jbp123/hello · Datasets at Hugging Face

instruction stringlengths 1 84	input stringlengths 1 85	output stringlengths 1 83
(2009)	Sixteenth 8,251 834.08 66.44 9,27,553	(2014)
Seventeenth 8,026 910.51 67.4 10,36,295	(2019)	Table 71.4 Women in Lok Sabha Elections
General Elections (Year) Contested Elected	First (1952) – 22	Second (1957) 45 27
Third (1962) 70 34	Fourth (1967) 67 31	Fifth (1971) 86 22
Sixth (1977) 70 19	Seventh (1980) 142 28	Eighth (1984) 164 44
Ninth (1989) 198 27	Tenth (1991) 325 39	Eleventh (1996) 599 40
Twelfth (1998) 274 43	Thirteenth (1999) 284 49	Fourteenth (2004) 355 45
Fifteenth (2009) 556 59	Sixteenth (2014) 668 62	Seventeenth (2019) 724 78
Table 71.5 Cost of Lok Sabha Elections	General Elections (Year) Cost Borne by Election	Commission (₹ In Crores)
First (1952) 10.45	Second (1957) 5.90	Third (1962) 7.81
Fourth (1967) 10.95	Fifth (1971) 14.43	Sixth (1977) 29.81
Seventh (1980) 37.07	Eighth (1984) 85.51	Ninth (1989) 154.22
Tenth (1991) 359.10	Eleventh (1996) 597.34	Twelfth (1998) 626.40
Thirteenth (1999) 900.00	Fourteenth (2004) 1100.00	Fifteenth (2009) 1483.00
Table 71.6 Largest and Smallest (Area-wise) Lok Sabha	Constituencies in Fourteenth General Elections (2004)	Sl. Constituency State/UT Area (sq.
No. km)	I. Largest	Constituencies
1. Ladakh Jammu & Kashmir 173266.37	2. Barmer Rajasthan 71601.24	3. Kutch Gujarat 41644.55
4. Arunachal West Arunachal Pradesh 40572.29	5. Arunachal East Arunachal Pradesh 39749.64	II. Smallest
Constituencies	1. Chandni Chowk NCT of Delhi 10.59	2. Kolkata North West West Bengal 13.23
3. Mumbai South Maharashtra 13.73	4. Mumbai South Central Maharashtra 18.31	5. Delhi Sadar NCT of Delhi 28.09
Table 71.7 Largest and Smallest (Electors-wise) Lok Sabha	Constituencies in Sixteenth General Elections (2014)	Sl. Constituency State / UT Total No.
No. of	Electors	I. Largest Constituencies
1. Malkajgiri Telangana 29,53,915	2. Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 22,63,961	3. Bangalore North Karnataka 22,29,063
II. Smallest	Constituencies	1. Lakshadweep Lakshadweep 47,972
2. Daman & Diu Daman & Diu 1,02,260	3. Ladakh Jammu & 1,59,949	Kashmir
4. Dadra & Nagar Haveli Dadra & Nagar 1,88,783	Haveli	5. Andaman & Nicobar Islands Andaman & 2,57,856
Nicobar Islands	Table 71.8 Articles Related to Elections at a Glance	Article No. Subject-matter
324. Superintendence, direction and control of	elections to be vested in an Election	Commission
325. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to	claim to be included in a special, electoral roll	on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex
326. Elections to the House of the People and to the	Legislative Assemblies of states to be on the	basis of adult suffrage
327. Power of Parliament to make provision with	respect to elections to Legislatures	328. Power of Legislature of a state to make
provision with respect to elections to such	Legislature	329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral
matters	329A. Special provision as to elections to Parliament	in the case of Prime Minister and Speaker
NOTES AND REFERENCES	1. There is a separate state election commission to deal	with elections to the panchayats and municipalities in
the state.	2. For complete details regarding Election Commission,	see Chapter 42.
3. The 61st Amendment Act of 1988 has reduced the	voting age from 21 to 18 years. This came into force on	March 28, 1989.
4. For more details in this regard, see ‘universal adult	franchise’ in Chapter 3.	5. L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India (1997). Clause 3(d)
of Article 323 B was declared as unconstitutional.	6. Handbook for Media - General Elections to the 16th Lok	Sabha (2014), Election Commission of India, pp. 111–
113.	7. This information is downloaded from the website of the	Election Commission of India.
8. General Elections 2009: Reference Handbook, Press	Information Bureau, Government of India, p. 189.	9. The Model Code of Conduct was agreed to by all the
political parties in 1968. The Election Commission first	effectively put to use the Model Code of Conduct in the	year 1991 to ensure fair elections and a level playing
field.	10. The electoral roll is a list of all people in the	constituency who are registered to vote in Indian
elections. Only those people with their names on the	electoral roll are allowed to vote. The electoral roll is	normally revised every year to add the names of those
who are to turn 18 on the 1st January of that year or	have moved into a constituency and to remove the	names of those who have died or moved out of a
constituency.	11. General Elections 2009: Reference Handbook, Press	Information Bureau, Government of India, p. 181.
72 Election Laws	REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950	Articles 81 and 170 of the Constitution of India lay down the
maximum number of seats in Parliament and in Legislative	Assemblies of States and also certain principles to be followed in	allocating seats in the House of People among the States and in
the State Legislative Assemblies, but have left the actual	allocation of such seats to be provided by the law.	Similarly, Article 171 of the Constitution of India lays down the
maximum and minimum number of seats in the Legislative	Council of a State, and also specify the various methods in which	the seats shall be filled, but the actual number of seats to be filled
by each such method has been left to be provided by law.	Therefore, the Representation of the People Act, 1950, was	enacted to provide for the allocation of seats in the House of the
People and in the Legislative Assemblies and Legislative Councils	of States.	The Act also sought to confer on the President the powers to
delimit, after consultation with the Election Commission, the	various constituencies for the purpose of elections to fill seats in	the House of the People and in the Legislative Assemblies and
Legislative Councils of States.	The Act further provided for the registration of electors for	Parliamentary Constituencies and for the Assembly and Council
Constituencies, and the qualifications and disqualifications for	such registration.	To sum-up, the Act makes the following provisions relating to
the elections:	1. Allocation of seats in the House of the People, the State	Legislative Assemblies and the State Legislative Councils.
3. Election officers like chief electoral officers, district election	officers, electoral registration officers and so on.	4. Electoral rolls for Parliamentary, Assembly and Council
constituencies.	5. Manner of filling seats in the Council of States to be filled by	representatives of union territories.
6. Local authorities for purposes of elections to the State	Legislative Councils.	7. Barring the jurisdiction of civil courts.
REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1951	The Representation of the People Act, 1950 did not contain all the	provisions relating to elections but merely provided for the
allocation of seats in and the delimitation of constituencies for the	purpose of elections to the House of People and Legislatures of	States, the qualifications of voter at such election and the
preparations of electoral rolls.	The provisions for the actual conduct of elections to the Houses	of Parliament and to the House or Houses of the Legislature of
each State, the qualifications and disqualifications for the	membership of these Houses, the corrupt practices and other	election offences, and the decision of election disputes were all
left to be made in a subsequent measure. In order to provide for	these provisions, the Representation of the People Act, 1951 was	enacted.
Broadly speaking, this Act contains provisions relating to the	following electoral matters:	1. Qualifications and disqualifications for membership of
Parliament and State Legislatures	2. Notification of general elections	3. Administrative machinery for the conduct of elections
4. Registration of political parties	5. Conduct of elections	6. Free supply of certain material to candidates of recognised
political parties	7. Disputes regarding elections	8. Corrupt practices and electoral offences
9. Powers of Election Commission in connection with inquiries	as to disqualifications of members.	10. Bye-elections and time limit for filling vacancies.
11. Miscellaneous provisions relating to elections.	12. Barring the jurisdiction of civil courts.	The conduct of elections include the following matters:
(a) Nomination of candidates	(b) Candidates and their agents	(c) General procedure at elections
(d) The poll	(e) Counting of votes	(f) Multiple elections
(g) Publication of election results and nominations	(h) Declaration of assets and liabilities	(i) Election expenses
The provisions of the Act with respect to disputes regarding	elections are related to the following matters:	(i) Presentation of election petitions to High Court
(ii) Trial of election petitions	(iii) Withdrawal and abatement of election petitions	(iv) Appeals to Supreme Court
DELIMITATION ACT, 2002	Articles 82 and 170 of the Constitution of India provide for	readjustment and the division of each State into territorial
constituencies (Parliamentary constituencies and Assembly	constituencies) on the basis of the 2001 census by such authority	and in such manner as Parliament may, by law, determine.
Further, Articles 330 and 332 of the Constitution of India	provide for re-fixing the number of seats reserved for the	Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the
People and Legislative Assemblies of the States on the basis of	the 2001 census.	The present delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly
constituencies is based on the 1971 census. The uneven growth	of population in different constituencies in different parts of the	country as well as within the same State as also continuous
migration of people / electorate from one place to other especially	from rural areas to urban areas have resulted in strikingly differing	sizes of electoral constituencies even within the same State.
Therefore, the Delimitation Act, 20021 , was enacted to set up a	Delimitation Commission for the purpose of effecting delimitation	on the basis of the 2001 census so as to correct the aforesaid
distortion in the sizes of electoral constituencies. The proposed	Delimitation Commission would also re-fix the number of seats for	the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes on the basis of
the 2001 census, without affecting total number of seats based on	the 1971 census.	The Act sought to lay down certain guidelines as to the manner
in which such delimitation would be undertaken. In the Act, the	new Delimitation Commission was given the task of carrying out	delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies. It had
been specifically provided that the Delimitation Commission shall	endeavour to complete the work within a period not later than July	31, 2008.2
The proposed delimitation would apply to every general	election to the House of the People or to a State Legislative	Assembly held after the final orders of the Commission are
OTHER ACTS RELATING TO ELECTIONS	1. Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Act, 19594	declares that certain offices of profit under the Government
shall not disqualify the holders thereof for being chosen as	(or for being) members of Parliament.	2. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders
(Amendment) Act, 1976 provides for the inclusion in, and the	exclusion from, the lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled	Tribes, of certain castes and tribes, for the readjustment of
representation of parliamentary and assembly	constituencies.	3. Government of Union Territories Act, 1963.
4. Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991.	5. Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 19525	regulates certain matters relating to or connected with
RULES RELATING TO ELECTIONS	1. Registration of electors Rules, 19606 provide for the	preparation and publication of electoral rolls.
2. Conduct of Elections Rules, 19617 facilitates conduct of fair	and free elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures.	3. Prohibition of Simultaneous Membership Rules, 1950.
4. Members of Lok Sabha (Disqualification on Ground of	Defection) Rules, 1985.	5. Members of Rajya Sabha (Disqualification on Ground of
Defection) Rules, 1985.	6. Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Rules, 1974.8	7. Members of Lok Sabha (Declaration of Assets and
Liabilities) Rules, 2004.	8. Members of Rajya Sabha (Declaration of Assets and	Liabilities) Rules, 2004.
ORDERS RELATING TO ELECTIONS	1. Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968	provides for the specification, reservation, choice and
allotment of symbols at elections in parliamentary and	assembly constituencies, for the recognition of political	parties in relation thereto.
2. Registration of Political Parties (Furnishing of Additional	Particulars) Order, 1992 provides for furnishing of additional	particulars by associations or bodies of individual citizens of
India seeking registration as a political party with the	Election Commission of India.	NOTES AND REFERENCES

(2009)

Sixteenth 8,251 834.08 66.44 9,27,553

(2014)

Seventeenth 8,026 910.51 67.4 10,36,295

(2019)

Table 71.4 Women in Lok Sabha Elections

General Elections (Year) Contested Elected

First (1952) – 22

Second (1957) 45 27

Third (1962) 70 34

Fourth (1967) 67 31

Fifth (1971) 86 22

Sixth (1977) 70 19

Seventh (1980) 142 28

Eighth (1984) 164 44

Ninth (1989) 198 27

Tenth (1991) 325 39

Eleventh (1996) 599 40

Twelfth (1998) 274 43

Thirteenth (1999) 284 49

Fourteenth (2004) 355 45

Fifteenth (2009) 556 59

Sixteenth (2014) 668 62

Seventeenth (2019) 724 78

Table 71.5 Cost of Lok Sabha Elections

General Elections (Year) Cost Borne by Election

Commission (₹ In Crores)

First (1952) 10.45

Second (1957) 5.90

Third (1962) 7.81

Fourth (1967) 10.95

Fifth (1971) 14.43

Sixth (1977) 29.81

Seventh (1980) 37.07

Eighth (1984) 85.51

Ninth (1989) 154.22

Tenth (1991) 359.10

Eleventh (1996) 597.34

Twelfth (1998) 626.40

Thirteenth (1999) 900.00

Fourteenth (2004) 1100.00

Fifteenth (2009) 1483.00

Table 71.6 Largest and Smallest (Area-wise) Lok Sabha

Constituencies in Fourteenth General Elections (2004)

Sl. Constituency State/UT Area (sq.

No. km)

I. Largest

Constituencies

1. Ladakh Jammu & Kashmir 173266.37

2. Barmer Rajasthan 71601.24

3. Kutch Gujarat 41644.55

4. Arunachal West Arunachal Pradesh 40572.29

5. Arunachal East Arunachal Pradesh 39749.64

II. Smallest

Constituencies

1. Chandni Chowk NCT of Delhi 10.59

2. Kolkata North West West Bengal 13.23

3. Mumbai South Maharashtra 13.73

4. Mumbai South Central Maharashtra 18.31

5. Delhi Sadar NCT of Delhi 28.09

Table 71.7 Largest and Smallest (Electors-wise) Lok Sabha

Constituencies in Sixteenth General Elections (2014)

Sl. Constituency State / UT Total No.

No. of

Electors

I. Largest Constituencies

1. Malkajgiri Telangana 29,53,915

2. Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 22,63,961

3. Bangalore North Karnataka 22,29,063

II. Smallest

Constituencies

1. Lakshadweep Lakshadweep 47,972

2. Daman & Diu Daman & Diu 1,02,260

3. Ladakh Jammu & 1,59,949

Kashmir

4. Dadra & Nagar Haveli Dadra & Nagar 1,88,783

Haveli

5. Andaman & Nicobar Islands Andaman & 2,57,856

Nicobar Islands

Table 71.8 Articles Related to Elections at a Glance

Article No. Subject-matter

324. Superintendence, direction and control of

elections to be vested in an Election

Commission

325. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to

claim to be included in a special, electoral roll

on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex

326. Elections to the House of the People and to the

Legislative Assemblies of states to be on the

basis of adult suffrage

327. Power of Parliament to make provision with

respect to elections to Legislatures

328. Power of Legislature of a state to make

provision with respect to elections to such

Legislature

329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral

matters

329A. Special provision as to elections to Parliament

in the case of Prime Minister and Speaker

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. There is a separate state election commission to deal

with elections to the panchayats and municipalities in

the state.

2. For complete details regarding Election Commission,

see Chapter 42.

3. The 61st Amendment Act of 1988 has reduced the

voting age from 21 to 18 years. This came into force on

March 28, 1989.

4. For more details in this regard, see ‘universal adult

franchise’ in Chapter 3.

5. L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India (1997). Clause 3(d)

of Article 323 B was declared as unconstitutional.

6. Handbook for Media - General Elections to the 16th Lok

Sabha (2014), Election Commission of India, pp. 111–

113.

7. This information is downloaded from the website of the

Election Commission of India.

8. General Elections 2009: Reference Handbook, Press

Information Bureau, Government of India, p. 189.

9. The Model Code of Conduct was agreed to by all the

political parties in 1968. The Election Commission first

effectively put to use the Model Code of Conduct in the

year 1991 to ensure fair elections and a level playing

field.

10. The electoral roll is a list of all people in the

constituency who are registered to vote in Indian

elections. Only those people with their names on the

electoral roll are allowed to vote. The electoral roll is

normally revised every year to add the names of those

who are to turn 18 on the 1st January of that year or

have moved into a constituency and to remove the

names of those who have died or moved out of a

constituency.

11. General Elections 2009: Reference Handbook, Press

Information Bureau, Government of India, p. 181.

72 Election Laws

REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950

Articles 81 and 170 of the Constitution of India lay down the

maximum number of seats in Parliament and in Legislative

Assemblies of States and also certain principles to be followed in

allocating seats in the House of People among the States and in

the State Legislative Assemblies, but have left the actual

allocation of such seats to be provided by the law.

Similarly, Article 171 of the Constitution of India lays down the

maximum and minimum number of seats in the Legislative

Council of a State, and also specify the various methods in which

the seats shall be filled, but the actual number of seats to be filled

by each such method has been left to be provided by law.

Therefore, the Representation of the People Act, 1950, was

enacted to provide for the allocation of seats in the House of the

People and in the Legislative Assemblies and Legislative Councils

of States.

The Act also sought to confer on the President the powers to

delimit, after consultation with the Election Commission, the

various constituencies for the purpose of elections to fill seats in

the House of the People and in the Legislative Assemblies and

Legislative Councils of States.

The Act further provided for the registration of electors for

Parliamentary Constituencies and for the Assembly and Council

Constituencies, and the qualifications and disqualifications for

such registration.

To sum-up, the Act makes the following provisions relating to

the elections:

1. Allocation of seats in the House of the People, the State

Legislative Assemblies and the State Legislative Councils.

3. Election officers like chief electoral officers, district election

officers, electoral registration officers and so on.

4. Electoral rolls for Parliamentary, Assembly and Council

constituencies.

5. Manner of filling seats in the Council of States to be filled by

representatives of union territories.

6. Local authorities for purposes of elections to the State

Legislative Councils.

7. Barring the jurisdiction of civil courts.

REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1951

The Representation of the People Act, 1950 did not contain all the

provisions relating to elections but merely provided for the

allocation of seats in and the delimitation of constituencies for the

purpose of elections to the House of People and Legislatures of

States, the qualifications of voter at such election and the

preparations of electoral rolls.

The provisions for the actual conduct of elections to the Houses

of Parliament and to the House or Houses of the Legislature of

each State, the qualifications and disqualifications for the

membership of these Houses, the corrupt practices and other

election offences, and the decision of election disputes were all

left to be made in a subsequent measure. In order to provide for

these provisions, the Representation of the People Act, 1951 was

enacted.

Broadly speaking, this Act contains provisions relating to the

following electoral matters:

1. Qualifications and disqualifications for membership of

Parliament and State Legislatures

2. Notification of general elections

3. Administrative machinery for the conduct of elections

4. Registration of political parties

5. Conduct of elections

6. Free supply of certain material to candidates of recognised

political parties

7. Disputes regarding elections

8. Corrupt practices and electoral offences

9. Powers of Election Commission in connection with inquiries

as to disqualifications of members.

10. Bye-elections and time limit for filling vacancies.

11. Miscellaneous provisions relating to elections.

12. Barring the jurisdiction of civil courts.

The conduct of elections include the following matters:

(a) Nomination of candidates

(b) Candidates and their agents

(c) General procedure at elections

(d) The poll

(e) Counting of votes

(f) Multiple elections

(g) Publication of election results and nominations

(h) Declaration of assets and liabilities

(i) Election expenses

The provisions of the Act with respect to disputes regarding

elections are related to the following matters:

(i) Presentation of election petitions to High Court

(ii) Trial of election petitions

(iii) Withdrawal and abatement of election petitions

(iv) Appeals to Supreme Court

DELIMITATION ACT, 2002

Articles 82 and 170 of the Constitution of India provide for

readjustment and the division of each State into territorial

constituencies (Parliamentary constituencies and Assembly

constituencies) on the basis of the 2001 census by such authority

and in such manner as Parliament may, by law, determine.

Further, Articles 330 and 332 of the Constitution of India

provide for re-fixing the number of seats reserved for the

Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House of the

People and Legislative Assemblies of the States on the basis of

the 2001 census.

The present delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly

constituencies is based on the 1971 census. The uneven growth

of population in different constituencies in different parts of the

country as well as within the same State as also continuous

migration of people / electorate from one place to other especially

from rural areas to urban areas have resulted in strikingly differing

sizes of electoral constituencies even within the same State.

Therefore, the Delimitation Act, 20021 , was enacted to set up a

Delimitation Commission for the purpose of effecting delimitation

on the basis of the 2001 census so as to correct the aforesaid

distortion in the sizes of electoral constituencies. The proposed

Delimitation Commission would also re-fix the number of seats for

the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes on the basis of

the 2001 census, without affecting total number of seats based on

the 1971 census.

The Act sought to lay down certain guidelines as to the manner

in which such delimitation would be undertaken. In the Act, the

new Delimitation Commission was given the task of carrying out

delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies. It had

been specifically provided that the Delimitation Commission shall

endeavour to complete the work within a period not later than July

31, 2008.2

The proposed delimitation would apply to every general

election to the House of the People or to a State Legislative

Assembly held after the final orders of the Commission are

OTHER ACTS RELATING TO ELECTIONS

1. Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Act, 19594

declares that certain offices of profit under the Government

shall not disqualify the holders thereof for being chosen as

(or for being) members of Parliament.

2. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders

(Amendment) Act, 1976 provides for the inclusion in, and the

exclusion from, the lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled

Tribes, of certain castes and tribes, for the readjustment of

representation of parliamentary and assembly

constituencies.

3. Government of Union Territories Act, 1963.

4. Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991.

5. Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 19525

regulates certain matters relating to or connected with

RULES RELATING TO ELECTIONS

1. Registration of electors Rules, 19606 provide for the

preparation and publication of electoral rolls.

2. Conduct of Elections Rules, 19617 facilitates conduct of fair

and free elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures.

3. Prohibition of Simultaneous Membership Rules, 1950.

4. Members of Lok Sabha (Disqualification on Ground of

Defection) Rules, 1985.

5. Members of Rajya Sabha (Disqualification on Ground of

Defection) Rules, 1985.

6. Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Rules, 1974.8

7. Members of Lok Sabha (Declaration of Assets and

Liabilities) Rules, 2004.

8. Members of Rajya Sabha (Declaration of Assets and

Liabilities) Rules, 2004.

ORDERS RELATING TO ELECTIONS

1. Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968

provides for the specification, reservation, choice and

allotment of symbols at elections in parliamentary and

assembly constituencies, for the recognition of political

parties in relation thereto.

2. Registration of Political Parties (Furnishing of Additional

Particulars) Order, 1992 provides for furnishing of additional

particulars by associations or bodies of individual citizens of

India seeking registration as a political party with the

Election Commission of India.

NOTES AND REFERENCES