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1869_61 | Xbox Series X and Series S games |
1870_0 | The history of watches began in 16th-century Europe, where watches evolved from portable spring-driven clocks, which first appeared in the 15th century.
The watch was developed by inventors and engineers from the 16th century to the mid-20th century as a mechanical device, powered by winding a mainspring which turned gears and then moved the hands; it kept time with a rotating balance wheel. In the 1960s the invention of the quartz watch which ran on electricity and kept time with a vibrating quartz crystal, proved a radical departure for the watchmaking industry. During the 1980s quartz watches took over the market from mechanical watches, a process referred to as the "quartz crisis". Although mechanical watches still sell at the high end of the watch market, the vast majority of watches have quartz movements. |
1870_1 | One account of the origin of the word "watch" suggests that it came from the Old English word woecce which meant "watchman", because town watchmen used watches to keep track of their shifts. Another theory surmises that the term came from 17th-century sailors, who used the new mechanisms to time the length of their shipboard watches (duty shifts).
The Oxford English Dictionary records the word watch in association with a timepiece from at least as early as 1542.
Clock-watch |
1870_2 | The first timepieces to be worn, made in the 16th century beginning in the German cities of Nuremberg and Augsburg, were transitional in size between clocks and watches. Portable timepieces were made possible by the invention of the mainspring in the early 15th century. Nuremberg clockmaker Peter Henlein (or Henle or Hele) (1485-1542) is often credited as the inventor of the watch. He was one of the first German craftsmen who made "clock-watches", ornamental timepieces worn as pendants, which were the first timepieces to be worn on the body. His fame is based on a passage by Johann Cochläus in 1511,
Peter Hele, still a young man, fashions works which even the most learned mathematicians admire. He shapes many-wheeled clocks out of small bits of iron, which run and chime the hours without weights for forty hours, whether carried at the breast or in a handbag |
1870_3 | However, other German clockmakers were creating miniature timepieces during this period, and there is no evidence Henlein was the first. |
1870_4 | These 'clock-watches' were fastened to clothing or worn on a chain around the neck. They were heavy drum-shaped cylindrical brass boxes several inches in diameter, engraved and ornamented. They had only an hour hand. The face was not covered with glass, but usually had a hinged brass cover, often decoratively pierced with grillwork so the time could be read without opening. The movement was made of iron or steel and held together with tapered pins and wedges, until screws began to be used after 1550. Many of the movements included striking or alarm mechanisms. They usually had to be wound twice a day. The shape later evolved into a rounded form; these were later called Nuremberg eggs. Still later in the century there was a trend for unusually-shaped watches, and clock-watches shaped like books, animals, fruit, stars, flowers, insects, crosses, and even skulls (Death's head watches) were made. |
1870_5 | These early clock-watches were not worn to tell the time. The accuracy of their verge and foliot movements was so poor, with errors of perhaps several hours per day, that they were practically useless. They were made as jewelry and novelties for the nobility, valued for their fine ornamentation, unusual shape, or intriguing mechanism, and accurate timekeeping was of very minor importance. |
1870_6 | Pocketwatch |
1870_7 | Styles changed in the 17th century and men began to wear watches in pockets instead of as pendants (the woman's watch remained a pendant into the 20th century). This is said to have occurred in 1675 when Charles II of England introduced waistcoats. This was not just a matter of fashion or prejudice; watches of the time were notoriously prone to fouling from exposure to the elements, and could only reliably be kept safe from harm if carried securely in the pocket. To fit in pockets, their shape evolved into the typical pocketwatch shape, rounded and flattened with no sharp edges. Glass was used to cover the face beginning around 1610. Watch fobs began to be used, the name originating from the German word fuppe, a pocket. Later in the 1800s Prince Albert, the consort to Queen Victoria, introduced the 'Albert chain' accessory, designed to secure the pocket watch to the man's outergarment by way of a clip. The watch was wound and also set by opening the back and fitting a key to a |
1870_8 | square arbor, and turning it. |
1870_9 | The timekeeping mechanism in these early pocketwatches was the same one used in clocks, invented in the 13th century; the verge escapement which drove a foliot, a dumbbell shaped bar with weights on the ends, to oscillate back and forth. However, the mainspring introduced a source of error not present in weight-powered clocks. The force provided by a spring is not constant, but decreases as the spring unwinds. The rate of all timekeeping mechanisms is affected by changes in their drive force, but the primitive verge and foliot mechanism was especially sensitive to these changes, so early watches slowed down during their running period as the mainspring ran down. This problem, called lack of isochronism, plagued mechanical watches throughout their history. |
1870_10 | Efforts to improve the accuracy of watches prior to 1657 focused on evening out the steep torque curve of the mainspring. Two devices to do this had appeared in the first clock-watches: the stackfreed and the fusee. The stackfreed, a spring-loaded cam on the mainspring shaft, added a lot of friction and was abandoned after about a century. The fusee was a much more lasting idea. A curving conical pulley with a chain wrapped around it attached to the mainspring barrel, it changed the leverage as the spring unwound, equalizing the drive force. Fusees became standard in all watches, and were used until the early 19th century. The foliot was also gradually replaced with the balance wheel, which had a higher moment of inertia for its size, allowing better timekeeping.
Balance spring |
1870_11 | A great leap forward in accuracy occurred in 1657 with the addition of the balance spring to the balance wheel, an invention disputed both at the time and ever since between Robert Hooke and Christiaan Huygens. Prior to this, the only force limiting the back and forth motion of the balance wheel under the force of the escapement was the wheel's inertia. This caused the wheel's period to be very sensitive to the force of the mainspring. The balance spring made the balance wheel a harmonic oscillator, with a natural 'beat' resistant to disturbances. This increased watches' accuracy enormously, reducing error from perhaps several hours per day to perhaps 10 minutes per day, resulting in the addition of the minute hand to the face from around 1680 in Britain and 1700 in France. The increased accuracy of the balance wheel focused attention on errors caused by other parts of the movement, igniting a two century wave of watchmaking innovation. |
1870_12 | The first thing to be improved was the escapement. The verge escapement was replaced in quality watches by the cylinder escapement, invented by Thomas Tompion in 1695 and further developed by George Graham in the 1720s. In Britain a few quality watches went to the duplex escapement, invented by Jean Baptiste Dutertre in 1724. The advantage of these escapements was that they only gave the balance wheel a short push in the middle of its swing, leaving it 'detached' from the escapement to swing back and forth undisturbed during most of its cycle.
During the same period, improvements in manufacturing such as the tooth-cutting machine devised by Robert Hooke allowed some increase in the volume of watch production, although finishing and assembling was still done by hand until well into the 19th century.
Temperature compensation and chronometers |
1870_13 | The Enlightenment view of watches as scientific instruments brought rapid advances to their mechanisms. The development during this period of accurate marine chronometers required in celestial navigation to determine longitude during sea voyages produced many technological advances that were later used in watches. It was found that a major cause of error in balance wheel timepieces was changes in elasticity of the balance spring with temperature changes. This problem was solved by the bimetallic temperature compensated balance wheel invented in 1765 by Pierre Le Roy and improved by Thomas Earnshaw. This type of balance wheel had two semicircular arms made of a bimetallic construction. If the temperature rose, the arms bent inward slightly, causing the balance wheel to rotate faster back and forth, compensating for the slowing due to the weaker balance spring. This system, which could reduce temperature induced error to a few seconds per day, gradually began to be used in watches |
1870_14 | over the next hundred years. |
1870_15 | The going barrel invented in 1760 by Jean-Antoine Lépine provided a more constant drive force over the watch's running period, and its adoption in the 19th century made the fusee obsolete. Complicated pocket chronometers and astronomical watches with many hands and functions were made during this period.
Lever escapement |
1870_16 | The lever escapement, invented by Thomas Mudge in 1759 and improved by Josiah Emery in 1785, gradually came into use from about 1800 onwards, chiefly in Britain; it was also adopted by Abraham-Louis Breguet, but Swiss watchmakers (who by now were the chief suppliers of watches to most of Europe) mostly adhered to the cylinder until the 1860s. By about 1900, however, the lever was used in almost every watch made. In this escapement the escape wheel pushed on a T shaped 'lever', which was unlocked as the balance wheel swung through its centre position and gave the wheel a brief push before releasing it. The advantages of the lever was that it allowed the balance wheel to swing completely free during most of its cycle; due to 'locking' and 'draw' its action was very precise; and it was self-starting, so if the balance wheel was stopped by a jar it would start again. |
1870_17 | Jewel bearings, introduced in England in 1702 by the Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, also came into use for quality watches during this period. Watches of this period are characterised by their thinness. New innovations, such as the cylinder and lever escapements, allowed watches to become much thinner than they had previously been. This caused a change in style. The thick pocketwatches based on the verge movement went out of fashion and were only worn by the poor, and were derisively referred to as "onions" and "turnips".
Mass production
At Vacheron Constantin, Geneva, Georges-Auguste Leschot (1800–1884), pioneered the field of interchangeability in clockmaking by the invention of various machine tools. In 1830 he designed an anchor escapement, which his student, Antoine Léchaud, later mass-produced. He also invented a pantograph, allowing some degree of standardisation and interchangeability of parts on watches fitted with the same calibre. |
1870_18 | The British had predominated in watch manufacture for much of the 17th and 18th centuries, but maintained a system of production that was geared towards high quality products for the elite. Although there was an attempt to modernise clock manufacture with mass production techniques and the application of duplicating tools and machinery by the British Watch Company in 1843, it was in the United States that this system took off. Aaron Lufkin Dennison started a factory in 1851 in Massachusetts that used interchangeable parts, and by 1861 was running a successful enterprise incorporated as the Waltham Watch Company. |
1870_19 | The railroads' stringent requirements for accurate watches to safely schedule trains drove improvements in accuracy. The engineer Webb C. Ball, established around 1891 the first precision standards and a reliable timepiece inspection system for Railroad chronometers. Temperature-compensated balance wheels began to be widely used in watches during this period, and jewel bearings became almost universal. Techniques for adjusting the balance spring for isochronism and positional errors discovered by Abraham-Louis Breguet, M. Phillips, and L. Lossier were adopted. The first international watch precision contest took place in 1876, during the International Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia (the winning four top watches, which outclassed all competitors, had been randomly selected out of the mass production line), on display was also the first fully automatic screw-making machine. By 1900, with these advances, the accuracy of quality watches, properly adjusted, topped out at a few |
1870_20 | seconds per day. |
1870_21 | The American clock industry, with scores of companies located in Connecticut's Naugatuck Valley, was producing millions of clocks, earning the region the nickname, "Switzerland of America". The Waterbury Clock Company was one of the largest producers for both domestic sales and export, primarily to Europe. Today its successor, Timex Group USA, Inc. is the only remaining watch company in the region.
From about 1860, key winding was replaced by keyless winding, where the watch was wound by turning the crown. The pin pallet escapement, an inexpensive version of the lever escapement invented in 1876 by Georges Frederic Roskopf was used in cheap mass-produced watches, which allowed ordinary workers to own a watch for the first time; other cheap watches used a simplified version of the duplex escapement, developed by Daniel Buck in the 1870s. |
1870_22 | During the 20th century, the mechanical design of the watch became standardized, and advances were made in materials, tolerances, and production methods. The bimetallic temperature-compensated balance wheel was made obsolete by the discovery of low-thermal-coefficient alloys invar and elinvar. A balance wheel of invar with a spring of elinvar was almost unaffected by temperature changes, so it replaced the complicated temperature-compensated balance. The discovery in 1903 of a process to produce artificial sapphire made jewelling cheap. Bridge construction superseded 3/4 plate construction.
Wristwatch |
1870_23 | From the beginning, wristwatches were almost exclusively worn by women, while men used pocketwatches up until the early 20th century. The concept of the wristwatch goes back to the production of the very earliest watches in the 16th century. Some people say the world's first wristwatch was created by Abraham-Louis Breguet for Caroline Murat, Queen of Naples, in 1810. However, Elizabeth I of England received a wristwatch from Robert Dudley in 1571, described as an arm watch, 229 years earlier than the 1810 Abraham-Louis Breguet. By the mid nineteenth century, most watchmakers produced a range of wristwatches, often marketed as bracelets, for women. |
1870_24 | Wristwatches were first worn by military men towards the end of the nineteenth century, when the importance of synchronizing maneuvers during war without potentially revealing the plan to the enemy through signaling was increasingly recognized. It was clear that using pocket watches while in the heat of battle or while mounted on a horse was impractical, so officers began to strap the watches to their wrist. The Garstin Company of London patented a 'Watch Wristlet' design in 1893, although they were probably producing similar designs from the 1880s. Clearly, a market for men's wristwatches was coming into being at the time. Officers in the British Army began using wristwatches during colonial military campaigns in the 1880s, such as during the Anglo-Burma War of 1885. |
1870_25 | During the Boer War, the importance of coordinating troop movements and synchronizing attacks against the highly mobile Boer insurgents was paramount, and the use of wristwatches subsequently became widespread among the officer class. The company Mappin & Webb began production of their successful 'campaign watch' for soldiers during the campaign at the Sudan in 1898 and ramped up production for the Boer War a few years later. |
1870_26 | These early models were essentially standard pocketwatches fitted to a leather strap, but by the early 20th century, manufacturers began producing purpose-built wristwatches. The Swiss company, Dimier Frères & Cie patented a wristwatch design with the now standard wire lugs in 1903. In 1904, Alberto Santos-Dumont, an early Brazilian aviator, asked his friend, a French watchmaker called Louis Cartier, to design a watch that could be useful during his flights. Hans Wilsdorf moved to London in 1905 and set up his own business with his brother-in-law Alfred Davis, Wilsdorf & Davis, providing quality timepieces at affordable prices – the company later became Rolex. Wilsdorf was an early convert to the wristwatch, and contracted the Swiss firm Aegler to produce a line of wristwatches. His Rolex wristwatch of 1910 became the first such watch to receive certification as a chronometer in Switzerland and it went on to win an award in 1914 from Kew Observatory in London. |
1870_27 | The impact of the First World War dramatically shifted public perceptions on the propriety of the man's wristwatch, and opened up a mass market in the post-war era. The creeping barrage artillery tactic, developed during the War, required precise synchronization between the artillery gunners and the infantry advancing behind the barrage. Service watches produced during the War were specially designed for the rigours of trench warfare, with luminous dials and unbreakable glass. Wristwatches were also found to be needed in the air as much as on the ground: military pilots found them more convenient than pocket watches for the same reasons as Santos-Dumont had. The British War Department began issuing wristwatches to combatants from 1917. |
1870_28 | The company H. Williamson Ltd., based in Coventry, was one of the first to capitalize on this opportunity. During the company's 1916 AGM it was noted that "...the public is buying the practical things of life. Nobody can truthfully contend that the watch is a luxury. It is said that one soldier in every four wears a wristlet watch, and the other three mean to get one as soon as they can." By the end of the War, almost all enlisted men wore a wristwatch, and after they were demobilized, the fashion soon caught on – the British Horological Journal wrote in 1917 that "...the wristlet watch was little used by the sterner sex before the war, but now is seen on the wrist of nearly every man in uniform and of many men in civilian attire." By 1930, the ratio of wrist- to pocketwatches was 50 to 1. The first successful self-winding system was invented by John Harwood in 1923.
In 1961, the first wristwatch traveled to space on the wrist of Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1.
Electric watch |
1870_29 | The first generation of electric-powered watches came out during the 1950s. These kept time with a balance wheel powered by a solenoid, or in a few advanced watches that foreshadowed the quartz watch, by a steel tuning fork vibrating at 360 Hz, powered by a solenoid driven by a transistor oscillator circuit. The hands were still moved mechanically by a wheel train. In mechanical watches the self winding mechanism, shockproof balance pivots, and break resistant 'white metal' mainsprings became standard. The jewel craze caused 'jewel inflation' and watches with up to 100 jewels were produced.
Quartz watch
In 1959, Seiko placed an order with Epson (a daughter company of Seiko and the 'brain' behind the quartz revolution) to start developing a quartz wristwatch. The project was codenamed 59A. By the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics, Seiko had a working prototype of a portable quartz watch which was used as the time measurements throughout the event. |
1870_30 | The first quartz watch to enter production was the Seiko 35 SQ Astron, which hit the shelves on 25 December 1969, which was the world's most accurate wristwatch to date.
Since the technology having been developed by contributions from Japanese, American and Swiss, nobody could patent the whole movement of the quartz wristwatch, thus allowing other manufacturers to participate in the rapid growth and development of the quartz watch market, This ended — in less than a decade — almost 100 years of dominance by the mechanical wristwatch legacy. |
1870_31 | The introduction of the quartz watch in 1969 was a revolutionary improvement in watch technology. In place of a balance wheel which oscillated at 5 beats per second, it used a quartz crystal resonator which vibrated at 8,192 Hz, driven by a battery-powered oscillator circuit. In place of a wheel train to add up the beats into seconds, minutes, and hours, it used digital counters. The higher Q factor of the resonator, along with quartz's low temperature coefficient, resulted in better accuracy than the best mechanical watches, while the elimination of all moving parts made the watch more shock-resistant and eliminated the need for periodic cleaning. The first digital electronic watch with an LED display was developed in 1970 by Pulsar. In 1974 the Omega Marine Chronometer was introduced, the first wrist watch to hold Marine Chronometer certification, and accurate to 12 seconds per year. |
1870_32 | Accuracy increased with the frequency of the crystal used, but so did power consumption. So the first generation watches had low frequencies of a few kilohertz, limiting their accuracy. The power saving use of CMOS logic and LCDs in the second generation increased battery life and allowed the crystal frequency to be increased to 32,768 Hz resulting in accuracy of 5–10 seconds per month. By the 1980s, quartz watches had taken over most of the watch market from the mechanical watch industry. This upheaval, which saw the majority of watch manufacturing move to the Far East, is referred to in the industry as the "quartz crisis".
In 2010, Miyota (Citizen Watch) of Japan introduced a newly developed movement that uses a new type of quartz crystal with ultra-high frequency (262.144 kHz) which is claimed to be accurate to +/- 10 seconds a year, and has a smooth sweeping second hand rather than one that jumps. |
1870_33 | In 2019, Citizen Watch advanced the accuracy of a quartz watch to +/- 1 second a year. The improved accuracy was achieved by using an AT-cut crystal which oscillates at 8.4 MHz (8,388,608 Hz). The watch maintains its greater accuracy by continuously monitoring and adjusting for frequency and temperature shifts once every minute.
Radio-controlled wristwatch
In 1990, Junghans offered the first radio-controlled wristwatch, the MEGA 1. In this type, the watch's quartz oscillator is set to the correct time daily by coded radio time signals broadcast by government-operated time stations such as JJY, MSF, RBU, DCF77, and WWVB, received by a radio receiver in the watch. This allows the watch to have the same long-term accuracy as the atomic clocks which control the time signals. Recent models are capable of receiving synchronization signals from various time stations worldwide. |
1870_34 | Atomic wristwatch
In 2013 Bathys Hawaii introduced their Cesium 133 Atomic Watch the first watch to keep time with an internal atomic clock. Unlike the radio watches described above, which achieve atomic clock accuracy with quartz clock circuits which are corrected by radio time signals received from government atomic clocks, this watch contains a tiny cesium atomic clock on a chip. It is reported to keep time to an accuracy of one second in 1000 years. |
1870_35 | The watch is based on a chip developed by the breakthrough Chip Scale Atomic Clock (CSAC) program of the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) which was initiated in 2001, and produced the first prototype atomic clock chip in 2005. Symmetricom began manufacturing the chips in 2011. Like other cesium clocks the watch keeps time with an ultraprecise 9.192631770 GHz microwave signal produced by electron transitions between two hyperfine energy levels in atoms of cesium, which is divided down by digital counters to give a 1 Hz clock signal to drive the hands. On the chip, liquid metal cesium in a tiny capsule is heated to vaporize the cesium. A laser shines a beam of infrared light modulated by a microwave oscillator through the capsule onto a photodetector. When the oscillator is at the precise frequency of the transition, the cesium atoms absorb the light, reducing the output of the photodetector. The output of the photodetector is used as feedback in a phase locked |
1870_36 | loop circuit to keep the oscillator at the correct frequency. The breakthrough that allowed a rack-sized cesium clock to be shrunk small enough to fit on a chip was a technique called coherent population trapping, which eliminated the need for a bulky microwave cavity. |
1870_37 | The watch was designed by John Patterson, head of Bathys, who read about the chip and decided to design a watch around it, financed by a Kickstarter campaign. Due to the large 1½ inch chip the watch is large and rectangular. It must be recharged every 30 hours.
Smartwatch
A smartwatch is a computer worn on the wrist, a wireless digital device that may have the capabilities of a cellphone, portable music player, or a personal digital assistant. By the early 2010s some had the general capabilities of a smartphone, having a processor with a mobile operating system capable of running a variety of mobile apps. |
1870_38 | The first smartwatch was the Linux Watch, developed in 1998 by Steve Mann which he presented on February 7, 2000. Seiko launched the Ruputer in Japan- it was a wristwatch computer and it had a 3.6 MHz processor. In 1999, Samsung launched the world's first watch phone. It was named the SPH-WP10. It had a built-in speaker and mic, a protruding antenna and a monochrome LCD screen and 90 minutes of talk time. IBM made a prototype of a wristwatch that was running Linux. The first version had 6 hours battery life and it got extended to 12 in its more advanced version. This device got better when IBM added an accelerometer, a vibrating mechanism and a fingerprint sensor. IBM joined with Citizen Watch Co. to create the WatchPad. It features a 320x240 QVGA monochrome touch-sensitive display and it ran Linux version 2.4. It displayed calendar software, Bluetooth, 8 MB RAM, and 16 MB of flash memory. They targeted this device at students and businessmen at a price of about $399. Fossil released |
1870_39 | the Wrist PDA, a watch that ran Palm OS and contained 8 MB of RAM and 4 MB of flash memory and featured an integrated stylus and a resolution of 160x160. It was criticized for its weight of 108 grams and was discontinued in 2005. |
1870_40 | In early 2004, released the SPOT smartwatch. The company demonstrated it working with coffee makers, weather stations and clocks with SPOT tech. The smartwatch had information like weather, news, stocks, and sports scores transmitted through FM waves. You had to buy a subscription that cost from $39 to $59. Sony Ericsson launched the Sony Ericsson LiveView, a wearable watch device which is an external BT display for an Android Smartphone. Pebble is an innovative smartwatch that raised the most money on Kickstarter reaching 10.3 million dollars between April 12 and May 18. This watch had a 32 millimeter 144x168 pixel black and white memory LCD manufactured by Sharp with a backlight, a vibrating motor, a magnetometer, an ambient light sensor, and a three-axis accelerometer. It can communicate with an Android or iOS device using both BT 2.1 and BT 4.0 using Stonestreet One's Bluetopia+MFI software stack. As of July 2013 companies that were making smartwatches or were involved in |
1870_41 | smartwatch developments are: Acer, Apple, BlackBerry, Foxconn, Google, LG, Microsoft, Qualcomm, Samsung, Sony, VESAG and Toshiba. Some notable ones from this list are HP, HTC, Lenovo and Nokia. Many smartwatches were released at CES 2014. The model featured a curved AMOLED display and a built-in 3G modem. On September 9, 2014, Apple Inc. announced its first smartwatch named the Apple Watch and released early 2015. Microsoft released Microsoft Band, a smart fitness tracker and their first watch since SPOT in early 2004. Top watches at CES 2017 were the Garmin Fenix 5 and the Casio WSD F20. Apple Watch Series 3 had built-in LTE allowing phone calls and messaging and data without a nearby phone connection. During a September 2018 keynote, Apple introduced an Apple Watch Series 4. It had a larger display and an EKG feature to detect abnormal heart function. Qualcomm released their Snapdragon 3100 chip the same month. It is a successor to the Wear 2100 with power efficiency and a separate |
1870_42 | low power core that can run basic watch functions as well as slightly more advanced functions such as step tracking. |
1870_43 | See also
Patek Philippe
Breitling
Fortis Uhren AG
IWC
Longines
Raketa
History of timekeeping devices
Zeno-Watch Basel
Horology
References
Further reading
Thompson, David, The History of Watches, New York: Abbeville Press, 2008.
External links
Functioning of a simple mechanical watch
Pictures and overview of the earliest watches
Peter Henlein: Pomander Watch Anno 1505
First American Colonial Watch
Watches
History of measurement |
1871_0 | The 2007–08 New York Rangers season was the National Hockey League franchise's 81st season of play and their 82nd season overall. In 2006–07, an impressive late season run brought the team from 12th to 6th place in the Eastern Conference, but the team ran out of steam in the Conference semi-finals before losing in six games to the Buffalo Sabres. |
1871_1 | The off-season began in late June with the 2007 NHL Entry Draft in Columbus, Ohio. The Rangers had the 17th overall pick in the first round, yet came away with a steal as Russian superstar Alexei Cherepanov fell for the taking, despite being considered by many rankings to be a top five prospect, and the top European available in the draft. A variety of reasons have been postulated for Cherepanov's drop, most notably, the lack of a new transfer agreement between the National Hockey League and the International Ice Hockey Federation concerning players from Russia. In the second round, the Rangers selected goaltender Antoine Lafleur from the P.E.I. Rocket of the QMJHL. Lafleur was ranked #3 among North American goaltenders by NHL Central Scouting. |
1871_2 | The Rangers made a tremendous splash on July 1, the first day of free agency. Within a 30-minute span on that Sunday evening, the Rangers announced the signings of the two most coveted centers available: Scott Gomez from the rival New Jersey Devils and Chris Drury from the Buffalo Sabres. As both players had worn number 23 with their previous teams, general manager Glen Sather flipped a puck at their introductory press conference to determine who would wear number 23 on the Rangers; the winner was Drury.
After these signings, left out of the picture was center Michael Nylander, who had reportedly signed with the Edmonton Oilers, but then actually signed with the Washington Capitals. In addition, the Rangers also lost Jed Ortmeyer, Brad Isbister, Karel Rachunek and Kevin Weekes to the free agency market, the latter two signing with the rival New Jersey Devils. |
1871_3 | The Rangers re-signed a number of their own free agents, including Jason Strudwick, Petr Prucha and Brendan Shanahan. Goaltender Henrik Lundqvist and forward Marcel Hossa had been designated for salary arbitration, but both signed contracts before reaching their respective hearings. Sean Avery did go through arbitration and was awarded a one-year deal worth $1.9 million.
The multitude of high-profile free agent signings in July left the Rangers dangerously close to the league's $50.3 million salary cap. This effectively forced the Rangers to deal Matt Cullen and his $2.875 million per year cap number back to the Carolina Hurricanes. At the start of the season, the Rangers total cap number was over the league maximum, but player bonuses can be deferred to the next season if it causes a team to exceed the upper limit of the salary cap, so the Rangers were in compliance. |
1871_4 | On April 3, 2008, the New York Rangers clinched a playoff berth for the third consecutive season in a 3–0 win against their crosstown rival Islanders.
Regular season
The Rangers had the most shutouts of all 30 teams in the League, with 12.
Divisional standings
Conference standings
Schedule and results
Green background indicates win (2 points).
Red background indicates regulation loss (0 points).
White background indicates overtime/shootout loss (1 point). |
1871_5 | |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 1 || 4 || Florida Panthers || 5–2 || Lundqvist || 1–0–0
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 2 || 6 || @ Ottawa Senators || 2–0 || Lundqvist || 1–1–0
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 3 || 10 || @ New York Islanders || 2–1 || Lundqvist || 1–2–0
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 4 || 12 || Washington Capitals || 3–1 || Lundqvist || 2–2–0
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 5 || 13 || Ottawa Senators || 3–1 || Lundqvist || 2–3–0
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 6 || 18 || @ Atlanta Thrashers || 5–3 || Lundqvist || 2–4–0
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;"
| 7 || 20 || @ Boston Bruins || 1–0 SO || Lundqvist || 2–4–1
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 8 || 23 || @ Pittsburgh Penguins || 1–0 || Lundqvist || 2–5–1
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 9 || 25 || New Jersey Devils || 2–0 || Lundqvist || 3–5–1 |
1871_6 | |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 10 || 27 || Toronto Maple Leafs || 4–1 || Lundqvist || 3–6–1
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 11 || 29 || Tampa Bay Lightning || 3–1 || Lundqvist || 4–6–1
|- |
1871_7 | |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 12 || 1 || Washington Capitals || 2–0 || Lundqvist || 5–6–1
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 13 || 3 || New Jersey Devils || 2–1 SO || Lundqvist || 6–6–1
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 14 || 5 || Philadelphia Flyers || 2–0 || Lundqvist || 7–6–1
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 15 || 6 || @ New York Islanders || 3–2 || Lundqvist || 7–7–1
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 16 || 8 || Pittsburgh Penguins || 4–2 || Lundqvist || 8–7–1
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 17 || 10 || @ Toronto Maple Leafs || 3–2 SO || Valiquette || 9–7–1
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 18 || 14 || @ New Jersey Devils || 4–2 || Lundqvist || 10–7–1
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 19 || 15 || @ Philadelphia Flyers || 4–3 SO || Lundqvist || 11–7–1
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" |
1871_8 | | 20 || 17 || @ Pittsburgh Penguins || 4–3 OT || Lundqvist || 12–7–1
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 21 || 19 || New York Islanders || 2–1 || Lundqvist || 12–8–1
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 22 || 21 || @ Tampa Bay Lightning || 2–1 || Lundqvist || 13–8–1
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;"
| 23 || 23 || @ Florida Panthers || 3–2 SO || Valiquette || 13–8–2
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 24 || 25 || Dallas Stars || 3–2 || Lundqvist || 13–9–2
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 25 || 29 || New York Islanders || 4–2 || Lundqvist || 14–9–2
|- |
1871_9 | |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 26 || 1 || @ Ottawa Senators || 5–2 || Lundqvist || 15–9–2
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 27 || 3 || Carolina Hurricanes || 4–0 || Lundqvist|| 15–10–2
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 28 || 6 || Toronto Maple Leafs || 6–2 || Lundqvist || 15–11–2
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 29 || 7 || @ Atlanta Thrashers || 4–2 || Valiquette || 15–12–2
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 30 || 9 || New Jersey Devils || 1–0 OT || Lundqvist || 16–12–2
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;"
| 31 || 12 || @ Washington Capitals || 5–4 OT || Lundqvist || 16–12–3
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 32 || 16 || Phoenix Coyotes || 5–1 || Valiquette || 16–13–3
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 33 || 18 || Pittsburgh Penguins || 4–0 || Lundqvist || 17–13–3
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" |
1871_10 | | 34 || 20 || @ Minnesota Wild || 6–3 || Lundqvist || 17–14–3
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;"
| 35 || 21 || @ Colorado Avalanche || 4–3 OT || Lundqvist || 17–14–4
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 36 || 23 || Ottawa Senators || 3–1 || Lundqvist || 17–15–4
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 37 || 26 || Carolina Hurricanes || 4–2 || Lundqvist || 18–15–4
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 38 || 29 || @ Toronto Maple Leafs || 6–1 || Valiquette || 19–15–4
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 39 || 30 || Montreal Canadiens || 4–3 OT || Lundqvist || 20–15–4
|- |
1871_11 | |- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 40 || 2 || @ Calgary Flames || 4–3 || Lundqvist || 20–16–4
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 41 || 3 || @ Vancouver Canucks || 3–0 || Valiquette || 20–17–4
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;"
| 42 || 5 || @ Edmonton Oilers || 3–2 SO || Lundqvist || 20–17–5
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 43 || 8 || Tampa Bay Lightning || 5–3 || Lundqvist || 20–18–5
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 44 || 10 || Philadelphia Flyers || 6–2 || Lundqvist || 20–19–5
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 45 || 12 || Montreal Canadiens || 4–1 || Lundqvist || 21–19–5
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 46 || 14 || @ Pittsburgh Penguins || 4–1 || Lundqvist || 21–20–5
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 47 || 16 || Buffalo Sabres || 2–1 || Lundqvist || 22–20–5
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;" |
1871_12 | | 48 || 19 || @ Boston Bruins || 4–3 SO || Lundqvist || 22–20–6
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 49 || 20 || Boston Bruins || 3–1 || Lundqvist || 22–21–6
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 50 || 22 || Atlanta Thrashers || 4–0 || Lundqvist || 23–21–6
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 51 || 24 || Atlanta Thrashers || 2–1 SO || Lundqvist || 24–21–6
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 52 || 29 || @ Carolina Hurricanes || 3–1 || Lundqvist || 24–22–6
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 53 || 31 || @ Philadelphia Flyers || 4–0 || Valiquette || 25–22–6
|- |
1871_13 | |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 54 || 1 || @ New Jersey Devils || 3–1 || Lundqvist || 26–22–6
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 55 || 3 || @ Montreal Canadiens || 5–3 || Lundqvist || 27–22–6
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 56 || 5 || Los Angeles Kings || 4–2 || Lundqvist || 27–23–6
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 57 || 7 || Anaheim Ducks || 4–1 || Lundqvist || 27–24–6
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 58 || 9 || @ Philadelphia Flyers || 2–0 || Valiquette || 28–24–6
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;"
| 59 || 10 || @ Washington Capitals || 3–2 OT || Valiquette || 28–24–7
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 60 || 16 || Buffalo Sabres || 5–1 || Lundqvist || 29–24–7
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 61 || 17 || San Jose Sharks || 3–1 || Lundqvist || 30–24–7
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;" |
1871_14 | | 62 || 19 || @ Montreal Canadiens || 6–5 SO || Lundqvist || 30–24–8
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 63 || 23 || @ Buffalo Sabres || 4–3 || Lundqvist || 31–24–8
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 64 || 24 || Florida Panthers || 5–0 || Lundqvist || 32–24–8
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 65 || 28 || @ Carolina Hurricanes || 4–2 || Lundqvist || 33–24–8
|- |
1871_15 | |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 66 || 2 || Philadelphia Flyers || 5–4 SO || Valiquette || 34–24–8
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;"
| 67 || 4 || New York Islanders || 4–3 SO || Lundqvist || 34–24–9
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 68 || 6 || @ New York Islanders || 4–1 || Lundqvist || 35–24–9
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 69 || 9 || Boston Bruins || 1–0 SO || Lundqvist || 36–24–9
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 70 || 10 || @ Buffalo Sabres || 3–2 SO || Lundqvist || 37–24–9
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 71 || 14 || @ Florida Panthers || 3–2 || Lundqvist || 37–25–9
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 72 || 15 || @ Tampa Bay Lightning || 3–0 || Lundqvist || 37–26–9
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 73 || 18 || Pittsburgh Penguins || 5–2 || Lundqvist || 38–26–9
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;" |
1871_16 | | 74 || 19 || @ New Jersey Devils || 2–1 SO || Lundqvist || 39–26–9
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;"
| 75 || 21 || @ Philadelphia Flyers || 4–3 SO || Valiquette || 39–26–10
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;"
| 76 || 25 || Philadelphia Flyers || 2–1 OT || Lundqvist || 39–26–11
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 77 || 27 || New Jersey Devils || 3–2 || Lundqvist || 40–26–11
|- style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"
| 78 || 30 || @ Pittsburgh Penguins || 3–1 || Lundqvist || 40–27–11
|- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 79 || 31 || Pittsburgh Penguins || 2–1 OT || Lundqvist || 41–27–11
|- |
1871_17 | |- style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 80 || 3 || @ New York Islanders || 3–0 || Lundqvist || 42–27–11
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;"
| 81 || 4 || New York Islanders || 4–3 SO || Lundqvist || 42–27–12
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;"
| 82 || 6 || @ New Jersey Devils || 3–2 SO || Lundqvist || 42–27–13
|-
Playoffs
The New York Rangers ended the 2007–08 regular season as the Eastern Conference's fifth seed.
Green background indicates win.
Red background indicates loss.
The Rangers defeated the New Jersey Devils in the Eastern Conference quarter-finals in five games. This was the fifth playoff meeting between the two clubs, with the Rangers having won four of those series. They were eventually eliminated in the Eastern Conference semi-finals by the Pittsburgh Penguins in five games.
Player statistics
Skaters
Goaltenders |
1871_18 | †Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Rangers. Stats reflect time with Rangers only.
‡Traded mid-season. Stats reflect time with Rangers only.
Awards and records
Milestones
Transactions
The Rangers have been involved in the following transactions during the 2007–08 season.
Trades
|}
Free agents acquired
Free agents lost
Player signings
* Sean Avery re-signed through salary arbitration.
Draft picks
New York's picks at the 2007 NHL Entry Draft in Columbus, Ohio, at the Nationwide Arena.
Farm teams
Hartford Wolf Pack (AHL)
The 2007–08 season was the 11th season of AHL hockey for the franchise. The team's status as the Rangers' highest-level minor-league affiliate became questionable when Northland AEG LLC purchased the Hartford Civic Center from Madison Square Garden, L.P.; however, on May 29, 2007, it was announced that the franchise will remain in Hartford and will remain affiliated with the Rangers. |
1871_19 | Hartford finished the regular season with a record of 50–20–2–8 for a total of 110 points, a franchise high. P. A. Parenteau led the team with 81 points in 75 games, and team captain Andrew Hutchinson won the Eddie Shore Award as the league's top defenseman.
Portland eliminated Hartford from the playoffs in 5 games, marking two consecutive season's that the Wolf Pack failed to advance past the 1st round.
Charlotte Checkers (ECHL)
The 2007–08 season was the 15th season of ECHL hockey for the franchise.
Charlotte finished the regular season with a record of 34–31–1–6 for a total of 75 points. Gwinnett eliminated the Checkers from the playoffs in 3 games.
See also
2007–08 NHL season
References
Game log: New York Rangers game log on espn.com
Player stats: New York Rangers statistics on espn.com
New York Rangers seasons
New York Rangers
New York Rangers
New York Rangers
New York Rangers
in Manhattan
Madison Square Garden |
1872_0 | Prunum is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Pruninae of the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.
The separation between the genera Prunum and Volvarina is not very precise. They form together a monophyletic clade. The differences between these two genera are based on differences in the morphology of the shell, the radula, the radular cartilage, the mantle and the internal anatomy. A rather arbitrary criterion is currently used to distinguish between the two genera. The large species with a strong callus are placed in Prunum, the slender species with a thin callus in Volvarina, leaving in between many ambiguous species. To date (2010) there is no phylogenetic analysis behind the current generic placements
Species
Species within the genus Prunum include: |
1872_1 | Prunum abyssorum (Tomlin, 1916)
Prunum adelantado Espinosa & Ortea, 2018
Prunum aikeni T. Cossignani, 2018
Prunum aitanae Espinosa & Ortea, 2019
Prunum albertoangelai Cossignani, 2005
Prunum albertoi Espinosa & Ortea, 1998
Prunum albuminosa (Dall, 1919)
Prunum aletes Roth, 1978
Prunum amabile (Redfield, 1852)
Prunum amphorale de Souza, 1992
Prunum amygdalum (Kiener, 1841)
Prunum annulatum (Reeve, 1865)
Prunum antillanum (Sarasúa, 1992)
Prunum apicinum (Menke, 1828)
Prunum arangoi Espinosa & Ortea, 2015
Prunum bahiense (Tomlin 1917)
Prunum batabanoense Espinosa & Ortea, 2002
Prunum bayonai Cossignani, 2009
Prunum beali (McGinty, 1940)
Prunum bellulum (Dall, 1890)
Prunum boreale (A. E. Verrill, 1884)
Prunum caledonicum Cossignani, 2001
Prunum camachoi Espinosa & Ortea, 2003
Prunum canasense Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011
Prunum caneli Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007
Prunum canilla (Dall, 1927)
Prunum capense (Krauss, 1848)
Prunum carneum (Storer, 1837) |
1872_2 | Prunum cassis (Dall, 1889)
Prunum catochense Cossignani, 2004
Prunum chagosi Hayes & Boyer, 1997
Prunum chumi Espinosa & Ortea, 2000
Prunum cinctum (Kiener, 1834)
Prunum cineraceum (Dall, 1889)
Prunum circumvittatum (Weisbord, 1962)
Prunum coltrorum Cossignani, 2005
Prunum conchibellum Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
Prunum cubanum Sarasúa & Espinosa, 1977
Prunum curtum (G.B. Sowerby, 1832)
Prunum damasoi Cossignani, 2006
Prunum dawnbrinkae Massier, 1993
Prunum egmontense Espinosa & Ortea, 2015
Prunum dinisioi Cossignani, 2006
Prunum enriquevidali Espinosa & Ortea, 1995
Prunum estafaniae Pérez-Dionis, Ortea & Espinosa, 2009
Prunum evelynae (Bayer, 1943)
Prunum flori Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
Prunum frumari Petuch & Sargent, 2012
Prunum fulminatum (Kiener, 1841)
Prunum gijon Espinosa & Ortea, 2006
Prunum goliat Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011
Prunum gorgonense Roth, 1978
Prunum gregorioi Espinosa & Ortea, 2018
Prunum guttatum (Dillwyn, 1817) |
1872_3 | Prunum hartleyanum (Schwengel, 1941)
Prunum holandae Espinosa & Ortea, 1999
Prunum humboldti Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2009
Prunum hunabi Espinosa & Ortea, 2015
Prunum ianusi Espinosa & Ortea, 2015
Prunum javii Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2013
Prunum josealejandroi Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011
Prunum labiatum (Kiener, 1841)
Prunum labrosum (Redfield, 1870)
Prunum lalanai Espinosa & Ortea, 2013
Prunum leonardhilli Petuch, 1990
Prunum lipei (Clover, 1990)
Prunum lizanoi Magana, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003
Prunum lorenae Espinosa & Ortea, 2013
Prunum macleani Roth, 1978
Prunum magliaroi T. Cossignani & Lorenz, 2021
Prunum magnificum (Sarasúa, 1989)
Prunum marginatum (Born, 1778)
Prunum mariateresae Cossignani, 2009
Prunum martini (Petit, 1853)
Prunum mingueloi Espinosa & Ortea, 2013
Prunum montseae Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2014
Prunum nataliae Pérez-Dionis, Ortea & Espinosa, 2009
Prunum negoi Cossignani, 2005
Prunum niciezai Espinosa & Ortea, 1998 |
1872_4 | Prunum nivosum (Hinds, 1844)
Prunum nobilianum (Bayer, 1943)
Prunum oblongum (Swainson, 1829) (nomen dubium)
Prunum olivaeforme (Kiener, 1834)
Prunum pacotalaverai Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2014
Prunum pellucidum (Pfeiffer, 1840)
Prunum pinerum Sarasúa & Espinosa, 1977
Prunum poeyi Espinosa & Ortea, 2015
Prunum poulosi Lipe, 1996
Prunum pruinosum (Hinds, 1844)
Prunum prunum (Gmelin, 1791)
Prunum pulchrum (Gray, 1839)
Prunum pulidoi Espinosa & Ortea, 1999
Prunum pyrumoides Lussi & Smith, 1999
Prunum quelimanensis Bozzetti, 2001
Prunum quini Ortea & Espinosa, 2018
Prunum quinteroi Espinosa & Ortea, 1999
Prunum redfieldii (Tryon, 1882)
Prunum roosevelti (Bartsch & Rehder, 1939)
Prunum rosasi Espinosa & Ortea, 2018
Prunum roscidum'' (Redfield, 1860)
Prunum rostratum (Redfield, 1870)
Prunum rubens (Martens, 1881)
Prunum sapotilla (Hinds, 1844)
Prunum saulcyanum (Petit, 1851)
† Prunum seriaense Harzhauser, Raven & Landau, 2018 |
1872_5 | Prunum similerato Ortega & Gofas, 2019
Prunum smalli Espinosa & Ortea, 2002
Prunum storeria (Couthouy, 1837)
Prunum succineum (Conrad, 1846)
Prunum sunderlandorum Petuch & Berschauer, 2020
Prunum tacoense Espinosa & Ortea, 2014
Prunum tethys Lussi & Smith, 1999
Prunum thalassicola Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007
Prunum torticulum (Dall, 1881)
Prunum triangulum Lussi & G. Smith, 2015
Prunum virginianum (Conrad, 1868)
Prunum walvisianum (Tomlin, 1920)
Prunum woodbridgei (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) |
1872_6 | Species brought into synonymy |
1872_7 | Prunum abbreviatum (C.B. Adams, 1850) : synonym of Volvarina lactea (Kiener, 1841)
Prunum adelum (Thiele, 1925) : synonym of Volvarina adela (Thiele, 1925)
Prunum aguayoi Ortea & Espinosa, 1996 : synonym of Prunum lipei (Clover, 1990)
Prunum agulhasensis Thiele, 1925 : synonym of Hydroginella agulhasensis (Thiele, 1925)
Prunum alabaster Reeve, 1865 : synonym of Volvarina rubella navicella Reeve, 1865
Prunum ameliensis (Tomlin 1917) : synonym of Volvarina ameliensis (Tomlin, 1917)
Prunum attenuatum (Reeve, 1865) : synonym of Volvarina attenuata (Reeve, 1865)
Prunum augusta (Thiele, 1925): synonym of Dentimargo augusta (Thiele, 1925)
Prunum avenacea (Deshayes, 1844): synonym of Prunum bellulum (Dall, 1890)
Prunum avenella (Dall, 1881): synonym of Volvarina avenella (Dall, 1881)
Prunum bahiensis [sic]: synonym of Prunum bahiense (Tomlin, 1917) (incorrect gender ending)
Prunum avenellum (Dall, 1881): synonym of Volvarina avenella (Dall, 1881) |
1872_8 | Prunum batabanoensis Espinosa & Ortea, 2002: synonym of Prunum batabanoense Espinosa & Ortea, 2002
Prunum bellum (Conrad, 1868): synonym of Prunum avenacea (Deshayes, 1844)
Prunum caerulescens Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of Prunum prunum (Gmelin, 1791)
Prunum cahuitaensis Magaña, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003: synonym of Prunum cahuitaense Magaña, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003 (incorrect gender ending)
Prunum canasensis Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011: synonym of Prunum canasense Espinosa, Moro & Ortea, 2011 (incorrect gender agreement of specific epithet)
Prunum canellum (Jousseaume, 1875): synonym of Prunum rostratum (Redfield, 1870)
Prunum cantharus Reeve, 1865 : synonym of Prunum capense (Krauss, 1848)
Prunum capensis (Krauss, 1848) : synonym of Prunum capense (Krauss, 1848)
Prunum carnum Storer, 1837 : synonym of Prunum carneum (Storer, 1837)
Prunum charbarensis (Melvill, 1897) : synonym of Volvarina charbarensis (Melvill, 1897) |
1872_9 | Prunum colomborum Bozzetti, 1995 : synonym of Marginella colomborum (Bozzetti, 1995)
Prunum conchibellus Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010 : synonym of Prunum conchibellum Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
Prunum crassilabrum (G.B. Sowerby I, 1846) : synonym of Prunum labrosum (Redfield, 1870)
Prunum deliciosum (Bavay in Dautzenberg, 1912) : synonym of Volvarina deliciosa (Bavay in Dautzenberg, 1913)
Prunum dinisioi T. Cossignani, 2006: synonym of Volvarina dinisioi (T. Cossignani, 2006) (original combination)
Prunum egmontensis [sic]: synonym of Prunum egmontense Espinosa & Ortea, 2015 (original spelling: incorrect gender agreement of specific epithet)
Prunum evax Li, 1930 : synonym of Prunum sapotilla (Hinds, 1844)
Prunum exile (Gmelin, 1791) : synonym of Volvarina exilis (Gmelin, 1791)
Prunum fortunatum (Clover & Macca, 1990): synonym of Volvarina fortunata Clover & Macca, 1990
Prunum fraterculus E.A. Smith, 1915 : synonym of Prunum martini (Petit, 1853) |
1872_10 | Prunum fulgidum Lussi & G. Smith, 1999: synonym of Volvarina fulgida (Lussi & G. Smith, 1999) (original combination)
Prunum hartleyanum (Schwengel, 1941): synonym of Prunum virginianum hartleyana (Schwengel, 1941)
Prunum helena Thiele, 1925 : synonym of Hyalina helena (Thiele, 1925)
Prunum hoffi Moolenbeek & Faber, 1991 : synonym of Canalispira hoffi (Moolenbeek & Faber, 1991)
Prunum hondurasense (Reeve, 1865) : synonym of Prunum pulchrum (Gray, 1839)
Prunum hondurasensis (Reeve, 1865) : synonym of Prunum pulchrum (Gray, 1839)
Prunum insulanum (Gofas & Fernandes, 1988) : synonym of Volvarina insulana Gofas & Fernandes, 1988
Prunum joubini Bavay, 1913: synonym of Prunum bahiense (Tomlin, 1917)
Prunum keenii Marrat, 1871: synonym of Hyalina keenii (Marrat, 1871)
Prunum laetitium (Thiele, 1925): synonym of Volvarina laetitia (Thiele, 1925)
Prunum longivaricosum Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Prunum guttatum (Dillwyn, 1817) |
1872_11 | Prunum mabellae (Melvill & Standen, 1901): synonym of Volvarina mabellae (Melvill & Standen, 1901)
Prunum marianae Bozzetti, 1999: synonym of Prunum pyrumoides Lussi & G. Smith, 1999
Prunum monile (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Volvarina monilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Prunum olivaeformis (Kiener, 1834): synonym of Prunum olivaeforme (Kiener, 1834)
Prunum pergrande (Clover, 1974): synonym of Volvarina pergrandis Clover, 1974
Prunum pergrandis [sic]: synonym of Prunum pergrande (Clover, 1974): synonym of Volvarina pergrandis Clover, 1974 (incorrect gender ending)
Prunum riparia Gofas & Fernandes, 1992: synonym of Volvarina riparia Gofas & Fernandes, 1992
Prunum roberti (Bavay, 1917): synonym of Volvarina roberti (Bavay, 1917)
Prunum roosevelti Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 : synonym of Prunum amabile (Redfield, 1852)
Prunum sauliae (G. B. Sowerby II, 1846): synonym of Volvarina sauliae (G. B. Sowerby II, 1846)
Prunum serrei Bavay, 1913 : synonym of Volvarina serrei (Bavay, 1913) |
1872_12 | Prunum sowerbyanum Petit, 1851 : synonym of Prunum monile (Linnaeus, 1758)
Prunum styrium Dall, 1889 : synonym of Volvarina styria (Dall, 1889)
Prunum succinea (Conrad, 1846): synonym of Prunum succineum (Conrad, 1846)
Prunum tacoensis Espinosa & Ortea, 2014: synonym of Prunum tacoense Espinosa & Ortea, 2014
Prunum terverianum (Petit de la Saussaye, 1851): synonym of Volvarina monilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Prunum watsoni (Dall, 1881): synonym of Eratoidea watsoni (Dall, 1881)
Prunum yucatecana (Dall, 1881): synonym of Dentimargo yucatecanus (Dall, 1881): synonym of Dentimargo yucatecana (Dall, 1881) |
1872_13 | References
Cossignani T. (2006). Marginellidae & Cystiscidae of the World''. L'Informatore Piceno. 408pp
External links
Marginellidae |
1873_0 | The X Factor is a British television music competition to find new singing talent. The fifth series was broadcast on ITV from 16 August 2008 until 13 December 2008. Dermot O'Leary returned to present the main show on ITV, while Fearne Cotton was replaced by Holly Willoughby as presenter of spin-off show The Xtra Factor on ITV2. Simon Cowell, Louis Walsh, and Dannii Minogue returned to the judging panel. Sharon Osbourne left after four series and was replaced by Cheryl Cole. The series was won by Alexandra Burke, with Cole emerging as the winning mentor. Auditions in front of producers were held in April and May, with callbacks in front of the judges in June. The number of applicants for series 5 reached an all-time high with a reported 182,000 people auditioning. A number of well-established music acts from around the world, such as Beyoncé, Mariah Carey, Britney Spears, Girls Aloud, Take That, Il Divo, and series 3 winner Leona Lewis, performed during the live stages of the show. |
1873_1 | Burke's prize, as winner, was a £1 million recording contract with Syco Music (a subsidiary of Sony BMG). Her debut single, "Hallelujah", written by Leonard Cohen, was released for digital download on 14 December 2008, with the physical format following on 17 December. It was later announced that her single had become the fastest-selling X Factor single at that time.
It was during auditions for the fifth series of the show that viewers were introduced to two teenagers: 15-year-old Jade Thirlwall, who would form one quarter of the winning act of series eight, Little Mix, and 14-year-old Liam Payne, who would become a member of boy band One Direction, formed in the seventh series.
Judges, presenters and other personnel |
1873_2 | In February 2008, it was reported that Sharon Osbourne would not return as a judge for the fifth series. On 6 June, six days before filming was due to begin at the London auditions, ITV announced Osbourne's departure from the show. Media speculation over the reasons for Osbourne's departure alluded to rising tensions between her and fellow judge Dannii Minogue, as well as disputes over pay. When interviewed by Chris Moyles on BBC Radio 1, Osbourne said that it was "the best four years of [her] life" but felt that it was "time to move on."
On 10 June 2008, after Osbourne's departure, ITV confirmed that Girls Aloud singer Cheryl Cole was the new judge and Osbourne's replacement for series 5. Minogue praised the new judge, saying, "She's very knowledgeable about music and I think she's going to bring a new side to the show." Cowell is reported by Minogue to feel that Cole's voiced opinions are something "which he loves". |
1873_3 | Dermot O'Leary returned to present the main ITV show, choosing to leave other projects, including his ongoing role as the host of Big Brother's Little Brother, to concentrate on The X Factor. The Xtra Factor presenter Fearne Cotton left after series 4, having presented for only one series, to be replaced by Holly Willoughby. Brian Friedman returned as choreographer and performance coach (billed as "Creative Director"), along with Yvie Burnett as vocal coach.
Selection process
Auditions
A reported "record-breaking" 182,000 applied for series 5, with filming for auditions in front of judges taking place in June/July 2008. Auditions were held in the cities of London, Birmingham, Manchester, Cardiff, and Glasgow.
Due to her commitments with Australia's Got Talent, Minogue was absent from some of the auditions in Birmingham and Cardiff but was not replaced. |
1873_4 | Bootcamp
As in series 4, all four judges worked together at the bootcamp stage of the competition. This took place at indigO2 at The O2 in Greenwich, London on 4 August 2008, and was televised in two episodes on 27 and 28 September 2008. Contestants are said to have stayed in a nearby hotel in Blackheath.
During bootcamp, around 150 acts were whittled down to 24 who advanced to the next round, six in each category. After completion of bootcamp, the judges were told the category that they were to mentor. Cowell was given the Boys, Walsh the Groups, Minogue the Over 25s, and Cole the Girls. |
1873_5 | Judges' houses
This round was filmed in late August and early September and was broadcast over two shows on 4 and 5 October. As in previous years, the judges welcomed the six acts from their selected category to their "homes". Each act had one chance to impress their mentor who, along with a guest judge, had the task of selecting which three acts were to go through to the live shows and which three would be eliminated. For her guest judge, Minogue chose former Spice Girls member and Emma Bunton, Cole chose her fellow Girls Aloud member Kimberly Walsh, Cowell chose singer Sinitta, and Walsh chose Shane Filan from Westlife.
Judges Houses Performances
Contestant in bold advanced
Boys:
Eoghan: "Father and Son"
Liam: "A Million Love Songs"
Mali: "All in Love Is Fair"
Austin: "She's Out of My Life"
Scott: "I Can't Make You Love Me"
Alan: "All or Nothing" |
1873_6 | Over 25s:
Daniel: "Against All Odds"
Ruth: "True Colors"
Louise: "I Say a Little Prayer"
James: "Mr. Bojangles"
Suzie: "One Day I'll Fly Away"
Rachel: "Beautiful"
Groups:
4Instinct: "Rockin' Robin"
Girlband: "Valerie"
JLS: "No Air"
Priority: "Umbrella"
Bad Lashes: "Wonderwall"
Desire: "Shine"
Girls:
Diana: "Nothing Compares 2 U"
Amy: "Sweet About Me"
Hannah: "Piece of My Heart"
Laura: "Cry Me a River"
Annastasia: "Oh Baby I..."
Alexandra: "Listen" |
1873_7 | {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Summary of judges' houses
|-
! Judge
! Category
! Location
! Assistant
! Acts Eliminated
|-
!scope="row"| Cole
| Girls
| Cannes
| Kimberley Walsh
| Annastasia Baker, Hannah Bradbeer, Amy Connelly
|-
!scope="row"| Cowell
| Boys
| Barbados
| Sinitta
| Mali-Michael McCalla, Liam Payne, Alan Turner
|-
!scope="row"| Minogue
| Over 25s
| Saint-Tropez
| Emma Bunton
| Suzie Furlonger, Louise Heatly, James Williams
|-
!scope="row"| Walsh
| Groups
| Castle Leslie, Ireland
| Shane Filan
| 4Instinct, Desire, Priority
|}
Finalists
Key:
– Winner
– Runner-Up
– Third Place
Live shows
The live shows began on 11 October 2008 and continued through to the finale on 13 December 2008. An added twist for this series, confirmed on the first live show, was that acts in the bottom-two showdown sang a new song of their own choosing, rather than repeating the song they performed in the first part of the show. |
1873_8 | Musical guests
Leon Jackson performed on the first live show, promoting his second single "Don't Call This Love". Girls Aloud performed their new single "The Promise" on the second show on 18 October. Will Young performed his new song "Grace" on 1 November. Mariah Carey appeared on 8 November and performed her new single "I Stay in Love", plus a special version of "Hero" with 11 of the finalists (Diana Vickers was ill with laryngitis so could not perform). Leona Lewis appeared the week after and performed her new single "Run". Take That performed on 22 November show, as did series 4 third-place act Same Difference, who performed their debut single, and series 4 runner-up Rhydian Roberts, who sang a track from his debut album. On 29 November show, in the main programme Miley Cyrus performed her single "7 Things", whereas Britney Spears performed her new single "Womanizer" during the result show. On 6 December show, Il Divo sung their latest single "Amazing Grace" from their new album. |
1873_9 | Boyzone, Westlife, and Beyoncé were guests on the final show where they duetted with the finalists, with Knowles performing "Listen" with Alexandra Burke. Beyoncé also performed "If I Were a Boy" in the final result show.
Results summary
Colour key
Act in team Simon
Act in team Cheryl
Act in team Louis
Act in team Dannii
The total number of votes cast for the entire series was 16,469,064.
Due to illness, Diana Vickers did not perform during week 5 and automatically advanced to week 6.
Minogue was not required to vote as there was already a majority.
Live show details
Week 1 (11 October)
Theme: UK or US number-one singles
Musical guest: Leon Jackson ("Don't Call This Love")
Best bits song: "Never Had a Dream Come True" |
1873_10 | Judges' votes to eliminate
Cowell: Bad Lashes – gave no reason but described both acts as "shocking"; he later stated on The Xtra Factor that he felt Girlband had shown more emotion in their final showdown performance due to being shown in a earlier slot to be overlooked by the public.
Cole: Girlband – gave no reason.
Minogue: Girlband – gave no reason.
Walsh: Bad Lashes – could not decide between two of his own acts and sent the result to deadlock.
With the acts in the bottom two receiving two votes each, the result went to deadlock and reverted to the earlier public vote. Bad Lashes were eliminated as the act with the fewest public votes.
Week 2 (18 October)
Theme: Michael Jackson
Musical guest: Girls Aloud ("The Promise")
Best bits song: "I’ll Stand by You" |
1873_11 | Judges' votes to eliminate
Walsh: Ruth Lorenzo – backed his own act, Girlband.
Minogue: Girlband – backed her own act, Ruth Lorenzo.
Cole: Girlband – based on the final showdown performances.
Cowell: Ruth Lorenzo – decided to send the result to deadlock as he wanted to give Girlband a second chance whereas he felt Lorenzo did not "play to her strengths". |
1873_12 | With the acts in the bottom two receiving two votes each, the result went to deadlock and reverted to the earlier public vote. Girlband were eliminated as the act with the fewest public votes. During the show, a mistake was made in one of the overlays and Lorenzo's number was briefly displayed incorrectly, meaning any calls to that number would not have registered a vote. After the show, viewers complained that they had dialled this incorrect number and could not get through to vote for Lorenzo, but ITV insisted the issue should not have made any difference to the overall result as Lorenzo received more votes than Girlband and advanced to the third week after the result went to deadlock.
Week 3 (25 October)
Theme: Big band
Group performance: "Hero"
Best Bits song: "Shine" |
1873_13 | Judges' votes to eliminate
Cowell: Daniel Evans – backed his own act, Scott Bruton.
Cole: Scott Bruton – said that she felt the "belief and passion" in Evans' performance.
Minogue: Scott Bruton – backed her own act, Daniel Evans, whom she stated sang the best in the sing off.
Walsh: Scott Bruton – commented that Evans "sang every word like he meant it".
Week 4 (1 November)
Theme: Disco
Musical guest: Will Young ("Grace")
Best Bits song: "Rule the World"
Judges' votes to eliminate
Cowell: Rachel Hylton – backed his own act, Austin Drage.
Cole: Austin Drage – stated she was prepared to give Hylton a "moment to shine".
Minogue: Austin Drage – backed her own act, Rachel Hylton.
Walsh: Austin Drage – said Hylton had more to give to the competition and was more of a "raw talent".
However, voting statistics revealed that Drage received more votes than Hylton which meant that if Walsh sent the result to deadlock, Drage would have been saved. |
1873_14 | Week 5 (8 November)
Theme: Mariah Carey
Guest Mentor: Mariah Carey
Musical guest: Mariah Carey ("I Stay in Love" / "Hero")
Best Bits song: "A Moment Like This"
Due to illness, Diana Vickers did not perform and automatically advanced to the following week. She was due to perform fifth and would have performed "Always Be My Baby".
Judges' votes to eliminate
Cowell: Laura White – gave no reason but commented that both acts "were not the worst singers of the night".
Cole: Ruth Lorenzo – backed her own act, Laura White.
Minogue: Laura White – backed her own act, Ruth Lorenzo.
Walsh: Laura White – commented that Lorenzo was "more of a fighter".
However, voting statistics revealed that White received more votes than Lorenzo which meant that if Walsh sent the result to deadlock, White would have been saved.
Week 6 (15 November)
Theme: British classics
Musical guest: Leona Lewis ("Run")
Best Bits song: "Footprints in the Sand" |
1873_15 | Judges' votes to eliminate
Walsh: Daniel Evans – gave no reason but had constantly criticised Evans throughout the competition.
Cole: Daniel Evans – stated that she had seen a spark back from Hylton this week.
Cowell: Daniel Evans – gave no reason though commented that Hylton "threw it away" with her last performance and that he would have liked to see her perform with more passion; he later stated on The Xtra Factor that he wanted to save Hylton as she was one of his favorite acts in the competition.
Minogue was not required to vote as there was already a majority; she stated she would have sent the result to deadlock as both acts were in her category.
However, voting statistics revealed than Evans received more votes than Hylton which meant that if the result went to deadlock, Evans would have been saved. |
1873_16 | Week 7 (22 November)
Theme: Take That
Guest Mentors: Gary Barlow & Mark Owen
Musical guests: Take That ("Greatest Day"), Same Difference ("We R One") and Rhydian ("The Impossible Dream")
Best Bits song: "When You Believe"
Judges' votes to eliminate
Walsh: Rachel Hylton – backed his own act, JLS.
Minogue: JLS – gave no reason but effectively backed her own act, Rachel Hylton.
Cole: Rachel Hylton – said JLS would go further in the competition though stated that it had been the best Hylton had sung since the auditions.
Cowell: Rachel Hylton – stated that this was Hylton's third time in the bottom two and that JLS should not have been in the final showdown.
JLS had previously been rehearsing to sing "Rule the World", with the approval of their mentor, Walsh. Contrary to this, Minogue, who had higher priority in the judges' song-selection rota, selected the song for her artist Hylton to sing. This led to an on-screen argument between Minogue and Walsh. |
1873_17 | Week 8: Quarter-Final (29 November)
Themes: Britney Spears; American classics
Musical guests: Miley Cyrus ("7 Things") and Britney Spears ("Womanizer")
Best Bits song: "Don't Wanna Lose You"
The quarter-final did not feature a final showdown and instead the act with the fewest public votes, Ruth Lorenzo, was automatically eliminated.
Week 9: Semi-Final (6 December)
Themes: Mentor's choice; contestant's choice
Musical guest: Il Divo ("Amazing Grace")
Best bits song: "Breakaway"
The semi-final did not feature a final showdown and instead the act with the fewest public votes, Diana Vickers, was automatically eliminated.
Week 10: Final (13 December)
Themes: Christmas songs; celebrity duets; song of the series; winner's single
Group performances: "I Have a Dream" (auditionees) and "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" (all finalists)
Musical guest: Beyoncé ("If I Were a Boy")
Best bits songs: "All or Nothing" (Eoghan Quigg), "End of the Road" (JLS) & "The Voice Within" (Alexandra Burke) |
1873_18 | Charity single
The twelve finalists together recorded a cover version of Mariah Carey's 1993 hit "Hero" in support of the Help for Heroes charity. The single was available for download from 25 October 2008, after the finalists performed the song live on that night's show. It was released in stores on 27 October, and Simon Cowell predicted it "will go straight to the top of the charts". In the first week of its release it went straight to number 1 and sold 313,244 copies, more than the rest of the top ten combined.
Reception
Ratings
Viewing figures for series 5 were, at the time of airing, the highest ever for any X Factor series, about 20% up on the previous series. This, however, was beaten by the sixth series the following year.
The first show of the series had the highest launch audience for any series, peaking at over 12 million viewers. The entire Auditions phase officially averaged 9.9m, a rise of 1.2m over the previous series. |
1873_19 | The Bootcamp episodes performed well in the ratings; although the Saturday episode was beaten for the first time by Strictly Come Dancing, the Sunday episode restored the balance. The Saturday Judges' houses episode had the highest audience since the opening show, and the Sunday episode had a lower rating but still exceeded that of Strictly Come Dancing. The entire bootcamp and judges' houses phase officially averaged 9.8m, a rise of 2.5m over the previous series.
The live shows pulled in very strong audiences, often rating as the most watched programme of the week. The final was the second most watched television programme of 2008 with 14.06m viewers.
Series 5 of The X Factor officially averaged 10.5m, at the time becoming the most watched British talent series of the 21st century.
References
External links
05
2008 in British television
2008 in British music
2008 British television seasons
United Kingdom 05 |
1874_0 | The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent the aeolian processes (wind erosion) caused the phenomenon. The drought came in three waves: 1934, 1936, and 1939–1940, but some regions of the High Plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years.
The Dust Bowl has been the subject of many cultural works, notably the novel The Grapes of Wrath (1939) by John Steinbeck, the folk music of Woody Guthrie, and photographs depicting the conditions of migrants by Dorothea Lange, particularly the Migrant Mother. |
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