to Jahri Evans.
Carolina Panthers
Silatolu was drafted in the second round with the 40th overall pick by the Carolina Panthers, the first Midwestern State player ever selected in the NFL Draft. He is the highest-selected offensive lineman from Division II since Jermane Mayberry in 1996, and the highest-selected player from the Lone Star Conference since Mayberry. Silatolu, Mayberry, and Gene Upshaw are the only offensive linemen from LSC teams ever selected in the first two rounds. |
1393_4 | Silatolu was the first interior lineman selected in the first two rounds by the Panthers since Ryan Kalil in 2007 NFL Draft. On May 11, 2012, Silatolu was signed by the Panthers to a four-year contract worth $4.9 million that included a $2 million signing bonus. He started the first 15 games for the Panthers at left guard, before dislocating his wrist in a game against the Oakland Raiders. For his solid rookie season he was named to Pro Football Weekly′s 2012 All-Rookie team. On October 16, 2013, Silatolu was placed on injured reserve for a torn right ACL. On November 25, 2015, he was placed on injured reserve for a torn left ACL.
On February 7, 2016, Silatolu's Panthers played in Super Bowl 50. In the game, the Panthers fell to the Denver Broncos by a score of 24–10.
Chicago Bears
On July 20, 2016, Silatolu signed with the Chicago Bears.
On September 5, 2016, he was released by the Bears. |
1393_5 | Carolina Panthers (second stint)
On February 17, 2017, Silatolu signed a one-year contract with the Panthers. He played in 14 games with three starts for the Panthers in 2017.
On March 26, 2018, Silatolu re-signed with the Panthers. On August 7, 2018, Silatolu suffered a torn meniscus in his left knee which required surgery. On December 7, Silatolu was placed on injured reserve with a knee injury.
Personal life
Silatolu is of Tongan descent; his parents, Saia and Lupe Silatolu, immigrated from Tonga to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1985, where Amini was born and raised. His younger brother Paul Silatolu, a Naval petty officer, serves on board the USS New York.
References
External links
Carolina Panthers bio
Midwestern State Mustangs bio |
1393_6 | 1988 births
Living people
Players of American football from California
People from Tracy, California
American people of Tongan descent
American football offensive guards
Midwestern State Mustangs football players
Carolina Panthers players
Chicago Bears players |
1394_0 | Germany competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States. 465 competitors, 278 men and 187 women, took part in 234 events in 26 sports.
Medalists |
1394_1 | Gold
Lars Riedel — Athletics, Men's Discus Throw
Astrid Kumbernuss — Athletics, Women's Shot Put
Ilke Wyludda — Athletics, Women's Discus Throw
Kay Bluhm and Torsten Gutsche — Canoeing, Men's K2 500 m Kayak Pairs
Detlef Hofmann, Thomas Reineck, Olaf Winter and Mark Zabel — Canoeing, Men's K4 1000 m Kayak Fours
Andreas Dittmer and Gunar Kirchbach — Canoeing, Men's C2 1000 m Canadian Pairs
Oliver Fix — Canoeing, Men's K1 Kayak Slalom Singles
Birgit Fischer, Manuela Mucke, Anett Schuck and Ramona Portwich — Canoeing, Women's K4 500 m Kayak Fours
Jens Fiedler — Cycling, Men's 1000 m Sprint (Scratch)
Ulrich Kirchhoff — Equestrian, Jumping Individual
Ludger Beerbaum, Ulrich Kirchhoff, Lars Nieberg, and Franke Sloothaak — Equestrian, Jumping Team
Isabell Werth — Equestrian, Dressage Individual
Klaus Balkenhol, Martin Schaudt, Monica Theodorescu, and Isabell Werth — Equestrian, Dressage Team
Andreas Wecker — Gymnastics, Men's Horizontal Bar |
1394_2 | Udo Quellmalz — Judo, Men's Half Lightweight (65 kg)
Andreas Hajek, André Steiner, Stephan Volkert, and André Willms — Rowing, Men's Quadruple Sculls
Kathrin Boron, Kerstin Köppen, Katrin Rutschow, and Jana Sorgers — Rowing, Women's Quadruple Sculls
Thomas Flach, Bernd Jäkel, and Jochen Schümann — Sailing, Men's Soling Team Competition
Ralf Schumann — Shooting, Men's Rapid-Fire Pistol
Christian Klees — Shooting, Men's Small-bore Rifle, prone |
1394_3 | Silver
Barbara Mensing, Sandra Wagner, and Cornelia Pfohl — Archery, Women's Team Competition
Frank Busemann — Athletics, Men's Decathlon
Oktay Urkal — Boxing, Men's Light Welterweight (63,5 kg)
Kay Bluhm and Torsten Gutsche — Canoeing, Men's K2 1000 m Kayak Pairs
Birgit Fischer and Ramona Portwich — Canoeing, Women's K2 500 m Kayak Pairs
Jan Hempel — Diving, Men's Platform
Annika Walter — Diving, Women's Platform
Roland Baar, Wolfram Huhn, Detlef Kirchhoff, Mark Kleinschmidt, Frank Richter, Thorsten Streppelhoff, Peter Thiede, Ulrich Viefers, and Marc Weber — Rowing, Men's Eights
Petra Horneber — Shooting, Women's Air Rifle
Susanne Kiermayer — Shooting, Women's Double Trap
Sandra Völker — Swimming, Women's 100 m Freestyle
Franziska van Almsick — Swimming, Women's 200 m Freestyle
Dagmar Hase — Swimming, Women's 400 m Freestyle
Dagmar Hase — Swimming, Women's 800 m Freestyle |
1394_4 | Dagmar Hase, Kerstin Kielgass, Franziska van Almsick, Sandra Völker, Meike Freitag (heats), and Simone Osygus (heats) — Swimming, Women's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
Marc Huster — Weightlifting, Men's Light Heavyweight (83 kg)
Ronny Weller — Weightlifting, Men's Super Heavyweight (> 108 kg)
Thomas Zander — Wrestling, Men's Greco-Roman Middleweight (82 kg) |
1394_5 | Bronze
Florian Schwarthoff — Athletics, Men's 110 m Hurdles
Andrej Tiwontschik — Athletics, Men's Pole Vault
Grit Breuer, Linda Kisabaka, Uta Rohländer, and Anja Rücker — Athletics, Women's 4 × 400 m Relay
Zoltan Lunka — Boxing, Men's Flyweight (51 kg)
Thomas Ulrich — Boxing, Men's Light Heavyweight (81 kg)
Luan Krasniqi — Boxing, Men's Heavyweight (91 kg)
Thomas Becker — Canoeing, Men's K1 Kayak Slalom Singles
André Ehrenberg and Michael Senft — Canoeing, Men's C2 Canadian Slalom Pairs
Judith Arndt — Cycling, Women's Individual Pursuit
Sabine Bau, Anja Fichtel-Mauritz, and Monika Weber — Fencing, Women's Foil Team Competition
Richard Trautmann — Judo, Men's Extra Lightweight (60 kg)
Marko Spittka — Judo, Men's Middleweight (86 kg)
Frank Möller — Judo, Men's Heavyweight
Johanna Hagn — Judo, Women's Heavyweight
Thomas Lange — Rowing, Men's Single Sculls
Mark Warnecke — Swimming, Men's 100 m Breaststroke |
1394_6 | Mark Pinger, Christian Tröger, Bengt Zikarsky, Björn Zikarsky, and Alexander Lüderitz (heats) — Swimming, Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
Aimo Heilmann, Christian Keller, Christian Tröger, Steffen Zesner, Konstantin Dubrovin (heats), and Oliver Lampe (heats) — Swimming, Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
Dagmar Hase — Swimming, Women's 200m Freestyle
Sandra Völker — Swimming, Women's 50 m Freestyle
Cathleen Rund — Swimming, Women's 200 m Backstroke
Antje Buschschulte, Simone Osygus, Franziska van Almsick, Sandra Völker, and Meike Freitag (heats) — Swimming, Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
Jörg Roßkopf — Table Tennis, Men's Singles
Marc-Kevin Goellner and David Prinosil — Tennis, Men's Doubles
Oliver Caruso — Weightlifting, Men's Middle Heavyweight (91 kg)
Maik Bullmann — Wrestling, Men's Greco-Roman Light Heavyweight (90 kg)
Arawat Sabejew — Wrestling, Men's Freestyle Heavyweight (100 kg) |
1394_7 | Archery
In Germany's sixth archery competition, the German women's team won the silver medal. Germany's highest placing individual was Barbara Mensing, who advanced to the quarterfinal before being defeated. No Germany men competed in Atlanta.
Women's Individual Competition:
Barbara Mensing → Quarterfinal, 8th place (3-1)
Sandra Wagner → Round of 64, 34th place (0-1)
Cornelia Pfohl → Round of 64, 40th place (0-1)
Women's Team Competition:
Mensing, Wagner, and Pfohl → Final, Silver Medal (3-1)
Athletics
Men's 100 metres
Marc Blume
Men's 800 metres
Nico Motchebon
Joachim Dehmel
Men's 1,500 metres
Michael Gottschalk
Qualification — 3:56.46 (→ did not advance)
Rüdiger Stenzel
Men's 5,000 metres
Dieter Baumann
Qualification — 13:52.00
Semifinal — 14:03.75
Final — 13:08.81 (→ 4th place)
Stephane Franke
Qualification — 14:06.34
Semifinal — 13:40.94
Final — 13:44.64 (→ 14th place)
Men's 10,000 metres
Stephane Franke |
1394_8 | Men's 3,000 metres Steeplechase
Steffen Brand
Heat — 8:31.18
Semifinals — 8:19.11
Final — 8:18.52 (→ 6th place)
Martin Strege
Heat — 8:32.76
Semifinals — 8:27.99
Final — 8:30.31 (→ 10th place)
Kim Bauermeister
Heat — 8:36.86
Semifinals — 8:51.83 (→ did not advance)
Men's 110m Hurdles
Florian Schwarthoff
Claude Edorh
Eric Kaiser
Men's 4 × 100 m Relay
Marc Blume, Holger Blume, Michael Huke, Robert Kurnicki, and Andreas Ruth
Men's 4 × 400 m Relay
Rico Lieder, Andreas Hein, Kai Karsten, and Thomas Schönlebe
Heat — 3:05.16 (→ did not advance)
Alternate member: Uwe Jahn
Men's Marathon
Konrad Dobler — 2:21.12 (→ 48th place)
Stephan Freigang — did not finish (→ no ranking)
Men's 20 km Walk
Robert Ihly
Nischan Daimer
Andreas Erm
Men's 50 km Walk
Axel Noack — 3:51:55 (→ 12th place)
Thomas Wallstab — 3:54:48 (→ 15th place)
Ronald Weigel — did not finish (→ no ranking)
Men's Long Jump
Georg Ackermann
Qualification — 7.86m (→ did not advance) |
1394_9 | Hans-Peter Lott
Qualification — NM (→ did not advance)
Men's High Jump
Wolfgang Kreißig
Men's triple jump
Charles Friedeck
Men's Pole Vault
Tim Lobinger
Michael Stolle
André Tiwontschik
Men's Shot Put
Oliver-Sven Buder
Dirk Urban
Michael Mertens
Men's Decathlon
Frank Busemann
Final Result — 8706 points (→ Silver Medal)
Frank Müller
Final Result — 8253 points (→ 14th place)
Dirk-Achim Pajonk
Final Result — 8045 points (→ 20th place)
Men's Discus Throw
Lars Riedel
Qualification — 64.66m
Final — 69.40m (→ Gold Medal)
Jürgen Schult
Qualification — 62.58m
Final — 64.62m (→ 6th place)
Michael Möllenbeck
Qualification — 55.18m (→ did not advance)
Men's Hammer Throw
Heinz Weis
Qualification — 77.84m
Final — 79.78m (→ 5th place)
Claus Dethloff
Qualification — 74.60m (→ did not advance)
Karsten Kobs
Qualification — 74.20m (→ did not advance)
Men's Javelin Throw
Raymond Hecht
Peter Blank
Boris Henry |
1394_10 | Women's 100 metres
Melanie Paschke
Andrea Philipp
Silke Lichtenhagen
Women's 200 metres
Melanie Paschke
Silke Knoll
Women's 400 metres
Grit Breuer
Women's 800 metres
Linda Kisabaka
Women's 1,500 metres
Silvia Kühnemund
Carmen Wüstenhagen
Women's 5,000 metres
Petra Wassiluk
Claudia Lokar
Women's 10,000 metres
Kathrin Weßel
Qualification — 33:31.67 (→ did not advance)
Women's Marathon
Katrin Dörre-Heinig — 2:28.45 (→ 4th place)
Sonja Krolik — 2:31.16 (→ 8th place)
Uta Pippig — did not finish (→ no ranking)
Women's 10 km Walk
Kathrin Born-Boyde — 44:50 (→ 15th place)
Beate Gummelt — dsq (→ no ranking)
Women's 100m Hurdles
Kristin Patzwahl
Birgit Wolf
Women's 400m Hurdles
Heike Meißner
Qualification — 55.05
Semifinals — 54.27
Final — 54.03 (→ 5th place)
Silvia Rieger
Qualification — 55.33
Semifinals — 54.27
Final — 54.57 (→ 8th place)
Women's 4 × 100 m Relay
Melanie Paschke, Andrea Philipp, Silke Lichtenhagen, Silke Knoll, and Birgit Rockmeier |
1394_11 | Women's 4 × 400 m Relay
Uta Rohländer, Linda Kisabaka, Anja Rücker, and Grit Breuer
Qualification — 3:24.08
Final — 3:21.14 (→ Bronze Medal)
Alternate member: Karin Janke
Women's Javelin Throw
Karen Forkel
Qualification — 60.84m
Final — 64.18m (→ 6th place)
Steffi Nerius
Qualification — 60.98m
Final — 60.20m (→ 9th place)
Silke Renk
Qualification — 59.70m (→ did not advance)
Women's High Jump
Alina Astafei
Qualification — 1.93m
Final — 1.96m (→ 6th place)
Women's Discus Throw
Ilke Wyludda
Qualification — 66.78m
Final — 69.66m (→ Gold Medal)
Franka Dietzsch
Qualification — 63.94m
Final — 65.48m (→ 4th place)
Anja Gündler
Qualification — 63.80m
Final — 61.16m (→ 11th place)
Women's Shot Put
Astrid Kumbernuss
Qualification — 19.93m
Final — 20.56m (→ Gold Medal)
Stephanie Storp
Qualification — 19.29m
Final — 19.06m (→ 6th place)
Kathrin Neimke
Qualification — 19.02m
Final — 18.92m (→ 7th place) |
1394_12 | Women's Heptathlon
Sabine Braun
Mona Steigauf
Peggy Beer
Badminton
Men's Competition
Michael Keck
Michael Helber
Oliver Pongratz
Women's Competition
Katrin Schmidt
Kerstin Ubben
Karen Stechmann
Beach volleyball
Men's Competition
Jörg Ahmann and Axel Hager — 9th place overall
Women's Competition
Beate Bühler and Danja Müsch
Boxing
Zoltan Lunka (— 51 kg)
Defeated Martín Castillo (Mexico) 13-7
Defeated Hermensen Ballo (Indonesia) 18-12
Defeated Mehdi Assous (Algeria) 19-6
Lost to Bulat Jumadilov (Kazakhstan) 18-23
Falk Huste (— 57 kg)
Oktay Urkal (— 63,5 kg)
Defeated Reynaldo Galido (Philippines) 19-2
Defeated David Díaz (United States) 14-6
Defeated Nordine Mouichi (France) 19-10
Defeated Fathi Missaoui (Tunisia) 20-6
Lost to Hector Vinent (Cuba) 13-20
Markus Beyer (— 71 kg)
Sven Ottke (— 75 kg)
Thomas Ulrich (— 81 kg)
Luan Krasniqi (— 91 kg)
René Monse (+ 91 kg)
Canoeing |
1394_13 | Men's Flatwater Competition
Lutz Liwoski, Kay Bluhm, Andreas Dittmer, Torsten Gutsche, Detlef Hofmann, Gunar Kirchbach, Thomas Reineck, Jan Schäfer, Patrick Schulze, Olaf Winter, Mark Zabel, and Thomas Zereske
Women's Flatwater Competition
Birgit Fischer, Daniela Gleue, Manuela Mucke, Ramona Portwich, Anett Schuck,
Men's Slalom Competition
Jochen Lettmann, Oliver Fix, Thomas Becker, Sören Kaufmann, Martin Lang, and Vitus Husek
Manfred Berro / Michael Trummer
André Ehrenberg / Michael Senft
Women's Slalom Competition
Elisabeth Micheler-Jones, and Kordula Striepecke
Cycling
Road Competition
Men's Individual Time Trial
Michael Rich
Final — 1:07:08 (→ 10th place)
Uwe Peschel
Final — 1:07:33 (→ 12th place)
Women's Individual Road Race
Vera Hohlfeld
Final — 02:37:06 (→ 4th place)
Track Competition
Men's Points Race
Guido Fulst
Final — 8 points (→ 9th place)
Mountain Bike
Men's Cross Country
Ralph Berner
Final — 2:27:45 (→ 10th place) |
1394_14 | Women's Cross Country
Regina Marunde
Final — 1:57.21 (→ 7th place)
Diving
Men's 3m Springboard
Jan Hempel
Preliminary Heat — 358.26
Semi Final — 219.99
Final — 402.33 (→ 7th place)
Andreas Wels
Preliminary Heat — 405.33
Semi Final — 207.21
Final — 376.35 (→ 12th place)
Women's 3m Springboard
Claudia Bockner
Preliminary Heat — 281.31
Semi Final — 200.19
Final — 255.51 (→ 11th place)
Simona Koch
Preliminary Heat — 239.91
Semi Final — 204.99 (→ did not advance, 16th place)
Women's 10m Platform
Annika Walter
Preliminary Heat — 298.11
Semi Final — 166.14
Final — 313.08 (→ Silver Medal)
Ute Wetzig
Preliminary Heat — 258.93
Semi Final — 151.44
Final — 215.91 (→ 12th place)
Equestrian
Dressage
Isabell Werth ("Gigolo")
Monica Teodorescu ("Grunox")
Martin Schaudt ("Durgo 2")
Klaus Balkenhol ("Goldstern")
Nicole Uphoff-Becker ("Rembrandt") |
1394_15 | Jumping
Ludger Beerbaum ("Ratina Z" and "Gaylord")
Ulrich Kirchhof ("Jus de Pommes")
Franke Sloothaak ("Joly" and "Weihaiweij")
Lars Nieberg ("For Pleasure")
Eventing
Bodo Battenberg ("Sam the Man")
Ralf Ehrenbrink ("Connection L" and "West Star")
Wolfgang Mengers ("Flaming Affair")
Bettina Overesch-Böker ("Watermill Stream")
Hendrik von Paepcke ("Amadeus")
Peter Thomsen ("White Girl")
Fencing
15 fencers, 9 men and 6 women, represented Germany in 1996.
Men's foil
Wolfgang Wienand
Uwe Römer
Alexander Koch
Men's team foil
Alexander Koch, Uwe Römer, Wolfgang Wienand
Men's épée
Marius Strzalka
Arnd Schmitt
Elmar Borrmann
Men's team épée
Elmar Borrmann, Arnd Schmitt, Marius Strzalka
Men's sabre
Felix Becker
Steffen Wiesinger
Frank Bleckmann
Men's team sabre
Felix Becker, Frank Bleckmann, Steffen Wiesinger
Women's foil
Monika Weber-Koszto
Anja Fichtel-Mauritz
Sabine Bau
Women's team foil
Anja Fichtel-Mauritz, Monika Weber-Koszto, Sabine Bau |
1394_16 | Women's épée
Eva-Maria Ittner
Claudia Bokel
Katja Nass
Women's team épée
Claudia Bokel, Eva-Maria Ittner, Katja Nass
Football
Women's Team Competition
Team Roster
Manuela Goller (Grün-Weiß Brauweiler)
Katja Kraus (FSV Frankfurt)
Jutta Nardenbach (TuS Ahrbach)
Birgitt Austermühl (FSV Frankfurt)
Doris Fitschen (TSV Siegen)
Sandra Minnert (FSV Frankfurt)
Kerstin Stegemann (FC Eintracht Rheine)
Dagmar Pohlmann (FSV Frankfurt)
Martina Voss (FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen)
Bettina Wiegmann (Grün-Weiß Brauweiler)
Silvia Neid (TSV Siegen)
Pia Wunderlich (SG Praunheim)
Renate Lingor (SC Klinge Seckach)
Heidi Mohr (TuS Niederkirchen)
Patricia Brocker (TuS Niederkirchen)
Birgit Prinz (FSV Frankfurt)
Head Coach: Gero Bisanz
Gymnastics
Artistic Gymnastics
Men's Competition
Uwe Billerbeck, Valeri Belenki, Oliver Walther, Karsten Oelsch, Marius Toba, Jan-Peter Nikiferov, and Andreas Wecker
Women's Competition
Kathleen Stark and Yvonne Pioch
Handball |
1394_17 | Men's Team Competition
Markus Baur
Jan Fegter
Henning Fritz
Jan Holpert
Holger Löhr
Thomas Knorr
Karsten Kohlhaas
Stephan Kretschmar
Klaus-Dieter Petersen
Christian Scheffler
Martin Schmidt
Martin Schwalb
Christian Schwarzer
Daniel Stephan
Andreas Thiel
Volker Zerbe
Women's Team Competition
Kathrin Blacha
Andrea Bölk
Eike Bram
Csilla Elekes
Michaela Erler
Franziska Heinz
Grit Jurack
Eva Kiss-Györi
Christine Lindemann
Emilia Luca
Heike Murrweiss
Miroslava Ritskiavitchius
Michaela Schanze
Melanie Schliecker
Bianca Urbanke
Marlies Waelzer
Hockey
Men's Team Competition
Preliminary Round (Group A)
Germany — Spain 0—1
Germany — India 1—1
Germany — Pakistan 3—1
Germany — Argentina 3—0
Germany — United States 3—0
Semi Finals
Germany — Netherlands 1—3
Bronze Medal Game
Germany — Australia 2—3 → Fourth place |
1394_18 | Team Roster
Christopher Reitz (gk)
Jan-Peter Tewes
Carsten Fischer
Christian Blunck
Björn Emmerling
Patrick Bellenbaum
Sven Meinhardt
Christoph Bechmann
Oliver Domke
Andreas Becker
Michael Green
Klaus Michler
Volker Fried
Christian Mayerhöfer
Stefan Saliger
Michael Knauth (gk)
Head Coach: Paul Lissek
Women's Team Competition
Preliminary Round Robin
Germany — Argentina 2—0
Germany — Spain 2—1
Germany — Australia 0—1
Germany — Netherlands 3—4
Germany — United States 1—1
Germany — Great Britain 2—3
Germany — South Korea 0—1 → Sixth place
Team Roster
(01.) Susie Wollschläger (gk)
(02.) Birgit Beyer (gk)
(03.) Vanessa van Kooperen
(04.) Philippa Suxdorf
(05.) Nadine Ernsting-Krienke
(06.) Simone Thomaschinski
(07.) Irina Kuhnt
(08.) Melanie Cremer
(09.) Franziska Hentschel
(10.) Tanja Dickenscheid
(11.) Eva Hagenbäumer
(12.) Britta Becker
(13.) Natascha Keller
(14.) Tina Peters
(15.) Heike Lätzsch
(16.) Katrin Kauschke |
1394_19 | Men's Competition
Richard Trautmann (— 60 kg)
Udo Quellmalz (— 65 kg)
Martin Schmidt (— 71 kg)
Stefan Dott (— 78 kg)
Marko Spittka (— 86 kg)
Detlef Knorrek (— 95 kg)
Frank Möller (+ 95 kg)
Women's Competition
Jana Perlberg (— 48 kg)
Alexa von Schwichow (— 52 kg)
Susanne Singer (— 61 kg)
Anja von Rekowski (— 66 kg)
Hannah Ertel (— 72 kg)
Johanna Hagn (+ 72 kg)
Rhythmic gymnastics
Nicole Bittner, Dörte Schiltz, Katharina Wildermuth, Anne Jung, Luise Stäblein, and Katrin Hoffmann
Rowing |
1394_20 | Men's competition
Thomas Lange (Single sculls → Bronze medal)
Sebastian Mayer / Roland Opfer (Double sculls)
Colin von Ettingshausen / Matthias Ungemach (Coxless pair)
André Steiner, Andreas Hajek, Stephan Volkert, and André Willms (Quadruple sculls → Gold medal)
Ike Landvoigt, Stefan Forster, Claas-Peter Fischer, and Stefan Scholz (Coxless four)
Wolfram Huhn, Marc Weber, Detlef Kirchhoff, Mark Kleinschmidt, Thorsten Streppelhoff, Ulrich Viefers, Frank Richter, Roland Baar and Peter Thiede (coxswain) (Eight → Silver medal)
Peter Uhrig / Ingo Euler (Lightweight double sculls)
Tobias Rose, Martin Weis, Michael Buchheit, and Bernhard Stomporowski (Lightweight coxless four) |
1394_21 | Women's competition
Meike Evers (Single sculls)
Jana Thieme / Manuela Lutze (Double sculls)
Kathrin Haacker / Stefani Werremeier (Coxless pair)
Kathrin Boron, Jana Sorgers, Katrin Rutschow, and Kerstin Köppen (Quadruple sculls → Gold medal)
Anja Pyritz, Antje Rehaag, Andrea Gesch, Ina Justh, Kathlen Naser, Dana Pyritz, Michaela Schmidt, Ute Schell and Daniela Neunast (coxswain) (Eight)
Michelle Darvill / Ruth Kaps (Lightweight double sculls)
Sailing
Men's Competition
Michael Fellmann (Finn-Dinghi)
Frank Butzmann / Kai Falkenthal (Star)
Jochen Schümann / Bernd Jäkel / Thomas Flach (Soling → Gold Medal)
Ronald Rensch / Torsten Haverland (470er)
Stefan Warkalla (Laser)
Matthias Bornhäuser (Mistral)
Roland Gäbler / Frank Parlow (Tornado)
Women's Competition
Sibylle Powarzynski (Europe)
Susanne Bauckholt / Katrin Adlkofer (470er)
Shooting
Rifle
Maik Eckhard, Christian Klees, Bernd Rücker, Johann Riederer, Petra Horneber, Bettina Knells, and Kirsten Obel |
1394_22 | Pistol
Ralf Schumann, Hans-Jürgen Neumaier, Daniel Leonhardt, Artur Gevorgian, and Anke Völker
Running Target
Michael Jakosits and Jens Zimmermann
Trap and Skeet
Uwe Möller, Jörg Damme, Bernhard Hochwald, Jan-Henrik Heinrich, Axel Wegner, Waldemar Schanz, Karsten Bindrich, and Susanne Kirchmayer
Swimming
Men's Competition
Men's 50 m Freestyle
Bengt Zikarsky
Heat — 22.68
Swim-off — DSQ
B-Final — 22.73 (→ 10th place)
Alexander Lüderitz
Heat — 23.06 (→ did not advance, 21st place)
Men's 100 m Freestyle
Christian Tröger
Heat — 50.06
B-Final — 49.90 (→ 10th place)
Björn Zikarsky
Heat — 50.38
B-Final — 49.91 (→ 11th place)
Men's 200 m Freestyle
Aimo Heilmann
Heat — 1:49.57
B-Final — 1:48.81 (→ 9th place)
Men's 400 m Freestyle
Jörg Hoffmann
Heat — 3:51.26
Final — 3:52.15 (→ 7th place)
Sebastian Wiese
Heat — 3:53.65
B-Final — 3:52.37 (→ 10th place)
Men's 1500 m Freestyle
Jörg Hoffmann
Heat — 15:18.61
Final — 15:18.86 (→ 7th place) |
1394_23 | Steffen Zesner
Heat — 15:21.65 (→ did not advance, 9th place)
Men's 100 m Backstroke
Ralf Braun
Heat — 55.73
Final — 55.56 (→ 7th place)
Stev Theloke
Heat — 56.26
B-Final — 56.63 (→ 14th place)
Men's 200 m Backstroke
Ralf Braun
Heat — 2:01.50
B-Final — scratched
Men's 100 m Breaststroke
Mark Warnecke
Heat — 1:01.79
Final — 1:01.33 (→ Bronze Medal)
Men's 100 m Butterfly
Oliver Lampe
Heat — 54.56 (→ did not advance, 22nd place)
Men's 200 m Butterfly
Oliver Lampe
Heat — 1:59.87
B-Final — 2:00.08 (→ 12th place)
Chris-Carol Bremer
Heat — 2:00.48
B-Final — 2:01.62 (→ 16th place)
Men's 200 m Individual Medley
Christian Keller
Heat — 2:03.82
B-Final — 2:02.90 (→ 9th place)
Stev Theloke
Heat — 2:04.23
B-Final — 2:03.94 (→ 12th place)
Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
Mark Pinger, Alexander Lüderitz, Bengt Zikarsky, and Björn Zikarsky
Heat — 3:19.27
Christian Tröger, Bengt Zikarsky, Björn Zikarsky, and Mark Pinger
Final — 3:17.20 (→ Bronze Medal) |
1394_24 | Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
Konstantin Dubrovin, Christian Keller, Oliver Lampe, and Steffen Zesner
Heat — 7:22.17
Aimo Heilmann, Christian Keller, Christian Tröger, and Steffen Zesner
Final — 7:17.71 (→ Bronze Medal)
Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
Stev Theloke, Mark Warnecke, Oliver Lampe, and Bengt Zikarsky
Heat — 3:41.30
Ralf Braun, Mark Warnecke, Christian Keller, and Björn Zikarsky
Final — 3:39.64 (→ 4th place)
Women's Competition
Women's 50 m Freestyle
Sandra Völker
Heat — 25.45
Final — 25.14 (→ Bronze Medal)
Simone Osygus
Heat — 26.00
B-Final — 26.16 (→ 14th place)
Women's 100 m Freestyle
Sandra Völker
Heat — 55.55
Final — 54.88 (→ Silver Medal)
Franziska van Almsick
Heat — 55.80
Final — 55.59 (→ 5th place)
Women's 200 m Freestyle
Franziska van Almsick
Heat — 1:59.40
Final — 1:58.57 (→ Silver Medal)
Dagmar Hase
Heat — 2:00.38
Final — 1:59.56 (→ Bronze Medal) |
1394_25 | Women's 400 m Freestyle
Dagmar Hase
Heat — 4:11.17
Final — 4:08.30 (→ Silver Medal)
Kerstin Kielgass
Heat — 4:08.99
Final — 4:09.83 (→ 4th place)
Women's 800 m Freestyle
Dagmar Hase
Heat — 8:33.55
Final — 8:29.91 (→ Silver Medal)
Kerstin Kielgass
Heat — 8:36.33
Final — 8:31.06 (→ 4th place)
Women's 100 m Backstroke
Antje Buschschulte
Heat — 1:02.68
Final — 1:02.52 (→ 6th place)
Anke Scholz
Heat — 1:03.05
B-Final — 1:02.85 (→ 10th place)
Women's 200 m Backstroke
Cathleen Rund
Heat — 2:13.58
Final — 2:12.06 (→ Bronze Medal)
Anke Scholz
Heat — 2:12.73
B-Final — 2:12.90 (→ 4th place)
Women's 100 m Breaststroke
Kathrin Dumitru
Heat — 1:11.92 (→ did not advance, 26th place)
Women's 200 m Breaststroke
Kathrin Dumitru
Heat — 2:37.07 (→ did not advance, 29th place)
Women's 100 m Butterfly
Julia Voitowitsch
Heat — 1:01.47
B-Final — 1:01.14 (→ 12th place)
Women's 200 m Butterfly
Sabine Herbst
Heat — 2:16.66 (→ did not advance, 19th place) |
1394_26 | Women's 200 m Individual Medley
Sabine Herbst
Heat — 2:18.00
B-Final — 2:16.68 (→ 11th place)
Women's 400 m Individual Medley
Sabine Herbst
Heat — 4:45.36
Final — 4:43.78 (→ 4th place)
Cathleen Rund
Heat — 4:55.30 (→ did not advance, 21st place)
Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
Simone Osygus, Antje Buschschulte, Meike Freitag, and Franziska van Almsick
Heat — 3:44.17
Sandra Völker, Simone Osygus, Antje Buschschulte, and Franziska van Almsick
Final — 3:41.48 (→ Bronze Medal)
Women's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
Simone Osygus, Meike Freitag, Anke Scholz, and Franziska van Almsick
Heat — 8:08.58
Franziska van Almsick, Kerstin Kielgass, Anke Scholz, and Dagmar Hase
Final — 8:01.55 (→ Silver Medal)
Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
Antje Buschschulte, Kathrin Dumitru, Franziska van Almsick, and Sandra Völker
Heat — 4:08.95
Antje Buschschulte, Kathrin Dumitru, Franziska van Almsick, and Sandra Völker
Final — 4:09.22 (→ 6th place)
Table tennis |
1394_27 | Men's Competition
Jörg Roßkopf
Steffen Fetzner
Peter Franz
Women's Competition
Jie Schöpp
Nicole Struse
Olga Nemes
Elke Schall
Tennis
Men's Singles Competition
Marc-Kevin Goellner
First Round — Lost to Thomas Enqvist (SWE), 6-7 6-4 4-6
Men's Doubles Competition
David Prinosil and Marc-Kevin Goellner
Women's Singles Competition
Anke Huber
First Round — Defeated Cătălina Cristea (ROM), 2-6 6-4 6-2
Second Round — Defeated Mariaan de Swardt (RSA), 3-6 6-1 6-4
Third Round — Lost to Lindsay Davenport (USA), 1-6 6-3, 3-6
Volleyball
Team Roster
Nancy Celis
Tanja Hart
Karin Horninger
Silvia Roll
Susanne Lahme
Grit Naumann
Hanka Pachale
Ines Pianka
Constanze Radfan
Christine Schultz
Ute Steppin
Claudia Wilke
Head Coach: Sigfried Kohler
Water polo
Men's Team Competition
Ingo Borgmann
Piotr Bukowski
Oliver Dahler
Jörg Dresel
Torsten Dresel
Davor Erjavec
Michael Ilgner
Dirk Klingenberg
Raul de la Peña
René Reimann
Uwe Sterzik
Lars Tomanek
Daniel Voß
Weightlifting |
1394_28 | Andreas Behm (Lightweight)
Ingo Steinhöfel and Andrey Poitschke (Middleweight)
Men's Light-Heavyweight (— 83 kg)
Marc Huster
Final — 170.0 + 212.5 = 382.5 (→ Silver Medal)
Oliver Caruso (Middle-heavyweight)
Igor Sadykov (Heavyweight)
Manfred Nerlinger and Ronny Weller (Super-heavyweight)
Men's Heavyweight (108 kg)
Mario Kalinke
Snatch — 177.5 kg
Clean & Jerk — 212.5 kg
Total — 390.0 kg (→ 9th place)
Dimitri Prochorov
Snatch — 175.0 kg
Clean & Jerk — 215.0 kg
Total — 390.0 kg (→ 11th place)
Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Oleg Kutscherenko (— 48 kg)
Alfred Ter-Mkrtchyan (— 52 kg)
Rifat Yildiz (— 57 kg)
Erik Hahn (— 74 kg)
Thomas Zander (— 82 kg)
Mike Bullmann (— 90 kg)
Rene Schiekel (— 130 kg)
Freestyle
Jürgen Scheibe (— 62 kg)
Alexander Leipold (— 74 kg)
Heiko Balz (— 90 kg)
Aravat Sabejev (— 100 kg)
Sven Thiele (— 130 kg)
Notes
References
Nations at the 1996 Summer Olympics
1996
Summer Olympics |
1395_0 | Sonnet 73, one of the most famous of William Shakespeare's 154 sonnets, focuses on the theme of old age. The sonnet addresses the Fair Youth. Each of the three quatrains contains a metaphor: Autumn, the passing of a day, and the dying out of a fire. Each metaphor proposes a way the young man may see the poet.
Analysis and synopsis |
1395_1 | Barbara Estermann discusses William Shakespeare's Sonnet 73 in relation to the beginning of the Renaissance. She argues that the speaker of Sonnet 73 is comparing himself to the universe through his transition from "the physical act of aging to his final act of dying, and then to his death". Esterman clarifies that throughout the three quatrains of Shakespeare's Sonnet 73; the speaker "demonstrates man's relationship to the cosmos and the parallel properties which ultimately reveal his humanity and his link to the universe. Shakespeare thus compares the fading of his youth through the three elements of the universe: the fading of life, the fading of the light, and the dying of the fire".
The first quatrain is described by Seymour-Smith: "a highly compressed metaphor in which Shakespeare visualizes the ruined arches of churches, the memory of singing voices still echoing in them, and compares this with the naked boughs of early winter with which he identifies himself". |
1395_2 | In the second quatrain, Shakespeare focuses on the "twilight of such day" as death approaches throughout the nighttime. Barbara Estermann states that "he is concerned with the change of light, from twilight to sunset to black night, revealing the last hours of life".
Of the third quatrain, Carl D. Atkins remarks, "As the fire goes out when the wood which has been feeding it is consumed, so is life extinguished when the strength of youth is past". Barbara Estermann says it is concerned with "the fading out of life's energy".
Structure
Sonnet 73 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet. The English sonnet has three quatrains, followed by a final rhyming couplet. It follows the rhyme scheme of the English sonnet form, ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. It is composed in iambic pentameter, a poetic metre that has five feet per line, and each foot has two syllables accented weak then strong. Almost all of the lines follow this without variation, including the second line: |
1395_3 | × / × / × / × / × /
When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang (73.2)
/ = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus.
Structure and metaphors
The organization of the poem serves many roles in the overall effectiveness of the poem. Yet, one of the major roles implied by this scheme revolves around ending each quatrain with a complete phrase. Given the rhyme scheme of every other line within the quatrain, as an audience we are to infer a statement is being made by the end of every four lines. Further, when shifted toward the next four lines, a shift in the overall thought process is being made by the author. |
1395_4 | If Shakespeare's use of a complete phrase within the rhyme scheme implies a statement then the use of a consistent metaphor at the end of each quatrain shows both the author's acknowledgement of his own mortality and a cynical view on aging. This view on aging is interconnected with the inverse introduction of each symbol within the poem. By dropping from a year, to a day, to the brief duration of a fire, Shakespeare is establishing empathy for our speaker through the lapse in time. Additionally, the three metaphors utilized pointed to the universal natural phenomenon linked with existence. This phenomenon involved the realization of transience, decay, and death. |
1395_5 | Overall, the structure and use of metaphors are two connected entities toward the overall progression within the sonnet. Seen as a harsh critic on age, Shakespeare sets up the negative effects of aging in the three quatrains of this poem. These aspects not only take on a universal aspect from the symbols, but represent the inevitability of a gradual lapse in the element of time in general from their placement in the poem. Further, many of the metaphors utilized in this sonnet were personified and overwhelmed by this connection between the speaker's youth and death bed. |
1395_6 | Interpretation and criticism
John Prince says that the speaker is telling his listener about his own life and the certainty of death in his near future. The reader perceives this imminent death and, because he does, he loves the author even more. However, an alternative understanding of the sonnet presented by Prince asserts that the author does not intend to address death, but rather the passage of youth. With this, the topic of the sonnet moves from the speaker's life to the listener's life.
Regarding the last line, "this thou perceivest, which makes thy love more strong, to love that well which thou must leave ere long", Prince asks: |
1395_7 | Why, if the speaker is referring to his own life, does he state that the listener must "leave" the speaker's life? If the "that" in the final line does refer to the speaker's life, then why doesn't the last line read "To love that well which thou must lose ere long?" Or why doesn't the action of leaving have as its subject the "I", the poet, who in death would leave behind his auditor? |
1395_8 | Bernhard Frank criticizes the metaphors Shakespeare uses to describe the passage of time, be it the coming of death or simply the loss of youth. Though lyrical, they are logically off and quite cliché, being the overused themes of seasonal change, sunset, and burn. In fact, the only notably original line is the one concerning leaves, stating that "when yellow leaves, or none, or few do hang, upon those boughs". Logic would require that few should precede none; in fact, if the boughs were bare, no leaves would hang. Frank argues that Shakespeare did this on purpose, evoking sympathy from the reader as they "wish to nurse and cherish what little is left", taking him through the logic of pathos – ruefulness, to resignation, to sympathy. This logic, Frank asserts, dictates the entire sonnet. Instead of moving from hour, to day, to year with fire, then sunset, then seasons, Shakespeare moves backwards. By making time shorter and shorter, the reader's fleeting mortality comes into focus, |
1395_9 | while sympathy for the speaker grows. This logic of pathos can be seen in the images in the sonnet's three quatrains. Frank explains: |
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