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1862_18	The constitution of Iran combines concepts of both democracy and theocracy, theocracy in the form of Khomeini's concept of vilayat-e faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist), as expressed in the Islamic Republic. According to Ayatollah Khomeini, the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist was not restricted to orphans or mental incompetents, but applied to everyone in absence of the twelfth Imam. Jurists were the only rightful political/governmental leaders because "God had commanded Islamic government" and "no one knew religion better than the ulama" (Islamic clergy). They alone would preserve "Islamic order" and keep everyone from deviating from "the just path of Islam". Prior to the revolution observant Shia Muslims selected their own leading faqih to emulate (known as a Marja'-i taqlid) according to their own decision making. The "congregation rather than the hierarchy decided how prominent the ayatollah was" thus allowing the public to possibly limit the influence of the Faqih.
1862_19	After the revolution Shia Muslims (or at least Iranian Shia) were commanded to show allegiance to the current vali-e faghih, Guardian Jurist or Supreme Leader. In this new system, the jurist oversaw all governmental affairs. The complete control exercised by the Faqih was not to be limited to the Iranian Revolution because the revolution and its Leader had international aspirations. As the constitution of the Islamic Republic states, it
1862_20	intends to establish an ideal and model society on the basis of Islamic norms. ... the Constitution provides the necessary basis for ensuring the continuation of the Revolution at home and abroad. In particular, in the development of international relations, the Constitution will strive with other Islamic and popular movements to prepare the way for the formation of a single world community (in accordance with the Koranic verse `This your community is a single community, and I am your Lord, so worship Me` [21:92]), and to assure the continuation of the struggle for the liberation of all deprived and oppressed peoples in the world.
1862_21	According to author Seyyed Vali Nasr, Khomeini appealed to the masses, during the pre-1979 period, by referring to them as the oppressed and with charisma and political ability was tremendously successful. He became a very popular role model for Shiites and hoped for the Iranian Revolution to be the first step to a much larger Islamic revolution, transcending Shia Islam, in the same way that Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky wanted their revolution to be a world revolution, not just a Russian one. Functions, powers, and duties of the Supreme Leader
1862_22	Duties and Powers given to the Supreme Leader by the Constitution, decrees and other laws are: Delineation of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in consultation with the Nation's Expediency Discernment Council. Supervision over the proper execution of the general policies of the systems. Resolving conflicts between the three branches of the government Issuing decrees for national referendums. Supreme command over the Armed Forces. Declaration of war and peace, and the mobilization of the armed forces. Ability to veto laws passed by the parliament. Appointment, dismissal, and acceptance of resignation of: the members of Expediency Discernment Council. the members of Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution. two personal representatives to the Supreme National Security Council. Can delegate representatives to all branches of government. Ali Khamenei has currently around 2000 representatives. the six fuqaha' of the Guardian Council.
1862_23	the supreme judicial authority of the country. ministers of defense, intelligence, foreign affairs, and science. the head of the radio and television network of the Islamic Republic of Iran. the chief of the joint staff. the chief commander of the armed forces of the country the highest commanders of the armed forces. Can dismiss and reinstate ministers. Resolving differences between the three wings of the armed forces and regulation of their relations. Resolving the problems, which cannot be solved by conventional methods, through the Nation's Expediency Discernment Council. Signing the decree formalizing the elections in Iran for the President of the Republic by the people.
1862_24	Dismissal of the President of the Republic, with due regard for the interests of the country, after the Supreme Court holds him guilty of the violation of his constitutional duties, or after an impeachment vote of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Parliament) testifying to his incompetence on the basis of Article 89 of the Constitution. Pardoning or reducing the sentences of convicts, within the framework of Islamic criteria, on a recommendation (to that effect) from the head of the Judiciary. The Supreme Leader may delegate part of his duties and powers to another person. Confirms decisions of the Supreme National Security Council. Control over Special Clerical Court.
1862_25	List of supreme leaders The Vice Supreme Leader Iranian vice supreme leader role (Deputy Supreme leader) was incorporated into the authority of the supreme leader. Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri (10 November 1985 – 13 March 1989) During the presidency of Hassan Rouhani, amid longstanding rumors of Khamenei's declining health, it was recommended to Khamenei to reestablish the office of deputy supreme leader to transition towards new leadership better. Future leader See also List of heads of state of Iran List of provincial representatives appointed by Supreme Leader of Iran Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran Death and state funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini 1989 Iranian Supreme Leader election List of members in the Fifth Term of the Council of Experts References External links Official website of the Office of the Supreme Leader Iranian constitution WorldStatesmen- Iran Iran Electoral Archive - Supreme Leader
1862_26	Supreme Leader Positions of authority Religious leadership roles Supreme Leader Political terminology of Iran Theocrats Politics of Iran 1979 establishments in Iran Ruhollah Khomeini Ali Khamenei
1863_0	Admiral of the Fleet Roger John Brownlow Keyes, 1st Baron Keyes, (4 October 1872 – 26 December 1945) was a Royal Navy officer. As a junior officer he served in a corvette operating from Zanzibar on slavery suppression missions. Early in the Boxer Rebellion, he led a mission to capture a flotilla of four Chinese destroyers moored to a wharf on the Peiho River. He was one of the first men to climb over the Peking walls, to break through to the besieged diplomatic legations and to free them.
1863_1	During the First World War Keyes was heavily involved in the organisation of the Dardanelles Campaign. Keyes took charge in an operation when six trawlers and a cruiser attempted to clear the Kephez minefield. The operation was a failure, as the Turkish mobile artillery pieces bombarded Keyes' minesweeping squadron. He went on to be Director of Plans at the Admiralty and then took command of the Dover Patrol: he altered tactics and the Dover Patrol sank five U-Boats in the first month after implementation of Keyes' plan compared with just two in the previous two years. He also planned and led the famous raids on the German submarine pens in the Belgian ports of Zeebrugge and Ostend.
1863_2	Between the wars Keyes commanded the Battlecruiser Squadron, the Atlantic Fleet and then the Mediterranean Fleet before becoming Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth. He was elected to Parliament in 1934. During the Second World War he initially became liaison officer to Leopold III, King of the Belgians. Wearing full uniform in the House of Commons, he played an important role in the Norway Debate which led to the resignation of Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister. He went on to be the first Director of Combined Operations and implemented plans for the training of commandos and raids on hostile coasts.
1863_3	Early years Born the second son of General Sir Charles Patton Keyes of the Indian Army and Katherine Jessie Keyes (née Norman), Keyes told his parents from an early age: "I am going to be an Admiral". After being brought up in India and then the UK, where he attended preparatory school at Margate, he joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in the training ship on 15 July 1885. He was appointed to the cruiser , flagship of the Cape of Good Hope and West Africa Station, in August 1887. Promoted to midshipman on 15 November 1887, he transferred to the corvette , operating from Zanzibar on slavery suppression missions. Promoted to sub-lieutenant on 14 November 1891 and to lieutenant on 28 August 1893, he joined the sloop on the Pacific Station later that year. After returning home in 1897 he became commanding officer of the destroyer at Plymouth in January 1898. China
1863_4	Keyes was then posted out to China to command another destroyer, , in September 1898 transferring to a newer ship, in January 1899. In April 1899 he went to the rescue of a small British force which was attacked and surrounded by irregular Chinese forces while attempting to demarcate the border of the Hong Kong New Territories. He went ashore, leading half the landing party, and, while HMS Fame fired on the besiegers, he led the charge which routed the Chinese and freed the troops.
1863_5	In June 1900, early in the Boxer Rebellion, Keyes led a mission to capture a flotilla of four Chinese destroyers moored to a wharf on the Peiho River. Together with another junior officer, he took boarding parties onto the Chinese destroyers, captured the destroyers and secured the wharf. Shortly thereafter he led a mission to capture the heavily fortified fort at Hsi-cheng: he loaded HMS Fame with a landing party of 32 men, armed with rifles, pistols, cutlasses and explosives. His men quickly destroyed the Chinese gun mountings, blew up the powder magazine and returned to the ship. Keyes was one of the first men to climb over the Peking walls, to break through to the besieged diplomatic legations and to free them. For this he was promoted to commander on 9 November 1900. Keyes later recalled about the sack of Beijing: "Every Chinaman...was treated as a Boxer by the Russian and French troops, and the slaughter of men, women, and children in retaliation was revolting".
1863_6	Diplomatic service
1863_7	Keyes was appointed in May 1901 to the command of the destroyer serving in the Devonport instructional flotilla. In January 1902 he was appointed in command of the destroyer , which took Bat crew and her place in the flotilla, and four months later he again brought his crew and was appointed in command of the destroyer , which served in the flotilla from May 1902. He was posted to the intelligence section at the Admiralty in 1904 and then became naval attaché at the British Embassy in Rome in January 1905. Promoted to captain on 30 June 1905, he was appointed a Member of the Royal Victorian Order on 24 April 1906. He took up command of the cruiser in the Atlantic Fleet in 1908 before going on to be Inspecting Captain of Submarines in 1910 and, having been appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath on 19 June 1911, he became commodore of the Submarine Service in 1912. As head of the Submarine Service, he introduced an element of competition into the construction of submarines,
1863_8	which had previously been built by Vickers. He tended to go to sea in a destroyer because of the primitive visibility from early submarines. He became a naval aide-de-camp to the King on 15 September 1914.
1863_9	First World War When the First World War broke out, Keyes took command of the Eighth Submarine Flotilla at Harwich. He proposed, planned and took part in the first Battle of Heligoland Bight in August 1914 flying his broad pendant in the destroyer . He went alongside the sinking German cruiser and picked up 220 survivors – including the son of Grand-Admiral Tirpitz – for which he was mentioned in dispatches.
1863_10	Keyes became Chief of Staff to Vice-Admiral Sackville Carden, commander of the Royal Navy squadron off the Dardanelles, in February 1915 and was heavily involved in the organisation of the Dardanelles Campaign. After slow progress, the bombardment of the Turkish defences was called off due to low ammunition stocks and fears of a newly laid Turkish minefield. Writing to his wife, Keyes expressed frustration at the lack of imagination of his new superior, Vice-Admiral John de Robeck, arguing that "We must have a clear channel through the minefield for the ships to close to decisive range to hammer the forts and then land men to destroy the guns." Keyes took charge in an operation in March 1915 when six trawlers and the cruiser attempted to clear the Kephez minefield. The operation was a failure, as the Turkish mobile artillery pieces bombarded Keyes' minesweeping squadron. Heavy damage was inflicted on four of the six trawlers, while HMS Amethyst was badly hit and had her steering gear
1863_11	damaged. After another abortive attempt to clear the mines a few days later, the naval attempt to force the straits was abandoned and instead troops were landed to assault the guns. For his service during the Dardanelles Campaign, Keyes was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George on 1 January 1916 and awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 3 June 1916.
1863_12	Keyes took command of the battleship in the Grand Fleet in June 1916 and, having been promoted to rear-admiral on 10 April 1917, became second in command of the 4th Battle Squadron with his flag in the battleship in June 1917. He went on to be Director of Plans at the Admiralty in October 1917 and then became Commander-in-Chief, Dover and commander of the Dover Patrol in January 1918. Prior to Keyes, the Dover Patrol had been commanded by Admiral Reginald Bacon and had succeeded in sinking two German U-Boats in the English Channel in the previous two years, but out of 88,000 crossings by ships only five had been torpedoed and one sunk by gunfire. After Keyes took control, he altered tactics, and the Dover Patrol sank five U-Boats in the first month after implementation of Keyes' plan.
1863_13	In April 1918 Keyes planned and led the famous raids on the German submarine pens in the Belgian ports of Zeebrugge and Ostend. He was advanced to Commander of the Royal Victorian Order on 30 March 1918 and promoted Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 24 April 1918. He was then advanced to Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order on 10 December 1918 and made a baronet on 29 December 1919. In March 1919 he was appointed (Acting) Vice-Admiral in command of the Battle Cruiser Force until it was disbanded in April 1919. Inter-war years Keyes was given command of the new Battlecruiser Squadron hoisting his flag at Scapa Flow in the battlecruiser in March 1919. He moved his flag to the new battlecruiser in early 1920. Promoted to vice-admiral on 16 May 1921, he became Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff in November 1921 and then Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet in June 1925 with promotion to full admiral on 1 March 1926.
1863_14	In January 1928 at a dance on the quarterdeck of the battleship , Rear Admiral Bernard Collard, Second-in-command of the 1st Battle Squadron openly lambasted Royal Marine Bandmaster, Percy Barnacle, and allegedly said "I won't have a bugger like that in my ship" in the presence of ship's officers and guests. Captain Kenneth Dewar and Commander Henry Daniel accused Collard of "vindictive fault-finding" and openly humiliating and insulting them before their crew, referring to an incident involving Collard's disembarkation from the ship in March 1928 where the admiral had openly said that he was "fed up with the ship"; Collard countercharged the two with failing to follow orders and treating him "worse than a midshipman". Letters of complaint from Dewar and Daniel were passed on to Keyes. The press picked up on the story worldwide, describing the affair—with some hyperbole—as a "mutiny". Keyes was thought by the Admiralty to have handled the matter badly and this may have adversely
1863_15	affected his chances of becoming First Sea Lord. He became Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth in May 1929, was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 8 May 1930 and was advanced Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 3 June 1930. He then bought a house at Tingewick in Buckinghamshire and retired in May 1935.
1863_16	Keyes was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for Portsmouth North in January 1934. In Parliament he fought disarmament and sought to have the Fleet Air Arm put back under the control of the navy. He was opposed to the Munich Agreement that Neville Chamberlain had reached with Adolf Hitler in 1938 and, along with Winston Churchill was one of the few who withheld support from the Government on this issue. Second World War
1863_17	When the Second World War broke out, Keyes was very anxious to obtain active service, but at the same time criticised the Chiefs of Staff. He reached the conclusion that the regaining of Trondheim was the key to victory in Norway. He advocated the forcing of Trondheim Fjord by battleships and the landing of a military force to recapture the city. He sought an interview with Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, submitted an outline plan to seize the city and offered to lead the expedition. If the Admiralty did not wish to hazard newer ships, he would take in old battleships. The chiefs of staff reached similar conclusions, with the addition of subsidiary landings north at Namsos and south at Åndalsnes. However they failed to send capital ships into Trondheimsfjord. German destroyers dominated the fjord, no airfields were seized to provide air cover and troops earmarked for the centre prong were never landed. When the troops were evacuated in early May 1940 there was
1863_18	shock in Britain. Parliament gathered for the Norway Debate on 7 and 8 May 1940. Making a dramatic entrance in the full uniform of an Admiral of the Fleet, including medals, Keyes defended the navy and strongly criticised the government. In his closing remarks Keyes invoked Horatio Nelson.
1863_19	Chamberlain's government fell two days later and Winston Churchill became prime minister. When Germany invaded the Low Countries in May 1940, Churchill appointed Keyes liaison officer to Leopold III, King of the Belgians. But when Belgium surrendered suddenly to the Germans later that month both Leopold and Keyes were attacked in the British press. Keyes became the first Director of Combined Operations in June 1940 and implemented plans for the training of commandos and raids on hostile coasts. He came up with bold schemes which were considered impractical by the Chiefs of Staff and he was removed from office in October 1941. He was elevated to the peerage as Baron Keyes, of Zeebrugge and of Dover in the County of Kent on 22 January 1943.
1863_20	Keyes suffered a detached retina in early 1944. He then undertook a goodwill tour of Canada, Australia and New Zealand at the request of the British Government in July 1944. During his visit to the amphibious warfare ship he suffered smoke inhalation following an attack by Japanese aircraft and never fully recovered. He died at his home in Tingewick on 26 December 1945 and was buried at the Zeebrugge corner of St James's Cemetery in Dover. Family In 1906 Keyes married Eva Mary Bowlby: they had two sons and three daughters including Geoffrey Keyes, who was killed in action in 1941 and was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.
1863_21	Honours and awards Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath – 3 June 1930 (KCB – 24 April 1918, CB – 19 June 1911) Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order – 10 December 1918 (CVO – 30 March 1918, MVO – 24 April 1906) Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George – 1 January 1916 Companion of the Distinguished Service Order – 3 June 1916 Mention in Despatches – 14 March 1916 Commandeur of the Legion of Honour (France) – 5 April 1916 Navy Distinguished Service Medal (United States) – 16 September 1919 Grand Cross, Order of Leopold (Belgium) – 2 August 1921 (Grand Officer – 23 July 1918) Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France) – 23 July 1918 Order of the Iron Crown, Second Class (Austria-Hungary) – 24 February 1908 Order of the Medjidieh, Second Class (Turkey) – 4 June 1908 Commander of the Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus (Italy) – 22 June 1908 Order of the Redeemer, Third Class (Greece) – 24 June 1909 References Sources Further reading
1863_22	1914–1918 (1979), 1919–1938 (1981), 1939–1945 (1981), External links Europeana Collections 1914–1918 makes 425,000 First World War items from European libraries available online, including The Keyes Papers \|- \|- \|- \|- \|-
1863_23	1872 births 1945 deaths Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George Companions of the Distinguished Service Order Grand Officers of the Order of Leopold II Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States) Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 2nd class Commanders of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France) Keyes, Roger John Brownlow Keyes, 1st Baron Royal Navy admirals of the fleet Royal Navy admirals of World War I Royal Navy admirals of World War II Lords of the Admiralty Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1931–1935 UK MPs 1935–1945 UK MPs who were granted peerages Keyes, Roger John Brownlow Keyes, 1st Baron Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal British military attachés Peers created by George VI
1863_24	Royal Navy personnel killed in World War II Military personnel of British India
1864_0	The below list contains most important Hungarian botanists in alphabetical order, indicating their main biographical dates and fields of botany in which they have been researching. A Sámuel Ab Hortis (1729–1792) plant physiology Éva Ács (born 1964) phycology József Agnelli (1852–1923) agricultural botany, medical botany László Almádi (born 1936) herbology, plant systematics István Ambrózy (1869–1933) floristics, horticulture József Andrasovszky (1889–1943) ampelography Gábor Andreánszky (1895–1967) phytogeography, paleobotany Lambert Angeli (1916–1971) agricultural botany Dezső Angyal (1852–1936) pomology Dániel Antal (1901–1972) agricultural botany, pomology Béla Augustin (1877–1954) medical botany
1864_1	B Nándor Bacsó (1904–1974) plant ecology Leona Baksay (1915 – c. 2005) plant physiology, plant systematics Sándor Bálint (1860–1922) ampelography József Balogh (1750 – c. 1781) floristics Henrik Band (1840–1913) floristics, horticulture Zoltán Barabás (1926–1993) agricultural botany Aurél Baranyai (1903–1983) medical botany Zoltán Baráth (1924–1982) phytosociology, plant systematics, floristics Béla Barna (1931–1979) agricultural botany, pomology Beáta Mária Barnabás (born 1948) agricultural botany Károly Baross (1865–1905) ampelography László Baross (1865–1938) agricultural botany István Barra (1900–1986) ampelography, phytopathology István Barra (1805–1865) plant systematics József Barth (1833–1915) floristics Bertalan Baskay Tóth (1903–1976) agricultural botany Károly Bátky (1794–1859) agricultural botany János Keresztély Baumgarten (1756–1843) floristics Jenő Bayer (1932–1970) phytochemistry Zoltán Bedő (born 1951) agricultural botany
1864_2	László Beke (1881–1950) agricultural botany, phytopathology Miklós Békésy (1903–1980) agricultural botany, medical botany László Benedek (1901–1977) agricultural botany Dániel Benkő (1799–1883) agricultural botany Máté Bereczki (1824–1895) pomology Lajos Bontovics (1929–1987) agricultural botany József Benkő (1740–1814) floristics, medical botany Jenő Bernátsky (1873–1944) phytosociology, plant systematics, phytopathology, mycology Péter Betegh (1884–1969) medical botany István Beythe (1532–1612) floristics, mycology Gyula Bihari (1889–1977) herbology Gyula Bittera (1893–1970) agricultural botany, medical botany Miklós Bittera (1887–1947) agricultural botany Tibor Blattny (1883–1969) forestry Béla Bodnár (1932–1960) floristics, phytogeography János Bodnár (1889–1953) phytochemistry István Bodócs (1887–1965) plant morphology Pál Bodor (1773–1828) pomology György Bodrogközy (born 1924) phytosociology, plant ecology
1864_3	János Bolla (1806–1881) floristics, mycology Pál Bolza (1861–1947) horticulture Vinczé von Borbás (1844–1905) floristics, plant systematics, phytosociology Attila Borhidi (born 1932) plant systematics, floristics, phytosociology Ádám Boros (1900–1973) floristics, bryology, phycology Rezső Boros (1925–1968) pomology Olga Borsos (1926–1996) plant systematics, plant morphology György Böckh (1822–1874) phytogeography János Bruder (1913–1982) agricultural botany József Budai (1851–1939) pomology, floristics
1864_4	C László Cholnoky (1899–1967) phytochemistry Kornél Chyzer (1836–1909) floristics Ottó Claader (1907–1985) phytochemistry József Csapó (1734–1799) medical botany József Csapó M. (1911–1979) agricultural botany István Csapody (1930–2002) forestry, floristics Vera Csapody (1890–1985) floristics, plant systematics, plant physiology Kálmán Csatári-Szüts (1912–1973) agricultural botany János Csató (1833–1913) floristics Adolf Cserey (1851–1918) plant systematics Farkas Cserey (1773–1842) floristics Sándor Cserháti (1852–1909) agricultural botany József Csókás (1824–1905) ampelography János Csolsch (fl. 18th–19th century) horticulture Szabó István Csonti (1895–1960) agricultural botany Zoltán Csorba (1904–1981) phytopathology, mycology István Csűrös (1914–1998) floristics, phytosociology Kálmán Czakó (1843–1895) agricultural botany Nándor Czeiner (1850–1928) ampelography Antal Czetz (1801–1865) floristics Gyula Czimber (born 1936) herbology
1864_5	D Ágnes Dániel (1929–1986) phytochemistry, plant physiology Lajos Dániel (1902–1978) pomology Ferenc Darvas (1883–1934) medical botany Zsolt Debreczy (born 1941) dendrology, bryology János Kristóf Deccard (1686–1764) floristics János Vilmos Deccard (1722–1778) floristics Árpád Degen (1866–1934) floristics, plant morphology, agricultural botany Imre Deininger (1844–1918) agricultural botany, paleoethnobotany Károly Demeter (1852–1890) bryology Dezső Dicenty (1879–1965) ampelography Sámuel Diószegi (1760–1813) plant systematics Géza Károly Doby (1877–1968) phytochemistry Gábor Doleschall (1813–1891) plant physiology János Domokos (1904–1978) horticulture József Dorner (1808–1873) plant morphology Lajos Dőry (1904–1977) agricultural botany E István László Endlicher (1804–1849) plant systematics Ferenc Entz (1805–1877) ampelography József Ercsei (1792–1868) floristics József Ernyey (1874–1945) history of botany
1864_6	F Sándor Fáber (1874–1933) agricultural botany János Fábry (1830–1907) floristics Géza Facsar (born 1941) plant systematics, paleoethnobotany, horticulture Béla Faludi (1909–1984) plant morphology Gábor Farkas (1925–1986) plant physiology, plant morphology, phytopathology Loránd Farkas (1914–1986) phytochemistry Mihály Farkas (1833–1900) agricultural botany Mihály Fazekas (1766–1828) plant systematics Dániel Fehér (1890–1955) forestry, plant physiology Sándor Feichtinger (1817–1907) floristics Gábor Fekete (born 1930) floristics, phytogeography, phytosociology József Fekete (1842–1906) horticulture Lajos Fekete (1837–1916) forestry Zoltán Fekete (1877–1962) forestry, phytogeography Lajos Felföldy (born 1920) phycology Ferenc Fellner (1847–1913) horticulture Lajos Fialowski (1846–1909) history of botany Nándor Filarszky (1858–1941) phycology, plant morphology, plant systematics Károly Flatt (1853–1906) agricultural botany, history of botany
1864_7	Rudolf Fleischmann (1879–1950) agricultural botany Ferenc Fóriss (1892–1977) floristics, lichenology János Földi (1755–1801) plant systematics Rezső Francé (1874–1943) phytopathology, phycology Alfonz Sándor Freh (1832–1915) floristics Vilmos Frenyó (1908–1998) plant physiology János Fridvaldszky (1730–1784) dendrology Loránd Fridvaldszky (1923–1994) plant morphology Imre Frivaldszky (1799–1870) floristics Mihály Fucskó (1885–1914) plant morphology, plant physiology Mihály Fuss (1814–1883) floristics
1864_8	G Miklós Galántai (1937–2005) horticulture László Gallé (1908–1980) phytopathology, lichenology Gyula Gáyer (1883–1932) plant systematics, phytogeography, floristics Samuel Genersich (1768–1844) floristics János Ádám Gensel (1677–1720) floristics István Gergely (1877–1960) pomology Guido Gerhárdt (1876–1939) agricultural botany Rezső Geschwind (1829–1910) horticulture György Lajos Gillemot (1813–1892) horticulture Nándor Gimesi (1892–1953) plant physiology, plant morphology, phycology Rudolf Giovannini (1891–1963) medical botany Károly Gomba (1889–1916) plant morphology Endre Gombocz (1882–1945) floristics, plant systematics, history of botany István Gondola (1922–1970) agricultural botany, herbology Jenő Görög (1920–1978) phytopathology, mycology Emil Grabner (1878–1955) agricultural botany, medical botany Pál Greguss (1889–1984) plant physiology, plant morphology Ferenc Greinich (1867–1942) floristics
1864_9	Irma Greisiger (1882–1947) bryology floristics György Griger (1879–1946) horticulture Béla Gróf (1883–1936) agricultural botany, phytopathology Ferenc Gruber (1905–1971) agricultural botany Ignác Grundl (1813–1878) floristics Antal Gulyás (1884–1980) phytopathology József Gulyás (1917–1979) phytochemistry József Gyárfás (1875–1965) agricultural botany Barna Győrffy (1911–1970) plant physiology István Győrffy (1880–1959) bryology József György (1813–1862) floristics Antal Gyürki (1817–1890) ampelography
1864_10	H Károly Haberle (1764–1832) plant systematics Lilla Hably (born 1953) paleobotany Márta Halász (1905–1971) phycology János Halmai (1903–1973) medical botany Lajos Haracsi (1898–1978) erdészeti phytopathology Árpád Haraszty (1907–1987) plant morphology, plant physiology Zoltán Hargitai (1912–1945) floristics, phytosociology Lajos Haynald (1816–1891) floristics András Háznagy (1913–1987) medical botany Bertalan Hazslinszky (1902–1966) plant morphology, veterinary botany Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky (1818–1896) floristics, mycology, lichenology, bryology, phycology Dezső Hegyi (1873–1926) phytopathology, mycology Árpád Hensch (1847–1913) agricultural botany Márton Herczeg (1936–1987) agricultural botany László Heszky (born 1945) agricultural botany János Heuffel (1800–1857) floristics Ede Heykal (1844–1929) horticulture, pomology Ferenc Hollendonner (1882–1935) plant morphology, paleoethnobotany László Hollós (1859–1940) mycology, floristics
1864_11	András Horánszky (born 1928) floristics, plant systematics, dendrology János Horn (1881–1958) pomology Miklós Horn (1899–1965) agricultural botany Tibor Hortobágyi (1912–1990) phycology, plant systematics, agricultural botany Adolf Olivér Horvát (1907–2006) floristics, phytosociology Ernő Horváth (1929–1990) floristics Imre Horváth (1926–1979) plant ecology, forestry József Horváth (born 1936) agricultural botany, phytopathology János Hulják (1883–1942) floristics Béla Husz (1892–1954) phytopathology, mycology
1864_12	I József Igmándy (1897–1950) floristics, bryology Zoltán Igmándy (1925–2000) forestry, mycology Károly Irk (1882–1924) medical botany István Isépy (born 1942) medical botany Gyula Istvánffi (1860–1930) plant morphology, phycology, mycology, ampelography J Jenő Jablonszky (1892–1975) plant systematics, paleobotany Miklós József Jacquin (1727–1817) floristics István Jakobey (1901–1971) agricultural botany Pál Jakucs (1928–2000) phytosociology, plant ecology Béla Jámbor (1917–1971) plant physiology, plant morphology Viktor Janka (1837–1890) floristics, plant systematics Andor Jánossy (1908–1975) agricultural botany Sándor Jávorka (1883–1961) floristics, plant systematics József Jeanplong (born 1919) floristics, phytogeography, phytosociology Endre Jeney (1891–1970) phytochemistry Miklós Juhász (born 1938) palynology Pál Juhász-Nagy (1935–1993) plant ecology Lajos Jurányi (1837–1897) plant morphology, plant physiology
1864_13	K János Kabay (1896–1936) medical botany Ágoston Kanitz (1843–1896) floristics, history of botany Károly Kaplonyi (1918–1971) agricultural botany, plant physiology Bertalan Karmacsi (1898–1977) pomology Rezső Károly (1868–1945) agricultural botany Árpád Károlyi (1907–1972) floristics, bryology István Kárpáti (1924–1989) phycology Zoltán Kárpáti (1909–1972) floristics, phytogeography, plant systematics, dendrology Mihály Dénes Katona (1782–1874) agricultural botany Zsigmond Katona (1828–1902) pomology, ampelography Gusztáv Adolf Kayser (1817–1878) floristics Miklós Kedves (1933–2003) palynology Jenő Keller (1917 – c. 1945) plant systematics Kálmán Kenessey (1822–1913) agricultural botany József Kerekes (1924–1973) agricultural botany, medical botany Elek Kerényi (1916–1963) horticulture Herman Kern (1876–1957) phytopathology, mycology Kálmán Kerpely (1864–1940) agricultural botany Pál Kitaibel (1757–1817) floristics
1864_14	Gyula Klein (1844–1915) phycology, mycology, plant morphology Antal Kodolányi (1835–1910) agricultural botany, plant morphology Erzsébet Kol (1897–1980) phycology Károly Kolbai (1901–1972) agricultural botany Pál Kolbány (1758–1816) phytochemistry Kálmán Kolecsányi (1886–1960) horticulture Magda Komlódi (born 1931) floristics, palynology István Koren (1805–1893) floristics Gyula Korponay (1888–1975) pomology, gyümölcskórtan Tamás Kosutány (1848–1915) agricultural botany, plant physiology Ervin Iván Kovács (1934–1987) plant morphology János Kovács (1816–1906) floristics Margit Kovács (born 1930) floristics, phytosociology Ferenc Kovács Huszka (1869–1944) floristics Ferenc Kováts (1873–1956) plant systematics Gyula Kováts (1815–1873) paleobotany, floristics Károly Kovatsits (1876–1929) agricultural botany Dénes Kozma (1875–1925) herbology Vilmos Kőfaragó-Gyelnik (1906–1945) lichenology Tamás Kőmíves (born 1944) agricultural botany
1864_15	Ferenc Kövessi (1875–1945) plant physiology, ampelography János György Kramer (1684–1744) plant systematics, medical botany András Kubacska (1871–1942) plant morphology, kertészeti növénytan Ágoston Kubinyi (1799–1873) floristics Samu Kupcsok (1850–1914) floristics Jenő Béla Kümmerle (1876–1931) plant morphology, pteridológia István Kwaysser (1915–1982) ampeleológus
1864_16	L Adolf Ferenc Láng (1795–1863) floristics Géza Láng (1916–1980) agricultural botany Samuel Lasz (1859–1930) climatology, zoology, and geology Gábor László (1878–1960) ősnövénytan, phytosociology Ödön Legány (1876–1944) agricultural botany Ferenc Legányi (1884–1964) paleobotany Ödön Lehner (1887–1938) pomology János Leibitzer (1763–1817) pomology Géza Lengyel (1884–1965) agricultural botany, floristics Lajos Letenyei (1822–1868) agricultural botany Viktor Ligeti (1912–1986) phytochemistry Károly Limbacher (1868–1937) pomology György Linhart (1844–1925) agricultural botany, phytopathology János Lippai (1606–1666) pomology Károly Frigyes Loew (1699–1741) floristics Hugó Lojka (1844–1887) floristics, lichenology István Lumnitzer (1747–1806) floristics
1864_17	M Sándor Mágócsy-Dietz (1855–1945) plant physiology, dendrology, mycology Gyula Magyar (1884–1945) agricultural botany, pomology, horticulture Pál Magyar (1895–1969) forestry, plant systematics, phytosociology Gyula Magyary-Kossa (1865–1944) medical botany Antal Majer (1910–1996) forestry Móric Májer (1815–1904) floristics György Mándy (1913–1976) agricultural botany, plant morphology István Manninger (1920–1990) agricultural botany, phytopathology Ferenc Marc (1813–1900) kertészeti növénytan Antal Margittai (1880–1939) floristics Sándor Márkus (1831–1867) phycology, floristics László Martos (1930–1957) plant physiology Imre Máthé, sr. (1911–1993) floristics, plant ecology, agricultural botany, phytochemistry, medical botany Imre Máthé, jr. (born 1942) phytochemistry, plant ecology Tamás Mauksch (1749–1832) floristics, mycology Gyula Méhes (1897–1970) medical botany Juhász Péter Méliusz (1532–1572) floristics László Menyhárth (1849–1897) floristics
1864_18	Ákos Mesterházy (born 1945) agricultural botany, phytopathology Lajos Mészáros (1913–1969) agricultural botany, plant morphology Gyula Mészöly (1910–1974) agricultural botany Gyula Mezey (1861–1922) phytopathology István Milkovits (born 1937) plant systematics László Miltényi (1901–1936) agricultural botany, plant morphology József Misák (1866–1939) horticulture Vidor Modor (1910–1979) medical botany, plant morphology Gusztáv Moesz (1873–1946) mycology, phytopathology, floristics, phytogeography Sámuel Mokry (1832–1909) agricultural botany Ádám Molnár (1713–1780) floristics Dezső Morbitzer (1879–1945) kertészeti növénytan Vilmos Mühle (1845–1908) kertészeti növénytan Ferenc Mygind (1710–1789) floristics
1864_19	N István Nagy (1905–1974) floristics Zoltán Nagy (1921–1987) agricultural botany Miksa Natter-Nád (1893–1982) plant systematics Márton Németh (1910–1986) ampelography Ernő Nemky (1909–1986) forestry, plant ecology Károly Nendtvich (1811–1892) floristics Tamás Nendtvich (1782–1858) floristics Antal Nowotarski (1825–1901) agricultural botany Antal Nyárády (1920–1982) floristics, phytosociology Erazmus Gyula Nyárády (1881–1966) floristics, plant systematics O Ernő Obermayer (1888–1969) agricultural botany, plant physiology Iván Okályi (1900–1968) pomology Miklós Olgyay (1904–1958) phytopathology Sándor Orbán (born 1947) bryology Miklós Ormándy (1846–1911) plant morphology Ottó Orsós (1911–1939) plant morphology
1864_20	P Árpád Paál (1889–1943) plant physiology Piroska Palik (1895–1966) phycology Gyula Pálinkás (1883–1957) ampelography József Pantocsek (1846–1916) phycology, floristics György Pántos (1924–1986) forestry, plant ecology József Papp (1900–1985) agricultural botany, dendrology Béla Páter (1860–1938) agricultural botany, medical botany Ármin Pecz (1820–1896) horticulture Antal Pénzes (1895–1984) pomology, floristics József Péterffy (1827–1888) agricultural botany István Péterfi (1906–1978) plant morphology, plant physiology, phycology Márton Péterfi (1875–1922) bryology Ferenc Petrányi (1890–1935) horticulture Sándor Pettenkoffer (1868–1946) ampelography Benő Pillitz (1825–1910) floristics Tamás Pócs (born 1933) floristics, bryology, phytosociology János Podhradszky (1914–1968) phytopathology György Pogácsás (1919–1977) agricultural botany, plant physiology, phytopathology Sándor Polgár (1876–1944) floristics, phytogeography
1864_21	Béla Pozsár (1922–1981) agricultural botany, plant physiology, phytochemistry István Précsényi (1926–2007) phytosociology, plant ecology Szaniszló Priszter (born 1917) floristics, plant systematics, history of botany György Purkircher (1530–1577) medical botany
1864_22	Q József Quint (1882–1929) phycology, plant physiology R Ferenc Raffensberger (1851–1936) horticulture Miklós Rajczy (?) bryology László Rakcsányi (1901–1967) ampelography Rajmund Rapaics (1885–1954) phytogeography, plant systematics, phytosociology Klára M. Rásky (1908–1971) paleobotany Károly Rayger (1641–1707) medical botany Rezső Rédl (1895–1942) floristics, phytogeography Dezső Révy (1900–1954) phytopathology Aladár Richter (1868–1927) plant morphology Gusztáv Ritter (1846–1926) pomology Zoltán Roboz (1861–1905) ampelography Antal Rochel (1770–1847) floristics Pál Rom (1902–1962) medical botany István Rudinai Molnár (1850–1920) ampelography, pomology
1864_23	S István Saágy (1865–1945) horticulture József Sadler (1791–1849) floristics, plant systematics, pteridológia, mycology László Sántha (1886–1954) ampelography, phytopathology, lichenology Aladár Scherffel (1865–1939) phycology, mycology Vilmos Aurél Scherffel (1835–1895) floristics, mycology Károly Schilberszky (1863–1935) phytopathology, mycology Zsigmond Schiller (1847–1920) floristics József Schneider (1888–1963) horticulture Ferdinánd Schur (1799–1878) floristics János Schuster (1777–1839) plant systematics Tibor Simon (born 1926) floristics, plant systematics, phytosociology Lajos Simonkai (1851–1910) floristics, plant systematics, dendrology Károly Rezső Soó (1903–1980) floristics, phytogeography, phytosociology, plant systematics István Soós (1902–1959) ampelography Móric Staub (1842–1914) paleobotany, floristics János Suba (born 1929) floristics, plant physiology Zoltán Szabó (1882–1944) floristics, plant systematics, plant physiology
1864_24	Kálmán Szász (1910–1978) medical botany Ödön Szatala (1889–1958) lichenology Gusztáv Szelényi (1904–1982) phytopathology Gábor Szemes (1906–1993) phycology Imre Szenczy (1798–1860) floristics Gabriella Szentpéteri (1927–1969) plant morphology Rezső Szép (1860–1918) floristics Júlia Szepes (1913–1987) plant morphology, phytopathology János Szepesfalvy (1882–1959) bryology, paleobotany Zoltán Szilády (1878–1947) floristics István Szodfridt (born 1930) dendrology, history of botany Miklós Szontágh (1843–1899) floristics Gyula Szökő (1934–1974) phytopathology Mihály Szörényi (1881–1963) horticulture Júlia Szujkóné Lacza (born 1930) floristics, dendrology, plant morphology Frigyes Szutorisz (1854–1926) floristics
1864_25	T Pál Tallós (1931–1968) forestry, phytosociology Géza Tamássy (1887–1971) floristics Károly Tamássy (1806–1885) pomology Gyula Ágoston Tauscher (1832–1882) floristics Károly Téglás (1864–1916) forestry András Terpó (born 1925) pomology Lajos Thaisz (1867–1937) agricultural botany, floristics Lajos Timár (1918–1956) floristics, phytosociology, mycology György Timkó (1881–1945) lichenology Lajos Tőkés (1873–1951) floristics, phytogeography Róbert Trautmann (1873–1953) plant systematics János Tuzson (1870–1943) plant morphology, plant systematics, floristics, phytopathology, mycology, paleobotany U Gábor Ubrizsy (1919–1973) phytopathology, mycology, herbology Gábor Uherkovich (1912–2002) phycology József Ujhelyi (1910–1979) floristics, plant systematics Miklós Ujvárosi (1913–1981) agricultural botany, floristics, herbology Ferenc Uzonyi (1884–1972) phytopathology
1864_26	V Dezső Vágújfalvi (born 1936) plant physiology, phytochemistry Ernő Vajda (1889–1980) floristics László Vajda (1890–1986) floristics Oszkár Varga (1873–1947) plant physiology István Velich (1870–1960) pomology Klára Verseghy (born 1930) lichenology Antal Veszelszki (c. 1730 – 1798) floristics György Vette (1645–1704) phytopathology Gábor Vida (born 1935) floristics, plant systematics, pteridológia Aladár Visnya (1878–1959) bryology Márton Vrabély (1808–1877) floristics W János Wágner (1870–1955) floristics, dendrology Richárd Wagner (1905–1972) plant ecology Antal Waisbecker (1835–1916) floristics Ferenc Ádám Waldstein-Wartenberg (1759–1823) floristics Lajos Walz (1845–1914) floristics János Jakab Wernischek (1743–1804) plant systematics Péter Wierzbicki (1794–1847) floristics János Teofil Windisch (1689–1732) floristics József Jakab Winterl (1739–1809) plant systematics, pomology András Rafael Wolny (1759–1827) floristics
1864_27	Z Vilmos Zoltán (1869–1929) floristics Bálint Zólyomi (1908–1997) növényszármazástan, phytosociology, palynology Zoltán Zsák (1880–1966) agricultural botany, floristics, herbology See also List of botanists Sources Magyar életrajzi lexikon 1000–1990 [Hungarian biographical encyclopaedia from 1000 until 1990], Budapest, Arcanum, 2001. Magyarország a XX. században [Hungary in the 20th century], vol. 4, Szekszárd, Babits, 2000, pp. 481–489. Homepage of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Hungarian Botanists
1865_0	The following monarchs either lost their thrones through deposition by a coup d'état, by a referendum which abolished their throne, or chose to abdicate during the 20th century. A list of surviving former monarchs appears at the end of the article. See also: Abolished monarchy, List of current monarchs, List of non-sovereign monarchs who found their thrones in the 20th century A Australia King Edward VIII abdicated in 1936 in favour of his brother George VI. Afghanistan King Amānullāh Khān ceased to be Emir of Afghanistan in 1926, abdicated in 1929. King Inayatullah Khan abdicated in 1929. King Habibullāh Kalakāni was overthrown in 1929. King Mohammed Nadir Shah was assassinated in 1933 while attending graduation day. King Mohammed Zahir Shah was deposed in a coup in 1973. Albania (Principality) Prince William fled Albania in 1914 following the outbreak of World War I (he was formally deposed in 1925).
1865_1	Albania (Kingdom) King Zog I (president turned monarch) was deposed by Italy under Benito Mussolini in 1939. King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, also King of Albania abdicated in 1943 after the Italian capitulation. Regent Mehdi Frashëri was deposed in 1944 when the National Liberation Movement took over Albania. Austria-Hungary Emperor-King Franz Joseph I Died in 1916 in favor of his son Charles I & IV. Emperor-King Charles I & IV was deposed in 1918, also he was deposed as a non-sovereign monarch in several lands in Austria and Hungary. B Baluchistan Mir Ahmad of Kalat was the last ruler of the Khanate of Kalat in Baluchistan. On 27 March 1948 he acceded to Pakistan. Belgium King Leopold III was forced to abdicate in 1951 in favour of his son, King Baudouin. Brunei Omar Ali Saifuddien III, Sultan of Brunei, abdicated voluntarily in 1967 in favour of his son Hassanal Bolkiah.
1865_2	Bulgaria Tsar Ferdinand I abdicated in 1918 in favour of his son Tsar Boris III, following World War I. Tsar Simeon II never abdicated but was exiled by the Bulgarian government following a national referendum in 1946 after which Bulgaria became a People's Republic. After the fall of communism in Bulgaria, he returned to the country in 1996, and was elected as Prime Minister in 2001, serving until 2005. He and Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia are the only monarchs in recent history to become democratically elected heads of government. Burundi King Mwambutsa IV was deposed by his son Ntare V in 1966. King Ntare V was deposed in 1966 in a military coup led by Michel Micombero. C
1865_3	Cambodia King Norodom Sihanouk abdicated in 1955, then served in various important positions, including prime minister and head of state, intermittently until 1976, and was eventually restored to the kingship in 1993. He abdicated a second time in favour of his son, Norodom Sihamoni, on 7 October 2004. Queen Sisowath Kossamak was deposed in 1970 with the coup that ended the regime of Prince Norodom Sihanouk. The monarchy was restored in 1993 with Sihanouk (who had previously reigned from 1941 to 1955) as King. Canada King Edward VIII abdicated in 1936 in favour of his brother George VI. Central African Empire Bokassa I (president turned monarch), Emperor of Central African Empire, deposed in 1979. Ceylon Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of the Dominion of Ceylon in 1972 when the country became a republic called Sri Lanka.
1865_4	China Xuantong Emperor (Puyi) was forced to abdicate in 1912 following a Republican revolution. Yuan Shikai (reigned as the self-proclaimed Hongxian Emperor) abdicated in 1916, a few months before his death, and lasting only 83 days on the throne. Xuantong Emperor (Puyi) briefly regained power but, was forced to abdicate again in 1917 following another Republican revolution. Croatia Designated King Tomislav II (Prince Aimone, Duke of Spoleto) of the Independent State of Croatia abdicated in 1943 after the Italian capitulation. E Egypt King Fuad I Died in 1936 in favor of his son Farouk. King Farouk abdicated in 1952 in favor of his infant son Fuad II. King Fuad II was deposed in 1953.
1865_5	Ethiopia While never formally crowned Emperor, the future Iyasu V was deposed in 1916 for suspected conversion to the Muslim faith. Emperor Haile Selassie I was deposed following the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1936, and restored in 1941. He was deposed again during the communist revolution in 1975. King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, also Emperor of Ethiopia, renounced his claim to the Ethiopian throne in 1943. Emperor Amha Selassie I, briefly emperor 1974–1975, was deposed by the abolition of the monarchy. F Fiji Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of Fiji in 1987 when the country became a republic following a coup. Finland (Grand Duchy) Grand Duke Nicholas II abdicated March 1917. The Russian Provisional Government continued to exercise grand ducal authority for its brief existence. Finland (Kingdom) Designated King-elect Frederick Charles I (Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse), was offered but did not accede to the throne as King of Finland. G
1865_6	Gambia Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of the Gambia in 1970 when the country became a republic by referendum. Germany Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated in 1918 following Germany's defeat in World War I and fled to the Netherlands. Ghana Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of Ghana in 1960 when the country became a republic by referendum.
1865_7	Greece King George I was assassinated in 1913. King Constantine I was deposed in 1917, succeeded by his second-born son, Alexander. He returned to the throne by referendum in 1920 after Alexander's death. Then in 1922 he abdicated in favour of his first-born son, George. King George II went into exile in 1923, then in 1924 he was deposed by a referendum abolishing monarchy; he returned to the throne in 1935 by referendum, then exiled in 1941, as the Axis forces overran Greece, finally returned in 1946 after a favorable referendum, and died in 1947. King Constantine II was exiled in 1967 and was deposed by a referendum abolishing monarchy in 1973 (both events under dictatorial rule), during democratic rule the referendum was repeated in 1974, and the monarchy remained abolished. Guyana Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of Guyana in 1970 when the country became a republic. H
1865_8	Hungary King Charles IV (Emperor Charles I of Austria) was deposed in 1918 when a republic was established. Following the restoration of the Hungarian monarchy in 1920, he was refused permission to "assume residency and constitutional functions" in the Kingdom by the Regent Miklós Horthy. Charles IV died in exile in 1922. His son Crown Prince Otto succeeded him but claimed that like his father he was not allowed to enter the Kingdom or assume "residency and constitutional functions", and was not recognised as King. Hungary was proclaimed a republic by the National Assembly on 1 February 1946. Regent Miklós Horthy was deposed in 1944 by Adolf Hitler. Hyderabad Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII was deposed in 1948 when India invaded and annexed his country. I Iceland King Christian X of Denmark ceased to be King of Iceland in 1944 when the country became a republic by referendum and which terminated the Personal Union with Denmark.
1865_9	India (British) King-Emperor Edward VIII abdicated as Emperor of India in 1936 in favour of his brother George VI. King-Emperor George VI ceased to be Emperor of India when that title was abolished in 1948 (the country gained independence in 1947). India (Dominion) King George VI ceased to be king of the dominion of India in 1950 when the country became a republic. Iran (Imperial) Shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar Died in 1907. Shah Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar deposed by the constitutionalists in 1909. Shah Ahmad Shah Qajar deposed by Rezā Shāh in 1925. Shah Rezā Shāh abdicated in 1941. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was deposed by revolution in 1979. Iraq King Faisal II was deposed and murdered in 1958 in a military coup d'état.
1865_10	Ireland King Edward VIII abdicated as King of the Irish Free State in 1936 in favour of his brother George VI. King George VI ceased to be de jure King of the Irish Free State in 1936 when the monarch's constitutional role was eliminated. This led to a period in which it was unclear whether or not the King of Ireland was indeed the Irish head of state, as he retained a role as representative of the state in foreign affairs. This situation came to an end in 1949 when the Republic of Ireland Act came into force, stripping the King of his role in foreign affairs and making the President of Ireland de jure and de facto head of state. Italy King Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in 1946 in favour of his son Umberto II. King Umberto II was deposed by a referendum abolishing the monarchy in 1946. J
1865_11	Jordan King Abdullah I was assassinated in 1951 in favor of his son Talal I. King Talal I ruled from July 20, 1951 upon the assassination of his father, King Abdullah I until August 11, 1952. He was forced to abdicate due to schizophrenia and was succeeded by his son, King Hussein I. K Kenya Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of Kenya in 1964 when the country became a republic. Korea Emperor Gojong abdicated in 1907. Emperor Sunjong abdicated in 1910 by the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty. Kuwait Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait. He was deposed on 2 August 1990, when Iraq occupied Kuwait. He returned to Kuwait as emir on 14 March 1991. L Laos King Sisavang Vatthana was deposed in 1975.
1865_12	Lesotho King Moshoeshoe II was deposed in 1990 and reinstated in 1995. King Letsie III took the throne upon his father's, Moshoeshoe II, deposition in 1990. He later abdicated the throne in favor of his father (1995), and then reclaimed the throne on his father's death in 1996. Libya King Idris I was deposed in a coup led by Muammar Gaddafi on 1 September 1969 a day before his abdication was due to take effect. Lithuania Designated King-elect Mindaugas II (Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach), was deposed following the end of World War I in 1918. Luxembourg Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde abdicated in 1919 in favour of her sister Charlotte. Grand Duchess Charlotte abdicated in 1964 in favour of her son Jean. Grand Duke Jean, abdicated 2000. M Malawi Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of Malawi in 1966 when the country became a republic. Maldives Sultan Muhammad Fareed Didi was deposed in 1968, the same year the Maldives became a republic.
1865_13	Malta Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of Malta in 1974 when the country became a republic. Manchukuo Kangde Emperor (Puyi) was deposed in 1945, after Soviet intervention. Mauritius Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of Mauritius in 1992 when the country became a republic. Mohammerah Sheikh Khaz'al al-Ka'bi deposed in 1925 by Persia. Morocco Sultan Abdelaziz was deposed in 1908. Sultan Abdelhafid abdicated in 1912. Sultan Mohammed V was deposed by French in 1953 then restored in 1955. Sultan Mohammed Ben Aarafa abdicated in 1955. Montenegro King Nicholas I was deposed in 1918 by the Podgorica Assembly, then Montenegro merged with Serbia. N
1865_14	Nepal King Tribhuvan went into exile in 1950 and was replaced by his grandson Gyanendra, but returned in 1951 and was restored as King that year. King Gyanendra was removed as King in 1951 following the return of his grandfather. He returned to the throne in 2001 after the Nepalese royal massacre in which his brother Birendra was killed, but was forced to abdicate after the Constituent Assembly of Nepal with a huge majority decided to form Nepal a federal democratic Republic, hence dissolving the monarchy on May 28, 2008. King Tribhuvan, Died in 1955 and was replaced by Mahendra. King Mahendra Died in 1972 in favor of his son Birendra. Netherlands Queen Wilhelmina abdicated in 1948 in favour of her daughter Juliana. Queen Juliana abdicated in 1980 in favour of her daughter Beatrix. New Zealand King Edward VIII abdicated in 1936 in favour of his brother George VI. Nigeria Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of Nigeria in 1963 when the country became a republic.
1865_15	Norway King Oscar II was replaced in 1905, ending the Union between Sweden and Norway. King Haakon VII was deposed by Adolf Hitler in 1940, returned 1946. O Oman Sultan Said Bin Taimur of Muscat, was deposed in 1970 by his own son Qaboos of Oman. P Pakistan Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of Pakistan in 1956 when the country became a republic. Poland The portion of Poland formerly ruled by Russia was occupied by Germany and Austria in 1915 and proclaimed an independent kingdom in 1916. Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria was named King-elect, but the nation was declared a republic without ever actually having had a King in the 20th century. Portugal King Manuel II fled following a 1910 revolution after which Portugal became a Republic. Q
1865_16	Qatar Shaikh 'Abdu'llah bin Jasim Al-Thani, Ruler of Qatar, abdicated in 1949. Sheikh Ahmad ibn `Ali Al Thani sheikh of Qatar. He was deposed in 1972. Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of Qatar, was deposed by his son Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa on June 27, 1995. R Rhodesia Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of Rhodesia in 1970 when the country became a republic by referendum. The country and the title, however, were not recognised by international community nor The Queen herself. Rhodesia was still considered as a British colony until 1980. Romania King Michael I was removed as King in favour of his father Carol II in 1930. He returned to the throne in 1940, but was forced to abdicate in 1947 by the communist government. King Carol II abdicated in 1940 in favour of his son Michael I.
1865_17	Russia Emperor Nicholas II abdicated after the February Revolution of 1917, as did his named successor, his brother Grand Duke Michael (possibly known for a very short time as Michael II). Both Nicholas II and Michael separately were later murdered, as was all of Nicholas II's immediate family in 1918 (see the House of Romanov). The monarchy was abolished and replaced by a Provisional Government which was in turn overthrown months later by Lenin, which would by 1922 become the Soviet Union. Rwanda King Kigeli V was deposed 1961, but never abdicated. S Saudi Arabia King Saud was deposed by a coup in 1964. King Faisal was assassinated in 1975. Serbia King Peter I became King of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes after Montenegro was merged with Serbia in 1918 (Renamed Yugoslavia in 1929). Sierra Leone Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of Sierra Leone in 1971 when the country became a republic.
1865_18	Sikkim Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal ceased to be Chogyal (king) when India annexed Sikkim in 1975. South Africa King Edward VIII abdicated in 1936 in favour of his brother George VI. Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of South Africa in 1961 when the country became a republic by referendum. Spain King Alfonso XIII went into exile in 1931 and following this, the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed. (The monarchy was restored in 1975 under his grandson, King Juan Carlos I with the death of Dictator Francisco Franco.) Syria King Faisal I was elected to be king of Greater Syria. His reign lasted from March 11, 1920 until July 25 when he was expelled by French forces. T Tanganyika Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of Tanganyika in 1962 when the country became a republic. (Tanganyika was later united with Zanzibar, and Tanzania was formed.) Thailand King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) abdicated in 1935.
1865_19	Tibet The 14th Dalai Lama went into exile to India from Tibet during the 1959 Tibetan uprising. However Tibet had never claimed to be a sovereign state in modern history. Tibet was considered de facto independent until 1950, which she became an “Autonomous Region” under the PRC. Trinidad and Tobago Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of Trinidad and Tobago in 1976 when the country became a republic. Tunisia Bey Muhammad VII al-Munsif Bey of Tunis from 1942–43, when he was deposed by the Free French Forces. King Muhammad VIII al-Amin was deposed when Tunisia became a republic in 1957. Turkey (Ottoman Empire) Sultan Abdul Hamid II was deposed by Young Turks in 1909. Sultan Mehmed V Died in 1918. Sultan Mehmed VI was deposed following collapse of Ottoman Empire in 1922. Caliph Abdulmejid II was deposed in 1924. U Uganda Elizabeth II ceased to be Queen of Uganda in 1963 when the country became a republic.
1865_20	United Kingdom King Edward VIII abdicated on 11 December 1936 in favour of his brother George VI, later he became the Duke of Windsor. He also abdicated from the rest of the Dominions, but is listed separately under them. The dates of abdication are the same except in Ireland, where it occurred one day later for technical reasons. V Vietnam Emperor Bao Dai abdicated in 1945 when communists, called Viet Minh, seized control of the nation. Later on Ho Chi Minh, leader of Viet Minh, proclaimed the creation of Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Following the Geneva accords, Vietnam was partitioned and Bao Dai became Head of State (Quoc Truong) of the French controlled areas of Vietnam. He was never restored as emperor, and in 1955 was removed from office via referendum. Y Yemen King Muhammad al-Badr was deposed in 1962. Yugoslavia King Peter II was deposed by Axis powers in 1941 and by Josip Broz Tito in 1943 (deposition formalized in 1945). Z
1865_21	Zanzibar Sultan Sayyid Ali bin Hamud Sultan of Zanzibar, abdicated 1911 Sultan Sayyid Jamshid bin Abdullah Sultan of Zanzibar, overthrown 1964 (Zanzibar was later united with Tanganyika, and Tanzania was formed.) See also List of monarchs who abdicated List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 21st century List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 19th century List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 18th century List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 17th century List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 16th century List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 15th century List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 14th century List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 13th century List of monarchs who lost their thrones before the 13th century 20+ 20th-century rulers Lists of 20th-century people
1866_0	Zoila Ugarte de Landívar, also known by her pseudonym Zarelia, (June 27, 1864 – November 16, 1969) was an Ecuadorian writer, journalist, librarian, suffragist, and feminist. She was the first female journalist in Ecuador. Together with Hipatia Cárdenas de Bustamante, she was a key defender of women's suffrage in Ecuador. As an early figure in the realm of female Ecuadorian journalists, her career began in the late 1880s. She began to use the journalistic pseudonym Zarella in the weekly publication Tesoro del Hogar. She also became the first female director and editor of the political newspaper La Prensa in 1911. Early life Ugarte was born in 1864 in El Guabo, Ecuador, to Juan de Dios Ugarte Benavides and Juana Seas Pérez. She was the fifth of 11 siblings.
1866_1	After the death of her parents, she moved to Guayaquil, where she became a supporter of the liberal cause and began working as a journalist in the late 1880s. She began to use the pseudonym Zarelia in the weekly Tesoro del Hogar, founded by Lastenia Larriva de Llona, which was published between 1887 and 1893. Career During Ugarte's early years contributing poems and short prose pieces to Tesoro del Hogar, she befriended various figures in Guayaquil's intellectual movement, such as Dolores Sucre and Numa Pompilio. La Mujer Between 1895 and 1912 there was a boom of feminist writing in Ecuador, and Zoila Ugarte was one of the major figures of that movement. In 1905 she founded La Mujer, the country's first women's magazine. The magazine, which cost 40 cents at the time, contained articles about women's rights and their political, social, and workplace accomplishments. It also published stories, essays, and feminist articles written by women.
1866_2	The first editions of the magazine included contributions from such intellectuals of the period as Mercedes González de Moscoso, Ana María Albornoz, and Lastenia Larriva de Llona. Some of the authors contributed to the first issue anonymously, but beginning with the second issue the magazine's leaders pushed for them to write under their real names, with the goal of promoting writing by women in public spaces. In the first issue of La Mujer, Ugarte wrote:
1866_3	"Ignorance is not a guarantee of bliss, no matter what they say—we will never be convinced that an educated woman is incapable of domestic virtues; it seems impossible to us that she who is able to comprehend that which is abstract cannot serve any such role, which does not require talent but only a little will. We women, like men, possess a conscious soul, a thinking mind, more or less brilliant."In the second edition of the magazine, Ugarte wrote a historical essay about the Battle of Pichincha. The issue also included poems and stories, as well as an article titled "La broma" ("The Joke") as a response to the negative comments made in response to the publication of La Mujer. The magazine was shut down on various occasions because of its progressive messages and writing in favor of social and political rights for women.
1866_4	National Library From 1911 until 1920, Ugarte worked as the director of the National Library of Ecuador in Quito. Much of her literary and historical work was published in the bulletin of this institution, known as El Boletín, which she founded in 1918. She also carried out a restructuring of library's administrative policies. During this period, Ugarte oversaw the collection of documents pertaining to the Battle of Huachi, the colonization of Zamora, and the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, now known as the Central University of Ecuador. She also worked to preserve and catalogue documents from the Quito archives and historic documents from the Real Audiencia of Quito, the early Ecuadorian republic, and various presidential correspondences.
1866_5	Sculpture Ugarte complemented her passion for literature with another artistic endeavor: sculpture. In 1906, she enrolled in the Quito school of fine arts, which was founded during the presidency of Eloy Alfaro. There, she studied drawing, sculpture, lithography, and art history. Her work was reviewed in the Quito magazines Espejo and Revista de Bellas Artes, the latter of which she also contributed to, writing articles on aesthetics and art. In 1910 she held an exhibition of her work. Teaching Ugarte taught at various schools in Quito including the Liceo Fernández Madrid girls' school and the Manuela Cañizares school. Activism Liberalism In the magazines La Mujer, La Prensa, and El Girto del Pueblo, Ugarte expressed her inclination toward liberalism and her criticism of social and political problems of the day.
1866_6	On May 3, 1910, she published in the Quito newspaper La Patria an open letter directed to Ana Paredes de Alfaro, the wife of then-President Eloy Alfaro, in which she suggested Ana inform her husband that it would be prudent for him to leave power in order to prevent a lamentable situation for the Ecuadorian people. In 1912 she continued publishing articles in favor of liberalism in the newspapers La Prensa and La Patria.
1866_7	Feminism Ugarte was one of the earliest figures in Ecuador's liberal feminist movement in the early 20th century, as well as the growing workers' movement and broader class struggle. She was designated as an honorary member of the newspaper El Tipógrafo in 1905, and she wrote for the magazines El hogar cristiano, la Ondina del Guayas, and Alas, all of which formed part of the booming women's intellectual movement of the era. She founded the Anti-Clerical Feminist Center and fought for that movement alongside fellow feminists such as Hipatia Cárdenas de Bustamante, Mercedes Gonzáles de Moscoso, and Delia Ibarra. She not only fought for women's right to education, equality, and economic emancipation, but also for their right to vote and hold political office.
1866_8	In 1922, Ugarte founded the Light of Pichincha Feminist Society (Sociedad Feminista Luz del Pichincha) alongside María Angélica Idrobo; she also served as the president of the organization. Through this organization, she created a primary school and a night school for women, both of which were free to attend. She also visited various women's prisons, whose conditions she decried in her publications. In 1930, she invited feminists from the Spanish activist Belén de Sárraga's workshop to come speak at the Instituto Nacional Mejía in Quito. They subsequently traveled to various cities across the country, promoting women's rights. Ugarte then invited Belén de Sárraga herself to give a conference on feminism at the Guayas Workers' Confederation. Ugarte represented Ecuador at the international feminist organization of the Committee of the Americas and at the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in the 1940s.
1866_9	Personal life In 1893, she married the colonel Julio Landívar, with whom she had her only son, Jorge Landívar Ugarte. He would later become a journalist and forerunner of the old Ecuadorian Socialist Party. Final years and recognition During the final years of her life, Ugarte participated in various Quito cultural institutions, including serving as president of the city's Press Circle. She continued publishing articles in the newspaper El Universo and worked for both El Telégrafo and Espejo. After the death of her son Jorge Landívar in 1962, she moved into a nursing home in Quito. She died in Quito on November 16, 1969, at nearly 105 years old.
1866_10	Ugarte received a medal of honor from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1937. Her journalistic work was also honored by the Zoila Ugarte Committee, overseen by the journalist Tulio Henriquez Cestaris in Guayaquil, which compiled an autograph album full of words of appreciation and recognition from her intellectual contemporaries. She was also honored by the Press Circle in 1966. References 1864 births 1969 deaths Ecuadorian women writers Ecuadorian journalists Ecuadorian women journalists Ecuadorian suffragists Ecuadorian women activists 19th-century Ecuadorian women writers 20th-century Ecuadorian women writers People from Quito
1867_0	Walter FitzAlan (1177) was a twelfth-century English baron who became a Scottish magnate and Steward of Scotland. He was a younger son of Alan fitz Flaad and Avelina de Hesdin. In about 1136, Walter entered into the service of David I, King of Scotland. He became the king's dapifer or steward in about 1150, and served as such for three successive Scottish kings: David, Malcolm IV and William I. In time, the stewardship became hereditarily held by Walter's descendants. Walter started his career as a minor English baron. Upon arriving in Scotland, however, he received a substantial grant of lands from his Scottish sovereigns. These included the western provincial lordships of: Mearns, Strathgryfe, Renfrew and North Kyle. The caput of Walter's holdings is uncertain, although there is reason to suspect it was either Dundonald Castle or Renfrew Castle. Walter was a benefactor of several religious houses, and was the founder of Paisley Priory.
1867_1	There is reason to suspect that Walter took part in the Siege of Lisbon against the Moors in 1147. He probably assisted Malcolm in the series of Scottish invasions of Galloway in the 1160, which resulted in the downfall of Fergus, Lord of Galloway. In fact, Walter and the other colonial lords settled in western Scotland were probably intended to protect the Scottish realm from external threats located in regions such as Galloway and the Isles. In 1164, Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles invaded Scotland and was defeated near Renfrew. It is possible that the commander of the local Scottish forces was Walter himself.
1867_2	Walter was married to Eschina de Londres, an apparent member of the Londres/London family. There is reason to suspect that she was also matrilineally descended from a family native to southern Scotland. If correct, this could explain why Walter was granted the lands of Mow. Alternately, it is possible that Eschina's rights to Mow merely stemmed from her marriage to Walter. Eschina and Walter were the parents of Alan, Walter's successor. The couple may have also been the parents of a Christina, a woman who married into the Brus and Dunbar families. Walter was an ancestor of the Stewart family, from which descended the royal Stewart/Stuart dynasty. He died in 1177. Ancestry and arrival in Scotland Walter was a member of the Fitz Alan family. He was born in about 1110. Walter was a son of Alan fitz Flaald (died 1121×) and Avelina de Hesdin. Alan and Avelina had three sons: Jordan, William and Walter.
1867_3	Walter's father was a Breton knight who was granted lands in Shropshire by Henry I, King of England. Previous to this, Alan had acted as steward to the bishops of Dol in Brittany. Walter was a minor English landholder. He held North Stoke, north of Arundel, by way of a grant from his brother, William. There is reason to suspect that Walter also held Manhood, south of Chichester. He also held land at "Conelon" or "Couten", a place that possibly refers to Cound in Shropshire.
1867_4	Walter appears to have arrived in Scotland in about 1136, during the reign of David I, King of Scotland. Following Henry's death in 1135, the Fitz Alans evidently sided with David in his support of the contested English royal claims of Henry's daughter, Matilda. Certainly, both William and Walter witnessed acts of Matilda in 1141. In any event, the date of Walter's introduction into Scotland may be marked by the original part of the so-called "foundation charter" of Melrose Abbey, which records Walter as a witness.

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