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In the advent of the 2007–08 season, all of the teams of the American Hockey League unveiled newly designed Reebok Edge uniforms, including the Bears. At this time they unveiled an updated version of the "old school" jerseys with the word Bears written diagonally in black on a white home jersey and the word Hershey written in white on a maroon away jersey. Both jerseys featured black on both sides, the Washington Capitals logo on one shoulder and the classic "skating bear' oval logo on the other shoulder. The current home and road uniforms were unveiled before the 2012–13 season. The home uniform includes a white jersey with chocolate brown and tan striping. The Bears' primary logo is centered on the front. The shoulder logos feature a stylized bear-foot print. The away jersey is chocolate brown with white shoulders and tan stripes near the bottom of the sweater. The current third jersey features a bear-head as the sweater crest and has cocoa brown trim.
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Mascot The official mascot of the Bears is a brown bear called "Coco". Coco wears a Bears home jersey, white helmet, brown hockey gloves, and ice skates while skating and black track pants with black shoes. He debuted on October 14, 1978, at the Hersheypark Arena. Season-by-season record This is a partial list of the past five seasons completed by the Bears. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Hershey Bears seasons Players Current roster Updated February 24, 2022. |} Retired numbers Team captains Hockey Hall of Fame members Frank Mathers (defenseman/coach, 1956–1962; coach, 1962–73; general manager/president, 1973–1991), enshrined 1992 (builder) Ralph "Cooney" Weiland (coach, 1941–1945), enshrined 1971 (player)
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AHL Hall of Famers Willie Marshall, C, 1956–63, Elected 2006 Frank Mathers, D, 1956–62; Coach, 1956–73 and 1984–85; President/GM 1973–91. Elected 2006 Mike Nykoluk, C, 1958–72, Elected 2007 Gilles Mayer, G, 1956–59, Elected 2007 Tim Tookey, C, 1980–81, 1985–87, and 1989–95, Elected 2008 Bruce Boudreau, Coach, 2005–07, Elected 2009 Mitch Lamoureux, C, 1986–89, 1993–95, and 1997–99, Elected 2011 John Paddock Coach, 1985–89, Elected 2011 John Stevens, D, 1986–90, Elected 2012 Frederic Cassivi, G 1999–02 and 2005–08, Elected 2015 Bryan Helmer, D, 2008–10, Elected 2017 Doug Yingst, Executive, 1982–2016, Elected 2017 Don Biggs, C, 1987–90, Elected 2018 Keith Aucoin, C, 2008–12, Elected 2022 David Creighton, C, 1948–49 and 1950–52, Elected 2022 Individual award winners Les Cunningham Award (league MVP) George Sullivan: 1953–54 Mike Nykoluk: 1966–67 Tim Tookey: 1986–87 Jean-Francois Labbe: 1996–97 Alexandre Giroux: 2008–09 Keith Aucoin: 2009–10 Chris Bourque: 2015–16
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John B. Sollenberger Trophy (leading point scorer) George Sullivan: 1953–54 Willie Marshall: 1957–58 Jeannot Gilbert: 1968–69 Jean-Guy Gratton: 1975–76 Mark Lofthouse: 1980–81 Tim Tookey: 1986–87 Christian Matte: 1999–00 Alexandre Giroux: 2008–09 Keith Aucoin: 2009–10 Chris Bourque: 2011–12, 2015–16 Jack A Butterfield Trophy (playoffs MVP) Tim Tookey: 1985–86 Wendell Young: 1987–88 Mike McHugh: 1996–97 Frederic Cassivi: 2005–06 Michal Neuvirth: 2008–09 Chris Bourque: 2009–10 Willie Marshall Award (leading goal scorer) Alexandre Giroux: 2008–09, 2009–10 Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award (rookie of the year) Ron Hextall: 1985–86 Eddie Shore Award (best defensemen) Marc Reaume: 1962–63 Dave Fenyves: 1987–88, 1988–89 Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award (best goaltender) Wendell Young: 1987–88 Frederic Chabot: 1993–94 Jean-Francois Labbe: 1996–97
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Hap Holmes Memorial Award (goalies with lowest goals against average) Bob Perreault: 1958–59 Andre Gill: 1966–67 Jean-Francois Labbe: 1996–97 Louis A. R. Pieri Memorial Award (coach of the year) Frank Mathers: 1968–69 Chuck Hamilton: 1975–76 Doug Gibson: 1979–80 John Paddock: 1987–88 (shared award with Mike Milbury) Spencer Carbery: 2020–21 Fred T. Hunt Memorial Award (sportsmanship, determination and dedication to hockey) Tony Cassolato: 1980–81 Tim Tookey: 1993–94 Mitch Lamoureux: 1998–99 AHL First Team All-Star
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Walter Kalbfleisch: 1938–39, 1939–40 Harry Frost: 1940–41, 1941–42, 1942–43 Roger Jenkins: 1942–43 Wally Kilrea: 1942–43 Nick Damore: 1943–44, 1944–45, 1945–46 Gaston Gauthier: 1943–44 Hank Lauzon: 1943–44 Bill Moe: 1943–44 Joe Bell: 1945–46 Red Sullivan: 1953–54 Dunc Fisher: 1957–58 Willie Marshall: 1957–58 Marc Reaume: 1962–63 Roger DeJordy: 1966–67 Andre Gill: 1966–67 Mike Nykoluk: 1967–68 Jeannot Gilbert: 1968–69 Michel Harvey: 1968–69 Ralph Keller: 1968–69 Jean-Guy Gratton: 1975–76 Mark Lofthouse: 1980–81 Ron Hextall: 1985–86 Kevin McCarthy: 1985–86 Tim Tookey: 1986–87 Dave Fenyves: 1987–88, 1988–89 Wendell Young: 1987–88 Brian Dobbin: 1988–89 Blair Atcheynum: 1996–97 Jean-Francois Labbe: 1996–97 Serge Aubin: 1999–00 Christian Matte: 1999–00 Eric Perrin: 2003–04 Keith Aucoin: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2011–12 Alexandre Giroux: 2008–09, 2009–10 Chris Bourque: 2011–12, 2015–16 AHL Second Team All-Star
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Alfie Moore: 1938–39 Bob Goldham: 1941–42 Hank Lauzon: 1942–43 Billy Gooden: 1944–45 Norm Larson: 1945–46 Harvey Bennett: 1946–47 Lorne Ferguson: 1953–54 Dunc Fisher: 1953–54, 1954–55, 1955–56, 1956–57 Dick Gamble: 1954–55 Murray Henderson: 1954–55 Frank Mathers: 1957–58 Bob Perreault: 1957–58, 1958–59, 1961–62 Larry Zeidel: 1958–59 Howie Yanosik: 1960–61 Willie Marshall: 1961–62 Gene Ubriaco: 1965–66 Mike Nykoluk: 1966–67 Wayne Rivers: 1966–67 Roger DeJordy: 1967–68 Stan Gilbertson: 1970–71 Bob Leiter: 1970–71 Ralph Keller: 1972–73 Duane Rupp: 1973–74 Don Edwards: 1975–76 Bob Bilodeau: 1977–78, 1978–79 Rollie Boutin: 1980–81 Tony Cassolato: 1980–81, 1982–83 Greg Theberge: 1980–81 Dave Parro: 1982–83 Ross Fitzpatrick: 1985–86, 1989–90 Tim Tookey: 1985–86, 1991–92 Brian Dobbin: 1989–90 Bob Wilkie: 1993–94 Jim Montgomery: 1995–96 Pascal Trepanier: 1996–97 Mike Gaul: 1999–00 Andrew Gordon: 2009–10 Keith Aucoin: 2010–11 Jeff Taffe: 2012–13
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Travis Boyd: 2016–17 Aaron Ness: 2018–19
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Head coaches Asterisk (*) denotes number of Calder Cups won References Bibliography External links Official website 1932 establishments in Pennsylvania Boston Bruins minor league affiliates Buffalo Sabres minor league affiliates Colorado Avalanche minor league affiliates Detroit Red Wings minor league affiliates Eastern Hockey League teams Hershey, Pennsylvania Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company Philadelphia Flyers minor league affiliates Pittsburgh Penguins minor league affiliates Professional ice hockey teams in Pennsylvania Quebec Nordiques minor league affiliates Tampa Bay Lightning minor league affiliates 1 Ice hockey clubs established in 1932
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Amicable numbers are two different natural numbers related in such a way that the sum of the proper divisors of each is equal to the other number. That is, Οƒ(a)=b and Οƒ(b)=a, where Οƒ(n) is equal to the sum of positive divisors of n (see also divisor function). The smallest pair of amicable numbers is (220, 284). They are amicable because the proper divisors of 220 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55 and 110, of which the sum is 284; and the proper divisors of 284 are 1, 2, 4, 71 and 142, of which the sum is 220. (A proper divisor of a number is a positive factor of that number other than the number itself. For example, the proper divisors of 6 are 1, 2, and 3.) The first ten amicable pairs are: (220, 284), (1184, 1210), (2620, 2924), (5020, 5564), (6232, 6368), (10744, 10856), (12285, 14595), (17296, 18416), (63020, 76084), and (66928, 66992). . (Also see and ) It is unknown if there are infinitely many pairs of amicable numbers.
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A pair of amicable numbers constitutes an aliquot sequence of period 2. A related concept is that of a perfect number, which is a number that equals the sum of its own proper divisors, in other words a number which forms an aliquot sequence of period 1. Numbers that are members of an aliquot sequence with period greater than 2 are known as sociable numbers. History Amicable numbers were known to the Pythagoreans, who credited them with many mystical properties. A general formula by which some of these numbers could be derived was invented circa 850 by the Iraqi mathematician Thābit ibn Qurra (826–901). Other Arab mathematicians who studied amicable numbers are al-Majriti (died 1007), al-Baghdadi (980–1037), and al-FārisΔ« (1260–1320). The Iranian mathematician Muhammad Baqir Yazdi (16th century) discovered the pair (9363584, 9437056), though this has often been attributed to Descartes. Much of the work of Eastern mathematicians in this area has been forgotten.
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Thābit ibn Qurra's formula was rediscovered by Fermat (1601–1665) and Descartes (1596–1650), to whom it is sometimes ascribed, and extended by Euler (1707–1783). It was extended further by Borho in 1972. Fermat and Descartes also rediscovered pairs of amicable numbers known to Arab mathematicians. Euler also discovered dozens of new pairs. The second smallest pair, (1184, 1210), was discovered in 1867 by 16-year-old B. NicolΓ² I. Paganini (not to be confused with the composer and violinist), having been overlooked by earlier mathematicians. By 1946 there were 390 known pairs, but the advent of computers has allowed the discovery of many thousands since then. Exhaustive searches have been carried out to find all pairs less than a given bound, this bound being extended from 108 in 1970, to 1010 in 1986, 1011 in 1993, 1017 in 2015, and to 1018 in 2016. , there are over 1,227,310,440 known amicable pairs.
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Rules for generation While these rules do generate some pairs of amicable numbers, many other pairs are known, so these rules are by no means comprehensive. In particular, the two rules below produce only even amicable pairs, so they are of no interest for the open problem of finding amicable pairs coprime to 210 = 2·3·5·7, while over 1000 pairs coprime to 30 = 2·3·5 are known [García, Pedersen & te Riele (2003), SÑndor & Crstici (2004)]. Thābit ibn Qurra theorem The Thābit ibn Qurra theorem is a method for discovering amicable numbers invented in the ninth century by the Arab mathematician Thābit ibn Qurra.
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It states that if , , , where is an integer and , , and are prime numbers, then and are a pair of amicable numbers. This formula gives the pairs for , for , and for , but no other such pairs are known. Numbers of the form are known as Thabit numbers. In order for Ibn Qurra's formula to produce an amicable pair, two consecutive Thabit numbers must be prime; this severely restricts the possible values of . To establish the theorem, ThΓ’bit ibn Qurra proved nine lemmas divided into two groups. The first three lemmas deal with the determination of the aliquot parts of a natural integer. The second group of lemmas deals more specifically with the formation of perfect, abundant and deficient numbers.
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Euler's rule Euler's rule is a generalization of the ThÒbit ibn Qurra theorem. It states that if , , , where are integers and , , and are prime numbers, then and are a pair of amicable numbers. Thābit ibn Qurra's theorem corresponds to the case . Euler's rule creates additional amicable pairs for with no others being known. Euler (1747 & 1750) overall found 58 new pairs to make all the by then existing pairs into 61. Regular pairs Let (, ) be a pair of amicable numbers with , and write and where is the greatest common divisor of and . If and are both coprime to and square free then the pair (, ) is said to be regular ; otherwise, it is called irregular or exotic. If (, ) is regular and and have and prime factors respectively, then is said to be of type . For example, with , the greatest common divisor is and so and . Therefore, is regular of type .
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Twin amicable pairs An amicable pair is twin if there are no integers between and belonging to any other amicable pair . Other results In every known case, the numbers of a pair are either both even or both odd. It is not known whether an even-odd pair of amicable numbers exists, but if it does, the even number must either be a square number or twice one, and the odd number must be a square number. However, amicable numbers where the two members have different smallest prime factors do exist: there are seven such pairs known. Also, every known pair shares at least one common prime factor. It is not known whether a pair of coprime amicable numbers exists, though if any does, the product of the two must be greater than 1067. Also, a pair of coprime amicable numbers cannot be generated by Thabit's formula (above), nor by any similar formula. In 1955, Paul ErdΕ‘s showed that the density of amicable numbers, relative to the positive integers, was 0.
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In 1968, Martin Gardner noted that most even amicable pairs known at his time have sums divisible by 9, and a rule for characterizing the exceptions was obtained. According to the sum of amicable pairs conjecture, as the number of the amicable numbers approaches infinity, the percentage of the sums of the amicable pairs divisible by ten approaches 100% . Gaussian amicable pairs exist.
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References in popular culture Amicable numbers are featured in the novel The Housekeeper and the Professor by Yōko Ogawa, and in the Japanese film based on it. Paul Auster's collection of short stories entitled True Tales of American Life contains a story ('Mathematical Aphrodisiac' by Alex Galt) in which amicable numbers play an important role. Amicable numbers are featured briefly in the novel The Stranger House by Reginald Hill. Amicable numbers are mentioned in the French novel The Parrot's Theorem by Denis Guedj. Amicable numbers are mentioned in the JRPG Persona 4 Golden. Amicable numbers are featured in the visual novel Rewrite. Amicable numbers (220, 284) are referenced in episode 13 of the 2017 Korean drama Andante. Amicable numbers are featured in the Greek movie The Other Me (2016 film). Amicable numbers are discussed in Brian Cleggs book Are Numbers Real? Amicable numbers are mentioned in the 2020 novel Apeirogon by Colum McCann. Generalizations
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Amicable tuples Amicable numbers satisfy and which can be written together as . This can be generalized to larger tuples, say , where we require For example, (1980, 2016, 2556) is an amicable triple , and (3270960, 3361680, 3461040, 3834000) is an amicable quadruple . Amicable multisets are defined analogously and generalizes this a bit further . Sociable numbers Sociable numbers are the numbers in cyclic lists of numbers (with a length greater than 2) where each number is the sum of the proper divisors of the preceding number. For example, are sociable numbers of order 4. Searching for sociable numbers The aliquot sequence can be represented as a directed graph, , for a given integer , where denotes the sum of the proper divisors of . Cycles in represent sociable numbers within the interval . Two special cases are loops that represent perfect numbers and cycles of length two that represent amicable pairs. See also Betrothed numbers (quasi-amicable numbers) Notes
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References External links Arithmetic dynamics Divisor function Integer sequences
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The Makarov pistol or PM () is a Soviet semi-automatic pistol. Under the project leadership of Nikolay Fyodorovich Makarov, it became the Soviet Union's standard military and Militsya side arm in 1951.
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Development Shortly after the Second World War, the Soviet Union reactivated its plans to replace the TT pistols and Nagant M1895 revolvers. The adoption of the future AK assault rifle relegated the pistol to a light, handy self-defense weapon. The TT was unsuited for such a role, as it was heavy and bulky. Also, the Tokarev pistols omitted a safety and magazines were deemed too easy to lose. As a result, in December 1945, two separate contests for a new service pistol were created, respectively for a 7.62mm and 9mm pistol. It was later judged that the new 9.2Γ—18mm cartridge, designed by B. V. Semin, was the best round suited for the intended role. The lower pressures of the cartridge allowed practical straight blowback operation (reducing the cost and complexity of the weapon), while retaining low recoil and good stopping power.
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Several engineers took part in the contest, including Korovin, Baryshev, Voyevodin, Simonov, Rakov, Klimov, Lobanov, Sevryugin, and Makarov. Special emphasis was placed on safety, user-friendliness, accuracy, weight, and dimensions. After stringent handling, reliability, and other tests, Makarov's design, influenced by the German Walther PP, stood out from the others through its sheer simplicity, excellent reliability, quick disassembly, and robustness. During April 1948, Makarov's pistol experienced 20 times fewer malfunctions than the competing Baryshev and Sevryugin counterparts, and had fewer parts. The pistol was therefore selected in 1949 for further development and optimization for mass production. Tooling was set up in the Izhevsk plant for production. After many major design changes and tweaks, the gun was formally adopted as the "9mm Pistolet Makarova", or "PM" in December 1951.
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As the new standard issue sidearm of the USSR, the PM was issued to NCOs, police, special forces, and tank and air crews. It remained in wide front-line service with Soviet military and police until and beyond the end of the USSR in 1991. Variants of the pistol remain in production in Russia, China, and Bulgaria. In the U.S., surplus Soviet and East German military Makarovs are listed as eligible curio and relic items by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, because the countries of manufacture, the USSR and the GDR, no longer exist. In 2003, the Makarov PM was formally replaced by the PYa pistol in Russian service, although , large numbers of Makarov pistols are still in Russian military and police service. The PM is still the service pistol of many Eastern European and former Soviet republics. North Korea and Vietnam also use PMs as standard-issue pistols, however North Korea has since switched to the CZ-75 made locally as the BaekDuSan pistol.
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Although various pistols had been introduced in Russian service to replace the Makarov, none have been able to entirely supplant it; the MP-443 Grach/PYa is technically the Russian military’s standard sidearm but suffers from quality control and reliability issues. In September 2019, Rostec announced its Udav pistol went into mass production as the Makarov replacement. The Udav fires 9Γ—21mm Gyurza rounds which are claimed to pierce 1.4Β mm of titanium or 4Β mm of steel at a 100 meters.
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Design
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The PM is a medium-size, straight-blowback-action, all-steel construction, frame-fixed barrel handgun. In blowback designs, the only force holding the slide closed is that of the recoil spring; upon firing, the barrel and slide do not have to unlock, as do locked-breech-design pistols. Blowback designs are simple and more accurate than designs using a recoiling, tilting, or articulated barrel, but they are limited practically by the weight of the slide. The 9Γ—18mm cartridge is a practical cartridge in blowback-operated pistols; producing a respectable level of energy from a gun of moderate weight and size. The PM is heavy for its size by modern US commercial handgun standards, largely because in a blowback pistol, the heavy slide provides greater inertia to delay opening of the breech until internal pressures have fallen to a safe level. Other, more powerful cartridges have been used in blowback pistol designs, but the Makarov is widely regarded as particularly well balanced in its
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design elements.
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The general layout and field-strip procedure of the Makarov pistol is similar to that of the PP. However, designer N. Makarov and his team drastically simplified the construction of the pistol, improving reliability and reducing the part count to an astonishing 27, not including the magazine. This allowed considerable ease of manufacture and servicing. All of the individual parts of the PM have been optimised for mass production, robustness and interchangeability, partially thanks to captured German tooling, technology, and machinery.
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The chrome-lined, four-groove, 9.27mm caliber barrel is pressed and pinned to the frame through a precision-machined ring. The 7Β kg recoil spring wraps around and is guided by the barrel. The spring-loaded trigger guard is pivoted down and swung to either side on the frame, allowing removal of the slide. The front sight is integrally machined into the slide, and a 3–4Β mm wide textured strip is engraved on top of the slide in order to prevent aim-disturbing glare. The rear sight is dovetailed into the slide and multiple heights are available to adjust the impact point. The extractor is of an external spring-loaded type, and features a prominent flange preventing loss if a case should rupture. The breech face is deeply recessed in order to aid in extraction and ejection reliability. The stamped sheet steel slide-lock lever has a tail serving the purpose of ejector. The one-piece, wraparound bakelite or plastic grip is reinforced with steel inserts and has a detent inside the screw
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bushing preventing unscrewing during firing. The sheet-metal mainspring housed inside the grip panel powers the hammer in both the main and rebound stroke, the trigger and the disconnector, while its lower end is the heel and spring of the magazine catch. The sear spring also serves another function, powering the slide lock lever. Makarov pistol parts seldom break with normal usage, and are easily serviced using few tools.
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The PM has a free-floating triangular firing pin, with no firing pin spring or firing pin block. This theoretically allows the possibility of accidental firing if the pistol is dropped on its muzzle. Designer Nikolay Makarov thought the firing pin of insufficient mass to constitute a major danger. The Makarov pistol is notable for the safety elements of its design, with a safety lever that simultaneously decocks and blocks the hammer from contacting the firing pin and returns the weapon to the long-trigger-pull mode of double action when that safety is engaged. When handled properly, the Makarov pistol has excellent security against accidental discharge caused by inadvertent pressure on the trigger, e.g., in carrying the weapon in dense brush or re-holstering it. However, the heavy trigger weight in double-action mode decreases first-shot accuracy. The Bulgarian-model Makarov pistol was approved for sale in the US state of California, having passed a state-mandated drop-safety test
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though the certification was not renewed and it has since been removed from the roster of approved handguns.
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Operation
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The PM has a DA/SA trigger mechanism. Engaging the manual safety simultaneously decocks the hammer if cocked, and prevents movement of slide, trigger and hammer. Both carrying with safety engaged, or with safety disengaged and hammer uncocked are considered safe. The DA trigger pull is heavy, requiring a strong squeeze, trading first shot accuracy for safety. Racking the slide, manually cocking the hammer or firing a cartridge all cock the hammer, setting the trigger for the next shot to single action. The PM is a semi-automatic firearm, therefore its rate of fire depends on how rapidly the shooter squeezes the trigger. Spent cartridges are ejected some 5.5–6 meters away to the shooter's right and rear. After firing the last round, the slide is held back by the slide stop lever/ejector. Magazines can be removed from the gun via the heel release, located on the bottom of the grip. After loading a fresh magazine, the slide can be released by pressing the lever on the left side of the
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frame or by racking the slide and releasing it; either action loads a cartridge into the chamber and readies the pistol to fire again.
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Variants The Makarov pistol was manufactured in several communist countries during the Cold War and afterwards; apart from the USSR itself, they were East Germany, Bulgaria, China, and post-reunification Germany, which also found itself with several thousand ex-GDR Makarov pistols.
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The most widely known variant, the PMM (Pistolet Makarova Modernizirovannyy or Modernised Makarov pistol), was a redesign of the original gun. In 1990, a group of engineers reworked the original design, primarily by increasing the load for the cartridge. The result is a significant increase in muzzle velocity and generation of 25% more gas pressure. The PMM magazine holds 12 rounds, compared to the PM's eight rounds. Versions that held ten rounds were produced in greater quantities than the 12-round magazine. The PMM is able to use existing 9.2Γ—18mm PM cartridges and has other minor modifications such as more ergonomic grip panels as well as flutes in the chamber that aid in extraction. As of 2015, it isβ€”alongside MP-443 Grachβ€”the service pistol of the Russian Airborne Troops. A silenced version of the Makarov pistol, the PB, was developed for use by reconnaissance groups and the KGB, with a dedicated detachable suppressor.
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An experimental variant of the Makarov pistol, the TKB-023, was designed with a polymer frame to reduce the weight and costs of the weapon. It had passed Soviet military trials but was never fielded, due to concerns about the polymer's capacities for long-term storage and use. Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia have developed their own handgun designs chambering the 9Γ—18mm round. Hungary developed the FEG PA-63, Poland the P-64 and the P-83 Wanad and Czechoslovakia the vz.82. While similar in operation (straight blowback), and chambered for the same round, these pistols are often found labeled at gun shows by some US gun retailers as "Polish Makarovs" and "Hungarian Makarovs". Nonetheless, these cosmetically similar designs are independent of the PM and have more in common with the Walther PP (which, in fact, was also a major influence on the original Russian Makarov).
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A wide variety of aftermarket additions and replacements exist for the Makarov pistol, including replacement barrels, custom grips, custom finishes and larger sights with various properties to replace the notoriously small originals. A scope/light mount exists for the Makarov pistol but requires a threaded replacement barrel. Baikal Baikal is a brand developed by IGP around which a series of shotgun products were designed from 1962. After the collapse of the USSR, commercial gun manufacture was greatly expanded under the Baikal brand.
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During the 1990s, Baikal marketed various Makarov-derived handguns in the United States under the IJ-70 model. Included were handguns in both standard and high-capacity frames. They were available in .380 ACP in addition to the standard 9Β mm Makarov round. Some minor modifications were made to facilitate importation into the United States, including the replacement of the rear fixed sight with an adjustable sight (only these Russian models marketed abroad feature an adjustable sight). A sporting version is the Baikal-442. The importation of these commercial models into the U.S. was later further restricted with the U.S. Government's importation ban on Russian firearms.
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The Baikal IZH-79-8 is a modified version of the standard Makarov pistol, with an 8Β mm barrel, modified to allow it to fire gas cartridges. These guns proved popular after the fall of the USSR, and were used in Eastern Europe for personal protection. However, unlike most gas firing guns, the body is made of standard Makarov-specification steel. Users
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: Copy pistols were produced since 1960. Arsenal 10 produced them between 1970 and 2007. Can be recognized by means of the digit "10" enclosed within a circle stamped into the left side of the frame, straight hammer serrations, slim star grip grip panels w/star and lanyard ring. : Burundian rebels : Adopted by the People's Liberation Army in 1959 as the Type 59. Produced locally with minor cosmetic differences (i.e. the width of the slide's sight rail and configuration of the safety lever). The military version was produced from 1959 to 1960 in Factory 626, and featured a characteristic shield embossed with 5 stars on the grip shell. Civilian Type 59s were produced by Norinco for the export market. : Made under license. : Used by pro-Russian militas in 2014.
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: Copy pistols were produced. Known locally as "Pistole-M". Can be recognised through the plain dark grip shells, higher polish bluing, and early features (undrilled safety lever, round safety detent holes...). Special training cutaways with serial number prefix "SM" were also produced. : Used by pilots of the Indian Air Force. : Especially used by the TNI-AU officers in the 60s. : Copy pistols produced with parts sourced from Eastern Europe. : People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad : 90+ Type 59 pistols acquired from 2001 : Used by the Romanian Police : Used by police units. Used alongside the Fort 12 : Made copies as the K59. Industry name known as SN9. : Used by the Zimbabwe National Army.
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See also 9Γ—18mm Makarov Izhevsk Mechanical Plant List of Russian weaponry Makarych MP-448 Skyph Stechkin automatic pistol References Bibliography External links Modern Firearms - Makarov PM / PMM / Izh-71 Pistol Makarov 9 mm – Manufacturer, History, Technical Data, Classification, Handling, Ammunition, Manuals Makarov Pictorial Technical data, instructional images and diagrams of the Makarov pistol 9Γ—18mm Makarov semi-automatic pistols .380 ACP semi-automatic pistols Cold War firearms of the Soviet Union Police weapons Semi-automatic pistols of Russia Semi-automatic pistols of the Soviet Union Izhevsk Mechanical Plant products
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Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal (known as Ratchet & Clank 3 in Europe and Africa and Ratchet & Clank 3: Up Your Arsenal in Australia) is a 2004 3D platform video game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2. It is the third installment in the Ratchet & Clank series and was released in North America on November 2, 2004. Shortly after it was released in Japan on November 25, when the first volume of the Ratchet & Clank manga, drawn by Shinbo Nomura, was released. A demo of this game was included in the PAL release of Sly 2: Band of Thieves. The game introduces Dr. Nefarious, a robotic villain.
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The gameplay is similar to previous games in the series but introduces new features such as a new control system and more levels in the upgrade system for weapons. It follows Ratchet and Clank's adventure through a fictional universe to defeat a robotic villain, Dr. Nefarious, who intends to destroy all organic life. Characters such as Dr. Nefarious and Sasha, a Cazar starship captain who helps Ratchet throughout the game, are introduced, and a number of characters return from the original Ratchet & Clank.
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Up Your Arsenal is the first in the series to offer online multiplayer as well as single-player. The service was terminated for the PlayStation 2 in June 2012 and for the PlayStation 3 in February 2018. Multiplayer features three different modes of play available on all of the maps and has a selection of the weapons from the single-player game. As well as the multiplayer mode, it has many other differences compared to its predecessors such as higher quality graphics, larger worlds, and drivable vehicles. The voice cast from the previous game return as their respective characters, and new actors were hired to voice the new characters. The game was met with critical acclaim upon release, earning an average review score of 91% at Metacritic. Gameplay
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Despite straying further from a classic platform game, Up Your Arsenal still offers some of the basic features of a platform game but with a strong mix of action and shooting; PGNx Media has dubbed it a "combat-platformer". It offers melee and long range combat and boasts a large, varied arsenal as one of its primary features as it has been in previous games. As the player progresses through the game new weapons and upgrades can be obtained. As well as the 20 weapons available to the player, each weapon (apart from the RY3NO) has 8 levels of strength, which differs from the previous game's 4 levels of strength. 5 upgrades are available after a weapon's purchase, and then 3 after that once the game has been completed, the player starts "Challenge Mode", and purchases the weapon's upgrade. Alongside the weapons, which are primarily used in combat, there are 10 gadgets that can be collected for use in other situations.
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For most of the game the player will be in control of Ratchet, but in some areas the player takes control of Clank, Ratchet's ally. Clank can give commands to smaller robots called Gadgebots to perform tasks with the use of a command menu to solve puzzles and attack enemies. Clank also features in "Giant Clank" scenarios where Clank transforms into a larger and more advanced form and can battle similar size enemies; in this form he gains increased firepower with rockets and bombs and a large amount of health. During the single-player game, the player can also play as Captain Qwark in 2D side-scrolling levels (called "Vid Comics"), which builds upon the history of Captain Qwark and his previous conflicts with Dr. Nefarious.
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The game offers a large range of enemies and different stages. It also features online multiplayer modes, such as Deathmatch, Capture The Flag, and Siege (in which the player storms the opponent's base and tries to destroy the power core inside). It supports up to eight players at a time and supports voice chat through a PS2-compatible headset. Internet connection is needed if playing online against other players. Plot Characters
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The player character and main protagonist is Ratchet, a Lombax from the planet Veldin (voiced by James Arnold Taylor). He wields a wrench as a melee weapon and can use a large arsenal of weapons. Clank, Ratchet's robotic sidekick and co-protagonist (voiced by David Kaye), is usually attached to Ratchet's back and uses special attachments to help Ratchet's movement on ground and air. Dr. Nefarious, the main antagonist of the game (voiced by Armin Shimerman), is a robotic tyrant with the intent of exterminating all organic life. At the end of the game, Nefarious is left stranded on an asteroid, eventually making cameos and reappearances in later titles of the series.
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Plot
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While playing chess in their penthouse in the Bogon Galaxy, Ratchet (James Arnold Taylor) and Clank (David Kaye) receive word that Ratchet's home planet, Veldin, is under attack by an army of Tyhrranoids. Posing as an officer in the Galactic Rangers, he leads an assault that drives off the invaders, who appear to use very sophisticated weapons and equipment. At a post-victory briefing, the Galactic President informs the duo that a robotic villain known as Dr. Nefarious (Armin Shimerman) is believed to be responsible for organizing the invasion. As very little is known about Nefarious, the Rangers decide to track down the only man to have ever beaten him: Captain Qwark (Jim Ward). Ratchet discovers a feral Qwark living with an indigenous tribe on planet Florana and takes him to the Starship Phoenix, where he meets Ranger Captain, Sasha Phyronix (Leslie Carrara-Rudolph). Upon regaining his sanity after watching his old adventures reenacted via vid-comics, Qwark forms the "Q-Force", an
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"elite" squad that answers only to him, and orders Ratchet, Clank, and Q-Force operative Skidd McMarx (Neil Flynn) to infiltrate Nefarious's base on planet Aquatos. Hacking his database, Clank obtains a map of Tyhrranosis, the Tyhrranoid home world. After Ratchet succeeds in killing the Tyhrranoid queen, Dr. Nefarious sends a transmission, mocking the Q-Force; Big Al (Chris Hatfield), the technical expert of the team, traces it to a munitions factory on planet Daxx.
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There, Ratchet and Clank learn that Nefarious has constructed a weapon called the Biobliterator, but they are unable to find any information on it. They also find a music video produced by pop star Courtney Gears (Melissa Disney) (a robotic parody of Britney Spears), in which she instructs robots to destroy organic lifeforms. Clank sets up a meeting with Gears, but she renders him unconscious and turns him over to Dr. Nefarious. Aware of Clank's fame as the star of "Secret Agent Clank", Nefarious asks him to serve as the face of his plan to wipe out all organic races, but he refuses. In response, Nefarious creates an evil double named Klunk (also voiced by Kaye) and has him take Clank's place. Unaware of the deception, Ratchet undertakes a mission with Skidd to investigate enemy activity on the Obani Moons. When Ratchet returns to the Phoenix, Gears abducts Skidd and turns him into a robot. Ratchet confronts and disables her in combat, then gets Skidd to safety. Meanwhile, Sasha
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locates Nefarious' ship, the Leviathan, at a remote spaceport, and sends him and Qwark to apprehend the doctor. Nefarious reveals that the whole encounter is a trap, and he activates the Leviathan's self-destruct system before escaping. Qwark refuses to leave, citing the need to gather intel, and seemingly perishes when the ship explodes.
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After a brief memorial for Qwark on the Phoenix, Ratchet goes to assist Ranger forces battling a Tyhrranoid invasion in the city of Metropolis. Unveiling his newly completed Biobliterator, Nefarious uses it to turn both Metropolis's citizens and his Tyhrranoid soldiers into robots. Making yet another escape, he orders Klunk to kill Ratchet. After besting the clone, Ratchet and Clank are reunited and vow to stop Nefarious. While searching the remains of the Leviathan, they find evidence that Qwark faked his death. A secret message hidden on board the Phoenix reveals the location of a secret hideout where Qwark, overcome with cowardice, refuses to fight any longer. After fighting off an attack on the Phoenix, the duo intercept the Biobliterator and Clank destroys it with an ion cannon. However, Sasha informs them that a second, more advanced, Biobliterator is being prepped for launch at Nefarious's main command center on planet Mylon, Ratchet and Clank locate Nefarious and defeat him,
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but he activates the Biobliterator, which transforms into a giant, heavily armed robot. Before he can crush the two, a reinvigorated Qwark flies in to distract him, giving the duo an opening to destroy the Biobliterator. Nefarious doesn't bother to specify a destination when he engages his teleporter, stranding him and his butler Lawrence on a distant asteroid. With Nefarious defeated, the Q-Force and their allies attend a private screening of the latest Secret Agent Clank holofilm.
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Development Up Your Arsenal was the main focus of the Insomniac Team during development. The team of around 115 people were aiming to create a new Ratchet and Clank game that would differ significantly from its predecessors and almost end up being two games in one. Insomniac believed that one of the key processes in the development process was the rigorous testing. Working closely with Sony and listening to fans of the Ratchet and Clank series, they gathered feedback and made improvements to the game. They felt that they had created a game that would appeal to a number of genres with the inclusion of elements of platform, action and side-scrolling gameplay.
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At the same time, Jak 3 was being developed by Naughty Dog, a company closely tied with Insomniac. Naughty Dog's Jak & Daxter series and the Ratchet & Clank series are in similar genres; each game in both series' has been released at a similar time and both contain references to each other. Ryan Schneider, an employee of Insomniac, said, "The analogy that I like to use is that at Insomniac we like to look at it as how Tiger Woods and Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant act when it comes to their professions. We don't really look at it as how we compare to other athletes or other games, we just try to do the best that we can and elevate the sport." Reception
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Before its release, IGN was highly anticipating the final version of the game as they had played two previous versions of the game already. Concentrating on the multiplayer aspect of the game, they praised the developers for moving a solely platform game into the multiplayer genre so well. Up Your Arsenal was featured at the E3 games festival in 2004, where there was a playable demo. Only the multiplayer Siege mode and a single-player demo were available but they were enough to get 1UP.com's award for best action game at E3.
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Soon after its release, Up Your Arsenal received critical acclaim. GameSpy awarded it 5 stars out of 5, and IGN said that "You MUST buy this immediately" due to its extensive line-up of weaponry, high quality graphics and polished sound effects. IGN did, however, believe it was easier than the previous game, Going Commando, while GameSpot thought that the gameplay was too similar to the previous title, but both reviewers considered these as minor issues and they made little difference to the overall score. Gaming magazines GamesTM and Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine both mentioned that the offbeat comedy that was apparent throughout the majority of the game was one of the points that made it unique. X-Play said "A mixture of excellent gameplay tweaks and new activities make the third one easily the strongest game in the series and one of the best games of this year" and giving it a full five star rating. According to Metacritic's collection of reviews, 12 separate reviewers gave
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the game the highest possible score. In 2006, Edge Magazine featured a "Time Extend" article on Up your Arsenal and among other points, focused on the amount and variety of weapons available to the player. It won GameSpot's 2004 "Best Platformer" award. In August 2005 Up Your Arsenal entered the Greatest Hits line-up. Since its release, it has sold over 1,150,000 copies in the US alone. As of June 30, 2007, the game sold more than 3.2 million copies worldwide.
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IGN listed the game 18th on their list of "The Top 25 PS2 Games of All Time".
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References External links 2004 video games 3D platform games Insomniac Games games Multiplayer and single-player video games Multiplayer online games PlayStation 2 games PlayStation 2-only games Ratchet & Clank Video game sequels Video games developed in the United States Sony Interactive Entertainment games Video games scored by David Bergeaud
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PAS Giannina Football Club (), or with its full name Panepirotikos Athlitikos Syllogos Giannina (, Panepirotic Athletic Club Giannina) is a Greek professional football club based in the city of Ioannina, the capital of Epirus region. PAS Giannina was formed in 1966 as a result of the union of the two local teams – AO Ioanninon (union of Atromitos Ioanninon and Olympiacos Ioanninon in 1962) and PAS Averof. As emblem of the new team was chosen the bull, as appeared on the ancient coin of the Epirote League. The club have competed several times in the Super League. The club is probably best known among Greek football fans for its loyal support and its status as the most successful football club in Epirus region. History The beginning (1966–1971) The first official match was for the Greek Cup against Pindos Konitsas in 2 October 1966. The result was 4–0 for PAS Giannina.
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PAS Giannina was a mid-table club of the Second Division until 1971. In 1966–67, the club finished 6th. In 1967–68, it finished 10th. In 1968–69, it finished 5th. In 1969–70, it finished 7th. In 1970–71, it finished 13th. The rise of "Ajax of Epirus" (1971–1983) In 1971, the Portuguese GΓ³mez de Faria was signed as manager. In 1971–72, PAS Giannina finished 13th. In the middle of the season, three Argentine players were signed: Alfredo Glasman, Jose Pasternac and Eduardos Kontogeorgakis (who is Eduardo Rigani's son). At the end of the season, three more Argentine players were signed: Juan Montes, Oscar Alvarez and Eduardo Lisa. PAS Giannina was in the race for promotion. In 1972–73, the club finished second. In 1973–74, it finished first and was promoted to the First division.
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PAS Giannina was in the First Division for 10 years. The club finished several times near the top of the First Division table, often earning victories over more established Greek teams such as Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, AEK Athens and PAOK. The effective and spirited play of the club during these years drew flattering comparisons with the famous Dutch club Ajax Amsterdam, and the moniker "Ajax of Epirus" has stuck with the team ever since.
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In 1974–75, PAS Giannina finished 9th. In 1975–76, PAS Giannina finished 5th for the first time. This position is the record high for the club. In 1976–77, it finished 11th. In 1977–78, the club finished 5th again. The club qualified for the Balkans Cup for the first time in its history. In 1978–79, it finished 14th. In 1979–80, it finished 6th. In the middle of the season, former Poland national team coach Jacek Gmoch was signed from the Epirote club. It was a brief but a reasonably successful tenure. In 1980–81, it finished 11th. In 1981–82, it finished 14th. In 1982–83, it finished 9th.
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In the doldrums (1983–1997)
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The period following the aforementioned peak years of the club generally marked a sharp decline in the fortunes of it as many of its top stars moved on or retired outright without being satisfactorily replaced. In 1983–84, PAS Giannina finished 15th. It was in a tie with Panionios. There was a play out match in Larissa between the two clubs. Panionios won the match 2–0. PAS Giannina relegated in the Second Division. In 1984–85, the club finished first in the Second Division and was promoted to the First Division. In 1985–86, it finished 13th. In 1986–87, it finished 16th and was relegated to the Second Division In 1987–88, it finished 12th. In 1988–89, it finished 4th. The club qualified for the promotion playoffs with Ethnikos Piraeus, Apollon Kalamarias, Korinthos, Diagoras and Veroia. It failed to get promoted. In 1989–90, it finished third and got promoted to the First Division. In 1990–91, the club finished 18th and was relegated to the Second Division. In 1991–92, the club
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finished 14th. In 1992–93, it finished 10th. PAS Giannina qualified for the Balkans Cup for the second time in its history. In 1993–94, it finished 5th. Also the club was runner up in the Balkans Cup 1993–94. In 1994–95, it finished 8th. In 1995–96, it finished 12th. In 1996–97, it finished 16th. PAS Giannina was relegated to the Third Division for the first time in its history.
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Comeback and a new crisis (1997–2004) PAS Giannina was in the Third Division for the first time in its history. In 1997–98, it finished first and got promoted to the Second division. In 1998–99, it finished 4th, failing to get promoted to the First Division. In 1999–00, it finished third and qualified for the promotion playoffs with Egaleo and Panserraikos. PAS Giannina won Panserraikos 3–1 and draw with Egaleo 1–1. After that the club promoted to the First Division. In 2000–01, it finished 13th and qualified to the relegation playoffs. The club relegated after a 3-game playoff with OFI Crete. In 2001–02, PAS Giannina finished first and promoted to the First Division.
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PAS experienced a fair degree of instability in these years. In 2002–03, PAS Giannina finished 14th. After the penalty of 90 points the club finished 16th and relegated. The penalty of 90 points imposed on it by the Greek football association (EPO) for financial reasons. There were a lot of financial problems in season 2003–04. The club finished 14th and qualified to playout with Ilisiakos. The club lost 3–1 and relegated in the Third division for the second time in its history. The club turned on a semi-professional status.
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Semifinals Of Greek Cup (2004–2010) The control of the club switched over to attorney Alexis Kougias. In 2004–05, the club finished second and failed to get promoted. In 2005–06 it finished second and got promoted to Second Division. In 2006–07, PAS Giannina finished 5th. Also, PAS Giannina reached the semifinals of the Greek Cup 2006–07 against AE Larissa FC. PAS Giannina lost 2–0 both home and away match. On the quarter-final PAS Giannina won Olympiacos, 2–0 at home and lost 2–1 in Karaiskakis Stadium of an extra-time goal from Evangelos Kontogoulidis before a hostile crowd.PAS Giannina finished 4th in the Second Division in the 2007–08 season, failing to get promoted. In the summer of 2008, ownership of the club was passed over to Giorgos Christovasilis, a businessman from Athens whose roots are from the Epirus region. He signed Guillermo Ángel Hoyos as manager and some great players such as Luciano. In the 2008–09 season, the club promoted as second in the Super League.
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In the summer of 2009, the club signed players such as Dimitrios Eleftheropoulos, Ibrahima Bakayoko, Konstantinos Mendrinos, Ilias Kotsios. In 2009–10, the club finished 15th and got relegated one more time. On the other hand, the club was successful in the Greek Cup. PAS Giannina reached the semifinals for the second time in its history. In the quarter final PAS Giannina won PAOK 4–0 in Zosimades Stadium. In the semifinals, the club lost from Panathinaikos on aggregate 2–4. Road to UEFA Europa League (2010–2017) In the 2010–11 season, PAS Giannina was promoted as second again to Super League. The club takes part in Super League every year. In 2011–12, PAS Giannina finished 8th. In 2012–13, PAS Giannina finished 5th and qualified for the playoffs with Atromitos, Asteras Tripolis and PAOK for the first time in its history.
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It started with 2 wins but at the end it finished 4th. The club qualified for Europa League. PAS Giannina were not licensed to play in the Europa League and therefore were replaced by the next Europa League licensed team in the table, not already qualified for any European competition, which was Skoda Xanthi. In 2013–14, the club finished 11th, a safe mid-table position. In 2014–15, the club finished 6th. Also that year, there were awards for the manager and two players. Giannis Petrakis won the best manager of the year award. Charis Charisis won the best young player of Greek Super League award and Markos Vellidis won the best goalkeeper award. In 2015–16, the club finished 6th again. PAS Giannina qualified for UEFA Europa League 2016–17 because Panionios was excluded from participating in the 2016–17 European competitions by UEFA for financial reasons. The club qualified for European competitions, except Balkans Cup, for the first time in its history.
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In 2016–17, the club takes part in the Super League. The club finished 9th. An important moment was the charity match for the refugees between the veterans of the club and FC Barcelona. The charity match and activities were organized by the BarΓ§a Players Association in collaboration with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and with the support of PAS Giannina FC.
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Recent years (2017–today)
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In 2017–18, the club finished 9th again in the Super League. Also, PAS Giannina reached the quarterfinals in the Greek Cup. In 2018–19, after an awful season, PAS Giannina finished 14th and relegated to the Super League 2. There were many changes at the club. Petrakis left the club after years and a new manager, Argirios Giannikis was hired. Some players, with many years at the club, left it as well. Michail, Tzimopoulos, Lila, Giakos left the club. Some young players like Liasos, Lolis, Naumets took part at first 11. Also, Giorgos Dasios returned to the club as Director of Football. PAS Giannina was first when the championship was suspended. On 22 June 2020, it was announced that the ranking on 12 March 2020 is the final ranking. PAS Giannina won the Super League Greece 2 in the season 2019–20 and been the first team to win the new competition and the club was promoted to Super League 1. In 2020-21,the club finished 8th on the regular season. It finished 9th after the end of play
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out. The team got into the semi-final of the Greek Cup in the season 2020-21 after beating Atromitos and Panathinaikos.PAS Giannina reached semi finals for the third time in its history. In the semifinals, the club lost from Olympiacos on aggregate 2–4.
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Stadium and facilities PAS Giannina play in the home ground, Zosimades, where they have played since its foundation. The capacity is 7,500 seats. The stadium is in the downtown of Ioannina. The highest attendance (14,557 fans) was in a match with Olympiacos in season 1974–75. The training facilities are in PEAKI. There are three football fields and a car parking with capacity of 500 cars. Honours and distinctions Over the years, PAS has competed in the Super League for a total of 25 seasons (plus 2020–21). The club has never won the Super League or the Greek Cup, but it has won lower division titles throughout its history and represented Greece in the 1979–80 and 1993–94 Balkans Cup tournaments. During its history in the Super League, the club finished 3 times in the 5th position (1975–76, 1977–78, 2012–13 seasons) and 3 times in the 6th position (1979–80, 2014–15, 2015–16 seasons).
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On January 31, 2007, PAS clinched a spot in the Greek Cup semifinals by virtue of an extra-time goal from Evangelos Kontogoulidis before a hostile crowd in Karaiskakis Stadium. With an aggregate score of 3–2, PAS Giannina also is the first ever lower division club that eliminated Olympiacos from the Greek Cup tournament. The most famous player to have donned the blue and white PAS Giannina's jersey in recent years is defender Giourkas Seitaridis, who later played for Panathinaikos, FC Porto, Dynamo Moscow, and AtlΓ©tico Madrid as well as the triumphant Euro 2004 Greece squad. National
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Super League (First Division) 1975–76, 5th place: 30 games, 36 points, 15 wins, 6 draws, 9 defeats, goals 40–33 1977–78, 5th place: 34 games, 38 points, 14 wins, 10 draws, 10 defeats, goals 45–39 1979–80, 6th place: 34 games, 37 points, 14 wins, 9 draws, 11 defeats, goals 50–44 2012–13, 5th place: 30 games, 44 points, 12 wins, 8 draws, 10 defeats, goals 28–24 2014–15, 6th place: 34 games, 53 points, 13 wins, 14 draws, 7 defeats, goals 47–33 2015–16, 6th place: 30 games, 42 points, 12 wins, 6 draws, 12 defeats, goals 36–40 Super League 2 (Second Division) Champions (4): 1973–74, 1984–85, 2001–02, 2019–20 Gamma Ethniki (Third Division) Champions (1): 1997–98 Greek Cup Semi-Finals (3): 2006–07, 2009–10, 2020–21 International 'Balkans CupRunners-Up (1): 1993–94 Seasons in the 21st century Best position in bold. Key: 1R = First Round, 2R = Second Round, 3R = Third Round, 4R = Fourth Round, 5R = Fifth Round, GS = Group Stage, QF = Quarter-finals, SF = Semi-finals.
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European competitions record UEFA Europa League Last update: 5 August 2016 Balkans Cup Supporters and Nickname The team is well known for its passionate supporters, mainly from the city of Ioannina and the whole Epirus region. The first union was the fan club of square at 70s and 80s. A new fan club was founded on 1986. The name was the bulls (tavroi). The club was active until 2011. One more fan club was founded in the middle of 90s unofficial, Blue Vayeros. Officially it was founded on 2000. Apei rotan was founded on 2008 and they were active until 2015. Azzurra Familia was founded on 2013 and it was active for a short period. PAS Giannina fan club was founded on 2018. There were fan clubs in Athens like Los Toros Locos (2001-2009) or Thessaloniki (Blue Vayeros Salonica (2006-2011). There are also groups in Greece or abroad.
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PAS Giannina was given the nickname Ajax of Epirus (Greek: Άγιαξ της ΗπΡίρου) in the 1970s, thanks to their impressive football style which was linked licentia poetica to the style of the famous Dutch club. Rivalries PAS Giannina fans feel deep antipathy towards the clubs from Athens: Olympiacos, Panathinaikos and AEK Athens. There is a rivalry with OFI Crete based on the events surrounding their 2001 playoffs. In contrast, derby matches against AE Larissa FC are competitive in the sporting sense but do not evoke the same feelings of enmity from PAS Giannina supporters. The other important rivals are Panachaiki, Panetolikos, AO Kerkyra. In the past there were local derbies in Epirus. These were with Anagennisi Artas and PAS Preveza.
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There was a rivalry with Panionios based on 1984 playout match. This rivalry has been increased since the summer of 2016, when Panionios was not granted a license by UEFA to compete in the Europa League following a claim by PAS Giannina. UEFA ruled that PAS Giannina take Panionios’ place in the 2016 2nd qualifying round of the Europa League. Crest and colours The colours of the team are blue or cyan and white. The crest depicts an ancient bull with an oak wreath, as appeared in an ancient coin (238–168 BC) of the Epirote League plus the word "ΑΠΕΙΑΩ΀ΑΝ" meaning "people of Epirus". Players Current squad Out on loan Notable former players Managerial history Further information:PAS Giannina F.C. managers Further information:List of PAS Giannina F.C. managers
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Kostas Choumis (1966) Konstantinos Kokkas (1966) Care taker Adam Pitsioudis (1966–67) Christoforidis (1967–68) Chrisochoou (1968–69) Karalazos (1969–) Panagiotis Deligiorgis (–70) Adam Pitsioudis (1970–) Giannis Papantoniou (–71) GΓ³mez de Faria (1971–73) Nikos Alefantos (1973–74) Eduardo Rigani (1974) Antonis Georgiadis (1974–76) Dobromir Zhechev (1976–77) Antonis Georgiadis (1977–79) Nikos Alefantos (1979) Paulos Tzamakos (1979) Giorgos Siontis (1979) Jacek Gmoch (December, 1979 – June 30, 1981) Giorgos Siontis (1981–1982) Petar Argirov (1982–1983) Andreas Karamanolakis (1983–84) Gerhard Prokop (1984) Giorgos Siontis (1984) Christos Archontidis (July 1, 1984 – June 30, 1985) Gerhard Prokop (July 1, 1985 – Dec 29, 1986) Takis Geitonas (Dec 30, 1986 – Jan 7,1987) Care taker Ab FafiΓ© (Jan 7, 1987 – June 30, 1987) Kostas Karapatis (Aug 11, - Nov 24, 1987) Thomas Tsourlidas (Nov 24, 1987 – Dec 27, 1987) Stefanos Vasileiadis (Dec 27, 1987 – 88)
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Giorgos Siontis (1988) Thanasis Loukanidis-Takis Loukanidis (1988–89) Alfredo Glasmanis-Paulos Tzamakos (1989) Stavros Diamantopoulos (July 1, 1989 – April 23, 1990) Thanasis Dimitriadis (April 24, 1990 – June 8, 1990) WΕ‚odzimierz LubaΕ„ski (June 9, 1990 – July 6, 1990) Tom Frivalski (July 6, 1990 – Sep 6, 1990) Stefanos Vasileiadis (Sep 6, 1990 – Sep 14, 1990) Care taker Petr Packert (Sep 14, 1990 – June 2, 1991) Barry Hulshoff (July 1, 1991 – Dec 5, 1991) Stefanos Vasileiadis (Dec 5, 1991 – Dec 13, 1991) Care taker Giorgos Siontis (Dec 13, 1991 – Jan 20, 1992) Thanasis Dimitriadis (Jan 24, 1992 – June 30, 1992) Anthimos Kapsis (July 1, 1992 – Jan 24, 1993) Lazaros Giotis (Jan 25, 1993 – June 30, 1993) Dragan KokotoviΔ‡ (July 1, 1993 – February 19, 1994) Nikos Kirgios (Feb 19, 1994 – Feb 25, 1994) Care taker Makis Katsavakis (February 25, 1994 – April 11, 1994) Vasilis Konstantinou (April 13, 1994 – June 30, 1994) Dobromir Zhechev (July 1, 1994 – August 1, 1994)
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Takis Grammeniatis (Aug 1, 1994 – Jan 7, 1995) Dimitris Seitaridis (Aug 1, 1994 – Sep 14, 1994) with Grammeniatis Vasilis Papachristou (Jan 10, 1995 – June 30, 1995) Timo Zahnleiter (July 1, 1995 – January 10, 1996) Dimitris Seitaridis (Jan 10, 1996 – Sep 27, 1996) Thanasis Dimitriadis (Sep 27, 1996 – Mar 12, 1997) Vasilis Papachristou (Mar 12, 1997 – June 30, 1998) Makis Katsavakis (July 1, 1998 – October 29, 1998) Nikos Kirgios (Oct 29, 1998 – Nov 3, 1998) Care taker Nikos Anastopoulos (Nov 3, 1998 – May 3, 1999) Vasilis Papachristou (May 3, 1999 – June 30, 1999) Andreas Michalopoulos (July 1, 1999 – Feb 15, 2000) Giorgos Foiros (February 15, 2000 – June 30, 2000) Georgios Paraschos (July 1, 2000 – Jan 11, 2001) Andreas Bonovas (Jan 11, 2001 – Jan 13, 2001) Care taker Nikos Kovis (Jan 13, 2001 – Jan 29, 2001) Nikos Anastopoulos (Jan 29, 2001 – June 30, 2001) Stavros Mentis (July 1, 2001 – Aug 20, 2001) Horacio Cordero (Aug 20, 2001 – Sep 23, 2001)
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Giorgos Foiros (September 24, 2001 – May 22, 2002) Giorgos Vazakas (June 1, 2002 – June 7, 2002) Vasilis Papachristou (July 1, 2002 – Nov 5, 2002) Nikos Anastopoulos (Nov 8, 2002 – June 30, 2003) Pantelis Kolokas (July 1, 2003 – Aug 7, 2003) Care taker Bo Petersson (Aug 7, 2003 – Jan 12, 2004) Sotiris Zavogiannis (Jan 12, 2004 – Jan 15, 2004) Care taker Jemal Gugushvili (Jan 15, 2004 – April 1, 2004) Goderdzi Natroshvili (Feb 11, 2004 – April 1, 2004) Pantelis Kolokas (April 1, 2004 – April 18, 2004) Care taker Thanasis Charisis (April 22, 2004 – June 30, 2004) Zoran Smileski (July 1, 2004 – Feb 21, 2005) Giorgos Ladias (Feb 21, 2005 – Feb 23, 2005) Care taker Petros Michos (Feb,23 2005 – April 10, 2005) Giorgos Ladias (April 10, 2005 – June 30, 2005) Vasilis Xanthopoulos (July 1, 2005 – Oct 26, 2005) Giorgos Ladias (Oct 26, 2005 – Jan 11, 2006) Ioannis Gounaris (Jan 12, 2006 – Aug 3, 2006) Nikos Anastopoulos (Aug 5, 2006 – Jan 15, 2007)
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Giannis Papakostas (Jan 15, 2007 – June 30, 2007) Georgios Chatzaras (July 1, 2007 – March 2, 2008) Periklis Amanatidis (March 3, 2008 – May 28, 2008) Thanasis Charisis (May 28, 2008 – 30 June 2008) Care Taker Nikos Anastopoulos (June 23, 2008 – June 30, 2008) Guillermo Ángel Hoyos (July 1, 2008 – April 29, 2009) Miltos Mastoras (April 29, 2009 – May 25, 2009) Care Taker Georgios Paraschos (July 1, 2009 – Dec 7, 2009) Thimios Georgoulis (Dec 7, 2009 – Jan 13,2010) Care taker Nikos Anastopoulos (Jan 14, 2010 – June 30, 2010) StΓ©phane Demol (July 1, 2010 – Nov 23, 2011) Giannis Christopoulos (Nov 23, 2011 – Dec 4, 2011) Care taker Angelos Anastasiadis (Dec 4, 2011 – June 8, 2012) Giannis Christopoulos (June 8, 2012 – June 16, 2013) Savvas Pantelidis (June 24, 2013 – Oct 31, 2013) Giorgos Georgoulopoulos (Oct 31, 2013 – Nov 5, 2013) Care taker Sakis Tsiolis (Nov 5, 2013 – Jan 22, 2014) Giorgos Georgoulopoulos (Jan 22, 2014 – Jan 28, 2014) Care taker
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Giannis Petrakis (Jan 28, 2014 – May 8, 2019) Argirios Giannikis (Jun 8, 2019 – May 19, 2021) Iraklis Metaxas (Jun 3, 2021 – Present)
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Club personnel Technical staff Coaching staff Medical staff Club personnel Former presidents Sponsorships Great Shirt Sponsor: NetBetOfficial Sport Clothing Manufacturer: KappaGolden Sponsor: TBASee also PAS Giannina (sports club) References External linksOfficial websitesOfficial website PAS Giannina at Super League PAS Giannina at UEFANews sitesPAS Giannina on pas.gr PAS Giannina news from Nova SportsOtherPAS Giannina Shop PAS Giannina club anthem Forum of PAS Giannina fans Blue Vayeros PAS Giannina fans Apei Rotan PAS Giannina fans Blue Vayeros Thessaloniki PAS Giannina fans Zosimades stadium Panipeirotiko stadiumMedia' Facebook Instagram Twitter YouTube Association football clubs established in 1966 Ioannina Football clubs in Epirus Football clubs in Greece Multi-sport clubs in Greece 1966 establishments in Greece
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Hermann Lungkwitz (1813–1891) was a 19th-century German-born Texas romantic landscape artist and photographer whose work became the first pictoral record of the Texas Hill Country. Early life Karl Friedrich Hermann Lungkwitz was born on March 14, 1813 in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt to hosiery manufacturer Johann Gottfried Lungkwitz and his wife Friederike Wilhelmine (Hecht) Lungkwitz. Lungkwitz was enrolled at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts from 1840–1843 and received his artistic training under the tutelage of Adrian Ludwig Richter. After receiving an academy certificate of achievement in 1843 for his sketch of the Elbe River, Lungkwitz spent the next three years honing his artistic skills in Salzkammergut and the Northern Limestone Alps in Bavaria.
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Lungkwitz and his brother-in-law Friedrich Richard Petri joined other students in the failed 1849 May Uprising in Dresden, an event at the tail end of the Revolutions of 1848 resulting from the refusal of Frederick Augustus II to recognize a constitutional monarchy. Texas In 1850, the Lungkwitz and Petri families emigrated to the United States, landing first in New York City. They migrated to Wheeling, West Virginia, but decided on the destination of Texas in 1851. In 1852, the two families bought a 320-acre farm for $400 in the settlement of Pedernales, Texas near Fredericksburg and took up farming and cattle ranching. The families remained there until 1864, although Petri drowned in the Pedernales River in 1857. Lungkwitz continued to create paintings of the Texas Hill Country, one of his favorite subjects being Enchanted Rock, of which he painted at least six landscapes:
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The artist created in great detail in both pencil drawings and paintings. In addition to Gillespie County vistas, his Texas subjects were the German settlements of New Braunfels and Sisterdale, the Hamilton Pool and West Cave at Round Mountain, Marble Falls, and areas around Austin and San Antonio. From 1866–1870, Lungkwitz ran a San Antonio photography studio with Carl G. von Iwonski.
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In 1870 he accepted an $1,800 a year appointment in Austin as photographer for the Texas General Land Office under commissioner Jacob Kuechler, brother-in-law to Friedrich Richard Petri. He held the position for the entirety of the administration of Governor Edmund J. Davis. His daughter Martha Lungkwitz Bickler also received an appointment as Texas General Land Office clerk in an era were few women worked in state government. In 1877, Martha's husband Jacob Bickler founded the Texas German and English Academy in Austin, where Lungkwitz taught drawing and painting. Bickler became superintendent of Galveston public schools in 1887, and also founded the Bickler Academy in Austin in 1892. Lungkwitz gave private lessons at both Austin and Galveston whenever he visited the Bicklers. In Blanco County, Lungkwitz assisted his daughter Eva and her husband Richard Klappenbach on their sheep ranch near Johnson City.
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Personal life and death Lungkwitz married Elisabeth "Elise" Petri, sister of Friedrich Richard Petri. The couple had six children. Elisasbeth died in 1880 and is buried at the Oakwood Cemetery in Austin, Texas. Lungkwitz died in Austin on February 10, 1891, and is buried next to his wife. Lungkwitz is the great-great-grandfather of American photographer Rocky Schenck. Hermann Lungkwitz gallery All works are oil paintings. Dates, dimensions, and collections unknown if not provided Selected works Sunset in Saxony (1846) Old Pinta Crossing the Guadalupe (1857) Crockett Street Looking West (1857) Guadalupe River Landscape (1862) Enchanted Rock, Near Fredericksburg (1864) Texas Military Institute (1874) Taylor's Lime Kiln (1875) Paggi's Mill on Barton Creek, Austin (1876) Notes References External links UT-Austin Harry Ransom Center-Texas Artistsβ€”Art of the Western Frontier