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1885_30 | The Iraqis hit back, claiming the destruction of a SeaCobra on 14 September 1983 (with YaKB machine gun), then three SeaCobras on 5 February 1984 and three more on 25 February 1984 (two with Falanga missiles, one with S-5 rockets). A 1982 news article published on the Iraqi Observer claimed an Iraqi Mi-24D shot down an Iranian F-4 Phantom II using its armaments, either antitank missiles, guns or S-5 unguided rockets. This claim was later debunked. |
1885_31 | After a lull in helicopter losses, each side lost a gunship on 13 February 1986. Later, a Mi-25 claimed a SeaCobra shot down with YaKB gun on 16 February, and a SeaCobra claimed a Mi-25 shot down with rockets on 18 February. The last engagement between the two types was on 22 May 1986, when Mi-25s shot down a SeaCobra. The final claim tally was 10 SeaCobras and 6 Mi-25s destroyed. The relatively small numbers and the inevitable disputes over actual kill numbers makes it unclear if one gunship had a real technical superiority over the other. Iraqi Mi-25s also claimed 43 kills against other Iranian helicopters, such as Agusta-Bell UH-1 Hueys.
In general, the Iraqi pilots liked the Mi-25, in particular for its high speed, long range, high versatility and large weapon load, but disliked the relatively ineffectual anti-tank guided weapons and lack of agility. The Mi-25 was also used by Iraq in chemical warfare against Iranians and Kurdish civilians in Halabja. |
1885_32 | Nicaraguan civil war (1980–1988)
Mi-25s were also used by the Nicaraguan Army during the civil war of the 1980s. Nicaragua received 12 Mi-25s (some sources claim 18) in the mid-1980s to deal with "Contra" insurgents. The Mi-25s performed ground attacks on the Contras and were also fast enough to intercept light aircraft being used by the insurgents. The U.S. Reagan Administration regarded introduction of the Mi-25s as a major escalation of tensions in Central America.
Two Mi-25s were shot down by Stingers fired by the Contras. A third Mi-25 was damaged while pursuing Contras near the Honduran border, when it was intercepted by Honduran F-86 Sabres and A-37 Dragonflies. A fourth was flown to Honduras by a defecting Sandinista pilot in December 1988. |
1885_33 | Sri Lankan Civil War (1987–2009)
The Indian Peace Keeping Force (1987–90) in Sri Lanka used Mi-24s when an Indian Air Force detachment was deployed there in support of the Indian and Sri Lankan armed forces in their fight against various Tamil militant groups such as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). It is believed that Indian losses were considerably reduced by the heavy fire support from their Mi-24s. The Indians lost no Mi-24s in the operation, as the Tigers had no weapons capable of downing the gunship at the time. |
1885_34 | Since 14 November 1995, the Mi-24 has been used by the Sri Lanka Air Force in the war against the LTTE terrorist group and has proved highly effective at providing close air support for ground forces. The Sri Lanka Air Force operates a mix of Mi-24/-35P and Mi-24V/-35 versions attached to its No. 9 Attack Helicopter Squadron. They have recently been upgraded with modern Israeli FLIR and electronic warfare systems. Five were upgraded to intercept aircraft by adding radar, fully functional helmet mounted target tracking systems, and AAMs. More than five Mi-24s have been lost to LTTE MANPADs, and another two lost in attacks on air bases, with one heavily damaged but later returned to service. |
1885_35 | Peruvian operations (1989–1995)
The Peruvian Air Force received 12 Mi-25Ds and 2 Mi-25DU from the Soviets in 1983, 1984, and 1985 after ordering them in the aftermath of 1981 Paquisha conflict with Ecuador. Seven more second hand units (4 Mi-24D and 3 Mi-25D) were obtained from Nicaragua in 1992. These have been permanently based at the Vitor airbase near La Joya ever since, operated by the 2nd Air Group of the 211th Air Squadron. Their first deployment occurred in June 1989 during the war against Communist guerrillas in the Peruvian highlands, mainly against Shining Path. Despite the conflict continuing, it has decreased in scale and is now limited to the jungle areas of Valley of Rivers Apurímac, Ene and Mantaro (VRAEM).
Gulf War (1991) |
1885_36 | The Mi-24 was also heavily employed by the Iraqi Army during their invasion of Kuwait, although most were withdrawn by Saddam Hussein when it became apparent that they would be needed to help retain his grip on power in the aftermath of the war. In the ensuing 1991 uprisings in Iraq, these helicopters were used against dissidents as well as fleeing civilian refugees.
Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002)
Three Mi-24Vs owned by Sierra Leone and flown by South African military contractors, including Neall Ellis, were used against RUF rebels. In 1995, they helped drive the RUF from the capital, Freetown. Neall Ellis also piloted a Mi-24 during the British-led Operation Barras against West Side Boys. Guinea also used its Mi-24s against the RUF on both sides of the border and was alleged to have provided air support to the LURD insurgency in northern Liberia in 2001–03. |
1885_37 | Croatian War of Independence (1990s)
Twelve Mi-24s were delivered to Croatia in 1993, and were used effectively in 1995 by the Croatian Army in Operation Storm against the Army of Krajina. The Mi-24 was used to strike deep into enemy territory and disrupt Krajina army communications. One Croatian Mi-24 crashed near the city of Drvar, Bosnia and Herzegovina due to strong winds. Both the pilot and the operator survived. The Mi-24s used by Croatia were obtained from Ukraine. One Mi-24 was modified to carry Mark 46 torpedoes. The helicopters were withdrawn from service in 2004.
First and Second Wars in Chechnya (1990s–2000s)
During the First and Second Chechen Wars, beginning in 1994 and 1999 respectively, Mi-24s were employed by the Russian armed forces.
In the first year of the Second Chechen War, 11 Mi-24s were lost by Russian forces, about half of which were lost as a result of enemy action. |
1885_38 | Cenepa War (1995)
Peru employed Mi-25s against Ecuadorian forces during the short Cenepa conflict in early 1995. The only loss occurred on 7 February, when a FAP Mi-25 was downed after being hit in quick succession by at least two, probably three, 9K38 Igla shoulder-fired missiles during a low-altitude mission over the Cenepa valley. The three crewmen were killed.
By 2011 two Mi-35P were purchased from Russia to reinforce the 211th Air Squadron.
Sudanese Civil War (1995–2005)
In 1995, the Sudanese Air Force acquired six Mi-24s for use in Southern Sudan and the Nuba mountains to engage the SPLA. At least two aircraft were lost in non-combat situations within the first year of operation. A further twelve were bought in 2001, and used extensively in the oil fields of Southern Sudan. Mi-24s were also deployed to Darfur in 2004–5. |
1885_39 | First and Second Congo Wars (1996–2003)
Three Mi-24s were used by Mobutu's army and were later acquired by the new Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. These were supplied to Zaire in 1997 as part of a French-Serbian contract. At least one was flown by Serbian mercenaries. One hit a power line and crashed on 27 March 1997, killing the three crew and four passengers. Zimbabwean Mi-24s were also operated in coordination with the Congolese Army.
The United Nations peacekeeping mission employed Indian Air Force Mi-24/-35 helicopters to provide support during the Second Congo War. The IAF has been operating in the region since 2003.
Kosovo War (1998–1999)
Two second-hand Mi-24Vs procured from Ukraine earlier in the 1990s were used by the Yugoslav Special Operation Unit (JSO) against Kosovo Albanian rebels during the Kosovo War.
Conflict in Macedonia (2001) |
1885_40 | The Macedonian military acquired used Ukrainian Mi-24Vs, which were then used frequently against Albanian insurgents during the 2001 conflict in Macedonia (now North Macedonia). The main areas of action were in Tetovo, Radusha and Aracinovo.
Ivorian Civil War (2002–2004)
During the Ivorian Civil War, five Mil Mi-24s piloted by mercenaries were used in support of government forces. They were later destroyed by the French Army in retaliation for an air attack on a French base that killed nine soldiers.
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) |
1885_41 | In 2008 and 2009, the Czech Republic donated six Mi-24s under the ANA Equipment Donation Programme. As a result, the Afghan National Army Air Corps (ANAAC) gained the ability to escort its own helicopters with heavily armed attack helicopters. ANAAC operates nine Mi-35s. Major Caleb Nimmo, a United States Air Force Pilot, was the first American to fly the Mi-35 Hind, or any Russian helicopter, in combat. On 13 September 2011, a Mi-35 of the Afghan Air Force was used to hold back an attack on ISAF and police buildings.
The Polish Helicopter Detachment contributed Mi-24s to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). The Polish pilots trained in Germany before deploying to Afghanistan and train with U.S. service personnel. On 26 January 2011, one Mi-24 caught on fire during takeoff from its base in Ghazni. One American and four Polish soldiers evacuated unharmed. |
1885_42 | India has also donated Mi-35s to Afghanistan. Four helicopters were to be supplied, with three already transferred in January 2016. The three Mi-35s made a big difference in the offensive against militants, according to General John Campbell, commander of US forces in Afghanistan.
Iraq War (2003–2011)
The Polish contingent in Iraq used six Mi-24Ds after December 2004. One of them crashed on 18 July 2006 in an air base in Al Diwaniyah. Polish Mi-24Ds used in Iraq were not returned to Poland due to their age, condition, low combat value of the Mi-24D variant, and high shipping costs; depending on their condition, they were transferred to the new Iraqi Army or scrapped. New Mi-35Ps were bought by the Polish Army as "replacements of equipment depleted during combat operations" for the Mi-24Ds used and left in Iraq. |
1885_43 | War in Somalia (2006–2009)
The Ethiopian Air Force operated about three Mil Mi-35 and ten Mil Mi-24D helicopter gunships in the Somali theater. One was shot down near the Mogadishu International Airport on 30 March 2007 by Somali insurgents. |
1885_44 | 2008 Russo-Georgian War |
1885_45 | Mil Mi-24s were used by both sides during the fighting in South Ossetia. During the war Georgian Air Force Mi-24s attacked their first targets on an early morning hour of 8 August, targeting the Ossetian presidential palace. The second target was a cement factory near Tskhinval, where major enemy forces and ammunition were located. The last combat mission of the GAF Mi-24s was on 11 August, when a large Russian convoy, consisting of light trucks and BMP IFVs which were heading to the Georgian village of Avnevi was targeted by Mi-24s, completely destroying the convoy. The Georgian Air Force lost 2 Mi-24s on Senaki air base. They were destroyed by Russian troops on the ground. Both helicopters were inoperational. The Russian army heavily used Mi-24s in the conflict. Russian upgraded Mi-24PNs were credited for destroying 2 Georgian T-72SIM1 tanks, using guided missiles at night time, though some sources attribute those kills to Mil Mi-28. The Russian army did not lose any Mi-24s |
1885_46 | throughout the conflict, mainly because those helicopters were deployed to areas where Georgian air defence was not active, though some were damaged by small arms fire and at least one Mi-24 was lost due to technical reasons. |
1885_47 | War in Chad (2008)
On returning to Abeche, one of the Chadian Mi-35s made a forced landing at the airport. It was claimed that it was shot down by rebels. |
1885_48 | Libyan civil war (2011)
The Libyan Air Force Mi-24s were used by both sides to attack enemy positions during the 2011 Libyan civil war. A number were captured by the rebels, who formed the Free Libyan Air Force together with other captured air assets. During the battle for Benina airport, one Mi-35 (serial number 853), was destroyed on the ground on 23 February 2011. In the same action, serial number 854 was captured by the rebels together with an Mi-14 (serial number 1406). Two Mi-35s operating for the pro-Gaddafi Libyan Air Force were destroyed on the ground on 26 March 2011 by French aircraft enforcing the no-fly zone. One Free Libyan Air Force Mi-25D (serial number 854, captured at the beginning of the revolt) violated the no-fly-zone on 9 April 2011 to strike loyalist positions in Ajdabiya. It was shot down by Libyan ground forces during the action. The pilot, Captain Hussein Al-Warfali, died in the crash. The rebels claimed that a number of other Mi-25s were shot down. |
1885_49 | 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis
Ukrainian army Mi-24P helicopters as part of the United Nations peacekeeping force fired four missiles at a pro-Gbagbo military camp in Ivory Coast's main city of Abidjan.
Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
The Syrian Air Force have used Mi-24s to attack rebels throughout Syria, including many of the nation's major cities. Controversy has surrounded an alleged delivery of Mi-25s to the Syrian military, due to Turkey and other NATO members disallowing such arms shipments through their territory.
On 3 November 2016, a Russian Mi-35 made an emergency landing near Syria's Palmyra city, and was hit and destroyed, most likely by an unguided recoilless weapon after it touched down. The crew returned safely to the Khmeimim air base. |
1885_50 | Second Kachin conflict (2011–present)
The Myanmar Air Force used the Mi-24 in the Kachin conflict against the Kachin Independence Army.
Two Mi-35 helicopters were shot down by the Kachin Independence Army during the heavy fighting in the mountains of northern Burma in 2012 and early 2013.
On 3 May 2021, in the morning, a Myanmar Air Force Mi-35 was shot down by the Kachin Independence Army, hit by a MANPADS during air raids involving attack helicopters and fighter jets. A video emerged showing the helicopter being hit while flying over a village.
Post-U.S. Iraqi insurgency
Iraq ordered a total of 34 Mi-35Ms in 2013, as part of an arms deal with Russia that also included Mi-28 attack helicopters. The delivery of the first four was announced by then-Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki in November 2013. |
1885_51 | Their first deployment began in late December against camps of the al-Qaeda linked Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and several Islamist militants in the al-Anbar province that had taken control of several areas of Fallujah and Ramadi. FLIR footage of the strikes has been released by the military.
On 3 October 2014, ISIL militants reportedly used a FN-6 shoulder-launched missile in Baiji to shoot down an Iraqi Army Mi-35M attack helicopter. Video footage released by ISIL militants shows at least another two Iraqi Mi-35s brought down by light anti-aircraft artillery.
Crimean crisis (2014)
During the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula, Russia deployed 13 Mi-24s to support their infantry as they advanced through the region. However these aircraft saw no combat during their deployment. |
1885_52 | War in Donbas (2014)
During the Siege of Sloviansk, on 2 May 2014, two Ukrainian Mi-24s were shot down by pro-Russian insurgents. The Ukrainian armed forces claim that they were downed by MANPADS while on patrol close to Slavyansk. The Ukrainian government confirmed that both aircraft were shot down, along with an Mi-8 damaged by small arms fire. Initial reports mentioned two dead and others wounded; later, five crew members were confirmed dead and one taken prisoner until being released on 5 May.
On 5 May 2014, another Ukrainian Mi-24 was forced to make an emergency landing after being hit by machine gun fire while on patrol close to Slavyansk. The Ukrainian forces recovered the two pilots and destroyed the helicopter with a rocket strike by an Su-25 aircraft to prevent its capture by pro-Russian insurgents.
Ukrainian Sukhoi Su-25 attack aircraft, with MiG-29 fighters providing top cover, supported Mi-24s during the battle for Donetsk Airport. |
1885_53 | On 13 October 2018, a Ukrainian Mi-24 shot down an Orlan-10 UAV using cannon fire near Lysychansk.
Chadian offensive against Boko Haram (2015)
Chadian Mi-24s were used during the 2015 West African offensive against Boko Haram.
Nagorno-Karabakh (2014–2016)
On 12 November 2014, Azerbaijani forces shot down an Armenian forces Mi-24 from a formation of two which were flying along the disputed border, close to the frontline between Azerbaijani and Armenian troops in the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh territory. The helicopter was hit by an Igla-S shoulder-launched missile fired by Azerbaijani soldiers while flying at low altitude and crashed, killing all three on board.
On 2 April 2016, during a clash between Azerbaijani and Armenian forces, an Azerbaijani Mi-24 helicopter was shot down by Nagorno-Karabakh forces. The downing was confirmed by the Azerbaijani defence ministry. |
1885_54 | Nagorno-Karabakh 2020
On November 9, 2020, during a clash between Azerbaijani and Armenian forces a Russian Mi-24 was shot down by Azerbaijani forces with a MANPADS. The downing was claimed to be an accident by the Azerbaijan Foreign Ministry. Two crew members were killed and one sustained moderate injuries. The Russian defence ministry confirmed the downing in a press release the same day.
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine at least one Mi-35 crashed - allegedly in Kherson Oblast.
Other users
On 20 August 2015, Pakistan ordered four Mi-35Ms, a number that is expected to grow. Russia completed the delivery of the helicopters in August 2017.
On 23 October 2019, Nigeria ordered 12 Mi-35s.
Belarus ordered 4 Mi-35Ms in August 2020.
Variants
Operators
Afghan Air Force
Algerian Air Force
Angolan Air Force
Armenian Air Force
Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army
Azerbaijani Air Forces
Belarus Air Force
Brazilian Air Force |
1885_55 | Bulgarian Air Force
Burkina Faso Air Force
Burundi National Army
Chadian Air Force
Congolese Air Force
Congolese Democratic Air Force
Cuban Air Force
Cyprus Air Forces
Czech Air Force
Djibouti Air Force
Egyptian Air Force
Equatorial Guinean Air Force
Eritrean Air Force
Ethiopian Air Force
Georgian Air Force
Guinean Air Force
Hungarian Air Force
Indian Air Force
Indonesian Army
Iraqi Army
Military of Kazakhstan
Military of Kyrgyzstan
Libyan Air Force
Air Force of Mali
Military of Mozambique
Myanmar Air Force
Namibian Air Force
Nicaraguan Air Force
Air Force of Niger
Nigerian Air Force
Korean People's Army Air and Anti-Air Force
Air Force of North Macedonia
Pakistan Army
Peruvian Air Force
Polish Land Forces
Russian Air Force
Border Service of Russia
Internal Troops of Russia
Rwandan Air Force
Serbian Air Force
Senegalese Air Force
Sierra Leone Air Wing
Sri Lanka Air Force
Sudanese Air Force |
1885_56 | Syrian Air Force
Military of Tajikistan
Military of Turkmenistan
Ugandan Air Force
Ukrainian Ground Forces
United States Army
United States Air Force
Cold War Air Museum
Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces
Army of Venezuela
Vietnam People's Air Force
Yemen Air Force
Air Force of Zimbabwe
Former operators
Croatian Air Force
Czechoslovakian Air Force
East German Air Force
German Army
Kampuchea
Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Air Force
Fuerza Aérea Sandinista
Slovakian Air Force
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen Air Force
Soviet Air Force
Special Operations Unit
Transnistria Air Force
Aircraft on display
Mi-24 helicopters can be seen in the following museums:
Specifications (Mi-24)
Popular culture
The Mi-24 has appeared in several films and has been a common feature in many video games.
See also
References
Further reading
External links |
1885_57 | Mil Mi-24, Mi-25, Mi-35 Hind Akbar at Indian military database
CzechAirSpotters gallery of Mi-24
Mi-24PN Gallery
Mi-24 service, tactics and variants
A Rescue Mission by Sri Lanka Air Force with Mi-24
Mi-24 Hind from modeller`s view
Mi-24D walkaround photos
1960s Soviet attack aircraft
1960s Soviet helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1969
Gunships
Mil aircraft
Military helicopters
Twin-turbine helicopters |
1886_0 | Dell Networking is the new name for the networking portfolio of Dell. In the first half of 2013, Dell started to re-brand their different existing networking product brands to Dell Networking. Dell Networking will be the new name for the networking-equipment that was known as Dell PowerConnect as well as the Force10 portfolio.
History
Dell used to be mainly a so-called box-shifter: they produced computers that could (only) be bought directly from Dell, but they didn't offer complete solutions. With the acquisition of Perot Systems Dell entered the market for the -more profitable- services market and also expanded on the software and system-management-market by buying KACE Networks, Quest Software, AppAssure and Credant Technologies. Other notable acquisitions include storage systems like EqualLogic, thin-client producer Wyse and firewall/security producer SonicWall. |
1886_1 | Networking
In 2011, Dell took over high-end network-equipment producer Force10 Networks that mainly produces multi-layer switches for data center environments, bringing Dell to the market for (enterprise and datacenter class) network equipment. Until then Dell didn't have their own network equipment: the switches that were sold under the brand PowerConnect were products designed and built -for Dell- by 3rd parties such as Broadcom and Marvell Technology Group. And Dell also offered existing products from other suppliers with a 'PowerConnect' sticker on it like the B-series for Brocade (Ethernet) switches or J-series for Juniper switches. But by buying Force10 and later network-security provider SonicWall the company now has its own intellectual property networking systems and stopped selling most J- and B-series switches but continued to offer the legacy PowerConnect products made by Broadcom and Marvell with some overlap in the Force10 products. |
1886_2 | In 2013 Dell begun the process to fully integrate these two product lines and rebrand the entire portfolio into Dell Networking, all running on Dell Networking Operating System (instead of FTOS and Powerconnect firmware). All new networking products will be marketed under the new name Dell Networking with a standardized naming-convention: Dell Networking -. Most existing PowerConnect products will keep their existing names until they will go 'end of sales' (EOS) when they are replaced by new Dell Networking products or will be rebranded to the new naming convention.
Product families
The Dell Networking products will come in several families. The new naming system will partially follow the existing Force10 naming system: E-series for chassis-based modular (core) switches, C-series for chassis-based datacenter-access switches, S-series rack switches and Z-series for distributed core-switches. |
1886_3 | Z series: Datacenter distributed core switches: 3 models, the original Z9000, 2 RU high with 32 x 40 Gbit/s QSFP+ Ethernet ports and its follow up Z9500, 3RU high with up to 132 x 40Gb QSFP+ slots. and the Z9100 including 100 Gb interfaces.
C series: Chassis based campus access/core switches: 2 original models, C150 (9RU) and C300 (13RU) for 1 and 10 Gbit/s and the new C9010 system supporting external port-extenders, where specific N-series models can be (re)used as chassis managed port extender.
E series: Virtualized core chassis-based switches. campus, office or data center aggregation/core switches: 3 models for 1 and 10 Gbit/s aggregation
S series: Fixed form-factor datacenter switches for 1, 10 and 40Gbit/s ethernet
X series: simple web-managed layer2 or l2+ campus switches based on Marvell networks chipset.
W series: existing PowerConnect Wireless range which are OEM-versions of the Aruba Networks portfolio |
1886_4 | M series: MXL and MIO modules running DNOS9.x and the existing PowerConnect M blade switches for the Dell M1000e chassis system including smaller versions of the MIOA/MXL switches for the FX2 mini chassis.
N series: Campus access and aggregation switches with models for PoE+ offering 10Gb or 40Gb uplinks to the core. N-series switches run DNOS6.x on a Linux kernel.
Legacy Powerconnect switches |
1886_5 | Current portfolio
Below is an overview of the current portfolio of Dell Networking switches, including active models under the PowerConnect name.
Dell PowerConnect
(For older products, not longer in active portfolio, please see the Dell PowerConnect page)
The current portfolio of Dell PowerConnect rack switches consists of the following series:
Power connect 2800 series : web-managed(only) 10/100/1000 ethernet switches
Power connect 3500 series : managed 10/100 Mb layer 2 switches
Power connect 5500 series : managed 10/100/1000 Mb layer 2 switches (with limited layer3 options)
Power connect 6200 series : managed multi-layer gigabit Ethernet switches
Power connect 7000 series : managed multi-layer gigabit Ethernet switches
Power connect 8100 series : managed multi-layer tengigabit Ethernet switches |
1886_6 | The PowerConnects 2800, 3500 and 5500 are based on Marvell Technology Group equipment while the PowerConnect 6200, 7000, 8100 and the blade-switches PCM6220, PCM6348 and PCM8024(-k) are powered by Broadcom
PowerConnect 2800
The Dell Networking PCT2800 web-managed switches are entry-level Ethernet switches that only offer a web-based GUI management interface. There are 4 models offering between 8 and 48 ports per switch. The interfaces on the switches are all copper-based gigabit Ethernet-ports and the 24 and 48 ports switches offer 2 or 4 'combo' ports where the last 2 (resp. 4) ports can use either the RJ45/UTP 1000BaseT copper-interface or a fiber SFP transceiver for uplinks to a distribution or core switch. All switches offer standard features like VLANs, link-aggregation, auto-negotiation for speed- and duplex setting. The MAC address-table can hold up to 8000 MAC addresses in its forwarding table and have a 2Mb packet-buffering capacity |
1886_7 | PowerConnect 3500
The PowerConnect 3500 series switches are Ethernet access-switches which comes in 4 models: the PCT3524 and PCT3548 with 24 resp 48 10/100Mb ethernet ports and the PCT3524P / PCT3548P with 24 or 48 10/100Mb with PoE option to power VOIP phones, Wifi Access-points or IP camera's.
All models can be provided with a redundant power supply for either pure redundant power or to provide a full PoE power budget for the 48 ports PoE switch. The technical specifications of the 'non-PoE' and the 'PoE' models are the same in regards to switching capabilities and the main difference between the 24 and 48 port models is the total forwarding rate of the switch: 12,8Gbit/s for both 24 port models and 17,6 Gbit/s for the 48 port models. As with the PCT2800 models the MAC address table can hold up to 8000 MAC addresses. |
1886_8 | Apart from all standard layer2 switching capabilities as VLAN's, link aggregation (static and LACP, dot1x access-security and dynamic VLAN assignment, the switches also offer some basic IP routing/layer 3 processing.
All PCT3500 switches offer two-gigabit ethernet (1000BaseT) ports for high-speed uplinks to distribution or core switches or for stacking of switches and two gigabits SFP ports for a 1Gbit/s fiber transceiver for uplinks to distribution/core layer. |
1886_9 | PowerConnect 5500
The PowerConnect 5500 series switches are gigabit ethernet access-switches, available in 4 models: either a 24 or 48 port gigabit ethernet switch or a 24/48 port gigabit ethernet switch with power-over-ethernet option. Regardless of the model, the switches offer two HDMI ports for stacking and two SFP+ 10Gbit transceiver ports for 10Gb uplinks.
The technical specifications of the 4 models are all the same, except for the number of ports and the PoE feature and the total switching capacity of 128 Gbit/s (24 port) or 176 Gbit/s (48 port) with a MAC address table size of 16.000 entries, up to 4000 VLAN's, support for link-aggregation, VLAN tagging, dot1x security, and dynamic VLAN assignment, etc. |
1886_10 | Although the switches are mainly layer2 ethernet switches they do offer some IP features like static routing (up to 64 static routes), IP or MAC-based access-lists, DHCP snooping, quality of service options and IGMP (multicast) features. Up to 8 switches out of the 5500 series can be stacked, using the built-in HDMI stack-ports, to form one logical switch. The switch also offers special features for a voice-VLAN as well as extensive options for dot1x security and dynamic VLAN assignment via RADIUS or TACACS+ server. For better energy efficiency the switch also offers Energy Efficient Ethernet or EEE (IEEE 802.3az) allowing the switch to negotiate a lower link-speed on access-interfaces when the connected client doesn't require the full bandwidth, and when the connected client requires more bandwidth than the active link speed it will (re)negotiate a higher speed. The PCT5500 series support Spanning-tree, Rapid Spanning-tree, and Multiple spanning-tree. The default setting is |
1886_11 | rapid-spanning tree.Other features offered by the PCT5500 series is port-mirroring, jumbo-frame support, dynamic ARP inspection, IGMP snooping, private VLAN configuration, LLDP/LLDP-MED, management-access-lists, etc. |
1886_12 | The two PoE enabled switches can offer up to 15.4 watts of power to each of the 24 or 48 copper gigabit interfaces. To provide (full) power to more than 24 ports, an extra 'redundant power supply' must be installed on the PCT5548P. In case of the failure of one of the power supplies, PoE priorities can be set to continue to give PoE power to the most important devices and switch off less important devices. |
1886_13 | Managed Multi-layer gigabit ethernet switches
Dell Networking offers two main-models for layer3 gigabit ethernet rack switches: the PowerConnect 6200 series and the PowerConnect 7000 series. In regards to available models for the number of ports, PoE support, and copper/fiber the PCT6200 and PCT7000 models are very similar. The basic features of both models are also very alike, but the PCT7000 series offer a range of additional features that are not available in the PCT6200. Some important differences between the PCT6200 and PCT7000 are that the PCT7000 offers a dedicated 'out-of-band' management interface. Although both switches are stackable, only PCT6200 models or PCT7000 models can be combined in a single stack. The only exception is that it is possible to combine the PCT7000 series with the blade-switch PCM6348 in a single stack. It is not possible to combine a PCT6200 rack switch with a PCM6220 blade-switch. |
1886_14 | Common features
The PCT6200 series is the first real 'multilayer switch' and the PCT7000 is a more advanced and powerful multi-layer switch. But for both models the following characteristics apply: besides the basic IP features offered by the PCT5500 the PCT6200 series (and above) are real multi-layer switches offering dynamic routing features like RIP and OSPF. The PCT6200/PCT7000 series offer either 24 or 48 port switches with a PoE enabled variant on both the 24 and 48 port. And there are also switches offering 24 SFP interfaces for an all-fiber network and/or to let the "-F series" switch be used as a distribution or core level with uplinks to remote access-switches via a fiber-optic link. |
1886_15 | Each of the models offers 24+4 or 48+4 ports on the front-side of the switch where the last (highest) 4 ports are so-called 'combo ports': for the 'copper' based switches (1000BaseT or PoE models) there is an option to connect up to four fiber links using an SFP transceiver instead of the corresponding RJ45 copper interfaces. And on the PCTxx24F up to four RJ45 UTP ports (without PoE) can be used.
On the back-side of each model, there are two extension-module bays that can be used for stacking or for 10Gbit uplinks offering two SFP+ transceiver ports. When stacking the PowerConnect series switches, the stacking module must be installed in bay1. |
1886_16 | Differences
Some of the most obvious differences between the PCT6200 models and the PCT7000 models are:
The PCT7000 also offers a dual 10GbaseT copper 10Gbit uplink module where the 6200 series only offers an SFP+ uplink module
The PCT6200 stacking module can also be configured to run as a 10Gbit Ethernet module with CX4 interfaces
On the PCT7000 series, a stack can be combined with the PCM6348 blade switch in a Dell M1000e chassis
The PCT7000 series offer an 'out of band' management interface which keeps management traffic out of the main switching/routing part of the switches.
The PCT7048R and PCT7048RA is a switch with redundant power-supply (without need for external RPS module) and the RA offers reverse-air flow (back to ports direction, compared to ports to 'power supply side' in normal airflow). The PCT6200 series has only standard airflow; for a redundant power supply, a separate (1 RU) RPS module is required. |
1886_17 | The PCT7000 series offers a wider range of supported SFP+ optics, including some long-range multi-mode 10Gb optics |
1886_18 | PowerConnect 8100
The latest addition on the PowerConnect portfolio is the Powerconnect 8132(f) and 8164(f) offering up to 32 or 64 10GbaseT or SFP+ ports. The 8164(f) also offers built-in two QSFP+ 40Gb ports. All the PCT8100 models have one expansion slot allowing to insert a dual QSFP+ port for two 40Gb interfaces or -with a break-out cable- 2 x 4 x SFP+ 10Gbit/s ports
Once the PCT8100 us updated to firmware level 6.0 or later, it is renamed to N4000 model. |
1886_19 | The PowerConnect 8100 series switches announced in 2012 offered 24 or 48 ports on 10Gb and 0 or 2 built-in ports for 40 Gb QSFP ports. All models also have one extension-module slot with either two QSFP 40Gb ports, 4 SFP+ 10Gb ports or 4 10GbaseT ports. It is a small (1U) switch with a high port-density and can be used as distribution or (collapsed)core switch for campus networks and for use in the datacenter it offers features such as loss-less ethernet for iSCSI and FCoE, data center bridging (DCB) and iSCSI Auto-configure
The PCT8100 series is a "multi-layer" switch which can be used as either a "pure" layer-2 ethernet-switch or as a "layer-3" switch with extensive IP routing functions. Most routing is done in hardware and can be done at (near) wire-speed. Management can be done via the "out-of-band" ethernet interface or "in-band" by connecting to one of the vlan-ip addresses. Management is possible via HTTP(s), telnet, SSH or even serial console cable. |
1886_20 | Up to 6 units in the 8100 series can be stacked to form one logical switch and any type of interface (10Gb or 40Gb, fiber-optical, or UTP copper) can be used for stacking. Similar to the rack-switches PCT7000 and PCT8024 series the switch offers an out-of-band fast-ethernet port for management as well as a serial console connection, required for initial configuration. The switch is built around the Broadcom Trident+ ASIC: the same ASIC as can be found in Cisco Nexus 5000 switches or Force10 models. The PowerConnect 8100 is initially released with firmware 5.0 of the switch-firmware which offers the same features as the PowerConnect 7000 and 8024 rack-switches and the different M-series Ethernet switches.
The underlying operating system of the PCT8100 is based on Linux 2.6 where all other 'Broadcom powered' PowerConnects run on VxWorks.
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1886_21 | Dell Networking H series
The Dell Networking H-series is really an OEM version of Intels' Omni-Path platform, which itself is an alternative for InfiniBand. When managing an OmniPath network many commands are very similar to Infiniband switches.
Dell Networking N series
The N-series switches come in 3 groups:
N1500: Gigabit layer2 switches
The N1500 offers a low budget step in the model compared to the N2000. The N1500 doesn't have dedicated (back-side) stacking-ports, but 10G ethernet uplink ports can be converted to stacking ports, and multiple N1500s can be stacked together. |
1886_22 | N2000: Gigabit layer2 switches
The N2000 is an Ethernet switch with limited IP capabilities. There are two 'sizes': 24 x 1GbaseT or 48 x 1GBaseT ports and each of them available as POE+ or standard switch. All models in the N20xx series can be stacked with other models in the same series. Although they do use the same stacking-cables as the N3000 series it is NOT possible to stack N2000 with N3000 switches. All models come with 2 x 10Gbase SFP+ uplink ports and two 'tweeting' stacking ports at the back. Management can be done by assigning an IP address to switch or one of the VLAN-interfaces. The N2000 is marketed as the follow-up for the legacy PowerConnect 5500 models as well as the Force10 S25 and S50 models. |
1886_23 | N3000: Gigabit multi-layer switches
The N3000 is hardware-wise pretty similar to the N2000 series but the OS offers advanced IP capabilities (including routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, PBR, etc.). Besides the 4 model choices as in N2000 (24 or 48 ports, with or without POE+) there is also the N3024F which offers 24 x SFP 1G ports.
Unlike the N2000 series, the N3000 has 'combo-ports': All 'copper' based switches offer 2 SFP 1Gb fiber ports (to be used instead of the two highest-numbered RJ45 1GBaseT port) and the N3024F offers two 1 GbaseT RJ45 combo ports (interface 23 and 24). All N3000 series switches also offer two SFP+ 10Gb uplink ports. Optionally, a module can be added for another two SFP+ ports or two 10GBaseT RJ45 ports. Stacking can be done via the built-in 'twenty gig' ports and for management, an out-of-band 1G Ethernet management port can be used. The N3000 series is the follow-up for the legacy PowerConnect 6200 and 7000 series as well as the Force10 S50/S55 switches. |
1886_24 | N4000: 10Gbit multi-layer switches
The N4000 series is the new name for the former PowerConnect 8100 series switch and any PCT8100 that is upgraded to a firmware above 6.0.0.0 will be renamed to an N40xx series switch. There are four main models: N4032F and N4064F with standard 24 or 48 x 10G SFP+ ports, 0 or 2 built-in QSFP+ ports and one module bay; and N4032 and N4064 with 24 or 48 x 10GbaseT RJ45 ports, 0 or 2 built-in QSFP+ ports, and one module bay. Each QSFP+ port can be split in a 4 x SFP+ port using a break-out cable. The module bay can accommodate either a two-port QSFP+, a 4 x 10GBaseT or a 4 x SFP+ module.
Stacking can be done via 10G or 40G ports, and the different N40xx series switches can 'mix and match' in a single stack. Management can be done 'in-band' or via the dedicated out-of-band 1Gb Ethernet interface. See also above section on the PowerConnect 8100 series for model-details. |
1886_25 | Datacenter switches
The former Force10 switches are now known as Dell Networking switches, but the model naming will be very similar to the old model naming in Force10:
Dell Networking S series
The current portfolio of Force10 switches can be split into two main ranges: existing S25, S50, S55, and S60 one gigabit rack-switches which are layer2 or multilayer access-switches and the S4810, S4820T and the new S5000 series.
The existing Force10 S-series datacenter bridges will be extended with the S5000 series modular switch. The S5000 will be a modular switch that can support 48 x 10Gb Ethernet ports + 4 x 40Gb QSFP ethernet or stacking ports. |
1886_26 | The main difference between the S4810 or S4820T series switches is that the S5000 is modular: it can start with fewer ports, and the second big change is that it will be able to have native 8Gb fibre channel ports modules, allowing to connect directly to a native fiber-channel switch (e.g. Brocade FC fabric). Like other switches in the DN S-series, the S5000 will support stacking and also Virtual Link Trunking: allowing the creation of an LACP port-channel from another switch or even server that terminates on two different (logical or physical) switches. |
1886_27 | The S5000 is targeted for data center networking as either a 10G access-switch or a datacenter distribution switches. It can also be used as (routing) core switch in smaller data centers. It fully supports Data Center Bridging (DCB) and can also be used as FCoE or Fibre Channel switch by using a FC interface module. It provides full FC logic allowing one to directly connect FC based SAN's to the switch to fully support FCoE or Converged Networking in combination with the other 10G switches in the Dell Networking range.
The latest S6000 is marketed as either a core or spine switch in a medium-sized datacenter or a leaf switch for (very) large datacenters. The S6000 offers 32 x 40Gb QSFP interfaces which can be 'split' into 4 x 10Gb by using either splitter direct-attached-cable (QSFP->4xSFP+) or optical splitter cables with a maximum of 96 10G SFP+ ports and 8 remaining 40Gb ports. The S6000 is based on the Broadcom Trident2 ASIC |
1886_28 | Dell Networking Z-series
Dell Networking Z-series has two models of high-capacity switches in a 2U (Z9000) or 3U (Z9500) form-factor. The original Z9000 offers 32 line-rate 40Gb QSFP ports while the new Z9500 offers 132 x 40Gb QSFP+ ports. It is possible to buy the Z9500 with only a number of the interfaces actually enabled and via additional licenses to be bought at a later moment in time datacenter owners can spread the investment with the growth of the traffic-demand.
Both switches are designed to be the 'spine' in a spine-leaf distributed core network-design and with the VLT technology fully redundant topologies can be built where two switches (partially) share the data pane but have independent management (unlike stacking where there is only a single management pane). |
1886_29 | Dell Networking chassis-based switches
Besides the range of campus (N-series) and datacenter top-of-rack form-factor switches (S- and Z-series) Dell also offers two ranges of chassis-based product lines: the C-series and the E-series.
The C-series are rebranded to the Dell model-number naming: one letter followed by 4 digits (instead of the legacy Force10 C150 and C300 chassis) while the E-series has not seen any name-change.
see main-article on Force10 chassis based switches
Sources and references
Networking |
1887_0 | Vera Lutter (born in Kaiserslautern, in 1960) is a German artist based in New York City. She works with several forms of digital media, including photography, projections, and video-sound installations. Through a multitude of processes, Lutter's oeuvre focuses on light and its ability articulate the passing time and movement within a tangible image.
Biography
Education
In 1991 Lutter received her degree from the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich where she trained as a sculptor. Thereafter, she enrolled in the Photography and Related Media program at the School of Visual Arts in New York, earning her MFA in 1995. |
1887_1 | Work
In the early 1990s, inspired by her move to New York and the city's light and architecture, the artist undertook her first experiments with the medium of pinhole photography. To capture a direct imprint of her environment, Lutter transformed the loft in which she lived into a camera obscura. Rather than using an optically carved lens Lutter found her focus through the aperture of a pinhole, projecting inverted images of the outside world onto mural-sized sheets of photographic paper. By exposing images directly onto photo paper instead of film the artist produces unique negative prints in an effort to maintain the immediacy of her images; a departure from the reproducibility associated with conventional photography. |
1887_2 | Lutter's most prominent work utilizes a room-sized camera obscura to capture her large black and white negative images. The subject matter of her work varies greatly from urban centers, industrial landscapes, abandoned factories, and transit sites, such as shipyards, airports, and train stations. The artist's home, New York has stayed a recurring subject in her work from many points of view, including Manhattan, the Pepsi-Cola sign in Long Island City, Queens, Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan, the former Nabisco factory in Beacon, as well as documenting the evolution of a construction site seen from her studio window. Lutter has also worked internationally, making images at the Frankfurt airport, the pyramids of Egypt, the Battersea power station in London, Venice, and the Rheinbraun surface mine in Hambach Germany. |
1887_3 | In advancement of her process, Lutter has incorporated her camera obscura images into architectural installation works. The first was Linger On in 2005, for which the artist printed a semi-translucent variant of her 1999 photograph of the Friedrichshafen Zeppelin onto large panels of acrylic. Lutter's work often deals with urban landscapes (Venice Portfolios, 2007). Later with Folding Four in One (2009), Lutter captured views from a clock tower in Brooklyn. Situated at the highest part of the building, the interior space of the clock tower is perfectly square with each of its four sides housing a large clock face. Backed with clear glass, each clock facilitates the entrance of light while demonstrating the steady evolution of time. With a camera obscura, Lutter made exposures of four different vistas of New York onto large sheets of film emulsion. The large-scale negatives were thereafter set between pieces of acrylic and installed in a square formation, suspended between floor and |
1887_4 | ceiling. Each image depicts one cardinal view seen from the tower, offering the experience of inhabiting an alternate time and space. These installation projects not only underscore the monumentality of Lutter's art, but also serve to reiterate the structural potential of light itself as the works become a literal part of the viewer's environment. |
1887_5 | But Lutter hasn't always worked exclusively with the camera obscura. In her project Samar Hussein (2009) the names of the estimated 100,000 civilian deaths caused by the American-led war on Iraq since the invasion on 20 March 2003 were accompanied by both printed and projected color images of the Hibiscus flower's life cycle. Lutter first explored the possibilities of color photography with Jai Brooklyn, a project produced in 2003/2009 memorializing the civilian deaths caused by the Iraq War. The names of those lost are displayed along the bottom of a projection of rotating images of a hibiscus plant in various stages of bloom and decay.
One Day stands as Lutter's first and most recent work in video and sound installation. For this piece, the artist made a twenty-four-hour recording in the Petit Camargue nature preserve just outside the French town of Saint-Louis. Through a fixed frame, Lutter captured a full day's cycle with all its subtle transformations in atmosphere. |
1887_6 | Concurrently, Lutter pursued new avenues in digital astronomic photography with the creation of Albescent, an ongoing project chronicling the ebb and flow of the moon. Since 2010, the artist has amassed numerous images of the sun and moon from international vantage points building a travel diary that considers the ubiquitous presence of these celestial bodies.
In 2012 Lutter began photographing works of art. This process began first at The Metropolitan Museum in New York, followed by the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., and more recently with a commission from the Museum of Modern Art in New. The resulting works act as both documentation and interpretation of the familiar in an unfamiliar manner. The time it takes to make such images can run as long as seven months and are exposed directly onto black and white photographic paper, leaving them in their negative format. |
1887_7 | In 2017 the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) invited Lutter to be their first ever artist in residence in response to the Museum's upcoming campus demolition and subsequent renovation. Using her room-size camera obscura process Lutter has been documenting the campus, galleries, and the museum's collection. The project is taking place since February 2017–Present and culminating in an upcoming exhibition in 2020.
Exhibitions
Lutter's images have been exhibited internationally in both group and solo exhibitions, including this select list of exhibitions: |
1887_8 | Solo Exhibitions
(2018) Vera Lutter: Turning Time, Gagosian Gallery, Britannia Street, London, England.
(2016) Paestum, Galleria Alfonso Artiaco, Naples, Italy.
(2016) Vera Lutter, Galerie Xippas, Geneva, Switzerland.
(2016) Inverted Worlds, New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, LA.
(2015–2016) Inverted Worlds, The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX.
(2015) Vera Lutter, Gagosian Gallery, New York, NY.
(2014) Vera Lutter, Galerie Max Hetzler, Berlin, Germany.
(2012) Vera Lutter, Carré d’Art – Musée d’art contemporain, Nîmes, France.
(2011) Egypt, Gagosian Gallery, London, UK.
(2009) Samar Hussein, Carolina Nitsch Project Room, New York, NY.
(2009) Vera Lutter, Gagosian Gallery, Los Angeles, CA.
(2007) Vera Lutter, Gagosian Gallery, New York, NY.
(2005–2006) Vera Lutter, Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX.
(2005) Vera Lutter: Nabisco Factory, Beacon, Dia: Beacon, Beacon, NY.
(2004) Vera Lutter: Battersea, Gagosian Gallery, London, UK. |
1887_9 | (2004) Inside In, Kunsthaus Graz, Graz, Austria.
(2002) Museum of Contemporary Photography, Chicago, IL.
(2001) Kunsthalle Basel, Basel, Switzerland, (with Hanspeter Hofmann)
(1999–2000) Time Traced: Vera Lutter and Rodney Graham, Dia: Chelsea – Dia Center for the Arts, New York City.
(1996) On New York, Wooster Gardens, New York, NY. |
1887_10 | Group Exhibitions
(2018) Sun Pictures Then and Now: Talbot and his Legacy Today, Photo London, London, UK.
(2017) Painting on Paper: Vera Lutter’s Old Master Photographs, TEFAF, Park Avenue Armory, New York, NY.
(2016–2017) Photography Reinvented: The Collection of Robert E. Meyerhoff and Rheda Becker, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
(2016) Deconstruction Photographique, Topographie de L’Art, Paris, France.
(2015) Industry, Now: Contemporary Photographs From the Mast Collection, MAST Foundation, Bologna, Italy.
(2014) Now You See It: Photography and Concealment, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY.
(2012) Project Pour l’Art Contemporain: 10 Ans d’Acquisitions, Centre Pompidou, Paris, France.
(2012) Skyscraper: Art and Architecture Against Gravity, Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, Chicago, IL.
(2012) Myths and Realities, School of Visual Arts, New York, NY. |
1887_11 | (2011) Legacy: Photographs from the Emily Fisher Landau Collection, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY.
(2011) Measuring the World: Heterotopias and Knowledge Spaces in Art, Kunsthaus Graz, Graz, Austria.
(2010–2011) Still / Moving, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel.
(2010) Crash, Gagosian Gallery, London, UK.
(2009–2010) Extended Family: Contemporary Connections, Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY.
(2009) elles, Centre Pompidou, Paris, France.
(2008–2009) Images from Venice, Fondation Beyeler, Basel, Switzerland.
(2002) 2002 Whitney Biennial, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY.*
(2001) What’s New: Recent Acquisitions in Photography, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY.
(1999) The Big Picture: Large Format Photography, Middlebury College Museum of Art, Middlebury, VT.
(1998) About Painting, Part III, Robert Miller Gallery, New York, NY.
(1997) CityScapes: A Survey of Urban Landscapes, Marlborough Gallery, New York, NY. |
1887_12 | Special projects
Painting on Paper: Vera Lutter's Old Master Photographs, Residency, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA. (2017–2018)
Nowhere Near, 601Artspace, New York, NY. Exhibition curated by the artist. (2009–2010)
Ariadne Unhinged, Gotham Chamber Opera, New York, NY. Set design by the artist, choreographed by, Karole Armitage. (2008)
Collections
Lutter's photographs are held in many permanent collections worldwide such as Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL; The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel; The Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), Los Angeles, CA; National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.; Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, Germany; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY; The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY; The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY; and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY among many others.
Awards and nominations |
1887_13 | Pollock-Krasner Foundation Grant. (2002)
John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship. (2001)
Artist-in-Residence, International Artists Studio Program in Sweden (IASPS). (2001)
Kulturstiftung der ZF Friedrichshafen Grant. (1999)
International Center for Advanced Studies Grant, Project on Cities and Urban Knowledge, New York University. (1997)
Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD) Grant. (1993)
References |
1887_14 | Further reading
Asthoff, Jens. Art Now Volume 2. Los Angeles: Taschen, 2005.
Bender, Thomas. New York: A Divided City. New York: Project on Cities and Urban Knowledge, 1998.
Budak, Adam, Lynne Cooke, Peter Pakesch, and Stephan Schmidt-Wulffen. Vera Lutter: Inside In. Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2004.
Cohen, Françoise, Douglas Crimp, Gertrud Koch and Steven Jacobs. Vera Lutter. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2012.
Cooke, Lynne and Michael Govan. Dia Beacon. New York: Distributed Art Publishers, Inc, 2003.
Hug, Alfons. 26th Bienal de São Paulo. São Paulo: Pavilhão Ciccillo Matarazzo, 2004.
Crary, Jonathan, Will Self, and David Sylvester. Vera Lutter: Battersea. London: Gagosian Gallery, 2004.
Mextorf, Lars. Out of the Camera: Analog Photography in the Digital Age. Germany: Kehrer Verlag Heidelberg, 2009.
Newman, Michael. Vera Lutter. New York: Gagosian Gallery, 2007. |
1887_15 | Protzman, Ferdinand. Landscape: Photographs of Time and Place. Washington: National Geographic, p. 91, 2003.
Roberts, Cutson. Vitamin Ph: New Perspectives on Photography. London: Phaidon Press, 2006.
Wolf, Sylvia and Adam Grundberg. Visions from America: Photographs from the Whitney Museum of American Art, 1940-2001. New York: Prestel, 2002.
Wollen, Peter. "Vera Lutter." Bomb Magazine, no. 85, Fall 2003, pp. 46–53. |
1887_16 | External links
2003 BOMB Magazine interview with Peter Wollen
Artist website (veralutter.net)
1960 births
Living people
American artists
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
School of Visual Arts alumni
German contemporary artists
20th-century American women artists
20th-century German women artists
21st-century American women |
1888_0 | The American Council on Education (ACE) is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) U.S. higher education association established in 1918. ACE's members are the leaders of approximately 1,700 accredited, degree-granting colleges and universities and higher education-related associations, organizations, and corporations. The organization, located in Washington, DC, conducts public policy advocacy, research, and other initiatives related to key higher education issues and offers leadership development programs to its members and others in the higher education community.
Leadership
Ted Mitchell became president of ACE on September 1, 2017. Prior to coming to ACE, Mitchell served as the U.S. Department of Education’s undersecretary of education in the Obama administration from 2014 to January 2017. He also served as president of Occidental College (CA) from 1999 to 2005. |
1888_1 | The current board chair is Barbara R. Snyder, president of Case Western Reserve University (OH). The vice chair is Mark P. Becker, president of Georgia State University. The secretary is Paul J. LeBlanc, president of Southern New Hampshire University. The Chair of the board is Michael Rao, president of Virginia Commonwealth University.
Programs and activities |
1888_2 | ACE coordinates programs and activities in a number of areas related to higher education, including policy and advocacy, leadership, attainment and innovation, internationalization, and research.
ACE's Division of Government and Public Affairs communicates with congressional and administration staff members about policy issues important to the higher education community. This includes submitting comments on proposed legislation and regulations, filing amicus curiae briefs in legal cases, and providing testimony for congressional hearings. The division also provides information on education issues and on ACE's policy positions to the media, the general public, and members of the higher education community. |
1888_3 | ACE's Leadership division announced a transformation in 2018 of its suite of programs towards a series of regional summits as well as a peer-to-peer online community platform and virtual library of content. ACE partnered with Noodle Partners, which helps universities create online and hybrid programs, to execute the digital portion of its redesign.
The ACE Fellows Program focuses on the study and practice of leadership through a one-year placement at another institution.
The ACE Women's Network connects women in higher education to support the professional development and advancement of women in the industry. The Executive Council of the ACE Women's Network leads an initiative called Moving the Needle, which works to increase gender parity in higher education senior leadership.
ACE's Center for Education Attainment and Innovation (CEAI) focuses on promoting post-traditional programs in higher education. ACE's CREDIT and Military programs fall under CEAI. |
1888_4 | ACE's College Credit Recommendation Service (CREDIT) was established in 1974 to help students gain access to academic credit for formal training taken outside traditional degree programs.
ACE Military Programs review military training and experiences for the award of equivalent college credits for members of the armed forces.
The Center for Internationalization and Global Engagement (CIGE) was created in 2011 to provide data and analysis to institutional leaders, policy makers, and practitioners.
CIGE's Internationalization Laboratory provides guidance to help colleges and universities with internationalization.
ACE's Center for Policy Research and Strategy (CPRS) produces studies and publications at the intersection of higher education policy and institutional strategy. |
1888_5 | History
Founding through World War II (1918–1945)
Representatives from 14 higher education associations formed the Emergency Council on Education in 1918 in Washington, DC. They soon changed the name to the American Council on Education and appointed Donald J. Cowling, the head of the Association of American Colleges and president of Carlton College (MN), to be the first president. |
1888_6 | After World War I ended on November 11, 1918, ACE redirected itself to more expansive peacetime roles. ACE President Samuel P. Capen reexamined the missions, objectives, and processes of various institutions and helped spearhead a standardized, professional evaluation and accreditation system for institutions of higher learning in the United States. ACE assisted in drafting and adopting criteria that reflected the basic standards of a sound postsecondary education and developed peer evaluation procedures to ensure an institution's academic quality. In 1920, the Council published the first official listing of accredited higher education institutions. |
1888_7 | In 1920, ACE established the Committee on the Training of Women for Professional Service to raise the status of working women to professional levels. The committee published its research of women in the workplace in The Educational Record in 1922. In 1927, ACE became the first educational organization to promote standard measures of achievement and potential through psychological exams for high school students and college freshmen. The Council published American Universities and Colleges in 1928, which offered information to students, parents, advisors, and educators on all accredited colleges and universities that offered a baccalaureate degree. |
1888_8 | Following the stock market crash in 1929, the 1930s saw decreased education options and labor markets. While the number of high school-age students increased by 2 million between 1930 and 1940, young people had fewer opportunities than ever before. In 1935, ACE organized the American Youth Commission to address the plight of millions of school-age adolescents.
In 1938, ACE began studying the effects of racism on black children in the United States and published a series of reports on equal opportunity in education, including Children of Bondage: The Personality Development of Negro Youth in the Urban South by Allison Davis and John Dollard (1940) and Growing Up in the Black Belt: Negro Youth in the Rural South by Charles Spurgeon Johnson (1941). |
1888_9 | In 1942, the Council spearheaded the General Educational Development (GED) test, a series of standardized exams used to measure a service member's proficiency in science, mathematics, social studies, reading, and writing among those who did not complete high school. That same year, ACE also developed the Military Evaluations Program to accurately award college credit for various military courses and training. The Council also helped draft and then lobbied for the passage of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, known as the GI Bill. |
1888_10 | Post-War through Civil Rights Era (1946–1975)
In 1946, President Harry Truman asked ACE President George F. Zook to chair the 28-member Presidential Commission on Higher Education charged with reexamining the United States' system of colleges and universities “in terms of its objectives, methods, and facilities; and in the light of the social role it has to play.” The Truman Commission, often called the Zook Commission, was the first time a U.S. president had asked for a national look at higher education, an area previously left to local and state governments. |
1888_11 | Also in 1946, ACE worked to support the creation and passage of Senator J. William Fulbright’s scholarship program, intended to advance mutual understanding of U.S. democracy both at home and overseas. Later that year, at President Truman's urging, ACE helped establish the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which provides international exchange opportunities for American scholars and administrators.
In 1947, ACE, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, and the College Entrance Examination Board formed the Educational Testing Service (ETS) to streamline the educational assessment process.
In 1949, ACE released a survey of college admission practices titled On Getting Into College, which found widespread admission discrimination against black, Jewish, and Catholic students. |
1888_12 | With the onset of the Cold War and the Korean War in 1951, ACE convened the Conference on Women in the Defense Decade. ACE then established the Commission on the Education of Women (CEW) to research and clarify issues related to women's higher education. Operating from 1953 to 1962, CEW issued two publications: How Fare American Women? in 1955 and The Span of a Woman’s Life and Learning in 1960. Both challenged the traditional notion that a liberal arts or home economics track was sufficient for women pursuing a postsecondary degree. |
1888_13 | In 1962, ACE formed the Committee on Equality of Educational Opportunity in the wake of issues that were raised during the integration of the University of Mississippi. Two years later, ACE established the Office of Urban Affairs, which evolved into the Office of Minorities in Higher Education. In 1964, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson asked ACE to assist in crafting language and policy for a piece of legislation to expand federal aid to all qualified students seeking higher education, which became the Higher Education Act of 1965.
The passage of Title IX in 1972 barring sex-based discrimination served as the impetus for ACE's creation of the Office of Women in Higher Education. The office was designed to help ACE's members interpret legislation, eliminate discriminatory practices, and increase women's participation at all levels of higher education—from students to professors to administrators.
End of the 20th Century (1976–2000) |
1888_14 | ACE helped define higher education's response to Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibited discrimination against individuals with disabilities. For secondary education, this included discrimination in recruitment, testing, admissions, and treatment after admissions. To foster results after the legislation's delayed implementation in 1977, ACE conducted a national survey of college freshmen who self-identified as disabled and then recommended accommodations and services to its member institutions. In 2000, ACE created the Higher Education and the Handicapped Resource Center (HEATH) to serve as the national clearinghouse of information regarding technical assistance in disability access. |
1888_15 | In 1977, ACE's Office of Women in Higher Education launched the National Identification Program for the Advancement of Women in Higher Education, known as ACE/NIP. Its objective was to identify talented women and enhance their visibility as leaders by holding national, state, and regional forums that addressed key leadership issues such as finance and ethics in education, the role of trustees, and importance of diversity to the educational mission.
In 1981, the Council created the Office of Minorities in Higher Education (OMHE) to help address the need for diversity in higher education.
In 1982, ACE published the first of its annual status reports on minorities in higher education; five years later, the Council created the Commission on Minority Participation in Education and American Life. |
1888_16 | In 1986, ACE conducted a national study to determine who the leaders of colleges and universities leaders were, what paths they had taken to the office, and what trends were impacting their role. ACE published the results the following year in the first edition of its American College President Study.
ACE created the National Center for Academic Achievement and Transfer (NCAAT) in 1989, which identified factors affecting student transfers to four-year institutions. A series of NCAAT studies published through 1992 examined ways community college curriculums could improve content, structure, and portability to best facilitate students' pursuit of a four-year degree.
ACE initiated the College Is Possible campaign in 1998 to bring awareness to the variety of scholarships, low-interest loans, and grants available to students of all academic and financial backgrounds. |
1888_17 | The New Millennium (2001–Present)
In an effort led by Dartmouth College's (NH) President James Wright, ACE assisted Senator Jim Webb (D-VA) in drafting the Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008, which expanded higher education benefits to veterans of 9/11 military service and their immediate families. ACE also assisted Senator Daniel Akaka of Hawaii in drafting the Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Improvements Act of 2010, which amended and improved the 2008 legislation, including benefits for some National Guard service members. |
1888_18 | With donations from private contributors, the Council began a seven-year effort in 2007 to provide academic support to more than 750 severely injured service members through a program called Severely Injured Military Veterans: Fulfilling Their Dreams (SIMV). SIMV provided support services to service members, veterans, and their family members during their recovery at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. |
1888_19 | After implementing Solutions for Our Future, a three-year campaign about the importance of higher education in society, ACE worked with the Ad Council and the Lumina Foundation to create 2007’s KnowHow2GO, a program designed to help low-income, first-generation middle school students prepare for college. In 2011, ACE launched the American College Application Campaign, a national initiative conducted state by state to assist low-income, first-generation high school seniors to complete and submit at least one college application. That same year, ACE helped convene the National Commission on Higher Education Attainment to improve college student retention and degree completion. |
1888_20 | ACE has filed more than 200 amicus curiae (friend of the court) briefs over the years. Among them are submissions in 2003 to the U.S. Supreme Court in the University of Michigan's Grutter v. Bollinger case, and in 2013 and 2015 in the Court's two reviews of lower court rulings in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin.
In 2013, ACE President Molly Corbett Broad, along with 15 other higher education leaders, was invited by a bipartisan group of U.S. senators to be a part of the Task Force on Federal Regulation of Higher Education. William E. Kirwan, then chancellor of the University System of Maryland, and Nicholas S. Zeppos, chancellor of Vanderbilt University, co-chaired the task force, while ACE was requested to provide staff support. The culminating report, Recalibrating Regulation of Colleges and Universities, was released in 2015. |
1888_21 | Past ACE Presidents
Seth Ace Anderson (2008-2020)
David Ward (university president) (2001–2008)
Stanley O. Ikenberry (1996–2001)
Robert A. Atwell (1984–1996)
Jack W. Peltason (1977–1984)
Roger W. Heyns (1972–1977)
Logan Wilson (1961–1971)
Arthur S. Adams (1951–1961)
George F. Zook (1934–1950)
Charles Riborg Mann (1922–1934)
Samuel P. Capen (1919–1922)
Donald J. Cowling (1918–1919)
References
External links
American Council on Education Records at the Hoover Institution Archives
Student Aid Alliance
Washington Higher Education Secretariat
American Council on Education. Commission on the Education of Women. Records, 1953–1961. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
Educational organizations based in the United States |
1889_0 | The Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway is a new standard gauge international railway that serves as the backbone of the new Ethiopian National Railway Network. The railway was inaugurated by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn on January 1, 2018. It provides landlocked Ethiopia with access to the sea, linking Ethiopia's capital of Addis Ababa with Djibouti and its Port of Doraleh. More than 95% of Ethiopia's trade passes through Djibouti, accounting for 70% of the activity at the Port of Djibouti.
The total railway capacity is 24.9 million tonnes of freight annually, with 6 million tonnes annually expected in 2023. These plans are accompanied by construction works at the Port of Doraleh to expand the annual cargo handling capacity from 6 to 14 million tonnes, with the aim of reaching 10 million tonnes of cargo by 2022. |
1889_1 | In 2019 the railway transported 84 073 passengers and generated US$1.2 million in revenue from that service, less than in 2018. In 2019 the railway generated US$40 million in both passenger and cargo revenue, far below the operating cost of US$70 million. During the first half of 2020, the railway transported 0.7 million tonnes of freight.
Railway
Operator
The railway line is jointly owned by both the Djiboutian and Ethiopian governments. In Ethiopia, the state-owned Ethiopian Railway Corporation represents the owner of the railway.
The Ethio-Djibouti Standard Gauge Rail Transport S.C., a bi-national public company headquartered in Addis Ababa, was formed in 2017 to operate the railway. It is owned by the governments of Ethiopia (75% share) and Djibouti (25% share). Ethiopia holds the CEO post, represented through the Ethiopian Minister of Transport. The company currently occupies an administrative role, but it will take over railway operations at the beginning of 2024. |
1889_2 | Through 2023, all operations on the new railway will be undertaken jointly by the China Railway Group Limited (CREC) and the China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC). During this time, the companies will train local employees so that they can take over railway operations at the conclusion of the initial operation period. The Ethiopian Railway Corporation has also established the African Railway Academy in Bishoftu to graduate rail engineers.
Route
The Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway runs roughly parallel to the old metre-gauge Ethio–Djibouti Railway for most of its length. However, the standard-gauge railway is built on a new, straighter right-of-way that allows for much higher speeds. New stations have been built outside city centres, and most of the old railway stations have been decommissioned. There are 68 viaducts and bridges, comprising 3% of the railway's total length. There are no tunnels. |
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