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The VariantsPerSample annotator is invoked through the SVVariantAnnotator walker, which defines arguments common to all annotators.
The
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It looks like you're new here. If you want to get involved, click one of these buttons!
The VariantsPerSample annotator is invoked through the SVVariantAnnotator walker, which defines arguments common to all annotators.
The VariantsPerSample annotator is a simple annotator that counts how many variants are in each sampled genome. The output can be rolled up into population level statistics.
In the current implementation, VariantsPerSample uses the
GSSAMPLES INFO tag in the input VCF file to determine which samples carry the variant. The input VCF file should not contain genotypes.
Filtered variants are not counted in the totals.
-populationMap <map-file>: A tab-delimited input file containing two columns: the sample ID and a population ID for that sample. If supplied, the population information will be carried over into the output report.
No VCF annotations are produced, but this annotator is used to produce a report file. The report file will contain one line per sample. The report includes the number of variants and also the population if -populationMap is supplied.
java -Xmx2g -cp SVToolkit.jar:GenomeAnalysisTK.jar \ org.broadinstitute.sting.gatk.CommandLineGATK \ -T SVVariantAnnotator \ -A VariantsPerSample \ -R /humgen/1kg/reference/human_g1k_v37.fasta \ -BTI variant \ -B:variant,VCF input.vcf \ -populationMap sample_to_population.map \ -writeReport \ -reportFile variants_per_sample.dat
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The Cricket World Cup is one among the biggest tournaments of the world, like the Olympics and the Football World Cup. With its amazing quality of keeping the viewers glued to the match with the most unexpected turns and results, cricket today is the most popular
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The Cricket World Cup is one among the biggest tournaments of the world, like the Olympics and the Football World Cup. With its amazing quality of keeping the viewers glued to the match with the most unexpected turns and results, cricket today is the most popular and most watched sport after football and tennis. The ICC world cup, held every four years, is the premier international championship of men’s One Day International Cricket.
History of One Day International (ODI) Cricket-
The first ever international cricket match was played between Canada and the US in September 1844. The first multilateral competition of test cricket at international level, known as the Triangular Tournament, was played in England between England, Australia and South Africa, in the year 1912. England, Australia and South Africa were the only three test playing nations at that time. They were joined by the team of West Indies in 1928, New Zealand in 1930, India in 1932 and Pakistan in 1952.
Cricket was an interesting sport, but gradually the test format of the game was loosing its sheen not only due to the long period of five days involved, but also because most of the matches finished with a draw, disappointing the viewers. Besides, the cricket industry was also facing shortage of capital, income and the skilled labor required for the game. It was turning into a non-profitable business. This led to the invention of the shorter version of the game which finished in one day.
The England Country County cricket teams began playing the shorter version of cricket in the early 1960s. The first one day international match too has an interesting story. It so happened that the five day test match between England and Australia, held in Melbourne in 1971, was ruined due to rain, greatly disappointing the spectators. To fill in the time available on the fifth day and to compensate for the frustrated crowd, a one day match was played between the two teams of England and Australia. It was a 40 over match with 8 balls per over.
The diminishing popularity of the test format and shortage of funds, the increasing popularity of the one-day matches
in England and all other cricket loving nations and the craze of the Football World Cup, inspired the International Cricket Council (ICC) to organize a Cricket World Cup.
The first world cup was held in 1975 in England. England was the only country at that time which had the required resources to host an event of such magnitude. The ICC World Cup was initially known as the Prudential Cup because it was sponsored by the insurance giant Prudential plc in England. When it was held in India and Pakistan in the year 1987, it was called the Reliance World Cup, as the event was sponsored by Reliance group.
Indian sub-continent as host-
The historical World Cup victory of India on 25th June, 1983, under the captaincy of the erstwhile Kapil Dev, heralded the dawn of the immensely profitable industry of cricket in India. Cricket overshadowed every other sport in the country as its popularity soared to crazy heights among Indians, irrespective of age, gender, caste or class. The 1983 World cup win not only changed the face of cricket in India, but this world cup, hosted by England for the third consecutive time, also sowed the seeds for the desire to host the prestigious tournament in the Indian sub-continent.
Mr. NKP Salve, the then BCCI president attending the world cup in England and cheering India through the matches. Inspite of his being a Union minister and also the president of the BCCI, he was refused a few complimentary passes for the final, by the ICCI. This disrespect not only hurt Mr. Salve, but it also gave birth to desire to democratize the ICC and break the dominance of England over all cricket related issues. Along with Mr. Jagmohan Dalmiya and Mr. I. S. Bindra, Salve started efforts to get the priviledge of hosting the world cup in the Indian sub-continent which had the greatest
number of cricket fans in the world. Pakistan fully supported India’s cause. It required quite some efforts by Indiaand Pakistan to convince the ICC to get the World cup in India. Being a significant income generator, England tried to discourage by putting forth causes like- lack of international standard grounds, lack of good hotels for visiting players, lack of enough foreign exchange in India and Pakistan and the shorter days in the Indian sub-continent. The two determined countries played smart with commendable support from their political heads of that time, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi (PM of India) and General Zia-ul-Haq (President of Pakistan). All conditions and moneys were guaranteed, as Reliance won the bid as the chief sponsor of the tournament to be held in India and Pakistan. This paved the way to develop the required infrastructure for the international tournament. India also offered a 50 percent hike in prize money and a more equitable distribution of guarantee money to full and associate members of the ICC.
Regarding the shorter daylight period in the sub-continent, India and Pakistan offered to hold the 60 overs matches spanning in two days. This proposal was rejected and finally the matches were cut short to 50 overs. Ultimately, on July 19, 1984, India and Pakistan won the right to host the 1987 World Cup. The Indian sub-continent is hosting the World Cup for the third time in 2011.
The current trophy was created for the 1999 championship and it was the first permanent prize in the tournament history. Prior to 1999 different trophies were made for each world cup. The current trophy is made of silver and gild. It features a
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Ruby-Crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) photos by Larry Jordan
If you live anywhere other than Western North America, you may be able to identify this bird by its tiny size, its broken eye ring and its petite bill. In
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Ruby-Crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) photos by Larry Jordan
If you live anywhere other than Western North America, you may be able to identify this bird by its tiny size, its broken eye ring and its petite bill. In the far West however, the Ruby-Crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) can be confused with Hutton’s Vireo (Vireo huttoni). Click on photos for full sized images.
The black highlight bar behind the white wing bar on the Ruby-crowned Kinglet sets it apart from the Vireo.
These beautiful little birds grace my yard every autumn and I always look forward to their visits. The females pictured above showed up a couple of weeks ago with a male. He’s the one with the ruby crown.
I agree with Corey on this one, “Few birds are as likely to bring a smile to an observer t
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Paper No' CEPCP368: | Full paper
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|This centre is a member of The LSE Research Laboratory [RLAB]: CASE | CEE | CEP | FMG | SERC | STICERD||Cookies?|
Paper No' CEPCP368: | Full paper
Save Reference as: BibTeX File | EndNote Import File
Keywords: primary school education; UK; educational attainment; curriculum; immigration; language
Is hard copy/paper copy available? YES - Paper Copy Still In Print.
This Paper is published under the following series: CentrePiece Magazine
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Abstract:In recent years there has been an increase in the number of children going to school in England who do not speak English as a first language. We investigate whether this has an impact on the educational outcomes of native English speakers at the end of primary school. We show that the negative correlation observed in the raw data is mainly an artefact of selection: non-native speakers are more likely to attend school with disadvantaged native speakers. We attempt to identify a causal impact of changes in the percentage of non-native speakers within the year group. In general, our results suggest zero effect and rule out negative effects.
CentrePiece 17 (1) Spring2012 pages: 14-15
This article summarises 'Non-native Speakers of English in the Classroom: What are the Effects on Pupil Performance?' by Charlotte Geay, Sandra McNally and Shqiponja Telhaj, Centre for the Economics of Education Discussion Paper No.137, March 2012
Copyright © RLAB & LSE 2003 - 2013 | LSE, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE | Contact: RLAB | Site updated 20 December 2013
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Do you avoid using plastic containers for hot food?
They may not stack up well next to Grandma's gorgeous old dinner set, but plastic plates and bowls hold an important
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Skip to: Main Navigation | Main Content
or try the A-Z Library
Do you avoid using plastic containers for hot food?
They may not stack up well next to Grandma's gorgeous old dinner set, but plastic plates and bowls hold an important place in our 21st century homes particularly for those of us living with porcelain-plate-breaking, fine-china-bowl-smashing young children.
Unlike ceramics, however, components of some types of plastics are known to be hazardous to human health.
But if you transfer hot food straight from the oven, stove or microwave into a plastic serving bowl can toxic components from the plastic leach into your food and make you ill? Should you avoid eating hot food out of plastic plates or bowls?
The risk is pretty low, says toxicologist Dr Ian Musgrave from the University of Adelaide.
"People perceive plastics in food as being a lot riskier than they really are," says Musgrave.
"There is no thing with zero risk, but based on our best information, the risk associated with plastics migrating from our food containers, that are approved for use, is insignificant."
Although there are many different plastics, the two main types of plastic used in dinnerware are melamine resin and polypropylene.
Melamine resin is a tough plastic that can be found in children's dinner sets, many picnic sets and those noodle soup bowls you see on high rotation in food courts.
On its own, the compound melamine is toxic to human health. Ingested at high concentrations, it can damage the kidneys, as was the case in 2008 in China when six babies died and 50,000 others were hospitalised after being fed baby formula contaminated with melamine.
But what does research have to say about the risk of exposure from melamine resin bowls?
A recent study from Taiwan showed that people who consumed hot soup, which was 90 degrees Celsius when poured into a melamine bowl, did excrete small amounts of melamine in their urine, indicating that melamine from the soup bowl had been absorbed into the body.
Despite these findings, Musgrave says, it's very unlikely melamine bowls are going to do you any harm.
"There are limits to how much melamine people should be exposed to," he says, "but in terms of the risk of exposure to melamine in hot bowls, the risk is really very low.
"[This study shows that] we can put 90 degree hot soup into a plastic bowl and the melamine you would get from that is 600 times lower than the most stringent exposure limit we have."
In other words, you would have to consume hundreds of servings of very hot soup each day before you exceeded the tolerable daily intake of melamine.
It's important to note, while eating hot food from melamine bowls and plates is unlikely to be a health risk, many melamine bowls are not considered safe for heating food in a microwave. This is because microwaves heat food to extremely high temperatures.
There appears to be even less concern which has translated into fewer studies regarding leaching of toxins from polypropylene (recycle code 5), the other plastic dinnerware workhorse. Polypropylene bowls and plates are also considered safe to use in the microwave.
What we do know though is that neither polypropylene nor melamine contain two of the toxins that have raised concern in recent years: bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates.
BPA, primarily found in a type of plastic called polycarbonate or PC (recycle code 7), is toxic to the body in large doses and can increase your risk of breast and prostate cancer and heart disease, among other diseases. When containers made with BPA are heated, BPA levels in food have been found to increase.
Phthalates (such as the plasticiser diethylhexyl phthalate or DEHP) are primarily found in polyvinyl carbonate or PVC (recycle code 3) and have been found to cause problems with hormones and the reproductive system.
In general, plastics that are marked with recycle codes 1, 2, 4 and 5 are unlikely to contain either BPA or phthalates.
The bottom line: when it comes to heat, there are no materials short of ceramics that don't leach something, Musgrave says.
But "whatever leaches into your food is much lower than any threshold of damage," he says.
If, however, you still want to be extra cautious, you could choose to retire old plastic bowls, says Chris Winder, professor in toxicology and occupational health at the Australian Catholic University.
Plast
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An Australian researcher has developed a gene therapy for HIV - which has the potential to stop the virus from turning deadly.
David Harrich, an associate professor at the Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), will begin animal trials this year,
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An Australian researcher has developed a gene therapy for HIV - which has the potential to stop the virus from turning deadly.
David Harrich, an associate professor at the Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), will begin animal trials this year, but experiments in humans are still five years away.
Harrich has manipulated an HIV protein involved in gene expression, known as Tat, and turned it into a weapon against the virus.Using human immune system cells, known as T-cells, in the laboratory, he's shown the mutant protein prevents HIV replication.
At the same time, Harrich said the modified protein, dubbed Nullbasic, did not appear to adversely affect the human cells.
"So far we haven't found that Nullbasic causes toxicity in the cells we've tested," he said.
"I'm excited. Every test I've done with this agent has succeeded. It makes me optimistic it will work in humans. At the same time, I'm a skeptical scientist, and I'm going to require proof it can jump every hurdle."
QIMR researchers will soon begin testing the protein in mice.
"Before you can trial it on humans, it's going to have to go through rigorous testing in animals for safety," Harrich said.
In order for human cells to make the HIV-inhibitory protein in the laboratory, Harrich had to insert a new gene - a process known as gene therapy.
He said the idea of gene therapy being used as a treatment for HIV had gained momentum since the case of a man known as the Berlin Patient, considered by doctors to have been cured of the virus.
"He had a bone marrow transplant because he had cancer. The bone marrow from a human donor contained a mutant form of a normal protein that stopped the virus from being able to infect his cells," Harrich said.
"He now has no HIV detectable in his body."
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As soon as President George Bush pulled funding for the X-38 vehicle (seen in picture below) in 2001, effectively cancelling the programme, NASA and the wider space community has known that buying Russian spacecraft was inevitable. Now it waits for
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As soon as President George Bush pulled funding for the X-38 vehicle (seen in picture below) in 2001, effectively cancelling the programme, NASA and the wider space community has known that buying Russian spacecraft was inevitable. Now it waits for Bush to finally sign the act that will allow NASA to do just that.
Under the treaty governing the international partnership that is the International Space Station (ISS) the US was to become responsible for crew emergency return after Russia had supplied 11 Soyuz capsules (see picture below) to transport crew and do the escape capsule job. When the X-38 was cancelled in 2001 it was clear that the US would not have its own vehicle to do the job come April 2006 when the last Soyuz fell to Earth.
The disaster that befell Space Shuttle Columba on 1 February 2003 only made the situation more acute. Not only was the US facing a situation where it could not provide emergency return it was also facing a situation where it could not even provide crew transport or supply the ISS. In April this year NASA told Russia’s Federal Space Agency that it would buy launches from the agency and its Russian industrial partners. The next shuttle launch is tentatively scheduled for May 2006, and a sustained return to flight following the successful Discovery mission earlier this year could help. But that second return to flight launch date might change, the external tank foam loss problem that destroyed Columbia and almost damaged Discovery is still unresolved and ISS operations must go on.
Over the last couple of months the US Senate an
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If you found it difficult this year to save enough money to purchase Christmas gifts for your loved ones, just wait until 2012. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency yesterday announced new mercury restrictions on coal power plants that will impose anywhere from $
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If you found it difficult this year to save enough money to purchase Christmas gifts for your loved ones, just wait until 2012. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency yesterday announced new mercury restrictions on coal power plants that will impose anywhere from $10 billion (EPA’s estimate) to $200 billion (third-party estimates) in new costs on energy production. On a per household basis, that imposes anywhere from $100 to $2,000 in additional energy costs on the average U.S. household each and every year.
Although the new restrictions do not take effect until 2015, energy providers will have to take immediate action to meet the deadline. U.S. electricity prices have already increased by nearly 50 percent during the past decade, and EPA’s new restrictions will merely accelerate that trend. Start taking still more money out of next year’s Christmas envelope and transfer it over to the monthly electricity envelope.
Despite the high costs, perhaps the new restrictions would make sense if the United States faced a severe and worsening environmental mercury problem. Exactly the opposite is the case.
EPA reports that mercury emissions in the United States have declined by approximately 60% since 1990. The dramatic reduction in mercury emissions is consistent with the reduction in air pollution across the board. EPA reports that emissions of the Six Principal Pollutants it monitors have decreased by 67% since 1980. This trend will continue even without EPA’s new mercury restrictions, as natural gas continues to claim an ever-greater share of electricity output in the nation. Natural gas power is dramatically cleaner than coal power and cuts most emissions by 80 to 100 percent. Natural gas cuts mercury emissions by more than 90% in relation to coal.
Still further, there would be little reason for concern even if the dramatic and ongoing decline in mercury and other emissions were not already taking place. As scientist Willie Soon summarized in a Wall Street Journal article earlier this year, “To build its case against mercury, the EPA systematically ignored evidence and clinical studies that contradict its regulatory agenda, which is to punish hydrocarbon use.”
Soon presented more than 80 pages of research supporting his article, documenting that environmental mercury levels in the United States are far from being a serious health threat. Soon demonstrated how EPA conducted no original research and cherry-picked available studies to present the bleakest possible picture regarding environmental mercury and human health. In doing so, EPA relied on the studies with glaring scientific flaws while ignoring much more credible studies showing no serious health risks.
Given the long-term improvement in our nation’s air quality and the steep price of the new restrictions, the timing and rationale of EPA’s decision seem rather curious. However, environmental activist groups have long since abandoned sound science and cost-benefi
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Jewish Holocaust vs Japanese Internment
Persecution- the act of persecuting ( especially on the basis of race or religion).
The HolocaustIt was a genocide
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Jewish Holocaust vs Japanese Internment
Persecution- the act of persecuting ( especially on the basis of race or religion).
The HolocaustIt was a genocide of approximately six million jews that were captured during the WWII. This was a murder Of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe before the Holocaust, approximately two-thirds perished.In particular, over one million Jewish children were killed in the Holocaust, as were approximately two million Jewish women and three million Jewish menous program that was led by the Nazis and their leader Adolf Hitler throughout occupied territory.The Concentration camps during the Holocaust were Auschwitz II, Belzec, Chelmno, Jasenovac, Majdanex, Maly Trostinets, Sabibor, Treblinka.
Japanese-American internmentThis was a relocation and internment by the United States government in 1942 of about 110,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese who lived along the Pacific coast, mainly taking place in California, of the United States to camps called "War Relocation Camps," in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.The internment of Japanese Americans was applied unequally throughout the United States. All who lived on the West Coast of the United States were interned, while in Hawaii, where the 150,000-plus Japanese Americans composed over one-third of the population, an estimated 1,200.
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*The post is my contribution to the #ChemTravelCarnival. If you’ve written a travelogue (or want to) let me know!*
Geology is applied chemistry, on the million year timescale. The forces we take
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*The post is my contribution to the #ChemTravelCarnival. If you’ve written a travelogue (or want to) let me know!*
Geology is applied chemistry, on the million year timescale. The forces we take advantage of in the lab–acidity, Brownian motion, temperature control–work wonders on the ground beneath our feet, slowly shaping the landscape.
Last month I took a trip out to Maligne Canyon (muh-leen) in Jasper National Park. The canyon was one of the highlights of my summer, both because of the beautiful scenery and because walking through the canyon was like looking back through time.
Much of the eastern half of Jasper park is built on limestone, layers of calcium carbonate that formed from crushed seashells millions of years into the past. As the Maligne river flowed over this bedrock, dissolved sulfates and carbon dioxide (as carbonic acid) slowly dissolved the streambed, cutting a series of waterfalls into the ground.
The path of the canyon is set by the flow of water, and the water is often caught in small eddy pools. Over time the constant circular motion erodes the soft rock walls, forming small hollows as the streambed sinks down. Occasionally the river will change course, and a narrow circular shelf is left behind.
At points the canyon is at least 40 metres deep, but only a few metres wide. Moss clings to the walls, living off the spray of water and faint sunlight, while small trees find purchase in the shelves left by eddy currents. Occasionally a larger tree will fall and be caught by the rock face, hanging suspended. More rarely a boulder will do the same, forming a natural bridge from one side of the canyon to the other.
Even without erosion the rock around the canyon is porous, filled with alcoves and tiny caves. In the largest of the alcoves birds nest, though as they are strictly nocturnal none were visible on my trip.
About fifteen kilometres upstream a rockslide buries the majority of the Maligne river, and not all paths back to the surface are the same length. The flow of water increases significantly as we move down the canyon, with dozens of small rivers emerging from the rock.
By the end of the canyon the narrow stream has become a broad river, and all the caves and cliffs are left behind. Eventually the river will join up with the Athabasca river, winding its way north until it drains into the Arctic Ocean.
True to its glacial origins the Maligne river is bright turquoise, heavy with nanometre stones called rock flour. Rock flour has its origins in movement of glaciers scraping deep cuts into bedrock. However, that story belongs to another trip.
Technically the canyon is a gorge. Yes, that is confusing.
This underground network of caves between Medicine lake and Maligne canyon is almost certainly the most extensive in Jasper, if not the Canadian Rockies. Unfortunately
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Children and adults with autism find it difficult to understand the world around them and sometimes get very upset, anxious or angry. They find it difficult to communicate with others in a meaningful way. Some people with autism, but by no means all, never
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Children and adults with autism find it difficult to understand the world around them and sometimes get very upset, anxious or angry. They find it difficult to communicate with others in a meaningful way. Some people with autism, but by no means all, never learn to talk - they are non-verbal.
People with autism find it hard to make friends and have difficulty understanding how someone else feels. Whilst some people with autism have accompanying learning disabilities, others are of normal, or above normal, intelligence. Sometimes people with autism have normal or high intelligence (also known as high functioning autism) are said to have Asperger syndrome (which is named after the doctor who first described it).
The National Autistic Society, http://www.nas.org.uk/nas/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=307&a=3358
Aspergers Syndrome by definition is a mild form of autism, which is a simple definition but can also be misleading. Whilst it does fall under the autism umbrella, the learning difficulties associated with autism are not usually present with Aspergers Syndrome (AS).
Disorder of written expression is a childhood condition characterized by poor writing skills. Although no systematic studies of the prevalence of this disorder have been conducted, it is believed to be about 6%, or as common as learning and reading disorders. Children with disorder of written expression have trouble with spelling, make frequent errors in punctuation and grammar, and have poor handwriting.
Universal Design faculty resources. The online resources are most current. http://www.communityinclusion.org/udl/index.php
Also use for sample Universal Design Syllabus: view in electronic and text version both. Blind and/or visually impaired students would likely prefer the text only version of the syllabus for their screen readers to work properly. Check out the Course Description link using Inspiration software. www.inspiration.com
Faculty resources for online handbook
- University of Washington DO-IT (Disabilities
Opportunities Internetworking and Technology)
resource: streaming videos and supporting documents for
faculty working with students with disabilities:
Working Together: Faculty and Students with Disabilities
www.cast.org (Center for Applied Special
This organization supports Universal Design in Learning
(UDL) including the online UDL textbook below:
The Teaching Every Student (TES) website (Note: site will open in a new window) provides an interactive learning environment that both explains and exemplifies "UDL in action." Model lessons, curriculum resources, activities, tutorials, UDL toolkits, and a digital version of the book, Teaching Every Student in the Digital Age: Universal Design for Learning supply teachers with a trove of effective resources.
- Universal Design Education Online
http://www.udeducation.org/index.asp This website supports
teaching Universal Design with an abundance of resources.
- Course Syllabus in digital
Universal Design format.
this can easily be transposed into a text-only document for
screen reader use by blind, visually impaired or learning
- University of Connecticut FacultyWare
resource includes principles and examples of Universal
Design in Instruction:
- Disability as Diversity: A Guide for Class
Discussion. Developed by the American Psychological
Association (APA) Monitor.
7. PEPNet offers consultation,
training, professional development,
technical assistance and recourses to educational institutions working
with students who are Deaf/Hard of Hearing.
8. AHEAD www.ahead.org
Disability Support Services
Gannon Bldg, Room 204
Phone: (517) 483-1924
Additional contact information »
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City (pop., 2000 est.: city, 750,348; urban agglom.: 1,660,700), capital of Sweden. Built on numerous islands and peninsulas connected by old bridges and modern overpasses,
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City (pop., 2000 est.: city, 750,348; urban agglom.: 1,660,700), capital of Sweden. Built on numerous islands and peninsulas connected by old bridges and modern overpasses, Stockholm is regarded as one of the most beautiful capitals in the world. According to tradition, Swedish ruler Birger Jarl founded Stockholm c. 1250. In the Middle Ages it became Sweden's chief trade port, and in 1436 the capital. After years of conflict between the Swedes and Danes, Gustav I Vasa liberated the city from Danish rule in 1523. It developed rapidly in the mid-17th century as Sweden became a great power, and it was Sweden's cultural centre by the 18th century. It was extensively redeveloped in the 19th century. The second largest port in Sweden (Göteborg being the first), it is the country's leading cultural, commercial, financial, and educational centre.
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The Darwin Correspondence Project is publishing the definitive edition of letters written by and to Charles Darwin. The complete resource, containing approximately 15,000 letters, will be available in print and on-line. Darwin exchanged letters with naturalists around the world
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The Darwin Correspondence Project is publishing the definitive edition of letters written by and to Charles Darwin. The complete resource, containing approximately 15,000 letters, will be available in print and on-line. Darwin exchanged letters with naturalists around the world, the work and ideas of many correspondents (both men and women), would be otherwise unknown. Through the letters we can learn about the process of his thinking, the context of Victorian culture and contribution made by his family to his work.
The Darwin and Gender Project is
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The death of teen Amanda Todd has shone a spotlight on bullying of the young, but experts say the bullying phenomenon spans cradle to casket, with older workers in particular being "at considerable risk" of victimization.
Research by the Workplace
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The death of teen Amanda Todd has shone a spotlight on bullying of the young, but experts say the bullying phenomenon spans cradle to casket, with older workers in particular being "at considerable risk" of victimization.
Research by the Workplace Bullying Institute finds nearly one-third of people between the ages of 50 and 64 have been bullied on the job. The organization additionally reports "a noticeable over-representation of older workers" seeking assistance for issues related to workplace torment.
"It's institutional bullying: Let's get rid of our older, higher-paid workers so we can reduce our payroll and hire someone younger and cheaper," says Gary Namie, a social psychologist and director of the WBI.
As one of North America's foremost authorities on the subject, Namie says older employees are "unequivocally" more likely to be targeted - and also to be more hurt when it occurs, as that generation has greater presumptions of fairness.
"When they're bullied, they feel doubly violated because the rug has been pulled out from beneath them and their expectation of a safe, secure workplace has been shattered," he explains.
The recent suicide of 15-year-old Todd, who long suffered psychological and physical torment by her peers, has renewed national debate on how to protect those who are especially vulnerable to such behaviour.
Canadian researcher Loraleigh Keashly describes older workers as being "at considerable risk" of office bullying. She says contributing factors can include: a desire by management to push them out; conflict resulting from large generation gaps or gender imbalances in staff; professional jealousy; and prejudices about older people's ability to perform effectively.
"When you add together the people who say they've experienced it and the people who say they've witnessed it, you're talking about almost half the working population having exposure to bullying in the workplace," says Keashly, who's been studying workplace aggression since the early 1990s.
In 2011, a 5,671-person survey by CareerBuilder found that the eldest and youngest workers were the most victimized age groups, with roughly three in 10 people in both demographics - 55 and older, and 24 or younger - having been bullied on the job. Immediate supervisors were most frequently cited as bullie
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Re: how is it possible to assign ip ending in 255?
> I work in a IT-Network help desktop (help desk that is designed to
> fix/assist in network problems) and few weeks ago i got a call from
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Re: how is it possible to assign ip ending in 255?
> I work in a IT-Network help desktop (help desk that is designed to
> fix/assist in network problems) and few weeks ago i got a call from a
> service Technion that asked me to check ips that end in 255.
> At first i didn't believe him (thought he was making a prank on me or
> just being an #$$).
> Any way i tested and i was able to find the problem (the pc had a
> buggy card) but i started to wonder -
> since ip 255 is for broadcasting how is it that even go tru routers?
The simple answer is that, despite everything you may have been
taught,.255 is not automatically a broadcast address. Neither is.0
automatically a network address.
The broadcast address is the last IP in the subnet.
So if you have a /23 (netmask of 255.255.254.0), it'd be like this:
192.168.0.0 - not usable (network address)
192.168.0.255 - useable
192.168.1.0 - useable
192.168.1.255 - not useable (broadcast address)
The old paradigm of.255 is from the days when the ipv4 space was
Unfortunately, entirely too much network gear wants to treat an ip
space like it's a bunch of /24's, and some tcp/ip stacks won't respond
to.255's (Windows XP is, I believe, broken in this regard, but it's
supposedly fixed for Vista) so network admins still have to act
like.255's aren't usable if they want to ensure *everyone* can connect
to an IP.
> while it is possible to use ip such as 10.15.0.0 broadcast
> 10.15.255.255 (and 10.15.15.255 can be used) but Afair it should not
> be transfered via routers (as 169.254.x.x).
It all depends on how it's subnetted. If that IP space is broken up
into a /19 (255.255.224.0), then 10.15.255.255 would indeed be a valid
IP (10.31.255.255 would be the broadcast subnet)
If you already have a good grasp on subnetting, try to wrap your skull
around VLSM and it should become a bit more clear. But as a general
rule, don't assign.0 and.255 as live IP's unless you know it's
something you can get away with
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Delphinium staphisagria, a native of waste places of Italy, the Greek islands, and Asia Minor, is now generally distributed throughout the Mediterranean countries and the adjacent islands, e. g., the Canaries. It was known
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Delphinium staphisagria, a native of waste places of Italy, the Greek islands, and Asia Minor, is now generally distributed throughout the Mediterranean countries and the adjacent islands, e. g., the Canaries. It was known to the ancients, being mentioned by Nicander (581), Dioscorides (194), Pliny (514), and others, the last-named author stating that the powdered seeds were used for destroying vermin of the head and body, in which direction it is still popular. Throughout the Middle Ages the drug continued in use, according to Pietro Crescenzio (172), of the thirteenth century. The seeds were collected in Italy, where the plant is still cultivated, being still in demand in domestic medicine as an insecticide.
The History of the Vegetable Drugs of the U.S.P., 1911, was written by John Uri Lloyd.
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People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character
America has long been famous as a land of plenty, but we seldom realize how much the American people are a "people of plenty"--a people whose... Show synopsis America has long been
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People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character
America has long been famous as a land of plenty, but we seldom realize how much the American people are a "people of plenty"--a people whose... Show synopsis America has long been famous as a land of plenty, but we seldom realize how much the American people are a "people of plenty"--a people whose distinctive character has been shaped by economic abundance. In this important book, David M. Potter breaks new ground both in the study of this phenomenon and in his approach to the question of national character. He brings a fresh historical perspective to bear on the vital work done in this field by anthropologists, social psychologists, and psychoanalysts. "The rejection of hindsight, with the insistence on trying to see events from the point of view of the participants, was a governing theme with Potter.... This sounds like a truism. Watching him apply it however, is a revelation."--Walter Clemons, "Newsweek " "The best short book on national character I have seen... broadly based, closely reasoned, and lucidly written."--Karl W. Deutsch, " Yale Review "
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April 24, 2012
THE CASTLE DOCTRINE AND STAND-YOUR-GROUND LAW
By: Mark Randall, Research Fellow
Hendrik DeBoer, Research Fellow
This report provides background information on the Castle
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April 24, 2012
THE CASTLE DOCTRINE AND STAND-YOUR-GROUND LAW
By: Mark Randall, Research Fellow
Hendrik DeBoer, Research Fellow
This report provides background information on the Castle Doctrine and stand-your-ground laws.
The Castle Doctrine and “stand-your-ground” laws are affirmative defenses for individuals charged with criminal homicide. The Castle Doctrine is a common law doctrine stating that an individual has no duty to retreat when in his or her home, or “castle,” and may use reasonable force, including deadly force, to defend his or her property, person, or another. Outside of the “castle,” however, an individual has a duty to retreat, if able to do so, before using reasonable force. Stand-your-ground laws, by comparison, remove the common law requirement to retreat outside of one's “castle,” allowing an individual to use force in self-defense when there is reasonable belief of a threat. Deadly force is reasonable under stand-your-ground laws in certain circumstances, such as imminent great bodily harm or death.
Forty-six states, including Connecticut, have incorporated the Castle Doctrine into law. Connecticut law justifies the use of reasonable physical force, including deadly force, in defense of premises. Connecticut courts have recognized the common law privilege to challenge an unlawful entry into one's home, to the extent that a person's conduct does not rise to the level of a crime. Deadly force is justified in defense of one's property by a person who is privileged to be on the premises and who reasonably believes such force is necessary to prevent an attempt by the criminal trespasser to commit any crime of violence.
Twenty states have stand-your-ground laws. Generally, these laws allow an individual to use force in self-defense when there is reasonable belief of a threat, without an obligation to retreat first if the individual (1) has a legal right to be at the location and (2) is not engaged in an unlawful activity. Connecticut does not have a stand-your-ground law. Connecticut law specifically requires an individual to retreat, if able to do so, before using reasonable force.
The Castle Doctrine is a common law doctrine that designates a person's abode (or, in some states, any place legally occupied, such as a car or place of work) as a place in which the person has certain protections and immunities and allows such a person in certain circumstances, to attack an intruder instead of retreating. Typically, deadly force is considered justified homicide only in cases when the actor reasonably feared imminent peril of death or serious bodily harm to oneself or another. The doctrine is not a defined law that can be invoked, but is a set of principles which is incorporated in some form in the law of most states. Forty-six states, including Connecticut, have incorporated the Castle Doctrine into law.
The Castle Doctrine is incorporated into Connecticut law governing the use of physical force in defense of premises. This law states that a person who possesses or controls a premises, or is licensed or privileged to be on such premises, is justified in using reasonable physical force upon another person when he or she reasonably believes it to be necessary to prevent or stop someone from criminally trespassing. Deadly force is reasonable only (1) to defend oneself or another; (2) when one reasonably believes deadly force is necessary to prevent an attempt by the trespasser to commit arson or any violent crime; or (3) to the extent the person reasonably believes it is necessary and only to prevent or terminate an unlawful entry by force into his or her dwelling or place of work (CGS § 53a-20).
In the last five years, two bills have been introduced seeking to expand the Castle Doctrine, but none have made it past the Judiciary Committee.
Connecticut courts have recognized the common law privilege to challenge an unlawful entry into one's home, to the extent that a person's conduct does not rise to the level of a crime (State v. Brocuglio, 264 Conn. 778, 794 (2003)). In finding for the defendants in homicide cases, courts have interpreted CGS §53a-20 as permitting the use of deadly force by a person who is privileged to be on the premises and who “reasonably believes [such force] is necessary to prevent an attempt by the [criminal] trespasser to commit arson or any crime of violence” (State v. Garrison, 203 Conn. 466, 472, (1987)).
Stand-your-ground laws allow someone to use force in self-defense when there is reasonable belief of a threat, without an obligation to retreat first. Twenty states, excluding Connecticut, have stand-your-ground laws. Generally, these laws require the person to (1) have a legal right to be at the location and (2) not be engaged in an unlawful activity.
Connecticut does not have a stand-your-ground law, but instead requires an individual to retreat when able to do so. Under state law, the use of deadly force that might otherwise have been justifiable is not warranted if someone “knows that he can avoid the necessity of using such force with complete safety...by retreating...” (CGS § 53a-19(b)); State v. Garrison, 203 Conn. 466, 472, (1987)). The state's Castle Doctrine law is an exception to this requirement to retreat. In 2007, a bill was introduced to enact stand-your-ground legislation, but did
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|Anthem: La Marseillaise (French)|
|Ethnic groups (1988)|
|-||President of France||François Hollande|
|-||President of French Polynesia||Gaston Flosse|
|-||
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|Anthem: La Marseillaise (French)|
|Ethnic groups (1988)|
|-||President of France||François Hollande|
|-||President of French Polynesia||Gaston Flosse|
|-||High Commissioner||Lionel Beffre|
|Overseas collectivity of France|
|-||Total||4,167 km2 (173rd)
1,609 sq mi
|-||Land area||3,521.2 km2
1,359.5 sq mi
|-||Aug 2012 census||268,270 (177th)|
|GDP (nominal)||2008 estimate|
|-||Total||US$7.14 billion (not ranked)|
|-||Per capita||US$27,352 (not ranked)|
|Currency||CFP franc (
|Time zone||(UTC-10, −9:30, -9)|
|Drives on the||right|
|ISO 3166 code||PF|
|a.||Light European and/or East Asian.|
|c.||Mixed European and Polynesian descent.|
French Polynesia (i/ /; French: Polynésie française, pronounced: [pɔlinezi fʁɑ̃sɛz]; Tahitian: Pō
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Loading the player...
Students: Gracie, Sophie-Jane, Addi, Coleman, Cooper
Teacher: Julie Powell
Elmore County High School & Eclectic Elementary School, Elmore County Schools
In this podcast, students visit the crater
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Loading the player...
Students: Gracie, Sophie-Jane, Addi, Coleman, Cooper
Teacher: Julie Powell
Elmore County High School & Eclectic Elementary School, Elmore County Schools
In this podcast, students visit the crater that was formed approximately 84 million years ago when an asteroid slammed into the area now known as Wetumpka, Alabama. The students relay interesting facts about the crater. The podcast includes opening and closing animation as well.
Content Areas: Science
Alabama Course of Study Alignments and/or Professional Development Standard Alignments:
[S1] (1) 7: Identify components of Earth's surface, including soil, rocks, and water.
[S1] (2) 7: Identify geological features as mountains, valleys, plains, deserts, lakes, rivers, and oceans.
[S1] (2) 8: Identify evidence of erosion
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Ego-state therapy is a psychodynamic approach to treat various behavioural and cognitive problems within a person. It uses techniques that are common in group and family
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Ego-state therapy is a psychodynamic approach to treat various behavioural and cognitive problems within a person. It uses techniques that are common in group and family therapy to resolve conflicts that constitute a "family of self" within a single individual. Although covert ego states do not normally become open and observable except in true multiple personality disorder, they are hypnotically activated and made accessible for communication with by a therapist. Various psychodynamic techniques such as behavioral, cognitive, analytic, or humanistic techniques may then be employed in a kind of internal diplomacy. This approach has demonstrated that complex psychodynamic problems can often be resolved in a much shorter period than with analytic therapies.
The concept of segmentation of personality has been around for many years. The creation of ego-state therapy is attributed to John G Watkins.
Psychological Process Edit
In the development of the human personality, there are two processes that are essential: integration and differentiation. Through integration a person learns to put concepts together, like a shirt and a pair of trousers, to build more complex units known as clothes. By differentiation the person separates general concepts into specific meaning, such as the differences between a comfortable shirt and an uncomfortable shirt. Such differentiation allows humans to experience one set of behaviours in a different situation to another.
Psychological processes do not exist on an either/or basis. Things such as moods and emotions like depression, anxiety, and fear exist on a continuum with differing degrees of intensity. It is the same with differentiation-dissociation. Disorders such as multiple personality disorder are often in the extreme end of the continuum that begins with normal differentiation. It is a matter of intensity. Therefore, the general principle of personality formation in which the process of separation has resulted in discreet segments, called ego states, with boundaries that are more or less permeable.
Ego states exist as a collection of perceptions, cognitions and affects in organised clusters. An ego state may be defined as an organized system of behavior and experience, whose elements are bound together by common principle. When one of these states is invested with ego energy, it becomes "the self" in the here and now. This state is executive and experiences the other states which are then invested with object energy.
Ego states vary in their volume. A large ego state may include all the various behaviors activated in one's occupation. A small ego state are the behaviours one experiences in a simple action, such as using a mobile phone. They may represent current modes of behavior and experiences or, as with hypnotic regression, include many memories, postures, feelings, etc that were apparently learned at an earlier age. They may be organised into different dimensions. For example, an ego state may be built around the age of 10. Another one may represent patterns of behavior toward a father or authority figures and thus overlap with experiences from the age of 10. Behaviors to accomplish a similar goal may be uniquely different from one ego state to another, especially in true multiple personalities.
Hypnosis is a process to assist focus and dissocociation. Through hypnosis, the therapist can focus on a single ego state or segment of personality and dissociate other parts. Many practitioners today are hypnotically activating covert ego states and announcing that they have discovered another multiple personality. Although multiple personalities are usually studied through hypnosis, they should be diagnosed only when the ego states can become overt spontaneously and when the main personality is generally amnestic to what occurs when the alter is overt and executive. When a covert ego state can be induced to emerge only through hypnosis, we do not consider this as a true multiple personality, and it should not be diagnosed. Ego states are commonly found through student volunteers for hypnotic studies. Because hypnosis is a form of dissociation, it is not suprising to find that good hypnotic subjects often manifest covert ego states in their personalities without being mentally ill.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|
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A scheme based on a computer-aided process simulation tool can optimise the cocoa manufacturing process in Malaysia and double output, claims new research.
The objective of the study, published in the journal Food and Bioproducts Processing, was to
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A scheme based on a computer-aided process simulation tool can optimise the cocoa manufacturing process in Malaysia and double output, claims new research.
The objective of the study, published in the journal Food and Bioproducts Processing, was to determine a more efficient industrial cocoa production method in order to boost revenue for the sector in Malaysia, which has seen a decline in cocoa bean tonnage output rates in recent years.
The authors explain that the computer-aided process simulation (CAPS) technique is an effective tool for process analysis and can help plants managers in their adoption of best practice processing methods for cocoa powder, butter, cakes and liquor products.
The CAPS modelling approach involves “the use of computers to perform steady-state heat and mass balancing, as well as sizing and costing calculations for a process,” they said.
It also enables the identification of missing parameters and predicts the behaviour of an integrated process under varying operating conditions. The CAPS tools that are equipped with economic analysis function can be used to pin-point the economic “hot-spot” of a process, continued the researchers.
They claim that cocoa processing, involving cleaning, roasting, winnowing and breaking, alkalisation, drying, grinding, crushing and pulverising steps, is normally operated in semi-continuous mode, and this adds to the difficulty in optimising the various unit operations involved.
The authors said that an industrial cocoa manufacturing process was modelled based on data collected from a production plant as well as from the literature. CAPS was used to identify the process bottlenecks, with several strategies then developed to remove these.
Economic evaluation was also performed on each debottlenecking scheme to identify the most viable method, they added.
Alkalisation was identified as the main process bottleneck, with tray drying also seen to be a process step inhibiting higher throughput gains.
“The alkalisation vessel limits the throughput of the current production scheme. In order to have higher production throughput, this bottleneck needs to be eliminated. This can be done by adding an additional alkalisation vessel operated in stagger mode with the existing vessel.
In practise, the newly added vessel will be operated in parallel with the exiting vessel, but at slightly different time. The simulation model will determine the appropriate start time of this newly staggered equipment… With the availability of the new vessel, the alkalisation process of a consecutive batch can now start before the end of an earlier batch,” they observed.
The researchers concluded that the schemes they developed, based on the stimulation model, showed that by staggering the bottleneck equipment, cocoa product manufacturers could double their current production rate to an output of 5,276 batches on an annual basis.
Source: Food and Bioproducts Processing
Published online ahead of print: doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2010.09.013
Title: Process Simulation And Debottlenecking For An Industrial Cocoa Manufacturing Process
Authors: D. C.Y. Foo, O. Alshekhli, C. Lik HII, C. Lim Law
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The psychology major at CWU is based on several assumptions concerning the kinds of knowledge and skills that you ought to develop as a psychology major. We think it important to describe these in order to provide a meaningful context for our curriculum:
- There are
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The psychology major at CWU is based on several assumptions concerning the kinds of knowledge and skills that you ought to develop as a psychology major. We think it important to describe these in order to provide a meaningful context for our curriculum:
- There are certain areas within the discipline that are considered fundamental. We give high priority to ensuring that you will have opportunities to take courses in these areas. These include the following: physiological psychology, learning, cognitive psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology, personality, abnormal psychology, sensation and perception, and measurement.
- Advanced study in psychology requires critical thinking and reasoning skills. You develop these by working with quantitative information in courses in statistics and research methods and from reading original research reports.
- You should understand the language of the discipline and you should be able to write in that language, using elements of style, described in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, that are standard in the field.
- You should be able to gather information from libraries, from computerized information systems, and other sources; and you should be able to synthesize this information into a knowledge summary or as the basis for a persuasive argument.
- You should be able to pose questions about behavior and select appropriate methods to answer those questions. You should understand psychological research strategies.
- You should know the history of the discipline and its place in the broader intellectual traditions of the humanities, sciences, and social sciences.
- You should know the ethical principles adopted by the American Psychological Association regarding the conduct of psychological services and research.
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Jewish Resistance During the Holocaust: Sixty Years Since the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Day 2003
David (Yorek) Plonski
David Plonski (A
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Jewish Resistance During the Holocaust: Sixty Years Since the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Day 2003
David (Yorek) Plonski
David Plonski (A.K.A “Yorek”) was born in Warsaw, Poland in 1926 to a family of three children. In his early childhood, his family moved to Otwock, a suburb of Warsaw.
With the outbreak of the war, Yorek and his sister — who both looked “Aryan” and spoke fluent Polish — assumed financial responsibility for the family, trading food and goods in the Warsaw markets. In 1940, with the establishment of the Warsaw ghetto, 14-year old Yorek became the family’s sole supporter, smuggling kosher meat into the ghetto, at great peril and with much abuse from Polish youths.
In 1942, the ghetto’s size was reduced; the frequency of aktions increased, and life became progressively more unbearable. Smuggling became increasingly difficult and dangerous (possible only through the ghetto walls), but Yorek continued to smuggle in goods.
On 18 August 1942, Yorek returned to Otwock from “work” to find his parents packing. They told him that they were being sent on one of the transports. His mother began screaming hysterically that he must leave, and pushed him out of the window. Yorek fled his family’s house and never returned. The following day the Jews of Otwock were killed and Yorek never saw his family again.
Yorek escaped to Warsaw and slept in the
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This item is available under a Creative Commons License for non-commercial use only
This book provides an account of the mathematical background, computational methods and software engineering associated with digital signal processing. The aim has been to provide the reader with the mathematical methods required
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This item is available under a Creative Commons License for non-commercial use only
This book provides an account of the mathematical background, computational methods and software engineering associated with digital signal processing. The aim has been to provide the reader with the mathematical methods required for signal analysis which are then used to develop models and algorithms for processing digital signals and finally to encourage the reader to design software solutions for Digital Signal Processing (DSP). In this way, the reader is invited to develop a small DSP library that can then be expanded further with a focus on his/her research interests and applications.
There are of course many excellent books and software systems available on this subject area. However, in many of these publications, the relationship between the mathematical methods associated with signal analysis and the software available for processing data is not always clear. Either the publications concentrate on mathematical aspects that are not focused on practical programming solutions or elaborate on the software development of solutions in terms of working ‘black-boxes’ without covering the mathematical background and analysis associated with the design of these software solutions. Thus, this book has been written with the aim of giving the reader a technical overview of the mathematics and software associated with the ‘art’ of developing numerical algorithms and designing software solutions for DSP, all of which is built on firm mathematical foundations. For this reason, the work is, by necessity, rather lengthy and covers a wide range of subjects compounded in four principal parts. Part I provides the mathematical background for the analysis of signals, Part II considers the computational techniques (principally those associated with linear algebra and the linear eigenvalue problem) required for array processing and associated analysis (error analysis for example). Part III introduces the reader to the essential elements of software engineering using the C programming language, tailored to those features that are used for developing C functions or modules for building a DSP library.
The material associated with parts I, II and III is then used to build up a DSP system by defining a number of ‘problems’ and then addressing the solutions in terms of presenting an appropriate mathematical model, undertaking the necessary analysis, developing an appropriate algorithm and then coding the solution in C. This material forms the basis for part IV of this work.
In most chapters, a series of tutorial problems is given for the reader to attempt with answers provided in Appendix A. These problems include theoretical, computational and programming exercises. Part II of this work is relatively long and arguably contains too much material on the computational methods for linear algebra. However, this material and the complementary material on vector and matrix norms forms the computational basis for many methods of digital signal processing. Moreover, this important and widely researched subject area forms the foundations, not only of digital signal processing and control engineering for example, but also of numerical analysis in general.
The material presented in this book is based on the lecture notes and supplementary material developed by the author for an advanced Masters course ‘Digital Signal Processing’ which was first established at Cranfield University, Bedford in 1990 and modified when the author moved to De Montfort University, Leicester in 1994.
The programmes are still operating at these universities and the material has been used by some 700++ graduates since its establishment and development in the early 1990s. The material was enhanced and developed further when the author moved to the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at Loughborough University in 2003 and now forms part of the Department’s post-graduate programmes in Communication Systems Engineering. The original Masters programme included a taught component covering a period of six months based on two semesters, each Semester being composed of four modules. The material in this work covers the first Semester and its four parts reflect the four modules delivered. The material delivered in the second Semester is published as a companion volume to this work entitled Digital Image Processing, Horwood Publishing, 2005 which covers the mathematical modelling of imaging systems and the techniques that have been developed to process and analyse the data such systems provide.
Since the publication of the first edition of this work in 2003, a number of minor changes and some additions have been made. The material on programming and software engineering in Chapters 11 and 12 has been extended. This includes some additions and further solved and supplementary questions which are included throughout the text. Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out, that while every effort has been made by the author and publisher to provide a work that is error free, it is inevitable that typing errors and various ‘bugs’ will occur. If so, and in particular, if the reader starts to suffer from a lack of comprehension over certain aspects of the material (due to errors or otherwise) then he/she should not assume that there is something wrong with themselves, but with the author!
Blackledge, J.: Digital Signal Processing (Second Edition). Horwood Publishing, vol: ISBN: 1-904275-26-5. 2006.
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June 16, 2010
Skydiving is turning into skygliding—who wants to fall like a stone when you can fly like a bird? Or, we should say, a bat…well, most accurately, a flying squirrel
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June 16, 2010
Skydiving is turning into skygliding—who wants to fall like a stone when you can fly like a bird? Or, we should say, a bat…well, most accurately, a flying squirrel.
In recent years, with the help of special suits that incorporate webbing from the wrists to the ankles and between the legs, skydivers have been traveling forward the way the space shuttle comes back to Earth—a steep glide, but a glide nonetheless.
Earlier this spring, U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Ben Borger of the Army’s Golden Knights parachute team traveled 11.5 miles forward during a single fall, 1.5 miles farther than the old record. To achieve this, he jumped from a C-17 Globemaster III cargo jet at 32,000 feet and opened his chute at 3,500 feet. Borger carried oxygen equipment to breathe at high altitude, and wore an advanced suit that insulated him against the minus-50-degrees Fahrenheit air in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. A cool series of video segments starts at the 2:20 mark that show him jumping out the back of the airplane.
We wonder if airlines may take notice, as a means to connect passengers through airports without the expense of landing.
February 12, 2010
The United States Parachute Association has released the good news that 2009 marked the lowest skydiving fatality rate for one year in almost half a century: 16 deaths in nearly three million jumps by over 32,000 USPA members at 220 drop zones across the U.S. Of those three million, 400,000 were by people making their first jump. Not since 1961 has an annual fatality total been lower, at 14. But there were only 3,353 members then. Total jumps that year weren’t tallied, but suffice to say there were far fewer. So the death rate was surely much higher.
The 1970s averaged 42.5 fatalities per year, but that 10-year average has steadily dropped: The 1980s saw a 34.1 average; the 1990s, 32.3; and the 2000s 25.8. The USPA attributes the decline to safer equipment, better training, and the personal commitment
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Hamilton County Extension Agent Tom Stebbins has been getting quite a few calls lately about bark falling or coming off mainly white oak trees. Although many of these calls are coming from Signal Mountain, the problem is not confined to that area.
According to
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Hamilton County Extension Agent Tom Stebbins has been getting quite a few calls lately about bark falling or coming off mainly white oak trees. Although many of these calls are coming from Signal Mountain, the problem is not confined to that area.
According to these callers, there is too much fallen bark to blame squirrels, birds or insect borers. Callers describe the situation to Tom as “It looks like a bear hugged the tree and pulled the bark away.” Based on this description, Tom thinks the culprit might be the fungus Aleurodiscus oakesii and the condition is called “Smooth Patch Disease of White Oak.”
As you may recall from Biology class, fungi are neither plants nor animals and perform an essential role in the food chain—fungi break down dead organic material and therefore cycle the matter back into the food chain. Unlike mushrooms, the iconic fungus fruiting body, the Aleurodiscus species produce a flat crusty fruiting body that is rarely more than a centimeter (half inch) in any direction and usually about a millimeter or two thick. However its effects can be seen from quite a distance. Although A.oakesii is not a parasite, it lives on the bark of trees, primarily oaks and other members of the Fagaceae, such as chestnut, although it is found commonly on many other hardwoods. The food source for the fungus is actually the dead bark of the tree.
Is this condition a problem? According to Tom, the fungus is not pathogenic to the tree. In other words, the fungus will not kill the tree–it just goes after the bark layer and causes it to fall off. It looks bad but no control is suggested—no sprays for insects are warranted unless high populations are visible. Just consider this a case of natural recycling.
More information about this condition can be found at this link: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/apr2006.html
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#actem10 Vicki Davis and Angela Maiers - double perfection for our keynote. Let's get rid of "CAN'T"
If we all say "I can change me", we can change the world. Can begins with focus!
10
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#actem10 Vicki Davis and Angela Maiers - double perfection for our keynote. Let's get rid of "CAN'T"
If we all say "I can change me", we can change the world. Can begins with focus!
10 things we can do
1 - Change the Conversation
How inspiring words from leaders and teachers an be. Your conversation, your terms, your speech can lead the students into a learning culture. Move kids from a simple mindset to a contribution mindset. Refer to book, "Linchpin" (You are a genius and the world needs your contribution) by Seth Godin. One sentence can change a life
2 - Walk the Talk
Our conversation as teachers is far too heavy on the teachers - we need to be the learner.
3 - Start with Why
You can Fail - if you don't fail every day, you are not learning
- You can start your work everyday with "Why" - implementing change needs to start with Why. The How and the What are a piece of cake
A lesson plan framework
W - what excites me; why do this
H - how do I get / stay good
Y - YES, I can do this - how do you get each learner to reach this level
S - strategies / struggles - how to keep us at the Yes
4 - One Small Thing
You can start small - its often the small things that make learning happen
the arrangement of desks / tables in a room
a leader needs to coordinate the small stuff.
5 - Dispense Hope
Anybody can deliver Content - but deliver it in a way that dispenses hope
reference "Delivering Happiness" by Zappos
6 - Connect
Teachers connecting - connect students
referenced "Bit LIteracy" by Mark Hurst
Connect yourself with people and it will rub off.
Its not about 21st skills - its about 21st Century Connections
When students have an audienfe, students are more engaged.
It's not about what you are keeping out, its about what you are bringing in.
Learn something new every day. Embed your learning
Learning helps you get away from fear False - Evidence - Appearing - Real
7 - I Can care about myself and others
Remember exercise produces brain power.
the question - "If people mirror you, what will they look like?"
8 - Leaders can be the obstacle or be the obstacle
9 - I can Converse about Digital Citizenship
10 -Can improve everyday
Now, list your big 3
The voice of the students - What can you do everyday? If you could do anything. Angela asked over 400 students. Their answers;
I want to know that you care about me
More books, more knowledge, want to know I matter and my voice matters
They want a reason to come to school - they want to come and hope that someone notices
angela_maiers vicki_davis actem10
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Western Hemlock - Coniferales Pinaceae Tsuga heterophylia
Identification & Description:
The western hemlock can reach up to 50 or 60 metres high. Its normal lifespan is from 80 to 100 years,
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Western Hemlock - Coniferales Pinaceae Tsuga heterophylia
Identification & Description:
The western hemlock can reach up to 50 or 60 metres high. Its normal lifespan is from 80 to 100 years, but it can live up to 500 years.
The top of the tree is very flexible, and generally bends away from the direction of the wind. Its drooping branches give it a graceful appearance. Owing to its shallow root system, it is susceptible to damage by windthrow. It is also susceptible to damage by forest fires.
The western hemlock requires a lot of water, and generally thrives in coastal regions. It is intolerant of long dry periods and intense heat. It grows well in a variety of soils, but prefers moist, rich, deep soils.
It regenerates by natural seeding, and seedlings are commonly found on rotten logs or decomposed stumps.
The western hemlock grows in pure stands, or as the dominant species in a mixed stand. It is often found with western redcedar, Douglas-fir, grand fir, and some hardwoods.
This beautiful tree is often used as an avenue tree in parks, in addition to being an important source of wood pulp and lumber. It has light, fairly hard wood. It is used in general construction for flooring, interior finishing, plywood, railway ties and so forth.
• Has a narrow crown
• Droopy new growth at the top of the tree
• Feathery foliage on down-sweeping branches
• Shallow root system which makes it sucseptible to blowdown
• Important food source for deer and elk
Alpine hemlock, alpine spruce, berg-hemlock, black hemlock, mountain hemlock, Olympic fir, Pacific Coast hemlock, Patton's hemlock, Patton's spruce, Prince Albert's fir, tsuga de California, tsuga de Californie, tsuga de l'ouest, tsuga de Patton, tsuga
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Peripheral neuropathy is a nervous system problem. Patients with peripheral neuropathy experience a lost of function of their sensory nerves (nerves that enable us to respond to sensations such as pain, touch, temperature, and vibration), as well as motor nerves
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Peripheral neuropathy is a nervous system problem. Patients with peripheral neuropathy experience a lost of function of their sensory nerves (nerves that enable us to respond to sensations such as pain, touch, temperature, and vibration), as well as motor nerves, which work with the muscles to control movement.
Peripheral neuropathy commonly affects the feet, legs, and hands. Symptoms include:
- Numbness, burning, and tingling
- Loss of feeling
- Pain in the affected area
Peripheral neuropathy may be caused by metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, or inflammatory conditions. Treatment of the problem depends on the cause.
The MultiCare Neuroscience Center of Washington offers a range of options to patients requiring treatment for neuropathy, including physical therapy, surgery, and medications.
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Technology designed to alert patient to the need for medical attention and improve heart attack survival rates in high-risk patients
Imagine a day when you could be alerted to your impending heart attack before it happens. Research that got underway today at Salinas Valley Memorial
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Technology designed to alert patient to the need for medical attention and improve heart attack survival rates in high-risk patients
Imagine a day when you could be alerted to your impending heart attack before it happens. Research that got underway today at Salinas Valley Memorial Healthcare System could help that become a reality someday.
At 8:45 A.M. today, Salinas Valley Memorial Healthcare System launched its clinical participation in a national trial for the AngelMed Guardian System, when physicians implanted the Cardiac Monitor and Alert System into a high-risk heart patient. The AngelMed Guardian is designed to track significant changes in the heart's signals and let the patient know when it is time to contact the doctor, or even head straight to the emergency room.
"For our high risk patients, those who have already experienced a cardiac event, this technology could be potentially life-saving," said Robert Wlodarczyk, DO, the principle investigator for the clinical trial. "Monitoring heart signals remotely can give patients peace of mind that they will be alerted when they need to seek treatment. Early intervention could mean avoidance of a full scale heart attack."
The AngelMed Guardian system is the size of a standard pacemaker and has a lead into the heart with an external telemetry device and a programmer that aids physicians in evaluating heart signals. In the critical early moments, which could possibly be before symptoms are even present, a pager device alerts the patient to seek medical care.
"The clinical trials taking place at Salinas Valley Memorial are truly groundbreaking," said Sam Downing, MBA, MHA President/CEO of Salinas Valley Memorial Healthcare System. "This research project could bring us to the day when early warning will save countless lives from fatal heart attack."
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Dictionary of dead language complete after 90 years
A dictionary of the extinct language of ancient Mesopotamia has been completed after 90 years of work.
Assyrian and Babylonian - dialects of the language collectively known as Akk
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Dictionary of dead language complete after 90 years
A dictionary of the extinct language of ancient Mesopotamia has been completed after 90 years of work.
Assyrian and Babylonian - dialects of the language collectively known as Akkadian - have not been spoken for almost 2,000 years.
"This is a heroic and significant moment in history," beamed Dr Irving Finkel of the British Museum's Middle East department.
As a young man in the 1970s Dr Finkel dedicated three years of his life to The Chicago Assyrian Dictionary Project which is based at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
That makes him something of a spring chicken in the life story of this project, which began in 1921.
Almost 90 experts from around the world took part, diligently recording and cross referencing their work on what ended up being almost two million index cards.
The Chicago Assyrian Dictionary is 21 volumes long and is encyclopaedic in its range. Whole volumes are dedicated to a single letter, and it comes complete with extensive references to original source material throughout.
It all sounds like a lot of work for a dictionary in a language that no-one speaks anymore.
It was "often tedious," admits Prof Matthew W Stolper of the Oriental Institute, who worked for many years on the dictionary - but it was also hugely rewarding and fascinating, he adds.
End Quote Professor Martha Roth Dictionary editor
A sizeable chunk of my scholarly identity feels like it's going to be missing”
"It's like looking through a window into a moment from thousands of years in the past," he told the BBC World Service.Ancient life and love
The dictionary was put together by studying texts written on clay and stone tablets uncovered in ancient Mesopotamia, which sat between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers - the heartland of which was in modern-day Iraq, and also included parts of Syria and Turkey.
And there were rich pickings for them to pore over, with 2,500 years worth of texts ranging from scientific, medical and legal documents, to love letters, epic literature and messages to the gods.
"It is a miraculous thing," enthuses Dr Finkel.
"We can read the ancient words of poets, philosophers, magicians and astronomers as if they were writing to us in English.
"When they first started excavating Iraq in 1850, they found lots of inscriptions in the ground and on palace walls, but no-one could rea
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On learning she had Type 2 diabetes and would need to adopt a healthful diet for the rest of her life, Lavon Swygert did the only thing that felt natural.
The 13-year-old hid at home and gorged
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On learning she had Type 2 diabetes and would need to adopt a healthful diet for the rest of her life, Lavon Swygert did the only thing that felt natural.
The 13-year-old hid at home and gorged on potato chips.
“I’m not going to lie,” she said. “There were, like, 12 little packs of Pringles.”
Lavon’s response underscores why doctors are so troubled by the sharp increase in Type 2 diabetes that is emerging among adolescents and teens. It reveals the medical toll that doctors have long feared from the nation’s youth-obesity epidemic. Worse, it pairs a disorder that can be managed only by disciplined diet and exercise with a young, impulsive population that likes to snack.
More than 20,000 adolescents and teens in the United States now have Type 2 diabetes, compared with almost none 20 years ago. And the worst might be ahead. Diagnoses of the disease among young people could climb 400 percent by 2050, according to a recent federal estimate, because the disease is tied to the rising rate of childhood obesity.
Type 2 diabetes, diagnosed mainly in adults until now, is the gradual erosion of the body’s production of insulin, which leaves excess sugar in the bloodstream and gives rise to a host of complications and organ failures. It’s among a growing number of adult health problems that are increasingly afflicting kids, including hypertension and high cholesterol.
“It’s like your child has the body of a 70-year-old man,” said Dr. Claudia Fox, an obesity specialist at the University of Minnesota Amplatz Children’s Hospital.
Part of the problem is that Type 2 diabetes often comes with relatively few initial symptoms, so teens can go years without a diagnosis. Even when the problem is discovered, as in Lavon’s case, teenagers often don’t initially feel the consequences of straying from diets and treatments.
“Adolescence... is difficult, regardless,” said Dr. Robert Ratner, chief scientific and medical officer for the American Diabetes Association. “So this regimentation that is expected of diabetes patients becomes even more difficult.”
There is growing evidence that the disease has a “memory effect,” so that early neglect produces complications years later.
“We are very concerned (that) as these children age,” Ratner said, “we are going to see a remarkably increased rate of c
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View Full Version : Mechanical Modeling Techniques
For along time now i've been trying to figure out how people model their mechanics i.e. robotics, aircraft, scifi vessels,
but have had a hard time making any of the above :(
What
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View Full Version : Mechanical Modeling Techniques
For along time now i've been trying to figure out how people model their mechanics i.e. robotics, aircraft, scifi vessels,
but have had a hard time making any of the above :(
What are some mechanical modeling techniques used to make this stuff?
1.Are they comprised of many differant objects grouped together?
2.Is their meshsmoothing involved and or smoothing groups?
3.How would you allign objects on an angle or anyway precisly?
4.Any tutorials around on this subject?
Those are just some questions i have :)
Thanks for listening!
04-11-2004, 11:53 PM
I often model everything from the same starting mesh. Just the way I was taught.
However, it all depends how the resulting geometry is set up to appear, sometimes it will be easier to work with a couple mesh, and then attach everything and welding it to make it whole. (works better for animation at any rate)
Yes, i use meshsmooth and smoothing groups as this helps giving some sharper edges throughout the whole model, and not have it totally smoothed out.
Using align tools in my software (studio max), dont really know about other software versions but im sure there are similar procedures in the main packages.
Can't remember the URL, but there's a guy that does a lot of star wars-ish robots and he has a pretty good tutorial out there, sorry I cant remember the URL, but im sure someone has it handy..
Thanks for replying!
Could you show some examples on what and when to use smoothing groups?
Yes i am using max! Could you show an example of how the align
Sorry for all the questions but i've been dying to get this figured
Here a quick thing i did on a question about smoothing groups.
And also are boleans used alot in mechanical modeling?
01-18-2006, 01:00 AM
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Women have been an integral part of life in Virginia since the earliest days of recorded history, yet their contributions have often been overlooked in the history books. Until well into the twentieth century, women could not serve in the military, vote, or hold
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Women have been an integral part of life in Virginia since the earliest days of recorded history, yet their contributions have often been overlooked in the history books. Until well into the twentieth century, women could not serve in the military, vote, or hold public office, and written histories tended to focus on the deeds of great warriors and famous statesmen, ignoring women’s roles as wives, mothers, teachers, nurses, farmers, artists, pioneers, laborers, and community builders.
Today, we recognize and celebrate women’s accomplishments in all walks of life, particularly in March each year, which has been designated by Congress as National Women’s History Month. The Library of Virginia, in partnership with the Virginia Foundation for Women, presents the 2007 Virginia Women in History poster to honor eight women—past and present—who have made important contributions to Virginia and America. We encourage you to learn more about these fascinating women who saw things differently from their contemporaries, developed new approaches to old problems, strove for excellence based on the courage of their convictions, and initiated changes in Virginia and America that continue to have an impact on our lives today.
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BRASSIER, GABRIEL-JEAN, priest, superior of the Sulpicians of Montreal, and vicar general; b. 26 Aug. 1729 at La Tour (dept of Puy-de-Dôme),
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BRASSIER, GABRIEL-JEAN, priest, superior of the Sulpicians of Montreal, and vicar general; b. 26 Aug. 1729 at La Tour (dept of Puy-de-Dôme), France; d. 20 Oct. 1798 in Montreal (Que.).
Gabriel-Jean Brassier entered the Grand Séminaire in Clermont-Ferrand, France, on 31 Oct. 1750 and was ordained priest in 1754, probably on the eve of Trinity Sunday. At the request of his superior, Jean Couturier, he at once chose Canada as the country in which to serve, and he remained there the rest of his life. He spent the years 1754–56 at the mission of Lac-des-Deux-Montagnes (Oka), among the Algonkins, where there were already some Sulpicians. He was made responsible for the parish of Saints-Anges at Lachine during the Seven Years’ War (1756–63). For the last 35 years of his life he was in the parish of Notre-Dame in Montreal.
At the beginning of the 1780s Brassier became the right-hand man of his superior, Étienne Montgolfier, whom he effectively replaced in 1789, and permanently succeeded in 1791. He assumed a fourfold responsibility as superior of the Sulpicians, administrator of their seigneuries, ex officio parish priest of Notre-Dame in Montreal, and vicar general of the bishop of Quebec. Unlike his predecessor, Brassier showed great interest in the Collège Saint-Raphaël, where teaching had begun in 1773 [see Jean Baptiste Curatteau]. He considered it important to remedy certain deficiencies pointed out by the churchwarden in charge, Louis Cavilhe, at a meeting of the churchwardens on 6 Sept. 1789. For some 15 years the college had been preparing for the clerical state those who had a vocation, and this policy had not fulfilled the expectations raised by a publicly owned college. Many former pupils had returned to their families disdainful of their fathers’ trades and unsuited for any work whatever; they became useless and often a source of scandal. Cavilhe, speaking for the churchwardens and townspeople of Montreal, therefore proposed that the college, subject to the inspection of the Sulpician superior and the incumbent churchwardens, should be staffed with teachers not only of Latin but also of writing, geography, mathematics, and English. The superior and two representatives of the parish council were also to monitor the quality of the teaching and routine matters; in the case of large expenses they would have to refer to the body of churchwardens. These proposals were warranted, since the parishioners had assumed in 1773 the responsibility of paying for the land and the construction of the college.
On the day after the September meeting Brassier took up the improvement of the school situation in Montreal with Bishop Hubert. Soon after, Jean-Baptiste Curatteau resigned because of his health and was replaced by fellow Sulpician Jean-Baptiste Marchand*. The bishop urged the churchwardens to extend a warm welcome to the new director and assured them that their deliberations, which he considered sensible, would bear fruit. The principal designate, he added, had “wit, virtue, skill in handling details, and... will merit, I hope, the confidence of the public”; he would moreover be released from his parish work. Hubert appointed two new assistant priests to the parish of Montreal, and chose a deacon, Ignace Leclerc, to teach rhetoric at the college. He advised Brassier to find a layman, a good, honest Catholic of upright moral character, to give daily lessons in writing and English. Leclerc could add two or three geography lessons per week to his load, and perhaps direct an hour of history every evening. Hubert also urged Marchand to protect the young pupils from the corruption of the world and to make them conscious of the honour of being Canadians, of belonging to the Catholic faith, and of being citizens of Montreal. He also insisted upon collaboration between the Sulpicians and the churchwardens, since the latter after all represented the owners of the college. At the end of October 1789 “Marchand’s little school was growing every day,” and three yea
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Feb. 6, 2006 New research on Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), a shrimp-like animal at the heart of the Southern Ocean food chain, reveals behaviour that shows that they absorb and transfer more carbon from the
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Feb. 6, 2006 New research on Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), a shrimp-like animal at the heart of the Southern Ocean food chain, reveals behaviour that shows that they absorb and transfer more carbon from the Earth's surface than was previously understood. The results are published this week in the journal Current Biology.
Scientists from British Antarctic Survey (BAS) and Scarborough Centre of Coastal Studies at the University of Hull discovered that rather than doing so once per 24 hours, Antarctic krill 'parachute' from the ocean surface to deeper layers several times during the night. In the process they inject more carbon into the deep sea when they excrete their waste than had previously been understood.
Lead Author Dr Geraint Tarling from BAS says, "We've known for a long time that krill are the main food source for whales, penguins and seals, but we had no idea that their tactics to avoid being eaten could have such added benefits to the environment. By parachuting down they transport carbon which sinks ultimately to the ocean floor -- an amount equivalent to the annual emissions of 35 million cars -- and this makes these tiny animals much more important than we thought."
Krill feed on phytoplankton near the ocean surface at night but sink deeper in the water column during the day to hide from predators. By knowing how these animals behave, we can understand better the contribution they make to removing carbon from the Earth's atmosphere and upper ocean.
Satiation gives krill that sinking feeling by Geraint A. Tarling and Magnus L. Johnson is published in Current Biology on 7 February 2006.
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), are shrimp-like crustaceans that are o
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What are the differences between the civil and criminal justice system?
April 15, 2010
There are a number of differences between the civil and criminal justice systems; some of the critical ones are identified here:
Criminal Justice System: In
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What are the differences between the civil and criminal justice system?
April 15, 2010
There are a number of differences between the civil and criminal justice systems; some of the critical ones are identified here:
Criminal Justice System: In the criminal justice system, the crime victim reports a crime to law enforcement who may investigate. If an arrest is made following an investigation, and there is sufficient evidence to go forward, a prosecutor files charges against defendant and pursues prosecution. The act that caused the harm is known as a “crime” in the criminal justice system. Today the criminal justice system perceives crime to be committed against the state. This perception explains a lot about why the system works as it does. In the criminal case, the prosecutor is the attorney for all of the people of the state/jurisdiction, and does not act on behalf of the individual victim. The prosecutor controls all key decisions of the case, including whether to charge a defendant with a crime and what crime to charge, and whether to offer or accept a plea deal or go to trial. The penalties imposed if the defendant is found guilty can include incarceration/imprisonment, fines and forfeitures, probation, community services, and sometimes r
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An ealy “English School” (circ. 1935)
Image courtesy of www.czbrats.com
The isolationist policies of the North Americans on the Canal Zone forced another dispersion of some of the Jamaicans who had become aware that
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An ealy “English School” (circ. 1935)
Image courtesy of www.czbrats.com
The isolationist policies of the North Americans on the Canal Zone forced another dispersion of some of the Jamaicans who had become aware that as Jamaicans their knowledge, skills and leadership qualities would, more than likely, not be appreciated on the “Zone.” Some Jamaicans, however, remained loyal to the Westindian community in the country remaining and setting the tone of leadership in the Black Canal Zone.
These were the times of mass exodus of Jamaicans to other regions of Panama and Central America, an exodus designed to escape what they called the “Jim Crow” Canal Zone system. Others preferred to stay on getting employed in more skilled professions that did not involve field work under the direction of Canal engineering bosses. Some remained working even if they were paid as unskilled workers laboring in skilled positions. The ones who remained joined the West Indians from other islands in the Caribbean who would also become important pillars of an overwhelmed and constantly threatened Black community.
Still, to be Westindian would become synonymous with Jamaican in the Spanish speaking country of Panama. Moreover, more Jamaicans were still arriving and joining the Black Westindian community on the Canal Zone and in the cities under the government of Panama. These individuals- and they made up a large group- would be the Westindians who most likely did not appear on the records of the Canal Zone during this “Jim Crow” era since most of them, although employed on the American Zone, lived in the urban centers of Panama and Colon under Panamanian government control.
Between the year of the inauguration of the Panama Canal (1914) and 1930 Panama would see the birth of the first generation of Panamanian Westindians. These would be persons born of Westindian parentage under the Panamanian flag that, as Panamanian citizens in the majority of cases, would experience difficulties in adaptation coming from the Spanish speaking community. This situation was made even more acute by the fact that Panama had not developed its own infrastructures to service a Panamanian population bereft of educational institutions or health services. Moreover, the Panamanian society was developing an “Aristocracy” that followed the social norms of the Gold Roll in the American Canal Zone.
By the 1920’s and 30’s the first generation Westindians had developed a lifestyle more in tune with what was occurring on the American Canal Zone than what was happening in Panama proper, and, to a large extent, with the Blacks in the United States. Several very unique and very Panamanian factors would arise to create some sense of community and cohesion within our distinct community.
Founded in 1928 by Mr. Sidney Young, the weekly newspaper, The Panama Tribune, became a sure agglutinating force in the Westindian community taking hold not only in Panama but in the rest of Central America where many Westindian communities had become rooted. This newspaper, written exclusively in the English language, filled a void and brought local and international news and ideas to where it was sorely needed. We will take a closer look at this remarkable newspaper and its dynamic founder in later posts.
In addition, although “Silver Roll” schools had been instituted on the old Canal Zone since 1905, the new crop of sons and daughters who would become an integral part of the second generation of Panamanian Westindians would force the creation of Westindian Home Schools or, The English Schools, as they were often called.
In fact, it was during these years that some very well qualified teachers opened schools for black children in the Calidonia, San Miguel, and Chorrillo Districts in Panama City, as well as in the City of Colon. On the other hand, while many Westindian children attended the English Schools in the urban centers, the Canal Zone settlements in Paraiso, La Boca, Red Tank, Gamboa, etc., and in Colon’s Silver City would see black children bussed, much in the same way as was done with the white “Gold Roll” children, to schools on the Canal Zone. Some of my neighbor’s children, in fact, who I grew up with in the area of Calidonia were bussed to the La Boca school every day. This indicated to me that Black children were being bussed from within and without of the “Zone.”
This story will continue.
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© Paul P. Reuben
Chapter 4: American Transcendentalism (AT): A Brief Introduction
Outside Links: | The Concord Free Public Library | Making of America |
Page Links: | The Assumed, Presumed,
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© Paul P. Reuben
Chapter 4: American Transcendentalism (AT): A Brief Introduction
Outside Links: | The Concord Free Public Library | Making of America |
Page Links: | The Assumed, Presumed, or the Self-Identified Transcendentalists | Basic Assumption and Premises | Correspondence | Transcendentalism and the American Past | A Brief Chronology of Events | Basic Tenets of AT | Reasons for the Rise of AT | Transcendental Legacy | Transcendental Journals | Definitions and Comments | The Women's Suffrage Movement | Anti-Slavery Movement | The Utopian Movement | MLA Style Citation of this Web Page |
Site Links: | Chap 4: Index | Alphabetical List | Table Of Contents | Home Page | October 24, 2011
Note: Nineteenth Century American Transcendentalism is not a religion (in the traditional sense of the word); it is a pragmatic philosophy, a state of mind, and a form of spirituality. It is not a religion because it does not adhere to the three concepts common in major religions: a. a belief in a God; b. a belief in an afterlife (dualism); and c. a belief that this life has consequences on the next (if you're good in this life, you go to heaven in the next, etc.). Transcendentalism is monist; it does not reject an afterlife, but its emphasis is on this life.
The Assumed, Presumed, or the Self-Identified Transcendentalists
The Big Three:Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller.
Others:Amos Bronson Alcott, Orestes Augustus Brownson, William Ellery Channing, William Henry Channing, James Freeman Clarke, Charles Anderson Dana, John Sullivan Dwight, Sarah & Angelina Grimke, Sophia Peabody-Hawthorne, Frederick Henry Hedge, James Marsh, Theodore Parker, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, George & Sophia Ripley, Jones Very, and others.
Central Points of Agreement
NOTE : The Transcendentalists, in keeping with the individualistic nature of this philosophy, disagreed readily with each other. Here are four points of general agreement:
The intuitive faculty, instead of the rational or sensical, became the means for a conscious union of the individual psyche (known in Sanskrit as Atman) with the world psyche also known as the Oversoul, life-force, prime mover and God (known in Sanskrit as Brahma).
1. An individual is the spiritual center of the universe - and in an individual can be found the clue to nature, history and, ultimately, the cosmos itself. It is not a rejection of the existence of God, but a preference to explain an individual and the world in terms of an individual.
2. The structure of the universe literally duplicates the structure of the individual self - all knowledge, therefore, begins with self-knowledge. This is similar to Aristotle's dictum "know thyself."
3. Transcendentalists accepted the neo-Platonic conception of nature as a living mystery, full of signs - nature is symbolic.
4. The belief that individual virtue and happiness depend upon self-realization - this depends upon the reconciliation of two universal psychological tendencies:a. the expansive or self-transcending tendency - a desire to embrace the whole world - to know and become one with the world.
b. the contracting or self-asserting tendency - the desire to withdraw, remain unique and separate - an egotistical existence.
This dualism assumes our two psychological needs; the contracting: being unique, different, special, having a racial identity,ego-centered, selfish, and so on; the expansive: being the same as others, altruistic, be one of the human race, and so on.
The transcendentalist expectation is to move from the contracting to the expansive. This dualism has aspects of Freudian id and superego; the Jungian shadow and persona, the Chinese ying/yang, and the Hindu movement from Atman (egotistic existence) to Brahma (cosmic existence).
It is a concept which suggests that the external is united with the internal. Physical or material nature is neutral or indifferent or objective; it is neither helpful nor hurtful; it is neither beautiful nor ugly. What makes one give such attributes to nature is that individual's imposition of her/his temperament or mood or psyche. If I'm feeling lousy, I may dismiss a gorgeous day; if I'm feeling bright and cheerful then the most dreary of days becomes tolerable. And so, the Transcendentalists believed that "knowing yourself" and "studying nature" is the same activity. Nature mirrors our psyche. If I cannot understand myself, may be understanding nature will help. Here is Darrel Abel's "take" on this concept:
"Since one divine character was immanent everywhere in nature and in man, man's reason could discern the spiritual ideas in nature and his senses could register impressions of the material fo
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Respond to disease outbreaks and other public health emergencies. Provide prevention education directly to the community and coordinate services and interventions with local and state agencies. Conduct border environmental health surveys. Participate in Texas Small Towns Environmental Program (STEPs) to assist
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Respond to disease outbreaks and other public health emergencies. Provide prevention education directly to the community and coordinate services and interventions with local and state agencies. Conduct border environmental health surveys. Participate in Texas Small Towns Environmental Program (STEPs) to assist small communities to meet their water and wastewater needs. Key responsibility is representing colonia public health concerns in various state and federal policy arenas.
The purpose of Border Health is dedicated to environmental, epidemiological, and educational projects specific to the Texas and Mexico border with the goal of fostering a safe and healthy environment as w
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Behavior Management a Cirtical Skill
"Behavior Management may be the critical skill you did not learn in your teacher prep courses," notes MTA New Member Committee Chair Ryan Hoyt.
"Every teacher has his or her own recipe for dealing with
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Behavior Management a Cirtical Skill
"Behavior Management may be the critical skill you did not learn in your teacher prep courses," notes MTA New Member Committee Chair Ryan Hoyt.
"Every teacher has his or her own recipe for dealing with student behavior in the classroom. For some, the recipe is strong and arresting, like Five-Alarm Chili or Shrimp Fra Diavolo. For others, it is mild and smooth, like a recipe for Pumpkin Pie or Creme Brulee," according to Hoyt, a fifth grade teacher at Northeast Elementary in Waltham. "Whatever your flavor intensity, here are some ingredients to include for a recipe that works time and time again."
1. Establish a Routine. Your students should know exactly what to expect from the moment they enter your room. Should they have their homework on their desk or pass it in? Are there notes to be taken? Is there an assignment to begin? Breaking a class routine can lead to chaos, confusion, frustration and lost time. Routines make children feel comfortable and secure; when our students feel this way, we've established an environment that fosters learning.
2. Lead by example. I don't allow my students to interrupt me when I am speaking, so I make sure to extend that courtesy to them. When I get up from my desk, I push in my chair. I say "thank you" when collecting assignments from students and expect them to say the same when I hand them something, whether it be a replacement pencil or an MCAS exam. When I am wrong about something, I admit this to the students and expect them to do the same.
3. Be firm. As a child's teacher, you are not his or her friend. I am respected by my students because I levy consequences when they misbehave or fail to do something that they should. Furthermore, I follow through with these consequences. I often see teachers become angry with a student and immediately take recess away from them. The problem is, the teacher often forgets about the punishment, or realizes that a conflict arises during recess time and they simply can't keep the child inside. Think carefully about the consequences you impose, because follow through is a must. As soon as a student realizes that you don't intend to follow through with your punishment, you become the teacher to walk all over without fear of any consequence. Other students will notice and any respect you once had with your students will slowly erode.
4. Be fair. Think about the consequences you impart and if the punishment fits the crime. If a child forgets his homework, is sending him to the office appropriate? Should the student miss an entire lesson as a consequence for his forgetfulness? If you catch a student cheating, is loss of recess suitable? When students are talking in class when they should be silent, the consequence should be a silent lunch, not a trip to the office.
"Every su
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Returns a color specification in the red-green-blue model.
A red component.
A green component.
A blue component.
A number betwen 0 and 1, or
A color specification.
Return a color-spec in the
model with components
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Returns a color specification in the red-green-blue model.
A red component.
A green component.
A blue component.
A number betwen 0 and 1, or
A color specification.
Return a color-spec in the
model with components
Note that short floats are used for each component; this results in the most efficient color conversion process. However, any floating point number type can be used.
indicates the alpha value of the color. 0 means it is transparent, 1 means it is solid. If
or not specified then the color does not have an alpha component and it is assumed to be solid.
The object returned by the following call defines the color red in the RGB model:
COLOR 25 > (colo
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E85 as a green fuel
Produced from renewable sources such as agricultural crops, ethanol used as motor fuel offers a way to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation sources. Read more about the specifics in our FAQs and Facts section
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E85 as a green fuel
Produced from renewable sources such as agricultural crops, ethanol used as motor fuel offers a way to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation sources. Read more about the specifics in our FAQs and Facts section.
The Environmental Protection Agency has said that E85 can provide important reductions in GHG emissions. Read information from the EPA about renewable fuels. Here is a breakout of potential GHG reductions by biofuel type.
Cellulosic biofuel is a fuel derived from the cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin components of renewable biomass, and produces at least 60 percent fewer GHG emissions as compared to conventional petroleum fuel on a full life-cycle basis.
Advanced biofuel is a fuel, other than ethanol derived from cornstarch, that is derived from renewable biomass and produces at least 50 percent fewer GHG emissions as compared to conventional petroleum fuel on a full life-cycle basis.
Conventional biofuel is ethanol derived from cornstarch that produces at least 20 percent fewer GHG emissions as compared to conventional petroleum fuel on a life-cycle basis.
In the next ten years, the Federal Renewable Fuels Standard requires that more biofuels be marketed to American consumers, and that a greater percentage of those biofuels be advanced or cellulosic biofuels—which have a greater impact on GHG emissions.
Meanwhile, most automakers are increasing production of FFVs. The big three American car companies have committed that 50 percent of the vehicles they sell will be flex-fuel by the 2015 model year.
Increased use of lower-emitting biofuels combined with more FFVs on the road will help increase biofuels’ environmental impact over time.
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Today’s political atmosphere is fraught with rhetoric, misinformation, and even outright lying. The battle between the Republican and Democratic political parties and their desire to control the votes of the Americans that they purport to serve has created a political arena in which both
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Today’s political atmosphere is fraught with rhetoric, misinformation, and even outright lying. The battle between the Republican and Democratic political parties and their desire to control the votes of the Americans that they purport to serve has created a political arena in which both sides claim the moral high ground and denigrate the others as miscreants and malcontents while in truth, neither has much of a leg to stand on. This callous attitude has led to the creation of a political entity that was virtually unheard of as recently as 30 years ago: the Independents. Due to a rise in discontent with both parties and a few other contributing factors, the number of Independent voters continues to rise.
Independents have no stated political affiliation with either party - indeed, many states’ voter registration cards use the term “No Political Affiliation” to classify Independent voters. Independents often self-identify as “left-leaning” (towards the liberal, Democratic view) or “right-leaning” (towards the conservative, Republican view) but most use the term “centrist” along with it, implying that they are not on either extreme end of the political spectrum. A recent Gallup poll revealed that in 2011, fully 40 percent of those polled self-identify as Independent, a percentage higher than either the Republican or Democratic parties alone (they clocked in at 27 percent and 31 percent, respectively) and higher than it has been in over seventy years. Gallup identifies several factors for this uptrend: “Increased independent identification is not uncommon in the year before a presidential election year,” Gallup states, “but the sluggish economy, record levels of distrust in government and unfavorable views of both parties helped to create an environment that fostered political independence more than in any other pre-election year.”
The first factor - the sluggish economy - likely has a large influence on the latter two. Since entering a period of recession in 2008, the Republican and Democratic parties have been blaming each other for the problems and arguing incessantly as to which method of fixing the economy is best. An article printed in USA Today late last year reported that The Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, a so-called “supercommittee” made up of members from both major parties was unable to find a solution as recently as November of 2011. Their mandate was to find $1.2 trillion in budget cuts which would begin to address the estimated $4 trillion of cuts necessary to begin balancing the budget. The Democrats, focused on protecting social programs and increasing taxes on the wealthiest Americans, and the Republicans, more concerned with trimming the federal government and keeping taxes at their current levels, could not find a middle ground. Despite three months of arguing and negotiating, the two parties appeared to be paralyzed by their posturing and refusal to compromise on the economic issues facing the country. As Linda Killian from politicsdaily.com reports:
"Independent voters [feel] disconnected and disillusioned with a government they do not feel truly represents them. They say they are tired of partisan wrangling, which all too often results in either gridlock and a lack of action on the most important issues the nation faces or unsatisfactory legislative outcomes, pushed through by one political party with little input from the other."
Indeed, the partisan wrangling has left government on both the state and federal levels at a complete standstill in most cases. The few exceptions appear to be in states where both major parties are able to put aside their differences and work for their constituents. On the April 12, 2011 episode of “The Daily Show,” Massachusetts state governor Deval Patrick talked with host Jon Stewart about his [Governor Patrick] state’s impressive record of a balanced budget, top academic performance, and almost 100% level of health care coverage. Governor Patrick gave a simple and straightforward reasoning for his state’s success:
"We had a Republican governor [Mitt Romney], a Democratic legislature, a Democratic United States Senator, Ted Kennedy, the business community, the organized labor, everybody came to the table and said “We have to come up with something better than the usual two choices which was between a perfect solution or no solution at all,” and we tried something. And folks have stayed together to make it work as it’s gone forward and it’s because we made a decision that health is a public good and that we ought to invest in that in the interest of the greater good."
Bipartisan leadership as it is meant to work. Clearly when both major parties put aside their political differences and work for the people, at least on the state level, they can come to an amenable compromise. Perhaps the most telling factor is that as a presidential candidate, former governor Romney has disavowed his previously bipartisan beliefs on issues like universal healthcare and same-sex marriage and now faces immense controversy and disdain from the Democratic Party.
The second and third factors - record levels of distrust in government and unfavorable views of both parties - are a natural result of the failure to accomplish what they ar
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
A language game (also called ludling) is a system of manipulating spoken words to render them incomprehensible to the untrained ear. Language games
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
A language game (also called ludling) is a system of manipulating spoken words to render them incomprehensible to the untrained ear. Language games are used primarily by groups attempting to conceal their conversations from others. Some common examples are Pig Latin, which is used all over the globe; the Gibberish family, prevalent in the United States and Sweden; and Verlan, spoken in France.
Each of these language games involves a usually simple standard transformation to speech, thus encoding it. The languages can be easily mentally encoded and decoded by a skilled speaker at the rate of normal speech, while those who either don't know the key or aren't practiced in rapid speech are left hearing nothing but gibberish.
A common difficulty with language games is that they are usually passed down orally. While written translations can be made, they are often imperfect, and thus spelling can vary widely. Some factions argue that words in these spoken tongues should simply be written the way they are pronounced, while others insist that the purity of language demands that the transformation remain visible when the words are imparted to paper. Contrary to what proponents of either side may say, there is no one definitive written lexicon for language games, but it is rather a matter of dialect.
Language games are primarily used by children, to disguise their speech from others. Some language games, such as Pig Latin, are so widely known that privacy is nearly impossible, as most people at least know how it works, even if they can't speak it themselves. Although language games are not usually used in everyday conversation, some words from language games have made their way into normal speech, such as ixnay in English (from Pig Latin), and loufoque in French (from Louchébem).[How to reference and link to summary or text]
One way in which language games could be organized is by language, for example, Pig Latin, Ubbi Dubbi, and Tutnese could all be in the "English" category, and Jeringonza could be in the "Spanish" category.
An alternate method of classifying language games is by their function. For example, Ubbi Dubbi, Bicycle, and Allspråket all work by inserting a code syllable before the vowel in each syllable. Therefore, these could be classified in the Gibberish family. Also, Double Talk, Língua do Pê, Jeringonza, and B-Sprache all work by adding a consonant after the vowel in each syllable, and then repeating the vowel. Thus, these could be classified in the Double Talk family. Another common type of language game is the spoonerism, in which the onsets of two words are exchanged. Using a standard word for each transformation gives another type, for example, the Finnish "kontinkieli", where kontti is added after each word, and spoonerism applied (kondäntti koonerismspontti koppliedäntti).
List of common language gamesEdit
|Host Language||Name||Basic Rules||Notes|
|Afrikaans||Emmer-taal||Insert "mer" at the end of each word. Longer words that consists of joined words are often broken into two or more words with the "mer" sound inserted in the middle and at the end.|| Example.|
Daar onder in die vlei stap 'n mannetjie → Damer ommer immer diemer vleimer stammer immer mammer-tjiemmer.
|Afrikaans||P-taal||Insert "Əp" before the first vowel of each syllable. Syllables with stacked consonants may follow additional rules.|| Writing generally depicts the sounds instead the original letters.|
Daar onder in die vlei stap 'n mannetjie → Depaar epondeper epen depie velepetei stepatepap epe mepannepekie.
|Bengali||Insert "faado" at the end of each syllable. Additional rules may apply to note the end of a word.||Example: the word 'Aami" (I or me) would be stated as Aa-faado-Mi-faado spoken very fast.|
|Bulgarian||Pileshki||Insert "pi" before each syllable. Though simple, when spoken quickly words become nearly incomprehensible. Often called "chicken language" because it mimicks the sounds fledgelings make. Pileshko means chicken in Bulgarian|
|Burmese||ဗန္းစကား / Ban Zaga||Thor Zagar, Put Thor at end of any word and change the consonant of the first and last word.||Example: achit → achor thit|
|Cantonese||S-language||Repeat each syllable changing the initial consonant to /s/||Used by children and teenagers to avoid understanding by adults.|
|Cebuano||Kinabayo ('Horse language')||Mimics the sound of a horse's gallop. For every occurrence of a vowel, the following rule is followed: (the vowel)+'g'+(the vowel)+'d'+(the vowel).||"Ani-a ang salapi" becomes "Agadanigidi-agada agadang sagadalagadapigidi"|
|Chinese||Huizongyu or Qiekou or Fanqie||Split one syllable into two: the first syllable represents the onset of the original word, the se
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Posted By Rich Miller On January 19, 2010 @ 8:26 am In Data Center Videos | 5 Comments
It takes a robust network to handle the 15 petabytes of data a year that will be generated by the
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Posted By Rich Miller On January 19, 2010 @ 8:26 am In Data Center Videos | 5 Comments
It takes a robust network to handle the 15 petabytes of data a year that will be generated by the Large Hadron Collider particle physics project at CERN, That huge trove of data won’t be sitting still, either, and will be distributed to 7,000 scientists around the globe. “We’re moving an awful lot of data, from storage to CPU, and from CERN to other institutions around the world,” says David Foster, Network Group Leader at CERN. In this video, CERN technologists discuss the network’s requirements and the role played by Force 10, which supplies the TeraScale E-Series switches that connect 6,000 processors and 2,000 storage devices. The TeraScale supports 672 line-rate Gigabit and 56 line-rate 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports per system, allowing CERN to deploy fewer systems and simplify the architecture of its network.
Article printed from Data Center Knowledge: http://www.datacenterknowledge.com
URL to article: http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2010/01/19/the-network-powering-the-large-hadron-collider/
URLs in this post:
DCK video archive: http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/data_center_videos-index.html
Data Center Videos: http://www.youtube.com/user/DataCenterVideos
Rich Miller: http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/author/richm/
Copyright © 2012 Data Center Knowledge. All rights reserved.
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Rabbi Moshe ben Nachman (Ramban/Nachmanides c. 1194-1270) was one of the great personages of the Golden Age of Spanish Jewry. He authored commentaries on the Torah and
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Rabbi Moshe ben Nachman (Ramban/Nachmanides c. 1194-1270) was one of the great personages of the Golden Age of Spanish Jewry. He authored commentaries on the Torah and the Talmud and was known as a great mystic. He was also a renowned physician.
In 1263, King James I of Aragon ordered Nachmanides to debate Pablo Christiani, a Jew who had converted to Christianity and had become a Dominican monk. Nachmanides agreed on one condition – absolute freedom of speech (as opposed to the usual rule that nothing seemingly insulting to Christianity be said).
The “Great Disputation,” as it is called, began on July 20th and lasted for 4 days. The critical issue of the disputation was the Jewish belief in the Messiah and whether it had been fulfilled by Jesus. While both debaters cited the Talmud, Nachmanides thoroughly outclassed his opponent. King James I declared him the winner, awarded him a monetary prize and declared: “I’ve never heard anyone defend so brilliantly something so wrong.”
While King James had declared Nachmanides the winner, the Dominicans asserted that they had won. They were a powerful force, and when Nachmanides published a transcript of the Disputation, the Dominicans saw to it that the great scholar was exiled from Spain.
Nachmanides went to Israel, where he was instrumental in reestablishing the Jewish community in Jerusalem. In one of the abandoned houses he built a synagogue that became known as the Beit Knesset HaRamban, the Nachmanides Synagogue. This synagogue existed from that time (c. the 13th century) until it was destroyed in 1948 by the Jordanian Arab Legion during Israel’s War of Independence. It has since been rebuilt.
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Georgia Women’s History
|Nellie Peters Black|
2010 marks the 90th Anniversary of ratification of the 19th Amendment granting women the right to vote. Even though the Nineteenth Amendment, known as the Susan B
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Georgia Women’s History
|Nellie Peters Black|
2010 marks the 90th Anniversary of ratification of the 19th Amendment granting women the right to vote. Even though the Nineteenth Amendment, known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, became federal law on August 26, 1920, Georgia women could not vote until 1922. In fact, the amendment was not officially ratified and approved by the state legislature until 1970!
Women’s Activism and Suffrage
One of the more distinguishing features of the Progressive movement in Georgia, as nationwide, was the initiative and increasing leadership taken by women, black and white, on a variety of fronts. Most of these were urban-based and middle-class women, eager to move beyond the domestic sphere dictated by Victorian America, who organized and became politically active. White Georgians, such as Helen Dortch Longstreet, Nellie Peters Black, and Julia Flisch, and African Americans, such as Lugenia Burns Hope and Selena Sloan Butler, worked through women’s clubs, neighborhood associations (primarily black), and other charitable and civic organizations to raise consciousness and lobby legislators for the reforms they most ardently supported.
A number of women were active on several fronts, even when those causes may have seemed contradictory in ideological terms. Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas of Augusta, for example, held leadership positions in the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union in Augusta, and was president of the Georgia Woman Suffrage Association. She crusaded for a state industrial school for girls and for more humane treatment of female prisoners in the state’s jails. Yet she was also a leading proponent of more conservative “Lost Cause” efforts to commemorate the Confederacy and Confederate soldiers. Rebecca Latimer Felton championed prohibition and woman suffrage and attacked the convict lease system, yet she defended cotton mill owners against charges of child labor abuses and defended not only black disfranchisement but lynching as well.
The culmination of women’s efforts was their campaign to win the right to vote. Georgia’s woman suffrage advocates began organizing as early as 1890. National leaders and prominent Progressive reformers like Susan B. Anthony and Jane Addams made supportive appearances in the state, while Rebecca Latimer Felton, Mary Latimer McLendon, Frances Smith Whiteside (Hoke Smith’s sister), and many of the women mentioned above worked to build support among Georgia’s women and the public. Yet they faced formidable opposition from other women, such as Mildred Lewis Rutherford and Dolly Blount Lamar, who headed the Georgia Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage. Pro-suffrage advocates faced a losing battle in a conservative state that was the first in the nation, in 1919, to reject the Nineteenth Amendment. Yet Georgia women finally gained the right to vote with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.
Because it facilitated economic growth, Georgia’s Progressive movement enjoyed the support of businesses, large land owners, and urban interests.
|Georgia and Alabama Railroad|
When reform served a broad public (railroad regulation, highway construction, maximum hours for mill workers, and education) or accomplished moral and civic goals (juvenile justice, prohibition, and abolition of convict leasing), the state was in step with national trends.
It was out of step with the nation (though not the South) in its neglect of some of the poorest segments of society and its rejection of woman suffrage. Sharecroppers lost ground during the Progressive Era despite the fact that farmers’ initiatives before 1900 had set the stage for what came later. The disfranchisement of blacks not only excluded 46 percent of the state’s population from the political system but also condemned many to a segregated underclass. The absence of a
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September 18, 2012
Researchers Improve Memory In Monkeys With Neural Implants
|Researchers have taken a key step towards recovering specific brain functions in sufferers of brain disease and injuries by successfully restoring the decision-making processes in monkeys with implanted
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September 18, 2012
Researchers Improve Memory In Monkeys With Neural Implants
|Researchers have taken a key step towards recovering specific brain functions in sufferers of brain disease and injuries by successfully restoring the decision-making processes in monkeys with implanted technology.|
The scientists used an electronic prosthetic system to tap into existing circuitry in the brain at the cellular level and record the firing patterns of multiple neurons in the prefrontal cortex, the part of the brain involved in decision-making. They then "played" that recording back to the same brain area to electrically stimulate decision-based neural activity.
Not only did it restore function, in some cases, it also improved it. "The prosthetic device is like 'flipping a switch' to turn on a decision in real time," said Sam Deadwyler, Ph.D., professor of physiology and pharmacology at Wake Forest Baptist, and senior author of the study, which is published in the Sept.14 issue of the Journal of Neural Engineering.
In the study, the scientists trained five monkeys to match multiple images on a computer screen until they were correct 70 to 75 percent of the time. First, an image appeared on the screen, which the animals were trained to select using a hand-controlled cursor. The screen then went blank for up to two minutes, followed by the reappearance of two to eight images, including the initial one, on the same screen.
When the monkeys correctly chose the image they were shown first, the electronic prosthetic device recorded the pattern of neural pulses associated with their decision by employing a multi-input multi-output nonlinear (MIMO) mathematical model, developed by researchers at the University of Southern California.
In the next phase of the study, a drug known to disrupt cognitive activity, cocaine, w
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DESCRIPTION:This group consists of about 40 perennials and evergreen shrubs and trees native to semi-arid regions of North America, Central America, and Mexico. These plants range in height from 28 inches to 40 feet depending
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DESCRIPTION:This group consists of about 40 perennials and evergreen shrubs and trees native to semi-arid regions of North America, Central America, and Mexico. These plants range in height from 28 inches to 40 feet depending upon the variety. Yuccas make great houseplants when young. Yuccas produce rosettes of rigid, slender, sword-shaped leaves and tall, candelabrum-like panicles of large, drooping, waxy, bell-shaped flowers. Y. filamentosa (Adam's Needle) is a hardy kind that forms clumps of spreading or upright, slightly bloomy leaves. Twisting white threads form along the edges of t
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The U.S. Census Bureau announced Asians were the nation's fastest-growing race or ethnic group in 2012. Their population rose by 530,000, or 2.9 percent, in the preceding year, to 18.9
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The U.S. Census Bureau announced Asians were the nation's fastest-growing race or ethnic group in 2012. Their population rose by 530,000, or 2.9 percent, in the preceding year, to 18.9 million, according to Census Bureau annual population estimates. More than 60 percent of this growth in the Asian population came from international migration.
By comparison, the Hispanic population grew by 2.2 percent, or more than 1.1 million, to just over 53 million in 2012. The Hispanic population growth was fueled primarily by natural increase (births minus deaths), which accounted for 76 percent of Hispanic population change. Hispanics remain our nation's second largest race or ethnic group (behind non-Hispanic whites), representing about 17 percent of the total population.
These statistics are part of a set of annual population estimates released today by race, Hispanic origin, age and sex. The
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As the new administration and Congress works to lift the U.S. economy out of the economic crisis, we've been working on some analyses on how our country has recovered economically since the 1940's.
What we've found isn't much of
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As the new administration and Congress works to lift the U.S. economy out of the economic crisis, we've been working on some analyses on how our country has recovered economically since the 1940's.
What we've found isn't much of a surprise, and it makes sense: economic success occurs when rising wages spur consumer spending.
That's exactly what the Employee Free Choice Act is designed to deliver, and the legislation will play a central role in building a strong middle class that will usher in the next era of American economic strength and prosperity.
New research makes a solid case as to why the Employee Free Choice Act would be a "stimulus" that gets our economy back on track. The Economic Policy Institute estimates that if 5 million service workers join unions:
- 5 million workers would get a 22 percent raise on average, or an additional $7,000 a year;
- $34 billion in total new wages would flow into the economy;
- 900,000 jobs would be lifted above the poverty wage for a family of four ($10.22/hr); and
- Between 1.8 million and 3 million dependent children would share in these benefits.
- The economic impact on individuals would be about four times as large as the recent federal minimum wage increase, and allow nearly six times more in new wages to flow into the economy.
We know you feel the economic squeeze - but have you heard of these facts and figures?
- Wages are stagnant. Worker wages have increased just 0.2 percent from March 2001 to September 2008.
- Real median household income was $1,175 less in 2007 than it was in 2000, while each family spent more than $4,600 more for basic expenses (e.g. gas, mortgage, food, and healthcare).
- Faced with this reality, average Americans have taken on increasing debt to m
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The Reasons of the Collapse of the Ruble Zone
CASE - Center for Social and Economic Research
November 1, 1995
CASE Network Studies and Analyses No. 58
The paper analyzes the causes of the monetary disintegration
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The Reasons of the Collapse of the Ruble Zone
CASE - Center for Social and Economic Research
November 1, 1995
CASE Network Studies and Analyses No. 58
The paper analyzes the causes of the monetary disintegration of the FSU, stages of this disintegration, and macroeconomic consequences of this process. The subsequent sections analyze economic and political conditions of the successful existence of the common currency area, the process of monetary disintegration that already started at the end of 1990 when the Soviet Union still existed and then the period of 1992-1993, after the dissolution of USSR, the most important initiatives to rebuild the ruble area in 1992-1994 and macroeconomic and other consequences of continuing the common currency despite the political disintegration. The paper highlights the role of political consensus and institutionalized political union as the basic precondition to have a common currency.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 38
Keywords: USSR, Russia, CIS, ruble zone, monetary disintegration, common currency area
JEL Classification: F33, P24working papers series
Date posted: December 8, 2008 ; Last revised: May 12, 2009
© 2013 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Anatomy of a Story
How does a story become a whole brain experience, for we know that the sequence of story events uses only one mode of brain processing? But a whole brain experience of an autobiographic event when coupled with emotions may produce
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Anatomy of a Story
How does a story become a whole brain experience, for we know that the sequence of story events uses only one mode of brain processing? But a whole brain experience of an autobiographic event when coupled with emotions may produce other remarkable changes. The experience may provide and promote changes in physiology, bolster immunity with even the possible building of new brain tissue through mutable (changing) synaptic connections, and it may well influence people’s genetic material. Stories become personal narratives when beliefs, thoughts and feelings are combined with intentions, desires, hopes, and dreams.
Stories can combine many aspects of experience including the physiologic, bodily, emotional, cognitive, social and cultural components of a whole experience.(bring together many facets of our lives) Many stories are sequential facts. But stories that involve the whole body combines with our opinions and get tagged with our personal meanings. This process implies more than the objectivity (logical reasoning) story sequences. Even though stories may be laid out over time, such as in the past, the present, the future, or in other worlds or times, they are integrated beyond the stories lines when other aspects of our being, other than logic become involved.
One’s own story and that of others, often includes us, or others, encountering ways to solve life’s problems. New situations make for plots so that people can transport themselves to new places, experiences, and outcomes. Choices are broadened as indirect learning takes place. It is better to learn the stove is hot through a story encounter than having to painfully learn through experience. Our learning from the storyline will increase if we have evolved empathy for the story characters that have been burned and with whom we can vicariously (indirectly felt by others) share their pain and suffering.
Social learning theory has long shown the models we are most likely to imitate are those we identify with the most.
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Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China is a long wall in China. It was constructed in ancient times as a barrier against invading armies. This was unsuccessful as the Mongols simply bribed the guards. It is 4,000
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Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China is a long wall in China. It was constructed in ancient times as a barrier against invading armies. This was unsuccessful as the Mongols simply bribed the guards. It is 4,000 miles long and more than 20 feet tall.
Work started in 500 BC under Qin Shi Huang, connecting older walls which were constructed by individual states. Most of the work was done in the Ming Dynasty. Towers were built; originally as watchtowers, but later cannons were added.
The Great Wall of China is not the only man-made structure visible from space, or the Moon. This legend probably originated with Richard Halliburton's 1938 "Second Book of Marvels". It has been disputed whether it is even visible from low earth orbit. A 2008 article in Scientific American stated: "The unglamorous truth is that the wall is only visible from low orbit under a specific set of weather and lighting conditions. And many other structures that are less spectacular from an earthly vantage point—desert roads, for example—appear more prominent from an orbital perspective." In 2005 an American astronaut (of Chinese descent) succeeded in photographing the Wall.
There is no truth to the notion that there are few human structures visible from space; Cecil Adams comments:
Any number of man-made structures can be seen from space, provided we mean "structure" to mean "anything built." Many of these are things that look like long, straight lines when seen from far off, such as highways, railroads, canals, and of course walls. If the orbit is low enough you can see even more, I have here a photo of Cape Canaveral taken during the Gemini V flight in which the big Launch Complex 39, used for the Apollo missions, is clearly visible. Another photo of the Nile delta, taken from a height of 100 miles, shows an extensive road network. Gemini V astronauts Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad were able to spot, among other things, a special checkerboard pattern that had been laid out in Texas, a rocket-sled test in New Mexico, and the aircraft carrier that would later pick them up in the Atlantic, along with a destroyer trailing in its wake.
As to whether the Wall can be seen from space, Apollo 12 astronaut Alan Bean says, "The only thing you can see from the Moon is a beautiful sphere, mostly white, some blue and patches of yellow, and every once in a while some green vegetation. No man-made object is visible at this scale."
According to NASA director Adnan Lulla, "A lot has been said and written about how visible the wall is. In fact, it is very, very difficult to distinguish the Great Wall of China in astronaut photography, because the materials that were used in the wall are similar in color and texture to the materials of the land surrounding the wall -- the dirt."
The Great Wall was listed as World Heritage by the UN in 1987. Although long sections of the wall are now in ruins or have disappeared, it is still one of the more remarkable structures on earth and China's best-known monument.
- ↑ Hucker, Charles O. China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. Stanford UP, 1997.
- ↑ Susan Wise Bauer, The History of the Ancient World
- ↑ http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=27&catid=2&subcatid=1
- ↑ Scientific American, Is China's Great Wall Visible from Space? Though it stretches for some 4,500 miles, the ancient Chinese fortification is not as visible from orbit as modern desert roads, by Mara Hvistendahl, February 21, 2008
- ↑ BBC News, Shanghai Great Wall visible in space photo, by Francis Markus, 19 April, 2005 BBC News report of "China Daily" article 4/19/2005
- ↑ Is the Great Wall of China the only man-made object you can see from space? Cecil Adams, The Straight Dope
- ↑ NASA, China's Wall Less Great in View from Space, 05.09.05
- ↑ http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/workinginspace/great_wall.html
- ↑ http://www.thegreatwall.com.cn/en
- Great Wall of China Encyclopaedia Britannica.
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A brief review...
North American Bat Conservation Partnership (NABCP)
- Co-sponsored the fifth Cave Gating Workshop held in June in conjunction with the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, the American Cave Conservation Association, and the USDA Forest Service.
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A brief review...
North American Bat Conservation Partnership (NABCP)
- Co-sponsored the fifth Cave Gating Workshop held in June in conjunction with the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, the American Cave Conservation Association, and the USDA Forest Service. The 14 participants included representatives from six state and federal agencies and cavers from West Virginia, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Missouri. In hands-on training sessions, the group gated the entrance to McDowell Cave in Lake of the Ozarks State Park in Missouri. As a rich archeological site, the cave was subject to frequent vandalism that also disturbed maternity roosts of resident endangered gray bats (Myotis grisescens).
Latin American Initiatives
- Conducted surveys at four important maternity caves on the Paraguaná Peninsula in the state of Falcón, Venezuela, where human disturbance and resort development threaten approximately 200,000 lesser long-nosed bats (Leptonycteris curasoae). BCI is now working with the Venezuelan Association for the Conservation of Natural Areas, through BCI Scientific Advisor Dr. José Ochoa, to develop education programs in communities surrounding the caves, as well as management plans to protect each site.
- Co-sponsored two bat conservation workshops in Venezuela. Participants at the Neotropical bat workshop in Mérida City included 22 students and professionals from Venezuela, Colombia, Mexico, and Bolivia who learned about the value of Neotropical bats in ecosystems and how to identify bat species; they also cooperated to develop conservation priorities for the region. The second workshop, in the state of Bolivar, promoted conservation of bats in lowland rain forests, teaching 16 indigenous tribal leaders the value of bats to their communities along the Caura River, and helping them initiate bat education programs in local schools.
Bats & Mine
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CSIRO scientists and collaborators have made major inroads in cracking a structure of the protein thought to cause Alzheimers disease.
Alzheimers disease is one of the fastest growing diseases in Australia and the most common form of dementia. The
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CSIRO scientists and collaborators have made major inroads in cracking a structure of the protein thought to cause Alzheimers disease.
Alzheimers disease is one of the fastest growing diseases in Australia and the most common form of dementia. The number of people with dementia is expected to rise from 300,000 to 1.13 million by 2050.
Alzheimers disease is associated with the development of a toxic protein in the brain known as amyloid beta. The amyloid beta protein rapidly self-assembles in the brain and builds up to form plaques which are a hallmark of the disease.
It is thought that the accumulation of small amyloid beta aggregates and plaques in the brain disrupt connections within the hippocampus (the area of the brain involved in memory), causing loss of neuron function and symptoms associated with Alzheimers disease such as memory loss.
There is no cure for Alzheimers disease, but determining the structure of amyloid beta protein is a vital step towards understanding why aggregates and plaques occur knowledge that could result in the development of new treatments.
Before we can understand the processes involved in the deterioration of the brain, we must determine the molecular shape of the damaging protein, Director of CSIROs Preventative Health Flagship, Professor Richard Head said.
Until now this has proved incredibly difficult because of the proteins propensity to self assemble and clump together.
Using a highly imaginative approach, CSIROs Dr. Jose Varghese and his team devised a way of capturing the protein in a crystal long enough to enable its analysis at the Australian Synchrotron through x-ray crystallography, solving one of a number of potential amyloid beta small aggregates that may play a role in the development of Alzheimers disease.
Dr. Varghese who played a major role in the development of the current anti-influenza drugs said the CSIRO team was the first to successfully crystallize the part of amyloid beta that forms plaque by fusing it to a shark antibody to prevent clumping.
This enabled a structure to be resolved to atomic resolution thus providing an insight into the early molecular processes that occur in Alzheimers disease, Dr. Varghese said.
The discovery of the amyloid betas structure offers a molecular target for early detection of Alzheimers and may provide a vital step towards developing a drug to treat the disease.
A co-author of the paper, Professor Colin Masters from the Mental Health Research Institute at the University of Melbourne, said the structure of the amyloid beta has been sought for the past 25 years.
This discovery provides one of many possible structures, but it is a starting point for discovering drugs which might be used to interfere with the accumulation of the amyloid beta in Alzheimers disease, Professor Masters said.
A description of the proteins structure, and the novel approaches used by CSIRO scientists Dr. Victor Streltsov and Dr. Stewart Nuttall to reveal it, have been published in the latest edition of the
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We are already one. But we imagine that we are not. And what we have to recover is our original unity.
I recently sat with a group of residents and students to discuss two fictional short stories that are classics
in the Medical Humanities:
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We are already one. But we imagine that we are not. And what we have to recover is our original unity.
I recently sat with a group of residents and students to discuss two fictional short stories that are classics
in the Medical Humanities: “The Use of Force,”
by William Carlos Williams (1938) and “Brute,”
by Richard Selzer (1982). Both stories are difficult and violent.
In “The Use of Force,”
Williams tells the story of a home visit to see a sick child. The doctor must examine the child’s throat because he fears the child has diphtheria. Things do not go well. He tries to cajole the child and to enlist the help of the parents. The child resists and the parents are reluctant to force the child to cooperate. The doctor’s thoughts are transparent to the reader: he despises the parents for their weakness, admires the child for her strength and tenacity, and eventually loses his temper. “In a final unreasoning assault, I overpowered the child’s neck and jaws.”
The doctor sees the tell-tale membranous discharge in the throat, thus sealing the diagnosis.
Selzer tells the story of a man brought to the emergency room in the middle of the night, roaring drunk and handcuffed. He has a deep gash across his forehead. The man is powerful and fights the doctor’s attempts to repair the cut. The doctor and patient are alone in the room, and the reader is privy to the doctor’s anger and exhaustion. In frustration, he finally grabs two large sutures and sews the man’s earlobes to the mattress. “I have sewn your ears to the stretcher,” I tell him. “Move, and you’ll rip ‘em off.”
Along the way, the doctor-narrator tells us of his rage.
My discussion group reflected on the stories in ways I did not expect. They took the narrative conflicts personally. These residents and students have experienced long and difficult on-call nights and times of great frustration in patient-care settings. They have certainly had moments when interacting with patients was difficult and exhausting.
Yet, some were very critical and unforgiving of the way the doctors in the stories reacted. “That’s just wrong!” they declared. “No one should ever treat patients that way!”
The stories ARE difficult. The doctors get their tasks accomplished, but they are angry and sometimes profane in the process.
It was an opening for me to talk about the difference between “Professionalism” and “Humanism.” We work to train professionals – people who have certain sets of attributes, skills and demeanors with which they will practice high-quality medicine with integrity and empathy. This is a good goal. “Humanism,” on the other hand, is broader than professionalism. These are qualities we hope every physician brings to the table from childhood. Humanism refers to a deep respect of humans individually and collectively, and concern for their general welfare and flourishing.
In the examples we looked at, both doctors were, strictly speaking, professional. The child’s throat was examined and the man’s laceration was repaired. The spoken dialogue is, by and large, “professional” and focused on the medical issue at hand.
But, “humanism,” that is another story. Williams speaks of the doctor’s “fury” while Selzer speaks of his doctor’s “rage.” Both doctors overpower their patients. The inner dialogue is the focus.
Both essays close with the doctor-narrator expressing shame and regret. A physician can be perfectly professional but lack humanism, depending on how he or she see patients and co-workers. Being attentive to our "inner dialogue" can tip us off to when we are in danger of losing our humanism.
The discussion helped me see the difference. Great writing and great colleagues can do that.
Williams WW, The Doctor Stories
, New Directions, New York, 1984. MCW Library WZ 350 W728d
Selzer R, The Doctor Stories
, Picador, New York, 1998. MCW Library WZ 350 S469d
A wonderful discussion
of the topic can be found at: Goldberg JL, Humanism or Professionalism? The White Coat Ceremony and Medical Education, Academic Medicine
2008; 83:715-722.Share on Facebook
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(NaturalNews) A recently published study on a popular Alzheimer's disease drug demonstrated that there is no significant difference between patients taking the prescription drug and those taking a placebo. With one in seven Americans over the age of 71 affected by some form
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(NaturalNews) A recently published study on a popular Alzheimer's disease drug demonstrated that there is no significant difference between patients taking the prescription drug and those taking a placebo. With one in seven Americans over the age of 71 affected by some form of dementia, the popularity of pharmaceuticals that offer any glimmer of hope is soaring. The problem is that many of these drugs have crippling side effects and can erode the patient's (and their family's) savings accounts. Recent research is providing encouraging news regarding natural treatments and sound methods of prevention.
Non-prescription alternatives that help prevent memory loss and boost brain power include certain foods, dietary supplements, and lifestyle management.
Turmeric (Curcurmin) is a popular spice in India, where Alzheimer's disease is uncommon. A recent study at UCLA demonstrated that curcurmin helped bind amyloid beta, preventing the "gunk" that forms the plaques and tangles in the brain which lead to the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
Omega-3's, fatty acids which protect cells and control inflammation, have been shown to clinically enhance the brain's ability to process and store information. Exciting results from a UCLA study highlighting the benefits of Omega-3 fatty acids were reported by researcher Fernando Gomez-Pinella: "Omega-3 fatty acids support synaptic plasticity and seem to positively affect the expression of several molecules related to learning and memory that are found on synapses." Excellent food sources include beans, olive oil, walnuts, winter squash, and fish. Fish and flaxseed oil supplements are also good sources of Omega-3's.
The April 1993 issue of Drugs and Aging summarizes a clinically significant study pointing to the effectiveness of Alpha Glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) as a memory booster. Alzheimer patients who took 1200 milligrams a day of GPC reported an increase in memory recall and a sharper degree of attention. An added bonus was that most patients also reported a boost in mood.
Ginkgo Biloba may offer an improvement in brain function and memory recall. UCLA researchers measured brain activity using positron-emission tomography (PET) on subjects taking Ginkgo Biloba. The subjects taking Ginkgo Biloba had slightly elevated brain activity in the areas of the brain related to recall. In a study published in the Journal of Gerontology, subjects taking a special extract of Ginkgo Biloba, EGb, experienced an increase in cognitive performance along with the exciting possibility that it might prevent the ons
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It’s been a hot-button issue with advocates for years: how to best protect and restore dwindling stocks of river herring.
As the New England Fishery Management Council’s (NEFMC) June 20 vote drew nearer, those who
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It’s been a hot-button issue with advocates for years: how to best protect and restore dwindling stocks of river herring.
As the New England Fishery Management Council’s (NEFMC) June 20 vote drew nearer, those who have been fighting for more stringent herring protection regulations ramped up their campaigns. For roughly three years, they’ve been collecting data, monitoring stocks and advocating for stricter rules regarding offshore trawlers.
Last month, the NEFMC voted in favor of implementing 100 percent at-sea observer coverage on offshore trawlers, a measure that will go into effect next season.
The observer option beat out a “move along” measure supported by fisheries, where a monitoring system would alert fishers to high concentrations of herring in a specific area. Another option would have closed “hot spots,” or known areas of high herring concentration, to trawlers completely.
River herring are anandromous fish, which means they live in the sea but spawn in fresh water. Though not a commercially marketed fish consumed by humans, herring play a major role in the ecosystem and serve as prey for other fish and mammals.
According to recent counts, the numbers of river herring in Buckeye Brook are up from past years. This year, they tallied 90,625 herring or “buckeyes,” in comparison to 5,010 in 2004. Experts say the numbers are still too low; herring counts at Gilbert Stuart, which at one time boasted 300,000 fish, are still wavering around 100,000.
Paul Earnshaw, president of the Buckeye Brook Coalition and river herring advocate, said the vote to implement at-sea observers is a step in the right direction.
“What we’re going to get is accountability,” said Earnshaw.
According to Herring Alliance data, 2.5 million river herring were caught and killed each year between 2005 and 2008. The millions of herring weren’t caught intentionally; they were caught as bycatch, or the fish and mammals accidentally ensnared in the nets of large offshore trawlers. Typically, the bycatch gets crushed under the weight of the other fish and dumped back into the sea.
Earnshaw believes the onboard observers will take note of how many herring are being caught as bycatch, a crucial step in protecting and restoring their population.
“We’re going to know precisely what they’re catching out there,” said Earnshaw. “It’s going to be quite evident there’s a high bycatch.”
The onboard observer will be a third party not associated with the fishing company, and will be present on every trawler’s voyage.
In addition to monitoring the amount of herring caught, onboard observers will discourage the dumping of dead fish at sea, unless it is an emergency.
The NEFMC also voted to implement a limit on bycatch annually. The cap has yet to be determined, and will be discussed in the coming years. The limit is set to go into effect in 2014.
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Any views expressed in this article are those of the author and not of Thomson Reuters Foundation.
As a lifelong scientist I have attended climate change meetings for over 30 years. Our aim was to convince scientists and policymakers to take climate change seriously. The
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Any views expressed in this article are those of the author and not of Thomson Reuters Foundation.
As a lifelong scientist I have attended climate change meetings for over 30 years. Our aim was to convince scientists and policymakers to take climate change seriously. The message was: ‘Take action now, to leave a better world for your grandchildren.’
In the past, many of my colleagues working in development were not convinced - poor and hungry people cannot afford to worry about climate change. Such was the conventional wisdom.
The conference on “Hunger-Nutrition-Climate Justice” that I attended in Dublin this month has shown a hugely significant development. Finally, grassroots activists, smallholder farmers, pastoralists and fishermen are being given a voice and placed at the centre of climate change discussions.
Participants from 60 countries, many from Africa and Asia, were not discussing some vague threat in the distant future, but the serious challenges of managing risks to their livelihoods from extreme weather events, droughts, floods and hurricanes happening today. Evidently, climate change has caught up with us.
I was inspired by the discussions in Dublin, where participants shared their experiences of employing successful strategies to increase their capacity to adapt to climate change.
We heard about farmers in Senegal working with extension officers and the meteorological service on seasonal weather forecasts that are directly useful to them. We learned about farmers in Ethiopia engaging in the development of drought-insurance schemes, and farmers in Malawi adopting new varieties of orange-fleshed, drought-resistant sweet potato to help overcome vitamin A deficiency in infants.
Today, at least 870 million people go to bed hungry. A quarter of the world’s children under five years of age are stunted by chronic malnourishment and will never reach their full potential. President Higgins of Ireland called it, “…the greatest ethical failure of our world.”
Climate change is exacerbating the hunger and malnutrition challenge - undermining the progress we desperately need for a food-secure future. And it’s hitting those that contributed least to greenhouse gas emissions the hardest - the smallholder farmers in developing countries who possess the least capacity to adapt. Ending hunger and malnutrition can only happen if we address climate change at the same time.
PUTTING KNOWLEDGE INTO ACTION
Agriculture not only multiplies risk for smallholder farmers. Food production and consumption also emits as much as 30 percent of all greenhouse gases. But in its evolution also lies the potential for fighting climate change.
We need to develop more innovative climate-smart agricultural solutions. We require investments in research that produces innovations for our food systems – systems that will need to be both resilient to climatic changes and have low carbon emissions.
And agricultural research also needs to do so much more than issue academic publications; we are entering a new phase of partnering with those in the field to put scientific innovation into real-life contexts.
The good news from Dublin was that we have a fair idea of what we have to do: Let the smallholder farmers, women in particular, tell scientists and policymakers about their needs and then empower those farmers with tools and policies to deal with climate risk in their own way.
Give a prominent role to local knowledge and combine it with cutting-edge science to fashion local innovations. Improve crop varieties that are productive, nutritious and resilient. Change the way pastures are used and the mix of livestock breeds. Manage landscapes, soils and forests to reduce emissions and conserve biodiversity. And finally, hold governments accountable to deliver on their commitments.
While this may be easy to say, we all know it is the hardest part to implement. It requires governments, the private sector, researchers, and producers working together in joined-up approaches. It requires close collaboration to ensure that agriculture and climate change adaptation issues are properly addressed in the creation of post-2015 development goals.
It will require investments, even in tough times. The Irish government, hosting this summit as a key part of its EU Presidency, is an example for all. It will maintain its development commitment despite the domestic financial crisis – and it will allocate over 20 percent of its development budget to end hunger and malnutrition.
The Irish hosts, recalling their own history of famine, were calling on the world to address climate justice. They were giving a voice to the voiceless and putting their money where their mouth is.
While these challenges are far from insignificant, they are not insurmountable. In the words of former U.S. Vice President Al Gore, who addressed the conference, “If we were to walk off that climate cliff, what does that say about our generation?”
Frank Rijsberman is CEO of the CGIAR Consortium, whose Research Programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) co-organised the Hunger-Nutrition-Climate Justice Conference in Dublin earlier this month.
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Basic Accounting Terms
Assets – An asset is merely a thing a company purchases, produces, or receives in trade that it uses to obtain and secure future profits.
Debits and Credits – Too many people suffer from debit and credit confusion.
Liabilities
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Basic Accounting Terms
Assets – An asset is merely a thing a company purchases, produces, or receives in trade that it uses to obtain and secure future profits.
Debits and Credits – Too many people suffer from debit and credit confusion.
Liabilities – A liability is something owed to another usually in return for an asset.
Owner’s Equity – Owner’s equity is the amount of a business not financed by liabilities. It represents the degree of ownersh
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Ragged Mountain Natural Area is first and foremost a wildlife sanctuary. The 980-acre preserve is almost entirely forested and relatively unspoiled.
Many rare and unusual wildlife species utilize the lakes and woods of the Ragged Mountain Natural Area for nesting
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Ragged Mountain Natural Area is first and foremost a wildlife sanctuary. The 980-acre preserve is almost entirely forested and relatively unspoiled.
Many rare and unusual wildlife species utilize the lakes and woods of the Ragged Mountain Natural Area for nesting, feeding, and migration stop-overs.
Sixty-five acres of surface water attract waterfowl, such as Wood Duck, Hooded Merganser, American Coot, Black Duck, Ruddy Duck, and Pied-billed Grebe. Spotted and Solitary Sandpipers are attracted to the mud flats at the southern end of the reservoir. To date, 135 bird species have been observed at Ragged Mountain Natural Area, making it a popular destination for bird watchers.
In addition 600+ acres of unfragmented forest of mature hardwoods - especially oak - offer excellent habitat for nesting neotropical migrants. Twenty species of migratory songbirds have been observed including Prothontary and Cerulean warblers. One spring morning, 12 species of wood warblers were observed near Round Top, including Cerulean, Black-throated Blue, Parula, and Blackburnian. That same morning, three singing woodland thrush species were also recorded: Wood Thrush, Swainson’s Thrush, and Veery.
Forest songbirds have been in serious decline for several decades. In the summer of 2002, Dr. Matthew Etterson of the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center conducted a research project on the effects of forest fragmentation on nesting success of Wood Thrush at several sites in the Piedmont, including Fernbrook, Humpback Rocks, Betsy Bell, Fortune's Cove, Natural Chimneys, Paul State Forest and Ragged Mountain Natural Area. He found that among all these sites, Ragged Mountain Natural Area proved to be not only the most productive, with a total of 64 nests, but also the site of greatest nesting success. Etterson attributed that success to the maturity of the forest and the protective topography of the land.
In the 2006 Albemarle County Biodiversity Report, the Ragged Mountains and Reservoir were cited as significant for unusual habitat that support species scarce in our area such as River Otter, Prothontary Warbler, and Wood Frog.
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Job done, twin probes will crash into moon
More science stories
Local Stories from ThisWeek
- Council divided on requests to amend gun-discharge zones
- Fox hearing could be designated as special meeting
- County may renovate health department
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Job done, twin probes will crash into moon
More science stories
Local Stories from ThisWeek
- Council divided on requests to amend gun-discharge zones
- Fox hearing could be designated as special meeting
- County may renovate health department office space
- OWU students hit by police cruisers in separate incidents
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. — NASA plans to crash a pair of small robotic science probes into the moon next week after a successful yearlong mission to learn what lies beneath the lunar surface, officials said.
The twin Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory, or GRAIL, spacecraft will make suicidal plunges on Monday into a mountain near the moon’s north pole, a site selected to avoid the chance of hitting any of the Apollo or other lunar relics.
The impacts, which are not expected to be visible
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- "Within this group of stars lies the last refuge of the Chiss people should our forces ever be overwhelmed in battle. It is impregnable, impossible for even a determined enemy to quickly or easily penetrate, with war vessels and firepoints
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- "Within this group of stars lies the last refuge of the Chiss people should our forces ever be overwhelmed in battle. It is impregnable, impossible for even a determined enemy to quickly or easily penetrate, with war vessels and firepoints scattered throughout. There are also other surprises that nature itself has created for the unwary."
- ―Aristocra Formbi
The Redoubt, formally the Chiss Redoubt, was a remote star cluster that was located in Chiss space, near the Utegetu Nebula, and that contained at least ten habitable planets and hundreds of stars. Discovered over 200 years prior to 22 ABY and claimed by the CEDF, the cluster was to be used as the site of a last stand, in the event that Chiss space was overrun by any foreign invader. Exploration of the Redoubt by the Chiss only began in earnest around 27 BBY. The Redoubt contained high radiation levels, and the close proximity of stars to each other made navigation difficult. There were only a few safe routes into The Redoubt, and they were all guarded by Chiss fortifications, which prevented foreign intrusions. A planetoid in The Redoubt was the resting place of the ill-fated Outbound Flight Project, which crashed there in 27 BBY.
- Outbound Flight
- Survivor's Quest (First appearance)
- Crosscurrent (Mentioned only)
- Riptide (Mentioned only)
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The cantor, in Hebrew called the chasan, leads the service in the synagogue and reads or sings specific prayers.
This was originally done by members of the congregation themselves.
But when the liturgies became more elaborate and special knowledge became necessary
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The cantor, in Hebrew called the chasan, leads the service in the synagogue and reads or sings specific prayers.
This was originally done by members of the congregation themselves.
But when the liturgies became more elaborate and special knowledge became necessary, the role of reader developed into a profession in its own right.
Later on, spoken prayer was increasingly replaced by song, and the reader became an intoner or cantor.
The reader was a lowranking employee of the Jewish Community.
Five cantors lived in the Judengasse at the end of the 17th century.
In some cases they also held the post of shames.
Since the cantor represented the community in prayer, he was required to lead a particularly blameless life.
As early as 1628, a list of duties was prescribed for cantors which imposed strict limitations on them.
It was required of them "that they should avoid all female society, all games (excepting chess and draughts), and frequent walking about the Judengasse".
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The Mediterranean is characterised by a high diversity of species and ecosystems, highly productive lands and seas, a moderate climate, as well as a particular landscape and harmony between man and nature. Among the problems affecting the region are the rapid urbanisation of
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The Mediterranean is characterised by a high diversity of species and ecosystems, highly productive lands and seas, a moderate climate, as well as a particular landscape and harmony between man and nature. Among the problems affecting the region are the rapid urbanisation of coastal zones, thus reducing the extent of natural areas; the modification of coastal landscapes; the increasing conflicts between the uses of land, water and other natural resources; the increasing loss of soil due to erosion, and the scarcity of water.
At the same time, the dumping of toxic substances on the shores and the over-exploitation of fisheries are posing a threat to the rich diversity of flora and fauna in the Mediterranean, a key tourist destination.
The Approach of Andalucia….
Considering the specific character of the region within the context of Europe, the Consejeria de Medio Ambiente (Junta de Andalucia) has supported the creation of a Mediterranean office ever since it joined the Union.
In response to pressing needs, and under the auspices of IUCN, the Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation was created with the financial support of the Consejeria de Medio Ambiente (Junta de Andalucia) and the Spanish Mi
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| +/- barrier=gate
A section in a wall or fence which can be opened to allow access.
How to Map
On a node
Simply add the tag barrier=gate to the node or way where the gate is.
This can be
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| +/- barrier=gate
A section in a wall or fence which can be opened to allow access.
How to Map
On a node
Simply add the tag barrier=gate to the node or way where the gate is.
This can be placed on a linear barrier, in the intersection node of a linear barrier and a highway way, or at a highway way node.
Avoid tagging highway intersections as that does not make clear which way has the impediment.
On a way
Tag a way with barrier=gate on the real position and width of the gate.
Based on the location below, the gate node should be the end of a way. A new way starts with the gate node and it should have the access set to private if the access is restricted.
O= node with barrier=gate
+++++way with access=private
More info about gate at barrier=*
Related terms: <opening> <passage> <lock> <access> <exit> <door> <portal> <gate>
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Given the complexity of the health care system, it is not surprising that limited health literacy is associated with poor health outcomes. Literacy Network's English for Health classes help people to take control of their health and is contributing to a healthier overall Madison community
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Given the complexity of the health care system, it is not surprising that limited health literacy is associated with poor health outcomes. Literacy Network's English for Health classes help people to take control of their health and is contributing to a healthier overall Madison community.
“We are now in our 5th year. We originally started as an ESL [English as a second language] civics class at Centro Guadalupe and got great feedback from it,” says English for Health Group Instruction Director Beth Gaytan. “I put a curriculum together to answer their questions. We ended the semester with a mock clinic and we recruited some nurses from St. Mary's [Hospital] and they came and took blood pressure for each student and pretended that the students were at a clinic appointment. The nurses really enjoyed it and went back to St. Mary's and just said that they had a great experience. Our students just loved it, too! So that started this great partnership. And the class has g
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HTTP Cookie Headers
When a client contacts a server, it normally uses the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). When the user requests a page, for example, the browser sends an HTTP request to the server, specifying the page address and several other
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HTTP Cookie Headers
When a client contacts a server, it normally uses the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). When the user requests a page, for example, the browser sends an HTTP request to the server, specifying the page address and several other attributes. When the server replies to a client's request, it returns an HTTP response which also features a header, containing important information about the file being returned, such as its size.
An HTTP header consists of several fields. Each field has the following syntax:
The server sets a cookie in an HTTP response, while the client provides its cookies to the server-side application during an HTTP request. The following definition is sent to client in an HTTP response to assign a new cookie:
Set-Cookie: name=value; expires=date; path=pathname; domain=domainname; secure
name is the name of the cookie by which you can reference it later.
value is a regular string to be stored as a cookie. It is recommended that the string be encoded using the "%XX" style, which is equivalent to the
escape() function's output. Generally speaking, the
name=value pair is the only required attribute of the
expires is an optional attribute that specifies the cookie's expiration date and time. The
date string should have the following format:
Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT
Here's an example:
Thu, 31-Dec-1998 00:00:00 GMT
toGMTString() method converts an instance of the
Date object to the required date format. If the
expires attribute isn't specified, the cookie expires when the user's session ends.
When searching for valid cookies, the browser compares the
domain attribute of each cookie to the current server's domain name. The browser looks for a trail match. For example, a
domainname of ".internet.com" would tail match "www.internet.com" as well as "ipw.internet.com". A
domainname must consists of at least two periods in a top-level domain (e.g., com, edu, net, org, gov, mil, int), and at least three in any other one (e.g., co.il, ac.il). The default value of the
domain attribute is the host name of the server that set the cookie.
path attribute specifies a subset of URLs in a domain for which a cookie is valid. After the domain is matched, the pathname component of the URL is compared with
pathname (the value of the
path attribute), and, if successful, the cookie is considered valid and is sent along with the HTTP request. The path "/foo" would match "/foobar" and "/foo/bar/html". "/" is the most general path. If a path is not specified, it defaults to the path of the document or script that set the cookie.
If you specify the word
secure in the
Set-Cookie field, the cookie will only be transmitted across a secured communication channel between the client and the server. If this attribute is not specified, the cookie will be sent over any channel, including an unsecured one.
When a script requests an url from an HTTP server, the browser matches the URL against all cookies (which were previously loaded from the client's hard drive to its memory), and if any of them match, a line containing the
value pairs of all matching cookies are included in the HTTP request. The format is straightforward:
Cookie: name1=value1; name2=value2...
According to Netscape's official documentation, a client can hold up to 300 cookies. A cookie can be up to 4KB, including its name and value, which is exactly 4000 characters. A maximum of 20 cookies per server or domain are allowed.
Created: December 4, 1997
Revised: December 4, 1997
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Summarise Hudson's views on literary impulses Weegy:
Impulses behind Literature
What are the impulses behind literature?
Literature grows directly out of life, so it is oblivious that in life itself we have to search for its sources.
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Summarise Hudson's views on literary impulses Weegy:
Impulses behind Literature
What are the impulses behind literature?
Literature grows directly out of life, so it is oblivious that in life itself we have to search for its sources. [ Hudson, in?Some Ways of Studying Literature?, discusses four major impulses that have given birth to the various forms of literary expression. The four impulses that Hudson talks about are:
1. Our Desire for Self-expression:
Hudson says that,?we are strongly impelled to confide to others what we think and feel.? All of us have a natural desire to express ourselves. We always want to open our heart to others. We wish to express our feelings and thoughts to others. This desire for self-expression results into the production of literature. A piece of literature is expression of writer?s mind and heart, his emotions and ideas. Thus our desire for self-expression is the first and primary impulses that give birth to literature.
2. Our Interest in People and their doings:
?We are intensely interested in men and women, their lives, motives, passions, relationships?, admits Hudson. Our interest in the lives of other people and their doing gives birth to literature. As human beings we cannot live quite aloof from others. We always like to know about other people, their thoughts, their feelings, their problems, and, their resistance to certain problems, their achievements and limitations, and, their success and failure. In order to know other people, their though
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Question: What is pre-diabetes and can I prevent my pre-diabetes from developing into full-blown type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Pre-diabetes is a recently coined term to describe people whose blood sugar levels are starting to rise, but
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Question: What is pre-diabetes and can I prevent my pre-diabetes from developing into full-blown type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Pre-diabetes is a recently coined term to describe people whose blood sugar levels are starting to rise, but they haven't gone up high enough to be considered diabetes. The way to find out if you have pre-diabetes is to go to your doctor and get a fasting blood sugar test or a test called a glucose tolerance test. And either one of these will tell you if you have pre-diabetes.
If you have pre-diabetes you are at much higher risk to develop diabetes and it can occur over the course of a year, or five years, or 10 years. In order to decrease your risk, in general, we recommend that people lose some weight and increase their activity levels. A study called the Diabetes Prevention Program showed that you can decrease the development of diabetes in people with pre-diabetes by almost 60 percent by losing a little bit of weight and increasing your walking.
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Polar, Wind, Geotail Project, Geospace Physics Lab, Laboratory for Solar and Space Physics, Heliophysics Science Division, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA
Data Center Description
Polar
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Polar, Wind, Geotail Project, Geospace Physics Lab, Laboratory for Solar and Space Physics, Heliophysics Science Division, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA
Data Center Description
Polar, Wind, and Geotail are fundamental elements in NASA's global approach to understanding the Sun-Earth Connections system.
Operating as a distributed laboratory in space, events are routinely followed from their birth on the Sun, traced through the interplanetary medium, and then studied in terms of their effectiveness in creating geomagnetic storms and substorms in our near Earth environment.
The focus is on understanding the dynamics -- short- and long-term, large and small, through active and quiet solar periods.
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Key problems identified by Stur and Shelton (1991) include:
The lack of species available for reduced light situations (especially <30% light transmission).
“There is quite a range of species naturalised under the various environmental regimes of plantation crops
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Key problems identified by Stur and Shelton (1991) include:
The lack of species available for reduced light situations (especially <30% light transmission).
“There is quite a range of species naturalised under the various environmental regimes of plantation crops. However, no species can be recommended for light levels of less than 30% because of the limited production potential of very low-light environments. In plantations with light transmissions of 30– 50%, species such as Axonopus compressus, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Ischaemum aristatum and Desmodium heterophyllum may be suitable. Only when light levels are higher than 50% do more productive species warrant consideration.”
The need for a greater range of grasses and legumes which will persist and contribute to animal production in low management and input situations.
“At low management levels (high stocking pressure, no fertilizer, etc.), persistence and suppression of weeds usually requires an aggressive grass such as Stenotaphrum secundatum. Unfortunately, the ability to suppress weed growth usually means incompatibility with most useful herbaceous legumes. The most successful herbaceous legumes for combining with aggressive grasses are Desmodium heterophyllum and D. triflorum. Tree legumes may also play an important role in improving the feeding value of such pastures. Under higher levels of management, excellent levels of animal production can be achieved with highly productive sown grass/legume swards, particularly at light levels of 70% and above.
Despite the plethora of naturally occurring species available for reduced light situations, a greater range of grasses and legumes is required which will persist and contribute to production in low management and input systems.”
Wong (1991) suggests that persistent shade-tolerant species are needed for the long-term productivity and economic viability of integrated land-use systems. Species that show high productivity and forage quality i
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Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition.
The Walam Olum, the genesis and odyssey of Lenape people
The Walum Olum is a primary source of the Delaware
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Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition.
The Walam Olum, the genesis and odyssey of Lenape people
The Walum Olum is a primary source of the Delaware, Lenape, People. It has be remarkably been preserved and passed to succeeding generations. It is worthy of respect and should be an object of study.
19 & under
Social Sciences & Culture > Indigenous Peoples > Native Americans
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Should government regulate sugar? (STF / AFP / Getty Images )
Sugar is toxic, and possibly as addictive as cocaine. Meat is laced with antibiotics. “Pink slime” is unappetizing, as is its dubious and fishy
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Should government regulate sugar? (STF / AFP / Getty Images )
Sugar is toxic, and possibly as addictive as cocaine. Meat is laced with antibiotics. “Pink slime” is unappetizing, as is its dubious and fishy counterpart, “pink slime of the sea.” And the plastic packaging that food comes in is just as worrisome. But never mind the evidence that, as a country, we are eating ourselves to death. It’s a free country, and we have the right to be our own worst enemy.
Plenty of people have suggested regulating the junk we consume, specifically sodas. Robert H. Lustig, who appeared on an April 1 episode of “60 Minutes” -- "Is Sugar Toxic?" -- is among them. If alcohol, tobacco and poor diets are the leading causes of chronic diseases, he asks, why aren’t we also focusing on what we consume, and especially sugar?
Opining on this subject, the New York Times’ Mark Bittman points out: “Added sugar is not the only dangerous food. But unlike animal products, for example, which we also overconsume, it has no benefits.” He continues: “We need the government on our side. It must acknowledge the dangers caused by the most unhealthy aspects of our diet and figure out how to help us cope with them, because this is the biggest public health challenge facing the developed world.”
But try passing a law that forbids anyone under 17 from buying a can of Coke. We’d sooner see a pig sprout wings and escape the pen in which it’s cooped before slaughter.
Perhaps there is another approach to changing this country’s eating habits, one that embraces our freedoms while fattening up the economy. Hank Cardello, author of the book “Stuffed,” makes an argument for creating economic incentives for food producers in Tuesday’s Atlantic. “[W]e analyzed fifteen of the largest consumer packaged goods (CPG) corporations such as General Mills, Kraft Foods, Coca-Cola and Nestle and concluded that companies with above average sales of better-for-you (BFY) products enjoyed larger sales increases over a 5-year period, higher operating profits, better returns to shareholders and superior reputations,” he writes about the Hudson Institute’s study, Better-for-you Foods: It's Just Good Business. He concludes: “Companies are in business to make a profit and to maximize their shareholders' returns. I can see no better way for food and beverage companies to deliver on their missions than to speed up the proliferation of healthier, lower calorie offerings.”
Granola over Oreos? Sold!
Forget the lame FDA: Go meatless
Heroin vaccine won't 'cure' what ails addicts
Miley Cyrus: Unintentional public health agent?
Follow Alexandra Le Tellier on Twitter: @alexletellier
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|Auburn University Digital Library|
|Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future|
source ref: b17mie.htm
|Part I : Microbreeds|
Cattle, goats, sheep
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|Auburn University Digital Library|
|Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future|
source ref: b17mie.htm
|Part I : Microbreeds|
Cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs supply millions of people around the world with the bulk of their cash and animal products. Yet scores of breeds - especially in the tropics - are left out of livestock development projects merely because they are considered too small. These "microbreeds"' have sometimes been considered genetic dead ends because they appear undersized and puny. Many of these traditional animals - some in local use for thousands of years - are disappearing, and even the small ancestors of large modern breeds are becoming extinct.
These small breeds deserve to be studied and developed in their own right. Throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America, these usually hardy animals are especially adapted to traditional husbandry practices and harsh local conditions. Some have remarkable qualities and are well adapted to resist hostile weather, ravaging pestilence, and poor diets. In remote places and in areas of extreme climate, they are often vitally important for basic subsistence.
Indeed, because of stress or disease, or insufficient forage, land, or money, microbreeds may be the only practical livestock in many settings. Their individual output may be low, but it can be efficient considering the lack of care and poor feeds they are given. Their availability and the growing number of small-sized farms in the developing world make them increasingly worthy of consideration.
The following chapters in this section describe microcattle, microgoats, microsheep, and micropigs.
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What do I mean by “posturing” about the “N-word”? Am I saying that everyone uses it and is merely pretending to be shocked by the stories about George Allen and James Webb using it as young men?
No. I don’t
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What do I mean by “posturing” about the “N-word”? Am I saying that everyone uses it and is merely pretending to be shocked by the stories about George Allen and James Webb using it as young men?
No. I don’t know anyone who “uses” it. But never having it pass from one’s lips? Come on. Let’s be honest, and fair, about all this.
By the time you read this you will probably know more about when and where and how often George Allen and James Webb, the candidates for the US Senate seat from Virginia, used the word; also whether they engaged in shameful misbehavior toward blacks when they were in their late teens and early twenties. As I write, the charges are that Allen and Webb used the N-word more than occasionally, and also partook in cruel pranks with blacks the target.
My guess is that both men will dig in and deny pranks. The misbehavior in question is too over-the-top to explain away as routine frat-house rowdiness. Allen is alleged to have driven around looking for a black family’s mailbox where he could insert a severed deer’s head after a hunting trip. The charge against Webb is that he and his buddies would drive around during the night and point and click the triggers of empty rifles at blacks out for an evening walk. The question will be only whether there is a way to verify that these incidents actually occurred. If they did, both men’s political careers will come to a screeching halt.
But using the N-word will be different. There appear to be too many witnesses for them to deny that they ever uttered the word. My guess is that they will admit that they used it, but only occasionally, and never in a mean-spirited or confrontational manner.
I submit that that case be made. (Whether it fits Allen and Webb, I have no way of knowing.) There was a time when the N-word was in the same category as the other expressions for members of ethnic groups that were understood to be rude and vulgar and not to be used in polite company. “Nigger” was comparable to “guinea,” “spic,” “bohunk,” “kraut,” “limey” and “greenhorn,” fighting words if used to insult a member of the group, but not a word that was shameful to utter if, say, describing someone else’s conversation, or perhaps as part of a harmless joke, such as the Polish jokes of today. (I have heard it used, for instance, where the butt of the joke is rednecks.)
It is only in the last ten years or so that there has been social pressure to move it into the same category as the F-word and some of the other scatological words forbidden by the FCC for television and radio broadcasts. We are now told that it is ill-mannered to employ it even if in the process of criticizing those who use it; for example, to say, “I can’t believe it, but Bob still calls blacks 'niggers.'” James Webb is being criticized for using the term as part of the dialogue in his novels. (I had to weigh whether it was appropriate for me even to type the word as part of this column.)
I don’t think any of us would think twice if we heard a television commentator make the following statement: “We have a duty to teach our children not to use terms such as dago and chink and the N-word, when describing members of minority groups.” The commentator would think it appropriate to use “dago” and “chink,” but make the indirect reference of “N-word,” rather than say “nigger.” That is a remarkable change in public thinking.
A good case can be made, of course, that the N-word should be placed in a separate category from the disparaging terms for other ethnic minorities: the other groups did not experience slavery, Jim Crow laws and lynchings. But that does not mean it is fair to react to everyone who let the word slip from their lips back in the 1950s and 1960s as if we discovered a tape of them using it last week at a Ku-Klux Klan rally. It is not the same thing.
One has only to look at the old librettos from the Gilbert and Sullivan operettas or Mark Twain’s novels to see that there was a time that the word was used by people who meant no harm to African-Americans. I have no way of knowing what was in Twain’s and Gilbert’s and Sullivan’s hearts, but I suspect that they thought they were doing nothing very different from what John Ford used to do when he cast Victor McLaglen as a brawling, drunken, simple-minded Irishman in the old John Wayne westerns.
There is another angle to consider in all this. Accuse me of paranoia, if you wish, but I am going to say it anyway: why do we so seldom hear stories about embarrassing things said by liberal Democrats when they were young? Is it that the 1960s leftists never said things that would make them uncomfortable if we found out about it today? Anyone over the age of 50 knows better. The Weather Underground and the Black Panthers were not typical of the peaceniks of the 1960s. They were the extremists among the extremists. But there were
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Too expand a topic, click on the button. To collapse a topic, click on the button.
How to Create a Moodle Quiz- Simplified
This tutorial video includes:
1) Creating a Question Bank
2) Adding a Quiz Activity
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Too expand a topic, click on the button. To collapse a topic, click on the button.
How to Create a Moodle Quiz- Simplified
This tutorial video includes:
1) Creating a Question Bank
2) Adding a Quiz Activity
3) Adding Questions to the Quiz
4) Preview the Quiz!
- Questions & Quizzes are separated so that you can reuse questions, for example on a Mid-Term. Also when you build up your question bank, you can pick and choose to create different quizzes year to year, and with different sections of the same class.
- If you had a quiz with three questions, and the first should be worth 50%, while the other two should be worth 25% each, set the following Question Grades when creating the questions: First Question (2); Second Question (1); Third Question (1)
- Adaptive mode allows the student to submit an answer to a question multiple times. We can set penalties for each incorrect submission. This may be a good feature to use for homework. The student can then make sure he or she gets everything right by the end.
- Review options can be used to set whether the student will be able to see the correct answer and feedback. For example to allow the student to view feedback, but not the correct answer choice after the quiz, disable “Answers” as in this image.
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Isaiah was a Biblical prophet who lived in the land of Judah c. 740 - 681 BC. Prophets such as Isaiah were said to have a special message from God. The message Isaiah was delivering mainly concerned the rebell
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Isaiah was a Biblical prophet who lived in the land of Judah c. 740 - 681 BC. Prophets such as Isaiah were said to have a special message from God. The message Isaiah was delivering mainly concerned the rebellious nature of God's chosen people Israel, as recorded in the Old Testament book of Isaiah.
Back to "Ancient Israel" Chronology
Back to "Early Mythopoeic Thought" Chronology
It has been theorized that the book itself is a combination of the writings of Isaiah and "Second" Isaiah, a man who lived mid- to late sixth century BC and simply carried on the original Isaiah's tradition in chapters 40 - 55, teaching that "the Lord," or Yahweh, control
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In the section titled “Multiple Stochastic Regression Imputation,” we provided some guidance on how to use multiple imputation to address missing data. Before implementing MI, or any other method to address missing data, we would recommend additional reading, such as
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In the section titled “Multiple Stochastic Regression Imputation,” we provided some guidance on how to use multiple imputation to address missing data. Before implementing MI, or any other method to address missing data, we would recommend additional reading, such as Allison (2002) and articles by the statisticians who have developed and refined MI methods (e.g., Rubin, 1996; Schafer, 1999). However, in the end, researchers need to know how to use available software to implement MI should they choose that option for dealing with missing data. Therefore, we provide some guidance and references to other resources that may be helpful.
As shown earlier in this report, specialized software or MI-specific procedures in general purpose statistica
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The Pet Animals Act 1951 establishes a regulatory regime for "pet shops" under which local authorities (district and borough councils) are responsible for inspecting and licensing premises.
What kinds of animals are protected by the Act?
The Act establishes a
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The Pet Animals Act 1951 establishes a regulatory regime for "pet shops" under which local authorities (district and borough councils) are responsible for inspecting and licensing premises.
What kinds of animals are protected by the Act?
The Act establishes a regime designed to benefit the welfare of animals in the pet trade. "Animal" is defined by the Act to include "any description of vertebrate". It therefore applies to a broad range of animals, including all mammals, birds, fish and reptiles. The word "pet" is not defined, but, in the case of cats and dogs, the Act relates to those sold or kept "wholly or mainly for domestic purposes". Animals sold or kept "for ornamental purposes" are also included.
What kinds of establishments are covered by the Act?
The Act does not restrict the definition of "pet shop" to establishments visited by potential customers as the ordinary meaning of "pet shop" would suggest. Section 7(1) of the Act defines "pet shop" to include:
(i) carrying on at premises of any nature (including a private dwelling) of a business of selling animals as pets, and(ii) keeping animals in any such premises with a view to their being sold in the course of such a business, whether by the keeper of the animals or by any other person.
This definition is broad enough to cover premises that merely hold animals that are in the pet supply chain.
The regulatory regime
Section 1 of the Act lists five non-exclusive considerations for the local authority to take into account when deciding whether to grant a license. These are expressed as "the need for securing" that animals are:
a) kept in suitable accommodation,
b) supplied with food and water and visited at suitable intervals,
c) that mammals are not sold at too early an age,
d) that reasonable precautions will be taken to prevent the spread of infectious
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Kananaskis (Seebe and Ozada)
The Kananaskis Prisoner Of War camp (No. 130), also known as Seebe for the nearby hamlet, operated from 29 September 1939 to 28
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Kananaskis (Seebe and Ozada)
The Kananaskis Prisoner Of War camp (No. 130), also known as Seebe for the nearby hamlet, operated from 29 September 1939 to 28 January 1946. Locals referred to this facility as Camp "Kan-A-Nazi". Seebe was small with a capacity of 200 prisoners of war (POWs). It was categorized as a Class II facility, meaning prisoners were afforded no extra privileges or special rights. POWs earned 20 cents per day for completing non-war-related duties and work. Maintaining discipline and order was the top priority; the maximum punishment was solitary confinement for up to 28 days. As stipulated by Geneva Convention guidelines, escapees could face up to two years in prison. Most of the German prisoners held here belonged to the German Afrika Korp. German-Canadians who openly supported Hitler’s campaign in Europe were also transferred to the Kananaskis Prisoner of War Camp, under strict surveillance.
During the first few years of the war, an influx of POWs continued to arrive in Alberta. Camp Ozada (No. 132) opened in 1942. It was located between Banff and Calgary, approximately 30 kilometres (18.64 miles) away from the POW camp at Seebe. Ozada was established as a temporary facility until such time as the permanent camps at Lethbridge and Medicine Hat were completed. The facility covered roughly 500 hectares (1235.5 acres) and housed thousands of POWs in fairly crude conditions. Prisoners griped about the facility, but federal government officials pointed out that the guards, members of the Veterans Guard of Canada—veterans of the First World War—were forced to live under the same conditions. The Prisoner of War camp at Ozada remained open for roughly twelve months before the larger camp in Lethbridge opened.
John Joseph Kelly, “Der Deutsche Kriegsgefangener auf Alberta: Alberta and the Keeping of German Prisoners of War, 1939–1947”, ed. K.W. Tingley, For King and Country: Alberta in the Second World War. (Edmonton: Provincial Museum of Alberta and Reidmore Books, 1995), 285–302.
David Carter, “POW Camps in Canada during WWI and WWII.” (accessed September 2007).
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Global Law: European Union
Article 6 in the Treaty on European Union promulgates that the European Union is founded on the "principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law,
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Global Law: European Union
Article 6 in the Treaty on European Union promulgates that the European Union is founded on the "principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law, principles which are common to the Member States." All EU decisions and procedures are based on Treaties agreed upon by all the EU countries.
|European Union Information:|
- Elexica From the firm Simmons & Simmons. Elexica offers registered users an extensive range of free and chargeable legal information including practical guides, checklists, summaries, other know-how, a legal discussions forum, an EU diary, and a virtual library of links. Mainly UK and EU information.
- ELIXIR (European Lawyers' Information eXchange & Internet Resource) Provides information on the type of lawyers and their legal education and training in the EU and an initial assessment of their mobility rights within the Member States of the EU. For EU institutions; Bars and Law Societies; Academics; lawyers; students.
- EurActiv.com Features EU news, policy positions, and EU actors online.
- EUR-Lex A European Union legal portal that contains legislation, case law, regulations and more.
- Europa Europa is the European Union portal site. It provides up-to-date coverage of European Union affairs and essential information on European integration. Users can also consult all legislation currently in force or under discussion, access the websites of each of the EU institutions and find out about the policies administered by the European Union under the powers devolved to it by the Treaties.
|European Union Institutions:|
- European Commission The driving force and executive body.
- Council of EU Represents the governments of the Member States.
- European Parliament Elected by the people of the Member States.
- European Courts of Justice Ensures compliance with the law.
- European Court of Auditors Controls sound and lawful management of the EU budget.
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From strange and often dangerous herbal “cures” to black magic and wonderful legends of love, it’s all what’s called Wildflower Folklore.
Who exactly was Black-eyed Susan?
How did early North American native tribes lose many of their strongest
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From strange and often dangerous herbal “cures” to black magic and wonderful legends of love, it’s all what’s called Wildflower Folklore.
Who exactly was Black-eyed Susan?
How did early North American native tribes lose many of their strongest braves because of a bizarre method of choosing a new chief?
Is Queen Anne’s Lace really effective for birth control?
And how did the Forget-me-not get its name?
By Chy and Ray Allen, Founders, AmericanMeadows.com.
This is where the real medicinal and poisonous properties of wildflowers meet the romantic legends, histories and wild superstitions that surround many of our favorites.
The importance of plants and flowers. Without plants man could not exist; they have always played an essential role in his survival. Plants provide food, clothing medicines, and, in fact, the very air we breathe--plants are the so
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Patriarch Gabriel III of Constantinople
|Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|
|Church||Church of Constantinople|
|Appointed||29 August 1702|
|Term ended||25 October 1707|
|D
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Patriarch Gabriel III of Constantinople
|Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|
|Church||Church of Constantinople|
|Appointed||29 August 1702|
|Term ended||25 October 1707|
|Died||25 October 1707
|Previous post||Metropolitan of Chalcedon|
Gabriel was born in the town of Smyrna (now İzmir) to parents coming from the island of Andros and in 1688 he became Metropolitan of Chalcedon. He was elected Patriarch of Constantinople on 29 August 1702 and reigned till his death. His reign had no particular troubles and was serene.
In 1704 Gabriel formally condemned the edition of the New Testament into Modern Greek translated by Seraphim of Mytilene and edited in London in 1703 by the English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts.:269 On 5 March 1705 he issued an order forbidding the Greek students to study in London due to improper behaviours. In 1706 he issued a letter to condemning the Latin doctrines.:257
He also intervened in the affairs of the autonomous Church of Cyprus, deposing Germanos II of Cyprus after complaints of the local population. The Melkite Metropolitan of Aleppo Athanasius Dabbas was so elected in Istanbul as regent (proedros) Archbishop of Cyprus at end 1705. In February 1707, after Athanasius' return to Constantinople, Gabriel censored as non-canonical the consecration of the new Archbishop Jacob II, who nevertheless reigned until 1718.
With regards to his birth-town Smyrna, in 1706 he founded there a school where the scholar Adamantios Rysios taught. Gabriel died in Constantinople on 25 October 1707 and was buried at the monastery of Kamariotissa on the island of Halki.
- Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate. Wildside Press LLC. p. 40,181. ISBN 978-1-4344-5876-6.
- Moustakas Konstantinos. "Gabriel III of Constantinople". Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- Doll, Peter (2006). Anglicanism and Orthodoxy. Frankfurt Am Main: Lang. p. 257,269,437. ISBN 978-3-03910-580-9.
- Runciman, Steven (1985). The Great Church in captivity. Cambridge University Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-521-31310-0.
- Hill, George (2010). A History of Cyprus, vol 4. City: Cambridge Univ Pr. pp. 342–3. ISBN 978-1-108-02065-7.
- "Γαβριὴλ Γ´". Ecumenical Patriarchate. Retrieved 23 June 2011.(Greek)
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THE RETURN OF ATTILA
Fr. Yves le Roux
I will not speak to you about Attila except to remind you that he was a barbarian, that his name Attila means "Little Father," and that he
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THE RETURN OF ATTILA
Fr. Yves le Roux
I will not speak to you about Attila except to remind you that he was a barbarian, that his name Attila means "Little Father," and that he was proud of his nickname, "the Scourge of God." His famous line about himself was "Where I step, the grass no longer grows." Attila is my metaphor for the deadly consequences of Protestantism.
It is impossible to adequately discuss Protestantism in a brief study. The subject is simply too vast; but, in fact, the actual subject of this article is the present consequences of Protestantism. Nevertheless, we will be obliged to consider Protestantism itself in order to discover the main traits of this error. In this way we will be able to understand more deeply how our present world is the natural offspring of Protestantism, and how much this spirit has penetrated us, young and old alike, but particularly our youth.
If you want to learn more about Protestantism, the best way is by reading The Variations of the Protestant Churches by Bossuet, or Maritain's Three Reformers. Le Sel de la Terre has published some very good articles, too.
If we really want to know something, we must grasp its principle. If we know it, we will be able to know perfectly all its consequences. But regarding Protestantism, it is very difficult to grasp its principle. As Bossuet realized, nothing is constant in it. Its belief is always moving, uncertain, variable (we can find, at least, more than 20,000 Protestant sects in today's world). Protestantism is constantly subject to variations. We can summarize the judgment of Bossuet in a short sentence: "You change; what changes is not the truth."
It is impossible to bring together all Protestants into one coherent doctrine. They have only one point in common: their hatred of the Catholic Church. Even their name does not express something universal. It seems that any kind of doctrine is accepted insofar as it is a protest.
Furthermore, very often we deceive ourselves about the true motives of Protestantism. Of course, we know that it is not true that the first Protestants truly wanted to react against abuses in the Church. Their immediate fruits show obviously that it was not the problems or failures in the Church that caused their reaction, but still we convince ourselves that Protestantism was brought about because of these abuses. We cannot deny that such abuses had a role in the apparition of Protestantism, but if we look into the times of St. Bernard or St. Peter Damian, we see that there were similar abuses and even worse. The existence of abuses is a constant phenomenon in the history of the Church.
The abuses of the Renaissance by themselves are not enough to explain Protestantism; their role is only secondary. They are more an occasion than the true cause. We should rather focus on the particular conditions, on the atmosphere of the Renaissance, with its deliberate break from the realism of medieval philosophy. The Renaissance marks the separation of the intelligence from reality. Its spirit of independence exploded with Descartes and all modern philosophy, but it existed already with the nominalism of William of Ockham (d. 1349), whose teaching influenced Luther. Since the Renaissance man made himself the center of everything, the Renaissance itself implies a true spiritual "Copernican revolution."
In fact, we can apply to Protestantism the words of St. Pius X about modernism: the sewer of all the errors of the Renaissance. Nothing is original in Protestantism, but it was an instrument for the acceleration of the process of the destruction of Christendom. We may say that Protestantism is the heart of the Renaissance, its religion. Or better, that it is the Renaissance spirit conveyed into religion; I mean by that the religion of dyed-in-the-wool independence.
However, even this spirit of independence is not proper to Protestantism. It is the point of departure of all sects and their reason for rejecting the Faith. He who separates himself from Rome does it for this reason. Of course, this spirit of independence inherent in each error is multiplied by the libertarian tendency of the Renaissance and has some particular characteristics, as we will see later in our third point.
Notice that its only originality consists in not having anything truly original. We are indeed obliged to study the initiator of this error to be able to grasp the principle of Protestantism. Thu
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Title: Investigating Air: Organizing, Analyzing, and Interpreting Information about the Quality of Air
Abstract: Non-Fiction, Lessons
This book is full of lesson plans and background information that provide investigations, which lead students to
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Title: Investigating Air: Organizing, Analyzing, and Interpreting Information about the Quality of Air
Abstract: Non-Fiction, Lessons
This book is full of lesson plans and background information that provide investigations, which lead students to the answers to questions such as what is air made of, how does air work, do humans impact air quality, how does air quality impact humans, do we have a right to clear air and more. It concludes in a decision-making investigation.
Books listed in Greening Schools BiblioResources have been recommended as valuable tools in the teaching of the associated categories. For information on the WMRC Library and lending policies visit the above URL. Contact your local librarian or school librarian, who will know how to locate this book.
Source: National Science Teachers Association
Resource Type: BiblioResources (Books) - Classroom Lessons
Green Your Lesson Plan Associated Subjects:
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This work is the magnum opus of Irish genealogy, a vast and prodigious compendium of family history and source material. The first volume explores the origin and stem of the Irish nation. The old Irish genealogies assembled here
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This work is the magnum opus of Irish genealogy, a vast and prodigious compendium of family history and source material. The first volume explores the origin and stem of the Irish nation. The old Irish genealogies assembled here are brought down to the lineal descendant of each family living at the time of the British dispossession, although many of the descents are brought down to the 19th century. Also included is a lengthy appendix with an extraordinarily detailed table showing families that owned land in the 12th century. In addition, there is an index of several thousand surnames.
The first half of Volume II consists of Anglo-Irish genealogies, all carried down at least to the Commonwealth period, and most to the last quarter of th
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As technology keeps on advancing, cell phones have almost become essential gadgets of our lives, it is next to impossible to leave without these cell phones, because they make communication easy. Students have also found a great use of cell phones and most of them
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As technology keeps on advancing, cell phones have almost become essential gadgets of our lives, it is next to impossible to leave without these cell phones, because they make communication easy. Students have also found a great use of cell phones and most of them go with their cell phones to school. Cell phones are not bad or harmful as some educators can think, but the problem is that some students use them for wrong reasons and this makes them bad in school. Since most cell phones now days can access internet, students tend to use them for selfish entertaining reasons while in the classroom, this creates distraction and it also affects that students’ grades.
Students are the top most users of social networks like Facebook, Zynga, Twitter, YouTube and many more, all these social networks have mobile phone applications which can enable user of a cell phone to easily access them. So when ever students get a chance to come with their cell phones at school, they end up using them for personal entertainment during classroom hours. This behavior has forced many educators and parents to ban cell phone usage in schools. Below i have listed detailed points on the pros and cons of cell phones in schools
PROS OF CELL PHONES IN SCHOOLS:
- Easy communications: Both parents and teachers will need to stay in touch with their children and students, so cell phones will make this communication simple. Also students use cell phones to join peer to peer discussions which can help them ask any thing educational during this discussion. This discussion can be hosted on online educational social networks like Piazza.com, this network has mobile phones apps which a student can install and join any academic discussion using their mobile phones. In most cases, shy students find such remote platforms useful, because they can stay anonymous and ask a question, as opposed in a live classroom where they will fear to raise their hand to ask a question or help from the teacher or their fellow students. Teachers can also use text messaging service to send simple assignments to their students while at home. Parents can easily keep track of their children using cell phones, so in case some thing pops up during school hours, the child will just contact their parents.
- Safety Reasons: Since cell phones are light and easy to carry, they can act as emergence contact tools for students. Disasters are unavoidable and they always distrust our daily activities. It is very important if a student has a personal phone to use and contact their parents, head teachers or police in case some thing wrong happens. Many times students get mixed up in wrong groups while at school and they get bullied or get involved in wrong acts like drug use. These two harmful behaviors have resulted into deaths on many students, but when a student has a cell phone, they can call for help from their parents, friends, teachers or the police. Child bulling is on the rise in many schools, shy students can’t fight back, so they need to have a cell phone with them, so that they can call for help at any time.
- Mobile Learning: It is very important for students to be in position to learn from anywhere at any time. The education world is changing and many scholars are attending virtual classrooms. Online education is now becoming so popular than before, mobile phones have also helped in the growth of M-Learning. Unlike a computer, cell phones are light and easy to carry. Advanced cell phones like the iphone, sumsung galaxy, have wide screens which can display data in high resolution and they also have big storage hardware which can be used to store electronic books. Services like Dropbox.com and Box.com can be used to store academic notes remotely and students can access this data anywhere. Mobile learning applications like Piazza.com can allow teachers create virtual classroom and assign course work to their students.
- Use cell phones as research tools: Students who do subjects which require field work research will need cell phones while in the field. All modern cell phones can be used to take pictures in the field, create reports using simple word processing applications, save and submit data back to their schools. If their school has a
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view a plan
This excellent lesson plan is on the history of the Olympics
2, 3, 4, 5
Title – History of the Olympics
By – Susan Senigo
Primary Subject – Social Studies
Secondary Subjects –
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view a plan
This excellent lesson plan is on the history of the Olympics
2, 3, 4, 5
Title – History of the Olympics
By – Susan Senigo
Primary Subject – Social Studies
Secondary Subjects –
Grade Level – 2nd-5th
July 24, 2001
· The students will research the history of the Olympics.
· The students will compare their findings to the information found in the book Hour of the Olympics.
· The students will discuss and present the changes in the Olympics from ancient Greeks times to present day.
· The students will use their knowledge of the Olympics the design their own rules and hold their own Olympics.
· Hour of the Olympics written by Mary Pope Osborne from the Magic Tree House Series
· Computer with Internet access
· Reference books
III. Organizational Structure of Lesson
· Individual and Group reading
· Individual and Pairs research
· Large Group discussion and planning
IV. Motivation for lesson
The students have watched the Olympics on television and are interested in sports. The teacher will ask the students the following questions:
1. How many of you have watched the Olympics on television?
2. What kinds of sports do you see in the Olympics today?
3. Do you know where the first Olympic games were held?
4. Do you think that sports that are played today are the same sports that were played in the very first Olympics?
The students will read the Prologue and Chapters 1 and 2 of Hour of the Olympics. As a class, we will list on the board some of the information we find in the book about the Olympics. We will also list any information we find about ancient Greece that could have influenced the Olympics. The students will then work in pairs using resource materials provided by the teacher* and the Internet to find out more information relevant to the material in chapters 1 and 2 of the book. As a class, we will compare the information we found in the book to information from other sources to see how accurate the book is.
Individuals in the class will read Chapters 3 and 4 out loud. As a class, we will discuss the role that women had in the ancient Greek Olympics and compare it to the role that we feel that women have today. The students will then research women who have competed in the Olympics and report to the class any accomplishments the women have made and any struggles that they have had to overcome. This research will be done in class using the Internet and research materials provided by the teacher*. The students will be assigned to read Chapters 5-7 at home.
After having read Chapters 5-7 the students will, as a class, provide a short summary so that the teacher can assess their understanding. In class, the students will compare the events held in ancient times to the events held in the modern day Olympics. They will answer the following questions individually:
1. What are the similarities between the events now and then?
2. What are the differences?
3. Which events are still held now that were begun in ancient times?
4. Why are some of the events no longer being held?
5. How has the equipment changed over the years?
6. How have the rules changed over the years?
In class, the teacher will read Chapters 8-10. Individually, the students will write a review of the book to hand in to the teacher. As a class, the students will plan to hold their own Olympic Day. The teacher will lead them in a discussion to choose events, decide on rules, and a way to judge the winners. The students will need to create a rule sheet that can be distributed to all participants. They also need to make a list of the equipment they will need to borrow. The students should use information they have learned over the week to develop a way to include every student.
Today is Olympic Day! The students will set up the events and invite other classes to participate. The students will also be responsible for making sure that all participants are aware of the rules by giving them a printed rule sheet and answering any questions other students may have.
Initiate a class discussion that allows students to talk about what they have learned about the origin of the Olympics and about any participants in the Olympics. Let the students discuss their feelings about the changes that have been made over the years.
After the Olympic Day, the students will write a short story about Annie and Jack taking a trip to the next Olympics. This story should include a description of the types of people they would see competing and observing. It should also include a description of the events that would be taking place.
VIII. Extension Activities
Chapter 1 – Students can compare English words to Greek words. Comparing English and Greek words to words in other languages, such as, Spanish, German, French, and Latin can extend the activity. The students can then make a chart to show comparisons of certain words in these languages.
Chapter 2 – Students can research the clothing worn by individuals in the past and compa
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The Lion and the Witch
By Robert Velarde
Author, The Heart of Narnia
In Aslan and the White Witch, we see the personification of the struggle between right and wrong, good and evil. This is not an
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The Lion and the Witch
By Robert Velarde
Author, The Heart of Narnia
In Aslan and the White Witch, we see the personification of the struggle between right and wrong, good and evil. This is not an interplay of two abstract concepts but the interaction of two individual characters in Narnian history. Reflected in their relationship is the drama that God is writing in terrestrial history as He prepares for the final defeat of evil.
In each of the Chronicles, Aslan the lion is the centerpiece of all that is good, holy, and just. Other characters may embody these traits, but not nearly to the same extent and not consistently. Aslan stands for virtue, condemns vice, and is clearly a Christ figure, though not in a strictly allegorical sense. In The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, he willingly sacrifices his life to save the human child Edmund from death. In Prince Caspian, Aslan participates in the overthrow of the evil usurping King Miraz, while in The Voyage of the “Dawn Treader,” he is present in many instances of good, for example, in a powerful encounter with Eustace and as the source of Reepicheep’s longing. In a scene in The Silver Chair reminiscent of Jesus’ discussion with the Samaritan woman at the well described in John 4, Aslan speaks with Jill Pole on issues related to salvation and once again seeks, through those who serve him, to overcome evil with good, restoring Prince Rilian and, in the
process, destroying the evil witch of the Underworld. In The Horse and His Boy, the four principal characters — Shasta, Bree, Aravis, and Hwin — each learn ethical lessons from Aslan regarding humility and pride. When Shasta is alone with Aslan, the great lion explains the role he has played in the boy’s life, always watching over him.
The White Witch (Jadis in The Magician’s Nephew) is not an opposite of Aslan in a dualistic sense. She is a created being from another world who enters Narnia at the time of its creation.
There are some parallels to the Christian account of Satan, such as the witch tempting Digory in the garden, but they should not be pressed to the point of actually equating the witch with Satan, as there are simply too many differences. That the witch is evil is clear. Aslan himself refers to her as evil in The Magician’s Nephew,19 and she exhibits a number of vices indicating her evil nature: unfairness, dishonesty, pride, cruelty, a warlike nature, and impenitence.
Those characters in the Chronicles who are allied with Aslan act more like him, while those who are the witch’s helpers reflect her own evil propensities. So it is for us. There are good behaviors (virtues) and bad behaviors (vices). We can choose whom we follow and how we will act.
Vices and Virtues in Narnia
Lewis believed that everyday ethical decisions move one closer in character to good or evil. As a result, even the small ethical decisions made daily are, in the long run, incredibly important. These decisions for good or evil accrue in our character like a savings account earning compound interest, said Lewis, indicating that a series of decisions for the good, however small, may accumulate over time and result in a good ethical decision in the future.20 Or, conversely, a series of small evil decisions will build up, tarnishing one’s character and allowing entry for further (and likely increased) evil. Lewis elaborated on this matter in Mere Christianity, in which he wrote, “Every time you make a choice. you are turning the central part of you... into something a little different from what it was before.” Over the course of a lifetime, we are turning this central part of ourselves into either a “heavenly
creature” or a “hellish creature.”21
In that same work, Lewis gave an illustration involving tennis. He noted that even a person who does not play tennis well may make a lucky shot now and then, but a good player has the training and experience that allows him or her to make numerous good shots and become someone whose tennis skill can be relied upon. Similarly, a person who regularly practices virtuous behavior will attain a godly quality of character.22 This quality and not specific actions, argued Lewis, is virtue.
In The Magician’s Nephew, because of the actions of a boy named Digory Kirke, evil has entered the new world of Narnia in the form of Jadis (the White Witch). Aslan the lion asks Digory if he is prepared to undo the wrong he has caused.23 Digory tells Aslan that he is ready to do what he can. Then his thoughts turn to his mother, who lies dying a world away. With eyes full of tears, the twelve-year-old Digory asks Aslan to help his mother. Tears
fill Aslan’s eyes, too, for
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In the medical field, we’re used to much of the writing being of the largely objective, strictly technical variety. Regardless, reflective writing is a consistently regular part of the curriculum in most types of medical and health science courses.
What is reflective writing
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In the medical field, we’re used to much of the writing being of the largely objective, strictly technical variety. Regardless, reflective writing is a consistently regular part of the curriculum in most types of medical and health science courses.
What is reflective writing? In a technical sense, this form of composition involves considering the larger context, the meaning and the implications behind an experience. For medical studies, this is used to get the student to list down thoughts and ideas they learned from educational and practical experiences. Why? Because a self-examination such as that enabled by reflective writing allows you insights into your own thought processes that can aid your overall development in the field.
What things did you do wrong? How could you have improved? In what ways could you have performed in a more effective manner?
Most types of reflective writing cover any of the following types:
1. An analysis of your learning experience within a course.
2. An analysis of a past experience, such as internship or field work.
3. A description of what you learned from a course or a placement.
4. A review of the course up to that point.
5. A description and analysis of a specific incident.
Critical reflection is an important aspect of being a health professional and that’s exactly the habit that reflective writing attempts to help you create. While intended largely to demonstrate your thought processes, instead of writing abilities, it still pays to give it as much attention as you would any school-related assignment and that includes polishing with a competent writing software.
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In macroeconomics, aggregate demand (AD) is the total demand for final goods and services in the economy at a given time and price level. It specifies the amounts of goods and services that will be purchased at all possible price levels. This
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In macroeconomics, aggregate demand (AD) is the total demand for final goods and services in the economy at a given time and price level. It specifies the amounts of goods and services that will be purchased at all possible price levels. This is the demand for the gross domestic product of a country. It is often called effective demand, though at other times this term is distinguished.
It is often cited that the aggregate demand curve is downward sloping because at lower price levels a greater quantity is demanded. While this is correct at the microeconomic, single good level, at the aggregate level this is incorrect. The aggregate demand curve is in fact downward sloping as a result of three distinct effects: Pigou's wealth effect, the Keynes' interest rate effect and the Mundell-Fleming exchange-rate effect. Additionally, the higher the price level is to be, the less demanded and thus it is downward sloping.
The aggregate demand curve illustrates the relationship between two factors - the quantity of output that is demanded and the aggregated price level. The value of the money supply is fixed. There are many factors that can shift the AD curve. If the Bank were to reduce the amount of money in circulation (reducing money supply), the AD curve shifts. Nominal output is lower than before and decreases by the same amount as the decrease in the money supply. The price level decreases and thus the AD curve shifts rightward. Since the price level decreased, the real balances level (M/P) will decrease - demand decreases. If the money supply was increased and thus aggregate demand increased, there would be a movement up along the Long run aggregate supply curve. The cost of this is a permanently higher level of prices. As a result of increase in aggregate demand, the economy will gravitate toward the natural level more quickly.
John Maynard Keynes in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money argued during the Great Depression that the loss of output by the private sector as a result of a systemic shock (the Wall Street Crash of 1929) ought to be filled by government spending. First, he argued that with a lower ‘effective aggregate demand’, or the total amount of spending in the economy (lowered in the Crash), the private sector could subsist on a permanently reduced level of activity and involuntary unemployment, unless there was active intervention. Business lost access to capital, so it had dismissed workers. This meant workers had less to spend as consumers, consumers bought less from business, which because of additionally reduced demand, had found the need to dismiss workers. The downward spiral could only be
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Short Answer Questions
1. In "Paradise Lost," what does Einstein particularly rue?
2. Who does Einstein say are now the ones who advocate international thought?
3. Who has created the League of Nations?
4. Why does Einstein
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Short Answer Questions
1. In "Paradise Lost," what does Einstein particularly rue?
2. Who does Einstein say are now the ones who advocate international thought?
3. Who has created the League of Nations?
4. Why does Einstein say individuals should not be singled out and given all-encompassing admiration?
5. What is the one good thing about the fact that America has heaped so many accolades on Einstein?
This section contains 5,442 words
(approx. 19 pages at 300 words per page)
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Sinoatrial Node Action Potentials
Cells within the sinoatrial (SA) node are the primary pacemaker site within the heart. These cells are characterized as having no true resting potential, but instead generate regular, spontaneous action potentials.
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Sinoatrial Node Action Potentials
Cells within the sinoatrial (SA) node are the primary pacemaker site within the heart. These cells are characterized as having no true resting potential, but instead generate regular, spontaneous action potentials. Unlike non-pacemaker action potentials in the heart, and most other cells that elicit action potentials (e.g., nerve cells, muscle cells), the depolarizing current is carried into the cell primarily by relatively slow Ca++ currents instead of by fast Na+ currents. There are, in fact, no fast Na+ channels and currents operating in SA nodal cells. This results in slower action potentials in terms of how rapidly they depolarize. Therefore, these pacemaker action potentials are sometimes referred to as "slow response" action potentials.
The changes in membrane potential during the different phases are brought about by changes in the movement of ions (principally Ca++ and K+, and to a lesser extent Na+) across the membrane through ion channels that open and close at different times during the action potential. When a channel is opened, there is increased electrical conductance (g) of specific ions through that ion channel. Closure of ion channels causes ion conductance to decrease. As ions flow through open channels, they generate electrical currents (i or I) that change the me
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The Crying of Lot 43046.
Dear Word Detective: Why is a letter or parcel delivery service called “mail” or “post”? — Ray Earl.
That’s a darn good question. Speaking of the US Postal Service, I discovered
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The Crying of Lot 43046.
Dear Word Detective: Why is a letter or parcel delivery service called “mail” or “post”? — Ray Earl.
That’s a darn good question. Speaking of the US Postal Service, I discovered something odd the other day. When we moved to this little town in rural Ohio a few years ago and I went to rent a Post Office box, the folks downtown gave me Box 1, which had recently been vacated. Cool, thought I. But some of the locals apparently thought I had pulled devious strings in Washington (or Zurich) to score such an exalted address, and they’ve evidently been seething with resentment ever since. Who knew? I figured they squinted at everyone that way. Oh well, it’s all fodder for my memoirs, after which I’ll probably need a whole new zip code.
“Mail” and “post” in the “Oh look, here’s a letter from the IRS” sense are both very old words related to the process of sending a letter or package, but they spring from two separate aspects of that process.
The word “post,” as in “Post Office,” “postal worker” and the like (as well as the verb phrase “to post a letter”) harks back to the Medieval origins of the postal service in Europe. The mail was carried in a relay system on horseback by riders who were “posted” at set intervals along the roads (called, naturally, “post roads”). This “post” is not, it should be noted, the sort of pole stuck in the ground one might use to tether a horse. It comes from the Latin “ponere,” meaning “to place,” and referred to the placing or “posting” of the riders along the route. Speed, of course, was imperative in transporting mail by such a primitive system, and the word “posthaste,” which we use today to mean “quickly,” is a relic of the days when “haste, post, haste” was scrawled on letters to encourage quick delivery.
The “mail” we all eagerly await every day (and, around here, await, and await) takes its name not from the letters and packages themselves, but the bag used to carry them in early postal systems. The Old French word “male” meant “bag or satchel,” and was used in the 13th century to mean the mailbag carried by the relay riders. Eventually the term “mail” (as the spelling had developed) was transferred from the bags and applied to the letters and parcels within. This “mail,” incidentally, is unrelated to “chain mail,” the metal body armor worn by knights, which comes from another Old French word, “maille,” meaning “mesh.”
Both “mail” and “post” are verbs as well, of course, although there are usage differences between the US and the UK. Over here in the US, we “mail” letters, but “post” is more the British habit.
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If you haven't heard about all the efforts to increase the base blend of ethanol into gasoline from 10% to 15%, well, where have you been? It's a burning issue facing the ethanol industry, which directly affects anyone growing corn
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If you haven't heard about all the efforts to increase the base blend of ethanol into gasoline from 10% to 15%, well, where have you been? It's a burning issue facing the ethanol industry, which directly affects anyone growing corn.
Without raising the blend level, experts agree that the existing E10 and E85 markets are not large enough to comply with the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.
In short, they claim it's doubtful we'll hit the federal mandate at the current E10 level. The Renewable Fuel Standard calls for 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels to be used anually by 2022.
HERE ARE A few factoids to support the benefits of raising the blend:
Significant research shows that using E15 would not increase auto emissions or harm a vehicle's emissions' control system. Find details at www.GoE15.com.
More than 70% of the gas Americans use in vehicles today contains ethanol; and most use a 10% ethanol blend.
More than 136,000 new green-collar jobs will be created nationwide by moving to E15, based on a North Dakota State University study.
Ethanol production reinvests money in the U.S. economy instead of overseas.
Based on 2007 gas consumption, increasing the blend level from E10 to E15 will avoid the importation of another 7 billion gallons of gasoline.
E15 would help ensure a market for the emerging cellulosic ethanol industry. If the blend percentage doesn't rise soon, many of the next-generation cellulosic projects run the risk of being cancelled.
E15 can be used in the existing infrastructure without damage or safety concerns. Underwriters Laboratories now supports use of 15% blends in pumps, too.
SINCE THE 1970S, the federal government has limited the ethanol content on a gallon of gas to just 10%. However, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the power to waive that restriction.
A waiver request to raise the blend ceiling to 15% was submitted to EPA, and the comment period ended last month. Now, the final decision on the waiver is expected by Dec. 1. If approved, the E15 allowance would not be a mandate, just the ability to blend 5% more ethanol per gallon.
This magazine is als
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Children need quality physical education to combat obesity and lead healthy lives. Georgia elementary schools make the grade when it comes to providing that education, but middle and high schools in the state don't even come close, according to a University of Georgia study.
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Children need quality physical education to combat obesity and lead healthy lives. Georgia elementary schools make the grade when it comes to providing that education, but middle and high schools in the state don't even come close, according to a University of Georgia study.
A study by UGA kinesiology professor Bryan McCullick examined the mandates for school-based physical education in all 50 United States. The results found only six states mandate the appropriate guidelines150 minutes each weekfor elementary school physical education. For older students, two states mandate the appropriate amount of physical education instruction for middle school, and none require adequate physical education at the high school level, a weekly 225 minutes for both. The National Association of Sport and Physical Education set guidelines for the amount of school-based physical education instructional time.
The results of his research were published in the June issue of the Journal of Teaching in Physical Education.
"Findings indicated that statutes were written in a manner that did not explicitly mandate school-based physical education but rather recommended or suggested it," said McCullick, who teaches in the UGA College of Education.
Public health reforms targeted at school-based physical education are seen as a major part of the answer to the childhood obesity epidemic. This is defined by the one out of every three children who are overweight or obese, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Doctors, scientists, health associations and government agencies argue that a key to combating obesity is to increase the amount of quality physical education instruction given in schools.
The study examined the role of federal courts in interpreting ambiguous physical education statutes. The results revealed that courts generally don't interfere with state legislative decisions concerning curriculum.
"This lack of a judicial safety net strengthens the need for clear legislative guidance if the statutes are to be interpreted in a way that will consistently adhere to the guidelines," McCullick and his colleagues wrote in the report.
Despite their possible positive effects, programs are being reduced or eliminated in many schools, McCullick said. A lack of mandates, or statues written too broadly to enforce with fidelity, lessen the likelihood that schools will adhere to the guidelines.
In the typical American high school system, a "course" is taken at least 50 minutes every weekday, which makes a typical high school school-based physical education class time 250 minutes per week. If a state required four credits of SBPE, this meant that it exceeded the guideline of 225 minutes of instructional time per week. However, no states met those criteria.
"Given the absence of a national school-based physical education law, it is imperative to investigate whether states have directives ensuring it and that those directives mandate the appropriate amount of instructional time," McCullick said.
New Jersey, for example, required 3.75 credits of physical education for graduation, approximately 187.5 minutes per week. Of all states, New Jersey has the strongest requirement, but it was still 37.5 minutes below the guideline.
At the elementary level, Iowa's statute mandated that physical education be taught but did not specify how often and included the wording " pupils in kindergarten through grade five shall engage in physical activity for a minimum of 30 minutes each school day."
McCullick argues that since physical activity can take many forms and does not require a specialist, Iowa school officials would adhere to the statute if they allowed students to have 30 minutes of recess each day.
"Recess does not guarantee 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity," he said. "Unfortunately, many legislators and school officials think the opposite."
Wisconsin's statue for elementary school students mandates physical education " at least three times per week minimum " But, without mandating a period of time, school officials would comply with the statute if their district offered physical education three times a week for 10 minutes per class.
"The first step to ensuring children have a healthy level of school-based physical education is to ensure that states have mandates regarding quality physical education with clear requirements," McCullick said. "Then, we need to implement a surveillance system to ensure schools adhere to the mand
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