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1675_54 | Two double CD anthologies of de Paul's songs from the 1970s including previously unreleased tracks, entitled Sugar and Beyond and Into My Music, were released in March 2013 on the Cherry Red/RPM record label, a project that was personally overseen by de Paul. Also that month, de Paul appeared as a guest on The Ken Bruce BBC Radio 2 programme, "Tracks of my Years", where she selected some of her favourite songs from other artists such as John Lennon, Earth, Wind and Fire, Leanne Womack and R Kelly. De Paul was one of the guests at the PRS for Music event "100 Years of Music" VIP launch in London, along with other UK based songwriters such as Cathy Dennis, Glenn Tilbrook, Mike Batt, Bob Geldof and Gary Kemp. One of her last public appearances was as a trustee and guest at the unveiling of the Spike Milligan statue at Avenue House in Finchley on 4 September 2014. |
1675_55 | In 2015, PRS for Music established an annual Lynsey de Paul prize for emerging female singer-songwriters in honour of the singer-songwriter. The 2015 winner of the prize was Emma McGrath, who was presented with the award at an event celebrating the life of Lynsey de Paul, hosted by Esther Rantzen. McGrath later said in an interview with Women's Music News "...I was 15 and I won the Lynsey de Paul Prize. I think that award is significant because she was creating a career at a time when it probably wasn’t as easy as it is now to be a female in the music industry." The second Lynsey de Paul prize was presented to Elsa Hewitt in September 2016. Jemio was awarded the prize in 2017. The PRS Foundation announced the 2018 winners of the Lynsey de Paul Prize on 27 September 2018, with soul singer-songwriter Amahla receiving the top bursary and five other (Bianca Gerald, Dani Sylvia, Fiona Lee, Rebekah Fitch and Harpy) being runners up. Amahla went on to receive a "Rising Star Award" from Apple |
1675_56 | Music, as announced by PRS. |
1675_57 | In March 2018, de Paul was listed as one of the 65 iconic, most influential, women who have helped define the UK music industry from the 1950s until the present day by Annie Rew Shaw in Women's Music News. Her performance of her song "Sugar Shuffle" appeared on the Bob Stanley compiled album, 76 In The Shade, released in August 2020. It reached No. 23 on the Dutch album charts. |
1675_58 | Media mentions and influence
At least four of de Paul's songs have been used as the basis for other songs. The first was "All I Am", which formed the music for the Buddha Monk song "Dedicated" that appeared on his 1998 Billboard charting album The Prophecy and that was co-credited to de Paul and Susan Sheridan. Bilal performed the song "Certified" which incorporates a looped sample of Klaus Wunderlich's version of "Sugar Me" and resulted in a writing credit for de Paul and Blue on Guru's Jazzmatazz, Vol. 3: Streetsoul album, released in 2000, which reached no. 32 on the Billboard 200 and no. 72 on the UK Albums Chart. The third song is "You Don't Know", by UK soul/funk outfit Smoove & Turrell, that credits de Paul with co-writing the song; as it featured a long sample of her track "Water" from her debut album, Surprise. |
1675_59 | The original recording of her song "Won't Somebody Dance With Me" featured on a playlist of songs that director Nicolas Winding Refn circulated to the cast and crew of his film The Neon Demon to get them into the right mood for filming and this has been released on the album The Wicked Die Young. |
1675_60 | De Paul has been impersonated on television programmes such as The Goodies Rule – O.K.?, aired on BBC One on 21 December 1975 where de Paul is played by Tim Brooke Taylor, Benny Hill Show by Jackie Wright, originally aired on 18 February 1976, and Who Do You Do?. The book Diary of a Rock'n'Roll Star by Ian Hunter mentions de Paul as a singer/songwriter of repute. In the 1998 novel Breakfast on Pluto by Patrick McCabe, the main character Patrick is said to resemble de Paul when he dresses up as his alter ego "Pussy". One chapter in the book is entitled "Lynsey de Paul" and another "Dancing on a Saturday Night"; plus de Paul's first hit "Sugar Me" was also mentioned. In the film version, his alter ego became "Kitten" and the de Paul reference was replaced by Dusty Springfield. De Paul is also mentioned in the book Untorn Tickets by Paul Burke. A character in the TV comedy movie You Are Here played by Paul Kaye is named Detective Inspector Lindsay de Paul. Her song "Sugar Me" is |
1675_61 | mentioned as one of the 10 songs used for writing the Dave Jeanes book Sweet Dreams. |
1675_62 | The actor and writer Tom Conti told de Paul that he had written the book The Doctor, and she put him in contact with the publisher Jeremy Robson who published the book. De Paul was a guest of honour at the book launch party held at The Royal Society of Medicine, Chandos House, London on 29 September 2004. Carla Lane, writer of The Liver Birds, Butterflies and Bread, credited de Paul for goading her to write her autobiography, Someday I'll Find Me. The Sharon Osbourne autobiography, Sharon Osbourne Extreme: My Autobiography, reveals that she was de Paul's day-to-day person at Jet Records and that the two of them travelled to Los Angeles and the Seychelles. De Paul is also mentioned in Vail by Trevor Hoyle. Muppets creator, Jim Henson, was a friend of de Paul and James Coburn and, in his Red Book, revealed that he stayed in a guest house owned by de Paul in 1978, and he also spent Christmas Eve 1979 with de Paul and Coburn. She also featured in David Bailey and David Litchfield's Ritz |
1675_63 | Newspaper in 1979. De Paul is also a contributor to Looking at Life, a book by Joe Pyle, a boxer turned film producer/recording manager, dispensing advice based on his life's experiences. An article in The New York Times by Laura Rysman entitled "How to Host a Dinner Party", included de Paul's "Sugar Me" on D.J. Michel Gaubert's special dinner-party playlist. De Paul is also featured in the 2009 book, Style City: How London Became a Fashion Capital, written by Robert O'Byrne. |
1675_64 | Robert Holmes, the founder of the musical group Love Bomb, was inspired to choose this name for the group because of the de Paul song of the same name. The song "Rock 'n' Roll Winter (Loony's Tune)", a UK chart hit by Wizzard was inspired and dedicated to de Paul by the song's writer, Roy Wood. She is mentioned in the song "False Grit" by Half Man Half Biscuit. She is also mentioned in the lyrics to the song "Man out of Time" by musician, poet and erstwhile The Smiths collaborator, Vinny Peculiar (aka Alan Wilkes) that appeared on his 2019 album While You Still Can. De Paul was also name checked in the film The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle where it is mentioned that Richard Branson is in a mansion that "overlooked the tomb of Karl Marx and the bedroom of Lynsey de Paul". The song "Black Crow" by London-based duo Beyond the Wizard's Sleeve, was inspired by her song "Sugar Me". Spanish singer-songwriter, Lia Pamina, cites de Paul as an influence, as has the British singer Kim Wilde. |
1675_65 | Toyah Wilcox also acknowledged that de Paul was "a really good songwriter" The American singer songwriter Tori Amos has been compared to de Paul. The Japanese singer-songwriter "Sugar Me" (real name Ayumi Teraoka) took her name in honour of the de Paul song. Her photo appeared in the Patrick Lichfield book The Most Beautiful Women. The Louis Vuitton Spring Summer 2012 fashion show advertisement campaign, used de Paul's "Sugar Me" as the soundtrack, as did Adam Selman for his Spring/Summer 2018 show as part of the New York Fashion Week held in September 2017. "Sugar Me" also featured on the sound track to the 2021 US TV series "Physical". |
1675_66 | Paul Phillips, the British singer-songwriter, journalist at Music Week, and a former A&R man and record producer at CBS Records, recalled "Lynsey de Paul was tougher than she looked, and more talented than her career appeared to allow for. She was the first female to win an Ivor Novello Award, and it wasn’t her last. Her name as writer or co-writer is on a lot more songs than those you remember her for. She was a woman in what was, for sure, a man’s world. For all her female and feminine attributes, she held her own with the toughest, including Sean Connery and James Coburn. Later, she learned self-defence and made documentaries on the subject, for other women. She donated to charities that helped battered women. Later still, she admitted her father had been violently abusive. Much of her post-pop life was devoted to bringing focus to ways in which women could protect themselves, mentally and physically. So she wasn’t the pop poppet of her 70s image. She was a gifted musician, |
1675_67 | classically trained. She arranged and recorded various pieces of classical music, which she scored for her own style". Alan McGee chose "Sugar Me" as one of his favourite songs and praised de Paul's songwriting, especially "Storm in a Teacup" on the radio programme "Alice in Londonland" on Soho Radio. |
1675_68 | In an interview with Drew Tosh from Northern Soul about female singer-songwriters, Bronté Barbé said "In the early 70s UK musical landscape, Lynsey de Paul was the only British woman to achieve major success with her own work. She wrote 14 hits over five years and performed seven of them herself. In 1974 she became the first woman to win a coveted Ivor Novello song writing award going on to win another the following year. An accomplished pianist, producer and arranger, her distinctive multi-tracked falsetto vocals were later favoured by the likes of Enya. Often seen as a pre-cursor to Kate Bush. |
1675_69 | Light is shed on de Paul's character in the book Everybody Died, So I Got a Dog, written by the writer and radio presenter, Emily Dean, who as a girl was fascinated by her neighbour and she recounts wise advice that de Paul gave her. Dean also mentioned de Paul is a magazine interview she gave for Saga. De Paul is also mentioned a number of times in Broken Greek, the evocative memoir by the music writer by Pete Paphides. She also features prominently in the biography of James Coburn, written by Coburn's daughter-in-law and based on material from tapes recorded by Coburn for an unfinished autobiography. |
1675_70 | Close friend Esther Rantzen was quoted as saying "Lynsey was a close friend and neighbour and we saw a lot of each other. She was beautiful and ageless; she looked 35 and was so gifted. She was a writer and composer but she was also very clever with words, very witty. Obviously she sang and played the piano, but she was also an artist, she painted as well. In fact, she could do everything. I called her Renaissance woman. She really was quite outstanding". |
1675_71 | Personal life
De Paul never married. She was romantically involved with Dudley Moore, Chas Chandler, Roy Wood, Ringo Starr, James Coburn, Bill Kenwright, Dodi Fayed, George Best, Bernie Taupin and David Frost. She received five marriage proposals, one of them from Chandler and another from Coburn. She also had an affair with Sean Connery, which she later regretted and claimed to be "horrified" after discovering comments Connery had made in interviews in which he had suggested it was acceptable to hit women. De Paul later stated that Connery's remarks and her upbringing with a violent father inspired her participation in campaigns to raise awareness against domestic violence. In his autobiography, George Best said that De Paul was "fiercely independent". In 1977, in an interview with music journalist Barry Cain that appeared in Record Mirror, de Paul prophetically said, "I guess I'll never get married. My first love will always be music." |
1675_72 | Prince Charles was also quite enamoured with de Paul. The two met at a charity dinner party at The Ritz in Piccadilly. In his book Settling Down, James Whitaker, the Daily Mirror'''s royal editor, wrote, "Fellow guests that night sat entranced as the Prince grew more and more friendly towards Lynsey, clearly bowled over by the diminutive singer's looks and bubbly personality."
She was a patron of the Spike Milligan Statue Memorial Fund and was present for the unveiling of the statue in his honour in September 2014. She was also a friend of another ex-Goon, Michael Bentine, and a former neighbour of Michael Palin, who mentions her in his published diaries. |
1675_73 | During the 1970s de Paul bought a 'haunted' gothic style home in Holly Village, Highgate before moving in the 1990s to a Victorian mansion in Hampstead, in North London. She named it "Moot Grange", an anagram of "No Mortgage", after also considering "Gnome Groat" and "No Meat/Grog", the latter because she was vegetarian and teetotal. Her home at the time of her death, was in Mill Hill, in North West London. De Paul was a long-time campaigner for animal rights and shared her house with a three-legged cat called Tripod.
Politically, de Paul was referred to as a supporter of the Conservative Party and appeared at the 1983 Tory conference along with other celebrities where she sang a jingle she had composed for the event. |
1675_74 | She put her career on hold at the end of the 1990s until the end of 2001 to look after her ailing mother, who, until she died, was the company secretary for Lynsey de Paul Music Limited. Upon de Paul's own death in 2014, her brother John, a consultant surveyor by training, was appointed sole company director of her music company. |
1675_75 | Death
De Paul suffered a brain haemorrhage on the morning of 1 October 2014 at her home in Mill Hill and was later pronounced dead at Barnet General Hospital. Her niece, Olivia Rubin, told The Times that her death was "completely unexpected", adding: "She was a vegetarian, she didn't smoke, she didn't drink – she was amazing, in fact." Broadcaster and friend Esther Rantzen, for whose television series Hearts of Gold de Paul had written the theme, said: "She was a renaissance woman. She could do everything: she could sing, she could compose, she was an immensely talented artist. She became a huge star but she was also a loyal and generous friend. It’s an absolutely tragic loss." She was interred with a Humanist funeral at Hendon Cemetery. De Paul is listed on the official Grammy website under "remembering the music people we lost in 2014–15".
Discography
Chart singles |
1675_76 | Other singles
"All Night" / "Into My Music" (UK BRMB chart breaker/bubbler weekending 19 May 1973)
"So Good To You" / "Won't Somebody Dance With Me" (released in Japan only)
"Rhythm and Blue Jean Baby" / "Into My Music" (no. 30 on the Capital Countdown chart, 12 July 1975, no. 16 on Poporama radio charts, 9 October 1975)
"Dancin' (on a Saturday Night)" / "My Man and Me" (released in Japan only)
"Happy Christmas to You from Me" / "Stick to You" (with Barry Blue)
"Hug and Squeeze Me" / "You Made Me Write This Song"
"Love Bomb" / "Rainbow" (no. 21 on Poporama radio charts, 21 February 1975)
"Sugar Shuffle" / "Dreams" (released in Japan only)
"If I Don't Get You The Next One Will" / "Season to Season"
"You Give Me Those Feelings" / "Beautiful"
"Hollywood Romance" / "Losin' The Blues for You"
"Tigers and Fireflies" / "Losin' The Blues for You"
"Strange Changes" / "Strange Changes (version)" (UK disco chart breaker 30 May 1981) |
1675_77 | "Air on a Heartstring" / "Arrival of the Queen" (with pan-flautist Horea Crishan)
"There's No Place Like London" / "There's No Place Like London" (Karaoke version) (credited as Lynsey & Friends)
"Water" / "Rockerdile" (released in South America only)
"Ooh I Do" / "My One and Only" (CD single, Japan only)
"Water" – Twiggz ft. Lynsey de Paul |
1675_78 | B sides
"Storm in a Teacup" ("Sugar Me") (written by de Paul and Ron Roker, a top ten hit the same year for The Fortunes)
"Brandy" ("Getting a Drag")
"Blind Leading the Blind" ("All Night")
"So Good to You" ("Won't Somebody Dance with Me")
"Nothing Really Lasts Forever" ("Ooh I Do")
"Central Park Arrest" ("No Honestly") (female trio Thunderthighs had a UK top 30 hit with their version)
"Dancin' (on a Saturday Night)" ("My Man and Me") (co-written with Barry Blue who had a hit with it)
"Into My Music" ("Rhythm and Blue Jean Baby")
"You Made Me Write This Song" ("Hug and Squeeze Me")
"You Shouldn't Say That" (with Mike Moran) ("Rock Bottom")
"Ivory Tower"
"Water" |
1675_79 | Albums
1973: Surprise (titled Sugar Me in Australia)
1973: Lynsey Sings (comp.)
1973: Greatest Hits (comp.)
1974: Taste Me... Don't Waste Me 1974: The World of Lynsey de Paul (reissued as Lynsey Sings)
1975: Love Bomb 1975: No Honestly 1975: The Charm of Lynsey de Paul (– リンジー・ディ・ポールの魅力, released in Japan only)
1976: Getting a Drag - Best Collection (comp., released in Japan only)
1979: Tigers and Fireflies 1981: Profile (comp.)
1990: Before You Go Tonight 1994: Lynsey de Paul 1994: Greatest Hits (comp.)
1995: Sugar Me (comp.)
1996: Just a Little Time (a.k.a. Sugar Me)
2000: Best of the 70s – Lynsey de Paul (comp)
2013: Sugar and Beyond (comp.)
2013: Into My Music (comp.)
2015: Ten Best (comp.) |
1675_80 | Albums appeared on as guest vocalist
1974: The Hoople song "Roll Away The Stone" and "Alice" (UK Albums Chart peak No. 11; US Albums Chart peak No. 28; Norway chart peak No. 11)
1976: All This and World War II song "Because" (UK Albums Chart peak No. 23; US Albums Chart peak No. 48 (Billboard 200); Dutch Albums Chart peak No. 17; New Zealand albums chart peak No. 37)
2020: Bob Stanley presents 76 In The Shade song "Sugar Shuffle" (Dutch compilation albums chart peak No. 23)
Charting albums featuring de Paul songs
Candles by Heatwave featuring "All I Am" (UK albums chart peak position No. 29, Billboard albums chart peak position No. 71)
In Love by Cheryl Lynn featuring "Love Bomb" (Billboard albums chart peak position No. 167)
Guru's Jazzmatazz, Vol. 3: Streetsoul by Guru (rapper) featuring "Certified" (Billboard albums chart peak position No. 32)
We'll Meet Again'' by Vera Lynn featuring "Don't You Remember When" (UK albums chart peak position No. 55) |
1675_81 | Hits written for other artists |
1675_82 | 1972: "Storm in a Teacup" (co-written with Ron Roker, no. 7 hit in the UK for The Fortunes)
1972: "On The Ride (You Do It Once, You Do It Twice)" (co-written with Ed Adamberry), no. 23 hit in the Netherlands for Continental Uptight Band
1973: "You Do It Once, You Do It Twice" (co-written with Ed Adamberry), no. 1 hit in the Malaysia for Family Robinson
1973: "Dancin' (on a Saturday Night)" (co-written with Barry Blue), no. 2 hit in the UK for Barry Blue
1974: "Dancin' (on a Saturday Night)" (co-written with Barry Blue) no. 93 hit on the Billboard Hot100 for Flash Cadillac and the Continental Kids, no. 79 on the Cashbox Top 100 singles
1974: "School Love" (co-written with Barry Blue), no. 11 hit in the UK for Barry Blue
1974: "Miss Hit and Run" (co-written with Barry Blue), no. 26 hit in the UK for Barry Blue
1974: "Hot Shot" (co-written with Barry Blue), no. 26 hit in the UK for Barry Blue
1974: "Central Park Arrest" written by de Paul, no. 30 hit in the UK for Thunderthighs |
1675_83 | 1977: "Let Your Body Go Downtown" (co-written with Mike Moran), no. 38 hit in the UK for Martyn Ford Orchestra
1977: "Hi Summer" written by de Paul, no. 10 hit in South Africa and no. 4 hit in Rhodesia for Carl Wayne
1989: "Dancin' (on a Saturday Night)" (remix version co-written with Barry Blue), no. 86 hit in the UK for Barry Blue
1996: "Martian Man" (track on "The Milkman" maxi-CD by Julianne Regan's group Mice) no. 92 hit in the UK. |
1675_84 | See also
List of performers on Top of the Pops
List of pop and rock pianists
List of singer-songwriters
Songs written by Lynsey de Paul
Notes
References
External links
Official website (archived)
MusicBrainz
AllMusic entry
Offizielle Deutsche Charts
1948 births
2014 deaths
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for the United Kingdom
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1977
Ivor Novello Award winners
English Jews
Jewish singers
People from Cricklewood
People educated at South Hampstead High School
Musicians from London
Conservative Party (UK) people
Liberal Party (UK)
English women singer-songwriters
English women pianists
English pop pianists
20th-century pianists
20th-century English singers
English women pop singers
20th-century English women singers
English record producers
English women in electronic music
British comic strip cartoonists
English film actresses
English stage actresses
British female comics artists
British women record producers
MAM Records artists |
1676_0 | Xiphophorus is a genus of euryhaline and freshwater fishes in the family Poeciliidae of order Cyprinodontiformes, native to Mexico and northern Central America. The many Xiphophorus species are all called either platyfish (or platies) or swordtails. The type species is X. hellerii, the green swordtail. Like most other new world Poeciliids, platies and swordtails are live-bearers that use internal fertilization and give birth to live young instead of laying eggs like the bulk of the world's fishes. The name Xiphophorus derives from the Greek words ξίφος (dagger) and φόρος (bearer), referring to the gonopodium on the males. All are relatively small fishes, which reach a maximum length of depending on the exact species involved.
Distribution and conservation status |
1676_1 | The various Xiphophorus species range from the southern Rio Grande basin in Mexico, through eastern drainages in the country (river basins draining into the Gulf of Mexico), to northern Guatemala, Belize and northern Honduras.
Three species and their hybrids are common in the aquarium trade: the green swordtail (X. hellerii), the southern platyfish (X. maculatus) and the variable platyfish (X. variatus). These three are the only species that have large native ranges. They have also been introduced outside their native range (both in Mexico, Central America and other continents) where they sometimes become invasive species that outcompete and endanger native species, including other, more localized members of Xiphophorus. |
1676_2 | All other species of Xiphophorus are highly localized and mostly endemic to Mexico. Only three of the localized species, the Chiapas swordtail (X. alvarezi), X. mayae and X. signum, range outside Mexico and the last two are the only Xiphophorus species not found in Mexico at all. In many locations there are two sympatric species, but the localized species are mostly (though not entirely) separated from each other, even when they are restricted to the same river basin. This includes three restricted species in the Rio Grande basin (all fully separated), nine restricted species in the Pánuco River basin (mostly separated) and three restricted species in the Coatzacoalcos River basin (mostly separated). |
1676_3 | The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the spiketail platyfish (X. andersi) and northern platyfish (X. gordoni) as Endangered, while the Monterrey platyfish (X. couchianus) and marbled swordtail (X. meyeri) are listed as Extinct in the wild, and thus only survive in captivity. In addition to those, Mexican authorities recognize the yellow swordtail (X. clemenciae) and Catemaco platyfish (Xiphophorus milleri) as threatened. Almost all the Xiphophorus, including the rare species, have captive populations that are maintained as "insurance" populations at breeding centers and by dedicated private aquarists.
Human uses
Xiphophorus species are regularly used in genetic studies, and scientists have developed many interspecific hybrids, especially in melanoma research since the 1920s. The Xiphophorus Genetic stock center, founded by Myron Gordon in 1939, is an important source of these fish for research. |
1676_4 | In addition, several species are commonly kept by aquarium hobbyists, especially the green swordtail (X. helleri), southern platyfish (X. maculatus), and variable platyfish (X. variatus). In fact, these three species comprise one of the most prominent groups of aquarium species, being part of a group of extremely hardy livebearing fish, alongside the molly and guppy, that can adjust to a wide range of conditions within the aquarium. Unlike some species, these are almost always offered as captive bred individuals due to the ease of breeding these livebearers.
In captivity, they will coexist with many other fish species, although in an aquarium with too many males and not enough females, fighting can ensue between males of the same species. They can also easily jump out of an inadequately covered aquarium.
Species and taxonomy |
1676_5 | There are currently 28 recognized species in this genus, according to FishBase. Two of these species, X. clemenciae and X. monticolus, are likely the result of natural hybrid speciation (ancestors of both are a platy species and a swordtail species). Two other proposed species, X. kosszanderi and X. roseni, are recognized by FishBase, but not by all other authorities, as the first appears to be a hybrid between X. variatus and X. xiphidium, and the second between X. variatus and X. couchianus (X. kosszanderi and X. roseni have not undergone speciation as in X. clemenciae and X. monticolus). Otherwise hybridization in the wild is uncommon in this genus and only known from three or four locations, despite the fact that many sites have two sympatric species. |
1676_6 | Although traditionally divided into swordtails and platies, this separation is not supported by phylogenetic studies, which have shown that the swordtails are paraphyletic compared with the platies. These studies suggest that the genus can be divided into three monophyletic groups: the northern swordtails (of the Pánuco River basin, marked with a star* in the list), southern swordtails (southern Mexico to Honduras) and the platies. The common names given to individual species in this genus do not always reflect their actual relationships; for example, the marbled swordtail (X. meyeri) is actually in the platy group based on its genetics while the short-sword platyfish (X. continens) is closer to the swordtails. |
1676_7 | Swordtails (Xiphophorus)
Xiphophorus alvarezi D. E. Rosen, 1960 (Chiapas swordtail)
Xiphophorus birchmanni* Lechner & Radda, 1987 (sheepshead swordtail)
Xiphophorus clemenciae Álvarez, 1959 (yellow swordtail)
Xiphophorus continens* Rauchengerger, Kallman & Morizot, 1990 (short-sword platyfish)
Xiphophorus cortezi* D. E. Rosen, 1960 (delicate swordtail)
Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848 (green swordtail)
Xiphophorus kallmani M. K. Meyer & Schartl, 2003
Xiphophorus malinche* Rauchengerger, Kallman & Morizot, 1990 (highland swordtail)
Xiphophorus mayae M. K. Meyer & Schartl, 2002
Xiphophorus mixei Kallman, Walter, Morizot & Kazianis, 2004 (Mixe swordtail)
Xiphophorus montezumae* D. S. Jordan & Snyder, 1899 (Montezuma swordtail)
Xiphophorus monticolus Kallman, Walter, Morizot & Kazianis, 2004 (southern mountain swordtail)
Xiphophorus multilineatus* Rauchengerger, Kallman & Morizot, 1990
Xiphophorus nezahualcoyotl* Rauchengerger, Kallman & Morizot, 1990 (mountain swordtail) |
1676_8 | Xiphophorus nigrensis* D. E. Rosen, 1960 (Panuco swordtail)
Xiphophorus pygmaeus* C. L. Hubbs & Gordon, 1943 (pygmy swordtail)
Xiphophorus signum D. E. Rosen & Kallman, 1969 |
1676_9 | Platies (Platypoecilus)
Xiphophorus andersi M. K. Meyer & Schartl, 1980 (spiketail platyfish)
Xiphophorus couchianus (Girard, 1859) (Monterrey platyfish)
Xiphophorus evelynae D. E. Rosen, 1960 (Puebla platyfish)
Xiphophorus gordoni R. R. Miller & W. L. Minckley, 1963 (northern platyfish)
Xiphophorus kosszanderi M. K. Meyer & Wischnath, 1981 – often not recognized as a valid species, as likely a hybrid
Xiphophorus maculatus (Günther, 1866) (southern platyfish)
Xiphophorus meyeri Schartl & Schröder, 1988 (marbled swordtail)
Xiphophorus milleri D. E. Rosen, 1960 (Catemaco platyfish)
Xiphophorus roseni M. K. Meyer & Wischnath, 1981 – often not recognized as a valid species, as likely a hybrid
Xiphophorus variatus (Meek, 1904) (variable platyfish)
Xiphophorus xiphidium (Gordon, 1932) (swordtail platyfish)
References
External links
xiphophorus genetic stock center
xiphophorus.org
xiphophorus.net(Chinese ver.) |
1676_10 | Ovoviviparous fish
Freshwater fish genera
Taxa named by Johann Jakob Heckel
Ray-finned fish genera
Poeciliidae |
1677_0 | "The Big Goodbye" is the twelfth episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. The episode first aired in broadcast syndication on January 11, 1988. This was the second writing credit of the series for Tracy Tormé following the episode "Haven". Rob Bowman planned to direct the episode, but he was switched to "Datalore" due to delays in its production. With Bowman working on another episode, Joseph L. Scanlan became the director.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, the crew is sent to open diplomatic ties with the Jarada. While taking a break from preparations, Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart), Lt. Cmdr. Data (Brent Spiner), and Dr. Beverly Crusher (Gates McFadden) are trapped, due to a computer malfunction, in a 1940s-style gangster holodeck program with Captain Picard playing the role of detective Dixon Hill. |
1677_1 | "The Big Goodbye" is the first episode to significantly feature the holodeck. Tormé credited Gene Roddenberry with the idea for the detective novel, with Tormé employing the film noir style using references to The Maltese Falcon (1941). Lawrence Tierney, who appeared in film noir movies in the 1940s, guest stars as Cyrus Redblock. The Dixon Hill setting reappeared in two later episodes in the series and in the film Star Trek: First Contact (1996).
11.5 million viewers watched "The Big Goodbye"; critical reception was mixed. One reviewer found it too similar to The Original Series episode "A Piece of the Action". Other reviewers complained about the holodeck but praised Tierney's performance. The episode won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series and is the only Star Trek episode to ever win the Peabody Award. |
1677_2 | Plot |
1677_3 | The Enterprise heads to Torona IV to open negotiations with the Jarada, an insect-like race that is unusually strict in matters of protocol. After practicing the complex greeting the Jarada require to open negotiations, Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) decides to relax with a Dixon Hill story in the holodeck. Playing Detective Hill in the holoprogram, Picard takes up the case of Jessica Bradley (Carolyn Allport), who believes that Cyrus Redblock (Lawrence Tierney) is trying to kill her. Picard decides to continue the program later and leaves the holodeck to affirm their estimated arrival at Torona IV. He invites Dr. Beverly Crusher (Gates McFadden) and visiting historian Dr. Whalen (David Selburg) to join him in the holodeck. While Crusher is still preparing, Picard and Whalen are ready to enter the holodeck when Lt. Cdr. Data (Brent Spiner) arrives, having overheard Picard's invitation. Entering the holodeck, the three discover that Jessica has been murdered in Picard's |
1677_4 | absence. As Picard explains that he saw Jessica at his office the day before, Lt. Bell (William Boyett) brings Picard into the police station for questioning as a suspect in her murder. Meanwhile, the Enterprise is scanned from a distance by the Jarada, causing a power surge in the holodeck external controls. Dr. Crusher later enters the holodeck, first experiencing a momentary glitch with the holodeck doors, and joins her friends at the police station. |
1677_5 | The Jarada demand their greeting earlier than the agreed time and are insulted at having to talk to anyone other than the Captain. The crew tries to communicate with Picard in the holodeck but finds it impossible; the Jarada signal has affected the holodeck's functions, preventing the doors from opening or allowing communication with the crew inside. Lt. Geordi La Forge (LeVar Burton) and Wesley Crusher (Wil Wheaton) attempt to repair the holodeck systems. While inside the holodeck, the group returns to Dixon's office. Mr. Leech (Harvey Jason) appears, having waited for Picard, demanding he turn over an object he believes Jessica gave him. When Picard fails to understand, Leech shoots Dr. Whalen with a gun, and the crew discovers that the safety protocols have been disabled, as Whalen is severely wounded. As Dr. Crusher cares for his wound, Picard and Data discover that the holodeck is malfunctioning, and they are unable to exit the program. Mr. Leech is joined by Redblock and |
1677_6 | continues to demand the object. Lt. McNary arrives and becomes involved in the standoff. Picard tries to explain the nature of the holodeck, but Redblock refuses to believe him. |
1677_7 | Outside, Wesley finds the glitch, however he cannot simply turn off the system for fear of losing everyone inside. Instead, Wesley resets the simulation, briefly placing Picard and the others in the middle of a snowstorm before finding themselves back in Dixon's office. With the reset successfully clearing the malfunction, the exit doors finally appear. Despite Picard's warnings, Redblock and Leech exit the holodeck, but dissipate as they move beyond the range of its holoemitters. As they leave the holodeck, Picard thanks McNary, who now suspects that his world is artificial and asks whether Picard's departure is "the big goodbye", to which Picard replies that he simply doesn't know. Picard reaches the bridge in time to give the proper greeting to the Jarada. The Jarada accept the greeting, heralding the start of successful negotiations.
Production |
1677_8 | The initial idea for Picard's detective based holodeck program came from series creator Gene Roddenberry and other writing staff. Tracy Tormé received credit for writing the episode. Tormé said he added film noir elements, including references to The Maltese Falcon (1941). Redblock and Leech represent the characters played by Sydney Greenstreet and Peter Lorre. The production staff attempted to create the same layout of the detective office from the film. Dixon Hill was originally named Dixon Steele in reference to In a Lonely Place (1950), a film noir starring Humphrey Bogart. However, the name was changed due to similarities with the name of the title character in the American television series Remington Steele. The episode's name is itself a reference to two works by detective fiction writer Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep and The Long Goodbye. Tormé expanded the Jarada a great deal, but because of budgetary restraints they are only heard in the episode. After the episode "Haven", |
1677_9 | "The Big Goodbye" is the second writing credit of the series for Tormé. Rob Bowman was originally scheduled to direct the episode, but following problems with "Datalore" the filming order was switched, so Joe Scanlan directed "The Big Goodbye" instead. |
1677_10 | Scanlan and Tormé recommended filming the holodeck sequences in black and white, but Rick Berman and Bob Justman disagreed with the idea. "The Big Goodbye" was the first episode based on the holodeck in the Star Trek franchise, although The Animated Series episode "The Practical Joker" was notable for showcasing an early prototype for holodeck technology by way of a 'recreation room' when it came out fourteen years before the TNG episode in 1974. The holodeck would appear later in the season in "11001001", as well as a number of other episodes in various series, and would eventually become a regular feature. Because of the differences between the Dixon Hill scenes and those set on the Enterprise, Scanlan treated the diverse settings as if he were filming two unconnected episodes. |
1677_11 | Tierney was well known for playing villains in 1940s film noirs, including Dillinger (1945) and The Devil Thumbs a Ride (1947). After his performance in Star Trek: The Next Generation, Tierney gained new fame playing Joe Cabot in Quentin Tarantino's film Reservoir Dogs (1992). Wheaton later recalled he felt intimidated by Tierney during filming, as he was 15 and Tierney had a reputation for having a character similar to the tough guys he typically played. Tierney returned to Star Trek in 1997 to play an alien Regent in the Deep Space Nine episode, "Business as Usual". Wheaton said that after 12 previous episodes in the series at the time, he and the cast and crew preferred "The Big Goodbye" as it allowed them to play a period piece. The Dixon Hill holoprogram reappeared in the second season episode "Manhunt", the fourth-season episode "Clues", and the film Star Trek: First Contact (1996). The Dixon Hill characters are also featured in the licensed novel, A Hard Rain. In the Star Trek: |
1677_12 | Enterprise episode Cogenitor, Trip Tucker selects a movie to watch. On the list of titles, one is called "Dixon Hill and the Black Orchid". |
1677_13 | Awards
The episode won an Emmy for Outstanding Costume Design for a Series and the Peabody award.
In recognition of its "new standard of quality for first-run syndication", the episode was honored with a Peabody Award in 1987. "The Big Goodbye" was also nominated for two Emmy Awards in the categories of Outstanding Cinematography for a Series and Outstanding Costumes for a Series, with costume designer William Ware Theiss winning the award in the latter category.
Reception
The episode first aired on January 11, 1988, receiving Nielsen ratings of 11.5 million. It was the first new episode broadcast since the previous November, when 10.3 million viewers watched "Haven". "The Big Goodbye" received more viewers than the following episode "Datalore", which also had only 10.3 million viewers. |
1677_14 | After its initial release, a review in TV Guide criticised the episode for its similarity to The Original Series episode "A Piece of the Action", which featured a planet based on 1930s gangland Chicago. Several reviewers re-watched the episode after the end of the series. Keith DeCandido of Tor.com praised the "stellar guest casting" and said that Tierney "own[ed] the episode". He compared the episode to The Maltese Falcon, and said that the episode featured "charming performances" by the entire cast. DeCandido gave the episode a score of seven out of ten. Cast member Wil Wheaton called the episode a "fantastic collaborative effort, from Tracy Tormé's script, to Joseph Scanlan's direction, to Ed Brown's cinematography, to every actor's performance. There's a reason 'The Big Goodbye' is the only Star Trek episode to win a Peabody." He gave the episode an A grade. |
1677_15 | Writing for Den of Geek in 2012, James Hunt said that the risk of disintegration on the holodeck was "insane" and was rectified in later episodes. He thought that the episode stood out from the others in the first season due to the prototype holodeck story. "The holodeck will break again and again over the years, but rarely in a way any more interesting than this. Not that The Big Goodbye was particularly interesting, but it has the rare fortune of being first," Hunt wrote. |
1677_16 | Michelle Erica Green of TrekNation praised the dialogue but felt the episode did not "hold up to a lot of logical analysis". However, she also said it was a "fun" episode that "set the stage" for holodeck episodes featuring the sentient Professor Moriarty hologram in "Elementary, Dear Data" and "Ship in a Bottle". Writing for The A.V. Club, Zack Handlen observed "a certain flatness" in parts of the episode and considered it "very silly" for the characters to slowly disintegrate after leaving the holodeck. Although he said the holodeck in "The Big Goodbye" was similar to "an Xbox that periodically eats your cat", he gave the episode an overall grade of B-.
In 2016, Syfy ranked this the 7th best holodeck episode of the Star Trek franchise. |
1677_17 | In 2017, Den of Geek listed "The Big Goodbye" as one of the top ten ground-breaking episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation, noting how it was first 'holodeck episode' on the show and "set the precedent"; it "established how the holodeck could be used to liven up the show and expand its horizons." They note its influence on later holodeck episodes such as "Ship in a Bottle" and "Hollow Pursuits".
In 2019, CBR ranked this the 11th best holodeck-themed episode of all Star Trek franchise episodes up to that time. In 2019, Den of Geek recommended rewatching this episode as background for Star Trek: Picard.
In 2020, Looper listed this one of the best episodes for Jean Luc Picard.
Media releases
"The Big Goodbye" was released on VHS cassette in the United States and Canada on August 26, 1992. The episode was released on the Star Trek: The Next Generation season one DVD box set in March 2002. The season one Blu-ray set was released on July 24, 2012.
Notes
Footnotes
References |
1677_18 | External links
Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 1) episodes
Peabody Award-winning broadcasts
1988 American television episodes
Holography in television
Emmy Award-winning episodes |
1678_0 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1), the first identified strain of the SARS coronavirus species severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV). The first known cases occurred in November 2002, and the syndrome caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. Around late 2017, Chinese scientists traced the virus through the intermediary of Asian palm civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township, Yunnan.
SARS was a relatively rare disease; at the end of the epidemic in June 2003, the incidence was 8,469 cases with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 11%. No cases of SARS-CoV-1 have been reported worldwide since 2004. |
1678_1 | In December 2019, another strain of SARS-CoV was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This new strain causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease which brought about the COVID-19 pandemic.
Signs and symptoms
SARS produces flu-like symptoms and may include fever, muscle pain, lethargy, cough, sore throat, and other nonspecific symptoms. The only symptom common to all patients appears to be a fever above . SARS may eventually lead to shortness of breath and pneumonia; either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia.
The average incubation period for SARS is 4–6 days, although rarely it could be as short as 1 day or as long as 14 days. |
1678_2 | Transmission
The primary route of transmission for SARS-CoV is contact of the mucous membranes with respiratory droplets or fomites. While diarrhea is common in people with SARS, the fecal–oral route does not appear to be a common mode of transmission. The basic reproduction number of SARS-CoV, R0, ranges from 2 to 4 depending on different analyses. Control measures introduced in April 2003 reduced the R to 0.4.
Diagnosis |
1678_3 | SARS-CoV may be suspected in a patient who has:
Any of the symptoms, including a fever of or higher, and
Either a history of:
Contact (sexual or casual) with someone with a diagnosis of SARS within the last 10 days or
Travel to any of the regions identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as areas with recent local transmission of SARS.
Clinical criteria of Sars-CoV diagnosis
Early illness: equal to or more than 2 of the following: chills, rigors, myalgia, diarrhea, sore throat (self-reported or observed)
Mild-to-moderate illness: temperature of > plus indications of lower respiratory tract infection (cough, dyspnea)
Severe illness: ≥1 of radiographic evidence, presence of ARDS, autopsy findings in late patients.
For a case to be considered probable, a chest X-ray must be indicative for atypical pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome. |
1678_4 | The WHO has added the category of "laboratory confirmed SARS" which means patients who would otherwise be considered "probable" and have tested positive for SARS based on one of the approved tests (ELISA, immunofluorescence or PCR) but whose chest X-ray findings do not show SARS-CoV infection (e.g. ground glass opacities, patchy consolidations unilateral).
The appearance of SARS-CoV in chest X-rays is not always uniform but generally appears as an abnormality with patchy infiltrates. |
1678_5 | Prevention
There is no vaccine for SARS, although immunologist Anthony Fauci mentioned that the CDC developed one and placed it in the US national stockpile. That vaccine, however, is a prototype and not field-ready as of March 2020. Clinical isolation and quarantine remain the most effective means to prevent the spread of SARS. Other preventive measures include:
Hand-washing with soap and water, or use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer
Disinfection of surfaces of fomites to remove viruses
Avoiding contact with bodily fluids
Washing the personal items of someone with SARS in hot, soapy water (eating utensils, dishes, bedding, etc.)
Avoiding travel to affected areas
Wearing masks and gloves
Keeping people with symptoms home from school
Simple hygiene measures
Isolating oneself as much as possible to minimize the chances of transmission of the virus |
1678_6 | Many public health interventions were made to try to control the spread of the disease, which is mainly spread through respiratory droplets in the air, either inhaled or deposited on surfaces and subsequently transferred to a body's mucous membranes. These interventions included earlier detection of the disease; isolation of people who are infected; droplet and contact precautions; and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), including masks and isolation gowns. A 2017 meta-analysis found that for medical professionals wearing N-95 masks could reduce the chances of getting sick up to 80% compared to no mask. A screening process was also put in place at airports to monitor air travel to and from affected countries. |
1678_7 | SARS-CoV is most infectious in severely ill patients, which usually occurs during the second week of illness. This delayed infectious period meant that quarantine was highly effective; people who were isolated before day five of their illness rarely transmitted the disease to others.
As of 2017, the CDC was still working to make federal and local rapid-response guidelines and recommendations in the event of a reappearance of the virus.
Treatment |
1678_8 | As SARS is a viral disease, antibiotics do not have direct effect but may be used against bacterial secondary infection. Treatment of SARS is mainly supportive with antipyretics, supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation as needed. While ribavirin is commonly used to treat SARS, there seems to have little to no effect on SARS-CoV, and no impact on patient's outcomes. There is currently no proven antiviral therapy. Tested substances, include ribavirin, lopinavir, ritonavir, type I interferon, that have thus far shown no conclusive contribution to the disease's course. Administration of corticosteroids, is recommended by the British Thoracic Society/British Infection Society/Health Protection Agency in patients with severe disease and O2 saturation of <90%. |
1678_9 | People with SARS-CoV must be isolated, preferably in negative-pressure rooms, with complete barrier nursing precautions taken for any necessary contact with these patients, to limit the chances of medical personnel becoming infected. In certain cases, natural ventilation by opening doors and windows is documented to help decreasing indoor concentration of virus particles.
Some of the more serious damage caused by SARS may be due to the body's own immune system reacting in what is known as cytokine storm. |
1678_10 | Vaccine
Vaccines can help immune system to create enough antibodies and also it can help to decrease a risk of side effects like arm pain, fever, headache etc. According to research papers published in 2005 and 2006, the identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat SARS was a priority for governments and public health agencies around the world. In early 2004, an early clinical trial on volunteers was planned. A major researcher's 2016 request, however, demonstrated that no field-ready SARS vaccine had been completed because likely market-driven priorities had ended funding. |
1678_11 | Prognosis
Several consequent reports from China on some recovered SARS patients showed severe long-time sequelae. The most typical diseases include, among other things, pulmonary fibrosis, osteoporosis, and femoral necrosis, which have led in some cases to the complete loss of working ability or even self-care ability of people who have recovered from SARS. As a result of quarantine procedures, some of the post-SARS patients have been documented as suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder.
Epidemiology
SARS was a relatively rare disease; at the end of the epidemic in June 2003, the incidence was 8,422 cases with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 11%.
The case fatality rate (CFR) ranges from 0% to 50% depending on the age group of the patient. Patients under 24 were least likely to die (less than 1%); those 65 and older were most likely to die (over 55%). |
1678_12 | As with MERS and COVID-19, SARS resulted in significantly more deaths of males than females.
Outbreak in South China
The SARS epidemic began in the Guangdong province of China in November 2002. The earliest case developed symptoms on 16 November 2002. The index patient, a farmer from Shunde, Foshan, Guangdong, was treated in the First People's Hospital of Foshan. The patient died soon after, and no definite diagnosis was made on his cause of death. Despite taking some action to control it, Chinese government officials did not inform the World Health Organization of the outbreak until February 2003. This lack of openness caused delays in efforts to control the epidemic, resulting in criticism of the People's Republic of China from the international community. China officially apologized for early slowness in dealing with the SARS epidemic.
The viral outbreak was subsequently genetically traced to a colony of cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township, Yunnan. |
1678_13 | The outbreak first came to the attention of the international medical community on 27 November 2002, when Canada's Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), an electronic warning system that is part of the World Health Organization's Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), picked up reports of a "flu outbreak" in China through Internet media monitoring and analysis and sent them to the WHO. While GPHIN's capability had recently been upgraded to enable Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish translation, the system was limited to English or French in presenting this information. Thus, while the first reports of an unusual outbreak were in Chinese, an English report was not generated until 21 January 2003. The first super-spreader was admitted to the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital in Guangzhou on 31 January, which soon spread the disease to nearby hospitals. |
1678_14 | In early April 2003, after a prominent physician, Jiang Yanyong, pushed to report the danger to China, there appeared to be a change in official policy when SARS began to receive a much greater prominence in the official media. Some have directly attributed this to the death of an American teacher, James Earl Salisbury, in Hong Kong. It was around this same time that Jiang Yanyong made accusations regarding the undercounting of cases in Beijing military hospitals. After intense pressure, Chinese officials allowed international officials to investigate the situation there. This revealed problems plaguing the aging mainland Chinese healthcare system, including increasing decentralization, red tape, and inadequate communication.
Many healthcare workers in the affected nations risked and lost their lives by treating patients, and trying to contain the infection before ways to prevent infection were known. |
1678_15 | Spread to other regions
The epidemic reached the public spotlight in February 2003, when an American businessman traveling from China, Johnny Chen, became afflicted with pneumonia-like symptoms while on a flight to Singapore. The plane stopped in Hanoi, Vietnam, where the victim died in Hanoi French Hospital. Several of the medical staff who treated him soon developed the same disease despite basic hospital procedures. Italian doctor Carlo Urbani identified the threat and communicated it to WHO and the Vietnamese government; he later succumbed to the disease. |
1678_16 | The severity of the symptoms and the infection among hospital staff alarmed global health authorities, who were fearful of another emergent pneumonia epidemic. On 12 March 2003, the WHO issued a global alert, followed by a health alert by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Local transmission of SARS took place in Toronto, Ottawa, San Francisco, Ulaanbaatar, Manila, Singapore, Taiwan, Hanoi and Hong Kong whereas within China it spread to Guangdong, Jilin, Hebei, Hubei, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Shanxi, Tianjin, and Inner Mongolia.
Hong Kong
The disease spread in Hong Kong from Liu Jianlun, a Guangdong doctor who was treating patients at Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital. He arrived in February and stayed on the ninth floor of the Metropole Hotel in Kowloon, infecting 16 of the hotel visitors. Those visitors traveled to Canada, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam, spreading SARS to those locations. |
1678_17 | Another larger cluster of cases in Hong Kong centred on the Amoy Gardens housing estate. Its spread is suspected to have been facilitated by defects in its bathroom drainage system that allowed sewer gases including virus particles to vent into the room. Bathroom fans exhausted the gases and wind carried the contagion to adjacent downwind complexes. Concerned citizens in Hong Kong worried that information was not reaching people quickly enough and created a website called sosick.org, which eventually forced the Hong Kong government to provide information related to SARS in a timely manner. The first cohort of affected people were discharged from hospital on 29 March 2003.
Canada |
1678_18 | The first case of SARS in Toronto was identified on 23 February 2003. Beginning with an elderly woman, Kwan Sui-Chu, who had returned from a trip to Hong Kong and died on 5 March, the virus eventually infected 257 individuals in the province of Ontario. The trajectory of this outbreak is typically divided into two phases, the first centring around her son Tse Chi Kwai, who infected other patients at the Scarborough Grace Hospital and died on 13 March. The second major wave of cases was clustered around accidental exposure among patients, visitors, and staff within the North York General Hospital. The WHO officially removed Toronto from its list of infected areas by the end of June 2003. |
1678_19 | The official response by the Ontario provincial government and Canadian federal government has been widely criticized in the years following the outbreak. Brian Schwartz, vice-chair of Ontario's SARS Scientific Advisory Committee, described public health officials' preparedness and emergency response at the time of the outbreak as "very, very basic and minimal at best". Critics of the response often cite poorly outlined and enforced protocol for protecting healthcare workers and identifying infected patients as a major contributing factor to the continued spread of the virus. The atmosphere of fear and uncertainty surrounding the outbreak resulted in staffing issues in area hospitals when healthcare workers elected to resign rather than risk exposure to SARS. |
1678_20 | Identification of virus
In late February 2003, Italian doctor Carlo Urbani was called into The French Hospital of Hanoi to look at Johnny Chen, an American businessman who had fallen ill with what doctors thought was a bad case of influenza. Urbani realized that Chen's ailment was probably a new and highly contagious disease. He immediately notified the WHO. He also persuaded the Vietnamese Health Ministry to begin isolating patients and screening travelers, thus slowing the early pace of the epidemic. He subsequently contracted the disease himself, and died in March 2003.
The CDC and Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory identified the SARS genome in April 2003. Scientists at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, the Netherlands demonstrated that the SARS coronavirus fulfilled Koch's postulates thereby suggesting it as the causative agent. In the experiments, macaques infected with the virus developed the same symptoms as human SARS victims. |
1678_21 | Origin and animal vectors
In late May 2003, a study was conducted using samples of wild animals sold as food in the local market in Guangdong, China. The study found that "SARS-like" coronaviruses could be isolated from masked palm civets (Paguma sp.). Genomic sequencing determined that these animal viruses were very similar to human SARS viruses, however they were phylogenetically distinct, and so the study concluded that it was unclear whether they were the natural reservoir in the wild. Still, more than 10,000 masked palm civets were killed in Guangdong Province since they were a "potential infectious source." The virus was also later found in raccoon dogs (Nyctereuteus sp.), ferret badgers (Melogale spp.), and domestic cats. |
1678_22 | In 2005, two studies identified a number of SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese bats. Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a high probability that SARS coronavirus originated in bats and spread to humans either directly or through animals held in Chinese markets. The bats did not show any visible signs of disease, but are the likely natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. In late 2006, scientists from the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Hong Kong University and the Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention established a genetic link between the SARS coronavirus appearing in civets and in the second, 2004 human outbreak, bearing out claims that the disease had jumped across species. |
1678_23 | It took 14 years to find the original bat population likely responsible for the SARS pandemic. In December 2017, "after years of searching across China, where the disease first emerged, researchers reported ... that they had found a remote cave in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township, Yunnan province, which is home to horseshoe bats that carry a strain of a particular virus known as a coronavirus. This strain has all the genetic building blocks of the type that triggered the global outbreak of SARS in 2002." The research was performed by Shi Zhengli, Cui Jie, and co-workers at the Wuhan Institute of Virology, China, and published in PLOS Pathogens. The authors are quoted as stating that "another deadly outbreak of SARS could emerge at any time. The cave where they discovered their strain is only a kilometre from the nearest village." The virus was ephemeral and seasonal in bats. In 2019, a similar virus to SARS caused a cluster of infections in Wuhan, eventually leading to the COVID-19 pandemic. |
1678_24 | A small number of cats and dogs tested positive for the virus during the outbreak. However, these animals did not transmit the virus to other animals of the same species or to humans.
Containment
The World Health Organization declared severe acute respiratory syndrome contained on 5 July 2003. The containment was achieved through successful public health measures. In the following months, four SARS cases were reported in China between December 2003 and January 2004.
While SARS-CoV-1 probably persists as a potential zoonotic threat in its original animal reservoir, human-to-human transmission of this virus may be considered eradicated because no human case has been documented since four minor, brief, subsequent outbreaks in 2004.
Laboratory accidents
After containment, there were four laboratory accidents that resulted in infections. |
1678_25 | One doctoral student at Singapore General Hospital in Singapore in August 2003
A 44-year-old senior scientist at the National Defense University in Taipei in December 2003. He was confirmed to have the SARS virus after working on a SARS study in Taiwan's only BSL-4 lab. The Taiwan CDC later stated the infection occurred due to laboratory misconduct.
Two researchers at the Chinese Institute of Virology in Beijing, China around April 2004, who spread it to around six other people. The two researchers contracted it 2 weeks apart.
Study of live SARS specimens requires a biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) facility; some studies of inactivated SARS specimens can be done at biosafety level 2 facilities.
Society and culture
Fear of contracting the virus from consuming infected wild animals resulted in public bans and reduced business for meat markets in southern China and Hong Kong.
See also |
1678_26 | 2009 swine flu pandemic
Avian influenza
Bat-borne virus
Coronavirus disease 2019 – a disease caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Health crisis
Health in China
List of medical professionals who died during the SARS outbreak
Middle East respiratory syndrome – a coronavirus discovered in June 2012 in Saudi Arabia
SARS conspiracy theory
Zhong Nanshan
References
Further reading
External links
MedlinePlus: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome News, links and information from The United States National Library of Medicine
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Symptoms and treatment guidelines, travel advisory, and daily outbreak updates, from the World Health Organization (WHO)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): information on the international outbreak of the illness known as a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), provided by the US Centers for Disease Control |
1678_27 | Bat virome
Zoonotic bacterial diseases
Bird diseases
Syndromes affecting the respiratory system
Atypical pneumonias
Sarbecovirus
Viral respiratory tract infections
Coronavirus-associated diseases |
1679_0 | Free speech fights are struggles over free speech, and especially those struggles which involved the Industrial Workers of the World and their attempts to gain awareness for labor issues by organizing workers and urging them to use their collective voice. During the World War I period in the United States, the IWW members (referred to as Wobblies), engaged in free speech fights over labor issues which were closely connected to the developing industrial world as well as the Socialist Party. The Wobblies, along with other radical groups, were often met with opposition (violent and otherwise) from local governments and especially business leaders, in their free speech fights. |
1679_1 | The IWW organized transient workers (especially in cities in the American West) who worked in highly seasonal jobs—they met on the streets, discussed contemporary issues, and listened to speakers; at the time, it was a very popular method of organization. The events often ended with the police arresting them for participating in street meetings. The most notorious of all of the free speech fights was the San Diego free speech fight, which won a significant amount of public awareness for the IWW as it involved tremendous violence against the labor groups organized by the IWW. which brought the IWW to the greater notice of the American public and was notable for the intensity of violence by anti-labor vigilantes directed at the IWW; this violence included the kidnapping and tarring and feathering of Ben Reitman, who was a physician, and was Emma Goldman's lover. |
1679_2 | More generally, a free speech fight is any incident in which a group is involved in a conflict over its speech. For instance, the Free Speech Movement, which began with a conflict on the Berkeley Campus in California in the 1960s, was a "free speech fight".
"Free speech fights" and the IWW |
1679_3 | The IWW engaged in free speech fights during the period from approximately 1907 to 1916. The Wobblies, as the IWW members were called, relied upon free speech, which in the United States is guaranteed by the First Amendment, to enable them to communicate the concept of One Big Union to other workers. In communities where the authorities saw their interests in avoiding the development of unions, the practice of soapboxing was frequently restricted by ordinance or by police harassment. The IWW employed a variety of creative tactics, including the tactic of flooding the area of a free speech fight with footloose rebels who would challenge the authorities by flouting the ordinance, intentionally getting arrested in great numbers. With the jails full and a seemingly endless stream of union activists arriving by boxcar and highway, the local communities frequently rescinded their prohibitions on free speech, or came to some other accommodation. |
1679_4 | The Free Speech League, a progressive group which functioned at the same time as (and occasionally together with) the IWW, worked in conjunction with the IWW prior to World War I in many of their free speech fights, which generated a good deal of controversy. The free speech fights of the IWW were highly publicized, as they were designed to garner attention: they frequently started when local communities interjected to attempt to prevent the IWW from occupying street corners from which they would use provocative language to detail their radical beliefs. The free speech fights began occurring in 1906 and drew to a close by 1917—over that period of time, at least 26 communities played host to the IWW's free speech fights, and the years of 1909 to 1913 were particularly active, with at least 21 free speech fights happening. |
1679_5 | The IWW members who engaged in the free speech fights typically cited the First Amendment and the rights guaranteed therein as proof positive of the validity of their cause, thereby highlighting the legal importance of the issues they fought for. That being the case, their struggles did not go unanswered or ignored: local, state, and even the federal government were prompted to respond, while, perhaps more importantly, the American public, due to the national publicity garnered by the free speech fights, were invariably tasked with confronting free speech issues. Practically all realms of American life were impacted by the free speech fights, as members of the press, church officials, school teachers, politicians, anyone involved in the business and labor world, and members of any organization (especially those of the Socialist Party) had a stake in the fights and thus attempted to comment on the issues in contention. |
1679_6 | An overview of the free speech fights
From its inception, the IWW was deeply committed to free speech issues, and especially those affiliated with labor groups. The IWW formed in 1905 in response to dissatisfaction with the trade unions promoted by the American Federation of Labor (the AFL). Whereas the AFL promoted the ideals of capitalism by fighting for the rights of workers within the ideological framework of the free market system, the IWW functioned on anarchistic principles. Rather than urging workers to join unions based on craft and skill that were determined to form binding trade agreements with employers, the IWW advocated for the development of broad unions for low-skill workers that would be driven by the workers themselves (and their collective actions) rather than by top-down politics and binding capitalist decisions. |
1679_7 | The primary vehicles of change for the free speech fights of the IWW were spontaneous workplace strikes as well as on-site labor slowdowns in addition to picketing, parades, and demonstrations. Importantly, the IWW engaged in street corner public displays and speaking to raise the public awareness regarding free speech fights. The desire for direct action by laborers was attributed to having grown disaffected with the beliefs of the AFL. They stressed their truly American origins and likened their actions to those of earlier American revolutionaries and activists. |
1679_8 | The free speech fights of the IWW were often quite similar in nature: Wobblies (many of whom travelled across the country to spread their message) would visit a city's downtown and attempt to speak on soapboxes on street corners. Their message and their tactics were particularly provocative, and they were frequently arrested—though, if they were not arrested on one street corner, they would simply pack up and head to another one.
Among the offences which they were arrested for were blocking traffic, vagrancy, unlawful assembly, or violating local ordinances such as ones against speaking on the streets.
Though the IWW was successful in many of their free speech fights, they did not always achieve their desired goals. In San Diego, for instance, they were unable to cause the repeal of a restrictive street ordinance while, in Paterson, they failed to gain protection for street picketing and meetings. |
1679_9 | The IWW ideology of free speech
The ideology of the Wobblies who fought for free speech rights across America was deeply indebted to their core beliefs regarding the provenance of the First Amendment rights of the Constitution. In their estimation, they were fighting with the Constitution on their side while those who opposed them, such as city officials, were disregarding the fundamental laws of the country. The Wobblies frequently used phrases such as "Have you ever read the Constitution?" and "What is this, Czarist Russia, or Free America?" |
1679_10 | The Wobblies held that the free speech rights granted by the First Amendment had been abridged over time, and they felt that it nowhere more evident than it was in the case of the laborers for whom they worked tirelessly—capitalism had conspired with the judicial system in the United States to deny agency and the Constitutionally-granted freedom of speech to American laborers. Not all Wobblies subscribed to such idealistic ideology, though, since some argued the more pessimistic belief that the Constitution had been written by the elites and that free speech was merely an illusion that worked to uphold the power of those same elites.
By adopting aggressive tactics which flaunted local ordinances against free speech, the Wobblies courted arrest, which they used as a demonstration of how far the abridgement of free speech had come. The official attempts to silence the IWW in the free speech fights, they argued, were totally opposed to the spirit of the First Amendment. |
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