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1684_8 | He played a solid part in Newcastle's promotion to the Premier League, winning his second Championship title in the process, while forming a right flank partnership with January signing Wayne Routledge. Towards the end of the season, he "played through the pain" with what he considered a small ankle injury. He only realised the full extent of the ankle injury at the end of the season, and he had an operation to correct it. He was out for three months, including the first month or so of Newcastle's season. Simpson returned to action from his injury lay off, playing two reserve games in October. He made his first start of the new season in Newcastle's 2–1 victory over West Ham United, replacing James Perch at right back. Simpson kept his right-back spot with consistently strong performances, forming a strong partnership with Joey Barton on the right flank. |
1684_9 | On 20 September 2011, Simpson scored a curler in Newcastle's 4–3 win over Championship side Nottingham Forest in the third round of the League Cup.
On 10 December 2011, Simpson started alongside James Perch at center back in place of the injured Steven Taylor and Fabricio Coloccini for Newcastle's 4–2 defeat at Norwich City. He had played at right back for the beginning of the season.
On 4 January 2012, Simpson started for Newcastle during their 3–0 win against Manchester United, and produced a fantastic saving clearance off the line against his old club on his 25th birthday.
Queens Park Rangers
After his contract with Newcastle expired at the end of the 2012–13 season, Simpson signed a three-year deal with Championship club Queens Park Rangers on 27 June 2013. He scored his first goal for QPR in a League Cup tie against Exeter City on 6 August 2013. He made 36 Championship appearances for QPR as they earned promotion via the play-offs.
Leicester City |
1684_10 | On 30 August 2014 signed a three-year contract for fellow promoted team Leicester City for an undisclosed fee. Simpson made his Leicester debut in a 2–0 defeat against Crystal Palace off the bench on 27 September 2014. However, he didn't make his second appearance for the club until 7 December against Aston Villa, as he often struggled to get into the side ahead of regular right back Ritchie De Laet. Simpson made 14 appearances overall for Leicester in the 2014–15 season.
In the 2015–16 season, under the new management of Claudio Ranieri, De Laet was again preferred ahead of Simpson to begin with. However, following a 5–2 defeat by Arsenal, Ranieri changed his full backs bringing Simpson in for De Laet helping to shore up Leicester's defence, as Simpson was considered a much more defensive full-back than De Laet and "rarely ventured forward". Leicester went on to win the league.
He was released by Leicester at the end of the 2018–19 season. |
1684_11 | In February and March 2021, Simpson began playing with the Leicester City U23s squad in order to regain match fitness.
Huddersfield Town
After being released by Leicester, Simpson signed a deal until the end of the 2019–20 season with EFL Championship side Huddersfield Town.
Bristol City
On 26 March 2021, Simpson joined Bristol City on a deal until the end of the season. The move reunited him with former Leicester manager Nigel Pearson.
on 23rd June 2021, it was announced Simpson had signed a new 1 year contract extension with the club.
Personal life
Simpson has two daughters, Skye who was born six weeks prematurely in mid-2011 and Vienna born in 2020. |
1684_12 | On 20 May 2015, Simpson was found guilty of assaulting his then-girlfriend and mother of his child, Stephanie Ward, on 28 December 2014. He was sentenced to 300 hours of community service. On 12 May 2016, his sentence was reviewed in light of press intrusion into his community service, and replaced with a 22:00 to 06:00 curfew for 21 days.
Career statistics
Honours
Sunderland
Football League Championship: 2006–07
Manchester United
UEFA Champions League: 2007–08
Newcastle United
Football League Championship: 2009–10
Queens Park Rangers
Football League Championship play-offs: 2014
Leicester City
Premier League: 2015–16
References
External links
Danny Simpson profile at the official Huddersfield Town A.F.C. website |
1684_13 | 1987 births
Living people
People from Eccles, Greater Manchester
Footballers from Salford
English footballers
English expatriate footballers
Association football defenders
Manchester United F.C. players
Royal Antwerp F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Belgian First Division B players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Black British sportspeople
English people of Jamaican descent
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
English expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
English people convicted of assault
Sportspeople convicted of crimes |
1685_0 | The Lake Superior Chippewa (Anishinaabe: Gichigamiwininiwag) are a large number of Ojibwe (Anishinaabe) bands living around Lake Superior; this territory is considered part of northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota in the United States. They migrated into the area by the seventeenth century, encroaching on the Eastern Dakota people who historically occupied the area. The Ojibwe defeated the Eastern Dakota and had their last battle in 1745, after which the Dakota Sioux migrated west into the Great Plains. While sharing a common culture and Anishinaabe language, this group of Ojibwe is highly decentralized, with at least twelve independent bands in this region. |
1685_1 | In the nineteenth century, the leaders of the bands negotiated together as the Lake Superior Chippewa with the United States government under a variety of treaties to protect their historic territories against land theft by European-American settlers. The United States set up several reservations for bands in this area under the treaties culminating in one in 1854. This enabled the people to stay in this territory rather than to be forced west of the Mississippi River, as the government had attempted. Under the treaty, the bands with reservations have been federally recognized as independent tribes; several retain Lake Superior Chippewa in their formal names to indicate their shared culture. |
1685_2 | Origins
Sometime earlier than 1650, the Ojibwe split into two groups near present-day Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. This is believed to have been one of the stops which their prophets predicted in their migration; it was part of the path of the Anishinaabe, which they had traveled for centuries, in their passage west from the Atlantic Coast.
The Ojibwe who followed the south shore of Lake Superior found the final prophesied stopping place and "the food that grows on water" (wild rice) at Madeline Island. During the late 17th century, the Ojibwe at Madeline Island began to expand to other territory: they had population pressures, a desire for furs to trade, and increased factionalism caused by divisions over relations with French Jesuit missions. For a time they had an alliance with the Eastern Dakota. |
1685_3 | Beginning about 1737, they competed for nearly 100 years with the Eastern Dakota and the Fox tribes in the interior of Wisconsin west and south of Lake Superior. The Ojibwe were technologically more advanced, having acquired guns through trading with the French, which for a time gave them an advantage. They eventually drove the Dakota Sioux out of most of northern Wisconsin and northeastern Minnesota into the western plains.
The Sioux (Lakota) were pushed to the west, where they eventually settled in the Great Plains of present-day Nebraska and the Dakotas. The Ojibwe successfully spread throughout the Great Lakes region, with colonizing bands settling along lakes and rivers throughout what would become northern Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota in the United States. La Pointe on Madeline Island remained the spiritual and commercial center of the nation. The island is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. |
1685_4 | Sub-nation
The Lake Superior Chippewa are numerous and contain many bands.
A separate sub-nation, known as the Biitan-akiing-enabijig (Border Sitters), were located between the Ojibwe of the Lake Superior watershed and other nations. The Biitan-akiing-enabijig were divided into three principal Bands:
Manoominikeshiinyag (the "Ricing Rails" or St. Croix Chippewa Indians, in the St. Croix River valley);
Odaawaa-zaaga'iganiwininiwag (the "Ottawa Lake Men", around Lac Courte Oreilles); and
Waaswaaganiwininiwag (the "Torch Men", around Lac du Flambeau). Numerous sub-bands also existed.
Treaties and reservations
In a series of treaties with the US Government in the mid-nineteenth century, the Lake Superior Chippewa were formally grouped as a unit, which included the
Mississippi,
Pillager,
Bois Forte,
Muskrat Portage,
Red Lake
Pembina and
La Pointe bands. The various villages had been politically independent and did not have a centralized tribal authority. |
1685_5 | In the winter of 1851, President Zachary Taylor ordered the removal of the Lake Superior Chippewa west of the Mississippi River, as had already been forced on most other tribes in the east. During the course of it, the US Army attacked the people in what has become known as the Sandy Lake Tragedy, during which several hundred Chippewa died, including women and children. The La Pointe chief Kechewaishke (Buffalo) went to Washington, DC to appeal to the government for relief. National outrage had been aroused by the many deaths of the Ojibwe, and the US ended attempts at Ojibwe removal. |
1685_6 | The final treaty in 1854 established permanent reservations in Michigan at L'Anse, Lac Vieux Desert, and Ontonagon. In 1934 under the Indian Reorganization Act, the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community was defined as successor apparent to the L'Anse, Lac Vieux Desert, and Ontonagon bands. Government functions were centralized with it, although all three reservations were retained. In 1988 the Lac Vieux Desert Band of Chippewa Indians succeeded in gaining federal recognition as a separate tribe. Together with the Keneewaw Bay tribe, it is part of the Inter-Tribal Council of Michigan, which represents 11 of the 12 federally recognized tribes in Michigan. These include tribes of Potowatomi and Odawa peoples who, together with the Ojibwe, have made up the Council of Three Fires. |
1685_7 | In Wisconsin, reservations were established at Red Cliff, Bad River, Lac Courte Oreilles, and Lac du Flambeau. The St. Croix and Sokaogon bands, left out of the 1854 treaty, did not obtain tribal lands or federal recognition until the 1930s after the Indian Reorganization Act.
In Minnesota, reservations were set up at Fond du Lac and Grand Portage. Other bands, such as the Bois Forte Band, continued independent negotiations with the US government and ended political affiliation with the Lake Superior Chippewa. |
1685_8 | Today
Today the bands are politically independent and are federally recognized as independent tribes with their own governments. They remain culturally closely connected to each other. They have engaged in common legal actions concerning treaty rights, such as fishing for walleye. Many bands include "Lake Superior Chippewa" in their official tribal names to indicate their historic and cultural affiliations (Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, etc.) |
1685_9 | Historical bands and political successors apparent are the following:
Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, merged from
L'Anse Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (historical)
Ontonagon Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (historical)
Lac Vieux Desert Band of Chippewa
La Pointe Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (historical): descendants are
Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians
Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians
Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
St. Croix Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (historical): descendants are
Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, merged from
Mille Lacs Indians (historical)
Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa (historical)
Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa (historical)
Snake and Kettle River Bands of St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Minnesota (historical)
St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
Sokaogon Chippewa Community
Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa |
1685_10 | Grand Portage Band
Bois Forte Band of Chippewa, merged from
Lake Vermilion Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (historical)
Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (historical)
Nett Lake Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (historical) |
1685_11 | In addition to the full political Successors Apparent, the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe (via the St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Minnesota), Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe (via Removable Fond du Lac Band of the Chippewa Indian Reservation), and the White Earth Band of Chippewa (via the Removable St. Croix Chippewa of Wisconsin of the Gull Lake Indian Reservation) in present-day Minnesota retain minor Successorship to the Lake Superior Chippewa. They do not exercise the Aboriginal Sovereign Powers derived from the Lake Superior Chippewa.
References
Loew, Patty, 2001. Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press.
-
Great Lakes tribes
Native American history of Michigan
Native American history of Wisconsin
Native American history of Minnesota
Lake Superior
Native American tribes in Michigan
Native American tribes in Wisconsin
Native American tribes in Minnesota |
1686_0 | RBD is a Mexican Latin pop group that gained popularity from Televisa's telenovela Rebelde. The group achieved international success from 2004 until their separation in 2009 and sold over 15 million records worldwide, making them one of the best-selling Latin music artists of all time. The group was composed of Anahí, Alfonso Herrera, Dulce María, Christopher von Uckermann, Maite Perroni and Christian Chávez. |
1686_1 | In November 2004, the group released their debut studio album, Rebelde, to great success. In September 2005, the group released their second album, Nuestro Amor, receiving their first Latin Grammy Award nomination at the 2006 ceremony. In 2006, the group released their third album, Celestial. The album's lead single, "Ser o Parecer", topped the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for two consecutive weeks. This was their first album to be released simultaneously in all countries. In the same year, the group released their fourth album, and first English-language album titled Rebels. In 2007, the group released their fifth album Empezar Desde Cero, which was nominated at the Latin Grammy Awards. In 2009, the group released their sixth and final album, Para Olvidarte De Mí. |
1686_2 | RBD officially formed on October 30, 2004, and announced on August 15, 2008, through a press release, that they would disband on March 10, 2009. In September 2020 the band announced they would reunite through a virtual show in December, and their music was released on digital platforms the same month. Only four of the original members returned: Anahí, Maite Perroni, Christian Chávez and Christopher Von Uckermann.
History
2004–2005: Rebelde and Nuestro Amor
RBD (abbreviation for "ReBelDe") formed on October 30, 2004, which followed the premiere of the Mexican telenovela Rebelde. The members were Anahí, Alfonso Herrera, Dulce María, Christopher von Uckermann, Maite Perroni and Christian Chávez. The band released their debut single, "Rebelde", exactly one month before the group officially formed. Their debut album of the same name was released on November 11, 2004, by EMI. All four singles from the album were number-one hits in Mexico. |
1686_3 | Rebelde sold well in the United States, reaching number 95 on the Billboard 200 and number two on the Latin Albums chart. In July 2005, a live CD/DVD, Tour Generación RBD En Vivo, was released. The CD/DVD documented their tour around Mexico that included 45 sold-out concerts across the country, including sixteen in Mexico City. In Spain, Rebelde spent five weeks on the top of the charts and was certified 3× Platinum for having sold over 240,000 copies. |
1686_4 | With the success of the telenovela, the group used the hiatus between the first and second season to release their second album Nuestro Amor, on September 22, 2005. This album included twelve songs plus "Una Canción", a live recording, and "Liso, Sensual", a studio version of the song previously performed on their last tour. The album set new record sales in Mexico, selling 127,000 copies on its release day and 160,000 copies in its first week. In the U.S., the album topped the Latin Albums chart for three weeks and peaked at number 88 on the Billboard 200. The first four singles reached number one in Mexico. In the U.S., "Nuestro Amor", "Aún hay algo" and "Este corazón" charted on the Hot Latin Songs chart at numbers six, 24 and 10, respectively. Nuestro Amor was certified 2× Platinum in Spain. In November 2005, a Portuguese version of their debut album was released, titled Rebelde (Edição Brasil). |
1686_5 | 2006–2007: Celestial and Rebels
In early 2006, the group went on tour across the United States for the first time, which was recorded and released as a CD/DVD in April 2006, titled Live in Hollywood. It peaked at number six on the Latin Albums chart. Since that year, former singer Lynda Thomas, who had been uncredited with the group since their debut, officially became a recurring contributor for them. The first song credited to her was "No Pares", performed by Dulce María. |
1686_6 | In May 2006, the group released a Portuguese version of Nuestro Amor, titled Nosso Amor Rebelde, targeted for the Brazilian market. Nosso Amor Rebelde is their second album in Portuguese, released only in Brazil. The album contains Portuguese versions of 11 songs from Nuestro Amor. The album, however, did not have a full week of album sales because of its Friday release. Despite this, it became their first album to peak or chart in the top 20 of the Billboard 200. RBD was nominated for the Latin Grammy Awards in 2006 in the category Best Pop Album by a Group or Duo for Nuestro Amor. They performed a new version of "Tras de mí" at the ceremony. |
1686_7 | In November 2006, the group released their third album, Celestial, produced and directed by Carlos Lara and Armando Ávila. The album debuted at number 15 on the Billboard 200 with over 137,000 copies sold in the United States in its first week. The album spawned three hit singles, "Ser o Parecer", "Celestial" and "Bésame sin miedo". In Spain, Celestial was certified Platinum. |
1686_8 | One month later, in December 2006 a Portuguese-language edition of the album was released for the Brazilian market called Celestial (Versão Brasil). This third album in Portuguese was the first to be recorded in Brazil. From their tour in Brazil, the group released a DVD titled Live in Rio (2007). The group were also honored for selling over 2.5 million copies of their albums and DVD's in the country. That same month, the group released their fourth album and first English-language album, Rebels, which debuted at number 40 on the Billboard 200 with 94,000 copies sold in its first week. Rebels was certified Gold in Japan for having sold over 250,000 copies. |
1686_9 | The group was nominated twice in the category "Latin Pop Album of the Year By a Duo or Group", with Celestial and Live in Hollywood. They also received a nomination for "Top Latin Albums Artist of the Year" and "Latin Tour of the Year" for Tour Generación RBD. The show was held on April 26 in Miami, Florida. They won in all categories they were nominated in. Celestial won the former award.
2008–2009: Empezar Desde Cero and Para Olvidarte De Mí
On March 2, 2007, Chávez revealed he is gay after pictures were discovered of him marrying another man in Canada. In a letter on the group's website, he asked fans for understanding and acceptance. After this, the group worked two side-projects; Sálvame, an organization that helps homeless youth get an education and shelter, and RBD: La Familia, their new sitcom. The group was nominated four times in three categories for the 2007 Billboard Latin Music Awards. |
1686_10 | In early 2007, the group began to rehearse for their upcoming concert tour called Tour Celestial, which started in Ecuador on April 20, 2007. On May 28, 2007, Donald Trump invited the group to perform three songs at the Miss Universe 2007 finals in Mexico City. They performed a medley of "Wanna Play", "Cariño Mio" and "Money Money" at the event. In June 2007, the group recorded the accompanying music video for their single "Bésame sin miedo" in Transylvania while on tour in Romania where Celestial was released. It was the same year they were chosen to headline a series of Pepsi commercials with The Black Eyed Peas to air in South America and Spanish-speaking countries. On July 19, 2007, the group performed "Bésame sin miedo" at the Premios Juventud 2007 ceremony and won seven awards that night, including "Voice of the Moment" and "Favorite Concert". RBD broke the record for most albums in the top 20 in Brazil, having three different albums in the top 20 for the week ending January 20, |
1686_11 | 2007. Their single "Tu amor" was nominated for Best International Song in France. In an interview in Mexico, Christopher von Uckermann stated that it has always been an honor to be compared to Menudo and Timbiriche, but mentioned that RBD surpassed those groups by accomplishing much more in only five years, being the only Mexican group to gain worldwide fame. |
1686_12 | The first worldwide "RBD Day" was held on October 4, 2007. The group celebrated the day with fans in Houston, Texas. During their press conference, they confirmed that their fifth album would be titled Empezar Desde Cero, produced by Carlos Lara and Armando Ávila. The first single from Empezar Desde Cero, "Inalcanzable", debuted in October 2007 and peaked at number two on Mexican charts. Empezar Desde Cero was released on November 20, debuting at number one on the Billboard Latin Albums chart and peaking within the top-ten in a variety of countries such as Brazil (their first album that did not top the charts in that country, peaking at number three) and Mexico. As of November 2008, Empezar Desde Cero had sold over a million copies worldwide. It was voted by Billboard readers as the third best album released in 2007. |
1686_13 | In April 2008, the group performed at a concert in Brazil's capital city. The free concert was held at the city's main park and had 500,000 fans in attendance. RBD was said to be the first music act in the history of Slovenia charts to have six different albums in the top ten in the same weekend. In August 2008, the 2008 Latin Grammy nominations were announced; the group was nominated for Best Pop Album By a Duo or Group with Vocals for Empezar Desde Cero. On August 14, 2008, they released a compilation album of their greatest hits titled RBD The Best Of. |
1686_14 | On August 15, 2008, the group announced through a press release that they would disband in 2009. The group's manager, Pedro Damián, explained that although there wasn't any fights among the members, it was best that they should disband for the ones who were already planning different solo activities. Herrera and Perroni were occupied with their television projects (the former with the TV series Terminales, and the latter as the protagonist of Cuidado Con El Ángel). Chávez was in the middle of a tour with the musical Avenue Qs Mexican stage production, and was planning to build his career as a solo artist, actor and producer. Anahí managed her own clothing store in Mexico City and began an organization to help those who have eating disorders. Dulce María was involved with shooting a film Alguién a visto a Lupita and a variety of projects, such as dubbing a cartoon character in a Mexican film. Later, Uckermann starred in the TV show Kdabra, produced by Fox in Colombia. On November 25, |
1686_15 | RBD released Best Of (in Brazil: Hits Em Português; in the United States: Greatest Hits), which was a CD/DVD that features their singles and a DVD with music videos as part of their goodbye. A Portuguese version of the album was also released. |
1686_16 | Para Olvidarte De Mí (2009) was the sixth and final album to be released by the group. The album is preceded by the only single "Para Olvidarte De Mí". On December 2, 2009, the live concert DVD, Tournée do Adeus, recorded in São Paulo was released, containing the group's last show in Brazil.
2020: Social networks, streaming relaunch and Ser O Parecer Virtual Concert
After years with the music of RBD out of online streaming platforms (after Universal Music bought EMI), in August 2020 the former members announced on their social media that their six studio albums and the Brazilian versions would be available in all streaming services on September 3, 2020. It was also announced that the albums will be available in stores |
1686_17 | To celebrate the launch of their music on streaming, the group announced a virtual show that took place on December 26 and reunited 4 of the original members: Anahí, Maite Perroni, Christian Chavez and Christopher von Uckermann. Alfonso Herrera and Dulce Maria did not take part in the reunion, with the latter confirming that she couldn't join because of her pregnancy.
A week of snippets on the band's Instagram account teasing a new song followed soon after. On Tuesday, November 17 "Siempre He Estado Aquí" was released simultaneously in all streaming platforms. The group created a TikTok challenge for the song. An animated music video was released on December 3 on the group's YouTube channel. |
1686_18 | Documentary about the group |
1686_19 | In late 2012, Pedro Damián told Televisa that the group would return to the stage in 2013. According to Damián, the project was to do something amazing and interesting, "Let's talk to them. Let's convince them to do something amazing, something interesting." He stated he was determined to revive the group and would be chatting with members and try to convince them to reunite. Following Damián's statements, Dulce María said in an interview with Televisa that it was too early for a comeback; however, she did not rule out the possibility of ever doing a reunion with her former group members. "I do not know about the future," she stated in the interview, "but right now there's no way. Each of us are focused on his or her career. It's still very early. But never say never." Around the same time, in an interview for MTV Brasil, Christian Chávez said it was possible for a reunion in 2014, which was confirmed by Damián. On July 27, 2013, however, there was no official statement from Dulce |
1686_20 | María, Herrera, Uckermann, Anahí, or Perroni of this occurring or a set date. |
1686_21 | With resistance from some members, Damián decided to develop a documentary about the group in celebration of the sextet's 10 year anniversary. In an interview with Televisa, Damián said he will have something more concrete on the project later in the year, "I have something like 800 hours of recordings ... We are already working."
Members
Alfonso Herrera –
Anahí –
Christian Chávez –
Christopher Uckermann –
Dulce María –
Maite Perroni – Timeline'''
Discography
Spanish discography
Studio albums
Rebelde (2004)
Nuestro Amor (2005)
Celestial (2006)
Empezar Desde Cero (2007)
Para Olvidarte De Mí (2009)
Bilingual discography
Studio albums
Rebelde (Edição Brasil) (2005)
Nosso Amor Rebelde (2006)
Celestial (Versão Brasil) (2006)
Rebels (2006) |
1686_22 | Tours
2005: Tour Generación RBD |
1686_23 | Tour Generación RBD was the group's first national tour, which had 80 sold-out shows in Mexico. They visited Monterrey three times, which gathered over 150,000 fans. The tour was certified by OCESA as the fourth most rapidly sold-out tour in Mexico, behind The Cure's 2004 Sing to the Deadly Mouse Trap Tour in first, Britney Spears' 2002 Dream Within a Dream Tour in second, and Backstreet Boys's 2001 Black & Blue World Tour in third. The tour began on May 13, 2005, in Toluca, Mexico, and ended on December 18, 2005 in Lima, Peru. RBD's first international concerts took place in Colombia with huge success. They performed first at Medellin in front of a crowd of 30,000; later in Cali, over 50,000 were in attendance, being the group's most attended concert in Colombia, and later in Bogota. In March 2006, the second phase of the tour began in the United States, at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum with a crowd of over 68,000 fans – a record-breaking act for a Latin group and a sign of their |
1686_24 | widespread success. In 2006, 694,655 tickets were sold accounting for North American shows, worth a total of $23,600,000. 749,485 tickets were sold worldwide as they came in as the 14th top-selling act of 2006 worldwide. |
1686_25 | RBD Tour Brasil 2006
RBD did a stadium tour through Brazil. They were the first Mexican pop group to perform in big venues, such as Maracanã and Morumbi, which are usually used by global pop stars, such as Madonna, U2, The Rolling Stones and Michael Jackson.
2007–08: Tour Celestial Tour Celestial is RBD's second tour where they performed in Latin America, the U.S., and Europe. On June 22, 2007, RBD filmed their concert in Madrid, Spain with over 40.000 in attendance for a DVD called Tour Celestial 2007: Hecho en España.
In early October, it was confirmed by Roptus.com that the rest of the tour would be postponed until further notice. The reason the website gave for these actions was that RBD wants to give their audience a much well-deserved show by performing some songs off their new album, Empezar desde Cero, which was released on November 20, 2007. RBD grossed $5,400,000 on North American shows and a combined total of 293,742 tickets worldWide.
2008: Empezar Desde Cero Tour |
1686_26 | In February 2008, the Empezar Desde Cero Tour began in Hildalgo, Texas, at the Dodge Arena. In late 2007, their Celestial Tour 2007 in the United States was rescheduled to February 2008 and became part of their new tour, Empezar Desde Cero Tour. La Nueva Banda Timbiriche was their opening act in the United States. The tour took place in Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Spain, Slovenia, Serbia, Dominican Republic, Romania, the U.S. and many more countries in South America and Europe. RBD performed in Brazil for over 500,000 people, breaking the record by the Rolling Stones. In September, they did a series of concerts in Slovenia. The first concert was sold-out in 30 minutes, which broke records. Poll Star released the top-100 selling concerts for mid-2008 |
1686_27 | RBD came in number 49 with 166,839 tickets sold from January 1 to June 30, 2008. Third quarter sales from Pollstar ranked RBD at number 48 out of 100 with 301,015 tickets sold from January 1 to September 30, 2008. Pollstar year-end sales from January 1 to December 31, 2008 showed that RBD sold 367,346 tickets. RBD pulled in $4.4 million worth of ticket sales in from North American shows.
2008: Gira Del Adiós World Tour
The Gira Del Adiós World Tour was a world tour by Mexican group RBD. The tour was set to visit South America, North America, and Europe, which began on November 1, 2008 and ended on December 21, 2008. |
1686_28 | On August 14, 2008, the group RBD announced their last tour, named Gira Del Adiós or Tour Del Adiós. The tour itinerary included about 20 cities in countries such as Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay, Chile and Brazil. In November 2008, the group began the tour in the following cities: La Paz, Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Rosario. In December, RBD concerts were held in Los Angeles, Guayaquil, Quito, Lima, Santiago, Ljubljana, Bucharest, Belgrade and Madrid. The last presentation of "Gira Del Adiós" was on December 21 in Madrid and the final farewell of the phenomenon, RBD.
In Brazil, the tour was called "Turnê Do Adeus". The first five presentations in the country were held soon after their presentations in Argentina. As in Fortaleza, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro with 30,000 people and more than 25,000 in São Paulo (Where was the last recorded live DVD of the group, entitled "Tournée do Adeus.") and Brasília.
. |
1686_29 | Legacy
RBD was one of the most important phenomenons of Latin pop culture in the 2000s despite their short transition into the music scene. The cultural phenomenon led by the soap opera Rebelde and the pop group, accompanied by advertising strategies from 2004 to 2009, resulted in recognition from a young audience who followed the career of the group, leaving a legacy of six studio albums, two TV series and multiple awards. On March 2, 2007, photos of Chávez marrying a Canadian BJ Murphy were leaked, and the singer spoke about this in a statement, officially coming out. He became the first openly gay Mexican international singer. October 4 was selected as RBD World Day, in honor of the day Rebelde'' was released in Mexico. |
1686_30 | Fundación Sálvame
In February 2006, thousands of RBD fans in Brazil attended an event where the six members signed merchandise and performed some of their songs. After the event concluded, a white van that was thought to contain the group was spotted leaving the area. Due to this, thousands of people ran in excitement and in the commotion, 43 people were injured and three others were killed. Later during their Celestial tour, the group spoke about the incident and stated "It is something that struck us all. No one would tell us what happened until we were on our way back to Mexico, and to know that your fans were killed at your event is a horrible feeling because you think 'Wow, they were there to see me and because of that they’re gone now' it’s such an indescribable feeling and we can’t explain how heartbroken we are". The group later confirmed they had met and spoken with the families of the victims. |
1686_31 | The Mexican group RBD launched "Fundación Sálvame" ("Save Me Foundation", named after one of their songs) to help street children, which began on May 1, 2006. The foundation serves Mexico, Brazil, and Spain.
Awards and nominations
Awards
See also
List of music artists and bands from Mexico
List of number-one Billboard Hot Latin Pop Airplay of 2005
List of number-one Billboard Hot Latin Pop Airplay of 2006
List of number-one Billboard Hot Latin Songs of 2006
List of number-one Billboard Latin Pop Albums from the 2000s
List of number-one Billboard Top Latin Albums of 2005
List of number-one Billboard Top Latin Albums of 2006
List of number-one Billboard Top Latin Albums of 2007
List of Latin songs on the Billboard Hot 100
List of best-selling albums in Brazil
List of best-selling albums in Mexico
List of number-one albums of 2005 (Mexico)
Top Latin Albums Year-End Chart
Top 100 Mexico
References |
1686_32 | External links
RBD's official channel in YouTube
RBD's official channel in VEVO
Ser O Parecer: The global virtual union official website
2004 establishments in Mexico
Capitol Records artists
EMI Televisa Music artists
English-language singers from Mexico
Latin pop music groups
Teen pop groups
Co-ed groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Musical groups established in 2004
Musical groups reestablished in 2020
Musical groups from Mexico City
Mexican vocal groups
Portuguese-language singers of Mexico |
1687_0 | The International Socialists is a Canadian socialist organization which is part of the International Socialist Tendency. The IS in Canada publishes Socialist Worker, an English-language monthly paper, and holds an annual Marxism conference every spring in Toronto.
Early history
The initial members consisted of activists involved in the Movement for an Independent Socialist Canada (better known as the Waffle), which had been forced to leave the social democratic New Democratic Party in 1972. A group of students at York University in Toronto formed a Marxist study group, and came into contact with left-Shachtmanites in the International Socialists (USA), an American group founded by Hal Draper. |
1687_1 | After the collapse of the Waffle in late 1974, the group organized itself as the Independent Socialists in February 1975. This reflected the roots of the IS in the Waffle, which had a "left-nationalist" analysis of Canada's place in the world economy. But the name was in contradiction to the internationalist approach of the IS, and by 1976, the group voted to rename itself the International Socialists. From 1975, the IS published a monthly paper called Workers Action. In 1985, the paper was renamed Socialist Worker. |
1687_2 | The IS is often identified as the "state-capitalist" group—reflecting the position of the IS that, from 1928 on, Soviet Union was no longer a workers' state, but state capitalist. This is in contrast to Leon Trotsky's position that the Soviet Union was a degenerated workers state. The state capitalist position was not actually central to the group's founding in 1975. Several prominent members adhered to the "bureaucratic collectivist" position associated with Max Shachtman, but by the late 1970s, the majority position in the group was clearly "state capitalist", outlined most clearly in Abbie Bakan's pamphlet, The Great Lie.
During the 1980s, the group was heavily involved in women's struggles, playing an important role in mobilizing support for legal abortion in Canada, largely as a participant in the broader Ontario Coalition for Abortion Clinics. Early in the decade, it was prominent as a defender of the new trade union movement in Poland, Solidarity. |
1687_3 | From 1985 to 1986, when the IS was no more than 80 members, a crisis led to the division of the Toronto branch. The Toronto Central branch represented the majority and was led by David McNally. The Toronto East branch represented the minority faction and was led by Abbie Bakan and supported by the Montreal branch. The crisis caused leading members of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) in the UK to write an open letter of concern, urging the unity of the Toronto branch. Some attributed the dispute to personal animosities between leading members. But there was also a tension between a tendency towards propaganda by the majority, and an emphasis on an interventionist perspective by the minority. |
1687_4 | A united steering committee slate was put forward and elected at the 1987 convention of the IS, addressed by Alex Callinicos, leading member of the SWP. The two Toronto branches fused into a single branch. That year, for the first time, the IS counted more than 100 members, and continued to grow through the late 1980s and into the early 1990s – intervening into the campaign to defend abortion clinics in Toronto, helping to build the movement against the war in the Gulf, and building in the student movement across the country. It is in this period that the IS also began to flesh out its position on the national question in Quebec, although it was not able to operate to any degree in French in Quebec. |
1687_5 | The 1990s
The IS grew rapidly in the early 1990s, from 150 to 340 members in 1993–94 alone according to the group's claims. Further growth was achieved during the "Days of Action", a series of one-day general strikes between late 1995 and 1998 against the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party government, led by Premier Mike Harris. During this period of growth, the publication of Socialist Worker - the organization's paper - became fortnightly rather than monthly. |
1687_6 | The unexpected and rapid growth of the group during this period led to a large split in 1996. A section of the organization argued that there were new possibilities for growth in the 1990s, and a more interventionist, activist organization was necessary. Another section of the organization thought that the interventionist perspective was based on an overly-optimistic analysis of the period, and were loath to move too far away from a propagandist, educational orientation. The section arguing for a more interventionist line carried the day at the November 1994 convention, Socialist Worker began appearing bi-weekly in January 1995, and the organization began publishing a monthly French paper. One year later, several leading members (including David McNally) resigned, and a faction emerged called the Political Reorientation Faction (PRF). The PRF produced a document rejecting the International Socialist Tendency's analysis of an upswing in class struggle during the mid-1990s, ("the 1990s |
1687_7 | is the 1930s in slow motion") and the Leninist conception of the party. Within weeks, members of the PRF (with one exception) left the IS to form the New Socialist Group prompting criticism from the IS majority for quitting rather than engaging in a proper political debate. The departing minority, however, argued that their position in the IS had become untenable and that their right to debate and organize were not tolerated by the majority. |
1687_8 | 21st century
The membership of the IS fell, and the publication frequency of Socialist Worker was reduced from every two weeks to monthly. It is now printed in full colour. Its French-language periodical, Résistance!, has ceased publication, and its annual theoretical journal, Marxism, has remained on hiatus. The IS has begun publishing a monthly campus newsletter called "the Agitator." The IS annual Marxism conference is also smaller; where the main event of the conference would draw as many as 500 attendees at the group's height, now the turnout is less than 100 per year. |
1687_9 | The IS played a role in helping launch the movement against the war on Iraq, and is active in the War Resisters Support Campaign. It has several branches in Toronto as well as in Ottawa, Hamilton, Vancouver and members in several other cities. It was involved in the fight against Toronto Mayor Rob Ford, Occupy Toronto, and in the abortion rights, trade union, and student movements. Members of the IS in Toronto have been heavily involved in starting the Toronto Disability Pride March, which has taken place annually since 2011. |
1687_10 | On March 20, 2013, founding member Abbie Bakan, former Socialist Worker editor Paul Kellogg, and a few other members released a public statement announcing their resignation from the IS after a motion to write a public a letter of concern to the British SWP over its handling of rape allegations against one of its leaders was voted down at their annual convention. The IS Steering Committee responded that the resignation letter distorted "the democratic discussion and decisions at our Convention," noting that the IS "took very seriously the allegation of rape and the other issues raised by the crisis in the SWP and the discussion focused on whether an open letter intervening in the internal crisis of another organization would help the membership resolve their own dispute in a positive way. After discussing it, a majority at our Convention determined not to intervene and to allow the comrades in the SWP the space to debate the way forward through their own structures and processes." |
1687_11 | Student component
Since the mid-1980s when the group took a political turn towards the student movement, much of the IS's work occurs on university campuses and most of its members are either university students or joined while in university. It was once quite active at the University of Toronto, where one member became president of the Student Administrative Council as part of a broader left wing slate. In recent years, they have been most active at York University in Toronto and Langara College in Vancouver.
In November 2012, IS members initiated a campaign against the local men's rights club at the University of Toronto, bringing together a coalition of students called UofT Students Against Sexism in order to protest a lecture given by controversial men's rights activist Warren Farrell. The protest drew around 100 people, and sparked a larger debate on campus around the existence of men's rights clubs. |
1687_12 | Political stances
Unlike much of the mainstream left in Canada, the International Socialists oppose Left Nationalism which argues that Canada is a colony or dependency of the United States. The IS maintains that Canada is a leading capitalist country with an independent ruling class that carries out its own acts of imperialism. At the same time, members of the IS, including members of its steering committee, were also members of the left nationalist Council of Canadians as recently as 2002.
The group supports international socialism and Québécois and First Nations struggles for self-determination, up to and including independence. In Quebec, the IS does not, however, support the separatist Parti Québécois, which they see as a bourgeois nationalist party. The IS is involved in Québec Solidaire, a merger of the Union des Forces Progressistes and the Option Citoyenne. |
1687_13 | The International Socialists argue for "critical support" of the New Democratic Party (NDP) on the federal and provincial levels, since the NDP, despite its flaws, is the party of the working class in Canada, and a victory for the NDP gives confidence to working class activists and those in the social movements to fight for reforms. Once the NDP is elected, IS members see the opportunity to expose the inability of social democrats to effect real change. IS members may occasionally work alongside NDP activists on certain campaigns despite the fact that IS members generally do not join the NDP. For example, In 2003, members of the IS worked on Joe Comartin's NDP leadership campaign.
Criticism |
1687_14 | IS members have been criticized by other far-Left groups, including those who situate their roots within the broader International Socialist Tendency. The IS has been criticized for its role in the peace movement in Toronto where it has an influential position in the Toronto Coalition to Stop the War (TCSW). The June 30th Committee, an independent Toronto anti-war group, argues that TCSW was decisively influenced by the IS to sabotage their demonstration on June 30, 2004. It did so by calling a demonstration for the same time and location as the J30 demonstration and then proceeded to split the demonstration. One account can be found Toronto's Now Magazine. TCSW and IS members dispute this account. Other detractors argue that the IS did the same thing again for an emergency rally in November 2004 called by the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty. |
1687_15 | The IS has also been criticized for its alleged role in undermining an anti-racist demonstration in Ottawa in May 1993. Strong criticisms of the IS were made in the second edition of Warren Kinsella's book Web of Hate and in the anarchist magazine Arm the Spirit.
References
External links
International Socialists web site
Origins of the International Socialists, on the Socialist History Project web site
Canadian International Socialist faction fight documents (1986)
Documents from 1994-96 Canadian IS faction fights
International Socialists – Canadian Political Parties and Political Interest Groups – Web Archive created by the University of Toronto Libraries
Far-left politics in Canada
International Socialist Tendency
Trotskyist organizations in Canada |
1688_0 | Judicial independence is regarded as one of the foundation values of the Australian legal system, such that the High Court held in 2004 that a court capable of exercising federal judicial power must be, and must appear to be, an independent and impartial tribunal. Former Chief Justice Gerard Brennan described judicial independence as existing "to serve and protect not the governors but the governed", albeit one that "rests on the calibre and the character of the judges themselves". Despite general agreement as to its importance and common acceptance of some elements, there is no agreement as to each of the elements of judicial independence. |
1688_1 | Aspects of judicial independence can be seen as complementary, such as appeals serving to ensure that decisions are made on the facts and law, but which also serves to enhance public confidence in the judiciary. This however is not always the case as there are other elements that require balance, for example public confidence in the judiciary necessarily impacts on security of tenure in that it requires the ability to remove judges who are unfit for office. Similarly there may be tension between tenure of existing judges and the appointment of the best available candidate to a judicial position. The principle of judicial independence was not always observed in colonial Australia. |
1688_2 | Impartial |
1688_3 | The underlying principle is that a judge is an impartial decision maker, whether the parties are individuals, government or other corporate bodies, such that it is the "judge sitting on a case, who has heard the evidence and arguments, who makes the decision on the basis of an application of the law to the evidence and arguments presented". This carries with it the requirement that the judge is free from improper influences, whether from the parliament, executive or other powerful interest groups such as the media. The need for impartiality is reflected in the judicial oath “to do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill will”. The need for public confidence in the impartiality of the judiciary, that "justice must be done and be seen to be done", gives rise to the rule disqualifying a judge where "a fair-minded lay observer might reasonably apprehend that the judge might not bring an impartial and unprejudiced mind to the resolution of |
1688_4 | the question the judge is required to decide". |
1688_5 | Initial principles
The independence of the English judiciary is traditionally said to have been established by the Act of Settlement 1701 which made relevantly two provisions, that a judge's salary was required to be fixed on appointment and that the judge could only be removed by the crown on upon the address of both Houses of Parliament. These provisions did not apply to colonial judges, covered by the Colonial Leave of Absence Act 1782 (Imp), known as Burke's Act, which provided a judge could be removed by the Governor and Council of the colony, subject to the right of appeal to the Privy Council.
Immunity from suit |
1688_6 | The common law of England has long held that a judge had immunity from being sued for any act within jurisdiction, even if the judge acted maliciously or corruptly. The courts have denied that rule exists for the protection of the malicious or corrupt judge, and justified it on the grounds of the public interest in the independence of the judiciary as being necessary for the administration of justice. The history of development of this immunity is complex, and the High Court held in 2006 that it is "ultimately, although not solely, founded in considerations of the finality of judgments".
Security of tenure |
1688_7 | Security of tenure, leaving a judge free from influence resulting from the threat of removal, is generally said to be justified as an important feature of judicial independence. In the 1891 constitutional convention the protection required an address passed by the relevant houses of parliament. In Adelaide in 1897 the power to remove was limited to cases of "misbehaviour or incapacity", while in 1898 in Melbourne the convention added the requirement for proof, which Quick and Garran writing in 1901, said was to ensure that the judge should be heard in defence and that the charge had to be alleged in the address. In 1918 the High Court held that tenure must be for life to that particular court, not merely for a term of years. |
1688_8 | Since the 20th century Australian judges accused of judicial misconduct can, generally, only be removed from office as a result of an address passed by the relevant houses of parliament, however the details vary. Some constitutions provide that a judge can only be removed on an address by parliament on specific grounds, being proved misbehaviour or incapacity. Similar provisions are found in legislation. Legislation in the other states and territories, provide that a judge can only be removed on an address by parliament, but it is only by convention that the concept of good behaviour is limited to the grounds of incapacity or misbehaviour. |
1688_9 | There have been occasions in which judges have been removed by the abolition of their court. In 1878 the Governor of Victoria dismissed all judges of County Courts, Mines and Insolvency and all Chairman of General Sessions, as well as a large number of public servants. and only some, not all were subsequently reappointed. The Supreme Court held that County Court judges held office at pleasure and the Governor in council could remove them without cause. More recent examples of courts being abolished without protecting the tenure of the judges are the abolition of the Court of Petty Sessions (NSW) and its replacement by the Local Court in which all but 6 magistrates were appointed to the new court, and the abolition of the Victorian Accident Compensation Tribunal in 1992 by the Victorian government which by-passed the legislative removal mechanism and removed all judges. |
1688_10 | Twice sitting judges have been removed as a result of the introduction of a retirement age. In 1918 the NSW Parliament passed the Judges Retirement Act, which introduced a compulsory retirement age of 70 which was applied to existing judges. The first judge to be affected was Richard Sly who had been appointed to the Supreme Court of NSW in 1908 and was forced to retire in 1920. More controversial was the similar action of the Queensland parliament in 1921 in passing the Judges Retirement Act. There was animosity between the Labor government and the judges, playing out through a series of cases challenging government actions and legislation. The effect of the Judges Retirement Act was that immediately upon proclamation three out of six judges, Chief Justice Cooper and Justices Real and Chubb were compulsorily retired, which permitted the government to appoint new judges. |
1688_11 | Remuneration |
1688_12 | The principle that judicial salaries should be known, fixed at the time of appointment and cannot be reduced during tenure is well established at all levels in Australia. In 1877 the Supreme Court of NSW held that a statutory requirement that a judge's salary could not be reduced required the payment of the full salary, even when the judge had failed to perform duties, in that case attending court in various towns in the northern district. It also prevented the executive from claiming repayment of the cost of appointing a temporary replacement. In 1907 the High Court held that the imposition of an income tax payable by all taxpayers was not a reduction in the judge's salary. One identified risk is that in real terms the remuneration may be continually cut by inflation. In 1954 the Judges of the Supreme Court of Victoria protested against what they said was the inadequacy of the increases proposed to be made to their salaries, under which the post-war inflation reduced the real value |
1688_13 | of their salaries. The High Court recognised the risk in 2004 stating that "There is no more effective means of depleting the substance of remuneration to an officeholder than by inattention on the part of the legislative or executive branch of government". |
1688_14 | Subsequent developments
Separation of Powers
The theory that the legislative, executive and judicial powers should be separated is attributed to both French political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu and English judge Sir William Blackstone, although Blackstone only went so far as to state the necessity for some degree of separation of the administration of justice from both parliament and the executive. Despite the theory, historically there was no formal separation of the English judiciary: the Lord Chancellor was a member of cabinet, the presiding officer of the House of Lords and the head of the judiciary, the Law Lords in the House of Lords were the final court of appeal and some serving judges sat in the House of Commons. |
1688_15 | The drafters of the Australian constitution adopted the separation of federal judicial power, whilst maintaining the approach of the Australian colonies that Ministers of State are required to be members of parliament. The High Court has consistently maintained two requirements of the separation of federal judicial power, (1) only a judge can exercise federal judicial power, and (2) a federal court or judge cannot exercise executive or legislative power. In this way the separation of powers prevents the courts from exercising legislative or executive power, by reference to issues that are non-justiciable. The High Court acknowledged in the 2014 decision of Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Barker, that the evolution of the common law involves a law making function, however the courts are constrained by deciding the particular case and complex policy considerations are matters more appropriate for parliament. |
1688_16 | The separation of powers is not a part of the constitutions of the States. Despite this the High Court has held that under the federal constitution state courts are repositories of federal judicial power, this gives rise to a requirement to maintain the institutional independence of state courts and judges.
The Chief Justice of NSW, Tom Bathurst, speaking in 2013, argued that courts in Australia do not operate entirely independently of the executive and parliament, noting that (1) the role of the courts is to apply the laws made by parliament, (2) judges are appointed and can be removed by the executive; and (3) courts are funded by the executive. |
1688_17 | The separation of powers has not been thought to prevent the appointment of High Court judges to executive roles, such as the appointment of Sir Owen Dixon to be the Australian Minister to the United States, and the appointment of Chief Justice Sir Garfield Barwick to the National Debt Commission. Similarly numerous judges have been appointed to vice-regal roles, including the tradition of appointing High Court judges as deputies to the Governor-General for the opening of the first session of Parliament and the appointment of state judges, typically the Chief Justice, as Lieutenant-Governor or Acting Governor. The conferral of non-judicial functions on judges in their personal capacity, as opposed to their judicial capacity is referred to as the doctrine of persona designata. The doctrine does have limits and the High Court held in Hindmarsh Island Bridge case that the non-judicial function in that case was incompatible with judicial office. |
1688_18 | More controversial was the advice being given to the Governor-General Sir John Kerr by Sir Garfield Barwick and Sir Anthony Mason during the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. There have been various occasions in which a Governor-General or state Governor have sought the advice of a judge in relation to their powers, including Chief Justice Sir Samuel Griffith and Sir Edmund Barton advising both Lord Northcote and Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson; Sir Philip Street advising Sir Philip Game, the Governor of NSW, during the 1932 New South Wales constitutional crisis; Sir Owen Dixon advising Sir Dallas Brooks, the Governor of Victoria, in the 1950s. Dixon also gave discreet advice to the US Consul and influential public servants.
Appointment |
1688_19 | There are three ways in which the appointment process has been thought to threaten judicial independence (1) political appointments (2) stacking the court with new appointments and (3) not appointing a sufficient number of judges for the workload. The power to appoint a judge lies exclusively at the discretion of the executive. This unfettered discretion gives rise to concerns expressed by Professor Blackshield that judicial appointments are political and made for political gain. Constitutional scholar Greg Craven argued that because High Court judges were appointed by the federal government, appointments were more likely to be made from lawyers who were sympathetic to a centralist point of view. Since 1979 the federal Attorney-General is required to consult with the Attorneys-General of the States in relation to the appointment of a judge to the High Court, however there is no requirement that consultation is reflected in who is appointed. |
1688_20 | Former Chief Justice Harry Gibbs argued that politics should not play a positive or negative part in the selection of judges. Thirteen of the first thirty appointments to the High Court were serving or former politicians at the time of their appointment and appointments from either side of politics have been criticised as overtly political, such as the appointment of McTiernan, Evatt and Latham. Evatt was open about the policy considerations in his judgments. While Latham asserted the separation between law and politics, whether his decisions were consistent with that separation was open to question. Two prominent examples of the relevance of a judge having a centralist view are the appointment of Albert Piddington and the non-appointment of Sir Frederick Jordan. In 1913 Attorney-General Billy Hughes was looking to appoint judges to the High Court who took a broad view of federal powers and was accused of attempting to stack the High Court by increasing the number of judges from five |
1688_21 | to seven. Piddington was offered appointment after he had confirmed that he was "In sympathy with supremacy of Commonwealth powers", Piddington resigned from the High Court one month after his appointment following a strong media campaign against him. Jordan was considered a brilliant lawyer but was never appointed to the High Court, which Sir Owen Dixon described as a tragedy, hinting that it may have been due to his "queer views about federalism", a reference to Jordan's strenuous support for the power and rights of the States as against the Commonwealth. The appointment of a former politician is not always partisan, for example Robert McClelland a member of the Labor Party and former Attorney-General, was nominated for appointment to the Family Court by the Liberal–National government. Whilst he was Attorney-General, McClelland had implemented a process intended to achieve greater transparency that federal judges were appointed on merit, however these were never formalised through |
1688_22 | legislation and were abandoned by the new government in 2013. there were significant variations in Australia regarding the use of stated criteria, advertising, consultation and formal interviews in the appointment process. |
1688_23 | Public confidence |
1688_24 | Felix Frankfurter is reported to have said "The Court’s authority, consisting of neither the purse nor the sword, rests ultimately on substantial public confidence in its moral sanction", reflecting earlier comments in the essay Federalist No. 78 by Alexander Hamilton. Former Chief Justice Anthony Mason stated that judges highly value judicial independence and impartial decision making on the assumption that they are associated with public confidence in the judicial system generally, a value reflecting the judges' consciousness of the need to protect the authority of the courts and the spirit of obedience to the law. Mason questioned whether the public appreciates and values judicial independence as highly as judges do. The need to maintain public confidence in the judicial system has been stated as the foundation for a range of different rules and procedures, such as punishment for contempt of court, disqualification of a judge for the reasonable apprehension of bias, the process by |
1688_25 | which cases are allocated to a particular judge, and the need for judges to behave courteously in court. Former Chief Justice Murray Gleeson questioned whether public confidence is a theoretical construct used to objectify judicial reasoning, stating that the foundational aspects of judicial independence are not matters of wide interest. Gleeson suggests that public confidence may consist of taking things for granted rather than reasoned opinion. |
1688_26 | Other considerations
Misconduct not warranting removal |
1688_27 | Gleeson has stated that in his experience as President of the Judicial Commission of NSW the difficult cases were those in which the misconduct would not justify removal of the judge, noting that the Chief Justice or head of jurisdiction had the capacity to advise, warn and take appropriate administrative steps, but beyond that were unable to penalise another judge. One option was to move the judge to other duties or another location. After Jeffrey Bent was removed as a judge in NSW, he was appointed Chief Justice of Grenada. Similarly John Willis had previously been removed as a judge in Upper Canada following a clash with Sir Peregrine Maitland. He spent time in British Guiana before accepting a post to NSW. In Sydney Willis clashed with Chief Justice Sir James Dowling. Governor Gipps appointed Willis to the position of Resident judge for the District of Port Phillip. There was no less conflict in Melbourne, where Willis clashed with the press, the legal fraternity, and members of |
1688_28 | the public and he was removed by Governor Gipps. |
1688_29 | A different approach was taken with Frederick Meymott, a judge of the District Court of NSW in 1876. Over a number of years Meymott had failed to attend various courts in the northern district. The Executive Council thought that removal was too harsh a penalty and decided to admonish and reprimand Meymott, with the controversy being limited to the unsuccessful attempt to reduce his salary by the amount of additional expense incurred to replace him. 70 years later in 1952 County Court of Victoria judge Len Stretton was sent a written rebuke for his remarks that he "would not punish people trying to live decent lives in the degradation of emergency housing camps if the State did not want to do anything to help them", referring to the camp in Watsonia. Cowen and Derham argued that the only power was to remove a judge for misconduct and the independence of the judiciary meant it was improper for the executive to admonish a judge. |
1688_30 | An administrative measure that has been taken is in relation to the allocation of work. Examples include:
James Staples was a deputy president of the Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission, with the same rank and status as a Federal Court judge. Staples was isolated within the commission and the duties he was allocated were significantly reduced from 1979. He was not allocated any duties between 1985 and the abolition of the commission in 1988.
In 2013, shortly after Anne Bampton's appointment to the Supreme Court, she was driving after consuming alcohol when she hit and injured a cyclist at Glenside. Bampton pleaded guilty to driving with excess blood alcohol and driving without due care. Bampton did not resign nor did the Parliament seek her removal. The Chief Justice Chris Kourakis decided that for twelve months Bampton would not be allocated to cases involving a driving offence nor where an offender was "materially affected by alcohol". |
1688_31 | Garry Neilson, a NSW District Court judge, was found by the Judicial Commission of NSW to have made comments that undermined confidence in the judiciary, and amounted to inappropriate judicial conduct. The Commission recommended that Neilson not be allocated to sit on cases involving sexual offences.
In 2018 Victorian Magistrate Richard Pithouse was charged with failing to stop after an accident. Whilst he was awaiting charges he was removed from hearing traffic matters and criminal cases. While Pithouse acknowledged his wrongdoing, no conviction was recorded as he was placed on the Court's diversion program for first-time offenders and returned to full duties. |
1688_32 | There are limits to the extent to which administrative measures can address inappropriate judicial conduct. Greg Borchers, a judge of the Local Court (NT) and Youth Justice Court (NT) had been found by Chief Judge Lowndes to have engaged in inappropriate judicial conduct when sentencing a 13-year-old boy in Tennant Creek. Chief Judge Lowndes decided that the appropriate response was that Borchers should not be allocated to the Youth Justice Court in Alice Springs. There were however only 4 magistrates in Alice Springs to cover a circuit of 10 courts and in each town the same judge would sit as the Local Court and the Youth Justice Court. Thus the only ways to avoid Judge Borchers sitting in the Youth Justice Court in those towns were either he did not go on circuit, increasing the workload on the other 3 judges or 2 of the 4 judges would need to travel to each town so that the other judge could hear youth matters. Chief Judge Lowndes decided that Judge Borchers would continue to sit |
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