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1507_11	Then in 2002, the Supreme Court upheld a lower court decision in Belk v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education which declared that the school system had achieved desegregation status and that the method to achieve integration, like busing, was unnecessary. The refusal of the Court to hear the challenges to the lower court decision effectively overturned the earlier 1971 Swann ruling.
1507_12	Finally, in 2007, the Roberts Court produced a contentious 5–4 ruling in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (PICS). The decision prohibited the use of racial classifications in student assignment plans to maintain racial balance. Whereas the Brown case ruled that racial segregation violated the Constitution, now the use of racial classifications violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment. Writing for the minority, Justice Breyer said the "ruling contradicted previous decisions upholding race-conscious pupil assignments and would hamper local school boards' efforts to prevent 'resegregation' in individual schools". Civil rights movement
1507_13	The struggle to desegregate the schools received impetus from the Civil Rights Movement, whose goal was to dismantle legal segregation in all public places. The movement's efforts culminated in Congress passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Signed by President Lyndon Johnson, the two laws were intended to end discriminatory voting practices and segregation of public accommodations. The importance of these two laws was the injection of both the legislative and executive branches joining the judiciary to promote racial integration. In addition, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 authorized the federal government to cut off funding if Southern school districts did not comply and also to bring lawsuits against school officials who resisted.
1507_14	One argument against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that opponents of the proposed legislation found particularly compelling was that the bill would require forced busing to achieve certain racial quotas in schools. Proponents of the bill, such as Emanuel Celler and Jacob Javits, said that the bill would not authorize such measures. Leading sponsor Sen. Hubert Humphrey wrote two amendments specifically designed to outlaw busing. Humphrey said "if the bill were to compel it, it would be a violation [of the Constitution], because it would be handling the matter on the basis of race and we would be transporting children because of race". While Javits said any government official who sought to use the bill for busing purposes "would be making a fool of himself", two years later the Department of Health, Education and Welfare said that Southern school districts would be required to meet mathematical ratios of students by busing.
1507_15	Sociological study Another catalyst for the development of busing was an influential sociological report on educational equality commissioned by the U.S. government in the 1960s. It was one of the largest studies in history, with more than 150,000 students in the sample. The result was a massive report of over 700 pages. That 1966 report—titled "Equality of Educational Opportunity" (or often simply called the "Coleman Report" after its author James Coleman)—contained many controversial findings. One conclusion from the study was that, while black schools in the South were not significantly underfunded as compared to white schools, and while per-pupil funding did not contribute significantly to differences in educational outcomes, socially disadvantaged black children still benefited significantly from learning in mixed-race classrooms. Thus, it was argued that busing (as opposed to simply increasing funding to segregated schools) was necessary for achieving racial equality.
1507_16	Reaction Before 2007 The impact of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling was limited because whites and blacks tended to live in all-white or all-black communities. Initial integration in the South tended to be symbolic: for example, the integration of Clinton High School, the first public school in Tennessee to be integrated, amounted to the admission of twelve black students to a formerly all-white school.
1507_17	"Forced busing" was a term used by many to describe the mandates that generally came from the courts. Court-ordered busing to achieve school desegregation was used mainly in large, ethnically segregated school systems, including Boston, Massachusetts; Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio; Kansas City, Missouri; Pasadena and San Francisco, California; Richmond, Virginia; Detroit, Michigan; and Wilmington, Delaware. From 1972 to 1980, despite busing, the percentage of blacks attending mostly-minority schools barely changed, moving from 63.6 percent to 63.3 percent. Forced busing was implemented starting in the 1971 school year, and from 1970 to 1980 the percentage of blacks attending mostly-minority schools decreased from 66.9 percent to 62.9 percent. The South saw the largest percentage change from 1968 to 1980 with a 23.8 percent decrease in blacks attending mostly-minority schools and a 54.8 percent decrease in blacks attending 90%-100% minority schools.
1507_18	In some southern states in the 1960s and 1970s, parents opposed to busing created new private schools. The schools, called segregation academies, were sometimes organized with the support of the local White Citizen's Council.
1507_19	For the 1975–76 school year, the Louisville, Kentucky school district, which was not integrated due to whites largely moving to the suburbs, was forced to start a busing program. The first day, 1,000 protestors rallied against the busing, and a few days into the process, 8,000 to 10,000 whites from Jefferson County, Kentucky, many teenagers, rallied at the district's high schools and fought with police trying to break up the crowds. Police cars were vandalized, 200 were arrested, and people were hurt in the melee, but despite further rallies being banned the next day by Louisville's mayor, demonstrators showed up to the schools the following day. Kentucky Governor Julian Carroll sent 1,800 members of the Kentucky National Guard and stationed them on every bus. On September 26, 1975, 400 protestors held a rally at Southern High School, which was broken up by police tear gas, followed by a rally of 8,000 the next day, who marched led by a woman in a wheelchair to prevent police
1507_20	reprisals while cameras were running. Despite the protests, Louisville's busing program continued.
1507_21	Congressional opposition to busing continued. Delaware senator (and future 46th US President) Joe Biden said "I don't feel responsible for the sins of my father and grandfather," and that busing was "a liberal train wreck." In 1977, senators William Roth and Biden proposed the "Biden-Roth" amendment. This amendment "prevented judges from ordering wider busing to achieve actually-integrated districts." Despite Biden's lobbying of other senators and getting the support of Judiciary Committee Chairman James Eastland, "Biden-Roth" narrowly lost.
1507_22	After 2007
1507_23	Civil rights advocates see the 2007 joint ruling on Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1 and Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education of the Roberts court as the inevitable consequence of gradual court decisions dating back to the early 1970s to ease judicial supervision and limit important tools to achieve integrated schools. Even those school districts that voluntarily created race-conscious programs are under pressure to abandon these efforts as the white parents are refusing to participate in any pupil assignment programs. In some cases, white parents filed reverse discrimination lawsuits in court. Wherever the courts have backed away from mandating school districts to implement desegregation plans, resegregation of Blacks and Latinos has increased dramatically. In 1988, 44 percent of southern black students were attending majority-white schools. In 2005, 27 percent of black students were attending majority white schools. By restricting the
1507_24	tools by which schools can address school segregation, many fear that the PICS decision will continue to accelerate this trend. The ruling reflects the culmination of the conservatives' central message on education, as alleged by the liberal Civil Rights Project, that "race should be ignored, inequalities should be blamed on individuals and schools, and existing civil rights remedies should be dismantled". In 2001 Congress passed the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) which was promptly signed by President George W. Bush. The law put a premium on student testing, not integration, to measure academic progress. Financial penalties were incurred on schools if students did not demonstrate adequate academic performance. While initially supported by Democrats, critics say the law has failed to adequately address the achievement gap between whites and minorities and that there are problems with implementation and inflexible provisions.
1507_25	Criticism
1507_26	Support for the practice is influenced by the methodology of the study conducted. In a Gallup poll taken in the early 1970s, very low percentages of whites (4 percent) and blacks (9 percent) supported busing outside of local neighborhoods. However, a longitudinal study has shown that support for desegregation busing among black respondents has only dropped below 50% once from 1972 to 1976 while support among white respondents has steadily increased. This increased support may be due to the diminished impact of desegregation policies over time. A 1978 study by the RAND Corporation set out to find why whites were opposed to busing and concluded that it was because they believed it destroyed neighborhood schools and camaraderie and increased discipline problems. It is said that busing eroded the community pride and support that neighborhoods had for their local schools. After busing, 60 percent of Boston parents, both black and white, reported more discipline problems in schools. In the
1507_27	1968, 1972, and 1976 presidential elections, candidates opposed to busing were elected each time, and Congress voted repeatedly to end court-mandated busing.
1507_28	Some critics of busing cited increases in distance to schools. However, segregation of schools often entailed far more distant busing. For example, in Tampa, Florida, the longest bus ride was nine miles under desegregation whereas it was 25 miles during segregation. Critics point out that children in the Northeast were often bused from integrated schools to less integrated schools. The percentage of Northeastern black children who attended a predominantly black school increased from 67 percent in 1968 to 80 percent in 1980 (a higher percentage than in 1954). Busing is claimed to have accelerated a trend of middle-class relocation to the suburbs of metropolitan areas. Many opponents of busing claimed the existence of "white flight" based on the court decisions to integrate schools. Such stresses led white middle-class families in many communities to desert the public schools and create a network of private schools.
1507_29	Ultimately, many black leaders, from Wisconsin State Rep. Annette Polly Williams, a Milwaukee Democrat, to Cleveland Mayor Michael R. White led efforts to end busing. In 1978, a proponent of busing, Nancy St. John, studied 100 cases of urban busing from the North and did not find what she had been looking for; she found no cases in which significant black academic improvement occurred, but many cases where race relations suffered due to busing, as those in forced-integrated schools had worse relations with those of the opposite race than those in non-integrated schools. Researcher David Armour, also looking for hopeful signs, found that busing "heightens racial identity" and "reduces opportunities for actual contact between the races". A 1992 study led by Harvard University Professor Gary Orfield, who supports busing, found black and Hispanic students lacked "even modest overall improvement" as a result of court-ordered busing.
1507_30	Asian-American students, who were segregated in some school systems, often thrived academically. During the 1970s, 60 Minutes reported that some members of Congress, government, and the press who supported busing most vociferously sent their own children to private schools, including Senator Ted Kennedy, George McGovern, Thurgood Marshall, Phil Hart, Ben Bradlee, Senator Birch Bayh, Tom Wicker, Philip Geyelin, and Donald Fraser. Many of the judges who ordered busing also sent their children to private schools. Economist Thomas Sowell wrote that the stated premise for school busing was flawed, as de facto racial segregation in schools did not necessarily lead to poor education for black students.
1507_31	Effects Busing integrated school age ethnic minorities with the larger community. The Milliken v. Bradley Supreme Court decision that busing children across districts is unconstitutional limited the extent of busing to within metropolitan areas. This decision made suburbs attractive to those who wished to evade busing. Some metropolitan areas in which land values and property-tax structures were less favorable to relocation saw significant declines in enrollment of whites in public schools as white parents chose to enroll their children in private schools. Currently, most segregation occurs across school districts as large cities have moved significantly toward racial balance among their schools.
1507_32	Recent research by Eric Hanushek, John Kain, and Steven Rivkin has shown that the level of achievement by black students is adversely affected by higher concentrations of black students in their schools. Additionally, the impact of racial concentration appears to be greatest for high-achieving black students. Historical examples Boston, Massachusetts In 1965 Massachusetts passed into law the Racial Imbalance Act, which ordered school districts to desegregate or risk losing state educational funding. The first law of its kind in the nation, it was opposed by many in Boston, especially less-well-off white ethnic areas, such as the Irish-American neighborhoods of South Boston and Charlestown, Boston.
1507_33	Springfield, Massachusetts Unlike Boston, which experienced a large degree of racial violence following Judge Arthur Garrity's decision to desegregate the city's public schools in 1974, Springfield quietly enacted its own desegregation busing plans. Although not as well-documented as Boston's crisis, Springfield's situation centered on the city's elementary schools. Much of the primary evidence for Springfield's busing plans stemmed from a March 1976 report by a committee for the Massachusetts Commission on Civil Rights (MCCR). According to the report, 30 of the city's 36 elementary schools were grouped into six separate districts during the 1974–75 school year, and each district contained at least one racially imbalanced school. The basic idea behind the "six-district" plan was to preserve a neighborhood feeling for school children while busing them locally to improve not only racial imbalances, but also educational opportunities in the school system.
1507_34	Charlotte, North Carolina
1507_35	Charlotte operated under "freedom of choice" plans until the Supreme Court upheld Judge McMillan's decision in Swann v. Mecklenburg 1971. The NAACP won the Swann case by producing evidence that Charlotte schools placed over 10,000 white and black students in schools that were not the closest to their homes. Importantly, the Swann v. Mecklenburg case illustrated that segregation was the product of local policies and legislation rather than a natural outcome. In response, an anti-busing organization titled Concerned Parents Association (CPA) was formed in Charlotte. Ultimately, the CPA failed to prevent busing. In 1974, West Charlotte High school even hosted students from Boston to demonstrate the benefits of peaceful integration. Since Capacchione v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools in 1999, however, Charlotte has once again become segregated. A report in 2019 shows that Charlotte-Mecklenburg schools are as segregated as they were before the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954.
1507_36	Kansas City, Missouri In 1985, a federal court took partial control of the Kansas City, Missouri School District (KCMSD). Since the district and the state had been found severally liable for the lack of integration, the state was responsible for making sure that money was available for the program. It was one of the most expensive desegregation efforts attempted and included busing, a magnet school program, and an extensive plan to improve the quality of inner city schools. The entire program was built on the premise that extremely good schools in the inner-city area combined with paid busing would be enough to achieve integration.
1507_37	Las Vegas, Nevada In May 1968, the Southern Nevada chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) filed a lawsuit against the Clark County School District (CCSD). The NAACP wanted the CCSD to acknowledge publicly, and likewise, act against the de facto segregation that existed in six elementary schools located on the city's Westside. This area of Las Vegas had traditionally been a black neighborhood. Therefore, the CCSD did not see the need to desegregate the schools, as the cause of segregation appeared to result from factors outside of its immediate control.
1507_38	The case initially entered the Eighth Judicial District Court of Nevada, but quickly found its way to the Nevada Supreme Court. According to Brown II, all school desegregation cases had to be heard at the federal level if they reached a state's highest court. As a result, the Las Vegas case, which became known as Kelly v. Clark County School District, was eventually heard by the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. On May 10, 1972, the Ninth Circuit handed down its decision in favor of the NAACP, which therefore required the CCSD to implement a plan for integration. The CCSD then instituted its Sixth Grade Center Plan, which converted the Westside's six elementary schools into sixth-grade classrooms where nearly all of the school district's sixth graders (black and white alike) would be bused for the 1972–73 school year.
1507_39	Los Angeles, California
1507_40	In 1963, a lawsuit, Crawford v. Board of Education of the City of Los Angeles, was filed to end segregation in the Los Angeles Unified School District. The California Supreme Court required the district to come up with a plan in 1977. The board returned to court with what the court of appeal years later would describe as "one of if not the most drastic plan of mandatory student reassignment in the nation". A desegregation busing plan was developed, to be implemented in the 1978 school year. Two suits to stop the enforced busing plan, both titled Bustop, Inc. v. Los Angeles Board of Education, were filed by the group Bustop Inc., and were petitioned to the United States Supreme Court. The petitions to stop the busing plan were subsequently denied by Justice Rehnquist and Justice Powell. California Constitutional Proposition 1, which mandated that busing follow the Equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution, passed in 1979 with 70 percent of the vote. The Crawford v. Board of
1507_41	Education of the City of Los Angeles lawsuit was heard in the Supreme Court in 1982. The Supreme Court upheld the decision that Proposition 1 was constitutional, and that, therefore, mandatory busing was not permissible.
1507_42	Nashville, Tennessee In comparison with many other cities in the nation, Nashville was not a hotbed of racial violence or massive protest during the civil rights era. In fact, the city was a leader of school desegregation in the South, even housing a few small schools that were minimally integrated before the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954. Despite this initial breakthrough, however, full desegregation of the schools was a far cry from reality in Nashville in the mid-1950s, and thus 22 plaintiffs, including black student Robert Kelley, filed suit against the Nashville Board of Education in 1955.
1507_43	The result of that lawsuit was what came to be known as the "Nashville Plan", an attempt to integrate the public schools of Nashville (and later all of Davidson County when the district was consolidated in 1963). The plan, beginning in 1957, involved the gradual integration of schools by working up through the grades each year starting in the fall of 1957 with first graders. Very few black children who had been zoned for white schools showed up at their assigned campus on the first day of school, and those who did met with angry mobs outside several city elementary schools. No white children assigned to black schools showed up to their assigned campuses.
1507_44	After a decade of this gradual integration strategy, it became evident that the schools still lacked full integration. Many argued that Housing Segregation was the true culprit in the matter. In 1970 the Kelley case was reintroduced to the courts. Ruling on the case was Judge Leland Clure Morton, who, after seeking advice from consultants from the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, decided the following year that to correct the problem, forced busing of the children was to be mandated, among the many parts to a new plan that was finally decided on. This was a similar plan to that enacted in Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools in Charlotte, North Carolina, the same year.
1507_45	What followed were mixed emotions from both the black and white communities. Many whites did not want their children to share schools with black children, arguing that it would decrease the quality of their education. While a triumph for some, many blacks believed that the new plan would enforce the closure of neighborhood schools such as Pearl High School, which brought the community together. Parents from both sides did not like the plan because they had no control over where their children were going to be sent to school, a problem that many other cities had during the 1970s when busing was mandated across the country. Despite the judge's decision and the subsequent implementation of the new busing plan, the city stood divided.
1507_46	As in many other cities across the country at this time, many white citizens took action against the desegregation laws. Organized protests against the busing plan began before the order was even official, led by future mayoral candidate Casey Jenkins. While some protested, many other white parents began pulling their children out of the public schools and enrolling them in the numerous private schools that began to spring up almost overnight in Nashville in the 1960s and 1970s. Many of these schools continued to be segregated through the 1970s. Other white parents moved outside of the city limits and eventually outside the Davidson County line so as not to be part of the Metropolitan District and thus not part of the busing plan.
1507_47	In 1979 and 1980, the Kelley case was again brought back to the courts because of the busing plan's failure to fully integrate the Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools (MNPS). The plan was reexamined and reconfigured to include some concessions made by the school board and the Kelley plaintiffs and in 1983 the new plan, which still included busing, was introduced. However, problems with "white flight" and private schools continued to segregate MNPS to a certain degree, a problem that has never fully been solved.
1507_48	Pasadena, California
1507_49	In 1970 a federal court ordered the desegregation of the public schools in Pasadena, California. At that time, the proportion of white students in those schools reflected the proportion of whites in the community, 54 percent and 53 percent, respectively. After the desegregation process began, large numbers of whites in the upper and middle classes who could afford it pulled their children from the integrated public school system and placed them into private schools instead. As a result, by 2004 Pasadena became home to 63 private schools, which educated one-third of all school-aged children in the city, and the proportion of white students in the public schools had fallen to 16 percent. In the meantime, the proportion of whites in the community has declined somewhat as well, to 37 percent in 2006. The superintendent of Pasadena's public schools characterized them as being to whites "like the bogey-man", and mounted policy changes, including a curtailment of busing, and a publicity
1507_50	drive to induce affluent whites to put their children back into public schools.
1507_51	Prince George's County, Maryland In 1974, Prince George's County, Maryland, became the largest school district in the United States forced to adopt a busing plan. The county, a large suburban school district east of Washington, D.C., was over 80 percent white in population and in the public schools. In some county communities close to Washington, there was a higher concentration of black residents than in more outlying areas. Through a series of desegregation orders after the Brown decision, the county had a neighborhood-based system of school boundaries. However, the NAACP argued that housing patterns in the county still reflected the vestiges of segregation. Against the will of the Board of Education of Prince George's County, the federal court ordered that a school busing plan be set in place. A 1974 Gallup poll showed that 75 percent of county residents were against forced busing and that only 32 percent of blacks supported it.
1507_52	The transition was very traumatic as the court ordered that the plan be administered with "all due haste". This happened during the middle of the school term, and students, except those in their senior year in high school, were transferred to different schools to achieve racial balance. Many high school sports teams' seasons and other typical school activities were disrupted. Life in general for families in the county was disrupted by things such as the changes in daily times to get children ready and receive them after school, transportation logistics for extracurricular activities, and parental participation activities such as volunteer work in the schools and PTA meetings.
1507_53	The federal case and the school busing order was officially ended in 2001, as the "remaining vestiges of segregation" had been erased to the court's satisfaction. Unfortunately, the ultimate result has been resegregation through changes to county demographics, as the percentage of white county residents dropped from over 80% in 1974 to 27% in 2010. Neighborhood-based school boundaries were restored. The Prince George's County Public Schools was ordered to pay the NAACP more than $2 million in closing attorney fees and is estimated to have paid the NAACP over $20 million over the course of the case.
1507_54	Richmond, Virginia
1507_55	In April 1971, in the case Bradley v. Richmond School Board, Federal District Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr., ordered an extensive citywide busing program in Richmond, Virginia. When the massive busing program began in the fall of 1971, parents of all races complained about the long rides, hardships with transportation for extracurricular activities, and the separation of siblings when elementary schools at opposite sides of the city were "paired", (i.e., splitting lower and upper elementary grades into separate schools). The result was further white flight to private schools and to suburbs in the neighboring counties of Henrico and Chesterfield that were predominantly white. In January 1972, Merhige ruled that students in Henrico and Chesterfield counties would have to be bused into the City of Richmond in order to decrease the high percentage of black students in Richmond's schools. This order was overturned by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals on June 6, 1972, barring forced busing
1507_56	schemes that made students cross county/city boundaries. (Note: Since 1871, Virginia has had independent cities which are not politically located within counties, although some are completely surrounded geographically by a single county. This distinctive and unusual arrangement was pivotal in the Court of Appeals decision overturning Merhige's ruling). The percentage of white students in Richmond city schools declined from 45 to 21 percent between 1960 and 1975 and continued to decline over the next several decades. By 2010 white students accounted for less than 9 percent of student enrollment in Richmond. This so-called "white flight" prevented Richmond schools from ever becoming truly integrated. A number of assignment plans were tried to address the non-racial concerns, and eventually, most elementary schools were "unpaired".
1507_57	Wilmington, Delaware In Wilmington, Delaware, located in New Castle County, segregated schools were required by law until 1954, when, due to Belton v. Gebhart (which was later rolled into Brown v. Board of Education on appeal), the school system was forced to desegregate. As a result, the school districts in the Wilmington metropolitan area were split into eleven districts covering the metropolitan area (Alfred I. duPont, Alexis I. duPont, Claymont, Conrad, De La Warr, Marshallton-McKean, Mount Pleasant, New Castle-Gunning Bedford, Newark, Stanton, and Wilmington school districts). However, this reorganization did little to address the issue of segregation, since the Wilmington schools (Wilmington and De La Warr districts) remained predominantly black, while the suburban schools in the county outside the city limits remained predominantly white.
1507_58	In 1976, the U.S. District Court, in Evans v. Buchanan, ordered that the school districts of New Castle County all be combined into a single district governed by the New Castle County Board of Education. The District Court ordered the Board to implement a desegregation plan in which the students from the predominantly black Wilmington and De La Warr districts were required to attend school in the predominantly white suburb districts, while students from the predominantly white districts were required to attend school in Wilmington or De La Warr districts for three years (usually 4th through 6th grade). In many cases, this required students to be bused a considerable distance (12–18 miles in the Christina School District) because of the distance between Wilmington and some of the major communities of the suburban area (such as Newark).
1507_59	However, the process of handling an entire metropolitan area as a single school district resulted in a revision to the plan in 1981, in which the New Castle County schools were again divided into four separate districts (Brandywine, Christina, Colonial, and Red Clay). However, unlike the 1954 districts, each of these districts was racially balanced and encompassed inner city and suburban areas. Each of the districts continued a desegregation plan based upon busing.
1507_60	The requirements for maintaining racial balance in the schools of each of the districts was ended by the District Court in 1994, but the process of busing students to and from the suburbs for schooling continued largely unchanged until 2001, when the Delaware state government passed House Bill 300, mandating that the districts convert to sending students to the schools closest to them, a process that continues . In the 1990s, Delaware schools would utilize the Choice program, which would allow children to apply to schools in other school districts based on space. Wilmington High, which, many felt, was a victim of the busing order, closed in 1998 due to dropping enrollment. The campus would become home to Cab Calloway School of the Arts, a magnet school focused on the arts that was established in 1992. It would also house Charter School of Wilmington, which focuses on math and science, and opened up in 1996.
1507_61	Delaware currently has some of the highest rates in the nation of children who attend private schools, magnet schools, and charter schools, due to the perceived weaknesses of the public school system.
1507_62	Indianapolis, Indiana Institutional racial segregation was coming to light in Indianapolis in the late 1960s as a result of Civil Rights reformation. U.S. District Judge S. Hugh Dillin issued a ruling in 1971 which found the Indianapolis Public Schools (IPS) district guilty of de jure racial segregation. Beginning in 1973, due to federal court mandates, some 7,000 African-American students began to be bused from the IPS district to neighboring township school corporations within Marion County. These townships included Decatur, Franklin, Perry, Warren, Wayne, and Lawrence townships. This practice continued on until 1998, when an agreement was reached between IPS and the United States Department of Justice to phase out inter-district, one-way busing. By 2005, the six township school districts no longer received any new IPS students. Re-segregation
1507_63	According to the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University, the desegregation of U.S. public schools peaked in 1988; since then, schools have become more segregated because of changes in demographic residential patterns with continuing growth in suburbs and new communities. Jonathan Kozol has found that as of 2005, the proportion of black students at majority-white schools was at "a level lower than in any year since 1968". Changing population patterns, with dramatically increased growth in the South and Southwest, decreases in old industrial cities, and much increased immigration of new ethnic groups, have altered school populations in many areas.
1507_64	School districts continue to try various programs to improve student and school performance, including magnet schools and special programs related to the economic standing of families. Omaha proposed incorporating some suburban districts within city limits to enlarge its school-system catchment area. It wanted to create a "one tax, one school" system that would also allow it to create magnet programs to increase diversity in now predominantly white schools. Ernest Chambers, a 34-year-serving black state senator from North Omaha, Nebraska, believed a different solution was needed. Some observers said that in practical terms, public schools in Omaha had been re-segregated since the end of busing in 1999.
1507_65	In 2006, Chambers offered an amendment to the Omaha school reform bill in the Nebraska State Legislature which would provide for creation of three school districts in Omaha according to current racial demographics: black, white, and Hispanic, with local community control of each district. He believed this would give the black community the chance to control a district in which their children were the majority. Chambers' amendment was controversial. Opponents to the measure described it as "state-sponsored segregation".
1507_66	The authors of a 2003 Harvard study on re-segregation believe current trends in the South of white teachers leaving predominantly black schools is an inevitable result of federal court decisions limiting former methods of civil rights-era protections, such as busing and affirmative action in school admissions. Teachers and principals cite other issues, such as economic and cultural barriers in schools with high rates of poverty, as well as teachers' choices to work closer to home or in higher-performing schools. In some areas black teachers are also leaving the profession, resulting in teacher shortages.
1507_67	Education conservatives argue that any apparent separation of races is due to patterns of residential demographics not due to court decisions. They argue that the Brown decision has been achieved and that there is no segregation in the way that existed before the ruling. They further argue that employing race to impose desegregation policies discriminates and violates Browns central warning of using racial preferences. See also Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska Morgan v. Hennigan School segregation in the United States References Further reading
1507_68	David S. Ettinger, "The Quest to Desegregate Los Angeles Schools," Los Angeles Lawyer, vol. 26 (March 2003). Brian Daugherity and Charles Bolton (eds.), With All Deliberate Speed: Implementing Brown v. Board of Education. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 2008. . Jones, Nathaniel R. "Milliken v. Bradley: Brown's Troubled Journey North." Fordham Law Review 61 (1992): 49+ Online. K'Meyer, Tracy E. From Brown to Meredith: The Long Struggle in School Desegregation in Louisville, Kentucky, 1954–2007. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. . Lassiter, Matthew. The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005. . J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985. . McAndrews, Lawrence J. "Missing the bus: Gerald Ford and school desegregation." Presidential Studies Quarterly 27.4 (1997): 791-804 Online.
1507_69	Lillian B. Rubin, Busing and Backlash: White Against White in an Urban School District. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1972. . Wells, Amy Stuart. Both Sides Now: The Story of School Desegregation's Graduates. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2009. .
1507_70	External links The Legacy of School Busing NPR Money And School Performance: Lessons from the Kansas City Desegregation Experiment by Paul Ciotti. Policy Analysis, CATO Institute. A Boston judge's experiment in social engineering has unraveled neighborhoods and frustrated black achievement. Hoover Institution. 25 Years of Forced Busing. Good Riddance to a Bad Idea, at Adversity.net John Joseph Moakley Oral History Project, Garrity Decision Oral History Interviews. Suffolk University Archives; Boston, MA. The Freedom House, Inc. records 1941–1996 (M16) are available at Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department. The Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity records 1961–2005 (M101) are available at Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department. Digitized primary sources related to busing for school desegregation in Boston from various libraries and archives are available via Digital Commonwealth.
1507_71	Busing in Boston: A research guide. Moakley Archive & Institute, Suffolk University. Image of students from South Central Los Angeles riding a school bus to Van Nuys, California, 1977. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
1507_72	Education issues Race and education in the United States School segregation in the United States Student transport Bus transportation in the United States
1508_0	The following events occurred in January 1949:
1508_1	January 1, 1949 (Saturday) A United Nations-sponsored ceasefire ended the Indo-Pakistani War in a stalemate and the division of Kashmir. In the Indonesian conflict, Dutch authorities proclaimed that fighting on Java was at an end with the exception of "rebellious elements." The International University Sports Federation was formed. In college bowl games across the United States, the Northwestern Wildcats defeated the California Golden Bears 20-14 in the Rose Bowl, the Texas Longhorns beat the Georgia Bulldogs 41-28 in the Orange Bowl, the West Virginia Mountaineers defeated the Texas Western Miners 21-12 in the Sun Bowl, the Oklahoma Sooners beat the North Carolina Tar Heels 14-6 in the Sugar Bowl and the SMU Mustangs beat the Oregon Webfoots 21-13 in the Cotton Bowl Classic.
1508_2	Evergreen Park, Illinois resident James T. Mangan established the Nation of Celestial Space (or Celestia), a micronation that claimed ownership of the entirety of outer space. Mangan would actively pursue claims of behalf of Celestia until his death in 1970. Born: Max Azria, fashion designer, in Sfax, Tunisia (d. 2019) Died: William H. Lewis, 80, American football player, coach and first African-American United States Attorney
1508_3	January 2, 1949 (Sunday) The Vatican announced rejection of an offer from the Hungarian government to enter negotiations on the status of the Catholic Church in Hungary. Vatican officials made it known that the offer could not be considered as long as Cardinal József Mindszenty remained in jail. The Battles of the Sinai in the Arab-Israeli War ended when Israeli forces withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula. At Boeing Field in Seattle, a Douglas DC-3 skidded down an ice-coated runway until it struck a hangar and burst into flames, killing all 3 crew and 11 of the 27 passengers aboard. The chartered plane was for Yale University students returning to school from Christmas vacation. Luis Muñoz Marín took office as the 1st Governor of Puerto Rico. Born: Christopher Durang, playwright, in Montclair, New Jersey Died: Harold Grimwade, 79, Australian businessman and general
1508_4	January 3, 1949 (Monday) The final major combat operation of the Arab-Israeli War was launched when the Battle of Rafah began, as Israel attempted to encircle all Egyptian forces in Palestine and drive them back to Egypt. The 81st United States Congress convened. 37 people were reported killed by tornadoes in Warren, Arkansas. The US Supreme Court decided Lincoln Union v. Northwestern Co., upholding the rights of states to bar the closed shop. Died: Alexander Drankov, 62, Russian photographer, cameraman and filmmaker January 4, 1949 (Tuesday) A UN Security Council committee of six experts issued a plan for settlement of the Berlin currency control dispute. The plan called for creation of separate banking systems for East and West Berlin as well as a new bank of issue for the entire city under Big Four supervision. The RMS Caronia of the Cunard Line departed Southampton on her maiden voyage to New York.
1508_5	January 5, 1949 (Wednesday) US President Harry S. Truman gave the annual State of the Union address to Congress, putting forth an ambitious set of proposals known as the Fair Deal. Dutch paratroopers took the Sumatran city of Rengat and, according to eyewitness accounts, carried out a massacre of civilians there. Dutch authorities listed the event as an "incident" in which about 80 "non-combatants" died, but Indonesian estimates place the number killed in the thousands. Died: Lily Yeats, 82, Irish embroiderer January 6, 1949 (Thursday) Nuri al-Said became Prime Minister of Iraq for the fifth time. Born: Carolyn D. Wright, poet, in Mountain Home, Arkansas (d. 2016) Died: Victor Fleming, 59, American film director; Gennaro Righelli, 62, Italian actor and filmmaker
1508_6	January 7, 1949 (Friday) A new ceasefire in the Arab-Israeli War went into effect. Five RAF reconnaissance planes were shot down by the Israelis near Rafah. George Marshall resigned as United States Secretary of State due to health reasons. President Truman named Dean Acheson as Marshall's successor. Several clashes were reported to have broken out between Burmese and separatist Karen tribesmen over a series of Christmas Eve incidents in which Burmese military police allegedly massacred 200 Karen men and women who were attending religious services in the Mergui district of Burma. This was the beginning of the Karen conflict, one of the longest-running civil wars in the world. Born: Chavo Guerrero Sr., professional wrestler, in El Paso, Texas (d. 2017) Died: Suehiko Shiono, 69, Japanese lawyer and politician
1508_7	January 8, 1949 (Saturday) The Air Ministry stated that British aircraft "have now been instructed to regard as hostile any Jewish aircraft encountered over Egyptian territory." "All I Want for Christmas (Is My Two Front Teeth)" by Spike Jones and His Orchestra topped the Billboard singles chart. Died: Yoshijirō Umezu, 67, Japanese general January 9, 1949 (Sunday) Israel made an official protest to the United Nations concerning British forces recently landed at Aqaba, which Israel considered a hostile act. A freak four-day snowfall began in the Los Angeles area, depositing almost a foot of snow on the San Fernando Valley and wreaking havoc on citrus growers. Born: Mary Roos, singer and actress, in Bingen am Rhein, Germany Died: Tommy Handley, 56, British comedian; Martin Grabmann, 74, German catholic priest and scholar
1508_8	January 10, 1949 (Monday) President Truman submitted the annual federal budget to Congress. The budget called for expenditure of a peacetime record $41.858 billion dollars and projected a deficit of $873 million, which the president said should be transformed into a surplus by raising taxes. Alexander Papagos became Commander-in-Chief of Greek land forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War. The Huaihai Campaign ended in Communist victory. RCA Victor introduced the 45 RPM record to compete with Columbia's 33⅓. Born: George Foreman, boxer, in Marshall, Texas; Linda Lovelace, adult film actress, as Linda Boreman in the Bronx, New York (d. 2002)
1508_9	January 11, 1949 (Tuesday) The US State Department said it had "no immediate plans" to comply with a request from Communist Hungary to return the 950-year old crown of King Saint Stephen, which had been found by American troops hidden in an Austrian salt mine in 1945. The Battle of Jiulianshan ended in failure for the Nationalists. WDTV (known today as KDKA-TV) went on the air in Pittsburgh, providing the first "network" connecting Pittsburgh and 13 other cities from Boston to St. Louis. Born: Daryl Braithwaite, singer, in Melbourne, Australia Died: Nelson Doubleday, 59, American book publisher and president of Doubleday Company
1508_10	January 12, 1949 (Wednesday) The Communists closed within artillery range of Beijing and began shelling the city. Prices and wages in France were frozen by government decree in an effort to check inflation. The drama film noir The Accused starring Loretta Young and Robert Cummings opened in New York City. Born: Ottmar Hitzfeld, footballer and manager, in Lörrach, Germany; Haruki Murakami, writer, in Kyoto, Japan; Wayne Wang, film director, in British Hong Kong January 13, 1949 (Thursday) On the island of Rhodes, Israeli and Egyptian representatives began armistice negotiations with UN mediator Ralph Bunche. Durban Race riots began in South Africa over a rumor that an African boy had been killed by an Indian pushcart peddler. Born: Brandon Tartikoff, president of NBC, in Freeport, New York (d. 1997) Died: Eduardo Barrón, 60, Spanish aeronautical engineer and military pilot
1508_11	January 14, 1949 (Friday) A statement from Mao Zedong was broadcast over Chinese radio announcing his conditions for peace in the Civil War. Mao's demands included abolition of the Kuomintang government, punishment of war criminals and the convocation of a political consultative conference to establish a new coalition government. Poland signed the largest deal made by an Eastern European country since the end of the war when it concluded a trade agreement with Britain providing for an exchange of goods over the next five years worth £260 million. Born: Lawrence Kasdan, screenwriter, director and producer, in Miami, Florida Died: Juan Bielovucic, 59, Peruvian aviator; Harry Stack Sullivan, 56, American psychiatrist; Joaquín Turina, 69, Spanish composer
1508_12	January 15, 1949 (Saturday) In China, the Communists completed the conquest of the important industrial city of Tianjin. Three days of the worst race rioting in the history of South Africa ended with 105 dead. Poland and the Soviet Union signed a commercial agreement providing for a 35% increase in trade between the two countries. Born: Bobby Grich, baseball player, in Muskegon, Michigan January 16, 1949 (Sunday) Şemsettin Günaltay became 8th Prime Minister of Turkey. Born: Caroline Munro, actress and model, in Windsor, Berkshire, England
1508_13	January 17, 1949 (Monday) BSAA Star Ariel disappearance: An Avro Tudor of British South American Airways disappeared over the Atlantic Ocean on a flight from Bermuda to Kingston, Jamaica with 20 on board. The speculation resulting from the disappearance of the plane helped fuel the legend of the Bermuda Triangle. The Smith Act trial of 11 leading American Communists charged with plotting the overthrow of the US government opened in New York City. The Volkswagen Beetle was introduced to the United States when Dutch businessman Ben Pon arrived on a ship with two Beetles, striving to establish a dealer network in America. Due to their small size and a stigma associated with German products in the years after the war, Pon found no takers and the Beetle would not catch on in America for several more years. A television version of the popular radio show The Goldbergs premiered on CBS. The program would become one of TV's first hit sitcoms, running through 1955.
1508_14	Born: Gyude Bryant, politician and businessman, in Monrovia, Liberia (d. 2014); Andy Kaufman, entertainer, actor and performance artist, in New York City (d. 1984); Mick Taylor, guitarist for John Mayall's Bluesbreakers and The Rolling Stones, in Welwyn Garden City, England
1508_15	January 18, 1949 (Tuesday) Spain decreed that starting July 1, a gift of $230 US would be given to working class newlyweds to "help the labouring masses to found new homes and numerous families." Born: Philippe Starck, industrial designer, in Paris, France January 19, 1949 (Wednesday) The Nationalist Chinese government served official notice on foreign diplomats that it was moving its capital from Nanjing to Guangzhou. The Congress of Industrial Organizations, Trades Union Congress and Dutch Federation of Labour abandoned the World Federation of Trade Unions, charging that it was Communist-dominated. The Poe Toaster was first documented as appearing at the grave of Edgar Allan Poe on the anniversary of the author's birthday. Born: Robert Palmer, singer, in Batley, England (d. 2003); Dennis Taylor, snooker player and commentator, in Coalisland, Northern Ireland
1508_16	January 20, 1949 (Thursday) The second inauguration of Harry S. Truman was held in Washington, D.C. It was the first US presidential inauguration to be televised. The romantic drama film A Letter to Three Wives starring Jeanne Crain, Linda Darnell and Ann Sothern was released. Born: Göran Persson, 31st Prime Minister of Sweden, in Vingåker, Sweden Born: Syed raisul hassan, Technichion and nevy, in Lucknow, India January 21, 1949 (Friday) Chiang Kai-shek stepped down as President of the Republic of China. Vice President Li Zongren became acting president. Dean Acheson became United States Secretary of State. The United States extended diplomatic recognition to the junta governments of Venezuela and El Salvador. The State Department emphasized that doing so did not "imply any judgement whatsoever as to the domestic policy" of either regime. Died: Joseph Cawthorn, 80, American actor
1508_17	January 22, 1949 (Saturday) The headquarters of Nationalist Chinese military leader Fu Zuoyi announced an agreement "to shorten the civil war and to satisfy the public desire for peace" by allowing Beijing to peacefully come under control of the Communists. The report of the Lynskey tribunal appeared in Britain, clearing all those involved except John Belcher and George Gibson. "A Little Bird Told Me" by Evelyn Knight hit #1 on the Billboard singles chart. Born: Steve Perry, lead singer of the rock band Journey, in Hanford, California Died: Henry Slocum, 86, American tennis player January 23, 1949 (Sunday) General elections were held in Japan. The Democratic Liberal Party won 269 of the 466 seats. Bozo the Clown made his TV debut on Bozo's Circus airing Sunday evenings on KTTV Los Angeles, with Pinto Colvig as the original Bozo. Died: Joseph Wright Harriman, 81, American businessman convicted of bank fraud in a highly-publicized 1934 court case
1508_18	January 24, 1949 (Monday) The treason trial of "Axis Sally" Mildred Gillars opened in Washington. France announced de facto recognition of the State of Israel. Born: John Belushi, actor, comedian and singer, in Chicago, Illinois (d. 1982); Nikolaus Brender, journalist, in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany January 25, 1949 (Tuesday) The first elections for the Constituent Assembly were held in newly independent Israel. The Mapai led by David Ben-Gurion won a plurality of seats. The first Emmy Awards were presented at the Hollywood Athletic Club in Los Angeles. Pantomime Quiz won Most Popular Television Program. Died: Makino Nobuaki, 87, Japanese statesman
1508_19	January 26, 1949 (Wednesday) Franz von Papen was freed by a denazification court in Nuremberg, which ruled that he was only a class 2 offender and that the four years he had already served in prison were sufficient punishment. Von Papen had his personal property restored but was barred from holding public office, voting, and writing or making speeches on public affairs. The Australian nationality law came into effect, determining for the first time who is and who is not an Australian citizen. Born: David Strathairn, actor, in San Francisco, California January 27, 1949 (Thursday) The Chinese steamer Taiping sank after a collision with a cargo ship near Zhoushan, killing over 1,500 people. Actor Tyrone Power and actress Linda Christian were married in Rome. Born: Djavan, singer-songwriter, in Maceió, Brazil
1508_20	January 28, 1949 (Friday) The UN Security Council voted 8-0 to approve a plan to transfer sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies to a new United States of Indonesia by July 1950. Dutch delegate Herman van Roijen attacked the plan as amounting to imposing a UN "guardianship" over his country and warned that it would lead to lawlessness and disorder if implemented. Rebels in the Karen conflict occupied Bassein. Born: Mike Moore, 34th Prime Minister of New Zealand, in Whakatane, New Zealand (d. 2020); Gregg Popovich, basketball coach, in East Chicago, Indiana Died: Jean-Pierre Wimille, 40, French racing driver (killed during a practice run) January 29, 1949 (Saturday) Britain granted de facto recognition to the State of Israel. Born: Tommy Ramone, drummer of punk rock band the Ramones, as Tamás Erdélyi in Budapest, Hungary (d. 2014) Died: Jakub Karol Parnas, 65, Jewish-Polish-Soviet biochemist (died mysteriously in prison)
1508_21	January 30, 1949 (Sunday) Paraguayan President Juan Natalicio González was overthrown by a coup led by Defense Minister Raimundo Rolón. In an interview with a reporter from the International News Service, Joseph Stalin said he had "no objection" to meeting with President Truman at some mutually acceptable place to discuss a US-Soviet peace pact. Born: Peter Agre, biologist and Nobel laureate, in Northfield, Minnesota January 31, 1949 (Monday) The Pingjin Campaign ended in decisive Communist victory when the Fourth Field Army of the People's Liberation Army entered Beijing to take over the city. The United States extended full diplomatic recognition to Israel and Transjordan. The soap opera television show These Are My Children premiered on NBC. Although the show only lasted a month, it is widely credited as the first daytime soap opera in TV history. Born: Johan Derksen, footballer and sports journalist, in Heteren, Netherlands; Ken Wilber, philosopher, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
1508_22	References 1949 1949-01 1949-01
1509_0	Lukáš Haraslín (born 26 May 1996) is a Slovak professional footballer who plays as a right-winger for Sparta Prague on loan from Sassuolo in Serie A and the Slovak national team. Club career Parma For two seasons Haraslín was a player of Parma's Primavera team. Over the two seasons he collected 29 league caps for the team and scored 11 goals, playing most of the matches as a winger. He marked his debut in Primavera against Juventus on 2 November 2013. He came on as a substitute for Marco Boscolo Zemelo in the 54th minute. Parma lost the game 2–3. Just a week later Haraslín was already a part of the starting line-up for a 1–0 victory over Bologna. His season was however cut short by an injury, that stopped him from playing between January and March, leading to only 9 starts during the season. Still, by the end of the season, Haraslín managed to score his first two goals against Modena in a 5–0 win, on 12 April 2014.
1509_1	In the subsequent season, Haraslín played over twice as many games (20), scoring 9 goals, particularly between November and January, when he scored in 5 of 7 games he started, tallying a total of 7 goals. This won him promotion for the senior team as he made an Italian senior side and Serie A debut on 1 February 2015 against Milan. Haraslín replaced Silvestre Varela in the 77th minute of the 1–3 loss at San Siro. In May Haraslín returned to the senior team, as he substituted Abdelkader Ghezzal, in a match against Fiorentina (0–3 loss). Lechia Gdańsk On 7 July 2015, Haraslín joined Lechia Gdańsk on a three-year deal, although an apparent interest was reported from numerous clubs, yet some only requested Haraslín on a loan.
1509_2	Haraslín debuted for Lechia on 16 August 2015 a wild 3–3 tie against Wisła Kraków. Although he was only fielded in the second half, coming on as a substitute for Bruno Nazário, he scored just after 6 minutes on the pitch, setting the score to 2–2. The following week, Haraslín scored 2 in a 3–1 win over Górnik Łęczna. In late October Haraslín suffered an injury that kept him out of action until early December. After he returned, he played in almost all of the games, although mostly as a substitute. He completed the season with 3 goals in 20 games. His play time increased in 2016–17 season. While he did not surpass the 3 goals from previous season, he played in 26 games. Between July and mid-August, in the first 5 rounds of Ekstraklasa, Haraslín was sidelined due to a facial injury. Until March 2017, he played mostly as a substitute, but affirmed a place in the starting line-up in the last ten matches of the season.
1509_3	At the beginning of the 2017–18 season it was announced the Haraslín had extended his contract with Lechia. The new deal was a two-year one, set to expire in June 2020. During the season, however, Haraslín only made 11 appearances as cruciate ligament rupture suffered in late-July 2017, had kept him off the pitch until late-March 2018. Since turning professional, this was Haraslín's first season when he failed to score a goal.
1509_4	After his worst season in Lechia, so far, Haraslín came back for the 2018–19 in the best form yet. From the start of the season he had a solid place in the starting-XI. On 25 August 2018, in an away victory over Pogoń Szczecin, in the 49th minute of the game Haraslín scored his first competitive goal for Lechia after more than a 15 months, setting the score to 1–1. Steven Vitória and Adam Chrzanowski also contributed to the 3–2 win. During this season, which was one of Lechia's most successful in recent history, Haraslín scored 4 league goals and recorded at least 8 assists. After 32 rounds, after Ekstraklasa had split into two groups - Championship and Relegation, Lechia remained on the first place of the league table, while tied on points with Legia Warsaw. However, on matchday 33, on 27 April 2019, Lechia lost a home game at Stadion Energa Gdańsk again Legia 1–3 despite Haraslín's opening header goal in the 17th minute, after a cross from Konrad Michalak. The loss saw Lechia drop
1509_5	to the second place, with only 4 matches of the season remaining. Lechia completed the season with a third place, as they were also overcome by later champions Piast Gliwice. The third place tied Lechia's previous best performance from the 1956 season.
1509_6	During the season, in addition to 4 league goals, Haraslín scored his first Polish Cup goal in a second round 3–1 victory over Resovia Rzeszów, after a pass from Jarosław Kubicki. Unlike in the league, Lechia managed to triumph in this competition, beating Jagiellonia Białystok 1–0 in the final. Haraslín played the entire match at Warsaw's Stadion Narodowy. While this was Haraslín's first trophy in Poland, his fellow Slovak goalkeeper Dušan Kuciak won his 5th cup trophy this season. The victory made Lechia eligible for a 2nd qualifying round of the Europa League, with Gdańsk hosting the final of that edition.
1509_7	Additionally to this success, at the end of 2018, Haraslín was named Lechia's fan-favourite and in January 2019 it was reported that Galatasaray had notable interest in Haraslín's services, yet even Inter Milan, A.S. Roma, Atalanta Bergamo and Dijon were reportedly interested. The transfer, however, was put on hold, as Lechia was in a battle for the championship. In an article published on 17 May 2019 Michał Gałęzewski notes, that Lechia appears to lack a replacement for Haraslín and while a move was expectable and comprehensible, he noted it may not happen. Rafał Sumowski from trojmiasto.pl web-portal also noted that the que of future potential employers appeared to be lacking, even in late-May, due to an injury and not-as-good performances during the spring part of the season. Haraslín started in Polish Cup final game against Jagiellonia Białystok playing most of the game as Lechia won the cup. Haraslín also played an important role during the 2018–19 season as Lechia finished third
1509_8	in the season, Lechia's joint highest finish in the league.
1509_9	The 2019–20 season saw Lechia qualify for the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League and saw them play in the Polish SuperCup. Haraslín scored twice in the SuperCup final as Lechia beat Piast Gliwice 3–1. In the Europa League Lechia were drawn against Brøndby IF. Haraslín played in both games as Lechia lost the tie 5–3 on aggregate. Haraslín made his 100th appearance for Lechia in July 2019 against Wisła Kraków. In total Haraslín made 121 appearances for Lechia with 16 goals in all competitions. Sassuolo In January 2020 Haraslín went on loan to Italian side Sassuolo, with the club having an obligation to buy at the end of the loan period. Sparta Prague In August 2021 Haraslín went on loan to Czech side Sparta Prague, with the club having an obligation to buy at the end of the loan period. International career For over two years Haraslín was listed as an alternate in the national team nominations. This trend began under Ján Kozák and continued for the first two nominations under Pavel Hapal.
1509_10	Haraslín's first nomination to the national team happened on 28 May 2019 when Hapal called him up for a double fixture in June - a home friendly against Jordan, to which, unusually, 29 players were called-up and a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying fixture against Azerbaijan, played away on 11 June 2019. The squad was to be reduced to 23 players for the latter fixture. Hapal was the coach who brought Bénes into public eye in Slovakia, during the successful 2017 UEFA U-21 Euro campaign. Subsequently, the core of the U21 squad became known as Hapal's children, including Haraslín himself.
1509_11	Haraslín managed to make an impressive debut against Jordan at the Štadión Antona Malatinského in Trnava on 7 June 2019. Although Miroslav Stoch played on the right wing in the first half, Hapal had fielded Haraslín for the second half, among other changes, as Slovakia was one down after a counter-attack goal by Musa Al-Taamari. Haraslín however very quickly changed the offensive dynamics for Slovakia, scoring an early equaliser in his debut match, after less than 5 minutes on the pitch, by a solo through the defensive line, which followed a pass from Ján Greguš, beating Jordanian veteran international Amer Shafi with a right foot shot. As Haraslín utilised his speed against the tiring Jordanian defenders, who had just recently completed the fasting of Ramadan, he managed to create a penalty shot opportunity for Greguš, as he was fouled by Ihsan Haddad. Greguš converted the penalty to set the score to 3–1 (Martin Chrien scored the second goal). It was however revealed in the replay
1509_12	that Haraslín was fouled outside of the penalty area. Haraslín collected another impressive assist less than five minutes later, as he found himself in the corner of the pitch in a one-on-one situation against Bara' Marei and he managed to cross the ball into the area, with his back to the goal. The ball had bounced in front of Róbert Boženík, but was netted by Samuel Mráz within 60 seconds of his arrival onto the pitch. Mihalík's goal later on had concluded the score at 5–1.
1509_13	After the match, it was consensually agreed in the media and among the fans, that Haraslín deserved that title unofficial of the man of the match in his debut. He impressed Hapal enough to guarantee him an extra spot in the reduced nomination for the Baku fixture on 11 June, as Hapal removed one less player than he had promised. Personal life On 27 October 2020, Haraslín tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in Italy. Career statistics Club International goals As of match played on 14 November 2021. Scores and results list Slovakia's goal tally first. Honours Lechia Gdańsk Polish Cup: 2018–19 Polish SuperCup: 2019 External links Rai Sport profile References
1509_14	1996 births Living people Sportspeople from Bratislava Slovak footballers Slovakia under-21 international footballers Slovakia youth international footballers Slovakia international footballers Slovak expatriate footballers Association football midfielders Parma Calcio 1913 players Lechia Gdańsk players U.S. Sassuolo Calcio players Serie A players Ekstraklasa players UEFA Euro 2020 players Expatriate footballers in Poland Slovak expatriate sportspeople in Poland Expatriate footballers in Italy Slovak expatriate sportspeople in Italy AC Sparta Prague players

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