jbp123/hello · Datasets at Hugging Face

instruction stringlengths 1 84	input stringlengths 1 85	output stringlengths 1 83
Schedule emoluments, allowances, 125, 148, 158,	privileges and so on of: 164, 186 and	221
1. The President of India	2. The Governors of States	3. The Speaker and the Deputy
Speaker of the Lok Sabha	4. The Chairman and the Deputy	Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
5. The Speaker and the Deputy	Speaker of the Legislative	Assembly in the states
6. The Chairman and the Deputy	Chairman of the Legislative	Council in the states
7. The Judges of the Supreme	Court	8. The Judges of the High Courts
9. The Comptroller and Auditor-	General of India	Third Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for: 75, 84, 99, 124,
Schedule 146, 173, 188	and 219	1. The Union ministers
2. The candidates for election to	the Parliament	3. The members of Parliament
4. The judges of the Supreme	Court	5. The Comptroller and Auditor-
General of India	6. The state ministers	7. The candidates for election to
the state legislature	8. The members of the state	legislature
9. The judges of the High Courts	Fourth Allocation of seats in the Rajya 4 and 80	Schedule Sabha to the states and the union
territories.	Fifth Provisions relating to the 244	Schedule administration and control of
scheduled areas and scheduled	tribes.	Sixth Provisions relating to the 244 and 275
Schedule administration of tribal areas in the	states of Assam, Meghalaya,	Tripura and Mizoram.
Seventh Division of powers between the 246	Schedule Union and the States in terms of	List I (Union List), List II (State List)
and List III (Concurrent List).	Presently, the Union List contains	98 subjects (originally 97), the
State List contains 59 subjects	(originally 66) and the Concurrent	List contains 52 subjects (originally
47).	Eighth Languages recognized by the 344 and 351	Schedule Constitution. Originally, it had 14
Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri	(Dongri), Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada,	Kashmiri, Konkani, Mathili
(Maithili), Malayalam, Manipuri,	Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi,	Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil,
Telugu and Urdu. Sindhi was	added by the 21st Amendment Act	of 1967; Konkani, Manipuri and
Nepali were added by the 71st	Amendment Act of 1992; and	Bodo, Dongri, Maithili and Santhali
were added by the 92nd	Amendment Act of 2003. Oriya	was renamed as ‘Odia’ by the 96th
Amendment Act of 2011.	Ninth Acts and Regulations (originally 13 31-B	Schedule but presently 282)32 of the state
legislatures dealing with land	reforms and abolition of the	zamindari system and of the
Parliament dealing with other	matters. This schedule was added	by the 1st Amendment (1951) to
protect the laws included in it from	judicial scrutiny on the ground of	violation of fundamental rights.
However, in 2007, the Supreme	Court ruled that the laws included	in this schedule after April 24,
1973, are now open to judicial	review.	Tenth Provisions relating to 102 and 191
Schedule disqualification of the members of	Parliament and State Legislatures	on the ground of defection. This
Amendment Act of 1985, also	known as Anti-defection Law.	Eleventh Specifies the powers, authority and 243-G
Schedule responsibilities of Panchayats. It	has 29 matters. This schedule was	added by the 73rd Amendment Act
of 1992.	Twelfth Specifies the powers, authority and 243-W	Schedule responsibilities of Municipalities. It
has 18 matters. This schedule was	added by the 74th Amendment Act	of 1992.
Table 3.4 Sources of the Constitution at a Glance	Sources Features Borrowed	1. Government of India Federal Scheme, Office of
Act of 1935 governor, Judiciary, Public Service	Commissions, Emergency	provisions and administrative
details.	2. British Constitution Parliamentary government, Rule of	Law, legislative procedure, single
citizenship, cabinet system,	prerogative writs, parliamentary	privileges and bicameralism.
3. US Constitution Fundamental rights, independence	of judiciary, judicial review,	impeachment of the president,
removal of Supreme Court and high	court judges and post of vice-	president.
4. Irish Constitution Directive Principles of State Policy,	nomination of members to Rajya	Sabha and method of election of
5. Canadian Federation with a strong Centre,	Constitution vesting of residuary powers in the	Centre, appointment of state
governors by the Centre, and	advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme	Court.
6. Australian Concurrent List, freedom of trade,	Constitution commerce and inter-course, and	joint sitting of the two Houses of
Parliament.	7. Weimar Constitution Suspension of Fundamental Rights	of Germany during Emergency.
8. Soviet Constitution Fundamental duties and the ideal of	(USSR, now Russia) justice (social, economic and	political) in the Preamble.
9. French Constitution Republic and the ideals of liberty,	equality and fraternity in the	Preamble.
10. South African Procedure for amendment of the	Constitution Constitution and election of	members of Rajya Sabha.
11. Japanese Procedure established by Law.	Constitution	NOTES AND REFERENCES
1. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973)	2. For details on Parts, important Articles and Schedules,	see Tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 at the end of this chapter.
3. The American Constitution originally consisted of only 7	Articles, the Australian 128, the Chinese 138, and the	Canadian 147.
4. Till 2019, the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir	had its own constitution and thus enjoyed a special	status by virtue of Article 370 of the Constitution of
presidential order known as “The Constitution	(Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019”. This	order superseded the earlier order known as “The
Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order,	1954”. The 2019 order extended all the provisions of the	Constitution of India to Jammu and Kashmir also.
However, the inoperative Article 370 continue to remain	in the text of the Constitution of India.	Further, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act,
2019, bifurcated the erstwhile State of Jammu and	Kashmir into two separate Union territories, namely, the	Union territory of Jammu & Kashmir and the Union
territory of Ladakh.	5. About 250 provisions of the 1935 Act have been	included in the Constitution.
6. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VII, P.35–38.	7. P.M. Bakshi, The Constitution of India, Universal, Fifth	Edition, 2002, P. 4.
8. See Table 3.4 at the end of this chapter.	9. Brij Kishore Sharma, Introduction to the Constitution of	India, Seventh Edition, 2015, PHI Learning Private
Limited, P.42.	10. Westminster is a place in London where the British	Parliament is located. It is often used as a
symbol/synonym of the British Parliament.	11. Originally, the Constitution provided for seven	Fundamental Rights. However, the Right to Property
(Article 31) was deleted from the list of Fundamental	Rights by the 44th Amendment Act of 1978. It is made a	legal right under Article 300-A in Part XII of the
constitution.	12. Minerva Mills v. Union of India, (1980).	13. The 1909, 1919, and 1935 Acts provided for communal
representation.	14. Even in the western countries, the right to vote was	extended only gradually. For example, USA gave
(now Russia) in 1936, France in 1945, Italy in 1948 and	Switzerland in 1971.	15. At present, there are three All-India services, namely
Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police	Service (IPS) and Indian Forest Service (IFS). In 1947,	Indian Civil Service (ICS) was replaced by IAS and the
Indian Police (IP) was replaced by IPS and were	recognised by the Constitution as AllIndia Services. In	1963, IFS was created and it came into existence in
1966.	16. The 44th Amendment Act (1978) has replaced the	original term ‘internal disturbance’ by the new term
‘armed rebellion’.	17. Part IX of the Constitution provides for a three-tier	system of panchayati raj in every state, that is,
panchayats at the village, intermediate and district	levels.	18. Part IX-A of the Constitution provides for three types of
municipalities in every state, that is, nagar panchayat for	a transitional area, municipal council for a smaller urban	area and municipal corporation for a larger urban area.
19. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VII, pp.35–38.	20. Ibid.	21. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume XI, P.616.
22. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VII, P.242.	23. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume XI, P.613.	24. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume XI, P.617.
25. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VII, P.387.	26. Ivor Jennings, Some Characteristics of the Indian	Constitution, Oxford University Press, Madras, 1953,
PP.9–16.	27. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VII, P.1042.	28. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VIII, P.127.
29. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VII, P.293.	30. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume IX, P.613.	31. Till 2019, the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir
India. In 2019, this special status was abolished by a	presidential order known as “The Constitution	(Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019”. This
order superseded the earlier order known as “The	Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order,	1954”. The 2019 order extended all the provisions of the
Constitution of India to Jammu and Kashmir also.	However, the inoperative Article 370 continue to remain	in the text of the Constitution of India.
Further, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act,	2019, bifurcated the erstwhile State of Jammu and	Kashmir into two separate Union territories, namely, the
Union territory of Jammu & Kashmir and the Union	territory of Ladakh.	32. Though the last entry is numbered 284, the actual total
number is 282. This is because, three entries (87,92	and 130) have been deleted and one entry is numbered	as 257-A.
4 Preamble of the Constitution	T	he American Constitution was the first to begin with a
Preamble. Many countries, including India, followed this	practice. The term ‘Preamble’ refers to the introduction or	preface to the Constitution. It contains the summary or essence of
the Constitution. N.A. Palkhivala, an eminent jurist and	constitutional expert, called the Preamble as the ‘identity card of	the Constitution.’
The Preamble to the Indian Constitution is based on the	‘Objectives Resolution’, drafted and moved by Pandit Nehru, and	adopted by the Constituent Assembly1. It has been amended by
TEXT OF THE PREAMBLE	The Preamble in its present form reads:	“We, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute
India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC	and to secure to all its citizens:	JUSTICE, Social, Economic and Political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;	EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among	them all; FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and
the unity and integrity of the Nation;	IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of	November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO
INGREDIENTS OF THE PREAMBLE	The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components:	1. Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states
that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of	India.	2. Nature of Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign,
socialist, secular democratic and republican polity.	3. Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty,	equality and fraternity as the objectives.
KEY WORDS IN THE PREAMBLE	Certain key words–Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic,	Republic, Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity–are explained
as follows:	1. Sovereign	The word ‘sovereign’ implies that India is neither a dependency
nor a dominion of any other nation, but an independent state2.	There is no authority above it, and it is free to conduct its own	affairs (both internal and external).
Though in 1949, India declared the continuation of her full	membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and accepted the	British Crown as the head of the Commonwealth, this extra-
constitutional declaration does not affect India’s sovereignty in any	manner3. Further, India’s membership of the United Nations	Organisation (UNO) also in no way constitutes a limitation on her

Schedule emoluments, allowances, 125, 148, 158,

privileges and so on of: 164, 186 and

221

1. The President of India

2. The Governors of States

3. The Speaker and the Deputy

Speaker of the Lok Sabha

4. The Chairman and the Deputy

Chairman of the Rajya Sabha

5. The Speaker and the Deputy

Speaker of the Legislative

Assembly in the states

6. The Chairman and the Deputy

Chairman of the Legislative

Council in the states

7. The Judges of the Supreme

Court

8. The Judges of the High Courts

9. The Comptroller and Auditor-

General of India

Third Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for: 75, 84, 99, 124,

Schedule 146, 173, 188

and 219

1. The Union ministers

2. The candidates for election to

the Parliament

3. The members of Parliament

4. The judges of the Supreme

Court

5. The Comptroller and Auditor-

General of India

6. The state ministers

7. The candidates for election to

the state legislature

8. The members of the state

legislature

9. The judges of the High Courts

Fourth Allocation of seats in the Rajya 4 and 80

Schedule Sabha to the states and the union

territories.

Fifth Provisions relating to the 244

Schedule administration and control of

scheduled areas and scheduled

tribes.

Sixth Provisions relating to the 244 and 275

Schedule administration of tribal areas in the

states of Assam, Meghalaya,

Tripura and Mizoram.

Seventh Division of powers between the 246

Schedule Union and the States in terms of

List I (Union List), List II (State List)

and List III (Concurrent List).

Presently, the Union List contains

98 subjects (originally 97), the

State List contains 59 subjects

(originally 66) and the Concurrent

List contains 52 subjects (originally

47).

Eighth Languages recognized by the 344 and 351

Schedule Constitution. Originally, it had 14

Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri

(Dongri), Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada,

Kashmiri, Konkani, Mathili

(Maithili), Malayalam, Manipuri,

Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi,

Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil,

Telugu and Urdu. Sindhi was

added by the 21st Amendment Act

of 1967; Konkani, Manipuri and

Nepali were added by the 71st

Amendment Act of 1992; and

Bodo, Dongri, Maithili and Santhali

were added by the 92nd

Amendment Act of 2003. Oriya

was renamed as ‘Odia’ by the 96th

Amendment Act of 2011.

Ninth Acts and Regulations (originally 13 31-B

Schedule but presently 282)32 of the state

legislatures dealing with land

reforms and abolition of the

zamindari system and of the

Parliament dealing with other

matters. This schedule was added

by the 1st Amendment (1951) to

protect the laws included in it from

judicial scrutiny on the ground of

violation of fundamental rights.

However, in 2007, the Supreme

Court ruled that the laws included

in this schedule after April 24,

1973, are now open to judicial

review.

Tenth Provisions relating to 102 and 191

Schedule disqualification of the members of

Parliament and State Legislatures

on the ground of defection. This

Amendment Act of 1985, also

known as Anti-defection Law.

Eleventh Specifies the powers, authority and 243-G

Schedule responsibilities of Panchayats. It

has 29 matters. This schedule was

added by the 73rd Amendment Act

of 1992.

Twelfth Specifies the powers, authority and 243-W

Schedule responsibilities of Municipalities. It

has 18 matters. This schedule was

added by the 74th Amendment Act

of 1992.

Table 3.4 Sources of the Constitution at a Glance

Sources Features Borrowed

1. Government of India Federal Scheme, Office of

Act of 1935 governor, Judiciary, Public Service

Commissions, Emergency

provisions and administrative

details.

2. British Constitution Parliamentary government, Rule of

Law, legislative procedure, single

citizenship, cabinet system,

prerogative writs, parliamentary

privileges and bicameralism.

3. US Constitution Fundamental rights, independence

of judiciary, judicial review,

impeachment of the president,

removal of Supreme Court and high

court judges and post of vice-

president.

4. Irish Constitution Directive Principles of State Policy,

nomination of members to Rajya

Sabha and method of election of

5. Canadian Federation with a strong Centre,

Constitution vesting of residuary powers in the

Centre, appointment of state

governors by the Centre, and

advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme

Court.

6. Australian Concurrent List, freedom of trade,

Constitution commerce and inter-course, and

joint sitting of the two Houses of

Parliament.

7. Weimar Constitution Suspension of Fundamental Rights

of Germany during Emergency.

8. Soviet Constitution Fundamental duties and the ideal of

(USSR, now Russia) justice (social, economic and

political) in the Preamble.

9. French Constitution Republic and the ideals of liberty,

equality and fraternity in the

Preamble.

10. South African Procedure for amendment of the

Constitution Constitution and election of

members of Rajya Sabha.

11. Japanese Procedure established by Law.

Constitution

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973)

2. For details on Parts, important Articles and Schedules,

see Tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 at the end of this chapter.

3. The American Constitution originally consisted of only 7

Articles, the Australian 128, the Chinese 138, and the

Canadian 147.

4. Till 2019, the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir

had its own constitution and thus enjoyed a special

status by virtue of Article 370 of the Constitution of

presidential order known as “The Constitution

(Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019”. This

order superseded the earlier order known as “The

Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order,

1954”. The 2019 order extended all the provisions of the

Constitution of India to Jammu and Kashmir also.

However, the inoperative Article 370 continue to remain

in the text of the Constitution of India.

Further, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act,

2019, bifurcated the erstwhile State of Jammu and

Kashmir into two separate Union territories, namely, the

Union territory of Jammu & Kashmir and the Union

territory of Ladakh.

5. About 250 provisions of the 1935 Act have been

included in the Constitution.

6. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VII, P.35–38.

7. P.M. Bakshi, The Constitution of India, Universal, Fifth

Edition, 2002, P. 4.

8. See Table 3.4 at the end of this chapter.

9. Brij Kishore Sharma, Introduction to the Constitution of

India, Seventh Edition, 2015, PHI Learning Private

Limited, P.42.

10. Westminster is a place in London where the British

Parliament is located. It is often used as a

symbol/synonym of the British Parliament.

11. Originally, the Constitution provided for seven

Fundamental Rights. However, the Right to Property

(Article 31) was deleted from the list of Fundamental

Rights by the 44th Amendment Act of 1978. It is made a

legal right under Article 300-A in Part XII of the

constitution.

12. Minerva Mills v. Union of India, (1980).

13. The 1909, 1919, and 1935 Acts provided for communal

representation.

14. Even in the western countries, the right to vote was

extended only gradually. For example, USA gave

(now Russia) in 1936, France in 1945, Italy in 1948 and

Switzerland in 1971.

15. At present, there are three All-India services, namely

Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police

Service (IPS) and Indian Forest Service (IFS). In 1947,

Indian Civil Service (ICS) was replaced by IAS and the

Indian Police (IP) was replaced by IPS and were

recognised by the Constitution as AllIndia Services. In

1963, IFS was created and it came into existence in

1966.

16. The 44th Amendment Act (1978) has replaced the

original term ‘internal disturbance’ by the new term

‘armed rebellion’.

17. Part IX of the Constitution provides for a three-tier

system of panchayati raj in every state, that is,

panchayats at the village, intermediate and district

levels.

18. Part IX-A of the Constitution provides for three types of

municipalities in every state, that is, nagar panchayat for

a transitional area, municipal council for a smaller urban

area and municipal corporation for a larger urban area.

19. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VII, pp.35–38.

20. Ibid.

21. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume XI, P.616.

22. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VII, P.242.

23. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume XI, P.613.

24. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume XI, P.617.

25. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VII, P.387.

26. Ivor Jennings, Some Characteristics of the Indian

Constitution, Oxford University Press, Madras, 1953,

PP.9–16.

27. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VII, P.1042.

28. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VIII, P.127.

29. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume VII, P.293.

30. Constituent Assembly Debates, Volume IX, P.613.

31. Till 2019, the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir

India. In 2019, this special status was abolished by a

presidential order known as “The Constitution

(Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019”. This

order superseded the earlier order known as “The

Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order,

1954”. The 2019 order extended all the provisions of the

Constitution of India to Jammu and Kashmir also.

However, the inoperative Article 370 continue to remain

in the text of the Constitution of India.

Further, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act,

2019, bifurcated the erstwhile State of Jammu and

Kashmir into two separate Union territories, namely, the

Union territory of Jammu & Kashmir and the Union

territory of Ladakh.

32. Though the last entry is numbered 284, the actual total

number is 282. This is because, three entries (87,92

and 130) have been deleted and one entry is numbered

as 257-A.

4 Preamble of the Constitution

T

he American Constitution was the first to begin with a

Preamble. Many countries, including India, followed this

practice. The term ‘Preamble’ refers to the introduction or

preface to the Constitution. It contains the summary or essence of

the Constitution. N.A. Palkhivala, an eminent jurist and

constitutional expert, called the Preamble as the ‘identity card of

the Constitution.’

The Preamble to the Indian Constitution is based on the

‘Objectives Resolution’, drafted and moved by Pandit Nehru, and

adopted by the Constituent Assembly1. It has been amended by

TEXT OF THE PREAMBLE

The Preamble in its present form reads:

“We, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute

India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

and to secure to all its citizens:

JUSTICE, Social, Economic and Political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among

them all; FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and

the unity and integrity of the Nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of

November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO

INGREDIENTS OF THE PREAMBLE

The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components:

1. Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states

that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of

India.

2. Nature of Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign,

socialist, secular democratic and republican polity.

3. Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty,

equality and fraternity as the objectives.

KEY WORDS IN THE PREAMBLE

Certain key words–Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic,

Republic, Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity–are explained

as follows:

1. Sovereign

The word ‘sovereign’ implies that India is neither a dependency

nor a dominion of any other nation, but an independent state2.

There is no authority above it, and it is free to conduct its own

affairs (both internal and external).

Though in 1949, India declared the continuation of her full

membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and accepted the

British Crown as the head of the Commonwealth, this extra-

constitutional declaration does not affect India’s sovereignty in any

manner3. Further, India’s membership of the United Nations

Organisation (UNO) also in no way constitutes a limitation on her