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1527_29 | External links |
1527_30 | Institute for Levinassian Studies. Complete primary and secondary bibliography, a search engine for Levinas's texts, and more
The Levinas Online Bibliography (Prof. dr. Joachim Duyndam, editor-in-chief), levinas.nl Hosted by the University of Humanistics, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Annual Levinas Philosophy Summer Seminar, Director: Richard A. Cohen * Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Emmanuel Levinas," by Bettina Bergo.
Books by a Levinas scholar
The Emmanuel Levinas web page by Peter Atterton. Includes a short biography.
New York Times obituary.
North American Levinas Society: Resources, Calls for Papers, Announcements
Levinas and Anarchism. Articles and Research Tools by Mitchell Cowen Verter
Michael R. Michau. "On Escape," a review of Levinas's De L'êvasion, Other Voices, January 2005.
A Century with Levinas: Celebration of Emmanuel Levinas Centennial · January 1–December 31, 2006
.
Espacethique: Emmanuel Levinas and the ethic of responsibility. |
1527_31 | Institut d'études Lévinassiennes.
Levinas Studies: An Annual Review.
Société Internationale de Recherche Emmanuel Levinas. |
1527_32 | 1906 births
1995 deaths
20th-century French non-fiction writers
20th-century French philosophers
20th-century French theologians
20th-century historians
Continental philosophers
Critical theorists
Cultural critics
Epistemologists
Existentialist theologians
French ethicists
French male non-fiction writers
French male writers
French Orthodox Jews
French people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Heidegger scholars
Holocaust studies
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
Jewish ethicists
Jewish existentialists
Lithuanian emigrants to France
Lithuanian ethicists
Lithuanian Orthodox Jews
Lithuanian philosophers
Metaphysicians
Moral philosophers
Ontologists
Writers from Kaunas
Phenomenologists
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of ethics and morality
Philosophers of history
Philosophers of Judaism
Philosophers of mind
Philosophers of religion
Relational ethics
Social commentators
Social critics
Social philosophers
Talmudists
University of Freiburg alumni |
1527_33 | University of Fribourg faculty
University of Paris faculty
University of Poitiers faculty
University of Strasbourg alumni |
1528_0 | is a 2009 Japanese fantasy slice of life anime series produced by OLM's Team Kamei division, officially based on the Tamagotchi digital pet jointly created by Bandai and WiZ. It is directed by Jōji Shimura (Pokémon) and written by Aya Matsui (Boys Over Flowers), with character designs done by Sayuri Ichiishi, Shouji Yasukazu and Miwa Sakai. It officially aired on TV Tokyo and other affiliate stations in Japan from 12 October 2009 to 3 September 2012, lasting for seven seasons. |
1528_1 | The series is the third Tamagotchi anime produced since Saa Ikou! Tamagotchi and a follow-up to the movie Tamagotchi: Happiest Story in the Universe!. After the series' airing, it has gained three anime sequels, two manga adaptations and ten light novel adaptations by Kadokawa Shoten. Although several episodes of the first Tamagotchi anime have been dubbed in select countries, the full anime has never aired outside of Japan. The series ended in March 2015 and was replaced by Kamisama Minarai: Himitsu no Cocotama on its initial timeslot.
Story arcs
The anime is divided into three official arcs, the Tamagotchi Town Chapter for the first series, the Dream Town Chapter for the 2nd series and the Tamagottsun Chapter for the 3rd series. Alongside the main story, several mini-segments were officially shown throughout the anime, with each segment differs from season to season. |
1528_2 | (Eps 1–143)
The first chapter of the series which consists of three official arcs, the , focusing on Lovelitchi and her double life as Lovelin, the , which focuses on the friendship between Lovelitchi and Meloditchi and the which focuses on the legend of the Tama Hearts.
(Eps 144–221)
The second chapter of the series consisting of the Yume Kira Arc (Tamagotchi! Yume Kira Dream), focusing on Yumemitchi and Kiraritchi's dream on becoming idols and the Dreambakutchi Arc (Tamagotchi! Miracle Friends) which focuses on Miraitchi and Clulutchi's desire on returning to the future.
Tamagottsun Chapter (Eps 222-271)
The third chapter focusing on meeting and reunion of the characters from the past series, as well as two new characters, Neenetchi and Orenetchi. It focuses more on the interaction between friends of both towns. |
1528_3 | Plot
Tamagotchi! |
1528_4 | Following the events of Tamagotchi: Happiest Story in the Universe!, Mametchi, Memetchi, Kuchipatchi, and all other Tamagotchi Planet residents move on with their daily lives. However, a very famous Tamagotchi idol named Lovelin moves to Tamagotchi Town to host a footrace. The following day, at school, a shy, yet sweet new girl named Lovelitchi came to class. Little were her classmates aware that she was actually Lovelin. Poor experiences in prior schools caused Lovelitchi to decide to keep her Lovelin identity a secret when transferring to Tamagotchi School. After Mametchi told Lovelitchi he sees her as a Tama-Friend, she soon gets nervous due to the fact that Tama-Friends are never dishonest with each other. On Mametchi's birthday, Lovelitchi announced that she was, indeed, Lovelin. She feared that her newly made friendships would come to an end, but everyone was quick to forgive her, and she was relieved. Daily life continued from that point until a legend about "The Kuchipatchi of |
1528_5 | Truth" was learned about by Mametchi, Memetchi, and Kuchipatchi. It caused a variety of shenanigans, included being teleported back in time and Lovelitchi's cell phone, Telelin, coming to life. Not long after the legend of The Kuchipatchi of Truth was discovered, an outgoing violinist named Melodytchi moves to Tamagotchi Town. Lovelitchi quickly became friends with her and they became an idol and violinist duet, performing many songs together. Not too long afterward, a bright and optimistic fashion designer named Moriritchi moves in and quickly became Tama-Friends with the cast, especially Lovelitchi and Melodytchi. Shortly after, a human girl named Tomomi arrives on Tamagotchi Planet following a malfunction from one of Mametchi's inventions. At that time, a new conflict unfolds; the legend of the Tama-Hearts. These mythical hearts were floating about on Tamagotchi Planet, and if they weren't found in time, Tamagotchi Planet would face a permanent curse. Mametchi created Tama-Profies, |
1528_6 | devices that could store the Tama-Hearts shortly after they were uncovered, and gave them to Lovelitchi and Melodytchi. Every time a Tama-Heart was found, Lovelitchi and Melodytchi would take out their Tama-Profies and store the Tama-Heart inside. At one time around that time, a mysterious Tamagotchi named Kizunatchi got out of the devices and offered to help with the search. Not long after, Tomomi leaves to return to the Earth and a new Tamagotchi girl with a massive crush on Mametchi, Himespetchi, arrives and agrees to help with the search. With all the Tama-Hearts eventually found and stored in the Tama-Profies, citizens of Tamagotchi Town were soon turning into eggs. This was the beginning for what may be a permanent curse in Tamagotchi Planet, and if the Tama-Hearts weren't returned to their respective pillars on Heart Island in time, a rather unhappy ending is rest assured. Luckily, The Tamagotchis make it to Heart Island just before the curse gets any worse and manage to store |
1528_7 | the Tama-Hearts in their proper pillars. The sky then darkens, making them think something awful is bound to happen. Mametchi, Lovelitchi, Melodytchi, Memetchi, Kuchipatchi, and Himespetchi each made their hopes on the Tamagotchi Planet being Okay and the Egg curse to being stopped. Kizunatchi, only able to do so much to stop the curse, descended in a manner that saddened her Tama-Friends and made them run towards her, screaming her name. Kizunatchi soon changed appearance and ended the egg curse once and for all. Everyone was turned back to their regular selves and, after a tearful farewell to Kizunatchi, everything went back to normal. Ms. Perfect called Mametchi, Memetchi, and Kuchipatchi, and announced that the three Tamagotchis have won the Robotic Soccer Tournament and that they would be transferring to Dream Town in light of their Victory. The entire class was surprised, especially Mametchi, Memetchi, and Kuchipatchi. Makiko remarked that the three will need to leave Tamagotchi |
1528_8 | Town, making Himespetchi tear up in the thought that her love was leaving. |
1528_9 | Tamagotchi! Yume Kira Dream |
1528_10 | Following Ms. Perfect's announcement, Mametchi, Memetchi, and Kuchipatchi take to Dream Town by plane. Each of them were given Home-Stay residences by the Principle of Dream School. Kuchipatchi's was a fancy restaurant named Dream Hakken, and Memetchi's was a beautiful salon called Salon de Dream. While this seemed like paradise for Kuchipatchi, Memetchi, and Mametchi's home stay wasn't quite the same way. He did a homestay in a garage with an elder Tamagotchi named Ikaritchi, who didn't think very fond of him. Meanwhile, shifting to another story, Yumemitchi, the sweet daughter of a wealthy Tamagotchi family, meets up with her best Tama-Friend, Kiraritchi. The girls achieve so much more together than either one could on their own, and they share a dream; to become famous idols, which was inspired by a duet called D2. Yumemitchi and Kiraritchi see D2 as role models, and after dancing and singing to help get a lion's thorn out of its paw at a circus, a fortune-telling Tamagotchi gives |
1528_11 | them mythical bags called Yume Kira Bags, which must be used with careful consideration and must be kept secret from other Tamagotchis. Not long afterward, a surprise awaits Mametchi and friends; Himespetchi returns to reunite with her crush and to fulfill her dream of being Mametchi's bride. The Yume Kira Bags cause Yumemitchi and Kiraritchi to undergo disguise and assist other Tamagotchis with tight situations. One Christmas in Dream Town, a Tamagotchi named Yumecantchi emerges from the bags to help the two after Yumemitchi wished for a Tama-Pet of her own. While Yumemitchi admires her cute charms, Kiraritchi thinks it is an overreaction. Not long after, Mametchi refused to take any more of Ikaritchi's mistreatment for him and ran away, trying to find a new homestay. The next day, a friendly pianist named Pianitchi came to Dream Town to reunite with her mother, Cafe Mama, who runs Music Cafe. She befriended Mametchi and helped him change Ikaritchi's ways. After Ikaritchi was |
1528_12 | reminded about a childhood memory picking apples with a friend, he finally displays his courteous side to Mametchi, and parted Dream Town to sell the apples. Mametchi has since done a homestay at Music Cafe with Pianitchi. Yumemitchi, Kiraritchi, Memetchi, Pianitchi, and Himespetchi soon formed a band called the Kira Kira Girls. After an important performance, Dream Town learned that Himespetchi had to leave under her parents' request. After a tearful farewell, a talkative make-up artist named Coffretchi moved in and agreed to take Himespetchi's place in the Kira Kira Girls' band. Later on, after Yumemitchi and Kiraritchi make frequent use of the Yume Kira Bag, a Tamagotchi named Nandetchi notices the true identities and decided to take photos of them and show them to Dream School, much to the girls' humiliation. After reconsolidation, Nandetchi tore up the photos. Yumemitchi and Kiraritchi then learned it was time to return the Yume Kira Bags and Yumecantchi back to the fortune |
1528_13 | teller that gave them the items. Not long afterward, Yumemitchi and Kiraritchi then leave Dream Town and go to Melody Land to study idolism and make their dream come true. |
1528_14 | Tamagotchi! Miracle Friends |
1528_15 | Sometime after Yumemitchi and Kiraritchi pursuit their dream at a new destination, a new story is to be told, and this one is about time. Two Twin sisters were Home sweet Home in Dream Town of the Future. Miraitchi, the one-day older twin, is a little more sarcastic, which Clulutchi, the one-day younger twin, is a little more serious. One day, a mysterious face that calls himself X-Kamen lets loose eight mythical Tama-Pets called Dreambakutchis. The father of the twins, Doctor Future, orders them to go retrieve the Dreambakutchis. Miraitchi and Clulutchi use pocket designers, devices that provide outfits necessary for fulfilling tasks and assignments, to give Miraitchi wings and Clulutchi a hoverboard. While Miraitchi enjoyed flying, Clulutchi feared it. Despite different receptions on taking to the skies, the twins retrieve most of the Dreambakutchis. However, Purplebakutchi, the only one still flying, does something which causes Watchlin, the living watch owned by the twins, to |
1528_16 | malfunction and send everyone back in time. At that time frame, Mametchi, Memetchi, Kuchipatchi, Pianitchi and Coffretchi were doing homework. That evening, both of the twins were famished, so they headed over to Music Cafe and were warmly welcomed by Mametchi and Pianitchi. Miraitchi and Clulutchi made a request for Mametchi and Tama-Friends; to assist them in getting back the Dreambakutchis so they can go back home, and all 5 Tamagotchis agreed. X-Kamen was still as much of an obstacle in the present as he was in the future. For the time being, Miraitchi and Clulutchi both attended Dream School, when a mysterious boy named Smartotchi was also attending. Pianitchi was quite fond of Smartotchi due to his exceptional piano playing, but little were the Tamagotchis aware that he was X-Kamen in a "normal" disguise. Miraitchi and Clulutchi also wanted to become fashion designers and did a homestay with Madamtchi, owner of the miracle shop, as a result. Smartotchi eventually informed |
1528_17 | Miraitchi, Clulutchi and friends that he is actually X-Kamen, and turned from a foe to a friend. Not long after, a cheerful young girl named Candy Paku Paku, a close friend of the twins, also teleported to the past and agreed to help find the Dreambakutchis. After all 8 were found, Miraitchi, Clulutchi, Smartotchi and Candy Paku Paku, despite being reluctant to bid farewell to their friends, did so and returned to the future. . |
1528_18 | GO-GO Tamagotchi! |
1528_19 | Every thousand years on Tamagotchi Planet, continents collide in an event called the Tamagottssun, causing Tamagotchi Town and Dream Town to fuse as "DoriTama Town". Mametchi, Memetchi and Kuchipatchi reunited with Lovelitchi, Melodytchi, Moriritchi, Himespetchi, Yumemitchi, Kiraritchi and numerous other characters that left previously. Miraitchi, Clulutchi and Candy Paku Paku also return to the past to reunite, but Smartotchi didn't for unknown reasons. A massive reunion took place as the Tamagotchis learn about the legends of the Tamagottssun in a wonderful world. Towards Tamagottssun's conclusion, though, something tragic happens; The Tamagotchi Planet itself is crying, limiting the supply of water available. If Tamagotchi Planet wasn't cheered up in time, it would be a permanent drought and the Tamagotchi species would become extinct because just like humans, Tamagotchis need water to survive. Luckily, with a lot of work and effort, Tamagotchi Planet cheered up, Tamagotchi Town |
1528_20 | and Dream Town returned to their normal, non-fused statuses and everyone was home with their families. That, however, didn't stop Mametchi from creating his most developed invention ever; the DoriTama Rainbow. It is a special flying submarine-like vehicle that permitted transportation all across Tamagotchi Planet, meaning that the bonds the citizens of Tamagotchi Town made with the citizens of Dream Town and vice versa can last forevermore. After flashbacks from several episodes from the past few seasons, Mametchi and all his Tama-Friends thanked the viewers for watching and everyone waved goodbye to the viewers to show that the anime has officially ended. |
1528_21 | Development
The series was officially meant as a follow-up to the previous series Let's Go! Tamagotchi, uniting the staff from OLM's Team Kamei division, who produced the two movie adaptations. The official voice actors from the movies reprise their roles in the new series with the format of the anime has two stories per one episode, which became full episodes on the later years. The series ran from October 2009 to 3 September 2012 lasting up to 143 episodes.
One of the locations of the anime, the Tamagotchi Street, or Tama-Street for short is officially based on the real-life Takeshita Street in Harajuku, Tokyo, where the Tamagotchi Department Store is found. Production staff do a location research of the place and transitioned it into the Anime during development. |
1528_22 | Starting Episode 144 in 2012, Team Kamei went on to develop the second series , focusing on the three main characters studying abroad in Dream Town and the lives of both Yumemitchi and Kiraritchi who dream of becoming idols one day. The second series aired from 10 September 2012 to 29 August 2013. From November 2013 to December 2014, Bandai America divided and dubbed the first 7 episodes of Yume Kira Dream as a series of 14 webisodes for the Tamagotchi Friends website. In 2013, Team Wasaki replaced Team Kamei on the anime's production to produce the third series , that aired from 5 September 2013 to 27 March 2014 starting with Episode 193. It focuses on the twins Miraritchi and Clulutchi who must search for the Dreambakutchis for them to return to the future. |
1528_23 | In 2014, the fourth and final series, is produced, revolving around the reunion between characters from Tamagotchi Town and Dream Town after the Tamagottsun event, fusing both towns into DoriTama Town. The series began airing on 3 April 2014 starting with Episode 222.
Media
Anime
The first anime series officially aired in all TX Network Stations, including TV Tokyo and TV Osaka from 12 October 2009 to 3 September 2012, replacing both the Japanese broadcast of Lilo & Stitch: The Series and Hikaru no Go on their respected timeslots. It also aired in the Japanese Pay-for-View channel Animax. The series gained its official English broadcast in Australia and aired in the TV network GO! (Only the first 26 episodes were dubbed in English, and it isn't likely that dubbing will continue, as GO! no longer airs Tamagotchi!) and also aired in Hong Kong and Taiwan through TVB and YoYo TV. It also aired in the Philippines through GMA Network. |
1528_24 | The second series titled first began its airing from 10 September 2012 to 29 August 2013. The series changed timeslot on 25 March 2013, being replaced with the show Why Did You Come to Japan? to its new timeslot on 4 April 2013 Thursday. Bandai America divided and dubbed the first seven episodes of this series as webisodes for the Tamagotchi Friends website (There is a total of 14 webisodes, and every two contain a scene from one of the first seven Tamagotchi! Yume Kira Dream episodes.) |
1528_25 | The third series, officially aired from 5 September 2013 to 27 March 2014 with a total of 29 episodes, making it the shortest Tamagotchi season ever released. The fourth and final series titled began airing on 3 April 2014 and ended on 26 March 2015. No new episodes have been broadcast since then, although a rebroadcast series called Tamagotchi! Tama Tomo Daishū GO! began airing on 2 April 2015 and ended on 29 September 2015. This marked the first and only series in the franchise to include Live-Action Segments. |
1528_26 | A short film based on the series, Eiga Tamagotchi: Himitsu no Otodoke Dai Saisuken!, which is set at another universe and was released along with Himitsu no Cocotama movie on 28 April 2017. The short film centers around the Tama-Friends, who are assigned to deliver a package to the Gotchi King, when a giant mechanical claw controlled by the Spacy Brothers intervenes with the delivery. The short was also Nijifuwatchi's first appearance and the first movie was never written by Aya Matsui. However, this short film will lend the revival of the anime is still unknown, due to the show being in limbo.
Each of the anime series were released in DVD by Bandai Visual in Japan. The first series is also released online through the streaming service Bandai Channel, focusing on each mini-arc. |
1528_27 | Cancellation
Before the anime was officially ended as for March 2015 and was replaced by Kamisama Minarai: Himitsu no Cocotama in its initial timeslot, the franchise notice that the "Tamagotchi 4U" sales went downhill as expected. Aya Matsui, the main writer of the series already left the team as well. However, the franchise still made more merchandise even though the anime ended.
Manga
A manga series based on the series titled is serialized on Shogakukan's Shojo Magazine Pucchigumi from February 2010 to December 2011. The Manga is written and illustrated by Yasukon and three tankōbon volumes were collected. A second manga series titled is also done by Yasukon and serialized in Pucchigumi. Only one tankōbon volume is released.
Light novel
An ongoing Light Novel series based on the anime series is released as part of Kadokawa's Tsubasa Bunko label on 11 March 2011, written by both Aya Matsui and Anna Mari. The adaptation only adapts certain arcs and episodes of the anime series. |
1528_28 | Music
The music of the anime is officially composed by the group Aozora, who composes songs on various Bandai Commercials. |
1528_29 | The first anime had 4 opening and 7 ending songs. The first opening song is titled , on which has 7 Versions: The first version is sung by Yuria Nara, the second version is done by Kei Shindo, Yuko Sanpei and Nanae Kato, the third version is done by Ryoka Yuzuki, Akemi Okamura and Asami Yaguchi, the fourth version is done by Yuko Gibu, Satomi Kōrogi and Rie Kugimiya, the fifth version is done by Tomoko Kaneda, Hinako Sasaki and Kei Shindo, the sixth version is done by Rie Kugimiya, Satomi Kōrogi, Kana Uetake and Yuko Sanpei and the seventh is done by the main cast of the series. The second opening song is titled Like & Peace!, the third opening is titled and the fourth opening is titled I★my★me★mine, all performed by Dream5. The first ending song is titled by Shōko Haida, the second ending is titled by mao, the third ending theme is titled by both Kei Shindo and Yuko Sanpei, the fourth ending is titled Smiling! by Lay, the fifth ending is titled |
1528_30 | by Shu-I, the sixth ending is titled by Asian Engineer and the seventh ending is titled by Dream5. |
1528_31 | The second series only had two opening and two ending themes. The first opening song is titled by Dream5 and the second opening theme is titled by both Misato Fukuen and Megumi Toyoguchi under the band name . The first ending theme is titled by Dream5 and the ending theme is by Rie Kugimiya, Asami Yaguchi, Yuko Sanpei and Mariya Ise under the band name .
The third series only had two songs prior to its short run. The first opening is titled by Emiri Katō and Chiwa Saitō and the ending theme is titled by Rie Kugimiya.
The fourth series also has two theme songs. The opening song is titled by hitomi for the first 25 episodes and by Rie Kugimiya for the rest of the season. The first ending theme is titled RAINBOW by Hitomi and the second ending is titled Baby I by Ariana Grande featuring Taro Hakase. |
1528_32 | Video games
Several Video Games based on the anime were all officially released by Bandai Namco Games in Japan. The first game of the series, is first released on 5 November 2009 for the Nintendo DS. The second game in the series, is released on 17 July 2010 as part of the Corner Shop series. The third game, is released on 11 November 2010. The fourth, is released on 10 November 2011.
The series officially got extended to the Nintendo 3DS, starting with which is released on 19 April 2012. The game is a remake of the first Tamagotchi Corner Shop game with characters from the Anime version. The second game in the series, is released on 22 November 2012. It is the first game to include characters from the Yume Kira Dream series. The third game is released on 23 May 2013. The fourth game in series, is released on 7 November 2013. It is the first game to include characters from the Miracle Friends series. The current game of the series, is released on 24 April 2014.
References |
1528_33 | General
http://tamagotch.channel.or.jp/tama_anime/
Specific
External links
Official Website
Official TV Tokyo Website
Tamagotchi
2009 anime television series debuts
2012 anime television series debuts
2013 anime television series debuts
2014 anime television series debuts
2015 anime television series debuts
2010 manga
2013 manga
Manga series
OLM, Inc.
Shogakukan manga
Shōjo manga
TV Tokyo original programming
Works based on Bandai Namco video games |
1529_0 | The Bonn University Shakespeare Company e.V. (BUSC) is an independent theatre company based at the University of Bonn, Germany. It was founded by students of the Department of English, American, and Celtic Studies. |
1529_1 | History
The BUSC was founded in November 1992 by English Studies students Thilo Veenema and Magnus Huber after the previous theatre company at the English Department had broken up.
According to §21 BGB, it is a strictly non-commercial organisation.
In 2015, the group had about a hundred active members and nearly two hundred former members. The group's main aim is the promotion of art and culture in Bonn and the area, especially the promotion of the works of Shakespeare, his contemporaries and other English-language authors. The group is particularly interested in cooperating with schools in the area. Furthermore, the BUSC collaborates with Shakespeare scholars like Uwe Baumann (University of Bonn) and Russell Jackson (University of Birmingham), the latter of which has previously worked as an advisor for film adaptations of Shakespeare's work. |
1529_2 | The company's performance programmes usually contain academic articles on the play performed, written by professors and lecturers at the University of Bonn.
Normally, the BUSC performs about two plays per year, one in the summer term and one in the winter term. All plays are performed in the original English version, the only exception being “Vell Jedöhns wääje nüß”, a Rhineland dialect translation of Much Ado About Nothing, in the year 2000. For this production the group was awarded the “Martin-Lehnert-Preis” by the German Shakespeare Society. Most performances take place at the Brotfabrik theatre in Bonn-Beuel, where the plays are performed for six to ten days in a row. The average number of performances per production is seven. |
1529_3 | Apart from Shakespeare's plays, the group also performs tragedies and comedies by Christopher Marlowe, John Ford, Oscar Wilde or T.S. Eliot. In 2002, the group staged their first musical with Little Shop of Horrors.
In 2003 and 2004, the BUSC were invited to perform at the reconstructed Globe Theatre in Neuss, Germany, with their productions of Timon of Athens and “Vell Jedöhns wääje nüß/Much Ado About Nothing”. Within Bonn, the group also performed at the Haus der Springmaus theatre, on Bonn's Museumsmeile, and Poppelsdorf Palace.
In 2002, the group's ten year anniversary was celebrated with a one-week Shakespeare festival consisting of performances and talks.
Every now and then, members of the BUSC have the opportunity to attend workshops with theatre professionals, for example in Shakespeare's home town of Stratford-upon-Avon in 2005. |
1529_4 | Productions
Winter 1993: Richard II (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 1994: Doctor Faustus (C. Marlowe)
Autumn 1994: The Taming of the Shrew (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 1995: Julius Caesar (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 1995: Macbeth (W. Shakespeare)
Winter 1995: Pericles, Prince of Tyre (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 1996: Few but roses (Sonnets, W. Shakespeare)
Winter 1996: Angels in America (T. Kushner)
Summer 1997: A Midsummer Night's Dream (W. Shakespeare)
Winter 1997: The Winter's Tale (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 1998: The Importance of Being Earnest (O. Wilde)
Winter 1998: The Merchant of Venice (W. Shakespeare)
Spring 1999: The Two Gentlemen of Verona (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 1999: The Merry Wives of Windsor (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 1999: The Tempest (W. Shakespeare)
Winter 1999: Titus Andronicus (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 2000: Twelfth Night (W. Shakespeare)
Autumn 2000: Vell Jedöhns wääje nüß (original: Much Ado About Nothing, W. Shakespeare) |
1529_5 | Winter 2000: Murder in the Cathedral (T.S. Eliot)
Summer 2001: Cymbeline (W. Shakespeare)
Winter 2001: Henry V (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 2002: Little Shop of Horrors (A. Menken/H. Ashman)
Summer 2002: Romeo and Juliet (W. Shakespeare)
Winter 2002: Hamlet (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 2003: Timon of Athens (W. Shakespeare)
Winter 2003: The Changeling (T. Middleton/W. Rowley)
Summer 2004: Our Country's Good (T. Wertenbaker)
Summer 2004: A Midsummer Night's Dream (W. Shakespeare)
Winter 2004: The Country Wife (W. Wycherley)
Summer 2005: Othello (W. Shakespeare)
Winter 2005: An Ideal Husband (O. Wilde)
Summer 2006: Macbeth (W. Shakespeare)
Winter 2006: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (D. Wasserman/K. Kesey)
Summer 2007: Les Liaisons Dangereuses (C. Hampton/C. de Laclos)
Winter 2007: Romeo and Juliet (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 2008: TroilusWAHN und CressidaTHEATER (W. Shakespeare/W. Schwab)
Winter 2008: The Roman Actor (P. Massinger)
Summer 2009: A Clockwork Orange (A. Burgess) |
1529_6 | Winter 2009: Antony and Cleopatra (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 2010: Man of the Moment (A. Ayckbourn)
Winter 2010: Richard III (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 2011: The Taming of the Shrew (W. Shakespeare)
Winter 2011: Henry VIII (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 2012: Lady Windermere's Fan (O. Wilde)
Winter 2012: Measure for Measure (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 2013: The Crucible (A. Miller)
Winter 2013: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (L. Carroll)
Summer 2014: Twelfth Night (W. Shakespeare)
Winter 2014: Titus Andronicus (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 2015: The Count of Monte Cristo (A. Dumas)
Winter 2015: Macbeth (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 2016: The Master and Margarita (M. Bulgakov)
Winter 2016: Julius Caesar (W. Shakespeare)
Summer 2017: All's Well That Ends Well & A Midsummer Night's Dream (both by W. Shakespeare) |
1529_7 | Links
Facebook page
University of Bonn
Student theatre
Shakespearean theatre companies
1992 establishments in Germany |
1530_0 | Flatland is a freestyle BMX riding style performed on smooth flat surfaces that do not include any ramps, jumps, or grindrails. It is sometimes described as a form of artistic cycling with a blend of breakdancing.
Flatland occupies a position somewhat removed from the rest of freestyle BMX. Enthusiasts are often very dedicated, and will spend several hours a day perfecting their techniques.
Flatland also differs from the other events in that the terrain used is nothing but a smooth, flat surface. Tricks are performed by spinning and balancing on the bike in a variety of unexpected positions. Riders almost always use either knurled/grip taped aluminum or plastic pegs to stand on to manipulate the bike into even more imaginative positions. |
1530_1 | Flatland bikes typically have a shorter wheelbase than other freestyle bikes. This shorter wheelbase requires less effort to make the bike spin or to position the bike on one wheel. One of the primary reasons flatlanders often ride only flatland is the decreased stability of using their shorter bikes on ramps, dirt and street.
A variety of options is commonly found on flatland bikes. The most unifying feature of flatland bikes is the use of four pegs, one on the end of each wheel axle. Flatlanders will choose to run a front brake (or a dual front brake; one front brake with two brake levers using one brake cable), front and rear brakes, or no brakes at all, depending on stylistic preference. |
1530_2 | History
Flatland originated from three pioneers; R. L. Osborn, Bob Haro, and Bob Morales. R. L. Osborn was a fan favorite in the mid 80s, being the highest paid BMX flatland professional ever after signing a contract with General Bicycles for around US$100,000. Bob Haro went on to become founder of Haro Bicycles. Bob Morales was the founder of the once elite American Freestyle Association. The AFA was the dominating league for both professional and amateur flatland and quarter pipe events. While there were several amateur AFA events the Masters series contest, held throughout the US was the biggest pro/am flatland/quarter pipe event of the time. |
1530_3 | Flatland's roots can be dated back to the 1950s. Flatland has gone through many stylistic changes since its beginnings in the late 1970s. Riders once wore full protective gear and full face helmets, starred in feature-length films such as Rad (film), and performed in large-scale events such as NBA halftimes. Following the decline in popularity and subsequent recession in most action sports at the end of the 80s, flatland went "underground". It resurfaced in the late 90s with the return of media attention in the form of events such as the X Games. Flatland was dropped from the X Games and other large-scale events in the early 2000s, forcing the sport/artform to become more independently run and owned. Most flatland companies and events now exist outside of other BMX circles, although there is still, somewhat limited, coverage in mainstream BMX magazines and videos. |
1530_4 | With the removal of flatland from events such as the XGames, many independent event organizers have stepped up and taken flatland to the masses through creative, independently organized events such as the Red Bull Circle Balance, Circle Cow, and BMX Masters events in Europe, the Elevation Flatland series and Voodoo Jams in the US, and smaller "jams" such as the Athens Jam and Hollywood Jams which take place in the US. These independent events and jams are what has helped keep flatland "alive" and thriving over the years. |
1530_5 | Flatland bikes
Although the flatland bicycle is similar to most other BMX bicycles, flatland is often performed with specially designed frames with geometry (head tube angle, top tube length, etc.) suited to the needs of flatlanders. Front and rear bolt-on pegs, a hollow compression bolt on the forks for the front brake cable, and a rear brake cable detangler or Gyro to allow the bars to rotate endlessly without tangling the brake cables. Also invented specifically for flatland riding is the rear hub mechanism known as a freecoaster, which allows the rear wheel to roll backward without engaging the hub and making the cranks rotate backward as they would on a normal freewheel or cassette style hub. Other technical bicycle setup specifics can include zero offset forks, narrow handlebars, very high pressure tires (100psi and higher), and a very small front sprocket (18-28 teeth).
Style |
1530_6 | In competition, talent and skill are judged by the ability to maintain coordination, and balance while performing a variety of difficult and elegant moves. There are usually several categories for judging purposes which can include:
Number of touches: The number of times a trick is not completed and/or the number of touches of the foot to the ground
Number of tricks completed in the allotted time
Difficulty of the tricks, which can be very subjective, as flatland techniques have in many ways become as refined as those in figure skating or breakdancing
Originality of the tricks performed, which again can be somewhat subjective
Style and flow, or how smoothly and/or stylishly moves are performed during the contest run
Showmanship: The ability to present your routine to the crowd. Hugo Gonzales and Dave Vanderspek, while not the top pros were known for their elaborate showmanship and antics. |
1530_7 | Flatland is an involving, time-consuming discipline in which the rider learns different balance/counterbalance points and center-of-gravity in motion techniques through repetition and trial-and-error. Some tricks can be learned in hours, while others may take years to master.
Various riders emphasize different aspects of the discipline: the artistic nature of flatland and the originality of tricks, the number and difficulty of tricks, or the simple enjoyment of the activity. Only contest riders need to be concerned with the competitive side of the discipline, as there are many riders who prefer doing shows, taking parts in videos, or simply riding with their friends and enjoying themselves. |
1530_8 | Riders usually pedal a few times for speed, and then perform various stunts often involving difficult and/or awkward stances on pegs, mounted to the axles of their front or back wheels. Pegs are aluminum or plastic tubes, which are bolted onto both sides of the front and back axles. When flatland riding first began, most riders would do one trick and then return to the pedals. However, by combining different body and bicycle positions into "combos" and "linking" them together, riders began to do several tricks in a row without stopping between each move. Flatland riding is now usually a combination of many different kinds of moves, often linked together non-stop as the rider goes through as many as 10-12 consecutive moves, and position/direction changes, before returning to the pedals.
Flatland tricks |
1530_9 | Flatland tricks are given names, usually by the first person to invent it. For example, the first flatland "bunnyhop tailwhip" was first landed in a Burger King parking lot by Bill Nitschke, and there named a "whopper". Terry Adams invented a trick following Hurricane Katrina (since Terry lives in Louisiana), and named his new trick "The Katrina".
The name may be modified (referencing whether it is rolled, scuffed, g-turned, stationary, etc.) or included in a list of other tricks, with "links" such as "bar-flip into" or "jump to", to indicate a combination, often shortened to "combo."
These names generally apply to popular positions, or combinations of tricks.
Tricks and Spins |
1530_10 | Endo: The original flatland trick. Done by either sharply applying the front brakes at low speed or running the front wheel into a curb causing the rear wheel to lift off of the ground above the front. An Alternate way to do this is by jamming either of your feet into the fork. Also used to gain momentum to lead into other tricks like the Decade or the Backside walkaround. |
1530_11 | Miami Hopper: The rider stands on the pedals and grasps the seat tip in right hand, and the front brake lever in left hand. The rider quickly applies the front brake and simultaneously rotates the handlebars 90 degrees counterclockwise towards the seat and pulls up sharply on the seat. This will cause the rear of the bike to rise up and seemingly flip over the front. If landed correctly, the front wheel will lay parallel to the ground and the right handlebar grip will be balancing on the ground leaving the rider perched above the rear wheel. From this position, the rider can make various poses, kick the bike out to the side and lay it down, or lean back sharply and reverse the trick and ride away. Note: The hands and handlebar directions would be reversed if the bike was set up with the front brake lever on the right hand side. (Uncommon set up) |
1530_12 | Cherry Picker: The rider places a foot on the rear tire behind the bottom bracket and swings their other leg over the head tube and rests the other foot on the seat tube. Then either using the handlebars for stability or clamping the legs tightly, the rider bounces up and down causing the entire bike to hop on the rear wheel.
Boomerang: The rider applies the front brakes and jumps from either the pedals or rear dropouts while tucking the legs into the chest and spins around with the handlebars 360 degrees. *note* Can be done without brakes, also known as a Rolling Boomerang. A variant of the Rolling Boomerang exists known as the Stick Man, with the rider leaving the legs straight out and to the side while locking the handlebars level with the hips.
Fork Glide: The rider stands on the front peg and spins 180 degrees. From here the rider can use their foot on the tire to move along. This trick is commonly used as a starting point to other tricks. |
1530_13 | Steamroller: Forward Fork Glide on the front wheel holding the seat, usually rode into with a Half Lash.
Footjam Tailwhip: The rider uses the front brake to swing the frame 360 degrees around while keeping one foot on the front tire.
Fire Hydrant: The rider performs a basic Fork Glide and then swings the frame back round towards them.
G-Turn: Whipping the frame into a spinning Endo with feet on the pedals.
Decade: Lifting the front wheel up and jumping over the head tube and landing with the left foot on the top tube to ride out.
Rolaid: Rolling Decade. Brakeless. The Decade and Rolaid can be done in multiples. |
1530_14 | Backside Walkaround: The rider lifts the front wheel up while standing on the rear axle pegs. Using the outside leg, the rider brings that leg in a crossing pattern in between the bike and riders' body. The rider then swings the leg around and over the head tube and places that foot on the seat tube. In a very precarious position, the rider then brings around the other leg from behind and over the head tube ending on the other side of the bike in an almost backwards position. *note* Can be done one-handed, with only the right hand on the grip and the other hand thrown out similar to a bull rider.
Whiplash: Rolling Tailwhip. Can be done without brakes. Can be done in multiples.
Cliffhanger: A rolling Endo with either foot on the front pegs and the torso behind the seat for a balance point. |
1530_15 | Hang Five: Placing one foot on one of the front pegs and pulling the frame up until seat meets contact and a balance point is established; a rolling Endo. The foot not on the peg is used as a counterbalance.
Hang Ten: Similar to the Hang Five, but with both feet on the front pegs.
Hang Nothing: Similar to the Hang Five, but without either foot on the peg. Both feet are used as a counterbalance.
Elbow Glide: Placing one foot on one of the front pegs with one side of the body and the opposite elbow tucked with the seat to control the balance point.
Hitchhiker: Tilting the bike completely forward on the front wheel while rolling, standing both feet on the front pegs; holding the bike in front of you, by the underside of the backwheel or holding an axle peg.
Backpacker: Related to the Hitchhiker, but with the body positioned forward with the bike behind the body. |
1530_16 | Cow maneuver or Smith Decade: Placing the frame up and tucking a rotation on the pegs backwards into the pedals first performed by Gerry Smith; this trick has many variants and can be performed without brakes (Chase Gouin).
Surfer: Placing one foot on the seat and the other foot on the handlebars' crossbar while rolling; popular in some videos and commercials.
Scurfer: Same as the Surfer, but with only one foot on the handlebars' crossbar.
Death Truck: Rolling a back Peg Wheelie and pulling the body over the handlebars; one of the most feared tricks in flatland not because of its difficulty, but because of the potential tangled bail.
Bar Ride: Standing up while both feet are on the grips of the bars or the crossbar and using only the torso and hands for a balance point while rolling.
Backwards Rubber Ride: Similar to a bar ride in execution, but with the rider standing on the handlebars facing the rear of the bike and rolling backwards. |
1530_17 | Bar Hop: While standing up on the pedals, the rider jumps up and over the handlebar crossbar while tucking their knees into the chest. Upon landing your buttocks on the crossbar, one can scuff the front wheel and continue to roll or climb back over the handlebars.
Backyard: A scuffing trick performed by a foot push and control on the tires, while facing away from the frame on the back pegs.
Gerator (also "lardyard"): Similar to the backyard, but holding on to one handlegrip while scuffing and more off the side and back while scuffing in a circle.
Megaspin: Spinning on the back tire in a circular motion. |
1530_18 | Front Yard: Front yards are one of the basis tricks for front wheel scuffing. They are pretty easy to learn, and then you can take them one handed and no-handed. Rolling very slowly, step over the bars with scuffing foot and rest it on the front tire. Your other leg/foot on the pedal. When ready, apply the brakes and put your foot firmly on the front tire getting ready to scuff. Move your other foot off the pedal and onto the front corresponding peg. The braking and moving your other foot need to happen at the same time while you push a little bit forward on the bars to get the backend to come a little off the ground. Now start you scuffing pattern giving the tire a little kick forward, then hitting the brake and repeating, trying to keep your arms firm and hold the position locked out. When satisfied, give the tire a kick but and let the backend fall to the ground, step back to the pedal and pick your other leg back over the bars. Congrats! |
1530_19 | Pogos: Stand on the back pegs and do and endo, then pick up the front wheel and hop.
Lawn Mower/Can-Can Lawn Mower: Do an Endo, as the back wheel hit the ground, turn the handlebars towards you and kick the seat down with the right foot. The Can-Can Lawn Mower is when you kick the leg out to the side instead of putting it on the seat.
Flail: Do a Rolling Boomerang, halfway through, put the right foot on the front peg and the left foot on the back peg, then flip the bar and pivot your body around.
Squeaker: Put the left foot on the front peg and the other foot on the pedal, grab the front brake, and put the foot on the tire. When your foot comes off the tire, grab the front brake.
Pinky Squeak: A Tailwhip with a kick, can be done in multiples.
Tomahawk/Framestand Tomahawk: Lift the leg over the bar, grab the brake, spin around, then grab the seat and start squeaking back. Do a Tomahawk, grab the brake and put the foot on the frame. |
1530_20 | Stick B (also "Dump Truck"): Do an endo, turn the handlebar put the left hand on the peg, take the other hand off the grip and put it on the peg and start scuffing. Good Job!
Steamboat: Steamroller with the leg over the bar, can be linked with Steamroller
Note: These tricks mentioned are a few within the art/sport of flatland. These tricks and others have variants and depend upon the style of the rider performing them. Also, these tricks can be linked or combined into sequences or routines that could not otherwise be titled as a single trick. |
1530_21 | See also
BMX
BMX bike
Freestyle BMX
Artistic cycling
Glossary of cycling
Terry Adams
Chad Degroot
Joe Gruttola
Kevin Jones
Tim Knoll
Martti Kuoppa
BMX
Cycle sport
Summer Olympic disciplines
Articles containing video clips
Individual sports |
1531_0 | Vinzenz Eduard Milde (1777, in Brünn, Moravia – 1853 at Vienna) was
Prince-Archbishop of Vienna. He was the first Prince-Archbishop and commoner: the see had always hitherto been occupied by a nobleman.
Life
He entered the "Alumnat" or little seminary at Vienna in 1794. There he formed an intimate friendship with Vinzenz Darnaut, the future professor of church history, and with Jakob Frint, later Bishop of St. Pölten. The three men were again united as court chaplains, and remained friends for the remainder of their lives. He later attended the Seminary of Vienna. Meanwhile, Milde became catechist in the Normal High School and successor of Augustin Gruber, and occupied also the chair of pedagogics at the university.
Later, as court chaplain at Schönbrunn, Milde spoke comfortingly to the Emperor Franz I, after a battle lost to Napoleon. The emperor named Milde Bishop of Leitmeritz in 1823, and in 1831 Prince-Archbishop of Vienna. |
1531_1 | The year of the Revolution (1848) brought him bitter enmities and severe illness. He was between two fires. On 13 March the storm broke, and four days later he warned his clergy, in a circular letter, not to overstep the bounds of their calling: "Priests are not intended to advise regarding the earthly affairs of men, nor to regulate them, but should only concern themselves with interior matters pertaining to the salvation of souls." But the revolution soon menaced the archbishop. Mock serenades were held repeatedly outside his palace and its windows were broken. On the other hand, a portion of the clergy clamoured that he should be declared incapable of managing the affairs of the diocese and expressed the hope of being led to victory by a stronger personality. |
1531_2 | A deputation of the clergy represented this to Milde, who complied as far as possible by retiring to his castle of Kranichberg. When the draft of the fundamental laws of the Austrian constitution was discussed by the assembly of the States of the Empire at Kremsier, the archbishop drew up an address to the assembly:
"The undersigned bishops declare solemnly that they, as true citizens, promote the welfare and hold sacred the rights of the state, but it is the duty of their office and of their conscience to look after the freedom and the rights of the Catholic Church, to oppose encroachment and restriction on the part of the state, and to beg for that support which would promote the true interests of the state and the successful activity of the Church." |
1531_3 | At the assembly of bishops in Vienna (1849), Milde was chosen one of a committee of five to continue the negotiations with the state. When finally in 1850 the imperial decisions were promulgated, which at first dealt a blow to the existing Josephist system, Milde published a pastoral for the purpose of stilling the tumult: "The uneasiness is indeed in great part the result of misunderstanding, but often also the result of malicious misrepresentation, since, through some newspapers and through speeches made by certain men inimical to the Church, the words of the august decree were distorted, and erroneous representations spread abroad." |
1531_4 | Monument
The monument erected to him in the left wing of St. Catharine's chapel in the cathedral of St. Stephen in Vienna portrays a catechist bending over two children, inscribed "Charity", to the left, a priest in the act of elevating the Blessed Sacrament, attended by a young priest and a clerk, inscribed "and Prayer". Under these two inscriptions, and extending across the whole length of the monument are the words "link together the inhabitants of this world and those of the next".
Works
Milde's "Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Erziehungskunde" was well known (Vol. I: Von der Kultur der physischen und der intellectuellen Anlagen; Vol. II: Von der Kultur des Gefühls- und des Begehrungsvermögens, Vienna, 1811–13, 3rd ed., 1843). A compendium of the Erziehungskunde was published in 1821. J. Ginzel edited Milde's "Reliquien" (2nd ed., Vienna, 1859), which contained discourses and addresses which he delivered as bishop and archbishop.
References |
1531_5 | BRUNNER, Denk Pfennige zur Erinnerung an Personen, Zustände und Erlebnisse vor, in und nach dem Explosionsjahre 1848 (Vienna and Würzburg, 1886);
GINZEL, Reliquien von Milde (2nd ed., Vienna, 1859);
THURNWALD, Milde als Pädagoge, With portrait of Milde (Vienna, 1877);
WOLFSGRUBER, Die k. u. k. Hofburgkapelle und die geistliche Hofkapelle (Vienna, 1904);
WOTKE, Karl. Eduard Milde als Pädagoge und sein Verhältnis zu den geistigen Strömungen seiner Zeit: Eine Cultur- und quellengeschichtliche Einleitung in seine "erziehungskunde" (Vienna: W. Braumüller, 1902);
WURZBACH, Biogr. Lexikon des Kaisertums Oesterreich, XVIII (Vienna, 1868), 301-8.
External links
Catholic Encyclopedia article
1777 births
1853 deaths
Clergy from Brno
People from the Margraviate of Moravia
Austrian people of Moravian-German descent
Archbishops of Vienna |
1532_0 | A presidency is an administration or the executive, the collective administrative and governmental entity that exists around an office of president of a state or nation. Although often the executive branch of government, and often personified by a single elected person who holds the office of "president", in practice, the presidency includes a much larger collective of people, such as chiefs of staff, advisers and other bureaucrats. Although often led by a single person, presidencies can also be of a collective nature, such as the presidency of the European Union is held on a rotating basis by the various national governments of the member states. Alternatively, the term presidency can also be applied to the governing authority of some churches, and may even refer to the holder of a non-governmental office of president in a corporation, business, charity, university, etc. or the institutional arrangement around them. For example, "the presidency of the Red Cross refused to support his |
1532_1 | idea." Rules and support to discourage vicarious liability leading to unnecessary pressure and the early termination of term have not been clarified. These may not be as yet supported by state let initiatives. Contributory liability and fraud may be the two most common ways to become removed from term of office and/or to prevent re-election. |
1532_2 | Presidency by country
American presidency |
1532_3 | In the United States the Presidency is headed by the president, who has many roles, such as:
Chief of State: The chief public representative of a country, who may also be the head of government.
Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces: Is the civilian commander of a nation's military forces.
Chief Legislator: Gives information to Congress to consider through the state of the Union address and recommendations for consideration of new statutes.
Chief Diplomat: The president is both a national spokesman and a world leader. As representative of a country of immigrants with ties around the globe, the president is expected to defend America's security and economic interests, and also to promote democratic principles and human rights internationally. Several presidents whose domestic policies were frustrated by an uncooperative Congress have focused their attention on foreign affairs, where their power and freedom to determine policy was less hindered. |
1532_4 | Chief Executive: A president serves as the government's chief administrative officer, with the responsibility to see that the laws are faithfully executed. The president also appoints officials, with the advice and consent of the Senate. |
1532_5 | The United States holds their presidential election every four years. At the national convention, major and minor political parties nominate candidates for the president and vice president. Citizens then vote on the presidential and vice presidential candidate of their choice. However, these votes do not elect a candidate directly. Instead, the votes are sent to the Electoral College, and cast ballots for presidential electors. The candidate with a majority in the Electoral College will win the presidential or vice presidential election.
Brazilian presidency
As a republic with a presidential executive, Brazil grants significant powers to the president. According to the Federal Constitution, he or she effectively controls the executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the cabinet and, with the approval of the Federal Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Court. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. |
1532_6 | The president also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (provisional measures), an instrument with the force of law that the president can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, to abolish individual rights or to alter the fundamental framework of the State — the Separation of Powers and the Federal Republic). A provisional measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60-day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the legislative branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60-day period (or 120-day, in case of |
1532_7 | extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress. |
1532_8 | Finnish presidency |
1532_9 | The Finnish presidency is based on a Parliamentary republic system. The president's powers were curtailed in the constitutional reform in 2000, and yet further in 2011. Currently the president leads the Finnish foreign policy together with the cabinet. EU affairs, however, fall to the prime minister's authority. The president has little domestic power. He or she can dissolve the parliament, but only at the prime minister's request. The president can choose not to ratify a bill, but this only returns it to parliament, which must then approve the bill again in order for it to become a law without the president's signature. The president's power to appoint officials has been reduced, but he or she still appoints all military officers as well as judges. The president is the Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Defence Forces. The president also has the power to pardon anyone convicted of a crime. With the curtailment of the president's formal powers, many analysts have emphasized the |
1532_10 | president's position as a leader of values. |
1532_11 | constitution did not allowed for violation of human right. |
1532_12 | French presidency
The French presidency is based on a semi-presidential system where both a president and a prime minister are active participants in the day-to-day administration of the state. France's president appoints a prime minister, who then forms a government. France's presidency includes the three traditional branches: the Executive, Judicial and Legislative, but it also includes a fourth branch called the Constitutional Council, which determines the constitutionality of new laws.
Since the formation of the French Fifth Republic in 1958, France has had a semi-presidential system. Historically France has not had a semi-presidential system. For example, between 1875 and 1958 during the French Third Republic and French Fourth Republic, France's presidency was based on a Parliamentary System.
Irish presidency |
1532_13 | The office of the President of Ireland () is outlined in Ireland's constitution. The president is elected by direct popular vote. Suffrage is universal for anyone eighteen and older and is determined that anyone who is eligible to vote for members of Dáil Éireann (the lower house of parliament), is eligible to vote for the president. The vote is conducted by secret ballot. Every citizen who is thirty-five or older is eligible to be nominated for the presidency; and must be nominated by either twenty or more representatives from Houses of the Oireachtas (the national parliament) or four administrative counties. The term of office is for seven years and no president may serve more than two terms. The president must reside in or near Dublin. The president acts as chief diplomat and represents all the people of Ireland in their engagements home or abroad. The president does not have executive power, and only enacts their powers under the discretion of the rest of the government. However, |
1532_14 | the president has ultimate discretion in some instances, an example of which would be that the president can refer a bill to the Supreme Court to rule on its constitutionality. Another duty of the president is to appoint the Taoiseach (prime minister), as nominated by the Dáil Éireann. The president can then appoint other ministers to the government by the nomination of the Taoiseach. The president is the commander of the Defence Forces. The President of Ireland since 2012 is Michael D. Higgins, who was elected in October 2011. |
1532_15 | Italian presidency
The Italian presidency is based on a Parliamentary republic system, where both a president and a prime minister are active participants in administration of the state, but where the de facto the prime minister holds the majority of power, while the president remains the nominal head of state. |
1532_16 | The president is intended to represent national unity and guarantee that Italian politics complies with the Constitution. Although the prime minister is considered the head of government, the formal Italian order of precedence lists the office as being ceremonially the fourth most important Italian state office. It also is considered the de facto leader of the Italian government. The prime minister appoints Council of Ministers and Cabinet officials to their rightful area of office. The president of the Republic gives wide support across all political parties. The president of the Republic appoints Italy’s prime minister and accepts advice from the prime minister. The Italian government includes the traditional three branches: Executive, Judicial and Legislative.
Australian chief executive |
1532_17 | Australia has a constitutional monarchy – a form of government in which a monarch acts as the head of state within the parameters of a constitution. The constitution could be written, unconfined or blended. It uses what is called a "Parliamentary System of Government," one that administers the executive branch which then gets Democratic legitimacy from the Legislature. The Legislature in Australia is defined as a "Bicameral Parliament." The Executive branch of the Australian government headed by a Federal Executive Council, in which the Governor General is advised by the prime minister and Ministers of State.
German presidency |
1532_18 | The head of state is the President of Germany, where the president completes a five-year term and can be reelected after that five-year term for only one time. He has similar roles like to other countries. He represents Germany as the Commander-in-chief of the military, He has the role of being the Minister of Defense and Germany cannot declare a state of war without the approval of the president. The president then appoints what is called a chancellor, which is known as Germany’s Head of state. Which the role is pretty comparable to a prime minister like in other countries. There are many roles the chancellor has here are a few of them. The chancellor provides basic law and for their party, it determines the composition of the Federal Cabinet. But the president then gives recommendation on appointing and dismissing Cabinet Minister, through the Federal Cabinet. The chancellor then goes by three main principles. The first is called the Chancellor Principles in which he or she is |
1532_19 | responsible for all government policies. The Second one is called The Principle of ministerial autonomy in which the chancellor prepares everything for the legislative and proposes other laws threw the Cabinet and the third one is called Cabinet Principle were this calls for disagreements between federal ministers over Jurisdictional or Budgeting relative things, in which is settled by the Cabinet. Germany has what is called a Federal legislative power which is divided between the Bundestag and the Bundesrat. The Bundestag is elected by the German people. To were the Bundestrat represents the regional states. It seems that Bundestag is more powerful than the Bundesrat. The reason is because bundestag has more powers and responsibilities of that the states given to it. The judicial branch of Germany has three courts which are the Ordinary Courts, Specialized Courts and the Constitutional Courts. Ordinary courts, deal with criminal and civil cases. Specialized Courts, deal with |
1532_20 | administrative, labor, social, fiscal, and patent law and Constitutional Courts deal with more of judicial review and constitutional interpretation. The big thing in Germany constitution is individual liberty, which gives protection to individual liberty in an extensive catalogue of human rights and also divides powers between the federal and state levels which are between the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches. |
1532_21 | Icelandic presidency
Iceland’s government is a constitutional republic, with three distinct separate branches. The head of the government is the prime minister, who makes up part of the executive branch. The chief of the state is the president, under the executive branch. The president of Iceland is elected to serve four years, however there are no term limits. This vote is conducted by direct popular vote. Iceland has universal suffrage for citizens eighteen and older. The last presidential vote was held in 2016. |
1532_22 | In order to run for office of the president a person must be at least thirty-five years old and meet the requirements to be elected into the Althingi, the country’s parliament. However the president cannot hold a seat in the Althingi. The president’s term in office begins on the first of August. According to the twelfth article of Iceland’s Constitution, the president must live in or near Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland. When taking office the president must take an oath to uphold the Constitution. The president entrusts his authority in Ministers, whom he or she appoints. The president also appoints some public officials. The president can either accept or reject a bill created by Althingi. If the president accepts the bill, it is signed into law. If the bill is rejected it is sent to the people for a vote as soon as possible.
Russian presidency |
1532_23 | According to the Constitution of Russia, the country is a federation and semi-presidential republic, wherein the president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government.
The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state, supreme commander-in-chief and holder of the highest office within the Russian Federation. Despite the fact that the Constitution of Russia does not explicitly determine the president as the head of the executive branch, executive power is de facto split between the president and the prime minister, who is the head of government.
Switzerland presidency |
1532_24 | The unique aspect of Switzerland’s government and politics is that any one citizen can challenge any law voted by federal parliament and any citizen can introduce a new amendment to the federal constitution, which makes Switzerland the closest example of a direct democracy in the world today. In definition, a direct democracy is the extraordinary amount of participation a citizen can have in the legislation process. The adaption of direct democracy for Switzerland, however, dates all the way back to the 12th century during the Middle Ages. |
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