jbp123/hello · Datasets at Hugging Face

instruction stringlengths 1 84	input stringlengths 1 85	output stringlengths 1 83
status and protection on the panchayats and the	municipalities respectively.	3. D.D. Basu, Introduction to the Constitution of India, Wadhwa
19th Edition, 2001, p. 331.	4. Report of the Fourth Finance Commission, New Delhi,	Government of India, 1965, p. 88–90.
46 Goods and Services Tax Council	ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COUNCIL	The 101st Amendment Act of 2016 paved the way for the
introduction of a new tax regime (i.e. goods and services tax - GST)	in the country. The smooth and efficient administration of this tax	requires co-operation and coordination between the centre and the
states. In order to facilitate this consultation process, the amendment	provided for the establishment of a Goods and Services Tax Council	or the GST Council.
The amendment inserted a new Article 279-A in the Constitution.	This Article empowered the President to constitute a GST Council by	an order1. Accordingly, the President issued the order in 2016 and
constituted the Council2 .	The Secretariat of the Council is located at New Delhi. The Union	Revenue Secretary3 acts as the ex-officio Secretary to the Council.
VISION AND MISSION OF THE COUNCIL	While discharging its functions, the Council is to be guided by the	need for a harmonised structure of GST and the development of a
harmonised national market for goods and services. Further, the	Council has to determine the procedure in the performance of its	functions.
The vision and mission of the Council are as follows:	Vision: To establish the highest standards of co-operative federation	in the functioning of the Council, which is the first constitutional
federal body vested with powers to take all major decisions relating	to GST.	Mission: Evolving by a process of wider consultation, a GST
COMPOSITION OF THE COUNCIL	The Council is a joint forum of the centre and the states and consists	of the following members:
(a) The Union Finance Minister as the Chairperson	(b) The Union Minister of State in-charge of Revenue or Finance	(c) The Minister in-charge of Finance or Taxation or any other
Minister nominated by each state government	The members of the Council from the states have to choose one	amongst themselves to be the Vice-Chairperson of the Council. They
can also decide his term.	The Union Cabinet also decided to include the Chairperson of the	Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) as a permanent
WORKING OF THE COUNCIL	The decisions of the Council are taken at its meetings. One-half of	the total number of members of the Council is the quorum for
conducting a meeting. Every decision of the Council is to be taken by	a majority of not less than three-fourths of the weighted votes of the	members present and voting at the meeting. The decision is taken in
accordance with the following principles:	(i) The vote of the central government shall have a weightage	one-third of the total votes cast in that meeting.
(ii) The votes of all the state governments combined shall have	weightage of two-thirds of the total votes cast in that meeting.	Any act or proceedings of the Council will not become invalid on
the following grounds:	(i) any vacancy or defect in the constitution of the Council; or	(ii) any defect in the appointment of a person as a member of the
Council; or	(iii) any procedural irregularity of the Council not affecting the merits	of the case.
FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL	The Council is required to make recommendations to the centre and	the states on the following matters:
(a) The taxes, cesses and surcharges levied by the centre, the	states and the local bodies that would get merged in GST.	(b) The goods and services that may be subjected to GST or
exempted from GST.	(c) Model GST Laws, principles of levy, apportionment of GST	levied on supplies in the course of inter-state trade or
commerce and the principles that govern the place of supply.	(d) The threshold limit of turnover below which goods and services	may be exempted from GST.
(e) The rates including floor rates with bands of GST.	(f) Any special rate or rates for a specified period to raise additional	resources during any natural calamity or disaster.
(g) Special provision with respect to the states of Arunachal	Pradesh, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir4 , Manipur, Meghalaya,	Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh and
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL	In addition to the above, the Council has the following other	functions:
1. The Council shall recommend the date on which the GST may	be levied on petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit	(petrol), natural gas and aviation turbine fuel.
2. When there is a dispute with respect to its recommendations or	their implementation, the Council shall establish a mechanism	to adjudicate upon the dispute:
(a) between the centre and one or more states; or	(b) between the centre and any state or states on one side and	one or more other states on the other side; or
(c) between two or more states.	3. The Council has to recommend the compensation to the states	for loss of revenue arising on account of introduction of GST for
a period of five years. Based on this recommendation, the	Parliament determines the compensation. Accordingly, the	Parliament enacted the law in 20175 .
NOTES AND REFERENCES	1. Article 279-A(1) says that the President shall, within sixty	days from the commencement of the Constitution (One
Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, by order,	constitute a Council to be called the Goods and Services	Tax Council.
2. The Presidential order was issued on 15 September 2016.	3. Department of Revenue, the Ministry of Finance,	Government of India.
4. The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019,	bifurcated the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir into	two separate Union territories, namely, the Union territory
of Jammu and Kashmir and the Union territory of Ladakh.	5. The Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States)	Act, 2017.
47 National Commission for SCs	T	he National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SCs) is a
constitutional body in the sense that it is directly	established by Article 338 of the Constitu-tion1. On the	other hand, the other national commissions like the National
Commission for Women (1992), the National Commission for	Minorities (1993), the National Human Rights Commission (1993)	and the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (2007)
EVOLUTION OF THE COMMISSION	Originally, Article 338 of the Constitution provided for the	appointment of a Special Officer for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and
Scheduled Tribes (STs) to investigate all matters relating to the	constitutional safeguards for the SCs and STs and to report to the	President on their working3. He was designated as the
Commissioner for SCs and STs and assigned the said duty.	In 1978, the Government (through a Resolution) set up a non-	statutory multimember Commission for SCs and STs; the Office of
Commissioner for SCs and STs also continued to exist.	In 1987, the Government (through another Resolution) modified	the functions of the Commission and renamed it as the National
Commission for SCs and STs4 .	Later, the 65th Constitutional Amendment Act of 19905 provided	for the establishment of a high level multi-member National
Commission for SCs and STs in the place of a single Special	Officer for SCs and STs. This constitutional body replaced the	Commissioner for SCs and STs as well as the Commission set up
under the Resolution of 1987.	Again, the 89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 20036	bifurcated the combined National Commission for SCs and STs
into two separate bodies, namely, National Commission for	Scheduled Castes (under Article 338) and National Commission	for Scheduled Tribes (under Article 338-A).
The separate National Commission for SCs came into	existence in 2004. It consists of a chairperson, a vice-chairperson	and three other members. They are appointed by the President by
FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSION	The functions of the Commission are:	(a) To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the
constitutional and other legal safeguards for the SCs and to	evaluate their working;	(b) To inquire into specific complaints with respect to the
deprivation of rights and safeguards of the SCs;	(c) To participate and advise on the planning process of socio-	economic development of the SCs and to evaluate the
progress of their development under the Union or a state;	(d) To present to the President, annually and at such other times	as it may deem fit, reports upon the working of those
safeguards;	(e) To make recommendations as to the measures that should	be taken by the Union or a state for the effective
implementation of those safeguards and other measures for	the protection, welfare and socio-economic development of	the SCs; and
(f) To discharge such other functions in relation to the protection,	welfare and development and advancement of the SCs as	the president may specify.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION	The commission presents an annual report to the president. It can	also submit a report as and when it thinks necessary.
The President places all such reports before the Parliament,	along with a memorandum explaining the action taken on the	recommendations made by the Commission. The memorandum
should also contain the reasons for the non-acceptance of any of	such recommendations.	The President also forwards any report of the Commission
pertaining to a state government to the state governor. The	governor places it before the state legislature, along with a	memorandum explaining the action taken on the
recommendations of the Commission. The memorandum should	also contain the reasons for the non-acceptance of any of such	recommendations.
POWERS OF THE COMMISSION	The Commission is vested with the power to regulate its own	procedure.
The Commission, while investigating any matter or inquiring	into any complaint, has all the powers of a civil court trying a suit	and in particular in respect of the following matters:
(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from	any part of India and examining him on oath;	(b) requiring the discovery and production of any document;
(c) receiving evidence on affidavits;	(d) requisitioning any public record from any court or office;	(e) issuing summons for the examination of witnesses and
documents; and	(f) any other matter which the President may determine.	The Central government and the state governments are
required to consult the Commission on all major policy matters	affecting the SCs.	The Commission is also required to discharge similar functions
with regard to the Anglo-Indian Community as it does with respect	to the SCs. In other words, the Commission has to investigate all	matters relating to the constitutional and other legal safeguards for
the Anglo-Indian Community and report to the President upon	their working8 .	Till 2018, the commission was also required to discharge
similar functions with regard to the other backward classes	(OBCs). It was relieved from this responsibility by the 102nd	Amendment Act of 2018.
NOTES AND REFERENCES	1. Article 338 is contained in Part XVI entitled as ‘Special	Provisions Relating to Certain Classes’.
2. The years in the bracket indicate the years of their	establishment.	3. The constitutional safeguards for the SCs and STs are
4. It was made as a National Level Advisory Body to	advise the Government on broad policy issues and	levels of development of SCs and STs.
5. The Act came into force on 12–03-1992.	6. The Act came into force on 19–02-2004.	7. Under the Rules, they hold office for a term of three
years.	8. Clause 10 of Article 338 reads as follows: “In this article,	references to the Scheduled Castes shall be construed
48 National Commission for STs	L	ike the National Commission for Schedules Castes (SCs),
the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (STs) is also	a constitutional body in the sense that it is directly	established by Article 338-A of the Constitution1 .
SEPARATE COMMISSION FOR STS	The National Commission for SCs and STs came into being	consequent upon passing of the 65th Constitutional Amendment
Act of 19902. The Commission was established under Article 338	of the Constitution with the objective of monitoring all the	safeguards provided for the SCs and STs under the Constitution
or other laws3 .	Geographically and culturally, the STs are different from the	SCs and their problems are also different from those of SCs. In
1999, a new Ministry of Tribal Affairs was created to provide a	sharp focus to the welfare and development of the STs. It was felt	necessary that the Ministry of Tribal Affairs should coordinate all
activities relating to the STs as it would not be administratively	feasible for the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment to	perform this role4 .
Hence, in order to safeguard the interests of the STs more	effectively, it was proposed to set up a separate National	Commission for STs by bifurcating the existing combined National
Commission for SCs and STs. This was done by passing the 89th	Constitutional Amendment Act of 20035. This Act further amended	Article 338 and inserted a new Article 338-A in the Constitution.
The separate National Commission for STs came into existence	in 2004. It consists of a chairperson, a vice-chairperson and three	other members. They are appointed by the President by warrant
FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSION	The functions of the Commission are:	(a) To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the
constitutional and other legal safeguards for the STs and to	evaluate their working;	(b) To inquire into specific complaints with respect to the
deprivation of rights and safeguards of the STs;	(c) To participate and advise on the planning process of socio-	economic development of the STs and to evaluate the
progress of their development under the Union or a state;	(d) To present to the President, annually and at such other times	as it may deem fit, reports upon the working of those
safeguards;	(e) To make recommendations as to the measures that should	be taken by the Union or a state for the effective
implementation of those safeguards and other measures for	the protection, welfare and socio-economic development of	the STs; and
(f) To discharge such other functions in relation to the protection,	welfare and development and advancement of the STs as the	President may specify.
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSION	In 2005, the President specified the following other functions of	the Commission in relation to the protection, welfare and
development and advancement of the STs7 :	(i) Measures to be taken over conferring ownership rights in	respect of minor forest produce to STs living in forest areas
(ii) Measures to be taken to safeguard rights of the tribal	communities over mineral resources, water resources etc.,	as per law
(iii) Measures to be taken for the development of tribals and to	work for more viable livelihood strategies	(iv) Measures to be taken to improve the efficacy of relief and
rehabilitation measures for tribal groups displaced by	development projects	(v) Measures to be taken to prevent alienation of tribal people
from land and to effectively rehabilitate such people in whose	case alienation has already taken place	(vi) Measures to be taken to elicit maximum cooperation and
involvement of tribal communities for protecting forests and	undertaking social afforestation	(vii) Measures to be taken to ensure full implementation of the

status and protection on the panchayats and the

municipalities respectively.

3. D.D. Basu, Introduction to the Constitution of India, Wadhwa

19th Edition, 2001, p. 331.

4. Report of the Fourth Finance Commission, New Delhi,

Government of India, 1965, p. 88–90.

46 Goods and Services Tax Council

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COUNCIL

The 101st Amendment Act of 2016 paved the way for the

introduction of a new tax regime (i.e. goods and services tax - GST)

in the country. The smooth and efficient administration of this tax

requires co-operation and coordination between the centre and the

states. In order to facilitate this consultation process, the amendment

provided for the establishment of a Goods and Services Tax Council

or the GST Council.

The amendment inserted a new Article 279-A in the Constitution.

This Article empowered the President to constitute a GST Council by

an order1. Accordingly, the President issued the order in 2016 and

constituted the Council2 .

The Secretariat of the Council is located at New Delhi. The Union

Revenue Secretary3 acts as the ex-officio Secretary to the Council.

VISION AND MISSION OF THE COUNCIL

While discharging its functions, the Council is to be guided by the

need for a harmonised structure of GST and the development of a

harmonised national market for goods and services. Further, the

Council has to determine the procedure in the performance of its

functions.

The vision and mission of the Council are as follows:

Vision: To establish the highest standards of co-operative federation

in the functioning of the Council, which is the first constitutional

federal body vested with powers to take all major decisions relating

to GST.

Mission: Evolving by a process of wider consultation, a GST

COMPOSITION OF THE COUNCIL

The Council is a joint forum of the centre and the states and consists

of the following members:

(a) The Union Finance Minister as the Chairperson

(b) The Union Minister of State in-charge of Revenue or Finance

(c) The Minister in-charge of Finance or Taxation or any other

Minister nominated by each state government

The members of the Council from the states have to choose one

amongst themselves to be the Vice-Chairperson of the Council. They

can also decide his term.

The Union Cabinet also decided to include the Chairperson of the

Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) as a permanent

WORKING OF THE COUNCIL

The decisions of the Council are taken at its meetings. One-half of

the total number of members of the Council is the quorum for

conducting a meeting. Every decision of the Council is to be taken by

a majority of not less than three-fourths of the weighted votes of the

members present and voting at the meeting. The decision is taken in

accordance with the following principles:

(i) The vote of the central government shall have a weightage

one-third of the total votes cast in that meeting.

(ii) The votes of all the state governments combined shall have

weightage of two-thirds of the total votes cast in that meeting.

Any act or proceedings of the Council will not become invalid on

the following grounds:

(i) any vacancy or defect in the constitution of the Council; or

(ii) any defect in the appointment of a person as a member of the

Council; or

(iii) any procedural irregularity of the Council not affecting the merits

of the case.

FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL

The Council is required to make recommendations to the centre and

the states on the following matters:

(a) The taxes, cesses and surcharges levied by the centre, the

states and the local bodies that would get merged in GST.

(b) The goods and services that may be subjected to GST or

exempted from GST.

(c) Model GST Laws, principles of levy, apportionment of GST

levied on supplies in the course of inter-state trade or

commerce and the principles that govern the place of supply.

(d) The threshold limit of turnover below which goods and services

may be exempted from GST.

(e) The rates including floor rates with bands of GST.

(f) Any special rate or rates for a specified period to raise additional

resources during any natural calamity or disaster.

(g) Special provision with respect to the states of Arunachal

Pradesh, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir4 , Manipur, Meghalaya,

Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh and

OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL

In addition to the above, the Council has the following other

functions:

1. The Council shall recommend the date on which the GST may

be levied on petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit

(petrol), natural gas and aviation turbine fuel.

2. When there is a dispute with respect to its recommendations or

their implementation, the Council shall establish a mechanism

to adjudicate upon the dispute:

(a) between the centre and one or more states; or

(b) between the centre and any state or states on one side and

one or more other states on the other side; or

(c) between two or more states.

3. The Council has to recommend the compensation to the states

for loss of revenue arising on account of introduction of GST for

a period of five years. Based on this recommendation, the

Parliament determines the compensation. Accordingly, the

Parliament enacted the law in 20175 .

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. Article 279-A(1) says that the President shall, within sixty

days from the commencement of the Constitution (One

Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, by order,

constitute a Council to be called the Goods and Services

Tax Council.

2. The Presidential order was issued on 15 September 2016.

3. Department of Revenue, the Ministry of Finance,

Government of India.

4. The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019,

bifurcated the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir into

two separate Union territories, namely, the Union territory

of Jammu and Kashmir and the Union territory of Ladakh.

5. The Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States)

Act, 2017.

47 National Commission for SCs

T

he National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SCs) is a

constitutional body in the sense that it is directly

established by Article 338 of the Constitu-tion1. On the

other hand, the other national commissions like the National

Commission for Women (1992), the National Commission for

Minorities (1993), the National Human Rights Commission (1993)

and the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (2007)

EVOLUTION OF THE COMMISSION

Originally, Article 338 of the Constitution provided for the

appointment of a Special Officer for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and

Scheduled Tribes (STs) to investigate all matters relating to the

constitutional safeguards for the SCs and STs and to report to the

President on their working3. He was designated as the

Commissioner for SCs and STs and assigned the said duty.

In 1978, the Government (through a Resolution) set up a non-

statutory multimember Commission for SCs and STs; the Office of

Commissioner for SCs and STs also continued to exist.

In 1987, the Government (through another Resolution) modified

the functions of the Commission and renamed it as the National

Commission for SCs and STs4 .

Later, the 65th Constitutional Amendment Act of 19905 provided

for the establishment of a high level multi-member National

Commission for SCs and STs in the place of a single Special

Officer for SCs and STs. This constitutional body replaced the

Commissioner for SCs and STs as well as the Commission set up

under the Resolution of 1987.

Again, the 89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 20036

bifurcated the combined National Commission for SCs and STs

into two separate bodies, namely, National Commission for

Scheduled Castes (under Article 338) and National Commission

for Scheduled Tribes (under Article 338-A).

The separate National Commission for SCs came into

existence in 2004. It consists of a chairperson, a vice-chairperson

and three other members. They are appointed by the President by

FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSION

The functions of the Commission are:

(a) To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the

constitutional and other legal safeguards for the SCs and to

evaluate their working;

(b) To inquire into specific complaints with respect to the

deprivation of rights and safeguards of the SCs;

(c) To participate and advise on the planning process of socio-

economic development of the SCs and to evaluate the

progress of their development under the Union or a state;

(d) To present to the President, annually and at such other times

as it may deem fit, reports upon the working of those

safeguards;

(e) To make recommendations as to the measures that should

be taken by the Union or a state for the effective

implementation of those safeguards and other measures for

the protection, welfare and socio-economic development of

the SCs; and

(f) To discharge such other functions in relation to the protection,

welfare and development and advancement of the SCs as

the president may specify.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSION

The commission presents an annual report to the president. It can

also submit a report as and when it thinks necessary.

The President places all such reports before the Parliament,

along with a memorandum explaining the action taken on the

recommendations made by the Commission. The memorandum

should also contain the reasons for the non-acceptance of any of

such recommendations.

The President also forwards any report of the Commission

pertaining to a state government to the state governor. The

governor places it before the state legislature, along with a

memorandum explaining the action taken on the

recommendations of the Commission. The memorandum should

also contain the reasons for the non-acceptance of any of such

recommendations.

POWERS OF THE COMMISSION

The Commission is vested with the power to regulate its own

procedure.

The Commission, while investigating any matter or inquiring

into any complaint, has all the powers of a civil court trying a suit

and in particular in respect of the following matters:

(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from

any part of India and examining him on oath;

(b) requiring the discovery and production of any document;

(c) receiving evidence on affidavits;

(d) requisitioning any public record from any court or office;

(e) issuing summons for the examination of witnesses and

documents; and

(f) any other matter which the President may determine.

The Central government and the state governments are

required to consult the Commission on all major policy matters

affecting the SCs.

The Commission is also required to discharge similar functions

with regard to the Anglo-Indian Community as it does with respect

to the SCs. In other words, the Commission has to investigate all

matters relating to the constitutional and other legal safeguards for

the Anglo-Indian Community and report to the President upon

their working8 .

Till 2018, the commission was also required to discharge

similar functions with regard to the other backward classes

(OBCs). It was relieved from this responsibility by the 102nd

Amendment Act of 2018.

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. Article 338 is contained in Part XVI entitled as ‘Special

Provisions Relating to Certain Classes’.

2. The years in the bracket indicate the years of their

establishment.

3. The constitutional safeguards for the SCs and STs are

4. It was made as a National Level Advisory Body to

advise the Government on broad policy issues and

levels of development of SCs and STs.

5. The Act came into force on 12–03-1992.

6. The Act came into force on 19–02-2004.

7. Under the Rules, they hold office for a term of three

years.

8. Clause 10 of Article 338 reads as follows: “In this article,

references to the Scheduled Castes shall be construed

48 National Commission for STs

L

ike the National Commission for Schedules Castes (SCs),

the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (STs) is also

a constitutional body in the sense that it is directly

established by Article 338-A of the Constitution1 .

SEPARATE COMMISSION FOR STS

The National Commission for SCs and STs came into being

consequent upon passing of the 65th Constitutional Amendment

Act of 19902. The Commission was established under Article 338

of the Constitution with the objective of monitoring all the

safeguards provided for the SCs and STs under the Constitution

or other laws3 .

Geographically and culturally, the STs are different from the

SCs and their problems are also different from those of SCs. In

1999, a new Ministry of Tribal Affairs was created to provide a

sharp focus to the welfare and development of the STs. It was felt

necessary that the Ministry of Tribal Affairs should coordinate all

activities relating to the STs as it would not be administratively

feasible for the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment to

perform this role4 .

Hence, in order to safeguard the interests of the STs more

effectively, it was proposed to set up a separate National

Commission for STs by bifurcating the existing combined National

Commission for SCs and STs. This was done by passing the 89th

Constitutional Amendment Act of 20035. This Act further amended

Article 338 and inserted a new Article 338-A in the Constitution.

The separate National Commission for STs came into existence

in 2004. It consists of a chairperson, a vice-chairperson and three

other members. They are appointed by the President by warrant

FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSION

The functions of the Commission are:

(a) To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the

constitutional and other legal safeguards for the STs and to

evaluate their working;

(b) To inquire into specific complaints with respect to the

deprivation of rights and safeguards of the STs;

(c) To participate and advise on the planning process of socio-

economic development of the STs and to evaluate the

progress of their development under the Union or a state;

(d) To present to the President, annually and at such other times

as it may deem fit, reports upon the working of those

safeguards;

(e) To make recommendations as to the measures that should

be taken by the Union or a state for the effective

implementation of those safeguards and other measures for

the protection, welfare and socio-economic development of

the STs; and

(f) To discharge such other functions in relation to the protection,

welfare and development and advancement of the STs as the

President may specify.

OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSION

In 2005, the President specified the following other functions of

the Commission in relation to the protection, welfare and

development and advancement of the STs7 :

(i) Measures to be taken over conferring ownership rights in

respect of minor forest produce to STs living in forest areas

(ii) Measures to be taken to safeguard rights of the tribal

communities over mineral resources, water resources etc.,

as per law

(iii) Measures to be taken for the development of tribals and to

work for more viable livelihood strategies

(iv) Measures to be taken to improve the efficacy of relief and

rehabilitation measures for tribal groups displaced by

development projects

(v) Measures to be taken to prevent alienation of tribal people

from land and to effectively rehabilitate such people in whose

case alienation has already taken place

(vi) Measures to be taken to elicit maximum cooperation and

involvement of tribal communities for protecting forests and

undertaking social afforestation

(vii) Measures to be taken to ensure full implementation of the