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1619_35 | When they travelled, they sometimes took separate rooms. He introduced her as his housekeeper or cousin or sometimes, inaccurately, as his niece. If Meinertzhagen and Clay's relationship was "physical" is unknown; Meinertzhagen's friend Victor Rothschild asked Meinertzhagen this outright, but was told "in no uncertain terms to shut up"; and a 1951 article in TIME referred to their relationship with "wink-wink, nudge-nudge innuendo".
Legacy
He was played by Anthony Andrews in the film The Lighthorsemen (1987). |
1619_36 | Published works
Meinertzhagen wrote numerous papers for scientific journals such as the Ibis, as well as reports on intelligence work while in the army. Books authored or edited by him include:
1930 – Nicoll's Birds of Egypt. (Ed), (2 vols). London: Hugh Rees
1947 – The Life of a Boy: Daniel Meinertzhagen, 1925–1944. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd
1954 – Birds of Arabia. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd
1957 – Kenya Diary 1902–1906. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
1959 – Middle East Diary, 1917–1956. London: Cresset Press
1959 – Pirates and Predators. The piratical and predatory habits of birds. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd
1960 – Army Diary 1899–1926. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd
1964 – Diary of a Black Sheep. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd
References
Bibliography
Own writings
Middle East Diary, 1917–1956, London, 1959
Army Diary, 1899–1926, Edinburgh, 1960
Primary and secondary sources |
1619_37 | Ali, Salim. The Fall of a Sparrow. Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1985. xv, 265 pp.,
Boxall, Peter. "The legendary Richard Meinertzhagen." The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal, [October 1990] 120(4): pp. 459–462
Capstick, P.H. Warrior: The Legend of Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen. 1998,
Cocker, Mark. Richard Meinertzhagen. Soldier, Scientist and Spy. London: Secker & Warburg. 1989. 292 pp.,
Dalton, R. "Ornithologists stunned by bird collector's deceit." Nature [September 2005] 437(7057): pp. 302–3
Fortey, Richard. Dry Store Room No. 1: The Secret Life of the Natural History Museum. New York: Harper Collins. 2008,
Judd, Alan. "Eccentric hero." New Statesman and Society [23 June 1989] 2(55): pp. 37–38
Lockman, J. N. Meinertzhagen's Diary Ruse. 1995, p. 114,
Lord, John. Duty, Honour, Empire. New York: Random House. 1970,
Occleshaw, Michael. The Romanov Conspiracies. London: Chapman Publishers. 1993, ASIN: B000M6DS1A
External links |
1619_38 | Seabrook, J. "Ruffled Feathers", The New Yorker [29 May 2006], p. 59
Natural history museum, London
Meinertzhagen Biography
Meet the Meinertzhagens at Mottisfont (National Trust)
Meinertzhagen family photo (image and names of sitters)
1878 births
1967 deaths
British Christian Zionists
British colonial army officers
British intelligence operatives
British Militia officers
English naturalists
English ornithologists
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Hampshire Yeomanry soldiers
Intelligence Corps officers
King's African Rifles officers
People educated at Aysgarth School
People educated at Harrow School
People involved in scientific misconduct incidents
Royal Fusiliers officers
West Yorkshire Regiment officers
Zoological collectors
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of World War II
English people of German descent
Military personnel from London
Scientists from London |
1620_0 | Zack Loveday is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, Hollyoaks, played by Duayne Boachie. The character made his first on-screen appearance on 24 February 2015. The show's producer Bryan Kirkwood had created the Loveday family to reintroduce the "domestic family warmth" it had lost. Billed as a "close-knit family", writers also created a series of secrets they character group would be hiding upon their introduction. The audition process for the role of Zack was long and Boachie had various auditions, call backs and screen tests with other actors. Jacqueline Boatswain and Karl Collins were cast as Zack's parents Simone and Louis Loveday respectively. Zack is characterised as a cheeky and charming person who wants to find love. He is sporty and a keen football player. |
1620_1 | One of the first storylines for the character was the revelation Zack's sister, Lisa, was abducted fourteen years prior to their arrival. Kiza Deen was brought into the show to play the character, but writers introduced a surprise twist in the story where she is revealed to be an impostor named Sonia Albright. Zack is first to discover her deception and they begin a relationship. Simone and Louis learn the truth later on and they forbid their romance. The show later introduced Zack's actual long-lost sister with Rachel Adedeji in the role. A character completely different from Sonia, Lisa is fixated on revenge against Sonia and ensuring Zack stays away from her. This causes a feud between Zack and Lisa. Other storylines include a romance with long-standing character Theresa McQueen (Jorgie Porter), and sleeping with Simone's best friend Joanne Cardsley (Rachel Leskovac). For his portrayal of the character Boache has been nominated for a "Best Newcomer" award. |
1620_2 | Boachie, Boatswain and Collins all decided to leave Hollyoaks at the same time to pursue other acting projects. Zack made his final appearance on 23 January 2019 alongside Simone, departing to Paris to be with Holly Cunningham (Amanda Clapham).
Creation and casting
In November 2014, Hollyoaks producer Bryan Kirkwood revealed that he planned to introduce a new family into the show. He said that the Loveday family were in the early stages of planning but wanted them to "bring domestic family warmth" which he believed had been missing from Hollyoaks. He had already cast the actors and confirmed their arrival in early 2015. He added that Zack would be introduced to increase the number of teenage characters studying at the show's sixth form college. |
1620_3 | On 10 February 2015, Boachie's casting was publicised and Kirkwood stated "Duayne Boachie is a brilliant new talent and strengthens the group of teens that we currently have in sixth form." Jacqueline Boatswain and Karl Collins were cast as Zack's parents Simone and Louis Loveday respectively. The Lovedays were billed as a "close-knit family" who arrive when Simone decides to take over the village's local shop, Price Slice. Zack made his first appearance on 24 February 2015. |
1620_4 | Boachie auditioned for a separate project produced by Lime Pictures, who also make Hollyoaks. The casting director on that particular project remembered Boachie and contact his agent with audition information. The actor decided to attend the audition but when he received more information about Zack he realised how much he wanted the role. He has said that he really focused and tried to commit to each audition. The process of casting was long-winded and following numerous auditions and call-backs. He also had screen-tests alongside other actors but has stated that he felt a connection when grouped with Boatswain and Collins. Boatswain had screen tests with four different actors, including Boachie, who were being considered to play Zack. Boachie was later selected for the role and he then relocated to Liverpool to begin filming for the show. Boachie said he was excited to join Hollyoaks and eager to bring the character to life. He added "I've been working towards this for a long time." |
1620_5 | Development
Characterisation
Zack is characterised as a "ladies man" who is often portrayed looking for love with female characters. He is academically gifted and a skilled football player. His cheeky charm allows him to seemingly "sail through life". Boachie told Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy that his character is "full of energy and love, but there's a lot of banter from him as well." He likes to joke around and have a laugh with others, but never in a malicious way. He revealed that Zack "despises bullies" and is willing to stand-up against bullying. His main aim is to "have fun and enjoy himself." Zack is a "cool guy" who tries to find the positive from any situation he is placed in. He is also "very vocal about his opinions". |
1620_6 | His relationship with his mother Simone is a close one; she is firm and strict with Zack, but he knows how to bring out her soft characteristics. Zack "is very good at deflecting situations" and will often blame his father Louis for wrongdoings. Louis is the deputy headmaster at the school Zack attends but this does not cause problems for him. This is because the pair have a "very easy and very genuine" relationship. Collins said that Zack is not embarrassed about his father's profession and proud of him. He added that Louis is a character that Zack "looks up to". Boachie also revealed that the Lovedays tackled various problems in their past which has made them a close-knit family. They all shared a "very good relationship". He also revealed that the trio were hiding a secret which would be revealed in later stories. Zack quickly forms a friendship with fellow character Harry Thompson (Parry Glasspool). Boachie said that they are "both sporty, athletic and they love football in |
1620_7 | particular. That's something that makes them click." |
1620_8 | Family secret |
1620_9 | The secret that Boachie previously disclosed began to unravel on-screen during May 2015. When Simone browses through old family pictures, Zack reacts negatively and argues with her. Their confrontation results in Zack blaming Simone for their problems and her slapping him in retaliation. The following month, it was revealed that Simone and Louis have a missing daughter named Lisa. It is revealed that she was abducted from her school and had been missing for fourteen years. Boachie told Kilkelly that the storyline had been planned from the family's creation. The actor was delighted and nervous for the opportunity to be involved in a "big story" and wanted to make it as accurate to reality as possible. Zack was three years old when she went missing and cannot remember Lisa. Boachie said that his character had "grown up in the shadow" of his missing sister's memory. Zack is such a positive character that he had been determined not to let the situation ruin his life. He gains aspirations |
1620_10 | for a career and a better future. Zack's turmoil does not relate to Lisa's disappearance in the way it affected his parents. Witnessing Louis and Simone constantly upset affected him more and subsequently made him always eager to please them. Boatswain added "Zack has been under scrutiny with them a lot. They've made sure that he does well at school and that he's high-achieving. He's felt the pressure of being the one left behind." |
1620_11 | Zack is annoyed with Simone moping about her disappearance because the family had moved to Hollyoaks for a fresh start. When local villagers find out about Lisa, fellow character Tegan Lomax's (Jessica Ellis) daughter goes missing. Suspicious arise that Simone and Louis may be involved and people gossip about the Lovedays. Boachie explained that "it frustrates him a lot. He sees his family breaking down and it really affects him. Zack feels that if Simone and Louis are breaking down, then he has to step up and take control of the situation instead." Zack feels betrayed by his friends for talking about his family. He then discovers that Simone has been trying to find Lisa in secret creating more suspicion from authorities. Boachie concluded that the story had been successful with viewers who deemed it "interesting" and "appealing". Louis and Simone consider leaving Hollyoaks to escape the gossip. The actor told an Inside Soap writer that Zack is "disappointed" with his parents because |
1620_12 | he thought the village was an ideal place for their future. Zack's friends start a "find Lisa" flash mob to support the Lovedays which changes their mind. Boachie added that Zack has always "felt alone" but he is "touched" by the newfound support from his friends. |
1620_13 | The show soon introduced Kiza Deen in the role of Lisa. The actress revealed that Lisa's reintroduction into the Loveday family would be welcomed by Zack. He does not find the situation weird because his parents always behaved as though there was something missing. Deen believed that Zack is happy because he presumes they "can be a full family now and everything can be good." Unlike Simone and Louis who suspect a Lisa's identity, Zack had no reservations about Lisa being his sister. Boachie explained that Zack had not really known Lisa and therefore cannot suspect anything is wrong. In a later part of the story Zack believes Lisa is trying to con his family. He sees her kissing Wayne (Nathan Whitfield). Boatswain explained that Zack does not suspect her identity, but her motives and fears she wants money. In scenes that were kept a secret until transmission, Lisa was revealed to be an imposter fooling the Loveday family. Her real identity is revealed to be Sonia Albright and she knows |
1620_14 | the actual Lisa Loveday. Despite this, the Zack and his family remain unaware of her deception. |
1620_15 | Relationships with Theresa McQueen and Sonia Albright
Writers created Zack's first romance alongside long-standing character Theresa McQueen (Jorgie Porter), having shown an attraction to her during his debut episode. Zack invites Theresa to his eighteenth birthday party and they share a kiss. Theresa later annoys Sonia by stealing from her place of work and letting her take the blame. When her family need money, Theresa secretly accepts a nude modelling job and lies to Zack. Sonia learns the truth and confronts Theresa over her lies. But when Theresa's photographer lauds raunchy photographs over her, Sonia decides to help out by stealing the pictures for Theresa. Zack becomes concerned that his relationship with Theresa is solely about sex. Sonia tries to convince Zack that Theresa is using him. Zack then decides he wants a serious relationship with her and declares his love to a shocked Theresa. |
1620_16 | The show soon planned a break-up for the two characters. They played Zack being unfaithful with family friend Joanne Cardsley (Rachel Leskovac) and Theresa catches them together. Boachie branded his character "devastated" to have been caught with Joanne. Zack had never wanted to be the type of man who cheated on their partner. So "he really does want to make it work with her, but his apologies get him no where." Theresa then threatens to tell everyone that he has slept with Joanne. |
1620_17 | Writers devised a surprise storyline in which Sonia would develop romantic feelings for despite posing as his sister. When Zack tells her that he hopes to find a girlfriend with a similar personality, she kisses Zack. He is horrified by her actions and she if forced to reveal that she has been lying about her identity. Zack is upset by the lengths Sonia has gone to in order to deceive his family and vows to reveal her secret to Simone and Louis. Sonia's sister Jade Albright (Kassius Nelson) collapses, Zack supports her and delays telling the truth. He later kisses Sonia suggesting he has feelings for her too. Boachie believed that his character's "heart lies" with Sonia. He viewed the split with Theresa as an ideal opportunity for the show to explore a romance between Zack and Sonia. But the fact that his parent's still believe she is his daughter, the relationship had to remain secret. Boachie added "I think Zack just needs to follow his heart and stop getting confused with all these |
1620_18 | different women, but ultimately he just wants love. He wants a strong relationship like his parents Louis and Simone have." The actor later reflected on the relationship, stating that Zack would have never viewed Sonia romantically if they were related. He added "things changed big time" when he learned the truth. |
1620_19 | The pair begin an affair but are later caught kissing by Simone and Louis. They are disgusted and Zack reveals the truth about Sonia. They threaten to call the police and Sonia reveals that Lisa is still alive. Simone hits Zack out of disgust, Boatswain said that Simone wants Sonia out of their lives and believed the storyline "opened a whole other can of worms" for the Lovedays. A Hollyoaks publicist stated that "they've grown so close these last few months but she can’t get away with what she’s done to his family." Sonia tells Zack that she knew Lisa and that she had since died. He learns that she is still alive which causes trouble between them. Deen told Laura Morgan from All About Soap that she believed Zack may never forgive Sonia for that lie. She added that she was annoyed that writers were breaking Zack and Lisa up so often. She was also unsure of whether she wanted them to reunite because Zack dumped the character too many times. Deen would have preferred Zack to "man-up and |
1620_20 | fight" for Lisa. Deen later told Soaplife's Sally Brockaway that Sonia wants to believe that her love for Zack is strong enough to overcome their problems. |
1620_21 | Zack later begins a university course and Boachie believed it was a "new journey" for the character following a "manic and crazy" period of the character's life. He added that Zack would remain living with the Lovedays because "he feels a responsibility to be there and be the manly figure in the house." University does not affect his relationship with Sonia. He "embraces" the journey to university but never loses sight of his love for Sonia. |
1620_22 | Feud with sister |
1620_23 | In March 2016, it was announced that the show planned to introduce the genuine Lisa Loveday, played by former The X Factor contestant, Rachel Adedeji. The story played out when Zack and Sonia help Joanne find Margaret who abducted Lisa. They confront her and have the police arrest her for her crimes. When Lisa arrives she is unable to forgive Sonia for impersonating her and becomes fixated on destroying her life. Adedeji told Kerry Bennett from All About Soap that "She wants everyone to be on her side, especially Zack. She's not happy that he's carrying on with Sonia – she doesn't want that to be happening at all! In fact, she has moments with Sonia that are pretty unpleasant." She argues with Sonia and then frames her for smashing up Simone's shop. Lisa is also keen to prevent Zack and Sonia from getting back together. Zack discovers the lengths that Lisa has gone to in order to belittle Sonia. He is angry and threatens to turn Louis and Simone against her. He also makes it clear |
1620_24 | that his loyalty lies with Sonia and not her. Boachie later told Morgan that Zack "feels weird" because he is torn between his lover and his sister, forming a "strange loyalty triangle." Zack wants to get on with his life and university work, but "Lisa isn't going to make it easy." |
1620_25 | Departure
The characters of Zack, Simone and Louis were all written out of Hollyoaks during January 2019. Off-screen Boachie, Boatswain and Collins had collectively decided to leave the show to pursue other projects. Zack's exit story follows his decision to move abroad to Paris to be with Holly. Simone also decides to leave the village and return to Jamaica, while Louis was murdered by serial killer Breda McQueen (Moya Brady). Adedeji, who plays Lisa, decided to remain in the show. Producers introduced further relatives of Simone's to coincide with their exits, including her younger sister Martine Deveraux (Kéllé Bryan), their father and local priest Walter Deveraux (Trevor A. Toussaint) and Martine's son, Mitchell Deveraux (Imran Adams). Boatswain claimed that she and her co-stars were being offered other work elsewhere from Hollyoaks and that they wanted to take those opportunities. |
1620_26 | Reception
For his portrayal of Zack, Boachie was nominated for "Best Newcomer" at the 2016 British Soap Awards. In August 2017, Boachie was longlisted for Sexiest Male at the Inside Soap Awards. He did not progress to the viewer-voted shortlist. Susan Hill from the Daily Star branded Zack a "hunky" character. A reporter from Reveal named Simone and Louis catching Zack kissing Sonia as a "soap highlight" for the day it aired.
References
External links
Character profile at Channel4.com
Hollyoaks characters
Television characters introduced in 2015
Fictional Black British people
Male characters in television |
1621_0 | The M1 helmet is a combat helmet that was used by the U.S. military from World War II until 1985, when it was succeeded by the PASGT helmet. The M1 helmet has become an icon of the US military, with its design inspiring other militaries around the world.
History
Development |
1621_1 | At the entry of the United States into World War I, the US military was without a combat helmet; initially US troops arriving in Europe were issued with British Mk I Brodie helmets, and those integrated with French units were given French M15 Adrian helmets. The United States quickly commenced manufacture of a version of the Mk I, designated the M1917, producing some 2,700,000 by the end of hostilities. At that point, the shortcomings of the M1917, which lacked balance and protection of the head from lateral fire, resulted in a project to produce a better helmet which would also have a distinctively American appearance. Between 1919 and 1920, a number of new designs of helmets were tested by the Infantry Board in comparative trials along with the M1917 and helmets of other armies. One of those designs, the Helmet Number 5A, was selected for further study. This was an improved version of the Helmet Number 5, developed in 1917 and 1918 by Bashford Dean, the curator of arms and armor at |
1621_2 | the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which had been rejected during the war because of its supposed resemblance to the German stahlhelm. Eventually, tests held at Fort Benning between 1924 and 1926 showed that although the 5A offered better side protection than the M1917, it was more easily penetrated from above and in some circumstances the shape of the helmet could interfere with properly holding and firing a rifle. Further ballistic tests at the Aberdeen Proving Ground resulted in the decision to retain the M1917 in 1934, which was then given a redesigned leather cradle and designated the M1917A1 or "Kelly" helmet. |
1621_3 | In 1940, with World War II raging on in Europe and Asia, it seemed likely that the United States might soon be at war again. The Infantry Board resurrected the quest to find a better type of helmet, since the ongoing conflict had shown that the M1917, designed to protect men standing in trenches from falling shell splinters and shrapnel, would be inadequate on the modern battlefield. The board reported: |
1621_4 | Accordingly, the board, under the direction of Brigadier General Courtney Hodges, took the M1917 shell as the basis of the new prototype, trimmed off the brim and added a visor and skirt-like extensions to protect the back and sides of the wearer's head. Rejecting the conventional systems of cradles, the new helmet was given a Riddell type liner and suspension system, based on the contemporary style of football helmet, with an adjustable strap for the nape of the neck to prevent the helmet from rocking. The resulting prototype was designated the TS-3, and the McCord Radiator Company manufactured the first examples from Hadfield steel. In tests, they were found to be able to resist a .45 ACP pistol bullet fired at point-blank range, exceeding the initial specification. The TS-3 was given official approval on June 6, 1941 and was designated "Helmet, Steel, M1". Full scale production commenced almost immediately. |
1621_5 | Service
Over 22 million U.S. M1 steel helmets were manufactured through September 1945. Production was done by McCord Radiator and Manufacturing Company and Schlueter Manufacturing Company; the former developed a method to create an almost eighteen-centimeter deep bowl in a single pressing, which was an engineering milestone at the time. In 1944, the stainless steel helmet rim with a seam at the front was replaced by a manganese steel rim with a rear seam, as well as the helmet bails being changed from a fixed, welded version to a swivel model in 1942, along with slight alterations to the shaping of the side brim. Further M1 helmets were manufactured for the Korean War. |
1621_6 | Production continued during the Cold War era with periodic improvements; in 1955 a grommet in the front of the liner was deleted, in 1964 the liner construction was changed to laminated nylon and a new chinstrap design was introduced in 1975. The final contract for US M1 helmets was placed in 1976. The M1 was phased out of US service during the 1980s in favor of the PASGT helmet, which offered increased ergonomics and ballistic protection.
Following World War II, the M1 helmet was widely adopted or copied by numerous other countries and its distinctive shape was adopted as the NATO standard. Postwar analysis of wartime casualty figures by the US Army Operations Research Office found that 54 percent of hits to the M1 helmet failed to penetrate, and estimated that 70,000 men had been saved from death or injury by wearing it.
Design |
1621_7 | The M1 is a combination of two "one-size-fits-all" helmets—an outer metal shell, sometimes called the "steel pot", and a hard hat–type liner nestled inside it featuring an adjustable suspension system. Helmet covers and netting would be applied by covering the steel shell with the extra material tucked inside the shell and secured by inserting the liner.
The outer shell should not be worn by itself. The liner can be worn by itself, providing protection similar to a hard hat, and was often worn in such fashion by military policemen, Assistant Drill Instructors (known as AIs), and rifle/machine gun/pistol range staff, although they were supposed to wear steel at the range. The liner is sometimes worn in U.S. military ceremonies and parades, painted white or chromed. The depth of the helmet is , the width is , and length is , the thickness is 1/8" (3 mm), The weight of a World War II–era M1 is approximately , including the liner and chinstrap.
Shell
Construction |
1621_8 | The non-magnetic Hadfield manganese steel for M1 helmet shells was smelted at the Carnegie Steel Company or the Sharon Steel Company of Pennsylvania. After being poured into fifteen-ton ingots (also called "heats"), the steel was divided into 216-inch by 36-inch by 4-inch blocks, known as "lifts," which were then cut into three equal 72-inch pieces to make them easier to handle. The cut lifts were sent to the Gary Works in Gary, Indiana for further processing, after which they were each reduced into 250 68-inch by 36-inch by 0.044-inch sheets, which were cut into 16.5-inch circles. The helmet discs were oiled and banded into lots of 400 for delivery by rail to McCord or Schlueter for pressing and final assembly. |
1621_9 | Each "heat" of steel was assigned a unique number by the smelter, as was each of its "lifts." When each new heat was unloaded at McCord or Schlueter, it was assigned a sequential number, and each lift within the heat was assigned a letter of the alphabet (for example, the third lift unloaded of the forty-ninth heat received by McCord would be 49C). This unique "lot and lift" number was stamped onto each helmet produced from the discs of a particular lift, and allowed for traceability in case the helmets exhibited defects. The "lot and lift" number is in reference to the time when the fabricator received the helmet discs, not when they were made into finished helmets. Lifts of heats were not loaded onto or unloaded from railcars in any particular order, and were often warehoused (also in no particular order) before being finished. |
1621_10 | The helmet discs were drawn to a depth of seven inches to create the rough helmet shape, or "shell," and the edges were trimmed. The edge of the shell has a crimped metal rim running around it, which provides a smooth edge. This is usually known as the "rim". The rim has a seam where the ends of the strip meet. On the earliest shells the seam met at the front. This was moved to the back of the rim in November 1944 At this time, the rim also went from being made of stainless steel to manganese steel. On each side of the shell, there are stainless steel loops for the chinstrap. Early World War II production shells had fixed, rectangular loops, and mid-war to 1960s helmets feature movable rectangular loops. This feature was adopted in 1943 to address the problem that when earlier helmets were dropped, the fixed loops were more susceptible to breaking off. Early shells for paratrooper helmets feature fixed, D-shaped loops. The shells were then painted with flat olive drab paint, with the |
1621_11 | paint on the outside of the shell sprinkled with either finely ground cork (World War II era) or silica sand (postwar). |
1621_12 | World War II-production helmets feature sewn-on cotton web olive drab shade 3 chinstraps, replaced gradually throughout 1943 and 1944 with olive drab shade 7 chinstraps. 1950s and later production chinstraps are made of olive drab webbing attached to the loops with removable metal clips. Nylon chinstraps were introduced in the U.S. military in 1975. These straps featured a two-piece web chin cup and were fastened by a metal snap rather than buckle.
Uses |
1621_13 | Many soldiers wore the webbing chinstraps unfastened or looped around the back of the helmet and clipped together. This practice arose for two reasons: First, because hand-to-hand combat was anticipated, and an enemy could be expected to attack from behind, reach over the helmet, grab its visor, and pull. If the chinstrap were worn, the head would be snapped back, causing the victim to lose balance, and leave the throat and stomach exposed to a knife thrust. Secondly, many men incorrectly believed that a nearby exploding bomb or artillery shell could cause the chinstrap to break their neck when the helmet was caught in its concussive force, although a replacement buckle, the T1 pressure-release buckle, was manufactured that allowed the chinstrap to release automatically should this occur. In place of the chinstrap, the nape strap inside the liner was counted on to provide sufficient contact to keep the helmet from easily falling off the wearer's head. |
1621_14 | The design of the bowl-like shell led to some novel uses: When separated from the liner, the shell could be used as an entrenching tool, a hammer, washbasin, bucket, bowl, and as a seat. The shell was also used as a cooking pot, but the practice was discouraged as it would make the metal alloy brittle.
Liner
Construction
The liner is a hard hat-like support for the suspension, and is designed to fit snugly inside the steel shell. |
1621_15 | The first liners were produced in June 1941 and designed by Hawley Products Company. The suspension was initially made from strips of silver rayon webbing stretched around and across the inside of the liner. A sweatband is clipped onto these, and is adjusted to fit around the head of the wearer. Three triangular bands of rayon meet at the top of the helmet, where they were adjusted by a shoestring to fit the height and shape of the wearer's head. A snap-on nape strap cushioned the liner against the back of the wearer's neck and stops it from falling off. As the rayon had a tendency to stretch and not recover its shape, the suspension material was later changed to olive drab number 3, and then olive drab number 7, herringbone twill cotton webbing. |
1621_16 | World War II and Korean War-era liners have their own chinstrap made from brown leather. The liner chinstrap does not have loops like the shell; it was either riveted directly to the inside of the liner (early examples) or snapped onto studs. It can still swivel inside the liner. The chinstrap is usually seen looped over the brim of the shell, and helps to keep it in place when its own chinstraps are not in use. |
1621_17 | Early liners were made from a mix of compressed paper fibers impregnated with phenolic resin, with olive drab cotton twill fabric stretched over the outside. They were discontinued in November 1942 because they degraded quickly in high heat and high humidity environments. They were replaced by evolving plastic liners, using a process developed by the Inland Division of General Motors. These liners were made of strips of cotton cloth bathed in phenolic resin and draped in a star shape over a liner-shaped mold, where they were subjected to pressure to form a liner. The initial "low pressure" process was deemed unacceptable by the Army, but accepted out of need. These liners were made by St. Clair Manufacturing and Hood Rubber Company. Hawley, Hood, and St. Clair's contracts were cancelled by early 1944, when a "high pressure" process which produced better-quality liners became commercially viable. Companies which produced "high pressure" liners during World War II included Westinghouse |
1621_18 | Electric & Manufacturing Company, Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, CAPAC Manufacturing, Inland (whose molds were acquired by Firestone after their contract was cancelled), Mine Safety Appliances Company, Seaman Paper Company, and International Molded Plastics, Inc. |
1621_19 | Liners essentially identical in construction to "high pressure" World War II examples were produced between 1951 and 1954 during the Korean War by the Micarta Division of Westinghouse and CAPAC Manufacturing. In the 1960s, the M1 helmet liner was redesigned, eliminating the leather chinstrap, nape strap, and changing the suspension webbing to a pattern resembling an asterisk in a coarse cotton web material in lieu of the earlier cotton herringbone twill. In the early 1970s, suspension materials changed to a thicker, more flexible nylon with a rougher unbeveled rim. Later changes included a move to a yellow and green material for liner construction.
Paratrooper liners |
1621_20 | M1 helmet liners intended for use by paratroopers had a different construction. The short piece of webbing which held the nape strap at the back of the wearer's neck was extended around the sides of the liner, and terminated on each side in "A" shaped yokes which hung down below the rim of the liner and had buckles for an adjustable chin cup made of molded leather. Two female snaps on the inside of the liner above the "A" yokes accepted male snaps on each of the steel shell's chinstraps, and helped to keep the liner inside the steel shell during abrupt or violent movements.
Accessories
Cover
In late 1942, the United States Marine Corps used a cloth helmet cover with a camouflage pattern for its helmets. The cover was made from cotton herringbone twill fabric. It had a "forest green" pattern on one side and a "brown coral island" pattern on the other. |
1621_21 | The United States Army often utilized nets to reduce the helmets' shine when wet and to allow burlap scrim or vegetation to be added for camouflage purposes. Most nets were acquired from British or Canadian Army stocks or cut from larger camouflage nets. The Army did not adopt an official issue net until the "Net, Helmet, with Band" that included an elastic neoprene band to keep it in place. |
1621_22 | After World War II, no new covers were issued and at the start of the Korean War, many soldiers had to improvise covers from burlap sandbags or parachute fabric. A consignment of 100,000 olive drab covers was dispatched to the theater, but the ship carrying them, , sank in a collision en route and they were all lost. In 1963, the Army and Marine Corps adopted a reversible fabric cover called the Mitchel Pattern, with a leafy green pattern on one side and orange and brown cloud pattern on the other. This type was nearly omnipresent in Vietnam, where, for the first time, the Army wore the cloth camouflage as general issue. In Vietnam, the green portion of the reversible fabric camouflage was normally worn outermost. Helmet covers in the (European) woodland camouflage, were designed for fighting in the European Theater of Operations (NATO), and became the post-Vietnam (jungle pattern) camouflage cover used by the US military from the late 1970s onward. The (European) Woodland pattern |
1621_23 | was not reversible; they were only printed on one side, though some rare desert camouflage examples do exist. These covers were all constructed from two semi-circular pieces of cloth stitched together to form a dome-like shape conforming to the helmet's shape. They were secured to the helmet by folding their open ends into the steel pot, and then placing the liner inside, trapping the cloth between the pot and the liner. An olive green elastic band, intended to hold additional camouflage materials, was often worn around the helmet to further hold the cover in place. |
1621_24 | Other armies used these or similar covers printed with different camouflage patterns, or employed entirely different methods. In the Dutch Army, for example, it was common practice to use a square piece of burlap as a helmet cover on M1 helmets, usually secured by a net and a wide rubber band.
During the Battle of the Bulge and Korean War, soldiers made white helmet covers as camouflage in snowy areas. They were not issued to soldiers, so many soldiers simply made them from a white cloth from a shirt or tablecloth.
Users
Current |
1621_25 | : Being replaced. Still in use by Border Guard Bangladesh and other forces.
: Some M1s still in service by Military Police and ceremonial units.
: Only used by Dominican military honor guard forces.
: Made locally and are still in service.
: Limited use by the Indonesian Armed Forces and the Indonesian Police for Ceremonial purposes, still in use by the Indonesian Military Police.
: Uses the West German-made M1s.
: Used only in the Guatemalan Army and Navy.
: Uses the Type 66 helmet, modeled after the M1 helmet that was supplied to the JSDF. Currently used in non-combat operations. Formerly used M1s supplied by the US to the JSDF before the adoption of the Type 66.
: Formerly used by former Panamanian military, now in use by Panamanian Public Forces.
: Used in the Korean War. Uses M1-style ballistic helmets made by Silver Star.
: Ceremonial units in chrome finish.
: Used by the Army and Military Police – info provided by damians war collection |January1 2022}} |
1621_26 | : Used by the Turkish military, most made locally. Still used as ceremonial helmet
: Used US M1 for 1944 to present received by the EDA (Excess Defense Article) 1942 – 1945, FMS (Foreign Military Sales) and MAP (Military Aid Program )with some still in use, and M1-style ballistic helmets for South Korean-made (M76).
: Some M1s used by the Vietnamese military. |
1621_27 | Former |
1621_28 | : Used by the Argentine military before they were replaced.
: Australian Defence Force previously used Australian and American-made M1s from the 1960s to the 1990s. Replaced by the Australian-made M91 PASGT helmet in the 1990s.
: Used by the Austrian Army after it was reformed in 1955 with 30,000 M1s supplied by the US. Copies made in 1958 known as Stahlhelm 2 (M.58) with another made in the 1970s with a German-made helmet suspension, all made by Ulbrichts Witwe.
: Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets.
: Used surplus M1 helmets complete with ERDL pattern or U.S. Woodland from various sources during the Bosnian War.
: Formerly used US and Brazilian-made M1s for its military.
: Formerly used by the Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
: Used US, Brazilian, and South Korean-made M1s before being removed from service.
: Used until the 1990s, when it was replaced by the CG634 helmet.
: Formerly used by the Chilean military with liners made by Baselli Hnos. |
1621_29 | : Used in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in the Chinese Civil War. Used by Taiwan until the 1990s.
: Used surplus M1 helmets complete with ERDL pattern or U.S. Woodland from various sources during the Croatian War of Independence.
: Formerly used US-made M1 helmets.
: Used in Cuban military until Bastista was deposed, replaced by Warsaw Pact-made helmets.
: Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets under the designation of Staalhjelm model 48 (m/48).
: Formerly in use by the Ecuadorian military.
: Provided by the US in the 1970s as part of military aid, now replaced by PASGT.
: Adopted by the Greek Army in 1952.
: Used by former Haitian military.
: Formerly used by Honduran military after signing the Rio Treaty.
: Formerly used by the Imperial Iranian Army. Used by the Islamic Republic of Iran's army, until retirement, however it occasionally still sees some limited use. |
1621_30 | : Formerly used by the Israeli military, supplied by the UK, France, and the United States. Some M1s used have a combination of US and Israeli parts.
: Used American-made M1s.
: Formerly used by the Mexican military.
:Used by Malaysian Army and Royal Malaysia Police.
: Used by the New Zealand Army from the 1960s all the way to 2000s, mostly using US and South Korean-made M1s.
: Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets.
: The Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua used M1 helmets supplied by the United States 1954-1979.
: Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets.
:Formerly used by the Pakistan Army. Replaced by GIDs ballistic helmets.
: Adopted the M1 after signing the Rio Treaty.
: Formerly used M1 helmets supplied by the US. Some obtained from Israel and West Germany.
: Formerly used M1 helmet in the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Some reserve stocks for training of the recruits.
: Formerly used M1 helmets supplied via South Korea and Taiwan. |
1621_31 | : Formerly used by the Singaporean military from the late 1950s with inner liners made locally. Used up until the mid-1980s, when they began to be gradually replaced, and finally phased out, by a similar helmet to the US PASGT helmet, in the 1990s.
: Used M1s made from America and Europe, modified for marine and paratrooper forces.
: The standard helmet of the South Vietnamese military from 1955 up until the fall of the country to North Vietnam in 1975, all throughout the Vietnam War.
: Formerly used by the Royal Thai Police's Crime Suppression Division.
: Formerly used by the United States Air Force as the M3 and later, the M5, helmet for flak protection. Formerly used by the US military from the 1940s to the 80s, replaced by the PASGT.
: Used by the Venezuelan military, now replaced. Majority made in the US and South Korea. |
1621_32 | : Formerly used by the West German army, helmets made by F. W. Quist Company. The West German M-56 Stahlhelm was a direct copy of the U.S. M1 helmet. It was properly called "zweiteiliger Stahlhelm" (two-piece steel helmet). In 1958 the helmet was made as a one-piece helmet and renamed Stahlhelm M1A1. The M1A1 came in three sizes: 66, 68, and 71. This helmet was used until 1981 when a modified version was released and renamed the Helm1A1. Modifications included a 3-point chin strap with the third point connecting at the nape, extra large sizes, and a further adjustable liner. The M1A1 Stahlhelm remained in service until 1992 when the Bundeswehr replaced it with a PASGT-derived kevlar helmet called the Gefechtshelm ("Combat helmet"). |
1621_33 | See also
M1C helmet
Modèle 1951 helmet
Iraqi M80 helmet
References
Books
Journals
External links
1940s fashion
20th-century fashion
21st-century fashion
International Hat Company
Combat helmets of the United States
World War II military equipment of the United States
Canadian military uniforms
Combat helmets of Canada
Military equipment introduced in the 1940s |
1622_0 | Prince Semien Fielder (born May 9, 1984) is an American former professional baseball first baseman and designated hitter, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Brewers, Detroit Tigers, and Texas Rangers. He was selected in the first round of the 2002 Major League Baseball draft by the Brewers out of Eau Gallie High School in Melbourne, Florida, and spent the first seven years of his MLB career with the Brewers before signing with the Tigers, in January 2012. In November 2013, Fielder was traded to the Rangers, where he played the remainder of his career. |
1622_1 | Fielder is a six-time All-Star. He holds the Brewers' team record for home runs (HR) in a season and is the youngest player in National League (NL) history to hit 50 home runs in a season. He became the first Brewer to win the Home Run Derby, defeating Nelson Cruz in the final round of the 2009 derby. Fielder also won the 2012 derby, joining Ken Griffey, Jr. and Yoenis Céspedes (later joined by Pete Alonso) as the only players to win more than one derby and becoming the first player to win the Derby as both an American League (AL) and NL All-Star. |
1622_2 | On August 10, 2016, Fielder announced that he would be unable to continue his playing career after undergoing a second neck surgery in three years. He was released by the Rangers on October 4, 2017. He ended his career with 319 home runs, the same number as his father, Cecil Fielder. Prince and Cecil Fielder are also the only father-son duo to each hit 50 MLB home runs in a season, and were the only father-son duo to hit 40 MLB home runs in a season until 2021, when Vladimir Guerrero Jr. joined his own father in achieving the feat. |
1622_3 | Childhood
Fielder was born right-handed, but at a very young age was converted to being a left-handed hitter by his father, baseball player Cecil Fielder. Fielder was a fixture around his father's teams' clubhouses growing up. He appeared with his father on MTV Rock N' Jock Softball. When his father played for Detroit, Prince would sometimes come along for batting practice. Fielder hit a home run off Tigers third base coach Terry Francona into the upper deck of Tiger Stadium as a 12-year-old in 1996. |
1622_4 | Fielder attended Saint Edward's School in Vero Beach, Florida, for two years, where he played junior varsity baseball. Fielder spent his first three years of high school playing at Florida Air Academy in Melbourne, Florida. He then transferred to Eau Gallie High School, located in the Eau Gallie neighborhood of Melbourne, to play baseball there his senior year (2002). He hit .524 with 13 doubles, 10 home runs, 41 RBIs, and 47 runs in his senior year. He was named by Florida Today as the All-Space Coast Player of the Year in 2002. Fielder committed to play college baseball for Arizona State.
Professional career |
1622_5 | Minor league baseball
The Milwaukee Brewers drafted Fielder in the first round, with the seventh overall selection, of the 2002 Major League Baseball draft. He signed with the Brewers and began his professional career in minor league baseball with the Ogden Raptors of the Rookie-level Pioneer League. He was promoted to the Beloit Snappers of the Class A Midwest League that season. Fielder spent the 2003 season with Beloit and was promoted to the Huntsville Stars of the Class AA Southern League for the 2004 season.
Fielder began the 2005 season with the Nashville Sounds of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League.
Milwaukee Brewers (2005–2011) |
1622_6 | 2005
Fielder earned his first call-up to Major League Baseball on June 13, 2005. He served as the designated hitter for the Brewers during interleague play. With Lyle Overbay serving as the Brewers' regular first baseman, Fielder was sent back down to the Sounds after the end of interleague play. Fielder was again called up to the Majors on August 17, 2005, and went on to finish the season with the Brewers, where he was used as a pinch-hitter. He was the sixth-youngest player in the league.
On June 15, 2005, he collected his first major league hit, a double, off Hideo Nomo, and drove in his first big league run with his second hit of the night at Tampa Bay. Prince also hit his first home run on June 25, 2005.
2006
After the Brewers traded Overbay to the Toronto Blue Jays, Fielder became the Brewers' starting first baseman in 2006. He was an early favorite for National League Rookie of the Year. |
1622_7 | Fielder did not get off to a great start in the 2006 regular season, going 0–9 with seven strikeouts. In his 12th at-bat, Fielder delivered a game-winning hit that drove home Geoff Jenkins for the winning run in the bottom of the 8th inning against the Pittsburgh Pirates. Fielder was named the National League's Rookie of the Month for April. With his 18th home run of the year, Fielder broke the Brewers' rookie home run record previously held by Greg Vaughn.
Fielder led all major league rookies with 28 homers in the 2006 season. On defense, he had the lowest zone rating among NL first basemen, .804.
2007
Fielder had a strong first half in 2007, earning a start at first base in the 2007 All-Star game over the previous two MVP winners, Ryan Howard (2006) and Albert Pujols (2005).
On August 13, 2007, Fielder was featured on a magazine cover for the first time when he was featured on the August 13, 2007, issue of ESPN The Magazine. |
1622_8 | On September 15, 2007, Fielder broke the Brewers franchise record for home runs in a season, hitting his 46th in a game against the Cincinnati Reds. The record was previously jointly held by Richie Sexson (twice) and Gorman Thomas. |
1622_9 | On September 25, Fielder became the youngest player ever to reach 50 home runs in a season, joining his estranged father in the exclusive club. Fielder stated that he hoped to surpass his father's total of 51 home runs in a season (1990) as a way of exorcising the demons that came with being the son of a prominent major-leaguer. "A lot of people said that's the only reason I got drafted... I don't mind people comparing me to him but I'm a completely different player. One day I want people to mention my name and not have to mention his," Fielder said. Earlier in the season, Cecil Fielder had told a magazine that it was his famous name that led to his son being such a highly-touted prospect. The younger Fielder also saw his contention in the 2007 NL MVP race as a way of proving his father wrong, but got little else from the rift but motivation saying, "You've got to look at who's saying it. Let's be honest. He's not really the brightest guy." |
1622_10 | Fielder ranked first in the National League in home runs (50) in his MVP-caliber 2007 season (and was, until the 2017 MLB season, the last player in the National League to hit 50 or more home runs in a single season, when Giancarlo Stanton hit 59 home runs), was second in slugging percentage to teammate Ryan Braun (.618), second in at-bats per home run (11.5) and OPS (1.013), third in RBIs (119) and extra-base hits (87), fourth in total bases (354) and hit by pitch (14), fifth in intentional walks (21) and sacrifice flies (8), seventh in runs (109) and times on base (269), and ninth in walks (90).
In 2007, he led all major league first basemen in errors, with 14, and was last among eligible major league first basemen in range factor (8.49).
Fielder earned the Milwaukee Brewers Team MVP award, the Player's Choice NL Outstanding Player award, 2007 Silver Slugger award, and was voted the National League's Hank Aaron Award winner.
2008 |
1622_11 | Unable to come up with an agreement for a long-term contract with the Brewers, Fielder and his agent, Scott Boras, signed a one-year, $670,000 deal with the Brewers. Fielder was quoted saying, "I'm not happy about it at all", showing his disappointment in not being able to reach an agreement with the club.
On June 19, Fielder hit the second inside-the-park home run of his career, against the Toronto Blue Jays. |
1622_12 | On August 4, Fielder and teammate Manny Parra got into a scuffle in the dugout during a game against the Cincinnati Reds in which Parra was the starting pitcher. They were having a brief conversation, which led to Parra throwing his jacket down and Fielder shoving him. Fielder had to be restrained by teammates Ray Durham, Dave Bush, J. J. Hardy, Ryan Braun, and pitching coach Mike Maddux. ESPN reported that night that the dispute was over Parra heading back to the clubhouse after being pulled from the game instead of staying in the dugout to watch the Brewers bat in the next inning. Baseball Tonight also reported that the exchange was started when Parra told Fielder to "get off his fat ass and play defense." Manager Ned Yost said reporters asking questions about the incident was as rude as "going over to the neighbors' house after they've been fighting and asking about it." |
1622_13 | On September 23, Fielder hit his second walk-off home run against the Pittsburgh Pirates, helping the Brewers keep pace with the New York Mets in the NL Wild Card race.
Fielder was named the National League Player of the Week for the week of September 15–21 after he batted .462, with 27 total bases, six doubles, 11 RBIs, .533 on-base percentage, and a 1.038 slugging percentage.
Fielder ended the 2008 regular season with a .276 batting average, 34 home runs, 102 RBIs, 86 runs and 84 walks. The Brewers finished 90–72, earning the NL Wild Card on the final day of the regular season, their first postseason berth as a National League club and their first since losing to the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1982 World Series. They faced the Philadelphia Phillies and were eliminated in four. Fielder hit the Brewers' only home run of the series, in Game 4. |
1622_14 | 2009
After the 2008 season, Fielder was seeking an $8 million salary in 2009, while the Brewers filed for $6 million. On January 23, the Brewers and Fielder avoided arbitration and finalized a two-year $18 million contract.
Fielder hit his first career grand slam against Rafael Perez of the Cleveland Indians on June 15, 2009, at Progressive Field. |
1622_15 | Fielder was one of four NL first basemen who made the 2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, joining starter Albert Pujols and fellow reservists Adrián González and Ryan Howard. Fielder won the 2009 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby in St Louis. Fielder began the Derby with a Rickie Weeks bat, but quickly switched to one of Ryan Braun's because it was longer and gave him more plate coverage. He made the finals with 17 home runs after the first two rounds, eliminating local favorites Albert Pujols and Ryan Howard. He then beat former Brewers teammate Nelson Cruz with six homers in the final round. His 23 long balls tied for the sixth-most in the Derby's history. He also hit the longest home run of the Derby at . |
1622_16 | On August 4, Fielder was involved in an incident with Los Angeles Dodgers relief pitcher Guillermo Mota. With two outs in the ninth inning, Mota hit Fielder with a pitch on the leg, apparently in retaliation for Mota's teammate Manny Ramirez being hit in the hand by Brewers pitcher Chris Smith. Mota was ejected. After the 17–4 Dodgers victory, Fielder went to the Dodgers clubhouse in an effort to confront Mota. The Dodgers security guards stopped Fielder from entering, though the incident was captured by a television crew. Both Mota and Fielder were fined by Major League Baseball for their roles in the incident. |
1622_17 | Fielder had a good September. While playing the San Francisco Giants on September 6, Fielder hit his third career walk-off home run in the 12th inning. The Brewers' subsequent home plate celebration sparked a minor controversy due to its unusual style. Then, on September 19, Fielder set the Brewers' single-season record for RBIs at 127, beating Cecil Cooper's 1983 record of 126. He set this record during a game against the Houston Astros — the team Cooper was managing at the time. The record-breaking RBI was a sacrifice fly, scoring Mike Cameron. He finished the season with 141 RBIs, which surpassed his father's career high of 133 in 1991.
Fielder finished tied for first in the National League in RBIs with Ryan Howard, and second in home runs with 46. He is one of three players in Brewers franchise history to have 100 or more RBIs in three consecutive seasons, along with Richie Sexson (2001–03) and Ryan Braun (2008–10). |
1622_18 | 2011
On January 18, Fielder and the Brewers agreed on a one-year, $15.5 million contract. Fielder was named MVP of the 82nd All Star Game, in which he hit a 3-run home run.
Along with Fielder, Braun also hit 30 home runs on the season, marking the 4th time the duo each hit at least 30 home runs in a season. Only 6 other duos have done this in major league history.
Fielder became one of three Brewers who have had four 100-RBI seasons, along with Cecil Cooper and Braun.
On September 27 in a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Fielder went 3-for-3 with three home runs and a walk, and 5 RBIs. It was his first career three-home run game. |
1622_19 | In 2011, Fielder batted .299, led the National League in intentional walks (32, a Brewers record), was second in the league in home runs (38), and was third in slugging percentage (.566). On defense, he led the majors in errors committed by a first baseman (15) and had the lowest fielding percentage of all first basemen (.990). Through 2011, he had the second-highest career slugging percentage (.540) and OPS (.929) of any player in Brewers history, behind Braun, and was second in career home runs (230) to Robin Yount.
Fielder came in third in the voting for the 2011 National League Most Valuable Player Award, behind winner and teammate Ryan Braun and Matt Kemp.
Detroit Tigers (2012–2013)
2012 |
1622_20 | Following the 2011 World Series, Fielder became a free agent. On January 26, 2012, Fielder agreed to a nine-year, $214 million contract with the Detroit Tigers to play first base and bat clean-up in the Tigers batting order. It was the largest contract in the history of the Tigers, surpassing Miguel Cabrera's contract of $185.3 million over eight years. The Tigers acquired Fielder to replace the bat of an injured Víctor Martínez, the everyday designated hitter in 2011. The acquisition of Fielder, who had only played first base in his career, required 2008–2011 first baseman Miguel Cabrera to move to third, which Cabrera was notably happy to do.
On April 5, 2012, Fielder made his debut with the Tigers and singled in his first at bat. |
1622_21 | Fielder hit his first two home runs as a Tiger on April 7, 2012, in a 10–0 victory over the Boston Red Sox. In his first season in the American League, he was voted to the 2012 All-Star team as a starter. It is his fourth All-Star appearance overall. Fielder was also selected by American League captain, Robinson Canó, to participate in the 2012 Home Run Derby.
On July 9, 2012, Fielder became the 2012 Home Run Derby champion, hitting 12 home runs in the third and final round over José Bautista of the Toronto Blue Jays. This is Fielder's second win in the derby, his first coming in 2009. Fielder became the first participant to win for both the National and American League, and joined Ken Griffey, Jr. as the only two players to win multiple Derbies. |
1622_22 | Fielder finished the 2012 regular season with a career-best .313 batting average. He hit 30 home runs, giving him six straight seasons with at least 30 long balls, and drove in 108 runs for his fifth career 100-plus RBI season. He also had an on-base percentage of .412, his fourth straight season with an on-base percentage above .400. He played in all 162 games for Detroit, his third such season in his career, and he led the American League in being hit by pitches (17). Some in the sports media have given Fielder at least partial credit for teammate Cabrera winning the Triple Crown of batting in 2012. With Fielder hitting behind him in the Tiger order, Cabrera's walks declined from 108 the previous season to just 66, giving him more opportunities to hit home runs and drive in runs. Cabrera would later confirm in a June 2013 Sports Illustrated article: "You can see a difference. They pitch to me more...I see a lot of good pitches." |
1622_23 | The 2012 World Series was Fielder's first career trip to the World Series. He compiled only a .071 batting average (1-for-14) during the World Series as the Tigers were swept in four games at the hands of the San Francisco Giants.
In Game 2 of the series, Fielder was hit on the shoulder by a pitch from Giants starting pitcher Madison Bumgarner. After Delmon Young hit a double down the left-field line, Prince attempted to score. However, a relay throw from Gregor Blanco to Marco Scutaro to Buster Posey tagged Fielder out as he was sliding home. This became the first-ever 7-4-2 putout in a World Series. |
1622_24 | 2013
Fielder was named AL Player of the Week for April 8–14. He hit .632 during the week (12-for-19) with 11 RBIs and 22 total bases. He finished the month of April with a .301 batting average, 7 home runs, and 27 RBIs. On July 1, Fielder was voted in as a reserve infielder in the AL player balloting for the 2013 Major League All-Star Game. It was his fifth career All-Star selection. During the All-Star Game, he hit a lead-off triple in the ninth inning off of Jason Grilli. He did not score but the American League still won the game 3–0. |
1622_25 | Fielder hit .279 during the 2013 regular season, and his 25 home runs was the lowest total in any of his eight full major league seasons until he hit only 23 in 2015. He did, however, drive in 106 runs, marking the sixth time he topped 100 in his career. Fielder also played all 162 games for the third straight season, and played in his 500th consecutive game on September 24. This followed a 327-game streak that was broken in September 2010, when he played for the Brewers. (He missed one game due to severe flu symptoms.) By the end of the 2013 season, he had played in 831 of his last 832 regular-season games.
Fielder batted .278 in the ALDS against Oakland, registering 5 hits and no RBIs. In the 2013 ALCS he declined further, registering a .182 average with only 4 hits and no RBIs.
Texas Rangers (2014–2017) |
1622_26 | 2014
On November 20, 2013, Fielder was traded to the Texas Rangers for second baseman Ian Kinsler and $30 million. In June 2014 Fielder underwent season ending neck surgery. At the time of his mid-season departure, he was batting .247 with 3 home runs and 16 RBI in 42 games. Fielder's then league-leading streak of 547 consecutive games started was ended.
2015
Nearly halfway through the season Fielder led the AL in batting average and was selected as a reserve designated hitter for the MLB All Star Game in Cincinnati. It was Fielder's sixth appearance in the All-Star Game and his fourth selection in five seasons. He finished the 2015 season with a .305 batting average, 23 home runs, and 98 RBIs. He had to be very patient with his power, but he said "the way I'm hitting this year, I'm fine with it." |
1622_27 | 2016
On April 29, 2016, in a game against the Los Angeles Angels in the bottom of the 6th inning, Fielder hit a sharp single through the shift to score Rougned Odor, making him and his father Cecil Fielder the 2nd father-son combo to both record 1,000 RBIs. On July 20, it was revealed that Fielder was diagnosed with C4-C5 herniations in his neck, putting his career in jeopardy. In a press conference on August 10, Fielder announced that he would not be able to continue playing professional baseball due to his injuries. In 89 games of 2016, Fielder finished his injury-shortened season with a .212 batting average, 16 doubles, 8 home runs, and 44 RBIs.
2017
On October 5, 2017, the Rangers released Fielder, citing financial considerations. Although Fielder was not completely retired at the point he was released, the Rangers decided to release him anyway. |
1622_28 | Career statistics
In 1611 games over 12 seasons, Fielder posted a .283 batting average (1645-for-5821) with 862 runs, 321 doubles, 10 triples, 319 home runs, 1028 RBI, 18 stolen bases, 847 bases on balls, .382 on-base percentage and .506 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .992 fielding percentage playing every inning at first base. In 44 postseason games, he batted only .189 (31-for-164) with 13 runs, 5 doubles, 5 home runs, 12 RBI and 15 walks.
Fielder was included on the ballot for the National Baseball Hall of Fame class of when it was announced on November 22, 2021, but after ballots were counted, he became ineligible for future balloting, due to receiving less than 5% of the total. |
1622_29 | Personal life
Fielder was named after his grandfather. He married his wife Chanel in 2005 during the Triple-A All-Star break while playing for the Nashville Sounds. They have two sons. Fielder filed for divorce in May 2013, but by March 2014, he and his wife had reconciled. They reside in Melbourne Beach, Florida.
Fielder has a tattoo on the left side of his neck that reads, "왕자", Korean for "Prince".
See also
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
References
External links |
1622_30 | 1984 births
African-American baseball players
American expatriates in Japan
American League All-Stars
Baseball players from California
Beloit Snappers players
Detroit Tigers players
Huntsville Stars players
Living people
Major League Baseball All-Star Game MVPs
Major League Baseball first basemen
Milwaukee Brewers players
Nashville Sounds players
National League All-Stars
National League home run champions
National League RBI champions
Ogden Raptors players
People from Melbourne, Florida
People from Ontario, California
Peoria Javelinas players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Sportspeople from San Bernardino County, California
Texas Rangers players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
People from Vero Beach, Florida
20th-century African-American people |
1623_0 | The Belarusian LGBT Human Rights Project GayBelarus is a national youth civic association. They operate the Jáhada (, literally Berry) positive queer infoportal (пазітыўны квір. інфапартал).
The association was founded on 18 January 2009 with the goal of providing necessary aid and support for lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender people (hereinafter called LGBT) and their families and friends.
Annually, "GayBelarus" carries out the human rights forum "Minsk Pride" , national LGBT conferences, regularly reports to international organisations on the state of LGBT issues in Belarus, submits information for the
alternative Universal Periodic Review at UN, and initiates
strategic litigations concerning violation of human rights of LGBT people.
The organization has branches in all regions of the Republic of Belarus: Brest Region, Hrodna Region, Homel Region, Vitebsk Region, Mogilev Region and Minsk Region. |
1623_1 | The organization also supports cultural activities, arranges film shows, LGBT party, roundtables to discuss current and strategic issues, and other consolidation activities. In addition, the organization provides legal assistance and psychological care, for members of the LGBT community.
Purpose
Objectives of "GayBelarus"
Contribution of the fully LGBT human rights implementation which are provided by law of Republic of Belarus including the international agreements confirmed by Republic of Belarus;
Homophobia and transphobia level decrease as well as increasing of the tolerance towards the LGBT people;
Social and psychological support of the LGBT people, members of their families and immediate surrounding.
Activity objects "GayBelarus"
Human rights work
Information work
Social work
History
2009 |
1623_2 | The Month against Homophobia
One of the first large-scale and public events, initiated by the LGBT Human Rights Project "GayBelarus" in 2009, was the Belarusian campaign against homophobia, inaugurated in Minsk, on 17 April. The campaign involved several events, and the first of these was the premiere of the documentary about LGBT Christians ‘Fish Cannot Fly’, attended by nearly 80 people. The movie was followed by debates on faith, religion, Christianity, Protestantism and fundamental churches.
As a result of the campaign, the Belarusian party "The Greens" (BPG) officially announced the establishment of the Commission on the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) rights. The Greens was the first Belarusian party to have such a commission in their structure. The announcement of the LGBT-subdivision establishment in the party was timed to the campaign "Month against Homophobia in Belarus". |
1623_3 | The Belarusian online media highly praised the Belarusian LGBT activists work carried out in the period from 17 April to 17 May within the "Month against Homophobia in Belarus", and called it the second most important cultural project in 2009, which was designed to inform Belarusians about the life and problems of the LGBT community.
Day of Silence
In April 2009, the human rights activists of the LGBT Human Rights Project "GayBelarus", the Belarusian Initiative for Sexual and Gender Equality, with the support of the public association "Young Social Democrats - Young Gramada" held in Minsk a public action Day of Silence, in the form of a "silent" flashmob. With their mouths taped, the participants of the action handed out leaflets with information about what homophobia is and why society needs to deal with this problem. |
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