jbp123/hello · Datasets at Hugging Face

instruction stringlengths 1 84	input stringlengths 1 85	output stringlengths 1 83
known as the ‘minority leader’.	The British political system has an unique institution called the	‘Shadow Cabinet’. It is formed by the Opposition party to balance
the ruling cabinet and to prepare its members for future ministerial	offices. In this shadow cabinet, almost every member in the ruling	cabinet is ‘shadowed’ by a corresponding member in the
opposition cabinet. This shadow cabinet serves as the ‘alternate	cabinet’ if there is change of government. That is why Ivor	Jennings described the leader of Opposition as the ‘alternative
Prime Minister’. He enjoys the status of a minister and is paid by	the government.	Whip
Though the offices of the leader of the House and the leader of	the Opposition are not mentioned in the Constitution of India, they	are mentioned in the Rules of the House and Parliamentary
Statute respectively. The office of ‘whip’, on the other hand, is	mentioned neither in the Constitution of India nor in the Rules of	the House nor in a Parliamentary Statute. It is based on the
conventions of the parliamentary government.	Every political party, whether ruling or Opposition has its own	whip in the Parliament. He is appointed by the political party to
serve as an assistant floor leader. He is charged with the	responsibility of ensuring the attendance of his party members in	large numbers and securing their support in favour of or against a
particular issue. He regulates and monitors their behaviour in the	Parliament. The members are supposed to follow the directives	given by the whip. Otherwise, disciplinary action can be taken.
SESSIONS OF PARLIAMENT	Summoning	The president from time to time summons each House of
Parliament to meet. But, the maximum gap between two sessions	of Parliament cannot be more than six months. In other words, the	Parliament should meet at least twice ayear. There are usually
three sessions in a year, viz,	1. the Budget Session (February to May);	2. the Monsoon Session (July to September); and
3. the Winter Session (November to December).	A ‘session’ of Parliament is the period spanning between the	first sitting of a House and its prorogation (or dissolution in the
case of the Lok Sabha). During a session, the House meets	everyday to transact business. The period spanning between the	prorogation of a House and its reassembly in a new session is
called ‘recess’.	Adjournment	A session of Parliament consists of many meetings. Each meeting
of a day consists of two sittings, that is, a morning sitting from 11	am to 1 pm and post-lunch sitting from 2 pm to 6 pm. A sitting of	Parliament can be terminated by adjournment or adjournment sine
die or prorogation or dissolution (in the case of the Lok Sabha).	An adjournment suspends the work in a sitting for a specified	time, which may be hours, days or weeks.
Adjournment Sine Die	Adjournment sine die means terminating a sitting of Parliament for	an indefinite period. In other words, when the House is adjourned
without naming a day for reassembly, it is called adjournment sine	die. The power of adjournment as well as adjournment sine die	lies with the presiding officer of the House. He can also call a
adjourned or at any time after the House has been adjourned sine	die.	Prorogation
The presiding officer (Speaker or Chairman) declares the House	adjourned sine die, when the business of a session is completed.	Within the next few days, the President issues a notification for
prorogation of the session. However, the President can also	prorogue the House while in session.	The specific differences between adjournment and prorogation
are summarised in Table 22.1.	Dissolution	Rajya Sabha, being a permanent House, is not subject to
dissolution. Only the Lok Sabha is subject to dissolution. Unlike a	prorogation, a dissolution ends the very life of the existing House,	and a new House is constituted after general elections are held.
The dissolution of the Lok Sabha may take place in either of two	ways:	1. Automatic dissolution, that is, on the expiry of its tenure of
five years or the terms as extended during a national	emergency; or	2. Whenever the President decides to dissolve the House,
which he is authorised to do. Once the Lok Sabha is	dissolved before the completion of its normal tenure, the	dissolution is irrevocable.
When the Lok Sabha is dissolved, all business including bills,	motions, resolutions, notices, petitions and so on pending before it	or its committees lapse. They (to be pursued further) must be
reintroduced in the newly-constituted Lok Sabha. However, some	pending bills and all pending assurances that are to be examined	by the Committee on Government Assurances do not lapse on the
dissolution of the Lok Sabha. The position with respect to lapsing	of bills is as follows:	1. A bill pending in the Lok Sabha lapses (whether originating
2. A bill passed by the Lok Sabha but pending in the Rajya	Sabha lapses.	3. A bill not passed by the two Houses due to disagreement
and if the president has notified the holding of a joint sitting	before the dissolution of Lok Sabha, does not lapse.	4. A bill pending in the Rajya Sabha but not passed by the Lok
Sabha does not lapse.	5. A bill passed by both Houses but pending assent of the	president does not lapse.
6. A bill passed by both Houses but returned by the president	for reconsideration of Houses does not lapse.	Table 22.1 Adjournment vs Prorogation
Adjournment Prorogation	1. It only terminates a sitting 1. It not only terminates a	and not a session of the sitting but also a session of
House. the House.	2. It is done by presiding 2. It is done by the president of	officer of the House. India.
3. It does not affect the bills or 3. It also does not affect the	any other business pending bills or any other business	before the House and the pending before the House.13
same can be resumed when However, all pending	the House meets again. notices (other than those for	introducing bills) lapse on
prorogation and fresh	notices have to be given for	the next session. In Britain,
prorogation brings to an end	all bills or any other	business pending before the
House.	Quorum	Quorum is the minimum number of members required to be
tenth of the total number of members in each House including the	presiding officer. It means that there must be at least 55 members	present in the Lok Sabha and 25 members present in the Rajya
Sabha, if any business is to be conducted. If there is no quorum	during a meeting of the House, it is the duty of the presiding	officer either to adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until
there is a quorum.	Voting in House	All matters at any sitting of either House or joint sitting of both the
Houses are decided by a majority of votes of the members	present and voting, excluding the presiding officer. Only a few	matters, which are specifically mentioned in the Constitution like
impeachment of the President, amendment of the Constitution,	removal of the presiding officers of the Parliament and so on,	require special majority, not ordinary majority.
The presiding officer of a House does not vote in the first	instance, but exercises a casting vote in the case of an equality of	votes. The proceedings of a House are to be valid irrespective of
any unauthorised voting or participation or any vacancy in its	membership.	The following points can be noted with respect to the voting
procedure in the Lok Sabha:	1. On the conclusion of a debate, the Speaker shall put the	question and invite those who are in favour of the motion to
say ‘Aye’ and those against the motion to say ‘No’.	2. The Speaker shall then say: ‘I think the Ayes (or the Noes,	as the case may be) have it.’ If the opinion of the Speaker as
to the decision of a question is not challenged, he shall say	twice: The Ayes (or the Noes, as the case may be) have it’	and the question before the House shall be determined
accordingly.	3. (a) If the opinion of the Speaker as to the decision of a	question is challenged, he shall order that the Lobby be
cleared.	(b) After the lapse of three minutes and thirty seconds, he	shall put the question a second time and declare
(c) If the opinion so declared is again challenged, he shall	direct that the votes be recorded either by operating the	automatic vote recorder or by using ‘Aye’ and ‘No’ Slips
in the House or by the Members going into the Lobbies.	4. If in the opinion of the Speaker, the Division is unnecessarily	claimed, he may ask the members who are for ‘Aye’ and
those for ‘No’ respectively to rise in their places and, on a	count being taken, he may declare the determination of the	House. In such a case, the names of the voters shall not be
recorded.	Language in Parliament	The Constitution has declared Hindi and English to be the
languages for transacting business in the Parliament. However,	the presiding officer can permit a member to address the House in	his mother-tongue. In both the Houses, arrangements are made
for simultaneous translation. Though English was to be	discontinued as a floor language after the expiration of fifteen	years from the commencement of the Constitution (that is, in
1965), the Official Languages Act (1963) allowed English to be	continued along with Hindi.	Rights of Ministers and Attorney General
In addition to the members of a House, every minister and the	attorney general of India have the right to speak and take part in	the proceedings of either House, any joint sitting of both the
Houses and any committee of Parliament of which he is a	member, without being entitled to vote. There are two reasons	underlying this constitutional provision:
1. A minister can participate in the proceedings of a House, of	which he is not a member. In other words, a minister	belonging to the Lok Sabha can participate in the
proceedings of the Rajya Sabha and vice-versa.	2. A minister, who is not a member of either House, can	participate in the proceedings of both the Houses. It should
months, without being a member of either House of	Parliament.	Lame-duck Session
It refers to the last session of the existing Lok Sabha, after a new	Lok Sabha has been elected. Those members of the existing Lok	Sabha who could not get re-elected to the new Lok Sabha are
DEVICES OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDINGS	Question Hour	The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is slotted for this.
During this time, the members ask questions and the ministers	usually give answers. The questions are of three kinds, namely,	starred, unstarred and short notice.
A starred question (distinguished by an asterisk) requires an	oral answer and hence supplementary questions can follow.	An unstarred question, on the other hand, requires a written
answer and hence, supplementary questions cannot follow.	A short notice question is one that is asked by giving a notice	of less than ten days. It is answered orally.
In addition to the ministers, the questions can also be asked to	the private members. Thus, a question may be addressed to a	private member if the subject matter of the question relates to
some Bill, resolution or other matter connected with the business	of the House for which that member is responsible. The procedure	in regard to such question is the same as that followed in the case
of questions addressed to a minister.	The list of starred, unstarred, short notice questions and	questions to private members are printed in green, white, light
pink and yellow colour, respectively, to distinguish them from one	another.	Zero Hour
Unlike the question hour, the zero hour is not mentioned in the	Rules of Procedure. Thus it is an informal device available to the	members of the Parliament to raise matters without any prior
notice. The zero hour starts immediately after the question hour	and lasts until the agenda for the day (ie, regular business of the	House) is taken up. In other words, the time gap between the
question hour and the agenda is known as zero hour. It is an	Indian innovation in the field of parliamentary procedures and has	been in existence since 1962.
Motions	No discussion on a matter of general public importance can take	place except on a motion made with the consent of the presiding
officer. The House expresses its decisions or opinions on various	issues through the adoption or rejection of motions moved by	either ministers or private members.
The motions moved by the members to raise discussions on	various matters fall into three principal categories:14	1. Substantive Motion: It is a self-contained independent
proposal dealing with a very important matter like	impeachment of the President or removal of Chief Election	Commissioner.
2. Substitute Motion: It is a motion that is moved in substitution	of an original motion and proposes an alternative to it. If	adopted by the House, it supersedes the original motion.
3. Subsidiary Motion: It is a motion that, by itself, has no	meaning and cannot state the decision of the House without	reference to the original motion or proceedings of the House.
It is divided into three sub-categories:	(a) Ancillary Motion: It is used as the regular way of	proceeding with various kinds of business.
(b) Superseding Motion: It is moved in the course of debate	on another issue and seeks to supersede that issue.	(c) Amendment: It seeks to modify or substitute only a part
of the original motion.	Closure Motion	It is a motion moved by a member to cut short the debate on a
matter before the House. If the motion is approved by the House,	debate is stopped forthwith and the matter is put to vote. There	are four kinds of closure motions15 :
(a) Simple Closure: It is one when a member moves that the	‘matter having been sufficiently discussed be now put to	vote’.
(b) Closure by Compartments: In this case, the clauses of a bill	or a lengthy resolution are grouped into parts before the	commencement of the debate. The debate covers the part as
(c) Kangaroo Closure: Under this type, only important clauses	are taken up for debate and voting and the intervening	clauses are skipped over and taken as passed.
(d) Guillotine Closure: It is one when the undiscussed clauses of	a bill or a resolution are also put to vote along with the	discussed ones due to want of time (as the time allotted for
the discussion is over).	Privilege Motion	It is concerned with the breach of parliamentary privileges by a
minister. It is moved by a member when he feels that a minister	has committed a breach of privilege of the House or one or more	of its members by withholding facts of a case or by giving wrong
or distorted facts. Its purpose is to censure the concerned	minister.	Calling Attention Motion
It is introduced in the Parliament by a member to call the attention	of a minister to a matter of urgent public importance, and to seek	an authoritative statement from him on that matter. Like the zero
hour, it is also an Indian innovation in the parliamentary procedure	and has been in existence since 1954. However, unlike the zero	hour, it is mentioned in the Rules of Procedure.
Adjournment Motion	It is introduced in the Parliament to draw attention of the House to	a definite matter of urgent public importance, and needs the
support of 50 members to be admitted. As it interrupts the normal	business of the House, it is regarded as an extraordinary device. It	involves an element of censure against the government and
hence Rajya Sabha is not permitted to make use of this device.	The discussion on an adjournment motion should last for not less	than two hours and thirty minutes.
The right to move a motion for an adjournment of the business	of the House is subject to the following restrictions:	1. It should raise a matter which is definite, factual, urgent and

known as the ‘minority leader’.

The British political system has an unique institution called the

‘Shadow Cabinet’. It is formed by the Opposition party to balance

the ruling cabinet and to prepare its members for future ministerial

offices. In this shadow cabinet, almost every member in the ruling

cabinet is ‘shadowed’ by a corresponding member in the

opposition cabinet. This shadow cabinet serves as the ‘alternate

cabinet’ if there is change of government. That is why Ivor

Jennings described the leader of Opposition as the ‘alternative

Prime Minister’. He enjoys the status of a minister and is paid by

the government.

Whip

Though the offices of the leader of the House and the leader of

the Opposition are not mentioned in the Constitution of India, they

are mentioned in the Rules of the House and Parliamentary

Statute respectively. The office of ‘whip’, on the other hand, is

mentioned neither in the Constitution of India nor in the Rules of

the House nor in a Parliamentary Statute. It is based on the

conventions of the parliamentary government.

Every political party, whether ruling or Opposition has its own

whip in the Parliament. He is appointed by the political party to

serve as an assistant floor leader. He is charged with the

responsibility of ensuring the attendance of his party members in

large numbers and securing their support in favour of or against a

particular issue. He regulates and monitors their behaviour in the

Parliament. The members are supposed to follow the directives

given by the whip. Otherwise, disciplinary action can be taken.

SESSIONS OF PARLIAMENT

Summoning

The president from time to time summons each House of

Parliament to meet. But, the maximum gap between two sessions

of Parliament cannot be more than six months. In other words, the

Parliament should meet at least twice ayear. There are usually

three sessions in a year, viz,

1. the Budget Session (February to May);

2. the Monsoon Session (July to September); and

3. the Winter Session (November to December).

A ‘session’ of Parliament is the period spanning between the

first sitting of a House and its prorogation (or dissolution in the

case of the Lok Sabha). During a session, the House meets

everyday to transact business. The period spanning between the

prorogation of a House and its reassembly in a new session is

called ‘recess’.

Adjournment

A session of Parliament consists of many meetings. Each meeting

of a day consists of two sittings, that is, a morning sitting from 11

am to 1 pm and post-lunch sitting from 2 pm to 6 pm. A sitting of

Parliament can be terminated by adjournment or adjournment sine

die or prorogation or dissolution (in the case of the Lok Sabha).

An adjournment suspends the work in a sitting for a specified

time, which may be hours, days or weeks.

Adjournment Sine Die

Adjournment sine die means terminating a sitting of Parliament for

an indefinite period. In other words, when the House is adjourned

without naming a day for reassembly, it is called adjournment sine

die. The power of adjournment as well as adjournment sine die

lies with the presiding officer of the House. He can also call a

adjourned or at any time after the House has been adjourned sine

die.

Prorogation

The presiding officer (Speaker or Chairman) declares the House

adjourned sine die, when the business of a session is completed.

Within the next few days, the President issues a notification for

prorogation of the session. However, the President can also

prorogue the House while in session.

The specific differences between adjournment and prorogation

are summarised in Table 22.1.

Dissolution

Rajya Sabha, being a permanent House, is not subject to

dissolution. Only the Lok Sabha is subject to dissolution. Unlike a

prorogation, a dissolution ends the very life of the existing House,

and a new House is constituted after general elections are held.

The dissolution of the Lok Sabha may take place in either of two

ways:

1. Automatic dissolution, that is, on the expiry of its tenure of

five years or the terms as extended during a national

emergency; or

2. Whenever the President decides to dissolve the House,

which he is authorised to do. Once the Lok Sabha is

dissolved before the completion of its normal tenure, the

dissolution is irrevocable.

When the Lok Sabha is dissolved, all business including bills,

motions, resolutions, notices, petitions and so on pending before it

or its committees lapse. They (to be pursued further) must be

reintroduced in the newly-constituted Lok Sabha. However, some

pending bills and all pending assurances that are to be examined

by the Committee on Government Assurances do not lapse on the

dissolution of the Lok Sabha. The position with respect to lapsing

of bills is as follows:

1. A bill pending in the Lok Sabha lapses (whether originating

2. A bill passed by the Lok Sabha but pending in the Rajya

Sabha lapses.

3. A bill not passed by the two Houses due to disagreement

and if the president has notified the holding of a joint sitting

before the dissolution of Lok Sabha, does not lapse.

4. A bill pending in the Rajya Sabha but not passed by the Lok

Sabha does not lapse.

5. A bill passed by both Houses but pending assent of the

president does not lapse.

6. A bill passed by both Houses but returned by the president

for reconsideration of Houses does not lapse.

Table 22.1 Adjournment vs Prorogation

Adjournment Prorogation

1. It only terminates a sitting 1. It not only terminates a

and not a session of the sitting but also a session of

House. the House.

2. It is done by presiding 2. It is done by the president of

officer of the House. India.

3. It does not affect the bills or 3. It also does not affect the

any other business pending bills or any other business

before the House and the pending before the House.13

same can be resumed when However, all pending

the House meets again. notices (other than those for

introducing bills) lapse on

prorogation and fresh

notices have to be given for

the next session. In Britain,

prorogation brings to an end

all bills or any other

business pending before the

House.

Quorum

Quorum is the minimum number of members required to be

tenth of the total number of members in each House including the

presiding officer. It means that there must be at least 55 members

present in the Lok Sabha and 25 members present in the Rajya

Sabha, if any business is to be conducted. If there is no quorum

during a meeting of the House, it is the duty of the presiding

officer either to adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until

there is a quorum.

Voting in House

All matters at any sitting of either House or joint sitting of both the

Houses are decided by a majority of votes of the members

present and voting, excluding the presiding officer. Only a few

matters, which are specifically mentioned in the Constitution like

impeachment of the President, amendment of the Constitution,

removal of the presiding officers of the Parliament and so on,

require special majority, not ordinary majority.

The presiding officer of a House does not vote in the first

instance, but exercises a casting vote in the case of an equality of

votes. The proceedings of a House are to be valid irrespective of

any unauthorised voting or participation or any vacancy in its

membership.

The following points can be noted with respect to the voting

procedure in the Lok Sabha:

1. On the conclusion of a debate, the Speaker shall put the

question and invite those who are in favour of the motion to

say ‘Aye’ and those against the motion to say ‘No’.

2. The Speaker shall then say: ‘I think the Ayes (or the Noes,

as the case may be) have it.’ If the opinion of the Speaker as

to the decision of a question is not challenged, he shall say

twice: The Ayes (or the Noes, as the case may be) have it’

and the question before the House shall be determined

accordingly.

3. (a) If the opinion of the Speaker as to the decision of a

question is challenged, he shall order that the Lobby be

cleared.

(b) After the lapse of three minutes and thirty seconds, he

shall put the question a second time and declare

(c) If the opinion so declared is again challenged, he shall

direct that the votes be recorded either by operating the

automatic vote recorder or by using ‘Aye’ and ‘No’ Slips

in the House or by the Members going into the Lobbies.

4. If in the opinion of the Speaker, the Division is unnecessarily

claimed, he may ask the members who are for ‘Aye’ and

those for ‘No’ respectively to rise in their places and, on a

count being taken, he may declare the determination of the

House. In such a case, the names of the voters shall not be

recorded.

Language in Parliament

The Constitution has declared Hindi and English to be the

languages for transacting business in the Parliament. However,

the presiding officer can permit a member to address the House in

his mother-tongue. In both the Houses, arrangements are made

for simultaneous translation. Though English was to be

discontinued as a floor language after the expiration of fifteen

years from the commencement of the Constitution (that is, in

1965), the Official Languages Act (1963) allowed English to be

continued along with Hindi.

Rights of Ministers and Attorney General

In addition to the members of a House, every minister and the

attorney general of India have the right to speak and take part in

the proceedings of either House, any joint sitting of both the

Houses and any committee of Parliament of which he is a

member, without being entitled to vote. There are two reasons

underlying this constitutional provision:

1. A minister can participate in the proceedings of a House, of

which he is not a member. In other words, a minister

belonging to the Lok Sabha can participate in the

proceedings of the Rajya Sabha and vice-versa.

2. A minister, who is not a member of either House, can

participate in the proceedings of both the Houses. It should

months, without being a member of either House of

Parliament.

Lame-duck Session

It refers to the last session of the existing Lok Sabha, after a new

Lok Sabha has been elected. Those members of the existing Lok

Sabha who could not get re-elected to the new Lok Sabha are

DEVICES OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDINGS

Question Hour

The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is slotted for this.

During this time, the members ask questions and the ministers

usually give answers. The questions are of three kinds, namely,

starred, unstarred and short notice.

A starred question (distinguished by an asterisk) requires an

oral answer and hence supplementary questions can follow.

An unstarred question, on the other hand, requires a written

answer and hence, supplementary questions cannot follow.

A short notice question is one that is asked by giving a notice

of less than ten days. It is answered orally.

In addition to the ministers, the questions can also be asked to

the private members. Thus, a question may be addressed to a

private member if the subject matter of the question relates to

some Bill, resolution or other matter connected with the business

of the House for which that member is responsible. The procedure

in regard to such question is the same as that followed in the case

of questions addressed to a minister.

The list of starred, unstarred, short notice questions and

questions to private members are printed in green, white, light

pink and yellow colour, respectively, to distinguish them from one

another.

Zero Hour

Unlike the question hour, the zero hour is not mentioned in the

Rules of Procedure. Thus it is an informal device available to the

members of the Parliament to raise matters without any prior

notice. The zero hour starts immediately after the question hour

and lasts until the agenda for the day (ie, regular business of the

House) is taken up. In other words, the time gap between the

question hour and the agenda is known as zero hour. It is an

Indian innovation in the field of parliamentary procedures and has

been in existence since 1962.

Motions

No discussion on a matter of general public importance can take

place except on a motion made with the consent of the presiding

officer. The House expresses its decisions or opinions on various

issues through the adoption or rejection of motions moved by

either ministers or private members.

The motions moved by the members to raise discussions on

various matters fall into three principal categories:14

1. Substantive Motion: It is a self-contained independent

proposal dealing with a very important matter like

impeachment of the President or removal of Chief Election

Commissioner.

2. Substitute Motion: It is a motion that is moved in substitution

of an original motion and proposes an alternative to it. If

adopted by the House, it supersedes the original motion.

3. Subsidiary Motion: It is a motion that, by itself, has no

meaning and cannot state the decision of the House without

reference to the original motion or proceedings of the House.

It is divided into three sub-categories:

(a) Ancillary Motion: It is used as the regular way of

proceeding with various kinds of business.

(b) Superseding Motion: It is moved in the course of debate

on another issue and seeks to supersede that issue.

(c) Amendment: It seeks to modify or substitute only a part

of the original motion.

Closure Motion

It is a motion moved by a member to cut short the debate on a

matter before the House. If the motion is approved by the House,

debate is stopped forthwith and the matter is put to vote. There

are four kinds of closure motions15 :

(a) Simple Closure: It is one when a member moves that the

‘matter having been sufficiently discussed be now put to

vote’.

(b) Closure by Compartments: In this case, the clauses of a bill

or a lengthy resolution are grouped into parts before the

commencement of the debate. The debate covers the part as

(c) Kangaroo Closure: Under this type, only important clauses

are taken up for debate and voting and the intervening

clauses are skipped over and taken as passed.

(d) Guillotine Closure: It is one when the undiscussed clauses of

a bill or a resolution are also put to vote along with the

discussed ones due to want of time (as the time allotted for

the discussion is over).

Privilege Motion

It is concerned with the breach of parliamentary privileges by a

minister. It is moved by a member when he feels that a minister

has committed a breach of privilege of the House or one or more

of its members by withholding facts of a case or by giving wrong

or distorted facts. Its purpose is to censure the concerned

minister.

Calling Attention Motion

It is introduced in the Parliament by a member to call the attention

of a minister to a matter of urgent public importance, and to seek

an authoritative statement from him on that matter. Like the zero

hour, it is also an Indian innovation in the parliamentary procedure

and has been in existence since 1954. However, unlike the zero

hour, it is mentioned in the Rules of Procedure.

Adjournment Motion

It is introduced in the Parliament to draw attention of the House to

a definite matter of urgent public importance, and needs the

support of 50 members to be admitted. As it interrupts the normal

business of the House, it is regarded as an extraordinary device. It

involves an element of censure against the government and

hence Rajya Sabha is not permitted to make use of this device.

The discussion on an adjournment motion should last for not less

than two hours and thirty minutes.

The right to move a motion for an adjournment of the business

of the House is subject to the following restrictions:

1. It should raise a matter which is definite, factual, urgent and