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1647_14	In 1980, the wing received the new F-4G and its advanced Wild Weasel system. By July 1980, the last F-105G left George Air Force Base, leaving the 35th with F-4Gs in its inventory for Wild Weasel training. Mission Realignments In mid-1978, the 431st TFTS was inactivated and replaced by the 561st TFS. Its F-4Es sent to the Air National Guard. The 39th TFS received the Air Force's first F-4Gs, and the F-4Cs were sent to the ANG. All 39th TFS aircraft and personnel were absorbed by the 562d TFTS on 9 October 1980 and the squadron was inactivated.
1647_15	Operations at George Air Force Base were reorganized by mission requirements 30 March 1981. The 35th Tactical Fighter Wing retained control of the 20th and 21st Tactical Fighter Squadrons and gained the inactive 39th TFS for combat ready operations. The 39th remained non-operational until January 1982 when it began equipping with Pave Spike-equipped F-4Es obtained from the 21st Tactical Fighter Wing at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska and reorganized as a combat-ready tactical fighter squadron. In May 1984, the 39th TFS was inactivated. In July 1983, the 21st TFS was returned to a fighter training mission and renamed 21st TFTS.
1647_16	With the inactivation of the 39th TFS in 1984, the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing was redesignated the 35th Tactical Training Wing. However, the wing kept its air defense augmentation responsibility. It provided operations and maintenance support for the close air support portion of Army training exercises conducted at the U.S. Army National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California, from 1981 to 1990. Also, the wing advised specific Air National Guard units on F-4 operations from 1981 to 1991. The new 37th Tactical Fighter Wing assumed the 561st and 562nd Tactical Fighter Squadrons active Wild Weasel missions in March 1981. This training ended in October 1989 when the 37th Wing moved to Tonopah Test Range Nevada assuming Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk operational development. All Wild Weasel operations (561st, 562d TFS) were consolidated under the newly redesignated 35th Tactical Fighter Wing.
1647_17	Desert Shield/Desert Storm In August 1990, the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing mobilized in support of Operation Desert Shield. On 16 August 1990, 24 F-4Gs of the 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron left George Air Force Base en route to Shaikh Isa Air Base, Bahrain. Once in the Middle East, its deployed people established operational, maintenance and living facilities for the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional). These facilities eventually housed more than 60 active duty and Air National Guard F-4s and more than 2,600 military members.
1647_18	During Operation Desert Storm, the 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron flew 1,182 combat sorties for a total of 4,393.5 hours. The 35th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional) was credited with flying 3,072 combat missions for 10,318.5 hours. U.S. Central Command relied heavily on the wing's Wild Weasels to suppress enemy air defense systems. The F-4G aircrews were credited with firing 905 missiles at Iraqi targets, while the RF-4C aircrews shot more than 300,000 feet of vital reconnaissance film. During operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional) suffered no casualties. The wing's people began returning to George Air Force Base 23 March 1991, with its aircraft and pilots following three days later.
1647_19	The 35th became the host unit for George Air Force Base when the 831st Air Division there inactivated 31 March 1991. As a result, the wing gained several support agencies, including the 35th Combat Support Group and associated squadrons. In support of the Air Force's force reduction programs, the 21st Tactical Fighter Training Squadron inactivated 28 June 1991. In October 1991, as part of the Air Force's reorganization plan, the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing was redesignated the 35th Fighter Wing. A month later, the wing's tactical fighter squadrons were redesignated fighter squadrons. On 1 June 1992, the 35th was transferred to the new Air Combat Command. In 1988, George was scheduled in the first round of base closures passed by Congress under the Base Realignment and Closure program. In 1991, the 35th began downsizing in preparation for the closure of George Air Force Base.
1647_20	The 21st TFTS was inactivated on 28 June 1991 and its F-4 aircraft sent to AMARC. It was later reactivated as a Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II squadron at Shaw Air Force Base in November. On 5 June 1992, the 20th Fighter Squadron was reassigned to the 49th Fighter Wing at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, where it continued its mission of conducting training for the German Air Force. The Wild Weasel training program was shut down and the 561st and 562d Fighter Squadrons were inactivated on 1 June 1992. The F-4Gs were sent to Nellis AFB, Nevada and between February 1993 and October 1996, the 561st was briefly reactivated as part of the 57th Operations Group as the USAF's last F-4G squadron. It was again inactivated and its F-4G aircraft sent to AMARC.
1647_21	Shortly thereafter, on 15 December, the 35th Fighter Wing inactivated and George Air Force Base was closed pursuant to BRAC, bringing an end to 21 years of continuous service and more than 34 years of total service for the 35th. Iceland Less than six months after its inactivation, the 35th was again called to service. On 31 May 1993, the 35th Fighter Wing was redesignated the 35th Wing and activated at Naval Air Station Keflavik, Iceland. The 35th replaced Air Forces Iceland, which had served as a wing equivalent command at NAS Keflavik for more than 40 years. Its new mission was to deter aggression, stabilize the North Atlantic region and protect the sovereign airspace of Iceland through the use of combat capable surveillance, air superiority and rescue forces.
1647_22	The wing's 57th Fighter Squadron protected the northern airspace with its McDonnell Douglas F-15C/D fighters. Its surveillance mission was handled by the 932d Air Control Squadron through the Iceland Regional Operations Control Center and four remote radar sites located on the four corners of the island. The 56th Rescue Squadron's four Sikorsky HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters flew combat rescue and reaction force insertion missions. The 35th Wing was inactivated at Keflavik on 30 September 1994, being replaced by the 85th Wing, with the station being reassigned from Air Combat Command to United States Air Forces in Europe. The 57th Squadron was inactivated concurrent with the wing, with the Icelandic fighter alert mission assumed by rotational elements from CONUS-based Air National Guard fighter wings equipped with the F-15C/D Eagle and USAFE's sole F-15C/D squadron at RAF Lakenheath. Misawa Air Base
1647_23	The 35th Fighter Wing was redesignated and reassigned 1 October 1994 when it inactivated at NAS Keflavik and was reactivated the same day at Misawa Air Base, Japan where the wing assumed the missions and responsibilities previously performed by the 432d Fighter Wing. The day following its inactivation in Iceland, the wing was reestablished and redesignated as the 35th Fighter Wing under Pacific Air Forces. The wing serves as host unit for Misawa Air Base, Japan, supporting 33 US associate units and units of the Japan Self-Defense Forces Northern Air Defense Force, primarily the 3rd Air Wing, which celebrated its 70th anniversary in 2007. In addition to providing air defense of northern Japan, the wing has also deployed aircraft and personnel to Southwest Asia in support of Operations Northern and Southern Watch and the War on Terror from 1997 to present.
1647_24	Lineage Established as the 35th Fighter Wing on 10 August 1948. Activated on 18 August 1948. Redesignated 35th Fighter-Interceptor Wing on 20 January 1950 Inactivated on 1 October 1957 Redesignated 35th Tactical Fighter Wing and activated on 14 March 1966 (not organized) Organized on 8 April 1966 Inactivated on 31 July 1971 Activated on 1 October 1971 Redesignated 35th Tactical Training Wing on 1 July 1984 Redesignated 35th Tactical Fighter Wing on 5 October 1989 Redesignated 35th Fighter Wing on 1 October 1991 Inactivated on 15 December 1992 Redesignated 35th Wing on 9 April 1993 Activated on 31 May 1993 Inactivated on 1 October 1994 Redesignated 35th Fighter Wing and activated on 1 October 1994 Assignments
1647_25	314th Composite Wing, 18 August 1948 Fifth Air Force, 1 March 1950 314th Air Division, 25 May 1951 Japan Air Defense Force, 1 March 1952 Fifth Air Force, 1 September 1954 41st Air Division, 1 March 1955 – 1 October 1957 (attached to 6102 Air Base Wing after 1 July 1957) Pacific Air Forces, 14 March 1966 not organized) Seventh Air Force, 8 April 1966 – 31 July 1971 Twelfth Air Force, 1 October 1971 Tactical Training, George, 1 October 1977 831st Air Division, 1 December 1980 Twelfth Air Force, 31 March 1991 – 15 December 1992 First Air Force, 31 May 1993 Eighth Air Force, 1 October 1993 – 1 October 1994 Fifth Air Force, 1 October 1994 – present Components Group 35th Fighter Group (later 35th Fighter-Interceptor Group, 35th Operations Group): 18 August 1948 – 1 October 1957 (detached c. 9 July–1 December 1950, 7–24 May 1951, 14 August–30 September 1954), 31 May 1993 – 1 October 1994, 1 October 1994 – present
1647_26	Squadrons No. 2 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force: attached c. 19 April 1967 – 4 June 1971 8th Bombardment Squadron (later 8 Special Operations Squadron): attached 8–18 April 1966, 15 June – 15 August 1966, 12 October – 12 December 1966, 11 February – 12 April 1967, 7 June – 2 August 1967, 26 September – 21 November 1967; assigned 15 January 1968 – 15 November 1969, 30 September 1970 – 31 July 1971 (detached after c. 16 July 1971) 8th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron: attached 1 April – 14 August 1950 13th Bombardment Squadron: attached 17 April – 17 June 1966, 14 August – 13 October 1966, 12 December 1966 – 11 February 1967, 11 April – 8 June 1967, 1 August – 26 September 1967, 21 November 1967 – 15 January 1968 20th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (later 20th Fighter Squadron): 1 December 1972 – 8 July 1992 21st Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (later 21st Tactical Fighter Squadron, 21st Tactical Fighter Training Squadron): 1 December 1972 – 28 June 1991
1647_27	39th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (later 39 Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, 39th Tactical Fighter Squadron): attached 8 October 1956 – 1 July 1957; assigned 1 July 1977 – 11 May 1984 40th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (later 40 Tactical Fighter Squadron): attached 15 January – 14 July 1954 and 8 October 1956 – 1 July 1957; assigned 1 June 1972 – 30 April 1982 41st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: attached 9 July – 1 December 1950 and 15 January – 14 July 1954 No. 77 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force: attached 1 December 1950 – 6 April 1951 120th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 30 April 1968 – 18 April 1969 319th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: attached 17 August – 1 October 1954 339th Fighter Squadron (later 339th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron): attached 1 July 1949 – 1 December 1950 and 25 May 1951 – 20 July 1954 352d Tactical Fighter Squadron: 10 October 1966 – 31 July 1971 390th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 8 April – 10 October 1966
1647_28	431st Tactical Fighter Training Squadron: 15 January 1976 – 1 October 1978 434th Tactical Fighter Squadron (later 434 Tactical Fighter Training Squadron): 1 October 1971 – 1 January 1977 (detached 12 August – 6 October 1972) 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron: attached 8 April – 22 June 1966, assigned 23 June – 10 October 1966 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron (later 561st Fighter Squadron): attached 1–14 July 1973, assigned 15 July 1973 – 30 March 1981; 5 October 1989 – 30 June 1992 (detached August 1990 – March 1991) 562d Tactical Fighter Squadron (later 562d Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, 562d Fighter Squadron): 31 October 1974 – 30 March 1981 (detached 12–30 August 1977); 5 October 1989 – 30 June 1992 563d Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (later 563 Tactical Fighter Squadron): 31 July 1975 – 30 March 1981 612th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 15 March – 15 July 1971 614th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 10 October 1966 – 15 July 1971
1647_29	615th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 10 October 1966 – 31 July 1971 4435th Combat Crew Training Squadron: 1 October 1971 – 1 December 1972 4435th Tactical Fighter Replacement Squadron: 1 October 1971 – 15 January 1976 4452d Combat Crew Training Squadron: 1 October 1971 – 1 December 1972
1647_30	Stations Irumagawa Air Base (later Johnson Air Base), Japan, 18 August 1948 Yokota Air Base, Japan, 1 April 1950 Johnson Air Base, Japan, 14 August 1950 Yonpo Air Base, (K-27), North Korea, 1 December 1950 Pusan West Air Base (K-1), South Korea, c. 7 December 1950 Johnson Air Base, Japan, 25 May 1951 Yokota Air Base, Japan, 1 October 1954 – 1 October 1957 Da Nang Air Base, South Vietnam, 8 April 1966 Phan Rang Air Base, South Vietnam, October 1966 – 31 July 1971 George Air Force Base, California, 1 October 1971 – 15 December 1992 Naval Air Station Keflavik, Iceland, 31 May 1993 – 1 October 1994 Misawa Air Base, Japan, 1 October 1994 – present Aircraft
1647_31	North American P-51 Mustang, 1948–1950, 1950–1951, 1951–1953 Northrop P-61 Black Widow, 1949–1950 Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star, 1949–1950, 1951–1954 North American P-82 Twin Mustang, 1949–1950 Lockheed F-94 Starfire, 1951–1954 North American F-86 Sabre, 1951, 1952–1953, 1953–1957 Lockheed RF-80 Shooting Star, 1950, 1951–1952, 1953–1954 North American RF-51 Mustang, 1952–1953 Beechcraft RC-45, 1952–1954 Beechcraft RT-7, 1952–1953 McDonnell F-4 Phantom 1966, 1971–1992 North American F-100 Super Sabre, 1966–1971 Martin B-57 Canberra, 1966–1969 Convair F-102 Delta Dart, 1966 English Electric Canberra Mk-20, 1967–1971 Cessna A-37 Dragonfly, 1970–1971 Republic F-105 Thunderchief, 1973–1980 McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, 1993–1994 Sikorsky HH-60G Pave Hawk, 1993–1994 General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, 1994–. See also Wild Weasel References Notes Citations Bibliography
1647_32	External links 35th Fighter Wing's Official Webpage 35th Fighter Wing history factsheet which is an official document of the United States Government and is presumed to be in the public domain. 0035 Military units and formations established in 1948
1648_0	The Battle of Manila (Filipino: Labanan sa Maynila; ), the first and largest battle of the Philippine–American War, was fought on February 4–5, 1899, between 19,000 American soldiers and 15,000 Filipino armed militiamen. Armed conflict broke out when American troops, under orders to turn away insurgents from their encampment, fired upon an encroaching group of Filipinos. Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo attempted to broker a ceasefire, but American General Elwell Stephen Otis rejected it and fighting escalated the next day. It ended in an American victory, although minor skirmishes continued for several days afterward. Disposition of forces
1648_1	Filipino forces After the surrender of Manila to American forces by the Spanish in 1898, General Aguinaldo demanded occupation of a line of blockhouses on the Zapote Line, which had been the Spanish defensive perimeter. General Otis initially refused this, but later said that he would not object unless overruled by higher authority. It was estimated at the time that there were about 20,000 Filipino troops surrounding Manila, with their distribution and exact composition only partially known. American forces U.S. Army forces numbered some 800 officers and 20,000 enlisted men. Of these, some 8,000 were deployed in Manila and 11,000 in a defensive line inside the Zapote line. The remaining American troops were in Cavite or in transports off Iloilo. First shots
1648_2	Sources generally agree that the first shots were fired by Private William Walter Grayson, an Englishman who had migrated to America c. 1890, had enlisted as a volunteer soldier in Lincoln, Nebraska, in May 1898, a month after the Spanish–American War erupted, and had deployed with his unit to the Philippines in June 1898. Grayson's unit, the First Nebraska Volunteer Infantry under Colonel John M. Stotsenburg, had been encamped in Santa Mesa, Manila, since December 5, 1898. During the time of their encampment, there had been incidents on and around the San Juan Bridge, located just to the east of their encampment area.
1648_3	On the morning of February 4, Stotsenburg said, "Your orders are to hold the village. If any armed men come into our lines order them out. If they persist in coming, summon enough men to arrest them. In case an advance in force is made, fall back to the pipeline outpost and resist occupation of the village by all means in your power, calling on these headquarters for assistance." In a report later that day, Lt. Burt D. Wheedon wrote, "On the morning of February 4 the insurgents ordered our men to move out of town (Santol), and upon their refusal to do so the former said that they would bring a body of men and drive them back when night came." Lt. Wheedon took charge of an outpost on Santol road at seven in the evening and, at 7:30, orders were given saying, "No armed insurgents to enter the town or vicinity ... Halt all armed persons who attempted to advance from the direction of the insurgents' lines which lie between blockhouses 6 and 7 and the San Juan Bridge and order them back to
1648_4	their lines. If they refused to go, arrest them if possible, or if this was impossible, fire upon them... Patrol each of the roads leading to Blockhouses 6 and 7 for 100 yards every half hour." (Blockhouse 6 was located on the city line just southeast of what is now Santol Street. Blockhouse 7 was about north-northeast of a point where the water pipe crossed Santol road).
1648_5	At about 8 pm on February 4, 1899, Grayson, along with Private Orville Miller and one other man advanced from Santol towards Blockhouse 7, suddenly encountering four armed men after about five minutes of patrolling. According to Grayson's account, he and Miller called "Halt!" and, when the four men responded by cocking their rifles, they fired at them and retreated to Santol. Personal accounts by Grayson claim that he "dropped" two and Miller one, but neither American nor Filipino official reports mention anyone being hit. The skirmish is credited for beginning the Battle of Manila, and the Philipine-American war. Worcester writes that General Otis' account of the opening of active hostilities was as follows: Other sources name the two specific U.S. soldiers involved in the first exchange of fire as Privates William Grayson and Orville Miller of the Nebraska Volunteers.
1648_6	Subsequent to the conclusion of the war, after analyzing captured insurgent papers, Major Major J. R. M. Taylor wrote, in part, Some sources assert that the encounter took place on San Juan Bridge. A marker which had stood on that site was ordered moved to Santa Mesa in 2003 by Ambeth Ocampo, then chairman of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, after research by Dr. Benito Legarda concluded that the shot was fired somewhere between Blockhouse 7 (within Manila’s boundary) and Barrio Santol (Sampaloc District) on the connecting road that is now Sociego. Reactions of Aguinaldo and Otis
1648_7	Aguinaldo was away in Malolos when the conflict started on the 4th. That same night, a Filipino captain in Manila wired him in Malolos, stating that the Americans had started the hostilities. Aguinaldo wanted to avoid open conflict with the Americans while maintaining his position of leadership with his nationalist followers. The next day (February 5) Aguinaldo sent an emissary to General Otis to mediate, saying "the firing on our side the night before had been against my order." Otis, who was then confident that a military campaign against Aguinaldo would be swift, was a veteran of the American Indian Wars and reacted much as he might have to his Sioux opponents decades before: "Fighting having begun, must go on to the grim end." Aguinaldo then reassured his followers with a pledge to fight if forced by the Americans, whom he had come to fear as new oppressors come to replace the Spanish.
1648_8	Battle Caught off guard by the sudden outburst, the Filipinos remained in their trenches and exchanged fire with the Americans. A Filipino battalion mounted a charge against the 3rd U.S. Artillery, routed a company of American soldiers, and succeeded in capturing two artillery pieces for a little while. The Filipino troops had been caught unprepared and leaderless, as their generals had gone home to their families for the weekend. The American soldiers, in contrast, were ready and needed only to follow previously prepared planning. The next day, Brigadier General Arthur MacArthur ordered an American advance. When Filipino officers did arrive on the field, many influential leaders tried to stop the fighting. Aguinaldo sent emissaries to negotiate a cease fire. But both Otis and MacArthur thought the crisis should be brought to a head and refused to negotiate.
1648_9	General MacArthur, in command of the North of Manila, had developed a defensive plan which called for his entire division to launch an all-out offensive along the Santa Mesa Ridge in the event of attack, capture the blockhouses, and seize the Chinese hospital and La Loma Cemetery. General Anderson, along the southern lines, believed he faced imminent attack, so with permission from Otis, he sent his entire division in a preemptive strike at first light. Brig. Gen. Pio del Pilar's forces fled into the Pasig River where many drowned. The battle of February 5 was fought along a 25 km (16 mile) front and was the biggest and bloodiest of the war. } It involved all or part of 13 American regiments and thousands of Filipinos. American casualties totaled 238, of whom 44 were killed in action or died from wounds. The U.S. Army's official report listed Filipino casualties as 4,000, of whom 700 were killed, but this is guesswork.
1648_10	The Filipinos were shocked when the Americans attacked. They were used to Spanish tactics of retreating into fortified cities after a night time raid. MacArthur's attack in the north captured the ridge overlooking Manila. (MacArthur was later promoted to Major General and became Governor-General of the Philippines.) After initial confusion, Brigadier General Thomas M. Anderson's attack in the south captured the village of Pasay and Filipino supplies stored there. The Filipinos were counting on an uprising by the citizens of Manila to divide American forces and interrupt American supply lines. Although some fires were set inside the city, no general uprising occurred, since Provost Marshal Brig. Gen. Robert Patterson Hughes' Provost Guard quickly suppressed any disturbances. However, some small units of Philippine soldiers who had not been part of the force that was routed, skirmished with the Americans for several days on the outskirts of Manila before being driven out.
1648_11	Order of battle Filipino Philippine Republican Army – General Emilio Aguinaldo Chief-of-Operations: General Antonio Luna U.S. Eighth Army Corps – Major General Elwell S. Otis Provost Marshal: Brigadier General Robert P. Hughes Judge Advocate General: Lieutenant Colonel Enoch Crowder Chief of Engineers: Major James Franklin Bell See also Campaigns of the Philippine–American War References Bibliography Further reading Battle of Manila (1899) Battle of Manila (1899) Battles of the Philippine–American War History of Manila February 1899 events
1649_0	Rhoda Coffin, (1826–1909), was a Quaker social reformer, author, temperance crusader, and women's rights advocate who is best known for her efforts in prison reform. She held an integral role in establishing the Indiana Reformatory Institution for Women and Girls in 1869. It became the first female-controlled women's prison in the United States. She also served as president of the reformatory's board of managers. Coffin’s efforts on behalf of prison reform made her a leading figure in the national prison reform movement, and she traveled widely, wrote articles, and delivered speeches on the topic. She was also a champion of other causes that assisted women and children.
1649_1	Coffin's charitable work began in the 1850s, when she and her husband, Charles Coffin, began visiting homes and distributing bibles in Richmond, Indiana, where they resided. In partnership with her husband, she established the Marion Street Sabbath School in 1864, and with other local women, the Home Mission Association in 1866. Under her leadership as president, the mission association established a Home for Friendless Women in Richmond in 1868. Following her success as a women's prison reformer in the 1870s, Coffin joined the temperance crusade. With other women she established a local chapter of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in 1874. Coffin’s interest in social reform also led to her assistance in securing the appointment of the first female physician for the Indiana Hospital for the Insane in 1880. A bank scandal involving Coffin's husband and sons forced a move to Chicago, Illinois, in 1884. For the remaining twenty-five years of her life, Coffin resided in
1649_2	Chicago, where she continued to write and speak on prison reform and visited area prisons and insane asylums with her husband.
1649_3	Early life and family Rhoda Moorman Johnson, the fourth child of Judith and John Johnson, was born on February 1, 1826, near Paintersville in Greene County, Ohio. She grew up in a strict, Orthodox Quaker farm family. In 1845, her parents agreed that she could enroll at the Whitewater Monthly Meeting School in Richmond, the seat of government for Wayne County, Indiana, but she returned home in 1846 to help the family after her father became ill.
1649_4	Johnson met her husband, Charles Coffin (1823–1916), while attending school in Richmond. Charles was the son of Elijah Coffin, the clerk (presiding officer) of the Indiana Yearly Meeting and a prominent Richmond banker. Rhoda and Charles Coffin married in 1847 and established their home in Richmond, where Charles succeeded his father as clerk of the Indiana Yearly Meeting in 1858 and became president of the Richmond National Bank in 1859. The Coffins became the parents of six children. As members of a prominent, upper-class Quaker family, they socialized with well-to-do families of Richmond and Indianapolis, Indiana. Career
1649_5	Early years Rhoda and Charles Coffin became involved in charitable activities in the 1850s, when they began traveling to homes in Richmond to distribute bibles in conjunction with the work of the American Bible Society. They also became leaders in the Benevolent Society of Richmond, which was founded in 1858 to provide assistance to the poor. The Coffins's work further expanded in 1860 when they asked permission to form a youth prayer event at the Indiana Yearly Meeting's annual gathering. The successful event, which attracted 2,000 participants, lead to their establishing a weekly prayer group at their home and marked the beginning of Rhoda's philanthropic career.
1649_6	As a benevolent, Christian reformer, Coffin believed it was her mission to assist those in the lower socio-economic classes. Although her charitable activities were largely in tandem with her husband's efforts, she also worked with other women on reform projects. In 1864 the Coffins successfully established Marion Street Sabbath School in Richmond and served as the school's co-superintendents. By its first anniversary in May 1865, the school's enrollment had grown from 30 to 250 students. In 1866 Coffin and other Quaker women established a Home Mission Association in Richmond. Under her leadership as president, the association's activities included sponsoring weekly prayer gatherings, distributing religious tracts, organizing Sunday schools, and visiting jails, but its major accomplishment, which occurred in 1868, was the establishment of a Home for Friendless Women in Richmond. The facility had an all-male board of trustees, but Coffin served as president of its board of managers.
1649_7	Through these projects Coffin developed her leadership and organizational skills as she and her husband broadened their reform activities to the state and national levels.
1649_8	Prison reformer Coffin's effort on behalf of prison reform, especially her work to establish a separate state penitentiary for women in Indiana, made her a progressive leader in the national prison-reform movement and led her to champion other causes that assisted women and children.
1649_9	The Coffins's work with the Marion Street Sabbath School in Richmond introduced them to prison and reformatory issues. On January 11, 1867, Indiana governor Oliver P. Morton, a childhood friend of Charles Coffin, appointed him to a commission tasked with investigating the need for a reformatory for boys. Based on the commission's findings, the state government established the House of Refuge for Juvenile Defenders, a reformatory school for boys in Plainfield, Indiana. Charles Coffin was named president of its board of managers. During the commission's work to establish the reformatory, Rhoda accompanied her husband in efforts to lobby the state government to establish the facility. As a result of their successful lobbying efforts, the Coffins established their reputation as advocates for prison reform. The experience also introduced Rhoda to Indiana politics and expanded her role.
1649_10	In 1868, at request of Governor Conrad Baker, the Coffins visited Indiana's two state penitentiaries to report on their condition and recommend improvements. Rhoda was appalled by what she saw and learned, which included instances of abuse and mistreatment of male and female inmates at a state penitentiary in Jeffersonville, Indiana. As a result of the experiences she recommended that the state government construct separate prisons for men and women. She also advocated for an female-controlled women's prison facility. Coffin strongly believed that women were "best equipped to understand the needs of female inmates."
1649_11	The Coffins spent months lobbying members of the Indiana General Assembly to support legislation to establish a women's prison and on May 13, 1869, the bill was approved. The Indiana Reformatory Institution for Women and Girls was established in Indianapolis, directed by a visiting board of men and women, with an all-male board of managers supervising its finances. The governor appointed Rhoda to the prison's first board of visitors. She believed in a new philosophy of prison reform that viewed prisons as rehabilitation centers and encouraged the incarcerated women to learn sewing and homemaking skills so that they would have work to do while they were in prison.
1649_12	Coffin's success in securing a separate prison facility for women in Indiana and advocating for the rehabilitation of female inmates made her a well-known figure in the prison-reform movement. During the 1870s she traveled extensively, attended the first National Prison Conference in 1870, and visited prison systems in Europe and the Middle East with her husband.
1649_13	After the Indiana Reformatory Institute opened on October 8, 1873, it received national acclaim, despite internal management problems and conflicts. Coffin and the board of visitors brought their concerns to the attention of the state legislature in 1876. She also addressed the issues in the first speech delivered by a woman at the National Prison Conference, where she continued to stress the need for female-control of women's prisons. Her efforts proved to be successful. In 1877, after the conclusion of an investigation, the Indiana General Assembly passed legislation to establish a new, all-female board that made the women's reformatory at Indianapolis the first prison in the United States to be entirely operated by women. Coffin was appointed to the board and became the board's president. After the new board of managers corrected the prison's weak financial condition, it went on to set a new standard of operation for other institutions to follow.
1649_14	Coffin was active in overseeing the reformatory's progress while it was under construction and continued to promote prison reform throughout the country. Recognized as an expert on the subject and for her role as the founder and board president of Indiana's pioneering women's prison, Coffin also wrote articles and made conference presentations on the topic. However, by the early 1880s, divisions among the Quakers caused Coffin to reconsider her philanthropic activities. In addition, opposition to her leadership of the Indiana’s women’s prison board caused her to resign her position as its president in 1881 after controversies and inmate complaints about mistreatment. Although the Institute was not found guilty, news coverage raised questions about the prison leadership's motives and competence.
1649_15	Women's rights advocate Coffin’s work on behalf of women's prison reform also shaped her view of women's rights. She became involved in the Women's Crusade of 1873, a grassroots effort among evangelical women against saloons. Coffin emerged as a leader among the Richmond crusaders. In November 1874, after the movement attracted strong local opposition, Coffin and other Richmond women established a chapter of the WCTU, a "more traditionally-structured temperance organization" to further their reform efforts.
1649_16	Coffin's work on behalf of female prisoners and the legislative battles that ensued also led to her recognize the need for women's equality and political rights.
1649_17	In 1880 Coffin and others took on the task of persuading the board of the Indiana Hospital for the Insane to provide a female physician for the asylum, but the all-male board refused cooperate. After Coffin met with Governor Albert G. Porter, he eventually recommended the candidate the reform-mined group preferred and Doctor Sarah Stockton joined the asylum's staff. Coffin later remarked, "I came out of that contest a full-fledged woman suffragist." However, Coffin was not as radical as many suffragists and temperance crusaders and she never joined a suffrage organization to fight for women's right to vote. Instead, Coffin and her husband continued to support asylum reform. In 1882–83 they toured France, England, and Scotland on a fact-finding trip. While her husband reported his observations to Governor Porter and religious publication, Coffin provided the Indiana mental hospital with supplies and items to amuse its female patients.
1649_18	Another example of Coffin's support of women’s rights issues occurred in 1881. Coffin sided with Mahalah Jay, a professor at Earlham College's preparatory school, who was critical of the college's low number of female professors and the substantial pay discrepancy between its men and women faculty members. Coffin supported Jay's position on equal pay and favored the idea of women's right to "hold positions for which she was qualified." Later years
1649_19	In 1884, Coffin's reputation was tarnished after a bank scandal involving her husband and their sons. When the Richmond National Bank failed and went into receivership, the community blamed the Coffin family for its demise. An investigation into the bank's management showed that its failure was due to large, unsecured loans that Charles Coffin had granted to his sons, as well as efforts to dilute the bank's stock value, misrepresent its assets, and embezzle funds. The bank failure caused the Coffins to lose much of their wealth and the scandal overshadowed the couple's prior accomplishments and limited their impact on future reform efforts.
1649_20	Although Charles was not convicted in a court of law, the bank failure and subsequent scandal forced the Coffins to move to Chicago. It is not clear whether Rhoda knew the details of the bank's poor management practices prior to its failure, but many members of the community found her guilty by association. Coffin spent the remainder of her life in Chicago, where she continued to write and speak on prison reform. Coffin and her husband also visited Chicago prisons and insane asylums, but with less notice that they had received previously. As a member of the Protective Agency for Women and Children, she also worked secure laws to protect property rights of women and to protect and defend the rights of children.
1649_21	Death and legacy In her final years, Coffin's health failed and she became less active. She died in Chicago on September 28, 1909. Her funeral was held in the Eighth Street Meeting, the successor to the Fifth Street Friends Meeting and the prayer group the Coffins established in Indiana the early 1860s; her remains were buried in the Earlham Cemetery at Richmond, Indiana.
1649_22	Coffin first became known in 1864 for her efforts in establishing a mission school with her husband and, a home for women in need with other local women in Richmond, Indiana. However, she gained a national reputation for her efforts to successfully establish the Indiana Reformatory Institution for Women and Girls, the country's first female-controlled prison, and also served as president of its board of managers. Her lifelong interest in charitable work and social reform led to her assistance in securing the appointment of the first female physician to the staff of the Indiana Hospital for the Insane. After a bank scandal involving her husband and sons forced the Coffins to move to Chicago in 1884, Rhoda continued to advocate for prison reform, women's rights, and other causes.
1649_23	Historians differ in their interpretation of Coffin's activities during the peak of her reform efforts in 1870s and 1880s. Carole D. Spencer argues that Coffin's work represents "a feminist's fight for women's rights in a male-dominated society," while Thomas D. Hamm considers her involvement in the Quaker renewal movement as a behind-the-scenes effort in partnership with her husband. Hamm maintains that Coffin was "content to remain in the socially acceptable and subordinate roles" that the more radical Quaker women reformers had rejected. Published works Rhoda M. Coffin, Her Reminiscences, Addresses, Papers and Ancestry (1910) Notes References Sources Swain, Ellen, "Rhoda M. Coffin," in External links Coffin Family Papers, 1797–1932, at Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania Rhoda M. Coffin essay, 1902, at the Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis
1649_24	1826 births 1909 deaths American activists 20th-century American memoirists 20th-century American women writers American Quakers People from Chicago People from Greene County, Ohio People from Richmond, Indiana Activists from Ohio Woman's Christian Temperance Union people
1650_0	Events from the year 1944 in the United States. Incumbents Federal Government President: Franklin D. Roosevelt (D-New York) Vice President: Henry A. Wallace (D-Iowa) Chief Justice: Harlan F. Stone (New York) Speaker of the House of Representatives: Sam Rayburn (D-Texas) Senate Majority Leader: Alben W. Barkley (D-Kentucky) Congress: 78th Events January January 20 – The U.S. Army 36th Infantry Division, in Italy, attempts to cross the Gari River. January 22 – World War II – Battle of Anzio: the Allies begin the assault on Anzio, Italy. The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division stands their ground at Anzio against violent assaults for 4 months. January 30 – World War II: United States troops invade Majuro, Marshall Islands. January 31 – World War II: American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands. USS Franklin is commissioned.
1650_1	February February 1 – World War II: United States troops land in the Marshall Islands. February 3 – World War II: United States troops capture the Marshall Islands. February 14 – SHAEF headquarters is established in Britain by General Dwight D. Eisenhower. February 17 – World War II: the Battle of Eniwetok Atoll begins; it ends in an American victory on February 22. February 20 – The United States takes Eniwetok Island. February 22 – United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe organized from the Eighth Air Force's strategic planning staff; subsuming strategic planning for all US Army Air Forces in Europe and Africa. February 29 – World War II – Battle of Los Negros and Operation Brewer: the Admiralty Islands are invaded by U.S. forces.
1650_2	March March 1 – Essex-class aircraft carriers and are laid down, at Norfolk Naval Shipyard and Brooklyn Navy Yard respectively. March 2 – The 16th Academy Awards ceremony, hosted by Jack Benny, is held, the first Oscar ceremony held at a large public venue, Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Michael Curtiz's Casablanca wins the Outstanding Motion Picture, with Curtiz winning Best Director. Henry King's The Song of Bernadette receives the most nominations with 12 and wins the most awards with four. March 4 – In Ossining, New York, Louis Buchalter, the leader of 1930s crime syndicate Murder, Inc., is executed at Sing Sing prison, along with Emanuel "Mendy" Weiss and Louis Capone. April April 3 – Smith v. Allwright decided in the Supreme Court prohibits white primaries. April 25 – The United Negro College Fund is incorporated. April 28 – World War II: 749 American troops are killed in Exercise Tiger at Start Bay, Devon, England.
1650_3	May May 8 – World War II: USS Ticonderoga is commissioned. May 24 – World War II: Six LSTs are accidentally destroyed and 163 men killed in Pearl Harbor's West Loch disaster. May 31 – World War II: Destroyer escort sinks the sixth Japanese submarine in two weeks. This anti-submarine warfare performance remains unmatched through the twentieth century. June
1650_4	June 4 – A hunter-killer group of the United States Navy captures the , marking the first time a U.S. Navy vessel has captured an enemy vessel at sea since the 19th century. June 5 – US and British paratrooper divisions jump over Normandy, in preparation for D-Day. All including 82nd and 101st Airborne divisions of the United States. June 6 – World War II – Battle of Normandy: Operation Overlord, commonly known as D-Day, commences with the landing of 155,000 Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy in France. The Allied soldiers quickly break through the Atlantic Wall and push inland, in the largest amphibious military operation in history. This operation helps liberate France from Germany and also weakens the Nazi hold on Europe. June 15 Battle of Saipan: the United States invades Saipan. American forces push back the Germans in Saint-Lô, capturing the city.
1650_5	June 16 - George Stinney, a 14-year old African-American, is executed for being accused of killing two white girls in his hometown, Alcolu, South Carolina. The execution took place in South Carolina Penitentiary in Columbia, South Carolina by electric chair. June 26 – World War II: American troops enter Cherbourg.
1650_6	July July 1 – The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference begins at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. July 6 Hartford Circus Fire: More than 100 children die in one of the worst fire disasters in the history of the United States. World War II: At Camp Hood, Texas, future baseball star and 1st Lt. Jackie Robinson is arrested and later court-martialed for refusing to move to the back of a segregated U.S. Army bus. He is eventually acquitted. July 17 – Port Chicago disaster: The SS E. A. Bryan, loaded with ammunition, explodes at the Port Chicago, California, Naval Magazine, killing 320 sailors and civilian personnel. July 19 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt is renominated for a fourth term at the 1944 Democratic National Convention. Missouri Senator Harry Truman is selected to be the vice presidential nominee. July 21 – Battle of Guam: American troops land on Guam (the battle ends August 10).
1650_7	August August 6 – USS Bennington is commissioned. August 7 – IBM dedicates the first program-controlled computer, the electromechanical Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the Harvard Mark I). August 9 – The United States Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council release posters featuring Smokey Bear for the first time. August 12 – Major fire at Luna Park, Coney Island, New York. August 14 – Fort Lawton riot August 15 – World War II: Operation Dragoon lands Allies in southern France. The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division participates in its fourth assault landing at St. Maxime, spearheading the drive for the Belfort Gap. August 20 – World War II: American forces successfully defeat Nazi forces at Chambois, closing the Falaise Gap. August 22 – World War II: Tsushima Maru, an unmarked Japanese passenger/cargo ship, is sunk by torpedoes launched by the submarine off Akuseki-jima, killing 1,484 civilians including 767 schoolchildren.
1650_8	August 31 – The mysterious "Mad Gasser of Mattoon" attacks in Mattoon, Illinois, apparently resume.
1650_9	September September 3 – Black mother Recy Taylor is kidnapped and gang raped by six white men in Abbeville, Alabama; failure to indict any of her assailants provokes nationwide protest and activism among the African American community. September 5 – The 5.8 Cornwall–Massena earthquake affects the northern New York town of Massena at the Canada–United States border with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong), causing $2 million in damage, but no deaths. Across the border, Cornwall, Ontario suffers greater damage. September 14 – USS Shangri-La is commissioned. September 17 – World War II: Operation Market Garden begins. September 24 – World War II: the U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division takes the strongly defended city of Epinal before crossing the Moselle River and entering the western foothills of the Vosges. September 25 – World War II: Operation Market Garden ends in an Allied withdrawal. October
1650_10	October 8 – The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet radio show debuts in the United States. October 9 - The St. Louis Cardinals defeat the St. Louis Browns, 4 games to 2, to win their 5th World Series Title. This is the only all St. Louis World Series. USS Randolph is commissioned. October 20 World War II: American and Filipino troops (with Filipino guerrillas) begin the Battle of Leyte in the Philippines. American forces land on Red Beach in Palo, Leyte, as General Douglas MacArthur returns to the Philippines with Philippine Commonwealth president Sergio Osmeña and Armed Forces of the Philippines Generals Basilio J. Valdes and Carlos P. Romulo. American forces land on the beaches in Dulag, Leyte, accompanied by Filipino troops entering the town, and fiercely opposed by the Japanese occupation forces. The combined forces liberate Tacloban. An LNG explosion destroys a square mile (2.6 km2) of Cleveland, Ohio.
1650_11	October 21 – World War II: Aachen, the first German city to fall, is captured by American troops. October 23–26 – World War II: Naval Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines – In the largest naval battle in history by most criteria and the last naval battle in history between battleships, combined U.S. and Australian naval forces decisively defeat the Imperial Japanese Navy. October 25 – Florence Foster Jenkins gives a notorious recital in Carnegie Hall, New York City. October 30 – Appalachian Spring, a ballet by Martha Graham with music by Aaron Copland, debuts at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., with Graham in the lead role.
1650_12	November November 6 – Hanford Site in Washington (state) produces its first plutonium. November 7 U.S. presidential election, 1944: Franklin D. Roosevelt wins reelection over Republican challenger Thomas E. Dewey, becoming the only U.S. president elected to a fourth term. A passenger train derails in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, due to excessive speed on a declining hill; 16 are killed, 50 injured. November 26 – USS Bon Homme Richard is commissioned.
1650_13	December December 10 – Legendary Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini leads a concert performance of the first half of Beethoven's Fidelio (minus its spoken dialogue) on NBC Radio, starring Rose Bampton. He chooses this opera for its political message – a statement against tyranny and dictatorship. Conducting it in German, Toscanini intends it as a tribute to the German people who are being oppressed by Hitler. The second half is broadcast a week later. The performance is later released on LP and CD, the first of 7 operas that Toscanini conducts on radio. December 13 – Battle of Mindoro: United States, Australian and Philippine Commonwealth troops land in Mindoro Island, the Philippines. December 16 – General George C. Marshall becomes the first Five-Star General. December 22 – World War II: Brigadier General Anthony C. McAuliffe, commander of the U.S. forces defending Bastogne, refuses to accept demands for surrender by sending a one-word reply, "Nuts!", to the German command.
1650_14	December 24–26 – Agana race riot December 26 World War II: American troops repulse German forces at Bastogne. The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams premieres in Chicago. December 30 – Edward Stettinius Jr. becomes the last United States Secretary of State of the Roosevelt administration, filling the seat left by Cordell Hull.
1650_15	Undated 14-year-old Warren Buffett's father introduces him to a newspaper office to do the job of taking a newspaper to the subscriber. Then, with a salary of US$1,200, he buys 40 acres of land and starts a sub-leased tenant farming business. Ongoing World War II, U.S. involvement (1941–1945) Births January
1650_16	January 1 – Robert Lee Minor, American actor, stunt performer January 3 – Chris von Saltza, American swimmer January 4 Frank Alesia, American actor and television director (d. 2011) Charlie Manuel, American baseball player and manager January 5 – Carolyn McCarthy, American nurse and politician January 6 – Bonnie Franklin, American actress, singer, dancer and television director (d. 2013) January 9 – Ian Hornak, American painter (d. 2002) January 10 – Frank Sinatra Jr., American singer, songwriter and actor (d. 2016) January 12 – Joe Frazier, African American boxer, world heavyweight champion from 1970 to 1973 (d. 2011) January 19 Shelley Fabares, American actress, singer Dan Reeves, American football player and coach (d. 2022) January 20 – Linda Moulton Howe, American journalist and producer January 25 – Evan Chandler, American screenwriter and dentist (d. 2009) January 26 Angela Davis, African-American political activist, academic and author
1650_17	Jerry Sandusky, American football coach and child molester January 28 – Susan Howard, American actress January 31 – Connie Booth, American writer and actress
1650_18	February
1650_19	February 1 – Mike Enzi, American politician (d. 2021) February 5 – Al Kooper, American rock musician (Blood, Sweat & Tears) February 8 – Bunky Henry, American professional golfer (d. 2018) February 9 – Alice Walker, African-American novelist and poet February 11 – Michael G. Oxley, American politician (d. 2016) February 12 – Moe Bandy, American country music singer February 13 Stockard Channing, American actress Michael Ensign, American actor Sheldon Silver, American politician, attorney and convicted felon (d. 2022) February 14 – Carl Bernstein, American journalist February 16 – Richard Ford, American novelist February 19 – Donald F. Glut, American writer, film director and screenwriter February 22 Jonathan Demme, American film director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2017) Robert Kardashian, American attorney and businessman (d. 2003) February 23 – Johnny Winter, American rock musician (d. 2014) February 27 – Ken Grimwood, American writer (d. 2003) February 29
1650_20	Dennis Farina, American actor (d. 2013) Phyllis Frelich, deaf actress (d. 2014)
1650_21	March
1650_22	March 1 – John Breaux, American politician March 3 – Odessa Cleveland, American actress (MAS*H) March 4 – Bobby Womack, African-American singer-songwriter (d. 2014) March 6 – Mary Wilson, African-American singer (The Supremes) (d. 2021) March 7 Michael Rosbash, American geneticist and chronobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2017 Townes Van Zandt, American country singer (d. 1997) March 11 – Richard McGeagh, American Olympic swimmer and water polo player (d. 2021) March 14 – Steve Daskewisz, American actor (d. 2018) March 15 – Ralph MacDonald, American percussionist, songwriter (d. 2011) March 17 – John Sebastian, American singer-songwriter (The Lovin' Spoonful) March 23 – Ric Ocasek, American singer, songwriter and record producer (The Cars) (d. 2019) March 24 – R. Lee Ermey, U.S. Marine and actor (d. 2018) March 26 – Diana Ross, African-American actress and singer (The Supremes) March 28 Rick Barry, American basketball player
1650_23	Ken Howard, American actor (d. 2016) March 29 – Denny McLain, American baseball player March 31 – Angus King, American politician
1650_24	April
1650_25	April 1 – Rusty Staub, American baseball player and coach April 3 – Tony Orlando, American musician April 4 – Craig T. Nelson, American actor April 5 – Peter T. King, American politician April 6 – Judith McConnell, American actress April 7 Shel Bachrach, American insurance broker, investor, businessman and philanthropist Warner Fusselle, American sportscaster (d. 2012) April 8 – Jimmy Walker, American professional basketball player (d. 2007) April 11 – John Milius, American film director, producer and screenwriter April 13 – Jack Casady, American rock musician (Jefferson Airplane, Hot Tuna) April 18 – Charlie Tuna, American disc jockey and game show announcer (d. 2016) April 19 Bernie Worrell, American rock keyboardist, (d. 2016) James Heckman, economist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2000 April 21 – Paul Geremia, American singer-songwriter and guitarist April 22 – Steve Fossett, American millionaire adventurer (d. 2007)
1650_26	April 24 – Tony Visconti, American record producer, musician and singer April 26 – Larry H. Miller, American sports owner (Utah Jazz; d. 2009) April 27 – Cuba Gooding Sr., African-American actor and singer (d. 2017) April 29 – Richard Kline, American actor and television director April 30 – Jill Clayburgh, American actress (d. 2010)
1650_27	May
1650_28	May 1 – Marva Whitney, American singer (d. 2012) May 3 – Rusty Wier, American singer-songwriter (d. 2009) May 4 – Russi Taylor, American actress (d. 2019) May 9 Richie Furay, American musician (Poco, Buffalo Springfield) Laurence Owen, American figure skater (d. 1961) May 10 – Jim Abrahams, American film director May 13 Carolyn Franklin, American singer (d. 1988) Armistead Maupin, American fiction writer May 14 Connie Lawn, American journalist (d. 2018) George Lucas, American filmmaker and entrepreneur May 16 – Danny Trejo, Hispanic-American actor May 17 – Jesse Winchester, American-Canadian musician and songwriter (d. 2014) May 18 – Marianne Battani, American jurist (d. 2021) May 24 David Mark Berger, American-born Israeli weightlifter (k. in Munich massacre 1972) Patti LaBelle, African-American singer, actress and entrepreneur May 27 – Chris Dodd, American politician May 28 Rudy Giuliani, American politician, former Mayor of New York City
1650_29	Gladys Knight, African-American singer Sondra Locke, American actress and director (d. 2018) May 30 – Meredith MacRae, American actress (d. 2000)
1650_30	June
1650_31	June 2 Garo Yepremian, American football player (d. 2015) Marvin Hamlisch, American composer, conductor (d. 2012) June 3 – Mary Thom, American journalist and author (d. 2013) June 4 – Michelle Phillips, American singer and actress June 5 – Whitfield Diffie, American cryptographer June 6 Phillip Allen Sharp, American geneticist and molecular biologist Tommie Smith, African-American track athlete June 8 Mark Belanger, American baseball player (d. 1998) Don Grady, American actor and singer (d. 2012) Boz Scaggs, American singer and guitarist June 17 – Bill Rafferty, American comedian and impressionist (d. 2012) June 18 Sandy Posey, American musician Rick Griffin, American artist (d. 1991) June 21 – Kenny O'Dell, American country singer-songwriter (d. 2018) June 29 – Gary Busey, American actor June 30 Daniel Kablan Duncan, Ivorian politician Terry Funk, American professional wrestler Raymond Moody, American parapsychologist
1650_32	Alan C. Fox, American author, philanthropist and entrepreneur
1650_33	July July 1 – Diron Talbert, American football player July 2 – Paul Schudel, American football player and coach July 8 Jaimoe, American drummer (The Allman Brothers Band) Jeffrey Tambor, American actor July 16 – Betty Davis, American singer, songwriter and model (d. 2022) July 17 – Tom Kalinske, American businessman July 20 – W. Cary Edwards, American politician (d. 2010) July 21 – Paul Wellstone, American politician (d. 2002) July 26 Celeste Yarnall, American actress (d. 2018) Kiel Martin, American actor (d. 1990) July 31 Geraldine Chaplin, English-American actress Robert C. Merton, American economist August
1650_34	August 4 Richard Belzer, American actor and comedian William Frankfather, American actor (d. 1998) August 7 Denny Freeman, American guitarist (d. 2021) John Glover, American actor Robert Mueller, American lawyer and former FBI director August 8 – Michael Johnson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2017) August 9 – Sam Elliott, American actor August 13 – Kevin Tighe, American actor August 15 Linda Ellerbee, American journalist and author Thomas J. Murphy, Jr., politician, 56th Mayor of Pittsburgh August 17 – Larry Ellison, co-founder of Oracle Corporation August 24 Henry Braden, lawyer and politician (d. 2013) Gregory Jarvis, astronaut (d. 1986) August 25 – Christine Chubbuck, American television reporter (d. 1974) August 27 – G. W. Bailey, American actor August 30 – Tug McGraw, American baseball player (d. 2004) August 31 – Earnie Shavers, African-American professional wrestler September
1650_35	September 1 – Leonard Slatkin, American conductor September 3 – Ty Warner, American businessman, inventor of Beanie Babies September 7 Earl Manigault, American basketball player (d. 1998) Jerry Relph, American politician, member of the Minnesota Senate (d. 2020) September 12 Leonard Peltier, Native American activist and convicted murderer Barry White, African-American R&B and soul singer (d. 2003) September 13 – Peter Cetera, lead singer and guitarist of American rock group Chicago September 18 – Satan's Angel, American exotic dancer September 21 Caleb Deschanel, American cinematographer and film director Hamilton Jordan, American politician, 8th White House Chief of Staff (d. 2008) September 25 – Michael Douglas, American actor and producer October
1650_36	October 2 – Vernor Vinge, American science fiction author and mathematician October 4 – Tony La Russa, American baseball player and manager October 6 – Mylon LeFevre, American singer and evangelist October 8 – Dale Dye, American actor, technical advisor, radio personality and U.S. Marine October 9 – Nona Hendryx, American R&B singer (Labelle) October 11 – William T. Greenough, American neuroscientist (d. 2013) October 13 – Margo Lion, American theatrical producer (d. 2020) October 15 Mac Collins, American politician (d. 2018) Kay Ivey, American politician October 16 – Elizabeth Loftus, American psychologist October 19 – George McCrae, American soul and disco singer October 28 – Dennis Franz, American actor October 31 – Hal Wick, American politician (d. 2018) November
1650_37	November 1 Florindo Fabrizio, American politician (d. 2018) Kinky Friedman, American singer, songwriter, novelist, humorist, politician and columnist Bobby Heenan, American professional wrestling manager and commentator (d. 2017) November 2 – Michael Buffer, American ring announcer and actor November 4 – Linda Gary, American voice actress (d. 1995) November 5 – Leland Wilkinson, American statistician and computer scientist (d. 2021) November 7 – Joe Niekro, American baseball player (d. 2006) November 10 – Silvestre Reyes, American politician November 12 Booker T. Jones, African-American musician, singer and songwriter Al Michaels, American sportscaster November 17 Jim Boeheim, American basketball player and coach Gene Clark, American singer-songwriter (d. 1991) Danny DeVito, American actor, film producer and director Gary Goldman, American animator, film producer and director Tom Seaver, American baseball player (d. 2020)
1650_38	Sammy Younge Jr., American civil rights activist (d. 1966) November 18 Lorinda Cherry, American computer scientist (d. 2022) Ed Krupp, American astronomer, Director of the Griffith Observatory and science popularizer November 20 – Donald DiFrancesco, American lawyer and politician, 51st Governor of New Jersey November 21 Dick Durbin, American politician Harold Ramis, American actor, director and comedy writer (d. 2014) November 24 – Candy Darling, American actress (d. 1974) November 25 – Ben Stein, American law professor, actor and author November 27 – Mickey Leland, American politician (d. 1989) November 28 – Rita Mae Brown, American fiction writer and political activist
1650_39	December
1650_40	December 1 – John Densmore, drummer, member of The Doors. December 2 – Cathy Lee Crosby, American actress (That's Incredible!) December 4 – Dennis Wilson, American drummer (The Beach Boys) (d. 1983) December 6 Kit Culkin, American stage actor Ron Kenoly, American Christian leader December 7 – Daniel Chorzempa, American organist December 9 – Ki Longfellow, American novelist December 11 Teri Garr, American actress Lynda Day George, American actress Brenda Lee, American singer December 19 – Tim Reid, African-American actor and film director December 20 – Bobby Colomby, American drummer and producer December 21 – Michael Tilson Thomas, American conductor December 22 – Steve Carlton, American baseball player December 23 – Wesley Clark, U.S. general and NATO Supreme Allied Commander December 26 – Bill Ayers, American education theorist and former radical anti-war activist December 28 Johnny Isakson, American politician Kary Mullis, American biochemist (d. 2019)
1650_41	December 30 – Joseph Hilbe, American statistician and author
1650_42	Deaths January 6 – Ida Tarbell, investigative journalist (b. 1857) January 7 – Lou Henry Hoover, wife of Herbert Hoover, First Lady of the United States (b. 1874) March 7 – August Busck, entomologist and author of works on microlepidoptera (b. 1870 in Denmark) March 11 – Irvin S. Cobb, writer (b. 1876) March 19 – Henry Francis Bryan, governor of American Samoa (b. 1865) April 21 – Florence Trail, educator and author (b. 1854) April 25 – George Herriman, cartoonist (Krazy Kat) (b. 1880) May 23 – Thomas Curtis, hurdler (b. 1873) June 30 – Georgia Hopley, journalist, political figure and temperance advocate (b. 1858) August 12 – Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., U.S. Navy lieutenant (b. 1915; k. in action) September 27 – Aimee Semple McPherson, Pentecostal evangelist (b. 1890 in Canada) October 4 – Al Smith, politician (b. 1873) October 22 – Richard Bennett, stage and silent screen actor (b. 1870) November 2 – Thomas Midgley Jr., mechanical and chemical engineer (b. 1889)
1650_43	November 4 – Sir John Dill, British Army field marshal (b. 1881 in Ireland) November 9 – Frank Marshall, chess player (b. 1877) November 26 – Florence Foster Jenkins, socialite and amateur soprano (b. 1868) December 4 Grace Denio Litchfield, poet and novelist (born 1849) Benjamin Wistar Morris, architect (b. 1870) Georgiana Simpson, African American philologist (b. 1865) December 31 – Ruth Hanna McCormick, politician, activist and publisher (b. 1880)

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