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1879_40 | In 1995, Hill joined The North Face climbing team and was paid to travel around the world to climb. She first visited Kyrgyzstan's Karavshin Valley to climb with Alex Lowe, Kitty Calhoun, Jay Smith, Conrad Anker, Greg Child, Dan Osman, and Chris Noble. They camped for a month and were cut off from the world, without even a radio. In her autobiography, Hill writes that "such isolation made me feel vulnerable". Hill was not used to mountain climbing (as opposed to rock climbing) and the unpredictability of it unnerved her, with its increased risk of storms and rock slides. Furthermore, she liked focusing on the style of ascending rather than just summitting; she realized on this trip that her style of free climbing was not conducive to summitting or mountain climbing. Rather than pursue ever higher climbs, therefore, she chose to climb in new places, such as Morocco, Vietnam, Thailand, Scotland, Japan, Madagascar, Australia, and South America; many of these climbs were filmed and helped |
1879_41 | promote climbing in general. |
1879_42 | Hill started offering climbing camps in five locations in the United States in 2005, with plans for more. For US$2,000, participants received five days of an "immersive adventure camp", including one-on-one coaching from Hill and other famous climbers. As of 2012 Hill was living in Boulder, Colorado and still travelling widely. From Boulder she runs a small business offering climbing courses and also works as a technical adviser for various climbing gear companies. As of 2013, Hill was a sponsored athlete for the Patagonia gear and clothing company. While Hill used to easily obtain sponsorships, in 2010 she said in an interview that she was "too old" to obtain shoe sponsorships. |
1879_43 | Gender politics
Hill repeatedly tells a story from when she was 14 years old and bouldering in Joshua Tree: she succeeded on a route when a man came over and commented how surprised he was that she could do the route because even he could not. "I thought, well, why would you expect that you automatically could do it? Just because I was a small girl, was I not to be able to do it? It was a memorable experience because it occurred to me then that other people had a different view of what I should or shouldn't be capable of doing. I think that people should just do whatever they can do or want to do. It shouldn't be a matter of if they're a man or a woman. It shouldn't be a matter of one's sex." |
1879_44 | Long an advocate for gender equality in climbing, Hill has argued that men and women can climb the same routes: "I think they should have women compete on the same climbs as the men, and if the women can't do the climbs, then they shouldn't be competing". For example, she argued that both sexes compete on the same routes in World Cup competitions. However, Hill later revised her view, noting that while she could and did compete with men "spectators want to see people get to the top. And since most women aren't climbing at the same level as the top men, it's necessary to design a route that's a little easier for women". In answer to a question about whether or not women "will ever equal or surpass men in climbing", Hill gave a detailed response, focused on body composition, size, and psychology, explaining that climbing "favors people with high strength-to-weight ratios[s]", less body fat, and greater height, articulating that such characteristics often favor men but that women "have |
1879_45 | the advantage of being relatively light, with the capacity for tremendous endurance". She explained that "theoretically somebody as short as me could be the best in the world because it doesn't depend so much on height now ... And it's a psychological thing more than a physical thing." |
1879_46 | Hill experienced discrimination throughout her climbing career and in an interview with John Stieger in Climbing, she pointed out that despite her success and prowess at climbing, this was a problem for her. She pointed to sexist remarks from male climbers who believed particular routes were impossible for female climbers and the fact that "there's a lot less importance and prestige placed on women in climbing, no matter what your ability is". Hill has also commented extensively about how American culture encourages women to be passive and to forego developing muscles, which makes it harder for them to excel at climbing. She lamented this trend and was happy that her family and friends had allowed her to be the "tomboy" she wanted to be. Hill has explained that when competing she is not competing against men or women but with people's expectations of what women can do. |
1879_47 | Hill has been credited with bringing many women into rock climbing. The 1980s saw a large influx of women into the sport, in part because more women were visible in it and in part because Title IX funding mandated equal access for boys and girls to athletic programs in public schools. In answer to a question about her position as a role model for women climbers, Hill responded that she felt "responsible to communicate something that touches people, that inspires them, that gives them a sense of passion". Climber John Long explains that Hill "was a prodigy and everyone knew as much ... Twenty years ago, no female had ever climbed remotely as well as the best guys, so when Lynn began dusting us off—which she did with maddening frequency—folks offered up all kinds of fatuous explanations. Some diehards refused to believe a woman, and a five-foot article at that, could possibly be so good. Out at Josh, it was said Lynn shone owing to quartz monzonite's superior friction, which catered to |
1879_48 | her bantam weight. In Yosemite, her success apparently hinged on midget hands, which fit wonderfully into the infernal thin cracks. On limestone, she could plug three fingers into pockets where the rest of us managed two. In the desert Southwest, she enjoyed an alliance with coyotes—or maybe shape-shifters. Even after a heap of World Cup victories, it still took the climbing world an age to accept Lynn as the Chosen One, and perhaps her legacy was never established, once and for all, till she free climbed the Nose." |
1879_49 | Media |
1879_50 | Hill has participated in various television productions, such as Survival of the Fittest, which she won four seasons in a row, from 1980 to 1984; she beat Olympic athletes at rope climbing and cross-country running. It was rock climbing legend and personal hero Beverly Johnson who first asked Hill to compete. The inaugural year of the competition, the first prize for the men in the competition was US$15,000 and for the women, US$5,000. Angered, Hill asked for parity, arguing that since the women were competing in four events and the men six, the women should at least be awarded $10,000. She proposed a boycott to the other female competitors, negotiating a deal with the producer that the prize money would be raised the next year and she could compete again. In her autobiography, Hill writes that she heard a rumor that NBC canceled the women's half of the show because the producers could not find anyone to beat her. She "became increasingly aware of how few women were pushing the limits |
1879_51 | of climbing and endurance like I was, and of how my passion had led me very much into a man's world". During the early 1980s Hill also appeared on The Guinness Game, That's Incredible!, and Ripley's Believe it or Not. She describes her feat of climbing over a hot-air balloon at 6,000 feet for That's Incredible! as "perhaps the most ridiculous stunt I ever did". Despite the earlier television appearances Hill attributes her fame to a 1982 poster for the company Patagonia that showed a photograph of her climbing. |
1879_52 | In 1999, Hill appeared in Extreme, an IMAX film on adventure sports. For that production, she and Nancy Feagin had been filmed the previous May crack climbing in Indian Creek Valley in Utah. She also appeared in Vertical Frontier, a documentary about competitive climbing in California's Yosemite Valley. |
1879_53 | In 2002, Hill collaboratively wrote an autobiography, Climbing Free: My Life in the Vertical World, with mountaineer and writer Greg Child, published by W.W. Norton & Company. As she describes the process, "He would take my writings and organize them, and he encouraged me to elaborate on certain elements. He emphasized that telling the story is what's important, so he really helped me think about what I wanted to say, and figure out who my audience was." Hill explained in an interview that writing about past events was easier because she had had time to reflect on them. She wanted to "convey the history and culture of free climbing", specifically how it became as specialized as it is today. She felt that she had a unique perspective to offer, both as someone who climbed at a particular moment in climbing history and as a woman: "And I wonder if a male writer would have presented that information differently. I think the book is important from that stand point [sic], because I am a |
1879_54 | woman, and there are not many female viewpoints on climbing, or the history of climbing, out there." Writing about climbing in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s was dominated by men. As accomplished American climber and writer Rachel de Silva explains, the six major American climbing magazines published fewer than 12 articles a year by or about women during the 1980s despite women comprising 40% of climbers. It was not until 1990 that the first women-centric climbing books appeared. |
1879_55 | Personal life
Hill met fellow Gunks climber Russ Raffa on her first trip to New York and by 1984 he had become "her constant companion". On October 22, 1988, the two married; however, their relationship ended in March 1991 in part because Hill wanted children and because the couple rarely saw each other. At the same time, Hill moved to Grambois, France, to pursue her climbing career; she settled there because of the world-class climbing areas in the Lubéron region and the many friends she had there. While living and climbing in Europe, Hill became fluent in both French and Italian. |
1879_56 | Hill met her partner as of 2004, chef Brad Lynch, on a climbing trip in Moab, Utah, and at the age of 42, she gave birth to a son. Hill has spoken frequently about how having a child lessened the amount of time she had for climbing but not her love for it. As she said in one interview, "I feel that right now, it doesn't have to be all about me and my experiences. I was ready to begin a new role; to face new challenges and adventures as a mother. It's a good learning experience adjusting to the sacrifices that need to be made."
In 2015 she was inducted into the Boulder (Colorado) Sports Hall of Fame.
Notable ascents |
1879_57 | 1979, Ophir Broke II 5.12d, Telluride, Colorado − First free ascent and first-ever female ascent in history of a , with John Long
1979, Pea Brain 5.12d, Independence Pass, Colorado − First free ascent with John Long
1979, Stairway to Heaven III 5.12, Tahquitz Peak, California − First free ascent, with John Long and Tim Powell
1980, Coatamundi Whiteout II 5.12, Granite Mountain, Arizona − First free ascent, with John Long and Keith Cunning
1981, Hidden Arch 5.12a, Joshua Tree, California − First free ascent
1981, Levitation 29 IV 5.11a, Red Rock, Nevada − First free ascent, with John Long and Jorge and Joanne Urioste
1982, Blue Nubian 5.11, Joshua Tree, California − First free ascent
1984, Yellow Crack 5.12R/X, Shawangunks − First free ascent
1984, Vandals, 5.13a, Shawangunks − First ascent, and first-ever female ascent in history of a
1984, Organic Iron 5.12c, Shawangunks − First ascent
1985, Organic Iron 5.12c, Shawangunks − First free ascent, with Russ Raffa |
1879_58 | 1987, Girls Just Want to Have Fun 5.12 X, Shawangunks − First free ascent
1988, The Greatest Show on Earth 5.12d, New River Gorge, West Virginia − First free ascent
1989, Running Man 5.13d, Shawangunks − First free ascent
1990, Masse Critique 5.14a, Cimaï, France, − First-ever female redpoint in history of a
1992, Simon 5.13b, Frankenjura, Germany − First-ever female onsight in history of a
1993, The Nose 5.14a/b, El Capitan, Yosemite − First to free climb with partner Brooke Sandahl
1994, Mingus V 5.13a, 12 pitches, Verdon Gorge, France − First free ascent, onsight
1994, The Nose 5.14a/b, El Capitan, Yosemite − First free ascent
1995, Clodhopper Direct IV 5.10+, Central Pyramid, Kyrgyzstan − First ascent, with Greg Child
1995, Perestroika Crack V 5.12b, Peak Slesova, Kyrgyzstan − First free ascent, with Greg Child
1995, West Face V 5.12b, Peak 4810, Kyrgyzstan − First free ascent, with Alex Lowe
1997, Tete de Chou 5.13a, Todra Gorge, Morocco − First ascent |
1879_59 | 1998, Midnight Lightning , Camp 4, Yosemite − First female ascent of a famous American boulder.
1998, King Cobra , Camp 4, Yosemite − First female ascent
1998, To Bolt or Not to Be 5.14a, Smith Rocks, Oregon − First female ascent
1999, Scarface 5.14a, Smith Rocks, Oregon − First female ascent
1999, Bravo les Filles VI 5.13d A0, 13 pitches, Tsaranoro Massif, Madagascar − First ascent, with Nancy Feagin, Kath Pyke, and Beth Rodden
2004, Viva la Liberdad 5.12b, Vinales, Cuba − First ascent
2004, Sprayathon 5.13c, Rifle, Colorado − First female ascent
2005, West Face, Leaning Tower, V 5.13b/c, Yosemite − First female free ascent, with Katie Brown |
1879_60 | Competitions
1986, Grand-Prix d'Escalade, Troubat, winner
1987, Rock Master, Arco, Italy, winner
1987, World Indoor Rock Climbing Premier, winner, Grenoble, France
1988, Rock Master, Arco, Italy, winner
1988, International Climbing competition, winner, Marseille, France
1988, Masters Competition, winner, Paris, France
1989, Rock Master, Arco, Italy, winner
1989, Masters Competition, winner, Paris, France
1989, German Free Climbing Championships, winner
1989, International Climbing competition, winner
1989, World Cup, winner, Lyon, France
1990, Rock Master, Arco, Italy, winner
1990, World Cup, winner (tied with Isabelle Patissier from France), Lyon, France
1990, International Climbing competition, winner
1992, Rock Master, Arco, Italy, winner
Awards
1984 – American Alpine Club Underhill Award |
1879_61 | See also
History of rock climbing
List of first ascents (sport climbing)
Glossary of climbing terms
List of climbers and mountaineers
Valley Uprising A documentary about the history of climbing in Yosemite Valley, prominently featuring Hill.
References
Cited texts
External links
Climbandmore.com – Lynn Hill complete climbing profile
Lynn Hill climbs Midnight Lightning
Excerpts from a documentary about Lynn Hill climbing the Nose from the Autry National Center
Video showing Hill climbing West Face, Leaning Tower
Interview Lynn Hill and the Nose, El Capitan, Yosemite
Lynn Hill on theCrag (Profile with notable ascents)
1961 births
Living people
American rock climbers
Female climbers
Fullerton College alumni
Santa Monica College alumni
Sportspeople from Detroit
Sportspeople from Fullerton, California
People from Ulster County, New York
American sportswomen
21st-century American women |
1880_0 | Stony Creek is a -long seasonal river in Northern California. It is a tributary of the Sacramento River, draining a watershed of more than on the west side of the Sacramento Valley in Glenn, Colusa, Lake and Tehama Counties.
Originating on the eastern slope of the Coast Ranges, Stony Creek flows north through an extensive series of foothill valleys before turning east across the Sacramento Valley to its confluence with the Sacramento River, about west-southwest of Chico. Stony Creek is the second largest tributary to the west side of the Sacramento River; only Cottonwood Creek is larger. Stony Creek is an important source of water for agriculture in the Orland area. The river has native rainbow trout and historically had significant ocean-going runs of steelhead. |
1880_1 | Stony Creek was named for the large amount of rocks and sediments it once washed down from the mountains during floods. Today, most of the sediment is trapped behind Black Butte Dam, a flood-control structure built in 1963. It is labeled on some maps as "Stoney Creek" or "Stone Creek" and was historically known as the Capay River. |
1880_2 | Course
Stony Creek begins as North, Middle and South Forks in the Mendocino National Forest west of Stonyford. The North Fork, long, originates near the border of Lake and Glenn Counties, almost immediately flowing east into Glenn County, before turning south toward the Colusa County line. The Middle Fork begins near the summit of Snow Mountain, which at is the highest point in both Colusa and Lake Counties, in the Snow Mountain Wilderness. It flows west, north then east through Lake and Glenn Counties in a large semi-circle for , before joining with the Middle Fork in Colusa County. The South Fork flows in a northeast direction entirely within Colusa County, joining the Middle Fork less than a quarter-mile (0.4 km) upstream of the North Fork. The main stem of Stony Creek begins at the confluence of the North and Middle Forks. |
1880_3 | The main stem of Stony Creek flows east into Indian Valley, turning north at Stonyford and re-entering Glenn County, before receiving Little Stony Creek from the right. It continues in a generally northward direction for about through various parallel north-south ridges and sedimentary valleys of the Coast Range foothills. At Elk Creek it is dammed at Stony Gorge Dam to form Stony Gorge Reservoir. Below the dam it receives Briscoe and Elk Creeks from the left, and is crossed then paralleled for several miles by California State Route 162. It receives its largest tributary, Grindstone Creek, from the left at Grindstone Indian Rancheria. Stony Creek then turns sharply northeast, flowing through a wide valley towards Black Butte Lake. |
1880_4 | Black Butte Lake, formed by Black Butte Dam in Tehama County, is the largest reservoir on Stony Creek, covering more than in the lower Coast Range foothills. A second tributary called North Fork Stony Creek joins in the reservoir from the west. Downstream of Black Butte Dam surface water from Stony Creek is diverted into the Stony Creek Canal and other smaller ditches for irrigation. The river re-enters Glenn County, flowing in an east-southeast direction across the Sacramento Valley as a wide meandering stream. North of Orland, the largest town in the watershed, it is crossed by Interstate 5. It joins the Sacramento River south of Hamilton City and west of Chico at Sacramento river mile 190 (kilometer 306). |
1880_5 | The average unimpaired runoff of Stony Creek was for the period 1921 to 2003, with a maximum of in 1983 and a minimum of in 1977. Runoff peaks in the winter and early spring, with a low summer baseflow of less than . Historically, flood flows of could be expected once every 50 years. Dams now control the winter flow in lower Stony Creek to no more than , and the creek bed is often dry in the summer due to water diversions.
Watershed
The Stony Creek watershed consists of mostly in the Coast Range foothills and a smaller area of the Sacramento Valley. The area experiences a Mediterranean climate, with cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers. The annual precipitation, 90 percent of which falls between November and April, ranges from on the valley floor to in the headwaters. The watershed above Black Butte Dam drains about , or 95 percent of the whole. Grindstone Creek drains the largest area of any tributary, at , followed by Little Stony Creek at . |
1880_6 | Black Butte Dam is considered the boundary between the upper and lower Stony Creek watersheds. Above Black Butte Dam, most of the watershed is publicly owned in the Mendocino National Forest and various BLM and state lands, while about 96 percent of the lower watershed is privately owned. Lower Stony Creek has formed an extensive alluvial fan in the Sacramento Valley which slopes downhill to the east. The alluvial fan extends about north to south and east to west, and is made up mostly of fertile, well-drained soils. Beneath the surface is the Stony Creek aquifer, whose primary source of recharge is Stony Creek. The aquifer has an estimated volume of and is an important water source for agriculture. |
1880_7 | Water quality in upper Stony Creek is impacted by naturally occurring sources of mercury and drainage from abandoned mines, and lower Stony Creek is affected by pesticide runoff and high temperatures. Black Butte Lake has also suffered water quality issues, with a toxic blue-green algae bloom occurring most recently in summer 2017. The watershed in between Stony Gorge and Black Butte Dams is highly impacted by erosion, both due to overgrazing by sheep and cattle, and due to the naturally erosive geology of the area.
Agriculture makes up most of the local economy, with the major crops being almonds, olives, oranges, wheat, and corn, and also dairy operations and pasture. The upper watershed historically had a significant logging industry, although the amount of timber harvested saw a dramatic decline in the 1990s and has remained low since then. |
1880_8 | Geology |
1880_9 | Nearly all of Stony Creek's course is in Glenn County, where the landscape is divided into two major terranes, or crustal fragments that have accreted to the North American continent over millions of years. To the west is the Coast Range terrane, composed of folded, faulted marine rock from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods (about 200–65 million years old). Rocks of the Franciscan assemblage, consisting mainly of metamorphosed basalts and greywackes, predominate in the Coast Range. The Franciscan rock is highly erosive and is the major contributor to Stony Creek's high sediment load. The Stony Creek Formation, composed mainly of conglomerate, sandstone and shale, is found further east in the foothill transition zone between the Coast Ranges and Sacramento Valley. The Stony Creek formation is considered the northernmost end of the Great Valley Sequence, and the inactive Stony Creek Fault, which runs parallel to and east of upper Stony Creek, marks the boundary between the two. |
1880_10 | The Sacramento Valley terrane to the east is composed of sedimentary rock overlain by thick layers of fluvial sediments, mainly clay, gravel, sand and silt. About 450,000 years ago, Stony Creek's present outlet from the Coast Ranges was established, and the river began building its large alluvial fan, or inland delta, stretching from the Coast Range foothills to the Sacramento River. The delta is composed of a variety of igneous and sedimentary rocks from the Franciscan assemblage. Stony Creek has changed its course across the delta multiple times, with the current channel being established only about 10,000 years ago. Until the river was dammed in the 20th century, the fan was considered "active", or still in the process of being built by upstream sediments. |
1880_11 | Ecology
While the native grasslands and riparian habitats of the Sacramento Valley have been almost entirely replaced by agriculture, the foothill and mountain areas of the Stony Creek watershed have a diversity of plant communities. The lower foothills consist of grassland, valley oak, blue oak and blue oak-foothill pine woodland, and chaparral; higher in elevation, hardwood forests of live oak and black oak occur along streams, and Douglas fir, white fir, ponderosa pine, and sugar pine are abundant in the mid-elevation, mixed-conifer forests of the Coast Range. Red fir dominates above elevations of about , though only a small part of the watershed is that high in elevation. Most native perennial grasses in the watershed have been replaced by non-native annual grasses. |
1880_12 | Upper Stony Creek is home to a variety of native and introduced fish species, including rainbow trout, hardhead, bass, catfish and carp. There are 28 fish species in lower Stony Creek, of which 13 are native. Historically, anadromous fish (salmon and steelhead migrated from the Pacific Ocean, and up the Sacramento River and Stony Creek to spawn. Dams now form an impassable barrier for fish migration to upper Stony Creek; changes in stream flow patterns and gravel mining in the old river bed have adversely affected spawning habitat in lower Stony Creek. |
1880_13 | Historically, lower Stony Creek was a braided stream with a wide rocky bed, replenished each year by large volumes of sediment eroded off its watershed. The construction of Black Butte Dam in 1963 cut off 90 percent of sediment to the lower river and has led to what has been termed the "hungry water effect", where Stony Creek continues to erode its banks while no new sediment is deposited. The erosion problem has been made worse by fluctuating water releases for irrigation. As a result, the creek bed has become narrower and deeper, reducing spawning habitat for salmon and creating ideal conditions for invasive giant reed (arundo) and tamarisk. |
1880_14 | The Glenn County Resource Conservation District is undertaking an arundo and tamarisk removal program which includes both manual removal and chemical treatment. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has proposed a sediment management plan for the upper watershed which would reduce the amount of sediment flowing into reservoirs by 25 percent. In addition, there is a proposal to dredge gravel that has accumulated in Black Butte Lake and use it to replenish the river bed downstream, improving habitat for native fish. |
1880_15 | Human history
The Native American population in what is now Glenn and Colusa Counties was approximately 10,000 before the first Europeans arrived. Most of the Native Americans spoke Wintuan languages, with the Nomlaki being the main people in the Stony Creek area. Native people inhabited independent villages, with only a loose central tribal structure that existed mainly to facilitate trade. Villages were either clustered along the Sacramento River or in foothill valleys like those of Stony Creek; due to a lack of water there were no settlements on the alluvial plain, which also served as a dividing line between the "river Indians" and "foothill Indians". In dry years, when forage was scarce at lower elevations, thousands of natives migrated to temporary settlements along upper Stony Creek. Although the Native Americans practiced no agriculture, they frequently set brush fires which promoted the growth of certain plants they gathered for food. |
1880_16 | The beginning of European settlement was immediately prior to the California Gold Rush. During this time, Stony Creek was also known as the Capay River. The first known non-natives to visit the area were a party traveling from Oregon to Sutter's Fort in 1843. Near a village on Capay River, one of the group members killed a Native American, provoking native warriors to attack them some time later. John Sutter sent a force of fifty men to "punish" the natives and with the result that "great numbers of them were killed." The following year, General John Bidwell explored Stony Creek from a point west of Colusa down to its mouth, for the purposes of locating suitable land grants for settlers. On July 4, Bidwell camped on a hill across Stony Creek from the present day town of Elk Creek, where a monument has been erected in his honor. Fur trappers soon came to the area to catch beaver, which at the time were plentiful on Stony Creek, but they got into trouble with the Native Americans there |
1880_17 | and retreated in haste. |
1880_18 | A party led by Peter Lassen in 1845 (for whom Lassen County is named) quarried grindstones on a tributary of Stony Creek, which "they took down the river for sale at Sutter's [Fort] and San Francisco." That tributary is now called Grindstone Creek. General Bidwell remarked that "these grindstones... were doubtless the first "civilized" manufacture in Colusa County, if not in the entire northern part of the state." In 1846 Monroeville was settled at the mouth of Stony Creek, and it grew significantly in population during the Gold Rush. One of the first steamboats to ply the Sacramento River, the California, was wrecked at a bend not far from the mouth of Stony Creek. Uriah P. Monroe salvaged the remains and used the lumber to build the Monroeville hotel, which became a popular stop along the main Sacramento River road. A battle soon arose between Monroeville and Colusa, further south, to determine the county seat of newly formed Colusa County. In 1853 Colusa was officially made the |
1880_19 | county seat and Monroeville was abandoned; many residents left for St. John (founded 1856), and later Hamilton City, founded in 1905. |
1880_20 | In 1851 the Native Americans and US government signed a treaty establishing a reservation for "the tribes or bands of Indians living... on the Sacramento river from the mouth of Stone creek [sic] to the junction of Feather and Sacramento rivers, and on Feather river to the mouth of Yuba river." However, the treaty was not ratified. In the next few decades repeated epidemics of introduced diseases decimated the Native American population. Many native children were kidnapped from their villages, to be sold as domestic servants or farm laborers. Less than 5 percent of the native population remained by 1907, when the federal government granted them a small area of land north of Colusa. |
1880_21 | The upper Stony Creek area saw significant mining activity during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By 1894 the Whitlock and Oakes mines were extracting large amounts of chrome ore, near the eponymous settlement of Chrome along upper Stony Creek. The Oakes mine operated as late as World War II (as the Black Diamond mine), helping to meet the high wartime demand for chromite. Although the Stony Creek watershed was prospected for gold during the Gold Rush, gold mining never developed there on a large scale. Small amounts of copper, ochre, manganese, marble, mercury, dimension stone and coal have also been mined in the Stony Creek watershed. The bed of Stony Creek is still an important source of material for aggregate mining. In 1997, more than a million tons per year was still being extracted. |
1880_22 | Settlement in both the upper and lower watershed expanded quickly in the second half of the 19th century. Elk Creek began in the 1860s as a trading post and stagecoach stop; a post office was opened there in 1872. The town of Orland was founded in the early 1870s when the Southern Pacific Railroad reached the area, and soon became a major grain processing and shipping center. Hugh J. Glenn, an emigrant from Missouri who arrived in California in 1849, began planting wheat in the 1860s and after several years had amassed a farming empire of , for which he eventually got the nickname "The Wheat King". In 1891, Glenn County was named in honor of him when it was split from the northern half of Colusa County. Early dry-land farming by Glenn and others had the effect of damaging local soils; wheat yields fell considerably by the 1890s, after which cattle ranching became dominant. |
1880_23 | Starting in the 1880s, farmers attempted to irrigate using water from Stony Creek, without much success. In 1906, Congress authorized the Orland Irrigation Project, the first project of the newly formed Reclamation Service (now the Bureau of Reclamation). East Park Dam was built in 1908, and the first water was delivered in 1910. Stony Gorge Dam was completed much later, in 1926, after a severe drought convinced local water users to finance a second reservoir. A reliable supply of irrigation water encouraged hundreds of farmers to settle in the area, replacing the former pattern of large landowners. Reclamation relinquished project control to the Orland Unit Water Users' Association in 1954, and the government bonds were finally repaid in full in 1989.
Dams |
1880_24 | The dam and reservoir system on Stony Creek is one of the oldest in California built for agriculture and flood control. East Park Dam, impounding the Little Stony Creek tributary, is a concrete thick arch dam with a capacity of of water. The dam is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Rainbow Diversion Dam on Stony Creek diverts water into the East Park Feed Canal, which augments the water supply to East Park Reservoir. Stony Gorge Dam, impounding the main stem of Stony Creek about downstream of East Park, has a capacity of . Stony Gorge is one of only a few slab and buttress Ambursen-type dams constructed by the Bureau of Reclamation. Both East Park and Stony Gorge are used primarily for irrigation storage, with flood control as an incidental benefit. |
1880_25 | The earth-filled Black Butte Dam was constructed in 1963 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and is the main flood control facility for lower Stony Creek. Black Butte is not part of the Orland project, but can be used to store extra irrigation water in wet years. Its original capacity was , but heavy sediment build-up had reduced this to by 1997, and the reservoir continues to lose about per year to sedimentation. Downstream of Black Butte is the Orland project's Northside diversion dam, which diverts water into of main canals and of laterals, serving about of fertile farmland.
See also
List of rivers of California
References
Works cited
Rivers of Glenn County, California
Tributaries of the Sacramento River
Rivers of Northern California |
1881_0 | The French Open (), also known as Roland-Garros (), is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris, France, beginning in late May each year. The tournament and venue are named after the French aviator Roland Garros. The French Open is the premier clay court championship in the world and the only Grand Slam tournament currently held on this surface. It is chronologically the second of the four annual Grand Slam tournaments, the other three are the Australian Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open. Until 1975, the French Open was the only major tournament not played on grass. Between the seven rounds needed for a championship, the clay surface characteristics (slower pace, higher bounce), and the best-of-five-set men's singles matches, the French Open is widely regarded as the most physically demanding tournament in the world.
History |
1881_1 | Officially named in French les Internationaux de France de Tennis (the "French Internationals of Tennis" in English), the tournament itself uses the name Roland-Garros in all languages, and it is almost always called the French Open in English. (The stadium and tournament are both hyphenated as Roland-Garros because French spelling rules dictate that in the name of a place or event named after a person, the elements of the name are joined with a hyphen.) |
1881_2 | In 1891 the Championnat de France, which is commonly referred to in English as the French Championships, began. This was only open to tennis players who were members of French clubs. The first winner was H. Briggs, a Briton who resided in Paris and was a member of the Club Stade Français. In the final he defeated P. Baigneres in straight sets. The first women's singles tournament, with four entries, was held in 1897. The mixed doubles event was added in 1902 and the women's doubles in 1907. In the period of 1915–1919, no tournament was organized due to World War I. This tournament was played until 1924, using four venues: |
1881_3 | Societé de Sport de l'Île de Puteaux, in Puteaux, Île-de-France (next to the Seine river); played on the club's ten sand grounds laid out on a bed of rubble. 1891, 1893, 1894 (men's singles), 1895 (men's singles), 1897 (women's singles), 1902 (women's singles and mixed doubles), 1905 (women's singles and mixed doubles), 1907 (men's singles, women's singles, mixed doubles) editions.
The Croix-Catelan of the Racing Club de France (club founded in 1882 which initially had two lawn-tennis courts with four more grass (pelouse) courts opened some years later, but due to the difficulty of maintenance, they were eventually transformed into clay courts) in the Bois de Boulogne, Paris. 1892, 1894 (men's doubles), 1895 (men's doubles), 1897 (women's singles), 1901 (men's doubles), 1903 (men's doubles and mixed doubles), 1904, 1907 (men's doubles), 1908, 1910–1914, 1920–1924 editions. |
1881_4 | Tennis Club de Paris (club founded in 1895 which initially had four indoor wood courts and five outdoor clay courts), at 71, Boulevard Exelmans in the Auteuil neighborhood, Paris. 1896, 1897 (men's singles), 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901 (men's and women's singles), 1902 (men's singles), 1903 (men's singles and women's singles), 1905 (men's singles) and 1906 editions.
Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose in Bordeaux, on clay. Only played in 1909. |
1881_5 | In 1925, the French Championships became open to all amateurs internationally and was designated a major championship by the International Lawn Tennis Federation. It was held at the Stade Français in Saint-Cloud (site of the previous World Hard Court Championships) in 1925 and 1927, on clay courts. In 1926 the Croix-Catelan of the Racing Club de France hosted the event in Paris, site of the previous French club members only tournament, also on clay. |
1881_6 | Another clay court tournament, called the World Hard Court Championships, is sometimes considered the true precursor to the modern French Open as it admitted international competitors. This was held at Stade Français in Saint-Cloud, from 1912 to 1914, 1920, 1921 and 1923, with the 1922 event held in Brussels, Belgium. Winners of this tournament included world No. 1s such as Tony Wilding from New Zealand (1913, 1914) and Bill Tilden from the US (1921). In 1924 there was no World Hard Court Championships due to tennis being played at the Paris Olympic Games. |
1881_7 | After the Mousquetaires or Philadelphia Four (René Lacoste, Jean Borotra, Henri Cochet, and Jacques Brugnon) won the Davis Cup on American soil in 1927, the French decided to defend the cup in 1928 at a new tennis stadium at Porte d'Auteuil. The Stade de France had offered the tennis authorities three hectares of land with the condition that the new stadium must be named after the World War I aviator hero Roland Garros. The new Stade de Roland Garros (whose central court was renamed Court Philippe Chatrier in 1988) hosted that Davis Cup challenge. On May 24, 1928, the French International Championships moved there, and the event has been held there ever since. |
1881_8 | During World War II, the Tournoi de France was not held in 1940 and from 1941 through 1945 it took place on the same grounds, but those events are not recognized by the French governing body, the Fédération Française de Tennis. In 1946 and 1947, the French Championships were held after Wimbledon, making it the third Grand Slam event of the year. In 1968, the year of the French General Strike, the French Championships became the first Grand Slam tournament to go open, allowing both amateurs and professionals to compete. |
1881_9 | Since 1981, new prizes have been presented: the Prix Orange (for the player demonstrating the best sportsmanship and cooperative attitude with the press), the Prix Citron (for the player with the strongest character and personality) and the Prix Bourgeon (for the tennis player revelation of the year). In another novelty, since 2006 the tournament has begun on a Sunday, featuring 12 singles matches played on the three main courts. Additionally, on the eve of the tournament's opening, the traditional Benny Berthet exhibition day takes place, where the profits go to different charity associations. In March 2007, it was announced that the event would provide equal prize money for both men and women in all rounds for the first time. |
1881_10 | In 2010, it was announced that the French Open was considering a move away from Roland Garros as part of a continuing rejuvenation of the tournament. Plans to renovate and expand Roland Garros have put aside any such consideration, and the tournament remains in its long time home. |
1881_11 | Expansion in the early 21st century
From 2004 to 2008, plans were developed to build a covered stadium with a roof, as complaints continued over delayed matches. Various proposals were put forward to expand the facility or to move the French Open to a completely new, 55-court venue outside of Paris city limits. In 2011 the decision was taken to maintain the tournament within its existing venue. The expansion project called for a new stadium to be built alongside the historical Auteuil's greenhouses and expansion of old stadiums and the tournament village. A wide-ranging project to overhaul the venue was presented in 2011, including building a roof over Court Philippe-Chatrier, demolishing and replacing Court No. 1 with a grassy hill for outdoors viewing, and geographical extension of the venue eastward into the Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil. |
1881_12 | Legal opposition from environmental defence associations and other stakeholders delayed the works for several years as litigation ensued. In particular, the city council voted in May 2015 against the expansion project, but on 9 June 2015 Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo announced the signing of the construction permits, with work scheduled to begin in September of that year and conclude in 2019. In December 2015, the Administrative Court of Paris once again halted renovation work, but the French Tennis Federation won the right to proceed with the renovation on appeal. |
1881_13 | Renovation work finally commenced at the close of the 2018 edition of the tournament. Redeveloped seating and a retractable roof was constructed for Court Philippe-Chatrier and the new 5,000-seat Court Simonne-Mathieu was opened, having been named after France's second-highest achieving female tennis player, and noted for its innovative use of greenhouse encasing architecture. The renewal of the venue has been generally well received by the players and the public. The 2020 edition of the tournament, which was the first to be assisted by the roof over Philippe-Chatrier, was postponed to late September and early October and was played in front of limited spectators, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Floodlights were also installed over each of the courts in the precinct, allowing the tournament to facilitate night matches for the first time. In 2021, the tournament was back in the traditional slot of late May and early June.
Surface characteristics |
1881_14 | Clay courts slow down the ball and produce a high bounce when compared with grass courts or hard courts. For this reason, clay courts take away some of the advantages of big servers and serve-and-volleyers, which makes it hard for these types of players to dominate on the surface. For example, Pete Sampras, known for his huge serve and who won 14 Grand Slam titles, never won the French Open – his best result was reaching the semi-finals in 1996. Many other notable players have won multiple Grand Slam events but have never won the French Open, including John McEnroe, Frank Sedgman, John Newcombe, Venus Williams, Stefan Edberg, Boris Becker, Lleyton Hewitt, Jimmy Connors, Louise Brough, Virginia Wade or Martina Hingis; McEnroe and Edberg lost their only French Open finals appearances in five sets. |
1881_15 | On the other hand, players whose games are more suited to slower surfaces, such as Rafael Nadal, Björn Borg, Ivan Lendl, Mats Wilander, Justine Henin and Chris Evert, have found great success at this tournament. In the Open Era, the only male players who have won both the French Open and Wimbledon, played on faster grass courts, are Rod Laver, Jan Kodeš, Björn Borg, Andre Agassi, Rafael Nadal, Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic. Borg's French Open—Wimbledon double was achieved three times consecutively.
Composition of the courts
1. Red brick dust.
2. Crushed white limestone.
3. Clinker (coal residue).
4. Crushed gravel.
5. Drain rock.
Trophies |
1881_16 | The trophies have been awarded to the winners since 1953 and are manufactured by Mellerio dits Meller, a famous Parisian jewelry house. They are all made of pure silver with finely etched decorations on their side. Each new singles winner gets his or her name written on the base of the trophy. Winners receive custom-made pure silver replicas of the trophies they have won. They are usually presented by the President of the French Tennis Federation (FFT).
The trophy awarded to the winner of the men's singles is called the Coupe des Mousquetaires (The Musketeers' Cup). It is named in honor of the "Four Musketeers". The trophy weighs 14 kg, is 40 cm high and 19 cm wide. The current designed was created in 1981 by the Mellerio dit Meller. Each winner gets a smaller-size replica and the original remains property of the FFT at all times. |
1881_17 | The trophy awarded to the winner of the women's singles is called the Coupe Suzanne Lenglen (Suzanne Lenglen Cup) since 1979. The current cup was awarded for the first time in 1986. It is, with a few details, a replica of a cup offered at the time by the city of Nice to Suzanne Lenglen. This trophy, donated by Suzanne Lenglen's family to the Musée National du Sport, was awarded between 1979 and 1985 to every winner until the FFT made a copy. Each winner receives a smaller-size replica and the original remains property of the FFT at all times.
Rankings points and prize money
When a player makes it to the indicated round, they receive the points and money listed (provided they don't make it to a further round).
Point distribution
Men and women often receive point values based on the rules of their respective tours.
Senior points
Wheelchair points
Junior points |
1881_18 | Prize money
For 2021, the prize money pool was announced to be €34,367,215, a reduction of 10.53% compared to the prize pool for 2020 edition.
Champions
Former champions
Men's Singles, winners of the Coupe des Mousquetaires.
Women's Singles, winners of the Coupe Suzanne Lenglen.
Men's Doubles, winners of the Coupe Jacques Brugnon.
Women's Doubles, winners of the Coupe Simone Mathieu.
Mixed Doubles, winners of the Coupe Marcel Bernard.
Open Era champions
Current champions
Most recent finals
Records
French Championships (1891–1924) was only open to French clubs' members. In 1925, it opened to international players, and was later renamed the French Open in 1968, when it allowed professional b to compete with amateurs. See WHCC.
Television coverage
Broadcast rights to the French Open (as of 2018) are as follows:
France
France Télévisions and Eurosport hold the broadcast rights to the French Open until 2021. |
1881_19 | United Kingdom
ITV Sport and Eurosport held broadcasting rights to show the French Open tennis tournaments until 2021. The bulk of the daily coverage is broadcast on ITV4 although both singles finals plus other weekend matches are shown on ITV. John Inverdale hosts the coverage. Commentators include Nick Mullins, Jonathan Overend, Mark Petchey, Sam Smith, Jim Courier, Fabrice Santoro and Anne Keothavong.
Studio presentation for the French Open on Eurosport is hosted by Barbara Schett sometimes joined by Mats Wilander. Commentators include Simon Reed, Chris Bradnam, Nick Lester, Jason Goodall, Jo Durie, Frew McMillan, Arvind Parmar and Chris Wilkinson. |
1881_20 | United States
NBC's coverage of the French Open began in 1975. Tennis Channel owns pay television rights to the tournament. Coverage of morning window (U.S. time) matches were sub-licensed to ESPN for broadcast by ESPN2 from 2007 through 2015. In August 2015, ESPN announced that it would discontinue its sub-licensing and drop coverage of the French Open beginning in 2016, with network staff citing that because of the structure of the arrangement, its coverage "did not fit our successful model at the other three Majors"—where ESPN is the exclusive rightsholder. Tennis Channel chose to retain these rights under its new owner Sinclair Broadcast Group, nearly doubling the amount of coverage Tennis Channel will air from Roland Garros. |
1881_21 | Other than a three-year stint on CBS, NBC has remained the American television network home of the French Open since 1983. Since acquiring rights to the Indianapolis 500 in 2019, NBC's coverage begins on Memorial Day, the second day of the tournament; the network provides coverage windows on the holiday and the second weekend in the afternoon U.S. time. These windows consist of exclusive tape-delayed matches from earlier in the day, but any ongoing matches at the window's start are shown live to their conclusion. The later men's and women's semifinals are broadcast live on NBC in the Eastern Time Zone and tape-delayed in others, but since 2017 these matches are also simulcast on NBCSN to allow nationwide live coverage. Finals are live nationwide.
Other regions and countries
Europe – Eurosport and the Eurosport Player |
1881_22 | Ball boys and ball girls
At the 2020 French Open, there were 230 "ramasseurs de balles" (literally "gatherers of balls" in English). They are aged between 12 and 16 years old, and dress in matching shirts and shorts. The ball boys and ball girls are chosen to take part in the French Open through an application process, which in 2020 had approximately 4,000 applicants from across France. Upon selection they are trained in the weeks leading up to the French Open.
See also
Lists of champions
List of French Open champions (Open Era, all events)
List of French Open men's singles champions
List of French Open women's singles champions
List of French Open men's doubles champions
List of French Open women's doubles champions
List of French Open mixed doubles champions
List of French Open singles finalists during the open era, records and statistics
Other Grand Slam tournaments
Australian Open
Wimbledon
US Open
Notes
References
External links |
1881_23 | Roland Garros on France2
Roland Garros on ina.fr : more than 600 hours of audio/visual archives
Photos of Roland Garros
French Open – All winners and runners-up. Reference book
1891 establishments in France
Annual sporting events in France
16th arrondissement of Paris
Grand Slam (tennis) tournaments
Major tennis tournaments
Clay court tennis tournaments
Recurring sporting events established in 1891
June sporting events
May sporting events
Tennis in Paris
Tennis tournaments in France |
1882_0 | Edward Dean Winter (June 3, 1937 – March 8, 2001) was an American actor. He is best known for his recurring role, Colonel Samuel Flagg, in the television series M*A*S*H from 1973 to 1979.
His other notable television roles were as U.S. Air Force investigator Capt. Ben Ryan in season 2 of Project U.F.O. (1978–1979); and in Hollywood Beat (1985), 9 to 5 (1986–1988), and Herman's Head (1991–1994).
Winter received two Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical nominations for his performances in the original productions of Cabaret (1966) and Promises, Promises (1968). He also appeared in films such as A Change of Seasons (1980), Porky's II: The Next Day (1983), and The Buddy System (1984). |
1882_1 | Early career
Winter was born in Ventura, California, and began his acting career in Ashland, Oregon, as a member of the cast of the Oregon Shakespeare Festival. During the 1961 season, he played Claudius in Hamlet and stayed for an extended repertory season, where he appeared in The Boyfriend and Rashomon. He went on to early successes on Broadway. Winter was twice nominated for Tony Awards as Best Supporting or Featured Actor (Musical). The first was in 1967, as Ernst Ludwig in Cabaret, then in 1969, as J.D. Sheldrake in Promises, Promises.
He moved on to television, appearing on the daytime serials The Secret Storm and Somerset. |
1882_2 | Later career |
1882_3 | Winter was cast on M*A*S*H as Lt. Col. (later Col.) Flagg, becoming one of the program's more memorable and popular recurring characters. He appeared in seven episodes as Flagg during the show's 11-year run. The Flagg character was an intelligence agent (claiming to be C.I.A. several times) who brought a stereotypically paranoid, conspiracy-driven approach to his tasks. In some episodes his character was particularly vicious. Before his introduction as Flagg, Winter had appeared on the series as Captain Halloran. A number of fans have expressed the belief that Captain Halloran might have been one of Flagg's many aliases, especially as he said to Dr. Freedman, "we played poker once," which Captain Halloran had. However, this is debatable, as Halloran was a reasonably amiable character, whilst every other persona Flagg adopted was highly antagonistic, regardless of the alias. Winter reprised the role of Col. Flagg in an episode of the spin-off series AfterMASH in 1984. In 1985 he |
1882_4 | appeared in the pilot episode of Misfits of Science as a army officer who is killed trying to stop an insane general, played by Larry Linville. |
1882_5 | Winter also appeared in the TV show Alice, Season 2 Episode 7. He played Alice's possible boyfriend, Jack. Winter was a recurring character in the first season of the prime time sitcom Soap in 1977-78, portraying Congressman Walter McCallum, who was having an affair with the Tates' daughter, Eunice.
In 1974, he played a pedophile in the Marcus Welby, M.D. episode "The Outrage". The same year, he appeared in the films The Parallax View and The Disappearance of Flight 412. In 1976, he appeared in the crime comedy Special Delivery.
In 1976, he appeared in a season two episode of Phyllis, playing a boyfriend of Phyllis who comes out as gay. He also appeared in two memorable episodes of Dallas in 1981 as plastic surgeon Dr. Frank Waring, Mitch Cooper's mentor for a bit. |
1882_6 | In 1977, Winter appeared in an episode of Lou Grant titled "Housewarming," as a reporter who beat his wife. The same year, he appeared in the popular TV movie The Gathering, also starring Ed Asner, and "Never Con a Killer," the pilot for the crime drama The Feather and Father Gang. In 1976, he appeared in The Mary Tyler Moore Show, in which he played a congressman with a former tie to organized crime. He guest-starred in season one on The A-Team in the episode "Holiday in the Hills" and appeared in the season 5 episode "Road Games". |
1882_7 | Winter starred in the 1979 NBC primetime drama Project UFO and was featured in the 1980 film A Change of Seasons. He appeared as the corrupt county commissioner Bob Gebhardt in the 1983 movie Porky's II: The Next Day, the romantic comedy The Buddy System (1984), and in From the Hip (1987), also directed by Porky's director Bob Clark. In 1980 he played Clark Gable in the TV movie The Scarlett O'Hara War.
In 1982, he appeared in the Magnum, P.I. episode "Heal Thyself". Winter appeared in the season one episode of The A-Team, titled "Holiday In The Hills" in 1983. In 1985 he guest-starred as Capt. Hennessey in Episode 14, Season 4, Rules of the Game, of Cagney & Lacey. |
1882_8 | Winter co-starred in the 1986 TV movie A Christmas Gift as Thomas Renfield, with co-star John Denver. Three years later, he portrayed Las Vegas entertainer Johnny Roman in Mike Hammer: Murder Takes All. Winter guest-starred in The Golden Girls 1989 episode "Blind Date" as John Quinn, a blind man who dates Blanche despite her reservations due to his disability. He appeared on a 1991 episode of the television series Night Court as Clarence Egan. He appeared as Charlton 'Charlie' Chambers (as Ed Winter) in a 1990 episode of Columbo, "Rest in Peace, Mrs. Columbo". Winter had a recurring role on the Fox sitcom Herman's Head from 1991 to 1994. Winter portrayed Mr. Crawford, an executive at Waterton Publishing, where the series lead character Herman Brooks (William Ragsdale) worked. |
1882_9 | He appeared in the 1995 Seinfeld episode "The Beard" playing Robert's boss. Winter was featured as the real-life character of Carl Lawson in a 1995 episode of UPN's Real Ghosts, also known as Haunted Lives: True Ghost Stories. He did voice work on such programs as The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest, Duckman, Aaahh!!! Real Monsters, The Angry Beavers, Fantastic Max, Paddington Bear and the animated film Adventures in Odyssey: Shadow of a Doubt.
Death
In 2001, Winter died in Woodland Hills, California, of complications from Parkinson's disease. His ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean.
Filmography |
1882_10 | The Boston Strangler (1968) as Man in Hallway (uncredited)
Big Daddy (1973, TV movie)
M*A*S*H (1973-1979, TV Series) as Col. Samuel Flagg / Capt. Halloran
The Magician (1974, TV Series) as Ted Winters
The Parallax View (1974) as Senator Jameson
The Disappearance of Flight 412 (1974, TV movie) as Mr. Cheer
Special Delivery (1976) as Larry Pierce
The Invasion of Johnson County (1976, TV movie) as Major Edward Fershay
The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1976, TV Series) as Brian Nordquist (senatorial candidate)
Never Con a Killer (1977, TV movie) as Deputy DA J.C. Hadley
The Girl in the Empty Grave (1977, TV movie) as Dr Peter Cabe
Maude (1977, TV episode, The Ecologist) as Perry Flannery
The Gathering (1977, TV movie) as Roger
Soap (TV series) (1977-1978, TV Series) as Congressman Walter McCallum
Woman on the Run (1977, TV movie) as Daniel Frazier
Rendezvous Hotel (1979, TV movie) as Jim Becker
Mother and Daughter: The Loving War (1980, TV movie) as Doug |
1882_11 | The Scarlett O'Hara War (1980, TV movie) as Clark Gable
A Change of Seasons (1980) as Steven Rutledge
The Big Black Pill (1981, TV movie) as Jerrold Farinpour
Fly Away Home (1981, TV movie) as Lieutenant Colonel Pace
Family in Blue (1982, TV movie)
The First Time (1982, TV movie) as Captain Michael McKenzie
Wait Until Dark (1982, TV movie) as Sam Hendrix
The 25th Man (1982, TV movie) as Captain Mike Houston
Porky's II: The Next Day (1983) as Commissioner Bob Gebhardt
The A-Team (1983-1985, TV Series) as Racketeer Johnny Royce / Reporter Mitchell Barnes
The Buddy System (1983) as Jim Parks
The Last Honor of Kathryn Beck (1984, TV movie) as Carl Macaluso
Perry Mason: The Case of the Notorious Nun (1986, TV movie) as Jonathan Eastman
Stranded (1986, TV movie) as Tommy Claybourne
There Must Be a Pony (1986, TV movie) as David Hollis
The Christmas Gift (1986, TV movie) as Thomas A. Renfield |
1882_12 | Mathnet (1987, TV segment from Square One Television) as Clarence Sampson in The Problem of the Missing Baseball (pilot episode, filmed 1985)
From the Hip (1987) as Raymond Torkenson
The Golden Girls (1989, TV Series) as John Quinn
Mike Hammer: Murder Takes All (1989, TV movie) as Johnny Roman
Held Hostage: The Sis and Jerry Levin Story (1991, TV movie) as Bill Prentiss
The American Clock (1993, TV movie) as William Durant
Saved by the Bell: The College Years (1993, TV Series) as Mr. Burke |
1882_13 | References
External links
Edward Winter at Internet Off-Broadway Database
1937 births
2001 deaths
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Neurological disease deaths in California
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
People from Ventura, California
20th-century American male actors |
1883_0 | Bone is an American independently-published graphic novel series, written and illustrated by Jeff Smith, originally serialized in 55 irregularly released issues from 1991 to 2004.
Smith's black-and-white drawings, inspired by animated cartoons and comic strips, are singularly characterized by a mixture of both light-hearted comedy and dark fantasy thriller. The author, Jeff Smith, describes the comics as "a fish-out-of-water story. There are three modern characters who happen to be cartoons in the mold of Donald Duck or Bugs Bunny, and get lost in a fairy-tale valley. They spend a year there and make friends and enemies, finding themselves caught up in the trials and tribulations of the valley, and even a war".
The series was published bimonthly with some delays from June 1991 to June 2004. The series was self-published by Smith's Cartoon Books for issues #1-20, by Image Comics from issues #21-27, and back to Cartoon Books for issues #28-55. |
1883_1 | Bone has received numerous awards, among them ten Eisner Awards and eleven Harvey Awards.
In October 2019, Netflix announced the production of an upcoming Bone animated series. |
1883_2 | Summary |
1883_3 | The first volume of the series (Bone: Out from Boneville) follows Fone Bone and his two cousins, Phoncible P. "Phoney" Bone and Smiley Bone. When Phoney's campaign for mayor goes awry, the cousins are run out of their hometown of Boneville. After crossing a desert, Smiley finds a hand-drawn map that they use to navigate their way across the fantasy landscape. The cousins are separated by a sea of locusts and individually end up in a mysterious valley. Their journey is made more difficult by the rat creatures that are pursuing them on their travels. Eventually, they joyously reunite at a local tavern called Barrelhaven, where they are taken in by a mysterious girl named Thorn and her even more enigmatic grandmother. Fone Bone instantly develops a crush on Thorn and repeatedly attempts to express his love through poetry. As they stay longer in the Valley, they encounter humans and other creatures who are threatened by a dark entity, the Lord of the Locusts. The Bones, trying to escape |
1883_4 | to Boneville, are quickly drawn into the events around them, compelling them on a hero's journey to help free the Valley. |
1883_5 | The rest of the series is made up of similar quest stories, but with varying settings and plot lines. All of the comics maintain the elements of fantasy and humor that Smith employs in Out from Boneville, as well as the intensity of an adventure story.
Genre
The Bone comics are a series of fictional graphic novels, that tells stories of mystery, romance and adventure. Smith claims that the stories were not originally written for an adolescent audience; however, it is this age group that has supported the series most. The novels are written as fantasy stories, following a hero on their quest. They are also meant to be read as a comedy, with elements of sarcasm and exaggeration.
Smith is the author of a few suspenseful mystery novels, but he mainly produces graphic novels. Over the years he has published other graphic novels, written comics for DC Comics and created other comic book series. He is most famous, however, for Bone. |
1883_6 | Analysis
The author and illustrator, Jeff Smith, made the decision to create Bone in the classic black-and-white comic book style. Critics speculate that he did this so that he could maintain the clear lines that allow for exaggerated characters that contrast their subtle, detailed backgrounds.
The background of the story is mainly set in the Valley but Boneville is mentioned throughout. Boneville, although never actually shown, is implied as technologically contemporary: Fone refers to its extensive downtown and has comics for Smiley and a copy of Moby Dick in his pack, Phoney carries dollar bills, and Smiley refers to a PizzaInACup™ and a CornDogHut™. In contrast, the Valley is depicted as somewhat medieval, inasmuch as its citizens employ a barter system, weapons, and modes of transportation similar to those of the Middle Ages, and Phoney persistently refers to the valley people as "yokels". |
1883_7 | The series centers on the Bone cousins, bald cartoon characters. The group includes avaricious Phoncible P. "Phoney" Bone, goofy cigar-smoking Smiley Bone, and everyman character Fone Bone. Smith describes the characters in the comics as "modern" even though they possess the "timeless task of combatting evil, in order that goodness may triumph".
The comics take place in a fantasy world. They are known for their adventurous story lines and their humor, but they are also said to have a "darker subtext about power and evil".
Background
Author of the Bone comics, Jeff Smith, created the first sketch when he was about five years old, when he drew what looked like an old C-shaped telephone handset receiver. This original drawing, a frowning character with its mouth wide open, resembled characteristics of Phoney Bone, the grouchy cousin to Fone Bone. In 1970, when Smith was ten, he began making these drawings into comics. |
1883_8 | The comics had many major influences throughout their creation. For example, Smith tried to pattern Bone structurally around Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn. He enjoyed how it was a story which "start(s) off very simple, almost like children's stories... but as it goes on, it gets a little darker, and the themes become a little more sophisticated and more complex". Smith was also taken by Carl Barks' character Scrooge McDuck. Smith said that he "always wanted Uncle Scrooge to go on a longer adventure. I thought, 'Man, if you could just get a comic book of that quality, the length of say, War and Peace, or The Odyssey or something, that would be something I would love to read, and even as a kid I looked everywhere for that book, that Uncle Scrooge story that was 1,100 pages long". |
1883_9 | Other influences in this regard include the original Star Wars trilogy, J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and the classic fairy tales and mythologies that inspired those works. Moby Dick, Smith's favorite book, is cited for its multi-layered narrative and symbolism, numerous references to it are placed throughout Bone. Bone was also informed by other comics including Peanuts and Walt Kelly's comic strip Pogo.
While Smith attended the Ohio State University, he created a comic strip called "Thorn" for the student newspaper, The Lantern, which included some of the characters who later featured in Bone. |
1883_10 | After college, Smith and his friends produced animation work on commission in their studio, Character Builders Inc., but Smith eventually came to decide that it was not the type of cartooning he wished to do. Drawn to the idea that he could produce his own animated-type story but in the comics medium, and convinced by Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Returns and Art Spiegelman's Maus that a serious comic book with a beginning, middle and end structure was both artistically and commercially viable, Smith decided to produce Bone. |
1883_11 | In 1991, Smith launched his company, Cartoon Books, to publish the series. Initially, Smith self-published the book, which meant that he did all the work required to both produce and distribute the series as a business himself, including answering letters, doing all the graphics and lettering (which he did by hand), sending the artwork to the printer, handling orders and bookkeeping. This made it difficult to focus on writing and drawing the book, and as a result, he fell behind in his production. To remedy this, he asked his wife, Vijaya, to quit her lucrative job at a Silicon Valley startup company to run the business side of Bone as the President of Cartoon Books. As a result, Smith was able to refocus on drawing, and sales improved. In 1995, Smith began publishing Bone through Image Comics. Smith believed this would be a temporary arrangement, and to maintain the book's place in catalogs, the collected volumes remained under the Cartoon Books label. During the title's time at |
1883_12 | Image, the first 27 issues were reprinted by Image with new covers, which are distinguished by the Image logo in the upper left-hand corner of the cover. The Cartoon Books printings have black back covers, inset with a single panel reprinted from inside. First printings can be distinguished from later printings by changes in the color of the logo on the front cover. The comic and its story ended with its 55th issue, dated June 2004. The back cover has, in place of the usual comic panel, a black-and-white photo of Smith in his studio drawing the last page on May 10. In an interview on Attack of the Show, Smith revealed that he drew the last page before working on the first issue. The 55 issues have been collected into the following volumes. |
1883_13 | Publication history
Individual volumes
Other books published in the color series but not part of the main storyline are the prequel Rose, illustrated by Charles Vess; the Bone Handbook; and Tall Tales, which has a new story surrounding reprints of the Big Johnson Bone story, the Disney Adventures story, and a few new tales.
Issues from the Out from Boneville collection were also reprinted in the digest-sized children's magazine Disney Adventures, first in 1994 and later in 1997 through 1998. The issues usually consisted of 7–9 pages a month and were colored. The pages were also censored to remove smoking and drinking references and any innuendo involving Thorn and Fone Bone. There was also an exclusive story for Disney Adventures by Smith, featuring Fone and Phoney following a "treasure map". |
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