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1892_10 | Healy from The New York Times wrote that the play "at times paints heartless images of Israelis." |
1892_11 | The Board of Deputies of British Jews, invited to preview the play, accused Churchill of being "Anti-Israel". Jonathan Hoffman, co-vice chairman of the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland, called the play "a libellous and despicable demonisation of Israeli parents and grandparents" and expressed fear that it would "stoke the fires of antisemitism". He added that the play is a modern blood libel drawing on old anti-Semitic myths. |
1892_12 | A letter from 59 well-known British Jews was published in the Daily Telegraph claiming that Seven Jewish Children reinforces "false stereotypes" and demonises Israel by depicting Israelis as "inhuman triumphalists" who teach their children "Arabs must be hated", and further that it is "historically inaccurate" since it "fails to say that the Six-Day War was a defensive war" and doesn't contain Israel's "withdrawal from Gaza in 2005" or the "more than 6,000 rockets" launched indiscriminately by Hamas. Signatories included Professor Geoffrey Alderman, the Michael Gross Professor of Modern History at the University of Buckingham; Maureen Lipman, the actress; Ronald Harwood, the Oscar-winning screenwriter; and the actress Tracy-Ann Oberman."Prominent Jews accuse Royal Court play of demonising Israelis; A coalition of prominent British Jews has condemned the Royal Court Theatre for showing a play that is said to demonise Israelis," Martin Beckford, The Daily Telegraph, 18 February 2009 |
1892_13 | Playwright Israel Horovitz, who wrote a play in response to Churchill entitled What Strong Fences Make, argued that while it is possible to criticize Israel without being anti-Semitic and to criticize Palestine without being anti-Arab: "Those who criticize Jews in the name of criticizing Israel, as Ms. Churchill seems to have done in her play, step over an unacceptable boundary and must be taken to task."
Royal Court Theatre |
1892_14 | John Nathan writing for The Jewish Chronicle, though finding the play theatrically beautiful, criticized the play as anti-semitic and The Royal Court Theatre's artistic director, Dominic Cooke for not following, National Theatre's director Nicholas Hytner's policy that a play that is entirely populated by, and is critical of, a religious minority, can only be staged at the National Theatre if it is written by a member of that minority. Further criticism centered on Associate Director of the Royal Court Theatre, Ramin Gray's interview, in which he said that he [as a director] "would think twice" about staging a play "very critical of Islam, or [which] depicted Mohammed" since "given the times we're in" he would worry that if he "cause[d] offence then the whole enterprise would become buried in a sea of controversy" while the theatre did stage a play as Seven Jewish Children that is critical of some Israeli Jews and politics, Jonathan Romain argued that is because "fear". |
1892_15 | The theatre admitted the play was critical of Israel but denied this meant that it was anti-Semitic against "some concerns". A spokesman argued "in keeping with its philosophy" the theatre presents "a multiplicity of viewpoints". He gave example of their 2 plays staged along Seven Jewish Children [at that time]: The Stone that "asks very difficult questions about the refusal of some modern Germans to accept their ancestors' complicity in Nazi atrocities" running before Seven Jewish Children with Shades "set in contemporary London which explores issues of tolerance in the Muslim community" staging at their smaller studio theatre. Spokesman said: |
1892_16 | "We categorically reject that accusation and furthermore would urge people to see this play before they judge it. While Seven Jewish Children is undoubtedly critical of the policies of the state of Israel, there is no suggestion that this should be read as a criticism of Jewish people. It is possible to criticise the actions of Israel without being anti-Semitic."
Churchill's defence of the play |
1892_17 | Writing in response to an article by Howard Jacobson which sought to place Seven Jewish Children and other criticism of Israel in the context of a rise in anti-Semitism, Churchill defended herself: "Howard Jacobson writes as if there’s something new about describing critics of Israel as anti-Semitic. But it’s the usual tactic. We are not going to agree about politics … But we should be able to disagree without accusations of anti-Semitism." The play was about the difficulties of explaining violence to children. Its length meant favourable and unfavourable information about Israel had been omitted, she said.
Howard Jacobson seems to see the play from a very particular perspective so that everything is twisted. The characters are "covert and deceitful", they are constructing a "parallel hell" to Hitler’s Europe, they are "monsters who kill babies by design". I don’t recognise the play from that description. ... |
1892_18 | Throughout the play, families try to protect children. Finally, one of the parents explodes, saying, "No, stop preventing her from knowing what’s on the TV news". His outburst is meant, in a small way, to shock during a shocking situation. Is it worse than a picture of Israelis dancing for joy as smoke rises over Gaza? Or the text of Rabbi Shloyo Aviner's booklet distributed to soldiers saying cruelty is sometimes a good attribute?... |
1892_19 | Finally, the blood libel. I find it extraordinary that, because the play talks about the killing of children in Gaza, I am accused of reviving the medieval blood libel that Jews killed Christian children and consumed their blood. The character is not "rejoicing in the murder of little children". He sees dead children on television and feels numb and defiant in his relief that his own child is safe. He believes that what has happened is justified as self-defence. Howard Jacobson may agree. I don’t, but it doesn’t make either of them a monster, or me anti-Semitic.
Productions
Royal Court Theatre production |
1892_20 | The cast for the play's premier production in February 2009 at London's Royal Court Theatre consisted of Ben Caplan, Jack Chissick, David Horovitch, Daisy Lewis, Ruth Posner, Samuel Roukin, Jennie Stoller, Susannah Wise, and Alexis Zegerman. Susannah Tarbush argued "that most, if not all, the actors are Jewish." The play was directed by Dominic Cooke who is Jewish himself.Royal Court Theatre information on play Some of the original cast gave a performance of the play introduced by Churchill herself as part of the Two Plays for Gaza fund-raising event at the Hackney Empire on 21 May 2009.
At the Royal Court the play was staged following Marius von Mayenburg's The Stone, a play about a German family who live in a house taken from vanished Jews and who grapple with the Nazi past of their family and nation. |
1892_21 | Other productions
A copy of the play was sent to the BBC. Jeremy Howe, the commissioning drama editor for Radio 4, said that both he and Mark Damazer, the channel's controller, considered the play a "brilliant piece", but agreed that it could not be broadcast because of the BBC's policy of editorial impartiality.
The first staged reading of the play in New York City took place on 16 March 2009 at the Brecht Forum and featured Broadway actress Kathleen Chalfant.
A rehearsed reading took place at the State Library of Victoria in Melbourne on 18 May 2009 at a fund-raising event for Australians for Palestine. As a result of her participation, the Jewish actress Miriam Margolyes had an invitation withdrawn to perform in front of residents at a home run by the Australian Jewish Care. |
1892_22 | A Hebrew translation of the play was staged in Tel Aviv on 11 June 2009. It was directed online via Skype and video by Samieh Jabbarin, who has been under house arrest for four months. The play was also performed at the American University in Cairo, Egypt, directed by a Palestinian student as part of an advanced directing class.
In May 2009, the city of Liverpool withdrew public funding from a theatre festival that had scheduled Seven Jewish Children after the producers refused to also perform another play, Seven Other Children by Richard Stirling of Evergreen Theatrical Productions. Development coordinator for the festival Madeline Heneghan remarked that since "The program is planned months in advance." the request was "unrealistic at this point". |
1892_23 | The Rude Guerrilla Theatre Co. of Orange County, California, announced that it will be producing the play. The New York Theatre Workshop and the Public Theater are said to be considering a New York City production. Both of them have performed plays by Churchill before.
Canadian group Independent Jewish Voices sponsored the play's Canadian premiere in Montreal with 3 performances.
Gustavus Adolphus College ran the show for 2 weekends from 30 October 2009 to 7 November 2009. It was performed after another one of Caryl Churchill's plays Far Away, as well as a response to this play called Seven Palestinian Children by Deb Margolin. |
1892_24 | On 30 November 2009, the play was performed in the Lebanese American University in Beirut, Lebanon. The play was staged by a Lebanese student, Fuad Halwani as part of a Play Production course. Due to its success the play was performed again twice in the university campus, once on 26 March in celebration of World Theatre Day and again on 21 April as part of an Arab Popular Culture seminar. The play also participated and was performed in the University Theatre Festival in Fes, Morocco in April 2010.
Plays produced in response
On 25 March 2009 Theater J and Forum Theatre in Washington, D.C., followed their readings with a reading of Seven Palestinian Children a response by Deb Margolin; the script is available online. The performance also included a reading of "The Eighth Child" by Robbie Gringras.
London's New End Theatre produced Seven Other Children, a new play by Richard Stirling. |
1892_25 | The New York playwright Israel Horovitz wrote a new short play entitled What Strong Fences Make, arguing "another voice needed to be heard" against Churchill's play, that he claims as "offensive, distorted and manipulative". Horovitz has offered to allow any theatre that wishes to produce What Strong Fences Make free of royalties, as long as a collection is taken up following all performances for the benefit of ONE Family Fund, a charity that assists children wounded in attacks on Israel.What to tell the children, 7 May 2009, Socialist Worker
See also
International reaction to the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflictMy Name Is Rachel CorrieThe Siege (play)
References |
1892_26 | External links
[https://www.theguardian.com/stage/video/2009/apr/25/seven-jewish-children-caryl-churchill Seven Jewish Childrens complete video production], of the play by Jennie Stoller, The Guardian (10 minutes)Seven Jewish Children's full script, The New York Times.
Is a Play About Gaza Anti-Semitic? Read the Script by Robert Mackey NY Times
Russian productions British Council
Theatre and politics, Socialist Review'', Paul O'Brien, May 2009
2009 plays
Plays by Caryl Churchill
Plays based on actual events
Plays about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Jews and Judaism in fiction |
1893_0 | Reliant Motor Company was a British car manufacturer based in Tamworth, Staffordshire, England. It was founded in 1935 and ended car production in 2002, the company had been known as "Reliant Motor Company" (or RMC for short) until the 1990s when it became "Reliant Motors" and then finally became "Reliant cars LTD" after production had ended of the Robin as the company was restructured to be a car import business. It's now a dormant company and the only entity left is a separate parts company created called Reliant Partsworld who produce parts for Reliant vehicles. |
1893_1 | Reliant was a large manufacturing company that mainly produced vehicles for niche markets, such as small three-wheeled vehicles and sports cars. It was best known for the three-wheeled Reliant Robin, but produced a variety of vehicles over 60 years, including sports cars, convertibles and commercial vehicles. Approximately half a million Reliant vehicles were produced and sold in at least nine countries. For a period from the 1970s until the 1990s, Reliant was the UK's second biggest British-owned car manufacturer behind British Leyland.
To make their vehicles light, the company decided to produce car bodies from fibreglass in the mid-1950s. From this, Reliant became a pioneer in fibreglass design, techniques, and developments. Reliant also produced kitchen worktops, train bodies, and personal watercraft shells from fibreglass. In the 1970s, Reliant was the largest producer of fibreglass in Europe.
Company history and car production |
1893_2 | First vehicles |
1893_3 | When the Raleigh Bicycle Company decided to discontinue the manufacture of their three-wheeled vehicles in 1934, their works manager, T. L. Williams, and a colleague, E. S. Thompson, felt that the days of lightweight three-wheelers were not over. They decided to build their own vehicle in Williams's back garden on Kettlebrook Road in Tamworth. Their home-built design closely resembled the Karryall van previously built by Raleigh, and the prototype was licensed in January 1935. It was a 7 cwt (356 kg) van with a steel chassis, powered by a 600 cc single-cylinder engine driving the rear wheels through a three-speed gearbox and chain drive. The body was a hardwood frame with aluminium panels attached to it, like other cars of the time. With the motorcycle front end, mounted in the open, in front of the bulkhead, it was essentially a motorcycle fitted with a box body. The initial prototype had handlebars for steering, but after several trials with small local companies, it was changed to |
1893_4 | a steering wheel. |
1893_5 | The work moved to a disused bus depot on Watling Street in Fazeley. On 3 June 1935, the first Reliant was delivered. Powered by a single-cylinder air-cooled 600cc J.A.P. engine, the driver sat centrally on the vehicle astride the engine, much like a motorcyclist. The single-cylinder engine left the Reliant under-powered. In March 1936, a two-cylinder, water-cooled J.A.P. engine and an increase to 8 cwt (407 kg) gross vehicle weight was released. The driver no longer sat astride the engine and the vehicle gained more conventional forward-facing seats in the front. The first improved eight cwt twin-cylinder model was delivered on 16 March 1936. |
1893_6 | In 1938, the Reliant Motor Company started to use the 7 hp, 747 cc four-cylinder Austin side-valve engine as found in the popular Austin Seven. The first four-cylinder Reliant was delivered on 12 March 1938. The Austin Car Company then announced its intention to cease production of the 747 cc Austin Seven engine, as Williams was always enthusiastic about making Reliant as independent as possible. He was keen that the company did not buy parts that it could make 'in-house'. Austin sold all the 747 cc engine tooling and manufacture rights to Reliant, allowing them to commence manufacturing the engine. Although appearing very similar to the Austin engine, the level of commonality between Reliant and Austin remains unclear; the Reliant side-valve engine was a 747 cc four-cylinder unit built using smaller-scale manufacturing techniques than Austin. The Reliant crankcase was sand-cast rather than die-cast. |
1893_7 | Postwar vehicles and advent of fibreglass
During the Second World War, Reliant machined parts for the war effort. In the post-war years, three-wheeler development continued. Reliant introduced a slightly modified van called the Regent. Visually similar to an over-sized motorcycle, the first Regent was completed on 13 March 1946, ten years after the first twin-cylinder van. The Regent grew to a GVW of 10 cwt and was better equipped, with sliding windows in the doors rather than canvas side screens. Two larger models were produced, a 12 cwt Regent and a Prince Regent. In 1953, the Regent continued to be built alongside the Reliant Regal. The Regent was eventually replaced by the Regal Mk II 5 cwt van in 1956. |
1893_8 | In 1952, a four-seat car was launched, initially with an aluminium body, but panel by panel, the company substituted it for fibreglass, as their understanding of the material improved and the price of aluminium increased. By 1956, the bodywork of the Mark 3 version of the Reliant Regal had changed completely to fibreglass. The first generation of vehicles were designated Mk1 to Mk6, with each one getting improvements and slightly different styling. The car was originally powered by the 750 cc Austin Seven engine, originally manufactured by Austin Motor Company and later Reliant. Reliant's redesign of the engine gave it , which was a big improvement over the 7 hp of the original Austin design. Reliant was one of the last companies to produce a side-valve engine design, with the production of the Reliant 750 cc engine ending in 1962. |
1893_9 | The 1963 Regal 3/25 had its body completely made of fibreglass. On previous generations of the Regal, the body was fibreglass, but the floor was made of bolted-together hardwood. Its engine was the first mass-produced lightweight overhead valve aluminium-alloy engine in Europe and the UK. Displacement was initially 598 cc on the Regal 3/25, but was later upgraded to 700 cc on the later Regal 3/30.
Expansion
At the same time, Reliant were working for other countries to design vehicles for home-grown production. Vehicles would be sent over in kit form for the countries' own workforce to assemble. Reliant would first design the vehicle to the countries' or companies' requirements. The first was the Anadol in Turkey, which was based on a mix of Ford parts and a custom chassis. The Anadol began as a 2-door saloon, then a four-door saloon, followed by commercial pickup and van versions. The pickup was produced until the early 1990s. |
1893_10 | A similar vehicle was the Israeli Sabra Sport, also based on a Ford engine and running gear. Reliant was so impressed with the design, they sold it in the UK as the Sabre to help Reliant's company image expand beyond a three-wheeled micro-car maker. The car sold poorly against offerings from Triumph and MG, however.
Later, Reliant bought a prototype design for the replacement Daimler Dart, which would become the Scimitar Coupe and later the best-selling sporting estate—the Scimitar GTE.
To power the Scimitar GT Coupe and Sabre, Reliant turned towards Ford of Britain and were supplied with the Zephyr 6 and Consul 4 engines. The Coupe GT could be purchased with either the 2.5 litre or the 3.0 litre Essex V6 engines. Later, 3.0 GTEs were fitted with the Essex V6 engine and gearbox. On the 3.0 V6 GTE, the back axle ratio changed depending on the use of either a straight four-speed gearbox or one with an overdrive unit. |
1893_11 | Reliant bought out Bond Cars in 1969 after Bond had gone into liquidation. Reliant purchased Bond after wanting to enter Triumph dealerships. Bond's Equipe sports car already had this agreement, but Triumph entered British Leyland and the deal ended. It is said that Bond was Reliant's main competitor in three-wheeled vehicles, with the Bond Minicar and the Bond 875, but Reliant's vehicles outsold Bond's in huge numbers, with a much larger production and dealer network. Reliant did use the Bond name for the 1970s Bond Bug, which was a Reliant prototype originally named the Reliant Rogue. The Bug was a sporty three-wheeler designed by Ogle designer Tom Karen. The Bug used a shortened Reliant Regal chassis and other mechanical parts, but many parts, such as the front swingarm, were a new design that would also be used on the 1973 Reliant Robin. The Bond Bug came in 700, 700E and 700ES models until replaced by the 750 model. |
1893_12 | Reliant built four-wheeled versions of their three-wheeled stablemates – the first was the Reliant Rebel, which had three-quarters of the rear chassis design of the Regal, but Triumph Herald front suspension and standard Austin Seven steering. The engines were the same 600 cc and 700 cc units used in the Regal, but with a higher compression ratio and more torque because of the extra weight the Rebel carried over the Regal. The last model came with the 750 cc version when the Mk1 Reliant Robin was introduced. The styling of the Rebel was intended to make the car look unique so it did not seem like a four-wheeled version of the Regal; the Rebel came in saloon, estate and van models. |
1893_13 | The Reliant Kitten was the four-wheeled version of the 1970s Reliant Robin, designed to replace the Rebel and featuring the 850 cc version of Reliant's own engine, which was introduced in 1975 (with the Reliant Robin gaining the engine shortly afterwards). The design this time featured very heavily on the Reliant Robin with only the nose of the design being different, having square headlights and a black panel around them – this was done mainly for cost-saving reasons so the parts from both vehicles could be shared for production.
After Reliant Kitten production stopped in 1982, the rights were sold to Sipani Automobiles in India who made the vehicle near-exactly the same, but with the name Sipani Dolphin. Later, the vehicle became a 4-door hatchback called the Sipani Montana. The car was built well into the 1990s with exactly the same Kitten mechanical. Reliant exported engines they had built for their own vehicles in the UK. |
1893_14 | Between 1983 and 1990, a utility/pickup vehicle called the Reliant Fox was produced in the UK. This was based on an original development by Reliant to design a vehicle for the Greek company MEBEA. It was based on Reliant Kitten mechanical with its own pickup body and canvas top design. It had originally been built in Greece by MEBEA between 1979 and 1983. After production finished in Greece, Reliant decided to build it in the UK, but gave the Fox many design changes, including 12-inch wheels, altered suspension and the high compression 850 cc engine. They designed a rear hardtop to make the vehicle into a van or estate. Tandy Industries used Foxes as a basis for a compact, two-berth camper-van. |
1893_15 | Reliant also made a small three-wheeled commercial vehicle called the Reliant TW9, later sold by other companies as the Ant (and, like the Robin, licence-built in Greece by MEBEA), which was a chassis and cab, onto which a custom rear body was fitted: a road sweeper, a flat back, a van, a milk float and hydraulic lifting rear bed version were common fitments. Also, a fifth wheel (actually fourth wheel) articulated tractor unit was created to pull large trailers. It was often used by public utility companies or more commonly sold to councils, where its ability to negotiate narrow alleyways was a big advantage. |
1893_16 | Reliant's expertise in the area of composite car body production also saw the company produce lightweight bodyshells for Ford RS200 rally cars and a fibreglass-bodied taxi, the MetroCab – the first to have full wheelchair provision, manufactured by a division of Kamkorp, they also made Ford fibreglass truck cabs and Ford Transit hightops. With Reliant's expertise in fibreglass. the company created bodies for trains, kitchen worktops and boat/jet ski hulls.
Reliant's main business was selling three-wheeled vehicles. The main market these would sell to would be a motorcyclist who didn't wish to pass their full car licence test. It was a sizable niche market due to the large number of motorcyclists present and it lasted until 2001 when the EU eliminated the B1 class from been issued with a full motorcycle licence (the B1 allowing the holder to drive a three or four-wheeled vehicle up to the weight of ). The change capped Reliant's market share. |
1893_17 | End of car production
The Hodge Group bought the majority of Reliant in 1962, selling it 15 years later to the Nash family. During the early 1990s, the owner of Reliant was a major housing developer and when the 1992 recession hit, the company folded and Reliant was sold to Beans Engineering. By 1996, Jonathan Haynes took the lead and his main backer took control – Haynes created a new range of Robin and Rialto specifications to appeal to more customers including more luxury models such as the SLX. Sales doubled as previously most Reliant vehicles were basic with not even the option of metallic paint. |
1893_18 | In 1997, production was relocated to Plant Lane, Burntwood, following a major redesign of the Robin model in 1998. The new model featured all new panels and was essentially a 'heavy facelift' designed by Andy Plumb. Research continued into four-wheeled Reliant models such as a Kitten for the modern age. Prototypes for this featured in many newspapers and magazines at the time. Production continued of the Robin model until 2001 when shareholders decided to import Ligier microcars and Piaggio Ape three-wheelers instead. Jonathan Haynes sold his shares and left the company before production ended because he wished to create an all-new four-wheeled Reliant model instead.
The last Reliant made was the Robin 65 a Reliant Robin in metallic gold to celebrate 65 years of car production. The vehicles had every optional extra and sold for £10,000 - 65 of these vehicles were built up to Valentine's Day 2001. |
1893_19 | Export markets
Reliant, in the early 1950s, would strike a deal in Israel to produce Regent vans in SKD form. Not long after this, Israel would ask Reliant for a four-wheeled vehicle design which could be built in Israel that was strong for their rough roads and could be used with a choice of van, pick up, and estate body styles. The car used a lot of Reliant's existing parts; basically converting a Regent into a four-wheeled vehicle. This vehicle would never be sold in the UK and called the Reliant Regent four 10 cwt van, this would be sold in Israel by Autocars limited but the vehicle renamed Sussita to make it seem a more homegrown car. In 1958 Reliant showed this vehicle excessively in the UK to show they could design more than just 3 wheeled vehicles but also only showed in LHD form as it was only an overseas model. Later the pickup and estate models would be designed with much praise from Israel buyers. |
1893_20 | Building on this relationship Autocars would then set Reliant the challenge to design a peoples' car for their country, this car would later be named the Carmel. The Carmel was designed around the same time Reliant were designing its Regal 3/25 and somehow some of its design features rubbed off, the square styling with a reverse slant Ford Anglia rear window for one, the engine was also the 1100cc Ford Anglia unit, apart from the body many of the chassis and running gear was used from the Sussita. Reliant would later design the Sabra Sport using Ashley Laminates existing kit car designs which reliant would redesign again to sell it in the UK market as the Reliant Sabre.
Reliant would continue designing vehicles for Autocars into the early 1970s when Autocars started to source parts from Standard-Triumph severing ties with reliant in the process, Autocars would end in the late 1970s and would plan to start a new company selling Reliant Kittens in Israel but this would not happen. |
1893_21 | From this export started another as in 1962 a Turkish delegation visited Autocars in Israel and was impressed with its car production; Turkey would later instruct Reliant to design its own Peoples car. Through this deal Reliant designed the Anadol, a saloon vehicle using a GRP body, separate chassis and ford running gear, this deal though would not just be for a vehicle design but to help Turkey create its whole car production from its factory, paint and production. The company would be named Otosan. |
1893_22 | The Anadol would be designed into two-door saloon, four-door saloon, van, pick up and estate, several redesigns would keep the Anadol looking modern into the 1970s, later Otosan became more distant from Reliant as local content rose. Reliant offered in the 1980s again to redesign the Anadol even presenting a prototype but by this time Otosan believed it could go it alone and redesigned the vehicle itself, this wouldn't end well for Otosan with declining sales and eventually Otosan became a Ford assembly plant for Turkey producing the Ford Escort. |
1893_23 | Revival attempt
Shortly after Reliant announced that production of the Robin would cease, production rights for the Reliant Robin were sold to a Sudbury-based firm called B&N Plastics, which redesigned major parts of the car. A deal was done where Reliant would supply the mechanical parts of the Reliant Robin to B&N Plastics and then the fibreglass skills of B&N Plastics would be used to build the vehicle and sell it under its own name.
Production of the new Robin would begin in late 2001. The new car would be called the BN-1 Robin with no Reliant branding. The BN-2 model would be made with extras such as electric windows. The cost of the base model, the BN-1 Robin, was £10,000, but had all the features of the Robin 65, such as a leather interior. The BN-2 model had all these extras and more. |
1893_24 | However, after 30 to 40 cars were produced, Reliant could not supply the mechanical parts of the Reliant Robin as they had decided to end production of the Reliant 850 cc engine, which meant that the BN-1 Robin would need a redesign to use a different engine if production continued. |
1893_25 | B&N Plastics had already spent £100,000 on approving the Robin design so production could start. The company sought to find more investors to help fund further redesigns to keep the Robin alive but by early 2002, no investors were found and B&N Plastics ended its car production with over 200 orders unfulfilled. B&N Plastics ceased production in late 2002.
In later years, it was revealed that B&N Plastics were planning to fit a Japanese K-car 660 cc three-cylinder engine and five-speed gearbox to make the Reliant Robin more modern. |
1893_26 | Final years
Reliant produced 50 vehicles a week until 2001, when it finished production of its own models to focus on importing French Ligier microcars and motorcycles as well as the Piaggio Ape range of commercial vehicles. A final version of the Reliant Robin was produced with leather seats, metallic gold paint, alloy wheels, walnut dashboard, and some other luxurious features, which retailed for £10,000. The car was made in the company's 65th year of production, and so was named the Reliant Robin 65.
Reliant Cars Ltd. was renamed Reliant Partsworld, and operates from the factory where the Robin was built. |
1893_27 | The old site of Reliant Motors, in Tamworth, was turned into a housing estate named Scimitar Park, after the Reliant Scimitar that the company produced. A number of streets in the estate were named after Reliant models as well, such as 'Robin Close'. The company produced up to two million vehicles over a 65-year history starting in 1935, and sold its cars in nine countries, including the Netherlands, India, and the Middle East. |
1893_28 | Other forms of manufacturing
Since Reliant would be known for building robust fibreglass vehicles, it would diversify into producing fibreglass items other than their own vehicles. It was showcased in the "World of Reliant" documentary, which was written and filmed by Reliant in the early 1980s to show how diverse the company had become from a small car company producing three-wheeled vehicles.
Other fibreglass products produced were items such as GRP sinks and kitchen worktops, GRP replacement car wings for metal vehicles, GRP guttering and tubes, GRP train carriage bodies for British rail, and GRP aircraft bodies.
Reliant also had many contracts with Ford to build fibreglass high roof tops for their Transit model. Vauxhall Motors would also contract Reliant to make their GRP body kits for the Chevette.
Commemoration plaque |
1893_29 | On 8 July 2017, a blue plaque was unveiled to honour both the founders, T. L. Williams and E. S. Thompson, and marked the birthplace of Reliant. The first Reliant prototype was built by Williams and Thompson in 1934, in the rear garden of Williams' residence, named Bro-Dawel, on Kettlebrook Road.
Myths
The most widespread myth regarding Reliant vehicles is that they cannot go around corners. This was supposedly demonstrated on Top Gear, but Jeremy Clarkson admitted in The Sunday Times in 2016 that the Robin only rolled over frequently because the production team had welded the differential, fitted different sized rear wheels and placed heavy sandbags in the passenger footwell. As a result, the car became much less stable than before. |
1893_30 | Another myth is that a Reliant – or any three-wheeled vehicle – isn't allowed on British motorways. This is not the case. Any two-, three- or four-wheeled vehicle is allowed on the motorway as long as its engine size is over .
It is a common misconception that the main character Derek "Delboy" Trotter in the British television comedy series Only Fools and Horses owned a Reliant Robin. Many people painted their Reliant Robins and Rialtos yellow with the famous "Trotters’ Independent Trading Co" lettering, but the Trotters' van was actually a Supervan III.
Many people are under the impression Reliant three-wheeler can be driven on a Compulsory Basic Training (CBT) licence, but Reliant three-wheeler have engines larger than the CBT licence allows. Such license holders cannot drive Reliant. To drive a Reliant, a full motorcycle or car licence is required and the driver must be over 21. |
1893_31 | Another widely held myth was that all Reliant three-wheelers have no reverse gear; before 1964, the reverse gear would be disabled, but all Reliant vehicles were equipped with one. |
1893_32 | Licensing
Originally, to drive a three-wheeled vehicle on a motorcycle licence required passing a full motorcycle test and completing a restriction period. When the licence was issued it included a B1 class. This conferred the right to drive a vehicle with three or four wheels up to 550 kg, but the final B1 licences were issued in 2001. In January 2013, the licensing changed again. Drivers with a full A-category motorcycle licence who are over 21 years of age may drive a three-wheeled vehicle of any weight. The age restriction of 21 applies to full car licence holders also in the UK. Driving any Reliant three-wheeled vehicle is not legal on a CBT licence or lower.
Models
See also
List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom
References
Sources
Car manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Staffordshire
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Reliant vehicles
Tamworth, Staffordshire |
1894_0 | William Warder Cadbury (Chinese name: 嘉惠霖; 1877 – October 15, 1959) was an American physician, professor, researcher, author, and medical missionary. After graduating from University of Pennsylvania's Medical School, he traveled to Canton (Guangzhou), China, where he eventually became the most well known internal medicine doctor in the region during the time period of the Republic of China. At Canton Hospital, he served as a doctor, professor, writer, and eventually Superintendent multiple times. In his 40 years working in Canton (1909-1949), he put forward relentless efforts to improve the Canton Hospital and nearby areas in Canton, bettering the health of many thousands of Canton people In 1935, he published a detailed book on the history of the hospital, called At the Point of a Lancet." One Hundred Years of the Canton Hospital, 1835-1935, which earned him recognition as the top 10 famous University of Pennsylvania Alumni for 1935. |
1894_1 | Early life and education
W.W. Cadbury was born in 1877 in Philadelphia, PA. Some say his birth date is October 15, but another source says his birth date is unknown. He was the son of Joel and Anna Kaighn Cadbury and a birthright member of the Philadelphia Monthly Meeting for the Western District (now called the Central Philadelphia Monthly Meeting). W. W. Cadbury is distantly related to John Cadbury, founder of Cadbury, the chocolate company. |
1894_2 | He graduated from the William Penn Charter School in 1894. In 1898, he graduated from Haverford College with a B.A. and then went on to get an M.A. from Haverford in 1899. In the 1900 US Census, at age 22, he was listed as "medical student" under his family's name. He graduated from the Medical School at the University of Pennsylvania in 1902. From 1903-1905, he was a resident physician at the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia. Afterwards, he went to Vienna for graduate school, then returned to the University of Pennsylvania to teach pathology and pharmacology. He worked as a pathologist at St. Mary's Hospital from 1906-1909.
Family and personal life in China
In 1911 Dr. Cadbury married Sarah Imbree Manatt, who died shortly after in 1912. Then, in 1917 he married Catharine Balderston Jones, who changed her name to Catharine Jones Cadbury. They had three daughters, Jane B. Cadbury, Emma Cadbury, and Catharine C. Cadbury. |
1894_3 | While in Canton, Cadbury and his family lived in the William Penn Lodge. This home was gifted to him by the University of Pennsylvania's Christian Association. Historical records in Sun Yat-sen University and at Yale University have images of the home, which still stands today (image can be found here). He created an orchid garden at this residence.
Around 1924, Dr. Cadbury adopted the young son of Kuomintang General . General Lei wanted his son to grow up in a Christian and American environment. The young son, named James Cadbury Lei (李業?, Lei Ip Nung). Lei, became a part of the family, and in return, General Lei contributed funds to construct a small hospital near Canton in Honam Island.
Missionary journey |
1894_4 | Calling
While studying to become a doctor at the University of Pennsylvania, W.W. Cadbury was inspired to work in China by a past graduate of Penn's Medical School, Andrew Patton Happer, who had raised money to establish Canton Christian College in 1888. Happer was inspired to work in China after hearing a lecture by Peter Parker, the founder of the hospital in which W.W. Cadbury would work for much of his life: Canton Hospital. |
1894_5 | In 1909, as a member of the University of Pennsylvania Christian Association, Dr. Cadbury traveled to Canton, China by ship to work at the University Medical School. This school was associated with Canton Christian College (later renamed Lingnan University in 1927) and managed by the board of Christian Association of the University of Pennsylvania. He had chosen to work in a location in China removed from visible poverty. The Society of Friends in Philadelphia and Philadelphia Yearly Meeting supported his work. The Cadbury Fund was created to assist him: it raised $2,000 annually to subsidize his missionary work. |
1894_6 | Dr. Cadbury believed he had a duty to bring Western Medicine to China and to help the people of China. He revealed this feeling of duty in a 1911 letter to the editor of a medical journal. He referenced how European doctors dedicated their lives to developing medicine in the American colonies, and thus he believed that American doctors had the duty to do the same for the people of China. He said: "Can we, who have reaped what they have sowed, do better than follow their example, and help the men in this great land of China to realize their ideals of establishing schools of medicine modeled after the institutions of Europe and America?"
Canton Hospital & Lingnan University
Professor and Doctor |
1894_7 | Dr. Cadbury started his work in Canton as a teacher in the University Medical School (part of Canton Christian College) and as a physician (an internist specifically) in the Canton Hospital. He was welcomed by the Chinese, as they viewed Canton Christians like Dr. Cadbury as people who came to help, not disturb.
When he first arrived, he was one of the three American teachers at the school. Since "Cadbury" was difficult to translate, his students called him a name that together meant "belief, elegance, and selfless" (3 characters: 嘉惠霖 Jiā Huìlín). Having studied Chinese, he was able to communicate with students, patients, and colleagues in Chinese. Historical records today have pictures of him and his students in 1911. |
1894_8 | In the same 1911 letter to the editor (mentioned in the above section), he shared the progress the school has made and plans for growth. At the time. he and three other physicians were in charge of the medical school. He and his colleagues were teaching classes on anatomy, physics, ophthalmology, histology, and more. In 1912, while teaching, Dr. Cadbury met Sun Yat-sen. Sun Yat-sen had previously studied medicine at Canton Hospital under John G. Kerr, and like the other foreign teachers at Canton Christian College, Dr. Cadbury supported Sun Yat-sen's ideology and political views. By 1913, Dr. Cadbury had seen his students gain so much knowledge and experience at the school, and he proudly claimed that they were "well educated young men of fine Christian character" ready to "do their share in the upbuilding of the great Chinese nation." The same year, he also became a teacher at the Gongyi Medical School (), which had reached out to the Canton government for help. |
1894_9 | Dr. Cadbury was also one of the few doctors known to rehabilitate both the mind and the body of his patients. Genuinely concerned for the wellbeing of his patients, he was known to check on them and wear his stethoscope at all times. Those around him observed that he was a very knowledgeable, highly skilled, and effective doctor. Over the years, he became the most well-known internist in Canton. He tried to emulate William Osler, who was a famous internist in the 1800s. In 1913, he was named the principal doctor for the Canton Hospital. Then, in 1914, he joined the specialized medical staff of Canton Hospital. |
1894_10 | He had come to Canton with hope and a vision to greatly improve the hospital. The conditions of the hospital, medical supplies, and health environment weren't nearly as developed as those in the USA. In 1913, he and three other doctors donated money to the Canton Medical Missionary Society to further improve the hospital. Thus, in addition to being involved in the hospital's internal medicine department, he helped establish a lab for pathology research and run a rehabilitation center in the college. As he expanded his endeavors and philanthropic work, he continued serving as a physician and researcher at Canton Hospital.
Leadership in the hospital
As Dr. Cadbury continued to be an internal medicine doctor at Canton Hospital, he assumed important leadership roles. In 1917, Cadbury was nominated as chief physician, taking on the role of organizing and leading the other doctors. |
1894_11 | Then, in 1930, he was appointed Superintendent of Canton Hospital by the Lingnan University Board. Soon afterward, Lingnan University assumed control over the Canton Hospital and renamed it Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital (still referred to as "Canton Hospital" for the rest of the article). In September 1932, the hospital at Lingnan University and its outpatient clinic were transferred to this hospital, which Dr. Cadbury headed.
He served as Superintendent of Canton Hospital multiple times. In late 1938, during which the Japanese had been begun attacking Canton as part of the Second-Sino Japanese War, he became Superintendent so that the hospital would be under foreign control; that way, it would be protected from Japanese forces. Fortunately, the Canton Hospital and Lingnan University weren't greatly affected by these attacks. He ran the hospital at this time, which continued to help people with both medical treatment and spiritual guidance. |
1894_12 | Religion
Dr. Cadbury's Quakerism influenced his missionary efforts in Canton. In an article for The Friend, he said he had gone to Canton in order to "institute in Canton instruction in medical science according to the practice of modern civilization, and incidentally the promotion of Christianity, as way may open." As early as 1910, he included religious promotion to his work. For example, he taught a few classes on religion, such as a course on Comparative Religion for Lingnan University students. Additionally, he and his wife held worship services in their home and even exposed Christianity in the local villages. However, he didn't forcefully impose his religion on those he treated. |
1894_13 | In 1914, the University of Pennsylvania Christian Association ended its affiliation with Canton Christian College after being unable to establish an official religion. Dr. Cadbury, however, stayed, emphasizing service over religious doctrine. He framed religion in the perspective that he and his students, in the name of Christ, should do good and better the world. Under his influence, many of students became Protestants, but he never mentioned if they were Quakers specifically.
Work as a researcher
In the same 1911 letter, Dr. Cadbury spoke of the exciting opportunity to conduct "original research in a tropical city like Canton." This excitement translated to his work. In the pathology lab that he had helped establish, he conducted research on the various epidemics present in Canton. He accumulated research by doing urine analysis, blood analysis (white blood cells), and even stool analysis of afflicted patients. He measured their glucose and protein levels as well. |
1894_14 | Starting in 1918, Dr. Cadbury treated lepers, who were outpatients in the Canton Hospital leprosy clinic, for one year. The Canton Hospital was the first to have an organized leprosy clinic in China. He injected these patients with a mixture of chaulmoogra oil, resorcin, and camphorated oil. Then, he reported the results in The China Medical Journal in 1920. He wrote:"We must state that the various remedies, as outlined above, while in most cases of leprosy they have definite therapeutic value, yet unless the patients are cared for in a sanatorium, given proper food, together with baths and attention to personal hygiene, a complete cure can hardly be looked for."In 1926, Dr. Cadbury tackled widespread issue of Chinese children not knowing their birth dates. He collected information from 1013 Cantonese children. His calculations to estimate the ages of these children revealed an understanding of the customs of the Canton people. For example, he learned that most of the children claimed |
1894_15 | they were born in August, September, and October most likely due to the tradition that Canton merchants were gone for most of the year except around Chinese New Year. |
1894_16 | Chinese-US relations
Dr. Cadbury always emphasized that the Canton Christian College was entirely a Chinese institution just receiving aid from foreigners. To better the hospital, he aimed to bring Western medicine and modern hospital guidelines and to maintain a healthy relationship between the Western and Chinese doctors. He didn't want to impose the Western way of thought or control on the school or hospital unilaterally. When he returned to the USA for furloughs, he always tried to learn more, buy new equipment and instruments, and buy new medical journals. He also urged doctors to work at Canton Hospital and become missionaries. |
1894_17 | When resentment towards Westerners spread in the 1920s, he and the hospital followed Chinese law, and they were able to continue work. During this backlash, he stepped down from his role as chief physician. In 1926, the Hospital closed due to concerns for the safety of foreign workers, but Dr. Cadbury urged its reopening. Many saw him to be a unifying force for missionaries in Canton. Though his home was luxurious compared to his students. they didn't feel upset since his home was open to them for Bible sessions and worship services. |
1894_18 | When the Japanese began attacking Canton in the late 1930s, Dr. Cadbury, as a Quaker (and therefore, a pacifist) at first felt conflicted about supporting China's fighting in the war. However, he knew this was necessary for China to defend itself against Japan and for preventing as many deaths of innocent people as possible. When discovering that the USA was one of the largest arms suppliers to Japan, he urged the USA to support the Chinese in "their fight for freedom," and not Japan. One of his associates even said "It seems as though you were just like one of us Chinese." However, after the war, his support for the Nationalists of China wavered. This is because though he worked to rally the support of Americans for the Canton people, the Chinese (Nationalist) government gave very limited help to them.
Personal philanthropy |
1894_19 | Henan Hospital
Dr. Cadbury was actively involved in the Lingnan community church and often took medical trips to the countryside. After receiving $13,000, $10,000 of which came from a general named Li Fulin, he worked on the construction of a new hospital in the area. This hospital, Henan Hospital, would treat villagers in the rural areas near Lingnan University. The hospital opened on April 21, 1925, with Dr. Cadbury, Dr. H.P. Nottage, two Chinese physicians, and four Chinese nurses as the staff.
Outreach in local villages
Dr. Cadbury established clinics in nearby villages in south Canton. The trips he made to these villages allowed him to understand the limited healthcare outside of Lingnan University. For example, he found a young woman with mental illness tied to a chair; her family couldn't afford treatment for her. Dr. Cadbury somehow found the funds to send her to John Kerr's Refuge for the Insane, and her health was soon restored. |
1894_20 | Over the years, he consistently reached out to help the children and to help the adults help themselves. For example, during the time period of Japanese aggression in the area, he and his wife Catharine cared for children who had lost their families and homes by bringing them to the Lingnan Orphanage and the nearby Industrial School to learn.
He also spread a "Christian message of understanding" in the villages. In his view, conversion was a side benefit instead of a necessary action to reduce suffering. He and his wife sometimes traveled to these villages to teach Sunday School. Since Dr. Cadbury knew his medical work wouldn't allow him to put his full efforts to spread religion in the villages, he asked a Chinese evangelist, Mr. Wong Kom To, to help. He served as a link between Dr. Cadbury and the villagers.
Publications |
1894_21 | Articles and journals
Over his lifetime, Dr. Cadbury authored 150 medical articles and 230 articles on religion and other topics. He had written Haverford College papers on medicine and religion, articles for The Friend, American Friend, and Friends Intelligencer, and reports on diseases, religion, and statistics on patients at Canton College/Hospital. During the war between China and Japan, he wrote articles as part of the Canton Committee for Justice to China, urging Americans to support the Chinese and Chiang Kai-shek.
From May 1912 to late 1915, Cadbury was the editor of The Chinese Medical Journal (Zhonghua yi bao), a bi-monthly journal consisting of scientific papers, articles on government policy, reports, and more. While he was editor, the journal was published under his name. It eventually merged with another journal to become Chinese Medical Journal. |
1894_22 | Book: At the Point of a Lancet
In 1935, Dr. Cadbury published a book called At the Point of a Lancet; One Hundred Years of the Canton Hospital, 1835-1935. Arguably the first book on western medicine in China, it was published by the Kelly & Walsh Company in Shanghai. With the help of his niece Mary Hoxie Jones, he wrote about the founding of the Canton Hospital by Dr. Peter Parker and Dr. John Kerr in 1835 and the work accomplished by medical missionaries in this hospital over one hundred years. The book covers the history of the hospital and the positive impact it had on two million ill people. As a result of publishing this book, he was chosen as one of the top 10 most famous University of Pennsylvania Alumni for the year 1935. |
1894_23 | To write the book, in his spare time, he collected a lot of information on Canton Hospital, scouring newspapers, books, journals published by the hospital, and annual reports written by the Canton Medical Missionary Society. He looked at every single report, which included all the names of those employed at the hospital, names of all the patients, what diseases they had, what surgeries took place, income and expense sheets, donations to the hospital, and more. In both China and the USA, he searched for and interviewed previous staff of the hospital and graduates of the University Medical School. Part of the inspiration for writing the book came from his idol William Osler, who was both an internist and writer. |
1894_24 | Dr. Cadbury's book is filled with extremely detailed accounts on the work done by the hospital staff and missionaries. For example, he included the names of the first western medicine doctors who worked in the hospital, as well as expressed the viewpoints of American and English doctors who worked in China. However, the book focuses more on the history of Canton Hospital than the social and political impact on the Chinese people.
Other leadership positions and work with aid organizations
Dr. Cadbury helped procure and distribute relief supplies. He served as Vice-President of the Chinese Medical Association from 1935–37, and as Canton Chairman of the International Red Cross from 1938-41. As the Canton Chairman, he unified and organized efforts for relief work during the Chinese-Japanese war. He used his position as Superintendent of the Canton Hospital to access Western medical supplies that were to be used to help the Canton people. |
1894_25 | He was also involved in Direct China Relief Incorporated, Kwangtung International Relief Committee, Canton Committee for Justice to China, and the China Medical Missionary Association.
Return
He lived in China during an extremely tumultuous time in history. In February 1943, after the United States and Japan declared war, Dr. Cadbury and his wife Catharine were arrested and interned by the Japanese in a camp in Canton. They were finally released after 8 months. They returned to Philadelphia for the rest of World War II. Soon after the war ended, he returned to China and continued work in Canton, helping relief efforts with the Kwangtung International Relief Committee. |
1894_26 | When he retired in 1948, he was given the title of Professor Emeritus of Medicine. He returned to the USA with his wife in 1949, apparently because the Communist government forced them out of China. Though he left at a time when the future of China - and Canton - was unclear, he was hopeful when he thought about the children, believing that they could one day live in a flourishing Canton.
For the rest of his life, from 1949-1959, William lived at his home in Moorestown, NJ. On Oct 15,1959, he died in Philadelphia, PA.
Legacy
In his forty years as a medical missionary, with few breaks in between, Dr. Cadbury improved the lives of countless people as a doctor, teacher, religious influencer, and spokesperson for the Canton people. He led the efforts to make Canton Hospital an advanced, effective, and reputable hospital. Through both prosperous and difficult times, he helped the hospital survive and improve. |
1894_27 | His lasting impact in Canton is most obviously be seen by his contribution to the Canton Hospital and the University Medical School. He also gave valuable information on public health in Canton. For example, the Canton Health Department listened to his suggestion that "acute gastroenteritis and dysentery should be placed among the most important causes of death." His book At the Point of the Lancet has also contributed to the study of missionary work. Since its publication, it has been heavily referenced for research by those studying Chinese-Western medical history, Christian History in China, and the history of foreign influences on China. |
1894_28 | During his time at Canton, he developed and nurtured a positive relationship between the Westerners and the Chinese. The perspective he shared and practiced was that a foreigner's ways cannot survive in China unless they adapt to the Chinese customs and culture. Using the simile of a tree, he said that foreigners need to adapt to Chinese soil in order to thrive with the tree of China. Chinese and Western doctors admired and shared in his efforts to attain a healthy balance between Chinese and foreign influences. |
1894_29 | As a medical missionary, Dr. Cadbury cared greatly for his patients. A saying he tightly adhered to was: "Doctors cannot leave their patients, just like farmers cannot leave their land.” His dedication to helping his patients - and the Canton people on a larger scale - showed in his philanthropic endeavors. Even during his breaks in the USA, he urged other doctors and specialists to become missionaries and help the disadvantaged in China. In a 1925 speech in the USA, he said:"Don't waste time in America; help human beings dying without a doctor, without medicine. I hope you will ask many to pray for those unhappy people."Though few people remember the name "William Warder Cadbury," his efforts undeniably led to the improvement of the health of thousands in Canton, China during the years of the Republic of China.
References |
1894_30 | Christian medical missionaries
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Quaker missionaries
American pathologists
American Protestant missionaries
Missionary educators
American hospital administrators
Medical journal editors
American medical writers
Haverford College alumni
Protestant missionaries in China
Physicians from Guangdong |
1895_0 | Carlton D'metrius Pearson (born March 19, 1953) is an American Christian minister. At one time, he was the pastor of the Higher Dimensions Evangelistic Center Incorporated, later named the Higher Dimensions Family Church, which was one of the largest churches in Tulsa, Oklahoma. During the 1990s, it grew to an average attendance of over 6,000. Due to his stated belief in universal reconciliation, Pearson rapidly began to lose his influence in ministry with the Joint College of African-American Pentecostal Bishops and was eventually declared a heretic by his peers in 2004.
Pearson has subsequently been the senior minister of Christ Universal Temple, a large New Thought congregation in Chicago, Illinois; head of a new Higher Dimensions fellowship in Chicago; and an affiliate minister at Tulsa's All Souls Unitarian Church. |
1895_1 | Early career |
1895_2 | Pearson was born on March 19, 1953, in San Diego, California. He attended Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, where he was mentored by Oral Roberts, and sang with the World Action Singers, later becoming an associate evangelist with the Oral Roberts Evangelistic Association. He was licensed and ordained in the Church of God in Christ. In 1981, Pearson formed his own church, Higher Dimensions Evangelistic Center, which became one of the largest churches in Tulsa. Along with Dr. Frederick K. C. Price, he was at one time one of only two African American ministers to host a weekly national television preaching show, reaching hundreds of thousands to millions of people weekly, and has been credited as being one of the first black ministers to hold major conferences in arenas and stadiums across the country. During the 1990s, Pearson's church grew to an average weekly attendance of over 6,000. On the opening night of his annual AZUSA Conference in 1996, Pearson was ordained as a bishop, and |
1895_3 | then consecrated on the opening night of AZUSA '97. In 2000, Pearson campaigned for George W. Bush, and later he was invited to the White House. Pearson had one of the most watched TV programs on the Trinity Broadcasting Network. Pearson was also the host of the AZUSA Conference in Tulsa. Pearson was also a traveling evangelist, holding two-day revivals across the continent. Pearson also gave many up-and-coming ministers and singers national exposure and a global audience, including T. D. Jakes, Joyce Meyer, and Donnie McClurkin. Pearson has also met and counseled with former presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton. |
1895_4 | The Gospel of Inclusion
After watching a television program about the wretched conditions of people suffering and dying from the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, and considering the teachings of his church that non-Christians were going to Hell, Pearson believed he had received an epiphany from God. He stated publicly that he doubted the existence of Hell as a place of eternal torment. He said that hell is created on earth by human depravity and behavior.
In February 2002, Pearson lost a primary election for the office of mayor of Tulsa. By then Pearson had begun to call his doctrine—a variation on universal reconciliation—the Gospel of Inclusion and many in his congregation began to leave. |
1895_5 | In March 2004, after hearing Pearson's argument for inclusion, the Joint College of African-American Pentecostal Bishops concluded that such teaching was heresy. Declared a heretic by his peers, Pearson rapidly began to lose his influence in the evangelical fundamentalist church. Membership at the Higher Dimensions Family Church fell below 1,000, and the church lost its building to foreclosure in January 2006. The church members began meeting at Trinity Episcopal Church on Sunday afternoons as the renamed New Dimensions Worship Center.
The Higher Dimensions Worship Center
In November 2006, Pearson was accepted as a United Church of Christ minister.
In June 2008, the then renamed New Dimensions Worship Center moved its services to the All Souls Unitarian Church in Tulsa. On September 7, 2008, Pearson held his final service for the New Dimensions Worship Center, and it was absorbed into the All Souls Unitarian Church. |
1895_6 | The Christ Universal Temple (Chicago)
In May 2009, Pearson was named the interim minister of the Christ Universal Temple, a large New Thought congregation in Chicago, Illinois. On January 3, 2011, it was reported that he had left this position.
New Dimensions Chicago and return to Tulsa
In 2014 Pearson returned to Tulsa to be with his ailing father who died two days after Pearson's 62nd birthday. He began preaching at the 11 am service at All Souls Unitarian Church on the third Sunday of the month, while still traveling to Chicago to preach once a month at New Dimensions Chicago, the fellowship he founded there. Pearson also began holding a monthly discussion with a guest before a live audience at Tulsa's "My Studio" in May 2015. His first conversation was with Neale Donald Walsch, author of the mega-best-selling nine-book series, Conversations With God. |
1895_7 | Media coverage
Pearson's life story was the subject of "Heretics", an episode of the Chicago Public Radio program This American Life that was first broadcast on December 16, 2005.
Pearson's life story was telecast on the Dateline NBC program, To Hell and Back, first shown on August 13, 2006.
Pearson was the subject of a Cable News Network story on June 24, 2007, that covered the changes in his teachings (including acceptance of LGBT people into his church) and the backlash against it.
In March 2009, Pearson appeared on Nightline "Face Off" with Deepak Chopra, Mark Driscoll, and Annie Lobert to address the question "Does Satan Exist?"
In September 2010, Pearson again appeared on CNN with anchor Kyra Phillips, discussing the widely publicized gay rumors regarding Bishop Eddie Long. Pearson was again criticized for his inclusive thinking by many Christian fundamentalists, for stating |
1895_8 | In December 2010, Academy Award winner Mo'Nique invited Pearson to appear on her BET-TV late night talk show. Mo'Nique publicly suggested that she followed and supported Pearson and would "come to his church in Atlanta, if he had one and would have her." |
1895_9 | Come Sunday
In July 2010 it was announced that director Marc Forster would direct a feature film about Pearson's life, from a script by Marcus Hinchey based on This American Life'''s "Heretics" episode. In January 2017, Joshua Marston was reported to be directing the project as a film for Netflix, with Chiwetel Ejiofor cast to play Pearson, Condola Rashad as his wife Gina, and Martin Sheen as Oral Roberts. The film, entitled Come Sunday, premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival and was released on Netflix on April 13, 2018.
Musical career and personal life
Pearson is also a gospel vocalist who has won two Stellar Awards, and he was nominated for a Dove Award. |
1895_10 | In September 1993, Pearson was married at age 40 to the former Gina Marie Gauthier (born December 13, 1961 in Lake Charles, LA). She is a life coach by profession. They have two children; a son, Julian D'metrius Pearson, born on July 9, 1994, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and a daughter, Majestè Amour Pearson, born October 29, 1996, in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
On August 25, 2015, Gina Pearson filed for divorce from Carlton. On May 19, 2016, before the divorce was finalized, Mrs. Pearson dismissed her petition for divorce. The divorce was finalized on October 3, 2019.
Books
The Gospel of Inclusion: Reaching Beyond Religious Fundamentalism to the True Love of God, 2007. Azusa Press/ Council Oak Books, .
God Is Not a Christian, Nor a Jew, Muslim, Hindu… 2010 Atria Books/ Simon & Schuster, Inc. .
References |
1895_11 | External links
Carlton Pearson's website
Pearson's life story, as told on This American Life, with numerous quotes from Pearson
Carlton Pearson interview discussing his departure from Christ Universal Temple, Chicago Tonight'', WTTW, January 6, 2011.
American Pentecostals
American gospel singers
1953 births
Living people
Musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Oral Roberts University alumni
United Church of Christ members
American bishops
American Christian universalists
American Christian pacifists
People from San Diego
20th-century Christian universalists
21st-century Christian universalists
Christian universalist clergy
Christian universalist theologians
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
Singers from California
Singers from Oklahoma
Candidates in the 2002 United States elections
Activists from California
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers |
1896_0 | Daniella Pellegrini is a South African TV presenter, producer and dubbing artist.
Early life
Pellegrini was born in Johannesburg, South Africa and is the last of four children. She attended Rivonia Primary School where she began acting in school plays and later attended high school at Eden College in Hyde Park. Throughout her school career Pellegrini was a competitive gymnast and tumbler, representing her country internationally over the course of a decade. Pellegrini went on to study a communications degree at Rand Afrikaans University where she majored in Journalism, Human Movement Studies and Communications.
Career
Gymnastics and tumbling |
1896_1 | Pellegrini started gymnastics & tumbling at the age of three and had a rewarding 16-year career. By the age of seven, Pellegrini was picked to join the Advanced Development Program, which was set up to groom and develop the next generation of Olympic athletes. While training as an all round artistic gymnast, Daniella's natural ability for tumbling began to show and in 1992 Pellegrini qualified for the 11th Tumbling & Trampoline World Championships/World Age group Games.
Due to the Apartheid government and international pressure, South Africa had been exiled from international sports competitions for almost a decade and Miss Pellegrini, alongside great tumblers like Tseko Mogotsi, was making history by being one of the first competitors to join the South African national team, to receive Springbok colours and to represent her country on an international platform. She went on to win a bronze medal at the 1992 World Age Group Games in Auckland, New Zealand. |
1896_2 | Throughout the next decade of competing at an international level, Pellegrini represented her country on the national tumbling team earning South African National 8 times. She achieved many accolades and throughout her rewarding career she won 56 medals and 15 trophies, the greatest of these being the title of World Champion in her age group in 2001. In 2002 Pellegrini received a university scholarship based on her achievements.
Tumbling awards and titles
Fitness
After 8 years of retirement from international sport, Pellegrini rejoined the sporting arena as a competitive fitness athlete in 2010. She won her debut competition FAME UK 2010 as well as the 2010 Fitness Britain Fitness Championship, making her the Fitness Champion under two different competitive federations.
Fitness awards and titles
Broadcasting career
TV |
1896_3 | Daniella's TV presenting career began in 1999 when she joined e-TV as a kids TV presenter on Craz-e. In 2003, Pellegrini joined Vicious Delicious, a magazine show that broadcast on DStv on channel 'GO', the country's first ever youth channel. Pellegrini interviewed world-famous DJs (Paul van Dyke, Paul Oakenfold, Ferry Corsten, Tim Deluxe) and famous bands like Sepultura.
During her time on the show Daniella's antics included bunji jumping over Victoria Falls, snorkelling off the coast of Mozambique, helicopter flipping and white water rafting in Zambia, stunt flying, jet boating, drag racing, covering an FHM swimsuit calendar shoot and an MTV party to name but a few.
Radio |
1896_4 | In 2002 while studying her bachelor's degree and working for RAU Radio, Pellegrini joined 5FM Music on an intense radio DJing training program after being chosen from 500 national entries. Later that year Pellegrini came runner up in the 94.7 Highveld Stereo Hot Jocks Competition, which was based by public votes. At the end of 2002 Pellegrini was offered to co-host a radio show on Edgars Music Radio. In 2003 Pellegrini was selected to be the anchor presenter on CNA Live. In 2004 Pellegrini signed with 94.7 Highveld Stereo as a presenter. In 2006 when Pellegrini relocated to London she joined the online station Radio SA.
Voice-over |
1896_5 | Daniella's work as a voice artist includes TV promos, commercials, radio station IDs and promos corporate presentations for global brands and animated characters. In 2002, Pellegrini became the voice for SABC 1, which was at the time the public broadcast channel with the highest viewership figures. Pellegrini has voiced projects for/with global brands including Fox, FX, National Geographic, Fox Retro, NatGeo Wild, Sony Entertainment Television, Animax, Walt Disney, Nickelodeon, Ministry of Sound, BBC World, Guide Dogs, DStv, GO, Vicious Delicious, Sheer Dance, DJ Online, SAfm, Radio 2000, Rennies Travel, JNC, Garnier, and Laundry Monsters. |
1896_6 | Acting and producing
In 1998 at age 16, Pellegrini joined the SABC in her first professional acting role on Sasko Sam, a children's educational fitness show and worked on other smaller productions as well as music and corporate videos. In 2006 when Pellegrini moved to London she continued to study acting, accents and comedy. She has worked on a number of short films including Strange Meeting and the feature Superman: Requiem.
In 2010 Pellegrini began producing and 8 months after she was cast in Superman: Requiem, she was invited to join the production team. Daniella's debut film as a producer 'Once Were' is an improvisational acting short. She currently has several projects in different stages of development.
Filmography
References
External links
1982 births
People from Johannesburg
South African television presenters
South African voice actresses
Living people
South African women television presenters |
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