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(2009)
|
Sixteenth 8,251 834.08 66.44 9,27,553
|
(2014)
|
Seventeenth 8,026 910.51 67.4 10,36,295
|
(2019)
|
Table 71.4 Women in Lok Sabha Elections
|
General Elections (Year) Contested Elected
|
First (1952) – 22
|
Second (1957) 45 27
|
Third (1962) 70 34
|
Fourth (1967) 67 31
|
Fifth (1971) 86 22
|
Sixth (1977) 70 19
|
Seventh (1980) 142 28
|
Eighth (1984) 164 44
|
Ninth (1989) 198 27
|
Tenth (1991) 325 39
|
Eleventh (1996) 599 40
|
Twelfth (1998) 274 43
|
Thirteenth (1999) 284 49
|
Fourteenth (2004) 355 45
|
Fifteenth (2009) 556 59
|
Sixteenth (2014) 668 62
|
Seventeenth (2019) 724 78
|
Table 71.5 Cost of Lok Sabha Elections
|
General Elections (Year) Cost Borne by Election
|
Commission (₹ In Crores)
|
First (1952) 10.45
|
Second (1957) 5.90
|
Third (1962) 7.81
|
Fourth (1967) 10.95
|
Fifth (1971) 14.43
|
Sixth (1977) 29.81
|
Seventh (1980) 37.07
|
Eighth (1984) 85.51
|
Ninth (1989) 154.22
|
Tenth (1991) 359.10
|
Eleventh (1996) 597.34
|
Twelfth (1998) 626.40
|
Thirteenth (1999) 900.00
|
Fourteenth (2004) 1100.00
|
Fifteenth (2009) 1483.00
|
Table 71.6 Largest and Smallest (Area-wise) Lok Sabha
|
Constituencies in Fourteenth General Elections (2004)
|
Sl. Constituency State/UT Area (sq.
|
No. km)
|
I. Largest
|
Constituencies
|
1. Ladakh Jammu & Kashmir 173266.37
|
2. Barmer Rajasthan 71601.24
|
3. Kutch Gujarat 41644.55
|
4. Arunachal West Arunachal Pradesh 40572.29
|
5. Arunachal East Arunachal Pradesh 39749.64
|
II. Smallest
|
Constituencies
|
1. Chandni Chowk NCT of Delhi 10.59
|
2. Kolkata North West West Bengal 13.23
|
3. Mumbai South Maharashtra 13.73
|
4. Mumbai South Central Maharashtra 18.31
|
5. Delhi Sadar NCT of Delhi 28.09
|
Table 71.7 Largest and Smallest (Electors-wise) Lok Sabha
|
Constituencies in Sixteenth General Elections (2014)
|
Sl. Constituency State / UT Total No.
|
No. of
|
Electors
|
I. Largest Constituencies
|
1. Malkajgiri Telangana 29,53,915
|
2. Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 22,63,961
|
3. Bangalore North Karnataka 22,29,063
|
II. Smallest
|
Constituencies
|
1. Lakshadweep Lakshadweep 47,972
|
2. Daman & Diu Daman & Diu 1,02,260
|
3. Ladakh Jammu & 1,59,949
|
Kashmir
|
4. Dadra & Nagar Haveli Dadra & Nagar 1,88,783
|
Haveli
|
5. Andaman & Nicobar Islands Andaman & 2,57,856
|
Nicobar Islands
|
Table 71.8 Articles Related to Elections at a Glance
|
Article No. Subject-matter
|
324. Superintendence, direction and control of
|
elections to be vested in an Election
|
Commission
|
325. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to
|
claim to be included in a special, electoral roll
|
on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex
|
326. Elections to the House of the People and to the
|
Legislative Assemblies of states to be on the
|
basis of adult suffrage
|
327. Power of Parliament to make provision with
|
respect to elections to Legislatures
|
328. Power of Legislature of a state to make
|
provision with respect to elections to such
|
Legislature
|
329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral
|
matters
|
329A. Special provision as to elections to Parliament
|
in the case of Prime Minister and Speaker
|
NOTES AND REFERENCES
|
1. There is a separate state election commission to deal
|
with elections to the panchayats and municipalities in
|
the state.
|
2. For complete details regarding Election Commission,
|
see Chapter 42.
|
3. The 61st Amendment Act of 1988 has reduced the
|
voting age from 21 to 18 years. This came into force on
|
March 28, 1989.
|
4. For more details in this regard, see ‘universal adult
|
franchise’ in Chapter 3.
|
5. L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India (1997). Clause 3(d)
|
of Article 323 B was declared as unconstitutional.
|
6. Handbook for Media - General Elections to the 16th Lok
|
Sabha (2014), Election Commission of India, pp. 111–
|
113.
|
7. This information is downloaded from the website of the
|
Election Commission of India.
|
8. General Elections 2009: Reference Handbook, Press
|
Information Bureau, Government of India, p. 189.
|
9. The Model Code of Conduct was agreed to by all the
|
political parties in 1968. The Election Commission first
|
effectively put to use the Model Code of Conduct in the
|
year 1991 to ensure fair elections and a level playing
|
field.
|
10. The electoral roll is a list of all people in the
|
constituency who are registered to vote in Indian
|
elections. Only those people with their names on the
|
electoral roll are allowed to vote. The electoral roll is
|
normally revised every year to add the names of those
|
who are to turn 18 on the 1st January of that year or
|
have moved into a constituency and to remove the
|
names of those who have died or moved out of a
|
constituency.
|
11. General Elections 2009: Reference Handbook, Press
|
Information Bureau, Government of India, p. 181.
|
72 Election Laws
|
REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950
|
Articles 81 and 170 of the Constitution of India lay down the
|
maximum number of seats in Parliament and in Legislative
|
Assemblies of States and also certain principles to be followed in
|
allocating seats in the House of People among the States and in
|
the State Legislative Assemblies, but have left the actual
|
allocation of such seats to be provided by the law.
|
Similarly, Article 171 of the Constitution of India lays down the
|
maximum and minimum number of seats in the Legislative
|
Council of a State, and also specify the various methods in which
|
the seats shall be filled, but the actual number of seats to be filled
|
by each such method has been left to be provided by law.
|
Therefore, the Representation of the People Act, 1950, was
|
enacted to provide for the allocation of seats in the House of the
|
People and in the Legislative Assemblies and Legislative Councils
|
of States.
|
The Act also sought to confer on the President the powers to
|
delimit, after consultation with the Election Commission, the
|
various constituencies for the purpose of elections to fill seats in
|
the House of the People and in the Legislative Assemblies and
|
Legislative Councils of States.
|
The Act further provided for the registration of electors for
|
Parliamentary Constituencies and for the Assembly and Council
|
Constituencies, and the qualifications and disqualifications for
|
such registration.
|
To sum-up, the Act makes the following provisions relating to
|
the elections:
|
1. Allocation of seats in the House of the People, the State
|
Legislative Assemblies and the State Legislative Councils.
|
3. Election officers like chief electoral officers, district election
|
officers, electoral registration officers and so on.
|
4. Electoral rolls for Parliamentary, Assembly and Council
|
constituencies.
|
5. Manner of filling seats in the Council of States to be filled by
|
representatives of union territories.
|
6. Local authorities for purposes of elections to the State
|
Legislative Councils.
|
7. Barring the jurisdiction of civil courts.
|
REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1951
|
The Representation of the People Act, 1950 did not contain all the
|
provisions relating to elections but merely provided for the
|
allocation of seats in and the delimitation of constituencies for the
|
purpose of elections to the House of People and Legislatures of
|
States, the qualifications of voter at such election and the
|
preparations of electoral rolls.
|
The provisions for the actual conduct of elections to the Houses
|
of Parliament and to the House or Houses of the Legislature of
|
each State, the qualifications and disqualifications for the
|
membership of these Houses, the corrupt practices and other
|
election offences, and the decision of election disputes were all
|
left to be made in a subsequent measure. In order to provide for
|
these provisions, the Representation of the People Act, 1951 was
|
enacted.
|
Broadly speaking, this Act contains provisions relating to the
|
following electoral matters:
|
1. Qualifications and disqualifications for membership of
|
Parliament and State Legislatures
|
2. Notification of general elections
|
3. Administrative machinery for the conduct of elections
|
4. Registration of political parties
|
5. Conduct of elections
|
6. Free supply of certain material to candidates of recognised
|
political parties
|
7. Disputes regarding elections
|
8. Corrupt practices and electoral offences
|
9. Powers of Election Commission in connection with inquiries
|
as to disqualifications of members.
|
10. Bye-elections and time limit for filling vacancies.
|
11. Miscellaneous provisions relating to elections.
|
12. Barring the jurisdiction of civil courts.
|
The conduct of elections include the following matters:
|
(a) Nomination of candidates
|
(b) Candidates and their agents
|
(c) General procedure at elections
|
(d) The poll
|
(e) Counting of votes
|
(f) Multiple elections
|
(g) Publication of election results and nominations
|
(h) Declaration of assets and liabilities
|
(i) Election expenses
|
The provisions of the Act with respect to disputes regarding
|
elections are related to the following matters:
|
(i) Presentation of election petitions to High Court
|
(ii) Trial of election petitions
|
(iii) Withdrawal and abatement of election petitions
|
(iv) Appeals to Supreme Court
|
DELIMITATION ACT, 2002
|
Articles 82 and 170 of the Constitution of India provide for
|
readjustment and the division of each State into territorial
|
constituencies (Parliamentary constituencies and Assembly
|
constituencies) on the basis of the 2001 census by such authority
|
and in such manner as Parliament may, by law, determine.
|
Further, Articles 330 and 332 of the Constitution of India
|
provide for re-fixing the number of seats reserved for the
|
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the
|
People and Legislative Assemblies of the States on the basis of
|
the 2001 census.
|
The present delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly
|
constituencies is based on the 1971 census. The uneven growth
|
of population in different constituencies in different parts of the
|
country as well as within the same State as also continuous
|
migration of people / electorate from one place to other especially
|
from rural areas to urban areas have resulted in strikingly differing
|
sizes of electoral constituencies even within the same State.
|
Therefore, the Delimitation Act, 20021 , was enacted to set up a
|
Delimitation Commission for the purpose of effecting delimitation
|
on the basis of the 2001 census so as to correct the aforesaid
|
distortion in the sizes of electoral constituencies. The proposed
|
Delimitation Commission would also re-fix the number of seats for
|
the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes on the basis of
|
the 2001 census, without affecting total number of seats based on
|
the 1971 census.
|
The Act sought to lay down certain guidelines as to the manner
|
in which such delimitation would be undertaken. In the Act, the
|
new Delimitation Commission was given the task of carrying out
|
delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies. It had
|
been specifically provided that the Delimitation Commission shall
|
endeavour to complete the work within a period not later than July
|
31, 2008.2
|
The proposed delimitation would apply to every general
|
election to the House of the People or to a State Legislative
|
Assembly held after the final orders of the Commission are
|
OTHER ACTS RELATING TO ELECTIONS
|
1. Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Act, 19594
|
declares that certain offices of profit under the Government
|
shall not disqualify the holders thereof for being chosen as
|
(or for being) members of Parliament.
|
2. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders
|
(Amendment) Act, 1976 provides for the inclusion in, and the
|
exclusion from, the lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
|
Tribes, of certain castes and tribes, for the readjustment of
|
representation of parliamentary and assembly
|
constituencies.
|
3. Government of Union Territories Act, 1963.
|
4. Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991.
|
5. Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 19525
|
regulates certain matters relating to or connected with
|
RULES RELATING TO ELECTIONS
|
1. Registration of electors Rules, 19606 provide for the
|
preparation and publication of electoral rolls.
|
2. Conduct of Elections Rules, 19617 facilitates conduct of fair
|
and free elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures.
|
3. Prohibition of Simultaneous Membership Rules, 1950.
|
4. Members of Lok Sabha (Disqualification on Ground of
|
Defection) Rules, 1985.
|
5. Members of Rajya Sabha (Disqualification on Ground of
|
Defection) Rules, 1985.
|
6. Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Rules, 1974.8
|
7. Members of Lok Sabha (Declaration of Assets and
|
Liabilities) Rules, 2004.
|
8. Members of Rajya Sabha (Declaration of Assets and
|
Liabilities) Rules, 2004.
|
ORDERS RELATING TO ELECTIONS
|
1. Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968
|
provides for the specification, reservation, choice and
|
allotment of symbols at elections in parliamentary and
|
assembly constituencies, for the recognition of political
|
parties in relation thereto.
|
2. Registration of Political Parties (Furnishing of Additional
|
Particulars) Order, 1992 provides for furnishing of additional
|
particulars by associations or bodies of individual citizens of
|
India seeking registration as a political party with the
|
Election Commission of India.
|
NOTES AND REFERENCES
|
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