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Extending configuration for .Net 3.5 Applications
Due to a requirement in my current project, I have to build a configuration manager to handle configurations that merge local config info with database one.
Custom configuration doesn't fit my needs, problem is that I don't know what's the type before loading certain information, for example:
Loading database information I will able to know what's myhandler's type. Not previously. So I thought to write my own handler but I can't let set blank as type for sections, in fact .net requires to know what's the type to match myhandler nodes. I'm thinking on building a different parser to read XML nodes but I would prefer to match this structure.
I've not found any information to do that yet, is there any way? Can I extend or hook up something into the framework to be capable of loading on-the-fly types and validate nodes?
Thanks in advance.
I'm not sure I fully understand the question, but I think what you're asking is if you read in a list of configuration values without knowing their type, probably strings, can you determine what type of objects you need to construct?
I'm going to assume your database configuration has a table of values, hopefully key/value pairs, like:
Item1 = 15
Item2 = False
Item3 = xyz
You want a generic read method that reads in those from a config file and will convert Item1 to an Integer, Item2 to a Boolean, and Item3 to a String.
All of the base types have a TryParse, so you can read in the string from the configuration file and if the key = Item1 then Integer.TryParse(value, someInt).
I'm not sure that addresses your question, I'm having a hard time following the wording.
Thanks for answering, to keep it simple; I want to add a section to a section group without adding a type, because the type is unknown at the time of design. Something happened and I don't see part of the code that I wrote.
section name="mycode" type="?"
I don't know the type until I load some information from the database.
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/**
* Scope an action type.
* <p>
* Replaces reducer in a duck complient action type with param scope".
* If not duck complient, the given action type is returned unproccessed.
* </p>
* @example
* const actionType = "app/reducerA/DO_STUFF";
* console.log(scopeActionType("reducerB", actionType)); // app/reducerB/DO_STUFF
*
* @param {string} scope the string that will replace the reducer part of the action type
* @param {string} actionType the action type that will be scoped
* @returns {string} scoped action type
*/
const scopeActionType = (scope, actionType) => {
const splittedActionType = actionType.split("/");
if (splittedActionType.length < 3) return actionType;
splittedActionType[1] = scope;
return splittedActionType.join("/");
};
export default scopeActionType;
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Improvement of the fatigue behaviour of cellulose/polyolefin composites using photo-chemical fibre surface modification bio-inspired by natural role models
Based on the knowledge that plant structures often have graded stiffness transitions between strengthening elements and the surrounding matrix, which result in good damping behaviour and high toughness of the plant structure, the fatigue behaviour of composites made from rayon fibre and polypropylene (PP) as a matrix could be enhanced by photochemical surface modification of the regenerated cellulose fibres. The surface modification was achieved by deposition of UV-polymerized organic thin layers using pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) as the monomer. It has been shown earlier that the photochemical modification yields a decrease in wettability of the highly hydrophilic and water adsorbing viscose fibres and an increase in their affinity towards non-polar substances, thus promoting fibre-matrix adhesion. The presented experiments proved that the distinguished mechanical properties of the deposited layer structure also mimic the graded transition and provide good damping and fatigue behaviour superior to either untreated rayon/PP or rayon/maleic anhydride-modified PP composites.
Introduction
Higher-performing composites, in particular, fibrereinforced plastics are often manufactured by using textile structures made of unidirectional infinite organic or inorganic fibres embedded in a polymer matrix. There is a growing demand for sustainable materials with an increasing interest in natural and cellulose fibres for composite application (Carus et al. 2015). The development of natural fibre market growth over the next 25 years is estimated to be up to 300% (Shah 2013). In addition to natural fibres, regenerated cellulose fibres should also benefit from this development, especially because of favourable mechanical and morphological properties of these industrially manufactured endless and more homogeneous fibres.
The mechanical properties of a fibre-reinforced composite are dependent on fibre orientation, volume content of fibres and voids and last but not least fibrematrix adhesion, which is essential for the stress transfer between reinforcing fibre and polymer (Borja et al. 2006;Mirza et al. 2010;Graupner et al. 2014). The poor adhesion of the highly hydrophilic regenerated cellulose fibre (e.g. viscose) to the hydrophobic matrix polymer such as polypropylene (PP) is a significant drawback that hampers extended use of these fibres (Albano et al. 1999). Several authors reported interfacial shear strengths (IFSS) between regenerated cellulose fibres and polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) in the range of 3-8.8 MPa based on fragmentation and microbond tests (Adusumalli et al. 2006(Adusumalli et al. , 2010Karlsson et al. 1996;Awal et al. 2011;Müssig and Graupner 2017).
In general, dispersion forces are expected to be the major factor in the given system, so that the work of adhesion is determined by the surface energies of the materials involved and the interfacial energy. To enhance fibre-matrix adhesion in the system cellulose fibre/PP bonding agents such as maleic anhydride are frequently used to modify the PP matrix polymer (MAPP) (Felix and Gatenholm 1991;Huber and Müssig 2008;Joseph et al. 2002). Ester bonds can form between the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose fibre and the hydride carbonyl groups of MAPP thus significantly improve adhesion.
As an alternative, intense research activity is focused on the modification of natural as well as regenerated cellulose fibres to establish functional groups on the fibre surface. In addition to the enzymatic treatments, literature refers to chemical treatments in the form of a hydrophobic coating/modification of the fibre surface as well as physical surface modification (Belgacem and Gandini 2005;Bledzki et al. 2010;George et al. 2001). Other types of surface modification are silane treatments (Bledzki and Gassan 1996;Herrera-Franco and Valadez-Gonzalez 2005;Mieck et al. 1995;Park et al. 2006), treatment with isocyanates (Joly et al. 1996;Joseph et al. 1996), grafting processes (Canché-Escamilla et al. 1997Raj et al. 1989), alkali treatments (Herrera-Franco andValadez-Gonzalez 2005;Park et al. 2006;Valadez-Gonzalez et al. 1999) or C-H insertion crosslinking (CHic) processes (Abdul Hamid et al. 2019;Schuh et al. 2008;Prucker et al. 1999). Physically initiated surface modifications are also being explored, like corona and plasma treatments (Gassan and Bledzki 2000;Graupner et al. 2013;Yuan et al. 2007), vacuum UV treatments (cf. Belgacem and Gandini 2005), as well as c irradiation or electron radiation (Huber et al. 2010). Overall, a maximum improvement of fibrematrix adhesion by a factor of 1.5-2 is reported from fibre surface modifications.
In a previous instalment, the authors reported on photo-chemical surface modification of viscose fibres (Bahners et al. 2018). The surface modification was achieved by deposition of UV-polymerized organic thin layers using pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) or allyl diallylphthalate (DAP) as monomers. The main effects of the photochemical modification refer to a decrease in wettability of the highly hydrophilic and water adsorbing viscose fibres and an increase in their affinity towards non-polar substances. An important issue in cellulose/matrix interaction is the very high amount of water adsorbed on the surface and in the pores of the cellulosic material. As could be shown by differential scanning calorimetry, this water content is evident even after more extended thermal conditioning. Due to the existence of the adsorbed water layer, one has to consider the affinity of the matrix polymer to the water-rich polar surface of the viscose fibres. Accordingly, reducing the wettability of the fibres as well as covering the water-adsorbing surface both contributed an increase in fibre-matrix adhesion.
For fibre-reinforced composites that have been optimised regarding fibre/matrix adhesion, there is often an abrupt transition in stiffness at the thin fibrematrix interphase. This sharp property transition results, for example, in reduced toughness properties of the composite. In nature, plant structures often have graded transitions between strengthening elements and the surrounding matrix. These gradients result in good damping behaviour and high toughness of the plant structure.
An excellent example of a role model in biomimetics is bamboo. Bamboo is a very resilient and versatile material. The structure of the bamboo column corresponds to a composite material because the ground tissue is traversed by strong and stiff vascular bundles, which represent a fibre reinforcement in the axial direction. Bamboo shows gradients on several levels, which give a perfect adaptation to the load: the stiffness is highest near the ground and decreases towards the tip of the column, so it is adapted to the course of the bending moment, resulting in a nearly constant tension on the surface over the entire length of the column (Amada et al. 1997). The distribution of the reinforcing vascular bundles varies over the crosssection of the column. In the outer area, where the highest stresses are applied, there are about eight vascular bundles per mm 2 , at the inner part there are only two vascular bundles per mm 2 to be found (Ray et al. 2005). The Young's modulus of the vascular bundle itself is also dependent on the cross-section of the column. It increases linearly with increasing radius from the inside to the outside. Not only the stiffness but also the strength of the vascular bundles shows graded properties. The strength of the reinforcing bundles at the outside, where the highest stresses occur, shows values of about 800 MPa and is about 300 MPa higher than the strength of the bundles at the inside (Li and Shen 2011). The cell walls of the vascular bundle itself have a stiffness gradient (Wang et al. 2011). The macro-to micro-level gradients will contribute to the good mechanical properties of bamboo, and their deeper understanding will lead to biomimetic transfers in the field of fibre composites. Kuttner et al. (2012) had already shown that principles of the gradient structuring of plant cell walls could successfully be transferred to the modification of glass fibre surfaces by introducing a robust grafting method for polymers.
The study reported in the present article aimed to evaluate, whether the photo-chemical layer deposition would form, in a similar biomimetic manner, an interlayer architecture with graded properties to technical man-made composites based on cellulose fibre reinforced PP improving bonding as well as fatigue resistance comparable to our natural role model bamboo. The reasoning behind this concept is that the mentioned monomers PETA and DAP, due to their strong UV absorption, polymerise to explicit layers in a homo-polymerisation process. Although layer morphology varies for reasons of monomer distribution in the pore system of the textile and UV penetration into the pore system, layer thicknesses can be estimated to be of the order of several 100 nm, hence the existence of actual layers with mechanical properties defined by their degree of cross-linking (Bahners and Gutmann 2016).
Photo-chemical fibre treatment
The rayon fabrics were immersed in a solution of pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) in isopropanol with monomer concentrations of 1% and 5%, respectively. The fabrics were subsequently irradiated using a broadband Hg lamp with a main emission band between 200 and 300 nm with total emitted optical power per length of the tube of 50 W/cm (UVA-Print, Dr Hönle, Munich, DE). It must be noted that PETA strongly absorbs over the whole emission spectrum of the broadband lamp and, accordingly, can be polymerized without any additional photo-initiator. Layer deposition on the textile substrate, therefore, results from homo-polymerization in the monomer solution and subsequent ''grafting-to'' (Bahners and Gutmann 2016). As layer growth is quite significant, the addition of a photo-initiator must be assumed to be detrimental to the formation of layers in the porous system of the reinforcement fabrics. Further relevant irradiation parameters were a lamp-to-sample distance of 10 cm and an exposure time of 5 min. This process was completed by extraction in isopropanol to remove redundant monomers.
Test sample preparation
The composite panels were compression moulded with a small press (150 9 80 mm 2 ) with shearing edges usable for a Zwick/Roell Z020 (Zwick Roell, Ulm, DE) universal testing machine with a 20 kN load cell. No spacers were used for composite production.
The press plates were heated with heating cartridges. The treated and untreated rayon fabrics were first cut to size. The polypropylene matrix was sprinkled in the form of powder between the layers of fabric. The mass of the powder was adjusted to a fibre volume fraction of 50%. The layered layers were pressed between PTFE films. After an extensive series of measurements, a force-controlled variation of the pressing pressure of 0.16 N/mm 2 for 5 min and subsequently of 0.78 N/mm 2 for 5 min at a constant pressing temperature of 210°C turned out to be the ideal process variant. For the reference samples with an adhesion promoter, the pressing temperature was increased to 220°C due to the changed melting behaviour of the used 2% MA coupled polypropylene. Composite plates were produced with a thickness of about 2 mm (6 fabric layers, for quasi-static tensile and fatigue tests) and about 4 mm (12 fabric layers, for fibre content investigation). The weft threads ran parallel to the tensile direction in the mechanical analyses.
The composite structures were consolidated by cold pressing between aluminium plates, which resulted in dimensions of the plate of 80 9 80 9 4 mm 3 .
Fibre volume content
Samples were taken from the 4 mm thick plates with a width of 25 mm and a length of 65 mm to check the fibre volume content of the composites. One plate made with untreated rayon fabric and two plates with different treatment configurations of rayon fabric were selected for the measurements. Three samples were taken from each plate. The sample volume was determined by measuring the width, thickness and length at three positions on each specimen with a digital calliper gauge Mitutoyo,Neuss,DE). The mass of the fibres in the composite material was calculated using the known number of fabric layers, the grammage of the fabric of 295 g/m 2 and the density of the fibres of 1.5 g/cm 3 in relation to the measured total mass (measured with a fine-scale Type 440 35N, Kern & Sohn GmbH, Balingen, DE). The determined fibre volume content was 65% (standard deviation: 2%, n = 9) averaged over all samples. There was no clear difference between plates with untreated or treated fabrics. Since some of the polymer was pressed out at the edge of the mould during the compression moulding of the plates, the fibre volume content obtained was about 15% higher than the desired one.
Sample conditioning
Before mechanical testing, the samples were stored in a standard plastic climate with 23°C and 50% rel. humidity for at least 18 h.
Composite tensile strength
The fatigue test specimens were cut to a total length of 100 mm and a width of 10 mm from 2 mm thick plates using a jigsaw (MBS 240/E, PROXXON S.A., Wecker, LU). In the clamping area, 1 mm thick glass fibre-reinforced cap strips (GRP) were glued on the specimens with a cyanoacrylate adhesive (Art. No.: 46130, UHU GmbH & Co. KG, Bühl, DE) (Fig. 1).
The sample cross-section was determined by measuring the width and thickness at three positions of the specimen (upper, middle and lower part) with a digital calliper gauge Mitutoyo,Neuss,DE). After conditioning in standard climate (23°C, 50% relative humidity), the tensile tests were carried out with a universal testing device (Z020 with 20 kN load cell, pneumatic clamps type 8497.00.00, Zwick Roell, Ulm, DE). A clamping length of 25 mm, a loading speed of 1 mm/min, a pre-load of 5 N and a clamping pressure of 2.5 bar were used. The tensile strain was measured using the data of the traverse path.
Fatigue testing
From composite plates 2 mm thick (6 fabric layers), strip-shaped tensile specimens with a width of 10 mm and a length of 77 mm were cut. The specimens were tested without cap strips to avoid problems due to fatigue of the cap strips themselves and especially their adhesive bond with the specimen itself in the vicinity of the stress concentration at the cap-strip ends. Fatigue degradation in this range might cause a general softening of the specimen-cap-strip assembly which is not related to fatigue degradation of the specimens gauge section. Furthermore, since the material under consideration is comparatively soft (compared, e.g. to standard carbon fibre epoxy composites) and since the axial loads do not result in a considerable thinning due to the Poisson effect, cap strips serving as spring elements for compensation of the Poisson thickness loss were considered to be unnecessary.
The specimens were tested using parallel mechanical fixtures in an MTS testing machine (858 Mini Bionix II, MTS Systems Corporation, Eden Prairie, USA, Fig. 2). The cyclic test was carried out under tensile stress (R = 0.1) under force control at a given upper and lower force. The load horizons were determined according to the so-called ''bead-string method'' during the respective test series based on the already existing quasi-static strengths (see Fig. 4 and Table 2) such that the time-stable range of 10 3 -10 6 cycles was uniformly covered. Experiments that reached a total cycle number of 1 million cycles were considered as run-outs. The fatigue tests were performed uniformly at a specified test frequency of 10 Hz. During the tests, the temperature of the specimens was controlled at selected instants. No inherent heating was observed in any test. Each experiment was carried out until the specimen broke or until one million load cycles were reached.
SEM
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed for qualitative fracture analysis using a JSM-6510 instrument (Joel GmbH, Freising, DE). Samples were previously sputtered with gold in argon atmosphere throughout 80 s at 65 mA (SputterCoater SCD 005, BAL-TEC, LIE). Micrographs were taken in SE mode with 5 and 10 kV acceleration voltage.
Statistics
The results obtained in the investigations were initially checked for a normal distribution. For a small sample size under 6, the rapid test according to David et al. was used (Microsoft Excel version 2010, Microsoft Cooperation, Redmond, USA) with a significance level of a = 0.01. For normally distributed samples, the mean with standard deviation is given in the results part. The distribution-independent Wilcoxon ranksum test was performed in R (version 3.3.2, R Fig. 1 Test specimen with cap strips for the quasi-static tensile and cyclic fatigue tests (width of 10 mm and a length of 77 mm). Since no problems regarding the clamping of the specimens in the test fixture were encountered, all specimens were tested without cap strips Foundation for Statistical Computing) to analyse significant differences. The p-value adjustment method, according to Holm, was used. For a p value of less than 0.05, it is assumed that there is a significant difference between the data.
Results and discussion
Composite processing and characterization From the mechanical investigations at fibre and interphase level (compare Bahners et al. 2018) it becomes clear that a higher fibre-matrix adhesion can be achieved by the deposition of thin PETA layers on the regenerated cellulose fibres. In our previous study (Bahners et al. 2018), we already observed that at higher monomer concentrations, occlusion of the fibre interstices by cross-linked PETA occur. Based on the preliminary investigations, fabrics were selected for the manufacture of the composites, which were treated with a 1% and 5% PETA solution (Table 1). As reference composite plates manufactured of untreated fibres in the pure PP matrix, as well as MAPP coupled composites, were used.
A crucial question in composite production was whether the impregnation of semi-finished textiles during compression moulding is influenced by the deposition of the thin layers on and between the fibres. Figure 3 clearly shows that the deposition of thin PETA films does not affect the impregnation of weft and warp yarns. Only in very small areas (dark spots) in the interior of the yarn structure gaps between individual fibres are not filled with polymer. However, this was also observed in the composites made from untreated fabrics.
Tensile testing
The values of the quasi-static tensile strengths are shown in Fig. 4. The significantly highest tensile strengths were achieved with composites made with 1% PETA solution treated fabrics. For the 5% PETA variant as well as for the variant with MA coupling agent, no significant difference was found in comparison to the untreated reference samples.
When considering the fracture surfaces, it was possible to observe the withdrawal of entire yarn structures in all variants. Within the yarns, there is a difference in the fracture pattern between the series of measurements (Fig. 5). While the untreated fibres protrude very far from the fracture surfaces (Fig. 5), the pull-out lengths are smaller in the 1% PETA variant (Fig. 5). A much smoother fracture surface can be observed within the weft threads of the 5% PETA variant (Fig. 5). The outer fibres in the sample with a conventional coupling agent (MA) break off flush with the matrix. This phenomenon was also dominant in the fibre pull-out tests (compare Bahners et al. 2018). These observations reflect a tendency, which could not be confirmed for every region of the fractured surfaces. However, the trend observed at the fracture surfaces suggests an increasingly brittle behaviour along with the illustrated series of measurements.
The stress-strain curves from the tensile tests can be found in Fig. 6 taken from our previous research (Bahners et al. 2018).
All samples have typical curves for individual rayon fibres. The slope of the curves in the linear elastic range is higher for the thin-films and the MAmodified samples than for the untreated composites, which is reflected in Young's modulus values, which are significantly higher for the modified samples than For the fabrics with a photochemically crosslinked thin layer, the monomer concentration used and the radiation source with radiation duration are shown. MA = maleic anhydride for the untreated samples (compare Bahners et al. 2018). Within the modified variants, no significant differences can be found. The higher tensile strength of the 1% PETA variant results from a steeper increase in mid-curve stresses, indicating a better and more effective force transfer from the matrix to the fibre, and thus better utilisation of fibre properties.
Fatigue testing
The fatigue behaviour of the samples was evaluated in a cyclic test carried out under tensile stress with force control at a given upper and lower force at a specified Stress-strain behaviour of composite samples made of (modified) viscose fibres and PP matrix and the viscose fibre/ MAPP system (Bahners et al. 2018) test frequency of 10 Hz. Each experiment was carried out until the specimen broke or until one million load cycles were reached. Considerable qualitative differences were found in the fracture patterns, where samples failed during the cyclic test. The fracture patterns of the untreated samples, of the MA treated samples, and of the samples treated with 1% and 5% PETA are shown in Figs. 7, 8, 9 and 10, respectively. In all cases, fractures start from the edge of the clamps (compare Fig. 1). It can be observed that the fibre pull-out is high in the case of untreated and low in the case of the MA treated samples. The fibre and yarn pull-out exhibited by the photo-chemically modified samples was found to be smaller than the untreated samples, but higher than for the MA modified samples.
In some cases of untreated samples and samples modified with 1% PETA, delamination of the single outer layers occurs with partial separation and breakage of the delaminated middle area. No delamination was observed in case of the MA modified samples and all samples modified with 5% PETA.
A quantitative assessment of the samples' fatigue behaviour is given in the form of the S-N diagram, which relates the difference between the applied upper and lower tensile stress Dr (load or stress range) to the number of cycles N f , at which the fracture occurred. In a logarithmic representation of the data, a linear behaviour is expected, which can be extrapolated to N f = 10 6 cycles and the related fatigue strength of the samples.
The relevant S-N diagrams of the untreated samples, of the MA treated samples and of the samples treated with 1%, and 5% PETA are shown in Figs. 11,12,13 and 14,respectively. Table 2 summarises the cyclic properties of all four types of composites tested. For the evaluation of the cyclic strength, in particular, Dr (N f = 10 6 ) and the slope (-d log N/d log Dr) of the S-N curve is of importance. Dr (N f = 10 6 ) is rated as the related fatigue strength. Indicated are in Table 2 the median as well as the 5% and 95% quantiles. Also informative is the quasi-static strength R m stat , as well as the limit value Dr (N f = 1) of the S-N curve (extrapolated for a single cycle).
All S-N curves feature comparatively low coefficients of proportionality in the range between 22.7 and 31.0, which can be regarded as typical for fibrereinforced composite materials. The sample with untreated fabrics and the variant with 1% PETA solution of cross-linked thin films show the lowest slope of the S-N curves. As a result, the lowest strength drop is observed with a high number of load cycles compared to the quasi-static strength.
The value Dr (N = 10 6 ) representing the related fatigue strength follows the observed trend in quasi- Fig. 7 Fracture patterns of the samples (untreated) after fatigue testing. It turns out that all the samples except for the run-outs final fracture initiated at the edge of the clamp. A fracture pattern with a clear yarn and fibre pull-out is visible. In some cases, (for example sample AIL_UB_10) delamination of the single outer layers occurs with partial separation and breakage of the delaminated middle area static strength values (compare Fig. 4) concerning the influence of treatment. Thus, for the untreated variant and the variant with MA as coupling agent, cyclic strength values result in a similar height. The photochemically cross-linked thin films achieve a significantly higher fatigue strength of the composites at a monomer concentration of 1% PETA. For the variant with 5% PETA, the fatigue strength is somewhat lower but still higher than the reference samples. Here, one has to note that the poly-PETA layer is formed by homo-polymerisation and a subsequent ''grafting-to'' deposition. The slightly reduced radical generation in Fig. 8 Fracture patterns of the 1% PETA treated specimens after fatigue testing. The specimens except for the run-outs mostly fractured from the edge of the clamp. In contrast to the untreated specimens (compare Fig. 7), the fracture behaviour shows a significantly lower, but in comparison to the MA treated specimens (compare Fig. 8) longer fibre and yarn pull-outs and less fragmented cracks. In some cases (notably samples AIL_1% PETA_13 and AIL_1% PETA_14) the failure is accompanied by partial delamination of individual layers Fig. 9 Fracture patterns of the 5% PETA treated specimens after fatigue testing. The specimens except for the run-outs mostly fractured from the edge of the clamp and show a similar fracture behaviour as the 1% PETA treated specimens. However, significant delamination is not observed the 1% solution in combination with an improved penetration of monomer solution and radiation into the pore system of the reinforcement fabrics may thus be assumed to be the reason for more complete coverage of available fibre surfaces and the favourable mechanical properties. It is noticeable that the specimens with MA treatment have a much larger scatter in the fatigue test results (compare Fig. 14). It can be shown that the deposition of thin PETA films not only has a positive effect on the quasi-static tensile strength but also on the fatigue strength.
Summary and outlook
The fatigue performance of composites made from fabrics based on regenerated cellulose fibres and polypropylene as a matrix was improved by photochemical surface modification of the fibres. The surface modification was achieved by deposition of UV-polymerized organic thin layers using pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) as the monomer. Fig. 7), the fracture behaviour shows a significantly lower yarn as well as fibre pull-out separation and less fragmented cracks. Notable delaminations are not observed The photo-chemically cross-linked thin films achieve a significantly higher fatigue strength at a monomer concentration of 1% PETA. For the variant with 5% PETA, the fatigue strength was somewhat lower but still higher than the values of the reference samples. Critical to the evaluation of the investigated photochemical modification was the following aspect: the MA treated specimens exhibited a significantly larger scatter in the cyclic results. It could thus be shown that the photochemical deposition of hydrophobic thin films not only has a positive effect on the quasi-static tensile strength but also on the fatigue strength under cyclic load.
In nature, one can find plant structures such as bamboo that are exposed to high mechanical and cyclic loads and require good damping properties. The high load capacity of these structures is known to be due to gradual stiffness transitions between strengthening elements and the surrounding matrix, which prevent failure of the boundary layer and lead to high ''fatigue strength'' (Li and Shen 2011;Wang et al. 2011).
Our work shows that the development of a biomimetic gradation of the interphase by deposition of photo-chemically generated hydrophobic thin films on fibre surfaces can lead to optimised composite fatigue properties. Dr (N f = 1) = limit of the S-N curve for a single cycle shown with median (50%) and the 5% and 95% quantiles; Dr (N f = 10 6 ) as related fatigue with median (50%) and the 5% and 95% quantiles; -d log N/d log Dr = slope of the S-N curve. Higher values are an indicator for a lower slope
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Sample Based Trip Length Distribution Quality based on χχ 2 and Mean Absolute Error Values
As a vital part of transport modeling, the trip length distribution is normally gotten from a sample. In order to get a good model, a method to test the quality of the sample based trip length distribution must be available. A method to measure this quality has ever been developed, but it was found that the existing method still can be improved. While still using goodness of fit statistical test, the new method proposes two quality measurements. First, to verify whether the observed trip length distribution is conforming to the reference trip length distribution at a certain confidence level value, indicated by a value of χχ22 < χχ00. Second, to verify whether the error, mean absolute error measured in percentage, |ee%| = 110000 × |ee|mmeemmmm xxii,mmeemmmm ⁄ is acceptable. The new method can be used, while still fulfilling the basic principle of sample quality measure, i.e. satisfying maximum acceptable error at a certain confidence level. Keywords transport modeling, sample based trip length distribution quality measure.
Sample Based Trip Length Distribution Quality based on 2 and Mean Absolute Error Values Hitapriya Suprayitno 1 , Vita Ratnasari 2 , Nina Saraswati 1 , Citto Pacama Fajrinia 1 AbstractAs a vital part of transport modeling, the trip length distribution is normally gotten from a sample.In order to get a good model, a method to test the quality of the sample based trip length distribution must be available.A method to measure this quality has ever been developed, but it was found that the existing method still can be improved.While still using goodness of fit statistical test, the new method proposes two quality measurements.First, to verify whether the observed trip length distribution is conforming to the reference trip length distribution at a certain confidence level value, indicated by a value of < .Second, to verify whether the error, mean absolute error measured in percentage, |%| = × || , ⁄ is acceptable.The new method can be used, while still fulfilling the basic principle of sample quality measure, i.e. satisfying maximum acceptable error at a certain confidence level.
Keywords transport modeling, sample based trip length distribution quality measure.I. INTRODUCTION 1 ransport Modeling is an important part of a Transportation Planning.Transportation Planning need a future estimate of desired line, traffic flow volume, passenger flow volume and goods flow volume in the network.This important transportation network loading data can only be provided by Transport Model.The desired line is a product of trip distribution modeling steps, in which Trip Length Distribution (TLD) is a capital input for the calculation.Transport model validation is generally done in the end of modeling after the trip assignment step.Therefore, having a good TLD is very important.Besides, TLD is sometimes used to validate the unconventional model [1]- [5].
Special Conventional Model has been recently developed to estimate a New Mass Transit Line in a limited existing network.The model cannot be calibrated and validated in the end after Trip Assignment calculation, since the existing passenger trips are not exist yet.Thus, having accurate samples in each step is a must.In this case having an accurate TLD is capital [6]- [9].A sample can be considered as good if the sample's observed characteristics is the same as or very similar to the populations observed characteristics.Therefore, the sample quality measure is based on satisfying maximum acceptable error at a certain confidence level (MAE at CCL).This quality requirement, for certain cases, can be derived directly into a minimum sample size and its sampling method.For this purpose, in statistical science, several formulas have been developed to determine the minimum sample size to fulfill the sample quality requirement.However, formula to determine the minimum sample size for developing a TLD cannot be found [10]- [17]. 1 Hitapriya Suprayitno, Nina Saraswati, and Citto Pacama Fajrinia are with Departement of Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia.E-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>2 Vita Ratnasari is with Departement of Statistics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia.E-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>There is a general formula to determine sample size for general cases in which the distribution is not known, often called as Slovin Formula.However, its explications, found on several papers or books, are confusing.In certain important detail, they are not harmonious each other [17]- [19].The author, momentarily, decides that the Slovin Formula is better not to be used for this case, until a correct statistical explication that Slovin Formula can be used can be gotten.
The TLD is normally gotten from a sample.So, a means for measuring its quality must be available.A TLD Quality Measuring method has ever been developed and written [1].It was found that an improvement still can be made on this method, in order to be better conforming to the general principle of the sample quality.
This paper presents the result of an attempt to improve the previous method for measuring the Sample based TLD quality.To be practical, in this paper, the previous paper cases are used to present the general TLD characteristics and to execute the method trial.
II. RESEARCH METHOD
The research was executed by following these steps: identification of TLD main characteristics, research problem statement, principal of sample quality statement, related statistical inference test, critics on the previous method, a new method concept, method trial, and conclusion.
A. TLD Main Characteristics
To be practical, the same example of TLD, used in previous paper, is used here to present the general characteristics of a TLD [1].
In general, a TLD follow a certain general characteristic, the number of long trip is less than the number of short trips, and the number of very short trips is also less.TLD's general distribution pattern, in terms of number of trips on a range of trip length, has a specify form, i.e. started from low number of trips, increase steeply to reach the peak value and then gradually decrease until it reach little number of trips at the T maximum trip length.It must be noted that it deals with a distribution, it means a series of a parameter values, and not a single parameter value [1], [4], [5].As an illustration, an Example of a TLD is presented in Table 1 and Figure 1.
B. Basic Sample Quality Measure and Sample Size
A sample can be considered as a good sample if and only if the sample's observed characteristics value is the same as or very similar to the populations observed characteristics value.To achieve this condition, two requirements must be accomplished: minimum sample size and the sample data collection method.Thus, quality measure for sample quality basically is "Maximum Acceptable Error at a Certain Confidence Level" (MAE at CCL).The error should be the error of characteristics value, so the statistical test must be used can be different from one case to the other.It depends very much on the nature of the observed characteristic [10].
Normally, a TLD is presented as a discrete curve, so it can be considered as a discrete distribution pattern.Therefore, statistical Goodness of Fit test should be appropriate to test the TLD Quality [1].
C. Goodness of Fit Test Principle
Goodness of Fit test is designated to verify whether an observed distribution is the same as the reference distribution.Depends on the distribution type, one of two statistical tests, i.e. the 2 test or the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test, must be chosen to be used in Goodness of Fit test [10].The TLD is a discrete curve, so the 2 test must be used [1].The general hypothesis form is presented as follows.H0: the observed distribution is the same as the reference distribution H1: the observed distribution is not the same as the reference distribution H0 is accepted if where: = the 2 value at υ and at certain confidence level
D. Previous Method for Measuring Sample Based TLD Quality
A Method to Measure the TLD Sample Quality has been developed.The method is based on Goodness of Fit statistical inference by using a 2 Test.The Sample Quality is expressed by the Confidence Level [1].Confidence Level = P( , ) where: = number of values of distribution r = number of parameter
E. Critics on the Previous Method
The main critics on the previous method is based on the principle that the confidence level is normally used only to express the confidence level degree, and the error is used to express the accuracy degree.Only the combination of those two which is capable to well express the sample quality.The previous method, by using only the Goodness of Fit technique, measures only the Confidence Level without considering the existing error.This is not conforming to the principle of sample quality: MAE at CCL.The previous method, measure the confidence level value based on calculated χ 2 and its α value, can make the result a bit confusing.Basically, estimating at a higher confidence level value causes a wider range of estimation value, thus a higher error.Meanwhile, the Goodness of Fit test is not capable to calculate the error.
Therefore, the sample based TLD quality measurement, by still using the Goodness of Fit test technique, should include two results as follow.
• Conformity verification of whether the sample distribution is the same as the reference distribution.• Acceptability verification of the error value.
F. Method Improvement
Developing a Method Improvement is basically implementing the sample based TLD quality measurement principle formulated in the above Critics on the Previous Method.
Before all, this is about comparing the distribution pattern between the sample distributions against the reference distribution.The real distribution values of those two are different significantly.So, comparing directly the two distributions, in terms of existing distribution values difference, is not correct.Hence, both sample's and reference's distribution values must be expressed in percentage.
The new method of Sample Based TLD Quality Measurement procedure can be presented as follow.First, set an accepted error value in percentage and a confidence level value.Second, check whether the sample distribution is conforming to the reference distribution.The verification is based on χ 2 test.Third, check whether the error value conform to the requirement.The verification is based on the mean absolute error value, measured in percentage.All of the mathematical formulas needed to conduct the quality measurement are presented below.The statistical test is presented below.
• To verify whether the sample distribution is part of the reference distribution.If 2 < 0,CL 2 , the observed distribution is conform to the reference distribution at a certain CL.
• To verify whether the existing error is less than the requirement.
If |%| < 0 |, the sample quality is acceptable. (5) where : accepted e value, as a requirement || : mean of absolute error |%| : mean absolute error, measured in percentage , : mean of distribution value
A. Trial Case
To be practical, two cases used in the previous method paper are used in this paper as trial cases to examine the proposed method [1].The two cases are as follows.
• BRI Kertajaya Office -working trip • SMA 9 Wijaya Kusuma -schooling trip The working trip length and the schooling trip length are the distance from employee home to the office and the distance from students home to the school.A number of employee's and student's addresses were noted.The distance from home to the cases addresses were measured.These can be considered as morning working and schooling trips.
For each case, a sample of minimum 50 trips were taken and considered as a reference, from which an 80% samples were taken randomly as the sample of the reference population.A number of 50s individus has been taken in order to have more than 30 individus.The number of 30 is considered as a number at which a certain group starts to have a clear statistical distribution pattern.In order that the two TLD, the reference and the sample, can be comparable, the TLD is measured in percentage rather than in number of trip.For these two trials, the Maximum Acceptable Error is set at 10% and the Confidence Level is set at 95%.
B. Trial Case 1 -BRI Kertajaya Office
BRI Kertajaya Office is a branch office of the Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI), a state owned bank.~(1.376 < 5.99) At a confidence level of 95%, the sample distribution can be considered as the same as the reference distribution.
The mean absolute error is less than the maximum accepted error.The sample is accepted.The statistical test calculation and the distribution graphs are presented in Table 2 ~(1.6 < 11.07)At a confidence level of 95%, the sample distribution can be considered as the same as the reference distribution.
The mean absolute error is slightly higher than the maximum accepted error.The sample is not accepted.The statistical test calculation and the distribution graphs are presented in Table 3 and Figure 3.
D. Remarks
The previous method for measuring sample based TLD quality has been improved.It is clear that the new method can be used easily.The new method produce a conformity verification of the observed distribution to the reference distribution and acceptability verification of the error value measured in percentage.So the improved method is already conforming to the sample quality measurement principle: MAE at CCL.But by itself, the method is not capable to give a minimum sample size formula directly.
V. CONCLUSION
The research objective has been successfully attained.Main conclusion can be drawn and presented as follows.
• A new method, conform to the principle of sample quality: "Maximum Accepted Error at a Certain Confidence Level", has been developed.• The new method is easy to be used.
• The Goodness of Fit statistical test is still used.
•
The method produce two main components as result: Conformity verification of the sample distribution relation to the reference distribution at a certain confidence level value.• Acceptability verification of the error, the error is expressed in mean absolute error, measured in percentage.• Regarding the nature of the test method, a direct formula to determine the minimum sample size cannot be derived based on this method.The paper discussions trigger other curiosities : how does the sample based TLD quality varies in relation to the sample size variation, is the Slovin formula appropriate to be used for this case, what is the range of problem the Slovin formula could cover, how is the behaviour of TLD Pattern due to the variation of Trip Length Interval used, what is the appropriate deterrence function, how is the detterence function varies due to the TLD Pattern variation, how is the appropriate method to develop deterrence function.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This small research is a part of the main research on trying to find the Trip Length Distribution Quality Variation across Different Sample Size.The data are collected by Nina Saraswati and Citto Pacama Fajrinia as part of their thesis work.
Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Example of a Trip Length Distribution Graph[1]
Figure 2 .Figure 3 .
Figure 2. Case 1 -Trip Length Distribution Graph[1] Trip Length Distribution was constructed for the Reference Sample and for the Sample of Reference.The statistical Goodness of Fit test gave the following result.• 2 < 0;[2,(1−95%)] and Figure 2. Trip Length Distribution was constructed for the Reference Sample and for the Sample of Reference.The statistical test gave the following result.
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Board Thread:Fun and Games/@comment-33800845-20190718184247/@comment-30126178-20190723213833
anyway Cats (2019) looks so bad and i wont be seeing it
|
Luis T. Centina Jr.
Luis Torres Centina Jr. (August 21, 1921 – July 18, 2015) was a Filipino American author who served as a guerrilla leader in the United States Army Forces Far East (USAFFE) during the Second World War in the island of Negros in the Philippines. He wrote articles in Philippine publications about his personal recollections of the war, which formed the basis of a book, Almost on the Carpet, posthumously published in April 2016. “In recognition of [his] outstanding meritorious service in ground combat during World War II in the Asiatic-Pacific theater of operations," the New Jersey Department of Military and Veterans Affairs honored him with a certificate of appreciation on July 14, 2001.
Early life
Born in Passi, Iloilo, in the Philippines, Luis was the son of Luis Centena Sr. and Antonia Torres, who also went by the name of Antonia Cordero. His father was a land surveyor while his mother was a landowning schoolteacher who financed his education and that of his siblings with income from her rice lands. He grew up in his hometown of Calinog, Iloilo. When his mother abruptly died while Luis was around ten years of age, the family fortune dramatically changed, forcing him to look for a job after graduation in 1939 from Iloilo High School, now known as Iloilo National High School, instead of pursuing his dream to become a structural engineer. When he came into his own, he started using a variant of his last name, spelling it with a "ti" instead of with a "te."
The social connections his father made as an itinerant land surveyor helped Luis find work in Capiz building public works in the province where he stayed for a year. His adventurous spirit soon brought him to Cadiz, Negros Occidental, where he was taken under the wings of a geodetic engineer as a journeyman. He surveyed and measured lands designated for road construction.
Guerrilla Leader
On December 7, 1941, the Japanese Imperial Army launched a sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, which drew the United States into World War II. Since the Philippines was a U.S. colony at the time, the invasion of the Philippines by the Empire of Japan came within ten hours of the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese invasion of the Philippines led to the Japanese occupation of the Southeast Asian archipelago between 1942 and 1945.
Luis answered the call to defend his country by enlisting in the Philippine Commonwealth Army, which months earlier had been placed under the USAFFE led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur, who was tasked by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to defend the Philippines when war with Japan looked imminent. But Luis failed his physical when an Army physician diagnosed him with an enlarged heart. However, in the face of an impending Japanese attack on the island of Negros, Camp Magallon where he went to enlist was on edge and Army recruiters were distracted, creating an opening for Luis to present the X-ray results of a friend as his own. He was admitted into the Philippine Commonwealth Army and inducted into the USAFFE on December 21, 1941.
Assigned to Camp Barrett in the village of La Granja in La Carlota City, then a municipality, he reported to Col. Roger B. Hilsman, commander of Negros island and of the 2nd Battalion, 101st Infantry of the Visayas-Mindanao Force. With the fall of Bataan and Corregidor, Maj. Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright determined that further resistance was futile. He surrendered the Philippines to the Japanese on May 6, 1942. On May 21, 1942, Colonel Hilsman ordered the surrender of Negros island. Out of five battalions, Luis’ battalion was one of three which complied. The rest fled into the mountains to fight a guerrilla war.
But while Luis was on his way to a Japanese concentration camp in Fabrica, Sagay to the north of the province, the Army truck that was transporting him had a flat tire. He seized the opportunity to escape and sought refuge on the sugarcane farm of a friend, Eliodoro Ramos Jr., a private under his unit at Camp Barrett who refused to surrender. He later married his friend's sister, Eva, with whom he had eight children, one of whom was lost to miscarriage. His friend and brother-in-law Eliodoro was killed by a Japanese sniper during one of the fiercest battles in late 1944 leading to the liberation of the island the following year by American, Filipino and local guerrilla forces.
As a guerrilla leader, Luis was promoted to staff sergeant and led eighteen enlisted men and a number of Civilian Volunteer Guards in the intelligence unit of the 7th Military District of Negros island. They gathered intelligence on the enemy and dispatched their reports to Australia, where General MacArthur was headquartered. They also imposed discipline on erring guerrillas, some of whom formed “wild units” accused of abusing civilians. During the liberation of the Philippines in 1945, they pinpointed Japanese military targets to American pilots.
After the war in 1945, he stayed in the Army as an investigator of the Philippine War Crimes Commission that looked into atrocities committed during the war and sent war collaborators to face justice in Leyte.
Educator
He briefly worked as assistant deputy provincial assessor of the province of Iloilo. Taking advantage of the Philippine version of the GI Bill, he went to college and obtained a teaching diploma after two years. With two young sons to feed, he saw the teaching profession as the surest way to earn a regular pay check. The Philippines badly needed schoolteachers to provide economic development through education in a country devastated by war and newly granted independence by the United States in 1946.
Except for the first two years of his thirty-four year career as an educator, he served as a grade schoolteacher in the Division of La Carlota City Schools under the Philippine Department of Education. He was later promoted as chief division statistician and attendance teacher. Fellow teachers elected him to the board of the Negros Occidental Teachers Federation, where he worked to enhance their benefits until 1983, a year past his retirement from government service.
Almost on the Carpet
Almost on the Carpet is based on an article of the same title published in the Philippine Digest in 1971. An expanded version of the article appeared in the March 2003 edition of Search, an Augustinian cultural journal published in Manila. Before being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2008, Luis left copious notes in long hand about his war experiences, which were incorporated into his Search article and published as a book. The nonfiction work tells the story of a young man caught in the cataclysm of a global conflict, and how he found love and met his destiny against the backdrop of the Second World War. According to the blurb of the book, it chronicles his struggles after a "young man's dream is shattered by the advent of the Second World War. As the drums of war grow louder, he finds love within the vortex of horror and deprivation unleashed upon the Philippine archipelago by the invading Japanese Imperial Army. A personal recollection of the Second World War by a guerrilla leader fighting under the U.S flag."
As a writer, Luis' short fiction "The Tragic Ballad of Maestro Bondoc" was published in Homelife, a Catholic family magazine in the Philippines, in 1976. He is the father of author and poet Gilbert Luis R. Centina III.
Under the Immigration Act of 1990, which was signed into law by President George H. W. Bush, Luis and his wife became U.S. citizens in 1992, forty-seven years after the war. A provision authored by Senator Daniel K. Inouye was incorporated into the bill which enabled qualified Filipino veterans to avail themselves of American citizenship. Before finding success in the 1990 immigration law, Inouye, a World War II hero, had championed over many years the cause of World War II Filipino veterans who fought under the U.S. flag.
Luis died on July 18, 2015, due to complications from both Alzheimer's disease and diabetes at home in Belleville, New Jersey.
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Automatically find and delete new PluggableSystemWindows
@sinnaj-r Is this the behavior we have implemented currently?
(Note that this refers to testing.)
@sinnaj-r Is this the behavior we have implemented currently?
(Note that this refers to testing.)
Yes, it is. In my opinion this issue can be closed.
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". . . The admirable arrangement of the present volume leaves nothing to be desired. Mr. Dudgeon has carried out his task with thoroughness, and the book is excellently equipped with maps, illustrations, and index." Manchester Courier.
Athenczum.
"... The careful marshalling of facts and purports which Mr. Dudgeon has here got together cannot fail to be of great value to all concerned in the development of its natural resources." Western Morning News.
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package common.jetty;
import org.eclipse.jetty.server.Connector;
import org.eclipse.jetty.server.Server;
import org.eclipse.jetty.server.bio.SocketConnector;
import org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.ContextHandlerCollection;
import org.eclipse.jetty.servlet.ServletContextHandler;
import org.eclipse.jetty.webapp.WebAppContext;
import common.util.log.UtilLog;
public class JettyServer {
private Server server;
private int port;
private String state;
// 构造
public JettyServer(int port) {
server = new Server();
this.port = port;
Connector conn = new SocketConnector();
conn.setPort(port);
// conn.setHost("192.1.50.42");
server.setConnectors(new Connector[] { conn });
ContextHandlerCollection handler = new ContextHandlerCollection();
ServletContextHandler servlethandler = new ServletContextHandler();
servlethandler.addServlet(DtServlet.class, "*.do");
handler.addHandler(servlethandler);
WebAppContext webapp = new WebAppContext();
webapp.setContextPath("/");
webapp.setResourceBase("./jsp");
handler.addHandler(webapp);
server.setHandler(handler);
}
// 启动服务
public void start() {
try {
server.start();
state = server.getState();
} catch (Exception e) {
UtilLog.logError("Jetty服务器启动失败:", e);
}
}
// 停止服务
public void stop() {
try {
server.stop();
state = server.getState();
} catch (Exception e) {
UtilLog.logError("Jetty服务器停止失败:", e);
}
}
// 获取服务状态
public String getState() {
return state;
}
// 获取服务端口
public int getPort() {
return port;
}
// public static void main(String[] args) {
// new JettyServer(9999).start();
// }
}
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[WIP] Copy locale/manageiq.pot to locale/en/manageiq.po (English locale only)
via git checkout a468cb9 -- locale/manageiq.pot
cp locale/manageiq.pot locale/en/manageiq.po
This PR (English only) will attempt to recreate the following pull requests, by first demonstrating the https://github.com/ManageIQ/manageiq/pull/21779 will detect the previous failures that led to the revert of these changes:
https://github.com/ManageIQ/manageiq/pull/21769
https://github.com/ManageIQ/manageiq-providers-ibm_cic/pull/9
These PRs were split here for the English part. https://github.com/ManageIQ/manageiq/pull/21784 contains the other locales.
TODO:
[ ] Ibm Cic rename -> IBM CIC commit from https://github.com/ManageIQ/manageiq/pull/21788 is included... will rebase once that is merged
[x] Demonstrate the original a468cb9 change to commit the po file as the template leads to a test failure
[ ] Fix it
This pull request just says that we hacked this one key.
Lets just update the pot file.
Seems we should be more focused on the future process which will be converting the manageiq.pot to en/manageiq.po
@jrafanie I also expected this to be changed in the pot file. Was that done in the other Pr and this is just copying over English?
Right, so I don't know what the process should be for this part. I don't know how to generate the rake local:update_all again now to try to match up what was generated in https://github.com/ManageIQ/manageiq/pull/21769.
The intention was to split the English vs. non-English so I went with the pot file at a468cb9. Then, I was going to copy it to the po file, recreate the error with invalid header fields, and then fix them.
I'll have to think about this.
My suggestion is to fix just this one message manually and then, in a future PR, generate the locale/manageiq.pot file via rake locale:update_all along with its English counterpart - locale/en/manageiq.po
My suggestion is to fix just this one message manually (so that it can be backported to Najdorf) and then, in a future PR, generate the locale/manageiq.pot file via rake locale:update_all along with its English counterpart - locale/en/manageiq.po
Do the English po/pot need to generated "close" to the same point in time as the translations?
Either way, I can split off the CIC rename into a separate PR.
Either way, I can split off the CIC rename into a separate PR.
Maybe that is a good idea to make the intent clearer
1) I18n msgfmt on locale/en/manageiq.po succeeds
Failure/Error: expect(result.success?).to be_truthy, "msgfmt failed with the following errors:\n\n#{result.error.indent(2)}"
msgfmt failed with the following errors:
msgfmt: locale/en/manageiq.po: warning: PO file header fuzzy
warning: older versions of msgfmt will give an error on this
locale/en/manageiq.po:8: invalid nplurals value
locale/en/manageiq.po:8: warning: header field 'Last-Translator' still has the initial default value
locale/en/manageiq.po:8: warning: header field 'Language-Team' still has the initial default value
locale/en/manageiq.po:8: warning: header field 'Language' still has the initial default value
msgfmt: found 2 fatal errors
# ./spec/i18n/msgfmt_spec.rb:14:in `block (3 levels) in <top (required)>'
2) locale_name all languages have properly set locale_name
Failure/Error: expect(locale_name).not_to eq('locale_name')
expected: value != "locale_name"
got: "locale_name"
(compared using ==)
# ./spec/i18n/locale_name_spec.rb:6:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'
# ./spec/i18n/locale_name_spec.rb:4:in `block (3 levels) in <top (required)>'
# ./spec/i18n/locale_name_spec.rb:3:in `each'
# ./spec/i18n/locale_name_spec.rb:3:in `block (2 levels) in <top (required)>'
These are the local and github action failures before I push the fix to the headers 👆
One second... I'm dropping "the Ibm Cic rename commit" as we it won't be merged ahead of time since it's a cleanup type thing on top of the main translation updates.
[x] Fix it
Finished in 9 minutes 12 seconds (files took 36.3 seconds to load)
11839 examples, 0 failures, 4 pending
Looks good. unWIP when ready
Backported to najdorf via https://github.com/ManageIQ/manageiq/pull/21875
|
Rated 4 out of 5 stars
Two things for this add-on: one is speed problem by which the left tab bar appears and disappears (although I set the time to 1 msec), and the other is the liberation of child tabs from their parents when closing and opening FF even though I have Session Manager
This review is for a previous version of the add-on (0.6.2008050601).
|
Diamond at singulars
I'm sure this is a silly question. Suppose $\lambda$ is a singular cardinal of uncountable cofinality. Then surely $\diamondsuit_\lambda$ must fail. But why?
Just in case, let me specify that by $\diamondsuit_\lambda$ I mean that there is a sequence of sets $A_\alpha\subseteq \alpha$ for $\alpha<\lambda$ such that for
any $A\subseteq\lambda$ the set $\{\alpha<\lambda;A\cap\alpha=A_\alpha\}$ is stationary in $\lambda$.
I vaguely remember thinking about this some time ago and convincing myself that $\diamondsuit_\lambda$ should violate König's theorem. But I can't reconstruct the argument. Certainly, $\diamondsuit_\lambda$ implies that there are only $\lambda$ many bounded subsets of $\lambda$. If $\lambda$ was regular then this would also mean that $\lambda^{<\lambda}=\lambda$, since any short sequence in $\lambda$ is bounded. But if $\lambda$ is singular then there are elements of ${}^{<\lambda}\lambda$ which are unbounded in $\lambda$, so the previous trick doesn't apply.
What exactly do you mean by $\lozenge_\lambda$ here?
@AsafKaragila I just mean naively plugging in a singular $\lambda$ into $\diamondsuit$, so a sequence of sets $A_\alpha\subseteq \alpha$ such that for any $A\subseteq \lambda$ the set ${\alpha<\lambda;A\cap\alpha=A_\alpha}$ is stationary ($\lambda$ should have uncountable cofinality for this to even have a chance of making sense).
Assume diamond holds at $\lambda$. Since $\lambda$ has a club of size $cf(\lambda)$, there cannot be more than $2^{cf(\lambda)} \leq \lambda$ many almost disjoint stationary subsets of $\lambda$. There are at least $\lambda^+$ many different subsets of $\lambda$, each guessed on some stationary subset of $\lambda$ and these sets are almost disjoint - A contradiction.
Very nice!$~~~~~$
|
Talk:Tokyo Ghoul (soundtrack)/@comment-30990359-20180904181000
Somebody know what's tha soundtrack in 3th season episode 2 on beginning??? plese fast help<3<3
|
import { AfterViewInit, Component, OnInit, ViewChild } from '@angular/core';
import { MatPaginator } from '@angular/material/paginator';
import { MatSort } from '@angular/material/sort';
import { MatTable } from '@angular/material/table';
import { Flight } from '../model/flight.model';
import { FlightsService } from '../services/flights.service';
@Component({
selector: 'app-admin',
templateUrl: './admin.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./admin.component.scss'],
})
export class AdminComponent implements OnInit {
private static readonly serverErrorMes =
"CAN'T LOAD FLIGHTS! TRY AGAIN LATER. (servers might be down)";
loading = true;
loadingMessage = 'LOADING FLIGHTS, PLEASE WAIT';
flightList!: Flight[];
// newFlight fields
origin!: string;
destination!: string;
flightNumber!: number;
depart!: Date;
arrive!: Date;
isNonstop: boolean = false;
constructor(private flightService: FlightsService) {}
ngOnInit(): void {
this.refresh();
}
refresh() {
this.loading = true;
this.flightService.getAllFlights().subscribe(
(data: Flight[]) => {
this.flightList = data;
this.loading = false;
},
(err) => (this.loadingMessage = AdminComponent.serverErrorMes),
);
}
toggleNonStop() {
this.isNonstop = !this.isNonstop;
}
sendFlight() {
const flight: Flight = {
origin: this.origin,
destination: this.destination,
flightNumber: this.flightNumber,
depart: this.depart,
arrive: this.arrive,
isNonstop: this.isNonstop,
};
this.flightService.postFlight(flight);
}
update(flight: Flight) {
this.flightService.updateFlight(flight).subscribe((data) => {
console.log(data);
if (data) {
this.refresh();
}
});
}
delete(flight: Flight) {
if (
window.confirm(`Are you sure you want to delete flight #${flight.flightNumber}?`)
) {
this.flightService.deleteFlight(flight).subscribe((data) => {
if (data) {
this.refresh();
}
});
}
}
}
|
#!/usr/bin/python3
import os
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QSystemTrayIcon
import PyQt5.QtGui as QtGui
from .app_menu import AppMenu
__author__ = "Alex Kalinkin"
class QtWindowManager:
app = None
translations = None
def __init__(self, translations):
import sys
self.translations = translations
self.app = QApplication(sys.argv)
self.app.setQuitOnLastWindowClosed(False)
def start(self, indicator_id, icon):
icon = QSystemTrayIcon(QtGui.QIcon(os.path.abspath(icon)), self.app)
icon.setContextMenu(self.AppMenu().build())
icon.show()
self.app.exec_()
def AppMenu(self):
if hasattr(self, 'appMenu'):
return self.appMenu
else:
self.appMenu = AppMenu(self, self.translations)
return self.appMenu
def MainWindow(self):
if hasattr(self, 'mainWindow'):
return self.mainWindow
else:
from .main_window import MainWindow
self.mainWindow = MainWindow(self.translations)
return self.mainWindow
def AboutWindow(self):
if hasattr(self, 'aboutWindow'):
return self.aboutWindow
else:
from .about_window import AboutWindow
self.aboutWindow = AboutWindow(self.translations)
return self.aboutWindow
def MainTaskOfTheDayWindow(self):
if hasattr(self, 'mainTaskOfTheDayWindow'):
return self.mainTaskOfTheDayWindow
else:
from .main_task_of_the_day_window import MainTaskOfTheDayWindow
self.mainTaskOfTheDayWindow = MainTaskOfTheDayWindow(self.translations)
return self.mainTaskOfTheDayWindow
|
We report results from high-resolution particle-mesh (PM) N-body simulations
of structure formation in an $\Omega=1$ cosmological model with a mixture of
Cold plus Hot Dark Matter (C+HDM) having $\Omega_{\rm cold}=0.6$,
$\Omega_\nu=0.3$, and $\Omega_{\rm baryon}=0.1$. We present analytic fits to
the C+HDM power spectra for both cold and hot ($\nu$) components, which provide
initial conditions for our nonlinear simulations. In order to sample the
neutrino velocities adequately, these simulations included six times as many
neutrino particles as cold particles. Our simulation boxes were 14, 50, and
200~Mpc cubes (with $H_0=50$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$); we also did comparison
simulations for Cold Dark Matter (CDM) in a 50~Mpc box. C+HDM with linear bias
factor $b=1.5$ is consistent both with the COBE data and with the galaxy
correlations we calculate. We find the number of halos as a function of mass
and redshift in our simulations; our results for both CDM and C+HDM are well
fit by a Press-Schechter model. The number density of galaxy-mass halos is
smaller than for CDM, especially at redshift $z>2$, but the numbers of
cluster-mass halos are comparable. We also find that on galaxy scales the
neutrino velocities and flatter power spectrum in C+HDM result in galaxy
pairwise velocities that are in good agreement with the data, and about 30\%
smaller than in CDM with the same biasing factor. On scales of several tens of
Mpc, the C+HDM streaming velocities are considerably larger than CDM. Thus
C+HDM looks promising as a model of structure formation.
|
<?PHP
//Update link to database
$link = mysqli_connect("localhost", "ckonkol", "ckonkol", "ckonkol");
$id = $_POST["id"];
$fname = $_POST["fname"];
$lname = $_POST["lname"];
$email = $_POST["email"];
$msg = $_POST["msg"];
$sql = "UPDATE people SET people_fname='$fname',people_lname='$lname',people_email='$email', people_msg='$msg' WHERE people_id=$id";
$result = mysqli_query($link, $sql);
header('refresh:4;url=index.php');
echo "Updating...please wait";
?>
|
How to style marks in rc-slider library?
I am working on my react-js app and suddenly facing some issue related to word wrap in rc-slider npm [https://www.npmjs.com/package/rc-slider] . anyone know about how to style marks in rc slider. if yes, please help me to style my slider like this ... up and down markers your text
<Slider dots min={0} marks={marks} step={null} defaultValue={0} >
I try every thing from my side....
.rc-slider-mark-text:nth-of-type(even) {
color: red !important;
transform: translate(-50%, -33px) !important;
}
:nth-of-type(even) /* same, represents every even elements that has the same expanded element name */
try this solution
for reference
|
panda qcut into 10 buckets. but later can't sort it properly
I'm trying to quantile qcut on a numeric variable and plot is's relationship with a variable price.
df3['quantile_house_size'] = pd.qcut(df3['house_size'], q=10, precision=0)
df3['quantile_house_size'].value_counts()
quantile_house_size
(1223.0, 1400.0] 31682
(2188.0, 2650.0] 31356
(2650.0, 3500.0] 31315
(1044.0, 1223.0] 31278
(307.0, 815.0] 31264
(815.0, 1044.0] 31227
(1604.0, 1867.0] 31223
(1867.0, 2188.0] 31218
(3500.0, 70626.0] 31033
(1400.0, 1604.0] 30827
Name: count, dtype: int64
quantile_grouped = df3.groupby(df3.quantile_house_size.astype(str))['price'].mean()
sorted_s_index_desc = quantile_grouped.sort_index(ascending=True)
sorted_s_index_desc
quantile_house_size
(1044.0, 1223.0] 5.103364e+05
(1223.0, 1400.0] 5.406730e+05
(1400.0, 1604.0] 5.604197e+05
(1604.0, 1867.0] 6.326445e+05
(1867.0, 2188.0] 7.138814e+05
(2188.0, 2650.0] 9.642463e+05
(2650.0, 3500.0] 1.050743e+06
(307.0, 815.0] 5.113049e+05
(3500.0, 70626.0] 2.583585e+06
(815.0, 1044.0] 4.676279e+05
nan 7.919342e+05
Name: price, dtype: float64
The (815.0, 1044.0],(1044.0, 1223.0] are not sorted properly.
I don't want to go down the route of reset_index. And I want to keep the value range for each bin as well, which I don't want to assign a label [0-9] at the qcut stage. Is there any other quick solution for this?
https://stackoverflow.com/help/minimal-reproducible-example
Regardless of the fact that you need to create examples to ask questions, code of astype(str) section make your alignment state. Because of string, it is sorted alphabetically, not by the size of the number.
why do you need to convert to string for groupby? df3.groupby('quantile_hose_size').mean() works just fine, and you get to sort the intervals as expected.
|
using System;
namespace SBad.Visual.UI.Windows
{
public static class WindowConstants
{
public static int ScreenWidth = 1920;
public static int ScreenHeight = 1080;
public static int Width75 { get { return ScreenWidth * 3 / 4; } } // 1440
public static int Width70 { get { return (int)Math.Ceiling(ScreenWidth * .7); } } // 1344
public static int Width50 { get { return (int)Math.Ceiling(ScreenWidth * .5); } } // 960
public static int Width25 { get { return ScreenWidth / 4; } } // 480
public static int Width20 { get { return (int)Math.Ceiling(ScreenWidth * .2); } } // 384
public static int Width10 { get { return (int)Math.Ceiling(ScreenWidth * .1); } } // 162
public static int Width05 { get { return ScreenWidth / 20; } } // 96
public static int Width02 { get { return ScreenWidth / 50; } } // 38
public static int Width01 { get { return ScreenWidth / 100; } } // 19
public static int Height90 { get { return (int)Math.Ceiling(ScreenHeight * .9); } } // 972
public static int Height75 { get { return ScreenHeight * 3 / 4; } } // 810
public static int Height33 { get { return ScreenHeight / 3; } } // 360
public static int Height25 { get { return ScreenHeight / 4; } } // 270
public static int Height20 { get { return ScreenHeight / 5; } } // 216
public static int Height10 { get { return ScreenHeight / 10; } } // 108
public static int Height05 { get { return ScreenHeight / 20; } } // 54
public static int Height02 { get { return ScreenHeight / 50; } } // 21
}
}
|
[Federal Register Volume 64, Number 33 (Friday, February 19, 1999)]
[Pages 8289-8290]
[FR Doc No: 99-4091]
========================================================================
Notices
Federal Register
________________________________________________________________________
This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains documents other than rules
or proposed rules that are applicable to the public. Notices of hearings
and investigations, committee meetings, agency decisions and rulings,
delegations of authority, filing of petitions and applications and agency
statements of organization and functions are examples of documents
appearing in this section.
========================================================================
Federal Register / Vol. 64, No. 33 / Friday, February 19, 1999 /
Notices
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Forest Service
Helicopter Landing Tours on the Juneau Icefield EIS 2000, Tongass
National Forest, Chatham Area, Juneau Ranger District, Juneau, Alaska
AGENCY: Forest Service, USDA.
ACTION: Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: The Department of Agriculture, Forest Service will prepare an
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to disclose the environmental
impacts of authorizing helicopter landing tours on the icefield
adjacent to Juneau, Alaska. The proposed action is to issue special use
permits (2000-2004) authorizing helicopter tour companies to land on
the Juneau Icefield at specified locations and conduct tours. In
addition to the regular glacier tours, this EIS will also analyze the
effects of dogsled tours, glacier trekking tours, and a combined fixed-
wing/helicopter tour that would land at the lake at Antler Glacier. The
majority of use would occur between May and September of each year.
Tours would originate at private heliports and helicopter flight paths
would transit a variety of private and municipal lands prior to
entering the National Forest.
The proposed action would maintain the authorized helicopter
landings on the Juneau Icefield at the 1999 level of 19,039 landings.
The Forest Service is seeking information and comments from Federal,
State, and local agencies as well as individuals and organizations who
may be interested in, or affected by, the proposed action.
DATES: Comments concerning the scope of the analysis should be received
in writing by March 9, 1999. A public meeting will be held at the
Juneau Ranger District on February 25 from 2:00 p.m. until 8:00 p.m.
District staff will be available at this open house to explain the
project, accept your comments, and answer questions.
ADDRESSES: Written comments and suggestions concerning the analysis
should be sent to Roger Birk, Environmental Coordinator, Juneau Ranger
District Office, 8465 Old Dairy Road, Juneau, Alaska 99801.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Roger Birk, Environmental Coordinator,
Juneau Ranger District Office, 8465 Old Dairy Road, Juneau, Alaska
99801, (907) 586-8800, fax number (907) 586-8808. Email may be sent to
rbirk/[email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The purpose and need for the proposed action
is to meet public demand for quality guided services which provide safe
access to remote locations on the Juneau Icefield. Meeting this demand
includes providing for visitor safety and an appropriate balance
between commercial guided recreation opportunities and non-commercial,
non-guided recreation opportunities without unacceptable impacts to
other forest users and resources.
Peter Griffin, Juneau District Ranger, Tongass National Forest,
Chatham Area, is the deciding official. The decision to be made is
whether or not to issue special use permits for helicopter landing
tours as requested, and if permits are issued, decide the levels to be
authorized and the mitigation measures, if any, that will be required.
The no action and proposed action alternatives will be considered
in the EIS as well as other alternatives which address significant
issues and satisfy the purpose and need for the action.
Preliminary issues that have been identified include helicopter
noise disturbance to residential areas, wildlife, and ground-based
recreation users.
In 1992 an environmental assessment and in 1995 an environmental
impact statement were prepared to analyze the effects of these tours.
Comments from the EA and EIS were used to identify issues for this EIS.
Comments will be accepted throughout the EIS process but, to be most
useful, should be received by March 9, 1999.
The draft environmental impact statement should be available for
review by August 1, 1999. The comment period of the draft environmental
impact statement will be 45 days from the date the Environmental
Protection Agency publishes the notice of availability in the Federal
Register.
The Forest Service believes, at this early stage, it is important
to give reviewers notice of several court rulings related to public
participation in the environmental review process. First, reviewers of
draft environmental impact statements must structure their
participation in the environmental review of the proposal so that it is
meaningful and alerts an agency to the reviewer's position and
contentions. Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. NRDC, 435 U.S. 519,
#533 (1978). Also, environmental objections that could be raised at the
draft environmental impact statement stage that are not raised until
after the completion of the final environmental impact statement may be
waived or dismissed by the courts. City of Angoon v. Hodel, 803 F.2d.
1016, 1022 (9th Cir. 1986) and Wisconsin Heritages, Inc. v. Harris, 490
F. Supp. 1335, 1338 (E.D. Wis. 1980). Because of these court rulings,
it is very important that those interested in this proposed action
participate at the close of the 45 day comment period so that
substantive comments and objections are made available to the Forest
Service at a time when it can meaningful consider them and respond to
them in the final environmental impact statement. To assist the Forest
Service in identifying and considering issues and concerns on the
proposed action, comments on the draft environmental impact statement
should be as specific as possible. It is also helpful if comments refer
to specific pages or chapters of the draft statement. Comments may also
address the adequacy of the draft environmental impact statement or the
merits of the alternatives formulated and discussed in the statement.
Reviewers may wish to refer to the Council on Environmental Quality
Regulations for implementing the procedural provisions of the National
Environmental Policy Act at 40 CFR 1503.3 in addressing these points.
The Final EIS and Record of Decision is expected to be released in
November, 1999. The Juneau District Ranger, Chatham Area, Tongass
National Forest will, as the responsible official for the EIS, make a
decision regarding this proposal considering the comments, responses,
and environmental consequences discussed in the Final EIS, and
applicable laws, regulations, and policies. The decision and
supporting reasons will be documented in the Record of Decision.
Dated: February 3, 1999.
John H. Favro,
Acting District Ranger.
[FR Doc. 99-4091 Filed 2-18-99; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3410-11-M
|
Winter 1995/1996
-December
December was snowy with four events. The largest being the 19th-21st event.
-January
-February
February was very snowy, with three events. The largest two were on the 2nd-3rd and the 16th-17th.
-March
March was marked by two events, on the 2nd and 7th respectively.
-April
Events
November 28-29th, 1995
December, 1995
December 9-10th, 1995
December 14th, 1995
December 16th, 1995
December 18th-21st, 1995
January, 1996
January 2nd-4th, 1996
Blizzard of '96
January 10th, 1996
January 12th-13th,1996
February, 1996
February 1st, 1996
February 2nd-3rd, 1996
February 14th, 1996
February 16th-17th, 1996
March, 1996
March 2nd, 1996
March 6th-7th, 1996
April, 1996
April 7th-8th, 1996
April 9th-10th, 1996
|
I've Got To Go
I've Got To Go is a song by Manuel Karamori as Manuel. It was his first song to be released.
Lyrics
Got to go I've got Got to go I've got to go
|
await client.close() won't fire
I have used the example that is in the readme and I can't seem to make it function as intended. I have attached the code and the debug log. It looks like it gets caught in a loop when it goes thought the text encoder but never returns. Line 19 encoding.ts
A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
To Reproduce
mailercode.txt
Expected behavior
The code doesn't exit the send block and move to the client.close()
Logs
deno 1.26.0 (release, x86_64-pc-windows-msvc)
v8 <IP_ADDRESS>
typescript 4.8.3
debuggerformailer.txt
@Enyorose Deleting the issue as the debbuged into containes auth data!
|
12. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a semiconductor film comprising silicon over a substrate; irradiating said semiconductor film with laser light for crystallizing said semiconductor film; treating a surface of the semiconductor film with a hydrofluoric acid after the irradiation of the laser light; and leveling the surface of the semiconductor film by heating after the treatment with said hydrofluoric acid in an inert gas, a concentration of oxygen or a oxygen compound contained in said inert gas is 10 ppm or less.
13. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a semiconductor film comprising silicon over a substrate; oxidizing a surface of the semiconductor film to form an oxide film thereon; irradiating said semiconductor film with laser light for crystallizing said semiconductor film wherein said semiconductor film is in contact with said oxide film during the irradiation of the laser light; removing the oxide film by etching after the irradiation of the laser light; and leveling the surface of the semiconductor film by heating after removing said oxide film.
14. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a semiconductor film comprising silicon over a substrate; oxidizing a surface of the semiconductor film to form an oxide film thereon; irradiating said semiconductor film with laser light for crystallizing said semiconductor film wherein said semiconductor film is in contact with said oxide film during the irradiation of the laser light; removing the oxide film by etching after the irradiation of the laser light; and leveling the surface of the semiconductor film by heating in a reducing atmosphere after removing said oxide film.
15. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a semiconductor film comprising silicon over a substrate; oxidizing a surface of the semiconductor film to form an oxide film thereon; irradiating said semiconductor film with laser light for crystallizing said semiconductor film wherein said semiconductor film is in contact with said oxide film during the irradiation of the laser light; removing the oxide film by etching after the irradiation of the laser light; and leveling the surface of the semiconductor film by heating in an inert gas after removing said oxide film.
16. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a semiconductor film comprising silicon over a substrate; oxidizing a surface of the semiconductor film to form an oxide film thereon; irradiating said semiconductor film with laser light for crystallizing said semiconductor film wherein said semiconductor film is in contact with said oxide film during the irradiation of the laser light; removing the oxide film by etching after the irradiation of the laser light; and leveling the surface of the semiconductor film by heating in an atmosphere after removing said oxide film, a concentration of oxygen or a oxygen compound contained in said atmosphere is 10 ppm or less.
17. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a semiconductor film comprising silicon over a substrate; oxidizing a surface of the semiconductor film to form an oxide film thereon; irradiating said semiconductor film with laser light for crystallizing said semiconductor film wherein said semiconductor film is in contact with said oxide film during the irradiation of the laser light; removing the oxide film by etching after the irradiation of the laser light; and leveling the surface of the semiconductor film by heating in a reducing atmosphere after removing said oxide film, a concentration of oxygen or a oxygen compound contained in said reducing atmosphere is 10 ppm or less.
18. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a semiconductor film comprising silicon over a substrate; oxidizing a surface of the semiconductor film to form an oxide film thereon; irradiating said semiconductor film with laser light for crystallizing said semiconductor film wherein said semiconductor film is in contact with said oxide film during the irradiation of the laser light; removing the oxide film by etching after the irradiation of the laser light; and leveling the surface of the semiconductor film by heating in an inert gas after removing said oxide film, a concentration of oxygen or a oxygen compound contained in said inert gas is 10 ppm or less.
19. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a semiconductor film comprising silicon over a substrate; irradiating said semiconductor film with laser light for crystallizing said semiconductor film wherein said laser light has a line-shaped cross section elongated in one direction; removing an oxide film from a surface of the semiconductor film by etching after the irradiation of the laser light; and leveling the surface of the semiconductor film by heating after removing said oxide film.
20. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a semiconductor film comprising silicon over a substrate; irradiating said semiconductor film with laser light for crystallizing said semiconductor film wherein said laser light has a line-shaped cross section elongated in one direction; removing an oxide film from a surface of the semiconductor film by etching after the irradiation of the laser light; and leveling the surface of the semiconductor film by heating in a reducing atmosphere after removing said oxide film.
21. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a semiconductor film comprising silicon over a substrate; irradiating said semiconductor film with laser light for crystallizing said semiconductor film wherein said laser light has a line-shaped cross section elongated in one direction; removing an oxide film from a surface of the semiconductor film by etching after the irradiation of the laser light; and leveling the surface of the semiconductor film by heating in an inert gas after removing said oxide film.
22. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a semiconductor film comprising silicon over a substrate; oxidizing a surface of the semiconductor film to form an oxide film thereon; irradiating said semiconductor film with laser light for crystallizing said semiconductor film wherein said semiconductor film is in contact with said oxide film during the irradiation of the laser light and said laser light has a line-shaped cross section elongated in one direction; removing the oxide film by etching after the irradiation of the laser light; and leveling the surface of the semiconductor film by heating after removing said oxide film.
23. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a semiconductor film comprising silicon over a substrate; oxidizing a surface of the semiconductor film to form an oxide film thereon; irradiating said semiconductor film with laser light for crystallizing said semiconductor film wherein said semiconductor film is in contact with said oxide film during the irradiation of the laser light and said laser light has a line-shaped cross section elongated in one direction; removing the oxide film by etching after the irradiation of the laser light; and leveling the surface of the semiconductor film by heating in a reducing atmosphere after removing said oxide film.
24. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming a semiconductor film comprising silicon over a substrate; oxidizing a surface of the semiconductor film to form an oxide film thereon; irradiating said semiconductor film with laser light for crystallizing said semiconductor film wherein said semiconductor film is in contact with said oxide film during the irradiation of the laser light and said laser light has a line-shaped cross section elongated in one direction; removing the oxide film by etching after the irradiation of the laser light; and leveling the surface of the semiconductor film by heating in an inert gas after removing said oxide film.
25. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device according to any one of claims 1-24 further comprising a step of crystallizing said semiconductor film by heating before the irradiation of said laser light.
26. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device according to any one of claims 1-24 wherein the step of leveling the surface of said semiconductor film is conducted by furnace annealing.
27. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device according to any one of claims 1-24 wherein said semiconductor device is selected from the group consisting of a video camera, a digital camera, a projector, a goggle display, a navigation system for vehicles, a personal computer, and a portable information terminal.
28. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device according to any one of claims 13-18 and 22-24 wherein said oxide film is formed by thermal oxidation.
29. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device according to any one of claims 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 wherein said inert gas is nitrogen.
30. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device according to claim 19 or 22 wherein the step of leveling is carried out in an atmosphere, which contains oxygen or a oxygen compound at 10 ppm or less.
31. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device according to claim 20 or 23 wherein said reducing atmosphere contains oxygen or a oxygen compound at 10 ppm or less.
32. A method of manufac turing a semiconductor device according to claim 21 or 24 wherein said inert gas contains oxygen or a oxygen compound at 10 ppm or less.
|
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Lanymy.Common.ExtensionFunctions;
using Lanymy.Common.Instruments;
using Lanymy.Common.Instruments.Interfaces;
using Lanymy.Common.Instruments.Models;
namespace Lanymy.Common.Helpers
{
/// <summary>
/// 枚举扩展类
/// </summary>
public class EnumHelper
{
/// <summary>
/// 枚举内存缓存器
/// </summary>
private static ICustomMemoryCache _DataMemoryCache = new CustomMemoryCache();
/// <summary>
/// 线程 对象 锁
/// </summary>
private static readonly object SynObject = new object();
/// <summary>
/// 获取 枚举类型 缓存 主键值
/// </summary>
/// <param name="enumType">枚举类型</param>
/// <returns></returns>
private static string GetEnumMapCacheKey(Type enumType)
{
return enumType.FullName;
}
/// <summary>
/// 获取当前枚举映射导航器
/// </summary>
/// <param name="enumType"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
private static EnumMapper GetMapper(Type enumType)
{
string cacheKey = GetEnumMapCacheKey(enumType);
var mapper = _DataMemoryCache.GetValue<EnumMapper>(cacheKey);
if (mapper.IfIsNullOrEmpty())
{
mapper = new EnumMapper(enumType);
_DataMemoryCache.SetValue(cacheKey, mapper);
}
return mapper;
}
/// <summary>
/// 获取Enum指定项
/// </summary>
/// <param name="enumItem"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static EnumItem GetEnumItem(Enum enumItem)
{
return GetMapper(enumItem.GetType())[enumItem];
}
/// <summary>
/// 获取Enum的子项 主键是 枚举子项 的字典类型集合
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public static IReadOnlyDictionary<Enum, EnumItem> GetEnumItemDictionary<TEnum>()
// where TEnum : IComparable, IFormattable, IConvertible
where TEnum : Enum
{
//return GetMapper(typeof(TEnum)).DicEnumMap;
return GetEnumItemDictionary(typeof(TEnum));
}
/// <summary>
/// 获取Enum的子项 主键是 枚举子项 的字典类型集合
/// </summary>
/// <param name="enumType"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static IReadOnlyDictionary<Enum, EnumItem> GetEnumItemDictionary(Type enumType)
{
return GetMapper(enumType).DicEnumMap;
}
/// <summary>
/// 获取Enum的子项集合
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public static List<EnumItem> GetEnumItemList<TEnum>()
//where TEnum : IComparable, IFormattable, IConvertible
where TEnum : Enum
{
//return GetMapper(typeof(TEnum)).DicEnumMap.Select(o => o.Value).ToList();
return GetEnumItemList(typeof(TEnum));
}
/// <summary>
/// 获取Enum的子项集合
/// </summary>
/// <param name="enumType"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static List<EnumItem> GetEnumItemList(Type enumType)
{
return GetMapper(enumType).DicEnumMap.Select(o => o.Value).ToList();
}
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="TEnum"></typeparam>
/// <returns></returns>
public static List<EnumItem> GetEnumItemListRemoveEnumItems<TEnum>(params TEnum[] removeEnumItems)
//where TEnum : IComparable, IFormattable, IConvertible
where TEnum : Enum
{
var enumItemList = GetEnumItemList<TEnum>();
if (!removeEnumItems.IfIsNullOrEmpty())
{
var list = removeEnumItems.Select(o => o.ToString()).ToList();
enumItemList = enumItemList.Where(o => !list.Contains(o.CurrentEnum.ToString())).ToList();
}
//return GetMapper(typeof(TEnum)).DicEnumMap.Select(o => o.Value).Where(a => a.CurrentEnum.ToString() != "UnDefine").ToList();
return enumItemList;
}
/// <summary>
/// 获取枚举多选项列表 主键是 枚举子项 的字典类型集合
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public static Dictionary<Enum, EnumItem> GetEnumFlagsItemDictionary(Enum item)
{
List<string> flags = item.ToString().Split(new[] { ',' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries).Select(o => o.Trim()).ToList();
if (flags.IfIsNullOrEmpty())
{
return new Dictionary<Enum, EnumItem>();
}
var mapDic = GetMapper(item.GetType()).DicEnumMap;
return mapDic.Where(o => flags.Contains(o.Value.CurrentEnum.ToString())).ToDictionary(dicItem => dicItem.Key, dicItem => dicItem.Value);
}
/// <summary>
/// 获取枚举多选项列表
/// </summary>
/// <param name="item"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static List<EnumItem> GetEnumFlagsItemList(Enum item)
{
return GetEnumFlagsItemDictionary(item).Select(o => o.Value).ToList();
}
//enum flags 操作
//http://blog.csdn.net/lindexi_gd/article/details/60744821
/// <summary>
/// 计算 是否 包含 标记
/// </summary>
/// <param name="itemSource">标记数据源</param>
/// <param name="item">标记</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static bool HasFlag(Enum itemSource, Enum item)
{
return itemSource.HasFlag(item);
}
//public static Dictionary<string, Enum> GetAttributeTitles()
//{
// Dictionary<string, Enum> list = new Dictionary<string, Enum>();
// return list;
//}
}
}
|
What is a good book about soup?
I really love soup, and mine always comes out pretty badly - once in a while I get a good one, but generally pretty disappointing.
Can anyone recommend a good book for making soup? Not necessarily a "list of recipes" type of book, more of an "understanding soup" type of book, if that makes any sense to you?
I don't know that such a book exists; soup, as a class, is more pragmatic than philosophical. Will be interested to see the answers you get.
This question should be asked in the Chat, not on the main site, as it's a polling question.
@BaffledCook questions about books, while not exactly liked, are tolerated, if the OP can specify their criteria closely enough, and there is not a large list of literature which fits them. For now, I don't see a tendency of this question turning into a list, probably because there don't seem to be many such books.
If you check out the "Seasoned Advice Blog", @Yossarian has posted the first two parts of a three part series entitled "Three Books for Every Kitchen". In part-one he describes The New Best Recipe from Cooks Illustrated. I will direct your attention to Chapter 2: Soups. Not only will you find a rich collection of recipes, but invaluable advise on every aspect of soup making.
Part two of the series, "Ratio", also contains several lessons that will improve your soup making skills.
Not only will these two books help you with "Soups" they will enrich your overall kitchen life, in every aspect of cooking.
(note: at this point, part 3 is still pending, but I will bet it will be a winner as well)
The third post of the series is scheduled to appear tomorrow (we moved to an every-wednesday schedule). It doesn't have techniques advice, but it is certainly a book worth reading.
@rumtscho, even if part 3 doesn't provide info related to OP's question, I'm sure it will be good. I've heard good things about "The Flavor Bible" but it hasn't made it to the top of my reading list yet.
This video might be useful, as it's quite generic: http://www.bbcgoodfood.com/videos/1040/making-soup
A tip sheet from Jamie Oliver: http://www.jamieshomecookingskills.com/pdfs/fact-sheets/Super%20soups.pdf
More soup tips: http://www.keeperofthehome.org/2010/03/how-to-make-fabulous-soup-from-scratch-without-a-recipe.html
My own tips, some of which you can find above.
Stock is key. Make your own chicken stock whenever you have a carcass, and you will have a fantastic base for any fairly hefty soup.
Saute or roast non-leafy veggies such as celery, carrot, pumpkin, sweet potato and onion, to really bring out their sweetness and flavour.
Don't add salt until the end.
Invest in a really good blender.
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How to take a screenshot from Azure Devops macos agent
I'm running some UI tests on Azure DevOps and my UI tests, which runs smoothly on Linux agents, are getting stuck on macOS (I have tested the code on a mac mini, it works perfectly).
I now that my tests start the execution, because I had executed some "Hello World" code without issues, but when it comes to my code, it basically hangs.
How I can debug Azure DevOps agents? If I got a screenshot, would be nice.
Solved this by using sprunge:
uuencode foo.jpg < ost.jpg | | curl -F 'sprunge=<-' http://sprunge.us
output: http://sprunge.us/<hash>
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anti-dos
Frequent curl polls to http://<IP_ADDRESS>/metrics?value=isp_again could previously overload the http server, causing requests to pile up, resulting in an unresponsive camera.
As a quick fix, I have:
changed curl to wget and gave it a timeout of .5 seconds, well below the refresh interval
changed the refresh interval of hearbeat.cgi calls to 3 seconds instead of 1
set daynight_value to return -1 in case the request to metrics?value=isp_again returns no value, this prevents a 500 error on heartbeat.cgi, giving the web interface a malformed response.
Thank you
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doctrine2 sluggable with field with association
I have ORM:
Something\SomeBundle\Entity\MyTable:
type: entity
table: my_table_name
id:
id:
type: bigint
id: true
generator:
strategy: AUTO
fields:
name:
type: string
length: '64'
nullable: true
slug:
type: string
length: '255'
nullable: true
gedmo:
slug:
separator: -
style: default
updatable: false
fields:
- master
- name
manyToOne:
master:
targetEntity: Master
joinColumn:
name: master_id
referencedColumnName: id
but this doesn't work on prod environment (error: Unable to find slug [master] as mapped property in entity - Something\SomeBundle\Entity\MyTable). Why? How to fix it?
Assuming this is on the same server, did you clear cache with the --env=prod flag?
Clearing cache (console cache:clear --env=prod) causes error [Gedmo\Exception\InvalidMappingException] "Unable to find slug [master] as mapped property in entity - Something\SomeBundle\Entity\MyTable"
maybe just a simple fields: [master.name, name] or you need the treeslughandler - see my answer below.
I have a solution if someone else has the same problem
Something\SomeBundle\Entity\MyTable:
type: entity
table: my_table_name
id:
id:
type: bigint
id: true
generator:
strategy: AUTO
fields:
name:
type: string
length: '64'
nullable: true
slug:
type: string
length: '255'
nullable: true
gedmo:
slug:
handlers:
'Gedmo\Sluggable\Handler\RelativeSlugHandler':
relationField: master
relationSlugField: id
separator: -
separator: -
style: default
updatable: false
fields:
- name
manyToOne:
master:
targetEntity: Master
joinColumn:
name: master_id
referencedColumnName: id
maybe this gives you some leads:
/**
* @ORM\Column(type="string", length=200, nullable=false)
* @Gedmo\Slug(
* fields={"name"},
* handlers={@Gedmo\SlugHandler(
* class="Gedmo\Sluggable\Handler\TreeSlugHandler",
* options={
* @Gedmo\SlugHandlerOption(name="parentRelationField", value="parent"),
* @Gedmo\SlugHandlerOption(name="separator", value="/")
* }
* )}
* )
*/
private $slug;
Thank you, Your answer gave me a hint! :)
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Helping to learn
Hello
I'm in ubuntu 16.04 running correctly NeonRace-v0, the example that you show in universe-starter-agent
When I connect via vnc to NeonRace, I can drive the car with the keyboard keys
When i do this, I'm really helping in the learning process?
Or my actions with the keyboard are useless?
Thanks
It does affect, but does not contribute to the learning process. The learning process is affected because the agent sees the rewards for your actions, but the agent can only send one keypress at a time. Any additional keypresses will be unknown to the model.
Ok, thanks
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Command line arguments with spaces within double quote aren't being passed to LabVIEW
Example:
"c:\Program Files (x86)\Wiresmith Technology\LabVIEW CLI\labview-cli.exe" "C:\Documents\GitHub\LabVIEW-CLI\LabVIEW Source\CLI Demo.vi" -- "This is a test"
This doesn't pass "This is a test" as a single argument. Instead, it passes each word as a separate argument.
The v1.1.0-beta release should fix this issue. You only need to update the C# app for this to work.
Thanks for the report!
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Kasen Ibaraki
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茨木 (いばらき) 華扇 (かせん)
Kasen Ibaraki
ibaɽakʲi kaseɴ
The One-Armed, Horned Hermit
More Character Titles
Nickname
茨華仙 (いばらかせん) (Ibarakasen)
華仙 (かせん) (Kasen)
Species
Oni/Hermit
Abilities
Guiding animals
Age
Over 1,000 years
Occupation
Sage
Location
Youkai Mountain (Senkai), also seen at the Hakurei Shrine
Music Themes
Appearances
Official Games
Print Works
Kasen Ibaraki (茨木 華扇 Ibaraki Kasen), who also goes by the pseudonym Ibarakasen (茨華仙) or just Kasen (華仙), is the main protagonist of Wild and Horned Hermit. She is a mysterious self-proclaimed hermit living in the mountains. Possessing an artificial arm and various special abilities, she can often be seen dispensing knowledge to Reimu Hakurei, Marisa Kirisame, Sanae Kochiya and others.
Kasen is also a Sage of Gensokyo and, as of Wild and Horned Hermit Chapter 49 Part 2, is confirmed to be an oni and one of the Big Four of the Mountain.
General Information[edit]
Kasen has appeared as the main protagonist in Wild and Horned Hermit and has appeared in Chapter 16 and 17 of Oriental Sacred Place. She also appears as a playable character in Urban Legend in Limbo, and Antinomy of Common Flowers.
Personality[edit]
Kasen is kind and polite to nearly everyone. She is always willing to lend a word of advice or teach a lesson, but is often seen as preachy and overly critical of others.
Abilities[edit]
Kasen spoke vaguely when informing Reimu Hakurei about her capabilities, saying her powers were a "secret"[1] and that she could do "various things". Because captions and the in-character setting have never directly explained this topic, what specific ability she possesses is unclear. Although several of her feats that can be seen as ability-like, it's not definite whether the following traits are because of an "ability to <do something>", are an innate ability of her race, or are examples of the kind of hermit sorcery mentioned in Perfect Memento in Strict Sense.
Guiding of animals
Kasen is able to communicate with animals, including cryptids, beast youkai and dragons, and possesses a great deal of knowledge about them. She knows the antidotes to obscure venoms, as well as the processes that lead an animal to become various types of youkai and how to affect them. She also employs a number of trained animals as servants, whom she can apparently summon to her side. In addition to regular animals like monkeys, snakes and birds, Kasen and Reimu rode on the back of the Unnamed Dapeng, and she is even able to use such uncommon creatures like the children of dragons. Especially concerning the children of dragons, she even said, "whatever I say, they will listen"[2]. According to Komachi, the employment of animals is Kasen's signature move.
On the official site, it was stated that she possessed the ability to guide animals, but since it was not stated as "ability to guiding animals", it is probably not an ability name.
Artificial arm
Kasen's bandaged right arm is secretly an artificial one, apparently consisting of vaporous black smoke, and Kasen is capable of remotely controlling it and detaching it to act independently. Her arm is also capable of crushing vengeful spirits[3], removing them from the cycle of reincarnation entirely; Komachi Onozuka appears unsure how exactly Kasen does this. Of note, her arm is blown apart when it touches the Hakurei Yin-Yang Orb, implying that it has youkai properties.
To guide and transfigure youkai
It was shown in chapter 16 of Oriental Sacred Place that she herself said that she admonished the yamainu who attacked humans and turned them into youkai, gave a recommendation to be a youkai whose stomach is satisfied even without attacking humans, and transfigured the human-protecting youkai into an okuri-inu. Afterwards, the yamainu, who was actually transfigured into a protective dog, in order to protect humans, drove away the Three Fairies of Light who were scheming mischief.
When Kasen said that she did something to the yamainu and hoisted her bandaged right arm in a meaningful manner, even Luna Child felt a sense of doubt that a human-eating beast would listen to preaching, so therefore it's probably not simply due to preaching, but a kind of ability. Of course, this could possibly just be a part of her ability to use animals.
To hide her home using fangshu
This ability Kasen uses is probably only one aspect of fangshu (方書), it's unknown whether she's skilled in the other parts of the art. One must use this sorcery reach Kasen's hidden house, as it is only accessible through a special path opened by fangshu. Even when a blizzard occurs outside, the area around her house was in a clearing. Marisa remarked that it looks as of it were in another world or different plane.[4]
After the incident in Ten Desires, Toyosatomimi no Miko and Mononobe no Futo created another world called Senkai and moved there, but it is not known whether or not the sorcery that Kasen used to hide her home and the sorcery used to create Senkai are of the same kind.
Miscellaneous
• Hermit arts: While she may or may not be a real hermit, Kasen has used the common hermit technique of hiding her dwelling place, preventing anyone from reaching it unless they follow a specific (regularly changed) route.
• Creating light orbs: In chapter 10 of Wild and Horned Hermit Kasen creates orbs of light from her right hand that last for a long time move them by mere thought. This appears to be a generic application of mystic power, rather than a specific ability of Kasen's. Since she can freely use light orbs of the size and number she wants, it an be seen that she used a massive quantity of small ones as well as single big ones.
• Instant movement: In the second chapter, she appeared in the background of the offertory box in the Hakurei Shrine without warning, surprising Sanae Kochiya who came to visit. It has not been specified what range of distance she is able to move, or if she can move anywhere. Also, in the seventh chapter, she performed a movement such that she was in the background of the offertory box without being noticed.
• The Hakurei Barrier Kasen is capable of creating openings in the barrier to and from the outside world, which she does repeatedly in Urban Legend in Limbo as well as "off-panel" a few times in Wild and Horned Hermit. Notably, in Marisa's storyline in Urban Legend in Limbo, her incantation for opening it up is "In the name of the Sage XXXX, I command: Release the ban of 130 years!" This possibly was a foreshadowing to the reveal of her position in Wild and Horned Hermit Chapter 35.
• Her true strength: In Urban Legend in Limbo, after fighting Reimu, she said to herself that using her full strength, in that case, would be risky for "various reasons". It's unknown if this means that it could be dangerous doing it near the shrine (because of the Barrier) or against Reimu, or if it would be risky for herself since she is probably just pretending to be a hermit without being one.
Possessions[edit]
Kasen owns the Ibaraki Box of a Hundred Medicines, which can cure all illnesses or heal any injury to the person who drinks from it.
One Armed, Horned[edit]
She appeared to have two arms, however, when Reimu Hakurei seized her right arm, as if she it bent flabbily and smoked leaked out of the gaps in her bandages. In Urban Legend in Limbo and Antinomy of Common Flowers, Kasen's artificial right arm contorts and uses the smoke within to attack.
In one instance, this arm touched Reimu's yin-yang orb and reacted violently, scattering away. Consequently, Kasen immediately reconstructed her annihilated right arm. As the yin-yang orb is the shintai of the shrine blessed with exterminating youkai, it is likely that Kasen's arm was made from some sort of youkai essence. When she had the artificial arm, she needed to drink from the Ibaraki Box of a Hundred Medicines regularly so the arm didn't rot.
The "horned" in her title was long since speculated to be related to her hair buns possibly hiding horns of some sort.
As of Wild and Horned Hermit Chapter 49 Part 2, Kasen rejoined with her actual right arm and returned to her true form as an oni. As a part of this transformation, actual horns burst from the buns on her head, destroying the headwear in the process. Backstory[edit]
Kasen is one of the Sages of Gensokyo and was one of the now disbanded Big Four of the Mountain.
Little else is known about any other details of Kasen's history so far. However, a newspaper article in Symposium of Post-mysticism reveals that she has been known as a hermit at Youkai Mountain since at least 1980, if not earlier.
Unknown to the public, long ago in the past she was actually a wicked oni. However, all her malevolence was contained in her right arm before it was cut off and sealed by Onikirimaru, and Kasen's arm was replaced with an artificial one. When the seal on the wicked arm finally began to weaken, Kasen found herself at a decisive crossroads. Thus, she travelled down the mountain to see the shrine maiden...
Character Design[edit]
Kasen makes an appearance in Symposium of Post-mysticism.
Origin[edit]
Kasen is based on the oni Ibaraki-douji. Ibaraki-douji was one of the oni who ran the oni headquarters on Mt. Ooe and broke into Kyoto on a rampage. Although Ibaraki-douji is most commonly portrayed as a subordinate to Shuten-douji (who Suika Ibuki is based on), there are also variations to the myth where she is the daughter of Shuten-douji, or even his lover (being the only female oni of the group).
While Shuten-douji's gang was being massacred by Minamoto no Yorimitsu, Ibaraki-douji fought with one of his allies, Watanabe no Tsuna, but fled when she saw Shuten-douji fall in battle.
The survivor Ibaraki-douji assailed humans once again afterwards, and in doing so, even assailed Watanabe no Tsuna. However, Tsuna was able to cut off Ibaraki-douji's arm, sending the oni running away once again. This is the likely basis for Kasen (formerly) missing her right arm.
Name[edit]
Although she introduces herself in Wild and Horned Hermit as Ibarakasen (茨華仙), or Kasen (華仙) for short, this is merely her pseudonym. Her real name is Kasen Ibaraki (茨木 華扇 Ibaraki Kasen)[6][7]; note the different spellings of "Kasen". Her surname, Ibaraki (茨木) comes from Ibaraki-douji and means "thorn bush" (rose bush), while Kasen (華扇) is a real, commonly used Japanese name written with the characters for "flower" and "fan".
Her hermit name, 茨華仙 (Ibarakasen) translates to "rose-flower hermit" and is often just shortened to 華仙 (Kasen lit. "flower hermit", a homophone of her actual name, 華扇 Kasen lit. "flower fan"). "Kasen" is also homophonous with the first two characters in 何仙姑 (He Xiangu, JP: Kasenko), the only female member of the Eight Immortals of Taoist mythology. The name "Kasen" (何仙) also appears in the Japanese detective novel series, 塗仏の宴 宴の支度 (Nuribotoke no Utage, Utage no Shitaku lit. "Nuribotoke's Banquet, Banquet in Preparation"). It's plausible that ZUN, as a lover of mystery novels, may have taken inspiration from there.
Design[edit]
Kasen Ibaraki in Oriental Sacred Place Chapter 16
In her original appearance, she has red eyes and shoulder-length pink hair with Chinese-styled buns. Her right arm is wrapped in bandages, concealing a gaseous black smoke. She wears a white top and a green skirt. Over her top is a maroon tabard with a thorny vine motif and large rose-shaped ornament just below collar level. Her single-strap shoes are colored the same as her tabard, and a shackle lays on her left wrist.
Her severed arm is generally the same in terms of design, with the only notable differences being the presence of horns, fangs, slit-pupil eyes, claw-like nails and sharper hair. The tabard and skirt she wears is colored different from Kasen's, being two seperate shades of blue. Shackles are present on all four of her limbs, with her leg shackles having iron ball-and-chains attached to them.
Kasen's true form, with her right arm reconnected to her body, has her gain horns were her buns previously were and grow knee-length hair. Both her tabard, now black and golden, and her skirt, now white, are noticeably longer, and her top becomes sleeveless. She retains her shackles on all four limbs, with iron bearings attached to all of them and her slit-eyed pupils.
Other Information[edit]
Species[edit]
Kasen's true form in Wild and Horned Hermit Chapter 49
In chapter 49 of the final WaHH arc, Kasen fuses with her separated arm, thus confirming once and for all her true name and title: Kasen Ibaraki - Wile, Cunning/Crafty and Treacherous Oni. However, the exact relationship between her status as an oni and her status as a hermit is not clear. She may very well be an oni who really decided to try to become a hermit. Yet there is no evidence ruling out the possibility that she is simply an oni who knows hermit techniques. The finale of WaHH states that Kasen truly does seek to follow the path of the hermit.
Young appearance[edit]
According to something Reimu said in the first chapter and Perfect Memento in Strict Sense, appearance-wise hermits look like aged. Among this, as Kasen has a juvenile appearance; this is the basis that her existence is different from that of an ordinary hermit. However, in Ten Desires, the young-appearing hermit Seiga Kaku appeared, indicating that not all hermits have to look aged.
Food[edit]
According to Perfect Memento in Strict Sense, pretty much all hermits who have passed five hundred years of age don't need food, and simply ingesting fog or haze will be enough. However, Kasen not only eats food ordinarily but also seems to have a sweet tooth. She is frequently shown eating sweets in Wild and Horned Hermit and Urban Legend in Limbo.
She proposed having hot pot in chapter 2 and ate dango in chapter 7 of Wild and Horned Hermit. Also, in chapter 10, when the stranded Marisa Kirisame strayed into her home, Kasen treated her to something like nikuman, suggesting that Kasen normally keeps a supply of food in her home. Even supposing she hasn't reached five hundred years of age, this can be said to be a non-hermit-like trait.
Kasen's Appearances[edit]
Attention: This section is a stub and it needs expanding with more information related to the section's topic. If you can add to it in any way, please do so.
Literature[edit]
Wild and Horned Hermit
Kasen meets Marisa Kirisame outside the Human Village as the latter was running an errand for Reimu Hakurei. Her real motive for appearing at the Hakurei Shrine is to search for the Kappa's Arm she believes resides there. She also claims her objective is to shut down the connection between humans and the Former Hell. What that means is unclear, but she takes great interest in the runaway vengeful spirits at the Underground Geyser Center, and is able to destroy them with her bandaged smoke arm. This brings her to the attention of Komachi Onozuka, whose superiors are concerned about Kasen's movements. As she continues to act in secret, she also attempts to teach Reimu, Sanae Kochiya, and Marisa how to be better people, investigates and wraps herself up in various small time incidents, and introduces Reimu and the others to her power to control various beasts.
Over the course of the story, Kasen becomes involved in cases relating to Sumireko Usami's entry and exit from Gensokyo and the effects this has on the Great Hakurei Barrier. This leads her to attract the attention of her old acquaintance Yukari Yakumo, who seems interested in Kasen's actions and reveals her nature as one of the Sages of Gensokyo. Although Yukari's exact goal is unclear, she chastises Kasen's for disrupting things with her actions - for example, by accidentally allowing invasive western dandelions to enter the barrier. Yukari implies that Kasen is somehow guiding Sumireko's manifestations, which Kasen quickly denies. Kasen also draws the attention of Mamizou Futatsuiwa, who quickly determines she is an Oni with some sort of plot relating to the Hakurei Shrine. Mamizou attempts to intimidate her so she can continue with her own plans for the shrine, but ends up being tricked by Kasen at a drinking challenge and admits defeat.
Near the end of the series, Reimu comes down with a strange sickness that renders her seemingly healthy but utterly comatose. Unbeknownst to her friends, this is due to her discovery of Kasen's sealed missing arm, which Kasen recovered long ago from the outside world and kept for safekeeping. Confronted by the arm, Reimu's soul ends up trapped in the Infinite Hell of Avici. Unexpectedly, though, Kasen brings Reimu's body to the hell, allowing her to escape from what would otherwise be an infinite prison. In doing so, Reimu discovers the true nature of Kasen's missing arm - that it is a piece of a very powerful Oni and can manifest in humanoid form. They battle, but Reimu seems outmatched by the hand's sheer viciousness and power. Just when it seems she is going to be defeated, Kasen interrupts the fight and fuses with her arm. The combined being offers food, leading Reimu to hope that she has been saved by the "Good Kasen", but it turns out that Kasen merely wanted her to be a fitting challenge as the battle resumes.
Although the fused Kasen seems invincible, she appears to be holding back for some reason. With the help of Tenshi Hinanawi, who came to the Hell while investigating Reimu's disappearance after realizing that Kasen was related to the case, Reimu realizes that Kasen has smuggled her something in the food: A piece of Onikirimaru, the oni-slaying sword that sealed Kasen away long ago. Realizing that Kasen's parts are working against each other, Reimu becomes determined to win the fight. Although she doesn't fully understand the situation, Reimu uses the sword fragment to empower her Fantasy Seal and cut off Kasen's arm once more.
It turns out that Kasen's actions the entire time were all a means of finding someone to help reseal her arm, since it could not be destroyed. As all of Kasen's malice was sealed into it at the moment of severing, Kasen felt a responsibility to keep it contained. She had found her it enshrined in the Outside World long before the events of the manga and realized that it was breaking free of its bonds, becoming a threat to those around it. In search of a way to repair the seal, Kasen eventually decided to get closer to the arguable best user of seals in Gensokyo - Reimu. Thus several earlier incidents where Kasen advised Reimu or subjected her to harsh training finally make sense, as they are all revealed to have been attempts to prepare her for the eventual battle with the arm. With the arm sealed again for now, Kasen seems content to continue living in the role she created in Gensokyo.
Oriental Sacred Place
In chapter 16, Kasen goes to the Hakurei Shrine to tell Reimu about rumors about a wolf on the foot of the Youkai Mountain. Later, she meets the fairies trying to catch the wolf, and tells them how it was just a regular dog and how she ended up persuading it.
Forbidden Scrollery
Spin-offs[edit]
Urban Legend in Limbo
Kasen's first in-game appearance is in the fighting game Urban Legend in Limbo.
Antinomy of Common Flowers
In Antinomy of Common Flowers, Kasen partners with Reimu Hakurei to begin investigating the Perfect Posession incident. While she begins as the slave, Reimu learns she will need to become the slave, crucial to Yukari Yakumo's plan, so Kasen becomes Reimu's master.
Later, Kasen's Dream World self begins to rampage with the other dream dwellers, whom Joon and Shion Yorigami must stop. Dream Kasen offers to let the sisters join the dream dwellers and to rise in power, but Joon declines, claiming that her training at Myouren Temple changed her.
Relationships[edit]
Reimu Hakurei[edit]
Kasen remembers Reimu Hakurei from long before, having visited the Hakurei Shrine many times in the past, although Reimu's memory failed her and she had to be reminded who Kasen was. She's mostly earned Reimu's annoyance, who dislikes sermons and doesn't want her shrine to smell of them. She mostly thinks of Kasen as a nagging, preachy busybody. However, Reimu often concedes, either because Kasen is usually right or she doesn't want to deal with her. Kasen is openly critical of Reimu, believing her to be too greedy and slack in her duties.
In truth, Kasen was mentoring and training Reimu specifically so that Reimu could be strong and wise enough to seal away Kasen's wicked arm some day. However, it appears that her fondness of Reimu grew beyond that purpose, as during Reimu's climactic battle with her arm, Kasen smiles wistfully thinking that she must train Reimu further even as Reimu failed to take advantage of Kasen's aid.
Reimu too has begun to view Kasen as a genuine friend, unable to bring herself to fight Kasen whole-heartedly until she realizes that the arm battling her is actually a separate entity from Kasen. When she sees that Kasen survived the battle, Reimu expresses relief.
By the end of things, Reimu knows that Kasen is secretly an oni, but partially due to this friendship and partially due to owing Kasen for all the money that one of Kasen's schemes got her, Reimu can't tell anyone else about it.
Marisa Kirisame[edit]
Initially thinking she was just a strange hermit, Marisa Kirisame also met Kasen some time before Wild and Horned Hermit and is the first to remember who she was. Once reunited, Kasen is invited by Marisa to visit more often, to the disdain of Reimu. Marisa hopes that Kasen will teach her any life extending techniques and is more than willing to listen to Kasen's preaching in exchange.
Kasen's Pets[edit]
Kasen's pets include the Unnamed Dragon, Unnamed Dapeng, Mukou, Saouchi, Kanda and Kume. They're mostly cryptids who can be summoned at any time, such as when she called on the child dragon to abduct Reimu and used the dapeng for transportation. However, there was a point at which the raijuu she captured previously felt lonesome and ran away. She is also shown to have a snake and monkey.
Ibaraki-douji's Arm[edit]
This is Kasen's right arm, cut off with the use of Onikirimaru long ago after all Kasen's malevolence was moved to it. Ibaraki's arm is sentient and has a mind of her own to the point where she can be considered a separate entity of sorts even after the two are re-combined. She even managed to forcefully take control of Kasen's entire body after she realized Kasen's true intentions. Initially Kasen was overjoyed to be re-united with it. However, this was a front, as Kasen actually wished that her malevolence and her arm remain sealed away. Upon realizing this, Ibaraki's Arm forcefully took control of Kasen's entire body before Reimu managed to cut off and seal her again. Kasen currently keeps the arm physically near by in mummified-arm form as a trophy of sorts as well as a reminder, comparing it to being able to see your own death close by.
Sages of Gensokyo[edit]
Yukari Yakumo
It is unknown how long Yukari and Kasen have known each other, but both are youkai sages. The monologue in Perfect Memento in Strict Sense states it was the youkai sages who proposed the Hakurei Barrier, so Yukari and Kasen probably knew each other since at least that time.
After Kasen came down from the mountain in the present day, Yukari assumed Kasen was always "on her side" and that Kasen's actions were intended to help Yukari's ideals. This caused Yukari a brief visible moment of distress before she regained her composure, but she also stated she would wait as long as it takes for Kasen to come to her side.
As dream selves are unrestrained exaggerations of the real being, it is uncertain how much of this reflects Kasen's actual view of Yukari, but from Doremy's explanation of dream selves in Reisen's scenario, it does mean Kasen's normal feelings fall along those lines at least somewhat.
Okina Matara
Kasen has known Okina since a while back as a fellow sage, and commented how it was a misfortune getting to know her. She also claims to know how Okina works and acts around others, but any actual interaction has not been shown.
Minor Relationships[edit]
Attention: This section is a stub and it needs expanding with more information related to the section's topic. If you can add to it in any way, please do so.
Sanae Kochiya
Sanae Kochiya lives on the Youkai Mountain near to Kasen and are considered neighbors. They meet fairly often and are on friendly enough terms. Kasen is a bit critical of Sanae as well, albeit to a much lesser extent than Reimu. Sanae describes her as living in a large mansion, corrected by Kasen as being a training dojo.
Kanako Yasaka and Suwako Moriya
Despite being friendly enough with Sanae, she is highly suspicious of Kanako and Suwako's schemes to attain faith and their inability to handle the Underground Geyser Center's dangers.
Komachi Onozuka
Komachi Onozuka and Kasen are slightly antagonistic toward each other. Ordered to keep Kasen under surveillance, Komachi is distrusting of her, even to the point of threatening her with her scythe – although the death god doesn't appear to be serious about it.
Suika Ibuki and Yuugi Hoshiguma
When Suika Ibuki appeared at the Hakurei Shrine, Kasen quickly fled the scene in order to avoid her. She appears familiar with Suika, but her relationship with her is unknown, and she appears hesitant about letting Suika know about her current status. However, after learning that Kasen borrowed some sake from Yuugi, Suika realised that Kasen was planning something and decided to leave her alone. She also knows Kasen's true form.
Sumireko Usami
Kasen appears to meet with Sumireko in Rinnosuke Morichika's shop several times over the course of Wild and Horned Hermit, including claiming that she's the secret supply chain Kasen utilizes to get goods from outside the barrier. Given that Kasen possesses her own ability to circumvent it, it is uncertain how much of their relationship is really related to transferring things into Gensokyo and how much this is a useful excuse for her abilities.
Seiga Kaku
Mamizou Futatsuiwa
Gallery[edit]
Covers[edit]
Artworks[edit]
Sprites[edit]
Screenshots[edit]
Others[edit]
Skills[edit]
Spell Cards[edit]
Additional Information[edit]
• Kasen was one of the possibilities ZUN had in mind for the Extra Stage boss of Ten Desires, along with Byakuren Hijiri. Mamizou Futatsuiwa took that place.
• Kasen is mentioned in Ten Desires' ending no.4, where it's explaining that Marisa heard from Kasen that the ultimate goal of Taoism is to achieve immortality.
• Kasen's title of "The One-armed Horned Hermit" (片腕有角の仙人) appears to be derived from the titular character of the Noh play "One-horned Hermit" (一角仙人 Ikkaku Sennin).
• From a historical perspective, the Noh play suggests that Kasen may not exactly be a hermit, but a rishi, a person who gives wisdom. They are different from hermits in that they are sometimes regarded as Buddhist saints.
• Kasen recites a fragment from one of Miyako no Yoshika's poems in her first appearance. The poem in question is said to have been a collaboration with Ibaraki-Douji, and the fragment that Kasen recites is Ibaraki's half of the poem. The folktale goes that Yoshika was traveling through the Rajoumon gate one night and was struck with inspiration upon seeing the scenery. He composed the first half of the poem on the spot, and when he spoke it aloud, a voice from the gatehouse replied with the second half. Ibaraki-Douji was said to dwell in the gatehouse on Rajoumon's second floor, and furthermore, when Yoshika proudly presented the collaboration to Sugawara no Michizane, Michizane was immediately certain that the anonymous author must have been an oni (some earlier versions of the story have Yoshika composing the whole poem, while Ibaraki is moved by his skilful words and calls out "Touching, touching!" to convey its admiration). [8]
• Kasen is one of the few print work-débuted characters to become a major character in a game. Some others are Aya Shameimaru and the Three Fairies of Light.
Fandom[edit]
Official Profiles[edit]
Official Sources[edit]
References[edit]
1. Wild and Horned Hermit - Chapter 1
2. Wild and Horned Hermit - Chapter 5
3. Wild and Horned Hermit - Chapter 3
4. Wild and Horned Hermit - Chapter 10
5. Wild and Horned Hermit - Chapter 50
6. 6.0 6.1 "キャラクター紹介" [Character Introduction] (in 日本語). Ichijinsha. 2011. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
7. Oriental Sacred Place Chapter 16
8. Mori, Masato (1982). "Konjaku Monogatari-shū". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 9 (2/3): 151-152. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30233945. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
|
package a10_recursion_greedy_invariant;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.LinkedList;
public class SeatingArrangements {
int minOverallAwkwardness(int[] arr) {
Arrays.sort(arr);
int diff = arr[1] - arr[0];
for (int i = 2; i < arr.length; i += 2) {
diff = Math.max(diff, arr[i] - arr[i - 2]);
}
for (int i = 3; i < arr.length; i += 2) {
diff = Math.max(diff, arr[i] - arr[i - 2]);
}
return Math.max(diff, arr[arr.length - 1] - arr[arr.length - 2]);
}
private static int arrange(int nums[]) {
Arrays.sort(nums);
int len = nums.length;
LinkedList<Integer> list = new LinkedList<>();
for (int i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
list.addLast(nums[i]);
} else {
list.addFirst(nums[i]);
}
}
System.out.println(list);
int max = 0;
int prev = list.get(len - 1);
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
max = Math.max(Math.abs(list.get(i) - prev), max);
prev = list.get(i);
}
return max;
}
int minOverallAwkwardness2(int[] arr) {
int[] res = new int[arr.length];
boolean left = true;
int max = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
Arrays.sort(arr);
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
if (left)
res[i / 2] = arr[i];
else
res[arr.length - 1 - i / 2] = arr[i];
left = !left;
}
for (int i = 0; i < res.length - 1; i++) {
max = Math.max(max, Math.abs(res[i] - res[i + 1]));
}
return max;
}
}
|
<?php
namespace App\Admin\Controllers;
use App\Models\DeliveryLog;
use App\Models\DeliveryLogDetail;
use Carbon\Carbon;
use Dcat\Admin\Form;
use Dcat\Admin\Grid;
use Dcat\Admin\IFrameGrid;
use Dcat\Admin\Layout\Content;
use Dcat\Admin\Layout\Row;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Dcat\Admin\Controllers\AdminController;
class DeliveryLogController extends AdminController
{
/**
* dec: 已发货记录
* @param $id
* @param Request $request
* @param Content $content
* author : happybean
* date: 2020-05-04
*/
public function planIndex($id, Content $content)
{
return $content
->title('已发货记录')
->row(function (Row $row) use ($id) {
$row->column(12, $this->planIndexGrid($id));
});
}
protected function planIndexGrid($id)
{
return IFrameGrid::make(DeliveryLogDetail::with(['delivery_log']), function (Grid $grid) use ($id) {
$grid->model()->whereHas('delivery_log',function ($q) use($id){
$q->where('plan_list_id',$id);
})
->orderBy('created_at', 'desc');
$grid->created_at;
$grid->column('plan_list_no')->display(function () {
return $this->delivery_log['plan_list_no'];
});
$grid->column('client_name')->display(function () {
return $this->delivery_log['client_name'];
});
$grid->column('craft_color_name')->display(function () {
return $this->delivery_log['craft_color_name'];
});
$grid->column('company_model')->display(function () {
return $this->delivery_log['company_model'];
});
$grid->column('spec')->display(function () {
return $this->spec . ' 码';
});
$grid->num;
$grid->disableActions();
$grid->disableRowSelector();
$grid->disableCreateButton();
$grid->disableRefreshButton();
$grid->withBorder();
});
}
}
|
[OpenAI-Assistant] Add Server Sent Events (SSE) support
Reference:
https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants-streaming
For more context, the PR introducing the changes in the spec required to support this feature are coming from this here
Hello, I am currently using the assistant feature in Azure, and I noticed that stream functionality is not supported in the 2024-02-15-preview version. I have been following your team's development work for a while now. Is there an estimated release date for the assistants-streaming function?
Hello @gloriousknight currently is hard to give you a specific date, but we are hoping no later than end of May. This is currently in progress and there are a few moving pieces that need to align first.
|
Mr. Lipton: The country has come to a pretty pass if the hon. Member for Kidderminster has to consult the hon. Member for The Wrekin (Mr. W. Yates). I want to suggest this to the House very seriously. After listening to the eloquent speech of the Prime Minister a little while ago I was almost persuaded that there was no economic crisis at all and that, if there was a crisis, it was due to something or other that my right hon. Friend the Member for Huyton (Mr. H. Wilson) did or said in 1951. Anyhow, it seems necessary from the point of view of the Government, in order to create a condition of solvency and build up our export trade, for the general public to pay 10 per cent. more for spirits, beer, wine, tobacco, hydrocarbon oils, pool betting, and bookmakers' licences. We are told that, if we accept the Order, it will help us to maintain the balance of trade and the welfare of the £.
It is all a lot of eyewash. It has been proved very conclusively in our debates in the last two days that it is a lot of eyewash and makes no contribution whatsoever to the solution of our economic problems. The public will very soon realise that they are being, led up the garden path. As I said on a previous occasion, the people will realise that they have never been had so good. But if the Government want the Order they will steam-roller it through the House. I wish them the best of luck. It will not do them any good, because they will lose the next election anyhow and there will be a Labour Government to take over.
Mr. Donald Chapman: My intervention will be limited to a few sentences. My hon. Friend the Member for Gloucester (Mr. Diamond) asked why the Government are using this power to levy a 10 per cent. increase on all items in the Purchase Tax schedules. The one question I want
to ask is: why in heaven's name is this being used against the motor car industry at this moment? We are now in a situation where our exports are the worst for eight years. What the motor car industry needs at the moment and what the Midlands need in order to sustain employment throughout the remainder of the year is no feather-bedding but the chance for the time being not to have to put up its costs and further reduce its export drive by having even shorter runs in its production.
The result of the Order will be that people will postpone buying a new car. The already great disastrous slump in the industry this year will multiply in the remainder of the year. Costs will rise as a result of the fall in production, and exports will become less and less competitive in world markets. The Economic Secretary should explain why when industries which are exporting to their utmost are in difficulty they get, not a helping hand, not even the avoidance of the worst that the Government can offer, but another kick in the teeth.
The hon. Gentleman must explain this. It was perfectly open to the Government to be selective in these matters, and then to have talked to these industries and examined their difficulties in a completely fresh way. Why did they not do this? Why have they chosen, as I say, to create unemployment, rising costs and less exports in one of our greatest exporting industries?
Sir Cyril Osborne: The confusion into which the Opposition have got themselves over this matter is exemplified by what the hon. Member for Birmingham, Northfield (Mr. Chapman) has just said; that because of this Order people who otherwise would have bought a motor car will no longer do so, and that will result in unemployment in his constituency. His right hon. Friend the Leader of the Opposition this afternoon said exactly the opposite—[HON. MEMBERS: "No"]—oh, yes, he did. He quoted the motor car costing £850, and asked would not the extra cost cause a person not to buy one. The answer he gave was "No." The confusion opposite is shown clearly, because the hon. Member has just contradicted everything said by his right hon. Friend, who spoke officially for the Opposition. That just
exemplifies how utterly confused the Opposition are over this Order, and how useless they would be if fate threw them back on to this side of the House.
Mr. Barber: Perhaps the most convenient way of replying will be to take seriatim, and as quickly and briefly as I can, the points that have been raised. The right hon. Member for Battersea, North (Mr. Jay) referred again to the effect or this Order on the cost of living, which was really the same point as that raised yesterday by his right hon. Friend the Member for Huyton (Mr. H. Wilson).
All I would say is that at the time when we considered the principles behind this Order it was recognised, I think, by everyone who took an intelligent part in that debate that we should be likely to impose a surcharge at a time of excessive demand. Inevitably, if one does it at that time it will cause a rise in prices for the temporary period during which the surcharge operates. It is, however, only a temporary period and, indeed, without legislation it could not go beyond the end of August of next year, although it need not last as long as that.
The right hon. Gentleman's second point was that this would, in some way, raise costs and so hamper exports, but this particular form of taxation will not hurt exports nearly as much as would a general tax, because the tax does not apply directly to exports at all and, as the right hon. Gentleman knows, there are detailed provisions for dealing with matters of drawback.
The hon. Member for Stoke-on-Trent, South (Mr. Ellis Smith) said that he wished to get something on the record. Well, he did. He quoted from what he called a confidential document issued by the Treasury. I think that he would be the first to agree that what he quoted was not new but had been given to the House—and, indeed, to the country—at much the same time as the issue of that particular document. At any rate, I know the document well—the quarterly bulletin, which is widely distributed—and I can tell him that I will, on my own responsibility, gladly show to him at any time any particular issue that he may wish to see.
Mr. Ellis Smith: That will be welcomed because many hon. Members have been refused it.
Mr. Barber: If the hon. Gentleman would like to see any particular copy, I will allow him to see it, because I know him well enough to know that he will, in future, treat it as confidential.
I was then asked two questions. Firstly, why was not something done in April in the Budget? All I can say is that a great deal was done. We provided a surplus above the line of £500 million, which was a very considerable surplus, and that was done simply because of the sort of factors which were brought to the attention of the House tonight. The second question was: why did we give the Surtax reliefs? I can only say again—and I do not want to weary the House—that they do not become effective until January, 1963.
The third speaker was the hon. Gentleman the Member for Orkney and Shetland (Mr. Grimond) who made a speech distinguishing between the fiscal and economic reasons for the imposition of taxation. The hon. Gentleman said he thought that since the Budget things had got slightly easier. I suppose that, superficially, when looking at the increasing pressure of demand, one might assume that things have got easier. But that is a very superficial approach and I cannot believe that the hon. Gentleman would refer to things getting easier if he had in mind one of the most serious aspects of our present situation which has been one of the main causes for these measures; the continued pressure on sterling since the time of the Budget. It is inevitable, in the sort of situation in which we are now, that if one takes any measures they will be unpalatable, but they will be widely spread.
The hon. Gentleman the Member for Gloucester (Mr. Diamond) said that there had been a breach of faith, because a full debate was promised. I would only refer the hon. Gentleman to what was said by his right hon. Friend the Leader of the Opposition before the main debate started. It was suggested that it would be useful if we could debate these Orders in the context of the general debate. That arrangement was for the general convenience of the House.
I do not say this in any provocative spirit, because it would be for the general convenience of the House if this debate did not go on for too long—
but I am happy to stay here, as is my hon. Friend the Financial Secretary, in order to answer any questions that are put to us.
The hon. Member for Gloucester then said that the Chancellor had said that the Surcharge would, in effect, increase the 5 per cent. rate to 5½ per cent, and that that conflicted with something that I had said last night, when I explained how it would work. If the hon. Gentleman will look at what my right hon. Friend said and what I said, he will see that there is absolutely no justification for saying that what my right hon. Friend said and what I said was inconsistent.
The point is that the trader will not have to bother himself with minute calculations. He will not have to raise the 5 per cent. rate to 5½ per cent. or the 12 per cent. rate to 13¾ per cent. or work out these minute calculations. He does one sum at the end of the day and adds 10 per cent. to the amount of tax due. This is important and I explained it yesterday because I realised that it is a matter of great interest.
Mr. Nabarro: It is so late at night that I will not argue on this point with my hon. Friend. I will just say to him that he is talking the most arrant nonsense.
Mr. Lipton: But the hon. Gentleman the Member for Kidderminster (Mr. Nabarro) will vote for it, just the same.
Mr. Nabarro: On a single invoice comprising a large number of items, it is possible to take the 10 per cent, out. My hon. Friend is forgetting that a retailer sells these items individually, must put price tickets on them individually and must put them in his window. He must calculate and compute what these marginal increases are worth in terms of £s. d., and the dislocation caused by a system of this kind is just appalling.
Mr. Barber: I do not want to get involved with my hon Friend. If he will read again what I said last night—
Mr. Nabarro: I have read it in detail.
Mr. Barber: —if he does so he will find that what he is saying is—I will not say arrant nonsense—but certainly nonsense. I was talking about those people who pay the Purchase Tax, and what I
said was absolutely correct and consistent with what my right hon. Friend the Chancellor has said. Of course, it is true that when one comes to consider how the tax should be passed on, this impost must be treated in the same way as any other rise in cost. I think that my hon. Friend will agree—and I am glad that he has got a copy and is reading it again—that what I said was right.
Mr. Nabarro: The hon. Gentleman, or rather my hon. Friend—I have not fallen out so much with him yet—is quite wrong. I was consulting HANSARD for 18th July on a different matter entirely, and not his statement, which I read in bed at eight o'clock this morning. My hon. Friend should apologise for his wrong statement.
Mr. Barber: I have apologised frequently to my hon. Friend, but not on this occasion.
Mr. Diamond: The Economic Secretary was kind enough to reply to a question I asked. This is really a most vital matter. I do not want to be hostile about this, but the commercial world wants to know what it is to do, and what the Economic Secretary said was:
The fact is that the rate of tax will be unaffected."— [OFFICIAL REPORT. 26th July, 1961; Vol. 645, c. 554.]
Every retailer must know that this is unrealistic. To any retailer an extra 10 per cent. of 50 per cent. is 5 per cent. He would be bankrupt if he did what the hon. Gentleman is saying.
Mr. Barber: If the hon. Gentleman will look at what I said he will see that I was clearly referring not to the retailer but to the person who pays the tax. The reason I was referring to that person was because there had been some misunderstanding as to the way in which he would have to calculate what was payable in respect of the surcharge. I can only say—and obviously I have considered this carefully—that what I said was correct and should be followed.
There was another point which the hon. Member for Gloucester raised which I will answer briefly. He asked why it had to be 10 per cent. all round and not 10 per cent. for some commodities and a lower percentage for others, and why not less than 10 per cent.? On the first point the answer is because there is no power—
Mr. Diamond: There is.
Mr. Barber: The hon. Gentleman says that there is power. I say there is not. Since he and others raised this point previously we have taken legal advice, and what I said on the previous occasion has been stated by those who know better than I do to be absolutely correct. If the hon. Gentleman still disagrees, we must differ. Why have we not chosen a percentage less than 10 per cent.? Here again it is purely a matter of judgment. All that we have been discussing during these past two days bears on this particular matter. In the Chancellor's judgement it was right to place the surcharge at the full rate of 10 per cent.
The hon. Member for Birmingham, Northfield (Mr. Chapman), asked by we could not exclude motor cars from the tax, because of their special position. The answer is that by law the 10 per cent. must apply to all articles subject to Purchase Tax.
Mr. H. Wilson: My hon. Friends have advanced many reasons for opposing this Order both in this debate and in our earlier debate. The Government have the impertinence to come along and ask for £200 million worth of additional taxation, by Order, so soon after the end of the proceedings on the Finance Bill, without even the presence of the Chancellor of the Exchequer to justify such a tremendous levy.
For all the reasons which we have given, for its effect on the cost of living, for its effect on the motor car industry and others, and for its effect on export costs, we intend to contest this Order tonight in the Lobby. I trust we may now come to a decision.
The House divided: Ayes 212, Noes 147.
Division No. 216.]
Agnew, Sir Peter
Elliot, Capt. Walter (Carshalton)
Jenkins, Robert (Dulwich)
Aitken. W. T.
Elliott, R. W. (Nwcstie-upon-Tyne, N.)
Johnson, Dr. Donald (Carlisle)
Johnson, Eric (Blackley)
Errington, Sir Eric
Johnson Smith, Geoffrey
Farey-Jones, F. W.
Joseph, Sir Keith
Kerans, Cdr. J. S.
Kerr, Sir Hamilton
Bennett, Dr. Reginald (Gos & Fhm)
Fraser, Ian (Plymouth, Sutton)
Bingham, R. M.
Lancaster, Col. C. G.
Birch, Rt. Hon. Nigel
George, J. C. (Pollok)
Bishop, F. P.
Glover, Sir Douglas
Black, Sir Cyril
Glyn, Dr. Alan (Clapham)
Legge-Bourke, Sir Harry
Glyn, Sir Richard (Dorset, N.)
Lewis, Kenneth (Rutland)
Godber, J. B.
Boyd-Carpenter, Rt. Hon. John
Linstead, Sir Hugh
Boyle, Sir Edward
Litchfield, Capt. John
Lloyd, Rt. Hon. Selwyn (Wirral)
Brooke, Rt. Hon. Henry
Grant, Rt. Hon. William
Loveys, Walter H.
Grant-Ferris, Wg. Cdr. R.
Lucas-Tooth, Sir Hugh
Bullus, Wing Commander Eric
Gresham Cooke, R.
McLaughlin, Mrs. Patricia
Butler, Rt. Hn. R. A. (Saffron Walden)
Grimston, Sir Robert
Carr, Compton (Barons Court)
Grosvenor, Lt.-Col. R. G.
Macleod, Rt. Hn. Iain (Enfield, W.)
Channon, H. P. G.
Hall, John (Wycombe)
McMaster, Stanley R.
Hamilton, Michael (Wellingborough)
Macmillan, Rt. Hn. Harold(Bromley)
Hare, Rt. Hon. John
Macmillan, Maurice (Halifax)
Clark, Henry (Antrim, N.)
Harris, Frederic (Croydon, N. W.)
Macpherson, Niall (Dumfries)
Clark, William (Nottingham, S.)
Harris, Reader (Heston)
Clark, Brig. Terence (Portsmth, W.)
Harrison, Col. Sir Harwood (Eye)
Maginnis, John E.
Harvey, Sir Athur Vere (Macciesf'd)
Maitland, Sir John
Harvey, John (Walthamstow, E.)
Manningham-Buller, Rt. Hn. Sir R.
Cooper, A. E.
Cooper-Key, Sir Neill
Matthews, Gordon (Meriden)
Heald, Rt. Hon. Sir Lionel
Maxwell-Hyslop, R. J.
Corfield, F. V.
Hill, Dr. Rt. Hon. Charles (Luton)
Maydon, Lt.-Cmdr. S. L. C.
Coulson, J. M.
Courtney, Cdr. Anthony
Crowder, F P.
More, Jasper (Ludlow)
Currie, G. B. H.
Hornby, R. P.
Nicholls, Sir Harmar
Hornsby-Smith, Rt. Hon. Patricia
de Ferranti, Basil
Howard, Hon. G. R. (St. Ives)
Oakshott, Sir Hendrie
Digby, Simon Wingfield
Orr, Capt. L. P. S.
Drayson, G. B.
Iremonger, T. L.
Osborn, John (Hallam)
du Cann, Edward
Irvine, Bryant Godman (Rye)
Osbome, Sir Cyril (Louth)
Page, John (Harrow, West)
Page, Graham (Crosby)
Wakefield, Edward (Derbyshire, W.)
Pannell, Norman (Kirkdale)
Wakefield, Sir Waved (St. M'lebone)
Pearson, Frank (Clitheroe)
Skeet, T. H. H.
Smith, Dudley (Br'ntf'rd & Chiswick)
Walker-Smith, Rt. Hon. Sir Derek
Pickthorn, sir Kenneth
Spearman, Sir Alexander
Pitman, Sir James
Stanley, Hon. Richard
Ward, Dame Irene
Pitt, Miss Edith
Steward, Harold (Stockport, S.)
Williams, Dudley (Exeter)
Prior, J. M. L.
Studholme, Sir Henry
Williams, Paul (Sunderland, S.)
Sumner, Donald (Orpington)
Wills, Sir Gerald (Bridgwater)
Talbot, John E.
Wilson, Geoffrey (Truro)
Redmayne, Rt. Hon. Martin
Wise, A. R.
Taylor, Sir Charles (Eastbourne)
Temple, John M.
Wood, Rt. Hon. Richard
Ridley, Hon. Nicholas
Thatcher, Mrs. Margaret
Thomas, Peter (Conway)
Thompson, Richard (Croydon, S.)
Roberts, Sir Peter (Heeley)
Yates, William (The Wrekin)
Robinson, Sir Roland (Blackpool, S.)
van Straubenzee, W. R.
Vane, W. M. F.
TELLERS FOR THE AYES
Ropner, Col, Sir Leonard
Vaughan-Morgan, Rt. Hon. Sir John
Mr. Gibson-Watt and
Vosper, Rt. Hon. Dennis
Mr. J. E. B. Hill.
Hall, Rt. Hn. Glenvil (Colne Valley)
Pearson, Arthur (Pontypridd)
Hamilton, William (West Fife)
Plummer, Sir Leslie
Allaun, Frank (Salford, E.)
Hart, Mrs. Judith
Prentice, R. E.
Allen, Scholefield (Crewe)
Herblson, Miss Margaret
Pursey, Cmdr. Harry
Bacon, Miss Alice
Baxter. William (Stirlingshire, W.)
Redhead, E. C.
Bowden, Herbert W. (Leics, S.W.)
Howell, Charles A. (Perry Bart)
Reynolds, G. W.
Bowen, Roderic (Cardigan)
Hughes, Cledwyn (Anglesey)
Roberts, Goronwy (Caernarvon)
Hughes, Emrys (S. Ayrshire)
Robinson, Kenneth (St. Pancras, N.)
Hunter, A. E.
Rogers, G. H. R. (Kensington, N.)
Brockway, A. Fenner
Hynd, John (Atterdiffe)
Silverman, Julius (Aston)
Brown, Rt. Hon. George (Belper)
Janner, Sir Barnett
Silverman, Sydney (Nelson)
Brown, Thomas (Ince)
Jay, Rt. Hon. Douglas
Slater, Mrs. Harriet (Stoke, N.)
Jenkins, Roy (Stechford)
Slater, Joseph (Sedgefield)
Johnson, Carol (Lewisham, S.)
Smith, Ellis (Stoke, S.)
Jones. Elwyn (West Ham, S.)
Sorensen, R. W.
Soskice, Rt. Hon. Sir Frank
Corbet, Mrs. Freda
King, Dr. Horace
Stewart, Michael (Fulham)
Craddock, George (Bradford, S.)
Lee, Frederick (Newton)
Crossman, R. H. S.
Lee, Miss Jennie (Cannock)
Davies, G. Elfed (Rhondda, E.)
Lever, L. M. (Ardwick)
Symonds, J. B.
Davies, Harold (Leek)
Lewis, Arthur (West Ham, N.)
Thomas, George (Cardiff, W.)
Davies, Ifor (Gower)
Thomas, Iorwerth (Rhondda, W.)
Thompson, Dr. Alan (Dunfermline)
Mabon, Dr. J. Dickson
Thomson, G. M. (Dundee, E.)
Ungoed-Thomas, Sir Lynn
Ede, Rt. Hon. C.
McKay, John (Wallsend)
Mackie, John (Enfield, East)
Edwards, Rt. Hon, Ness (Caerphilly)
Mallalieu, E. L. (Brigg)
Edwards, Walter (Stepney)
Marquand, Rt. Hon. H. A.
Wells, William (Walsall, N.)
White, Mrs. Eirene
Mellish, R. J.
Mendelson, J. J.
Milne, Edward J.
Wilcock, Group Capt. C. A. B.
Fool, Dingle (Ipswich)
Mitchison, G. R.
Wilkins, W. A.
Forman, J. C.
Gaitskell, Rt. Hon. Hugh
Williams, Ll. (Abertillery)
George, Lady MeganLloyd (Crmrthn)
Williams, W. R. (Openshaw)
Wilson, Rt. Hon. Harold (Huyton)
Gordon Walker, Rt. Hon. P. C.
Oram, A. E.
Winterbottom, R. E.
Paget, R. T.
Pannell, Charles (Leeds, W.)
Yates, Victor (Ladywood)
Griffiths, David (Rother Valley)
Pargiter, G. A.
TELLERS FOR THE NOES:
Hale, Leslie (Oldham, W.)
Mr. Short and Mr. Irving
That the Surcharge on Revenue Duties Order. 1961 (S.I., 1961, No. 1388), dated 24th
July 1961, a copy of which was laid before this House on 25th July, be approved
Motion made, and Question proposed.
That the Exchequer Advances (Limit) (No. 2) Order, 1961, dated 24th July, 1961, a copy of which was laid before this House on 25th July, be approved.—[Mr. Barber.]
Mr. John Diamond: Do I gather that on this Order also we are not to have any explanation? After all, the Chancellor is here on this occasion. Are we not to be told anything about it?
The Economic Secretary to the Treasury (Mr. Barber): I explained it at considerable length yesterday in my opening remarks in the debate. Indeed, I thought, after explaining it for about ten minutes, that the House got very tired. I should perhaps just say that the reason why I decided that it would be as well to say something about the Order yesterday was that I thought it was right, as there had been a replacement Order, to explain to the House at the first available opportunity exactly why we had taken that particular course. Obviously, it was not for my right hon. and learned Friend, dealing in the context of more general matters, to do that, and I took the first opportunity to explain the Order fully to the House yesterday, as I think the hon. Member knows.
Question put and agreed to.
PURCHASE TAX (G. H. LINTON & CO.)
Motion made, and Question proposed.
That this House do now adjourn.—[Sir H. Harrison.]
Mr. James Allason: The story I have to tell tonight is about a series of baffling confusions which the firm of G. H. Linton and Company, of Hemel Hempstead, had to suffer at the hands of Her Majesty's Customs and Excise for raising a claim against Purchase Tax on a product of the firm known as Dri-Wash. Dri-Wash cloth is impregnated with fluid, and it can be used to clean the hands of dirt, grease, inks, as well as leather goods, plastics, and other surfaces. Of the United Kingdom sales, 90 per cent. are to distributors concerned with the motoring industry and garages. This cloth gets dirty with use, but will continue to clean the hands of dirt and grease.
In 1952, the Customs were informed that the firm was to manufacture Dri-Wash cloths. It had a ruling in 1951 that Dri-Wash cloth would bear Purchase Tax at 66⅔per cent, under Group 5A, as if it were a textile article for domestic purposes. Under the Finance Act, 1952, a D scheme was introduced to exempt from tax cloth goods, amongst others, which did not exceed a certain tariff. In spite of this, the Customs confirmed in 1952 that Dri-Wash cloths would still be liable to tax at 66⅔ per cent. as textile cloths for domestic purposes under Group 5A.
After fruitless correspondence the firm appealed to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who gave a ruling that
In view of its value, the cloth does not bear Purchase Tax.
In 1954, Purchase Tax on textile articles was abolished, and in 1955 the D scheme was consequentially abolished, and all went well with the question of Purchase Tax for same time.
Then, in 1959, the firm brought out a new line, Dri-Wash tissues, using expendable paper tissues similarly impregnated, as an alternative to the Dri-Wash cloth. The Customs promptly claimed 50 per cent. tax on the tissues, leaving Dri-Wash cloth tax-free. They said that they were uncertain which category to classify them
in,—whether as Group 31 toilet requisites, excluding face cloths, towels, paper towels and handkerchiefs, which bear tax at 50 per cent., or Group 32, toilet preparations. They then said, in another letter:
It is wrong to assume that the Dri-Wash liquid is tax free, because it is part of the tax free Dri-Wash colth.
We see that Customs admit at this stage that the cloth is tax free, but believed the liquid to be taxable by itself.
In consequence, of this the formula for Dri-Wash liquid was submitted to Customs by the firm and in March, 1960, Customs wrote to the firm saying that
… as a result of recent technical and legal advice".
liquid Dri-Wash was a soap substitute taxable at 25 per cent. Hence impregnated cloths were equally toilet preparations taxable at 25 per cent. as substitutes for toilet soap. Here we see Customs making a complete reversal of their previous decision that even if the liquid was taxable the Dri-Wash cloth was not.
At this stage, I was approached and I asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer to look into the matter. He wrote to me in May, 1960, saying that Customs had made an oversight in that there was an alternative liability to tax on Dri-Wash cloths as toilet articles—as against the Customs assessment as a textile article for domestic purposes—which had been overlooked until attention was drawn to it by a rival firm. The Chancellor said that the Customs ruling in 1952 was correct, but that the law was subsequently changed. He also mentioned that the Dri-Wash liquid contained the detergent Daz. This was a little surprising, because Customs claimed to have made a chemical analysis of Dri-Wash liquid. The firm promptly pointed out to Customs that the element of Daz was one part in 24,000.
Customs then recanted and ruled that Dri-Wash liquid was not a toilet preparation and so was untaxed, but they said that Dri-Wash cloths were toilet preparations and soap substitutes made up for sale as substitutes for toilet soap and were taxable at 25 per cent. Once again, Customs reversed their ruling but found a new category under which to claim tax. So far, therefore, Dri-Wash cloths had been classified first in 1952 as textile articles for domestic purposes under
Group 5, and, secondly, in March, 1960, as toilet preparations as substitutes for toilet soaps because they were impregnated with a taxable soap substitute. Thirdly, they were classified as toilet preparations as substitutes for toilet soap because they were impregnated with tax free liquid. That was in June, 1960.
At a later stage, my hon. Friend the Economic Secretary to the Treasury even suggested a fourth category. He suggested that if Dri-Wash cloth was not a toilet preparation as a substitute for toilet soap, it became just a toilet preparation taxable at 50 per cent. We therefore have four categories.
When the Chancellor wrote to me in 1960 he spoke of a complaint from a rival firm, but there can be no rival firm. This firm is absolutely unique. There are firms which sell tissues impregnated with spirits, which are taxable, and also travel packs, including a face cloth and soap. Here, the soap is taxable and the cloth is not. The Customs made a clear decision in 1952 that this was a taxable article for domestic purposes, Group 5. It has been claimed that the law has been changed. All that happened, in sequence, was that the D scheme was introduced to remove the tax on cheap textile articles. Then the tax on textile articles was removed altogether, and then the D scheme was abolished. But it was still subject to the Purchase Tax, if it was to be taxed at all, under Group 5.
It was only in 1960, on a complaint from a so-called rival firm producing an admittedly taxable article, that the Customs started seeking ways to change the tax liability. I claim that the liability cannot change without a legal decision and that the legal decision should come at the expense of the Customs and not the firm. If the firm is sued for tax under the new category in which the Customs has sought to put Dri-Wash cloths it would be put to a great expense to defend the case. Perhaps the trouble could be solved if my hon. Friend would produce the legal advice which the Customs claim that to have.
My complaint is that the firm is entitled to rely on the Customs ruling in 1952 unles there has been a change in the law, and from what I have said, it is clear that there has been no such change. Customs have acted in a most devious way in claiming to have made a chemical analysis when, clearly, they did not.
Customs have pursued this product with determination to and some way of making it taxable. When one way failed, they tried another. Will my hon. Friend consider one further point? Suppose a Dri-Wash cloth was marketed as a tax-free cloth together with a tax-free bottle of liquid, would that then become taxable?
The Economic Secretary to the Treasury (Mr. Anthony Barber): I admire the perseverance of my hon. Friend the Member for Hemel Hempstead (Mr. Allason) in pursuing this matter in the interests of his constituent, but I think it is clear from what he said that the account which has been given to him by his constituent of what has happened falls somewhat short of the full story.
As my hon. Friend has explained, this debate arises out of a difference of view between the company G. H. Linton and Company, Limited, and the Customs and Excise about the Purchase Tax classification of some of the articles which the company makes. I must start at the beginning. The relevant group of the Purchase Tax Schedule is Group 32 which imposes a tax at the rate of 50 per cent. of the wholesale value on the generality of toilet preparations.
Mr. Allason: I can produce a copy of the Customs letter saying that it is Group 5.
Mr. Barber: I am trying to explain, if my hon. Friend will allow me, how matters have developed in the case of this company and I am quite prepared to bear responsibility for certain errors which have occurred. I am rather saddened by the fact that apparently there is no suggestion so far that the company has been wrong or unhelpful in any sense.
My point is that in fact and in law the relevant group is Group 32 which imposes a tax of 50 per cent. on toilet preparations. As my hon. Friend knows, there are some headings in the group under which a toilet preparation may qualify for a lower rate of tax at 25 per cent. One of these headings and, so far as I can see, the only one relevant to this matter, relates to:
soap substitutes made up for sale as substitutes for toilet soap.
The situation in short is that if these articles are toilet preparations they are taxable at the rate of 50 per cent. unless they can be regarded as toilet soap substitutes, in which case the rate is 25 per cent. If they are not toilet preparations of course, as my hon. Friend indicated, they are not taxable at all.
There are three distinct classes of article. My hon. Friend has sent samples to me. The company markets them under several names, but I think it will be convenient if I refer to them all by the name my hon. Friend used, and call them Dri-Wash products, because that name accurately describes what they are for. The Dri-Wash tissues consist of small squares of paper tissue impregnated with a cleansing fluid. Dri-Wash cloths consist of pieces of cloth similarly impregnated and there is also a small bottle of Dri-Wash fluid, which can be obtained separately and used for re-impregnating the cloth. They are designed to enable travellers and other people to wash when no soap or water are available. I have examined a sample of the tissues and a bottle of the Dri-Wash fluid. As the statement on the packet which my hon. Friend sent me puts it, they are designed to give
a wash in a wipe—anywhere, any time".
The packet states that they are pleasant and refreshing to the face and hands and contain glycerine leaving the skin soft and smooth. It is the contention of Her Majesty's Customs and Excise that these articles prepared for this purpose by impregnating paper tissues with special cleansing fluid are toilet preparations taxable as such.
Mr. Allason: Except for the one occasion when I mentioned tissues, I have been dealing with Dri-Wash cloths all the time. They are definitely used by motorists wiping dirty hands, making the cloth even more dirty, and are certainly not suitable for using on the face. My hon. Friend said that the relevant tax group is 32. I interrupted to say that I had a letter from the Customs. It is dated 16th May, 1952, and says:
I beg to inform you that Dri-Wash cleaning cloth is liable to Purchase Tax at 66⅔ pe cent. under Group 5a.
Mr. Barber: I hope that my hon. Friend will allow me to give the other side, and there is another side, to this
account of the position. I should like to get on in the time available. I repeat that the present view of the Customs is that the relevant group is Group 32. I hope that my hon. Friend will agree that the paper tissues are toilet preparations and are taxable as such.
The Customs contend the same as regards the impregnated cloths whereas the company's contention is that neither the cloths nor the tissues are toilet preparations at all. That is the issue in this case. As my hon. Friend said, this issue has been the subject of long correspondence with him. I have written to him six times and the Financial Secretary has written once when I was away. The former Chancellor, Lord Amory, wrote to him in the early stages. In the correspondence I have tried to explain to my hon. Friend the reason for the Customs and Excise view that these cloths and tissues are taxable. In particular I did so in my letters of 10th March and 5th May this year. I do not think I have time left now to go over all the ground we have traversed in the correspondence which has passed between us, but there are some salient points I ought to pick out.
The company's impregnated cloths first came to the notice of Customs in 1952. The situation then was that, quite apart from their liability to tax as toilet preparations these articles were entitled to the relief from tax which applied generally to cloth under what was then known as the D Scheme. It may be surprising that the D Scheme had anything to do with the tax on toilet preparations but in fact that scheme provided relief from tax irrespective of the group of the tax schedule under which the chargeable article fell. So, rather fortuitously, these cloths were excused from payment of any tax at all. That was in accordance with the law as it was then.
Mr. Allason: rose—
Mr. Barber: I hope that my hon. Friend will let me get on.
Mr. Allason: I still return to the same point, that Customs and Excise made the categorisation of Group 5a. I do not see how a cloth can be in two categories at once, both in Group 5a and also in Group 32.
Mr. Barber: It is quite irrelevant whether the cloths come within Group 5a or Group 32 or within any other group for the purpose of the application of the D Scheme. It makes no difference whatsoever. If my hon. Friend will look at the provisions of the D Scheme to see how it applied to these cloths he will reach the conclusion that the Purchase Tax schedule into which they fell is quite irrelevant.
Unfortunately, when the D Scheme came to an end in the autumn of 1955 the changed position of Dri-Wash cloths was overlooked by Customs and Excise; and for the next four years the company was able to sell these cloths tax free under a Customs ruling for which there was no longer any legal justification at all. I readily admit that Customs and Excise were at fault here, but, of course, the benefit of the error went to the company and, of course, there is absolutely no question of the Customs and Excise now seeking to recover any of the tax that ought to have been paid in those years.
In the autumn of 1959 the matter came again to the notice of Customs and Excise. They told the company, on the information that was then available to them, that as toilet preparations, the impregnated tissues were taxable at the rate of 50 per cent. The company objected to this and raised some points that needed further consideration.
The points to which I am now coming are very important. The Customs invited Mr. G. H. Linton to discuss the matter with them at their head office in London, but, unfortunately, he declined this invitation. In matters arising between companies and Customs this is very unusual, as I know from my experience at the Treasury. I am sorry to say that he also declined to give the Customs complete information about the position of the Dri-Wash fluid, notwithstanding assurances in writing that this would be treated as confidential. Most companies do not, of course, behave in this way.
It was by now clear to the Customs that they could not give a final ruling on the Dri-Wash fluid and the tissues without dealing also with the impregnated cloths, even though that might mean reversing the long-standing ruling under which these had been regarded as tax free. Before taking such a step the
Customs decided that they ought to consult their technical advisers in the Government Chemist's Laboratory as regards the composition of the Dri-Wash fluid and also their own legal advisers as regards the interpretation of the law in relation to all three products—fluid, tissues and cloths.
The advice Customs received was that all three products were properly to be regarded as toilet preparations, but that all three could be accepted at the lower rate of tax, namely, 25 per cent. as being substitutes for toilet soap. I must recall that at this stage the Customs and their advisers were working under the handicap that they had not been given a complete formulation of the impregnating fluid. I assume from the fact that this was not mentioned by my hon. Friend that he bad not been informed of these unusual circumstances.
Acting, however, on the information which they had been given and the advice which had been based upon it, the Customs and Excise wrote to the company on 14th March, 1960, and gave a formal ruling that all three types of product were taxable at 25 per cent. and that tax should, in future, be accounted for at that rate. The company, as it was entitled to, protested vigorously against these decisions, but it still remained unwilling to talk the matter over round the table with Customs and Excise.
A second invitation was sent to the company to have a meeting at Customs headquarters in a letter dated 31st March, 1960, and this was ignored. It was about that time that my hon. Friend was brought into the case. He was certainly not responsible for any of the things which happened before that. In correspondence with him, my right hon. Friend Lord Amory, my hon. Friend the Financial Secretary and I have tried to explain to him, and through him to the company, the reasons for the Customs and Excise decision. I think that, although the correspondence has been protracted, only one new substantial point has emerged from This was on 9th June, 1960, when the company gave the Customs a complete formulation of the Dri-Wash fluid and stated that no perfume was used in its manufacture.
On these new facts, the Customs consulted the Government Laboratory
again, which advised that the fluid could not be held, by reason of its composition alone, to be a toilet preparation. Its advice was that its composition resembled that of a household cleanser. This meant that the separate bottles of fluid, if sold by themselves, and without any clear implication in their get-up that they are intended for toilet use, could no longer be regarded as taxable. But the impregnated cloths and tissues, the get-up of which clearly implies that they are for toilet use, still remained taxable as toilet preparations, though the Customs continued to be willing to accept them at the lower rate as being substitutes for toilet soap. This minor modification of the Customs' position was notified to the firm on 6th July, 1960.
Since then the issues have been reduced to a straightforward difference of view between the two sides about the interpretation of the law. Are the cloths and tissues toilet preparations or are they not? When such a difference persists, there is ultimately only one way of resolving it—and that is by an action in the courts.
At one point in our correspondence my hon. Friend suggested that the Customs were conducting some kind of vendetta against the company. I think that perhaps there was a hint of that in some of his observations this evening. I assured him in a letter, and I repeat with great sincerity, that that is certainly not the case. I have looked into this matter with great care. I have made a frank admission that for a number of years Customs were wrong. They made a mistake. The company ought to have been taxed. I apologise for that mistake. On the other hand, it is to the advantage of the company and Customs will certainly not claim back tax. But certainly there is no vendetta against the company. The Customs have a duty to perform. They have to collect the taxes and duties which are due under the law, and it is only right that they should make proper inquiries, and if they believe that they can sustain their contention, that if necessary they should take it to the courts. I invited my hon. Friend to satisfy himself of the fact that there was no vendetta against the company by meeting the official at the Customs and Excise headquarters who has been
responsible for the handling of the case, but this invitation, too, did not come to fruition. I have myself made a very careful examination of the case and I am sure that there has been nothing improper in the action of Customs and Excise, although there was a mistake a number of years ago.
Mr. Allason: My hon. Friend speaks of a mistake by Customs in 1952. Was it a mistake that Customs decided that the appropriate group was Group 5a, and that it was confirmed by the Commissioners and by the Chancellor of the Exchequer that it was Group 5a? Ought it to have been Group 32 all along? I understood that once it was in Group 5a it remained there. I do not see how it can suddenly be changed without a legal ruling.
Mr. Barber: Before the D scheme relief applied the cloth would have been taxable under the old Group 5, which deals with textile articles, as well as under Group 32. If my hon. Friend will look at the notes on the Customs and Excise schedule he will see that an article could well be included in more than one group. In that case the higher tax should be applied. But the old Group 5 no longer exists. The mistake which the Customs made, and which I was frankly painting out, was that after the old D scheme was abolished they continued not to charge tax on these products, although it is clear, at any rate from the point of view of the Customs, that tax should have been charged on them.
This matter has now dragged on for well over a year, during which time the
company has not been paying a tax which the Customs consider is legally due from it. The Customs would be failing in their duty if they let that continue. As there is apparently no prospect whatever of reconciling the opposing views, there seems to be no alternative to putting the issue to the test in the courts. I am sorry that I should have to say this. I hope that there is still just a chance that the company will see the force of the Customs point of view, but if that is not so, I can see no alternative. I am sorry to have to put it to bluntly to my hon. Friend.
I should like to end on the note on which I started and say that I appreciate how much time and effort my hon. Friend has devoted to the affairs of this company. But I am bound to say, having given the matter, as I hope my hon. Friend will agree, fair and honest consideration, that I have reached the firm conclusion that in this case, the Customs are right in fact and in law in the contention which they are now maintaining, and have no alternative but to pursue their claim against the company.
Mr. Allason: rose—
Mr. Speaker: The hon. Gentleman has already spoken to this Question.
The Question having been proposed after Ten o'clock on Thursday evening and the debate having continued for half an hour, Mr. SPEAKER adjourned the House, without Question put, pursuant to the Standing Order.
Adjourned at seven minutes past Twelve o'clock.
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The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York Appellant, v. Matthias Suiter et al., Respondents.
Court of Appeals,
January 20, 1892.
^Evidence. Comparison.—Under the provisions of chap. 36 of 1886, as amended by chap. 555 of 1888, a party to an action against whom a claim is made, founded upon an instrument alleged to have been executed by him, which he disputes, has a right to introduce in evidence other writings, satisfactorily proved to have been executed by him, for the purpose of comparison.
Appeal from judgment of the supreme court, general term, fourth department, reversing judgment of foreclosure in favor of plaintiff rendered at special term.
William G. Tracy, for appellant.
Greorge H. Sears, for respondents.
Earl, J.
At the date of the quit-claim deed claimed to have been executed by Matthias and his wife to the widow and two daughters, and also by them, the widow was upwards of seventy-three years old, and the daughter Ann was a cripple, having been born -without arms, and neither she nor her mother could write. The whole farm at that time, only one-half of which was conveyed to them by Matthias and .his wife was probably not worth more than the amount of the mortgage. It does not appear that the widow and two daughters had any benefit whatever from the money loaned upon the mortgage, or that they had anything whatever to do with the loan. At the time of the execution by Matthias of the deed he was not living with his mother and sisters, and had not been for years; and it does not appear what his relations with them were. It is in the highest degree improbable that the widow and two daughters would consciously and intelligently, for a conveyance of one-half of the farm, assume the payment of the mortgage subordinating their interests in the farm, their only means of support, to the lien of the mortgage ; and it would seem that very strong proof ought to be produced that they were fairly and honestly treated and advised before such an instrument should be given operation against them.
Upon the trial of the action the claim of the plaintiff was that the defendant Mary A. Suiter had written her own signature and the signatures of her mother and sister Ann to the deed, and that then her mother and sister had each made her mark. She testified positively that she did not write the signatures; that she did not acknowledge the deed, and that she never heard of the deed until about the commencement of this action, when it was found in the county clerk’s office by her attorney. The widow and the daughter Ann also-testified that they did not execute the deed or acknowledge it. The defendants called expert witnesses who testified by comparison of the signatures on the deed with the signature of Mary A. Suiter to the verification of her answer in this action, that the signatures upon the deed were not written by the same person who wrote the name to snch verification-The plaintiff called an expert witness who. testified that he believed that the three signatures were written by the same person who wrote the name of Mary A. Suiter to the affidavit upon the answer to the complaint; and the plaintiff also gave some evidence of statements made by the widow, and also upon her cross-examination, tending to show that the deed was actually executed and delivered to her.
While the defendants were putting in their evidence upon the trial, and for the purpose of having a larger number of Mary A. Suiter’s genuine signatures in evidence for comparison with the alleged forged signatures, she produced a signature which she said she had written two years before; and the defendants’ counsel offered to put it in evidence. Plaintiff’s counsel objected to it as incompetent, immaterial and improper, and on the further ground that it was written with a pencil. The trial judge then remarked: “ I don’t think the signature of a party written on a loose scrap of paper at some time or another should be put in evidence. I will sustain that objection. It would be a dangerous rule to adopt. I will sustain the objection on that particular piece of paper.” The same witness then produced two of her signatures written, one fourteen and the other twelve or thirteen years before the trial, and testified that she had written them at the times mentioned; and defendants’ counsel offered to put them in evidence for the purpose of comparison.
Plaintiff’s counsel objected to them on the same grounds as before, and the trial judge said “ I will exclude the evidence and give you an exception. I don’t think this evidence is either admissible or safe.” It will be observed that these three signatures were not excluded upon the ground that they were not sufficiently proved, or that the judge was not satisfied that they were genuine. We agree with the general term that these signatures should have been received in evidence for comparison. They would have given to the expert witnesses a wider range for comparison. As it was, the only signatures they had for comparison with the alleged forged signatures were the signatures of Mary A. Suiter to her affidavit upon the answer, and the signature of Ann Suiter to her affidavit upon her answer in this action, which was written by Mary A. Suiter. So that there was in evidence for comparison only one signature of the name of Mary A. Suiter, with which the experts could compare the alleged forged signature. Wé think the range of comparison was altogether too narrowly limited, and that it could not be thus arbitrarily confined. It cannot be said that the exclusion of this evidence was harmless. It Avas rendered competent by the act, chapter 36 of the LaAvs of 1880, as amended by the act, chapter 555 of the Laws of 1888, and whatever the views of the trial judge may have been as to its value or safety, he should have received it.
For the rejection of this evidence the judgment was properly reversed at the general term, and its order should be affirmed and judgment absolute rendered against the plaintiff, with costs.
All concur (Finch, J., in result), except Peckham, J., not sitting.
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Nuea Sawan
By: Helen Pitlick
Published: Friday, December 10, 2010 - 1:02am
Ingredients
3 tablespoons fish sauce
1 tablespoon Soy Sauce
1 teaspoon ground coriander or fresh cilantro powder
3 tablespoons Sugar
1 pound Thinly Sliced Sirloin
2 cups Oil For Deep Frying
Preparation
1 Mix together the marinade ingredients and marinate the beef for about 10 minutes. 2 Heat a skillet and cover with a thin coating of oil. Pan-fry the meat and marinade until the marinade is reduced. 3 Heat the rest of the oil in another pan and deep-fry the beef on medium heat in small batches until the pieces float to the top.
About
Serve with steamed sticky rice.
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using System;
using Xamarin.Essentials;
using Xamarin.Forms;
using Ziggeo.Xamarin.NetStandard.Demo.Utils;
using Ziggeo.Xamarin.NetStandard.Demo.ViewModels;
namespace Ziggeo.Xamarin.NetStandard.Demo.Views
{
public partial class SettingsPage : ContentPage
{
private readonly SettingsViewModel _viewModel;
public SettingsPage()
{
InitializeComponent();
BindingContext = _viewModel = new SettingsViewModel();
_viewModel.GetBlurMode();
}
void OnBlurModeToggled(object sender, ToggledEventArgs e)
{
if (e != null && e.Value != _viewModel.IsBlurMode)
{
_viewModel.IsBlurMode = e.Value;
}
}
private void SaveSettings(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
_viewModel.SaveBlurMode();
}
}
}
|
namespace MyFitnessApp.Web.ViewModels.Profiles
{
using System;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using MyFitnessApp.Data.Models;
using static MyFitnessApp.Common.DataConstants;
public class CreateProfileInputModel
{
[Display(Name = "Choose gender")]
public Gender Gender { get; set; }
[Display(Name = "Choose activity level")]
public ActivityLevel ActivityLevel { get; set; }
[Required(ErrorMessage = "Please upload profile image")]
[Display(Name = "Image (.jpg format only)")]
public IFormFile ImageUrl { get; set; }
[Required(ErrorMessage = "The field is required")]
[Range(ProfileWeightInKgMinValue, ProfileWeightInKgMaxValue, ErrorMessage = "The value must be between {1} and {2}")]
[Display(Name = "Current weight in kg")]
public double CurrentWeightInKg { get; set; }
[Required(ErrorMessage = "The field is required")]
[Range(ProfileWeightInKgMinValue, ProfileWeightInKgMaxValue, ErrorMessage = "The value must be between {1} and {2}")]
[Display(Name = "Goal weight in kg")]
public double GoalWeightInKg { get; set; }
[Required(ErrorMessage = "The field is required")]
[Range(ProfileBodyMeasurementMinValue, ProfileBodyMeasurementMaxValue, ErrorMessage = "The value must be between {1} and {2}")]
[Display(Name = "Height in cm")]
public double HeightInCm { get; set; }
[Required(ErrorMessage = "The field is required")]
[Range(ProfileBodyMeasurementMinValue, ProfileBodyMeasurementMaxValue, ErrorMessage = "The value must be between {1} and {2}")]
[Display(Name = "Neck in cm")]
public double NeckInCm { get; set; }
[Required(ErrorMessage = "The field is required")]
[Range(ProfileBodyMeasurementMinValue, ProfileBodyMeasurementMaxValue, ErrorMessage = "The value must be between {1} and {2}")]
[Display(Name = "Waist in cm")]
public double WaistInCm { get; set; }
[Required(ErrorMessage = "The field is required")]
[Range(ProfileBodyMeasurementMinValue, ProfileBodyMeasurementMaxValue, ErrorMessage = "The value must be between {1} and {2}")]
[Display(Name = "Hips in cm")]
public double HipsInCm { get; set; }
[Required(ErrorMessage = "The field is required")]
[Range(ProfileDailyIntakeGoalMinValue, ProfileDailyIntakeGoalMaxValue, ErrorMessage = "The value must be between {1} and {2}")]
[Display(Name = "Daily protein intake goal")]
public double DailyProteinIntakeGoal { get; set; }
[Required(ErrorMessage = "The field is required")]
[Range(ProfileDailyIntakeGoalMinValue, ProfileDailyIntakeGoalMaxValue, ErrorMessage = "The value must be between {1} and {2}")]
[Display(Name = "Daily carbs intake goal")]
public double DailyCarbohydratesIntakeGoal { get; set; }
[Required(ErrorMessage = "The field is required")]
[Range(ProfileDailyIntakeGoalMinValue, ProfileDailyIntakeGoalMaxValue, ErrorMessage = "The value must be between {1} and {2}")]
[Display(Name = "Daily fat intake goal")]
public double DailyFatIntakeGoal { get; set; }
[MaxLength(AboutMeMaxLength, ErrorMessage = "Text must have maximum {1} letters")]
[Display(Name = "About me:")]
public string AboutMe { get; set; }
[MaxLength(WhyGetInShapeMaxLength, ErrorMessage = "Text must have maximum {1} letters")]
[Display(Name = "Why I want to get in shape:")]
public string WhyGetInShape { get; set; }
[MaxLength(MyInspirationsMaxLength, ErrorMessage = "Text must have maximum {1} letters")]
[Display(Name = "My inspirations for getting in shape:")]
public string MyInspirations { get; set; }
public double CalculatedDailyCaloriesIntakeGoal => (this.DailyProteinIntakeGoal * 4) + (this.DailyCarbohydratesIntakeGoal * 4) + (this.DailyFatIntakeGoal * 9);
public string AddedByUserId { get; set; }
}
}
|
#include <stdio.h>
// SELECTION SORT:
// A ordenação é feita encontrando os menores valores e posicionando nas primeiras posições:
// Encontra o menor valor e insere na primeira posição
// Encontra o segundo menor valor e insere na segunda posição
// Sua complecidade é de O(n²) em todos os casos
// Não possui melhor e pior caso: sempre realiza o mesmo processamento independendo dos dados
// É estável: independentemente de como os dados estão previamente organizados, o tempo de execução e o processamento será o mesmo
// É usado em listas com poucos dados, mas com objetos (valores) grandes armazenado em cada index
// É pior do que o insertion sort
int smallest(int arr[], int k, int n) {
int pos = k, small = arr[k];
for(int i=k+1;i<n;i++) {
if(arr[i] < small) {
small = arr[i];
pos = i;
}
}
return pos;
}
void selection_sort(int arr[], int n) {
int pos, temp;
for(int k=0;k<n;k++) {
pos = smallest(arr, k, n); // Retorna o menor elemento
// Faz a troca (swap)
temp = arr[k];
arr[k] = arr[pos];
arr[pos] = temp;
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int arr[5] = {500, 1, 50, 23, 76};
selection_sort(arr, 5); // Array e número de elementos
printf("The sorted array is: \n");
for(int i=0;i<5;i++) {
printf("%d, ", arr[i]);
}
}
|
how align expandable divs with different heights?
My initial layout:
This divs are "col-md-4" classin bootstrap
If I expand the div number 3 :
My question is there a way to have this layout as a result (applicable if we have more than 4 divs and expanding 2 or 3 at a time ):
Check out the Masonry library
Depending browser support needs, you could use pure css solution using css column. Just that divs would be placed in vertical order
Yes it seems a duplicate. Thank you
|
Alignment rectifying device
ABSTRACT
An alignment rectifying device for a rectifying a joint between two joint between two pipes includes a central hub, multiple plunger-cylinder assemblies, and a curved plate member. Each plunger-cylinder assembly comprises a plunger portion in sliding communication within a cylinder portion, where each plunger-cylinder assembly out spreads radially from the central hub, each plunger-cylinder assembly actuated by a hydraulic pump positioned within the hub to radially extend the plunger portion of the plunger-cylinder assembly. The curved plate member is positioned at the distal end of the plunger portion each plunger-cylinder assembly, where the curved plate member is configured to contact a surface of joint between two pipes internally, where each curved plate member actuated by the hydraulic pump applies pressure on the joint to rectify misalignment at the joint.
BACKGROUND
During the process of laying a pipe line, for example, an oil pipeline, it is normally essential to weld a sector of pipe to an end of the pipeline. The pipeline may be aligned and laid under a water body such as sea. The welded joints between consecutive units of pipe characteristically need to be of superior quality and reliability, because underwater pipelines are characteristically exposed to cyclic loading both during and after the installation or commissioning process, giving an increased risk of failing of the joints because of the fatigue loading during the aforementioned cycle. Misalignment of the ends of pipes during the welding process of a joint can adversely affect the quality of the weld generated. The precise welding of two pipe ends is therefore of primary importance. Subsequently, it is necessary to measure the amount of misalignment before and/or after the welding process.
Such misalignment, or Hi-Lo as generally known in piping industry, is a common problem caused by human error, carelessness, or due to joining pipes of different thickness. Increased levels of high-low misalignment in pipeline girth welds have been identified as one of the contributing factors to hydrostatic test failures or pipeline service failures. Conventionally, the primary solution involves grinding the area or slowing down production time by paying meticulous attention to detail. The welding industry has several tools designed to detect Hi-Lo or misalignment; however, the existing solutions has not been proactive in preventing Hi-Lo, until now.
Hence, there is a long felt but unresolved need for an alignment rectifying device for pipes which corrects the bends at pipe ends, thereby enabling a precise and rigidly welded joint between two pipes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The alignment rectifying device for rectifying a joint between two pipes comprises a central hub, multiple plunger-cylinder assemblies, and a curved plate member. Each plunger-cylinder assembly comprises a plunger portion in sliding communication within a cylinder portion, where each plunger-cylinder assembly out spreads radially from the central hub, each plunger-cylinder assembly actuated by a hydraulic pump positioned within the hub to radially extend the plunger portion of the plunger-cylinder assembly. In an example, each cylinder haves a cut off that can make each cylinder work by itself. The curved plate member is positioned at a distal end of the plunger portion of each plunger-cylinder assembly, where the curved plate member is configured to contact a surface of joint between two pipes internally, where each curved plate member actuated by the hydraulic pump applies pressure on the joint to rectify misalignment at the joint.
In an embodiment, where the cylinder portion comprises a hollow barrel and a hollow middle cylinder. The hollow barrel extends from the central hub configured to allow transmission of a working fluid pumped from the hydraulic pump; and the hollow middle cylinder extends from above the hollow barrel, where the hollow middle cylinder is configured to receive and transmit the pumped working fluid from the hollow barrel to make contact with the plunger portion removably attached above the hollow middle cylinder. In an embodiment, the plunger portion is configured as a plunger rod, where the curved plate member is fixedly attached at a distal end of the plunger rod.
In an embodiment, the alignment rectifying device further comprises a door positioned outside of the central hub which allows access to the inside of the central hub for repair and maintenance. In an embodiment, where the hydraulic pump comprises an inbuilt fluid container or an external fluid container. In an embodiment, the alignment rectifying device further comprises a pump connector valve configured as a connector between hydraulic pump and the tool, and the pump connector valve comprise of different sizes and shapes. In an embodiment, the alignment rectifying device further comprises a bleeder valve removably attached with the central hub of the alignment rectifying device which is configured to be in communication with the hydraulic pump to bleed excess air accumulated in the working fluid passage. In an embodiment, the alignment rectifying device further comprises a spring member fixedly attached between the central hub and the curved plate member to provide extension and retraction to the plunger portion, thereby adjusting the position of the plunger portion during rectification of the misalignment in the joint between two pipes.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 exemplarily illustrates a front perspective view of the alignment rectifying device.
FIG. 2 exemplarily illustrates an exploded view of the alignment rectifying device.
FIG. 3A exemplarily illustrates a rear perspective view of the alignment rectifying device.
FIG. 3B exemplarily illustrates a rear perspective view of the central hub of the alignment rectifying device as shown in FIG. 3A.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 exemplarily illustrates a front perspective view of the alignment rectifying device 100. The alignment rectifying device 100 for rectifying a joint between two pipes comprises a central hub 101, multiple plunger-cylinder assemblies 102, and a curved plate member 105. Each plunger-cylinder assembly 102 comprises a plunger portion 103 in sliding communication within a cylinder portion 104, where each plunger-cylinder assembly 102 out spreads radially from the central hub 101, each plunger-cylinder assembly 102 actuated by a hydraulic pump positioned within the central hub 101 to radially extend the plunger portion 103 of the plunger-cylinder assembly 102. The curved plate member 105 is positioned at the distal end 103 a of the plunger portion 103 each plunger-cylinder assembly 102, where the curved plate member 105 is configured to contact a surface of joint between two pipes internally, where each curved plate member 105 actuated by the hydraulic pump applies pressure on the joint to rectify misalignment at the joint. The misalignment at the joint is popularly known as Hi-Lo. The purpose of the alignment rectifying device 100 is to eliminate Hi-Lo in pipe joints.
In an embodiment, where the cylinder portion 104 comprises a hollow barrel 106 and a hollow middle cylinder 107. The hollow barrel 106 extends from the central hub 101 configured to allow transmission of a working fluid pumped from the hydraulic pump, and the hollow middle cylinder 107 extends from above the hollow barrel 106, where the hollow middle cylinder 107 is configured to receive and transmit the pumped working fluid from the hollow barrel 106 to make contact with the plunger portion 103 removably attached above the hollow middle cylinder 107. In an embodiment, the plunger portion 103 is configured as a plunger rod 108, where the curved plate member 105 is fixedly attached at a distal end of the plunger rod 108.
The alignment rectifying device 100 is, for example, a circular hub that externally houses about 12-extendable cylinders around its perimeter. Each cylinder consists of the barrel, middle cylinder, and a plunger which is configured to extend and retract. On the end of each plunger rod 108 is a curved plate member 105, for example, a curved shaped shoe. When fully retracted or simultaneously extended, the alignment rectifying device 100 forms a perfect 360-degree wheel. In an embodiment, a door is positioned outside of the central hub 101 which allows access to the inside of the central hub 101 for repair and maintenance.
The working of the alignment rectifying device 100 involves a fitter or a mechanic placing the alignment rectifying device 100 within a first pipe in a sideways manner or parallel with the opening of the first pipe, and leaving one or more inches of the plunger portion 103 exposed. Next the fitter will slide the second pipe over the exposed end of the alignment rectifying device 100 until both pipes are close enough to begin tacking. Once the pipes are securely joined, the fitter can begin extending the plunger portions 103 to stretch out the pipes and make them perfectly even. Alternately, the fitter can tack the first and the second pipe together, then move or crawl into the pipes and place the alignment rectifying device 100 evenly at the joint of the pipes. The fitter can now stretch out the pipes until they are perfectly even. The alignment rectifying device 100 is, for example, a 360-degree wheel with the capability to extend in a full 360-degree circle simultaneously or individually, and is able to withstand the pressure and heat of different types of pipes utilized in welding, and they are created or intended for those purposes.
FIG. 2 exemplarily illustrates an exploded view of the alignment rectifying device 100. The alignment rectifying device 100 facilitates the pumping of the working fluid, for example, any hydraulic fluid, into the tool housing to be transferred into the central hub 101 passing through a pump connector valve 109, and then to every plunger portion 103 mounted on the central hub 101, pressurizing the plunger portions 103 to extend gradually until the setting pressure set by the hydraulic pump and monitored by pressure gauges. The parts of the alignment rectifying device 100 can be purchased from as local market as well. In an embodiment, the hydraulic pump can be both manual as well as motorized pump for pumping the working fluid. In an embodiment, the hydraulic pump can also have inbuilt fluid container, or external fluid container. In an embodiment, the pump connector valve 109 is configured as a connector between hydraulic pump and the tool. As most of the hydraulic pumps have a specialized connector therefore a suitable pump connector valve 109 is required for the manufacturing.
In an embodiment, the pump connector vale 109 comprise of different shapes and sizes and should have leak-proof attachment with the hydraulic pump. In an embodiment, a bleeder valve 110 is removably attached with the central hub 101 of the alignment rectifying device 100 and is in communication with the hydraulic pump to bleed excess air accumulated in the working fluid passage. The hole and the threads in the central hub 101 cover need to be manufactured as per the dimensions of the bleeder valve 110. There are three different types of seals used in the manufacturing, as provided in the following description. In an embodiment, a seal ring 111 for the hollow middle cylinder 107 is positioned such that the internal diameter of the seal ring 111 is configured to the diameter of a groove on the hollow middle cylinder 107. The diameter of the seal ring 111 is large enough such that the seal ring 111 press fits to the internal diameter of the hollow middle cylinder 107. In an embodiment, a seal ring 112 is provided for plunger portion 103 or the plunger rod, and is selected such that the internal diameter should touch the diameter of the plunger rod or the extender plunger groove. The diameter of the seal ring 112 is large enough such that the seal ring 112 press fits to the internal diameter of the plunger portion 103.
In an embodiment, a seal is provided for the central hub 101 and cover to make the assembly leak proof, where the grooves in the central hub 101 and the cover 113 can be changed or removed if needed as per seal which is available from the local market. Fasteners are also provided to fasten the central hub 101 and the cover 113. The hole in the central hub 101 and the cover 113 need to be made according to sizing of the fastener, and the cover 113 should not have tapping or threads for flexible movement of the fastener. Another fastener is also needed to fasten the stand with the hub cover 113. Manufacturer also need to arrange the fastener for the same and manufacture threaded hole on the stand accordingly. In an embodiment, a spring member 114, for example, a metallic coiled spring, is fixedly attached between the central hub 101 and the curved plate member 105 to provide extension and retraction to the plunger portion 103, thereby adjusting the position of the plunger portion 103 during rectifying the misalignment in the joint between two pipes. The spring member 114 is selected so that the internal diameter of the spring member 114 is equal to outer diameter of the central hub 101. In an embodiment, the spring member 114 is locked via a spring lock 115 attached with the central hub 101 at the lower end and extender foot at the upper end which is below the curved plate member 105.
FIG. 3A exemplarily illustrates a rear perspective view of the alignment rectifying device 100, and FIG. 3B exemplarily illustrates a rear perspective view of the central hub 101 of the alignment rectifying device 100 as shown in FIG. 3A. In an embodiment, the rear portion of the central hub 101 comprises openings 116 for receiving fasteners 117, where the fasteners 117 comprise cavities 118 to allow or disallow the working fluid to be transferred from the central hub 101 to each plunger portion 103 mounted on the central hub 101, that is, the fastener 117 or the screw has a cut slot in it to control the fluid flow. The working fluid stored within the storage cavity 119 of the central hub 101, is configured to be pumped outwardly via the transfer lines 120 and to each plunger portion 103. When the fastener 117 with the cavity 118 is introduced into the opening 116, the positioning of the cavity 118 within the transfer lines 120 determines the passage of the working fluid through the transfer lines 120.
The foregoing examples have been provided merely for the purpose of explanation and are in no way to be construed as limiting of the present concept disclosed herein. While the concept has been described with reference to various embodiments, it is understood that the words, which have been used herein, are words of description and illustration, rather than words of limitation. Further, although the concept has been described herein with reference to particular means, materials, and embodiments, the concept is not intended to be limited to the particulars disclosed herein; rather, the concept extends to all functionally equivalent structures, methods and uses, such as are within the scope of the appended claims. Those skilled in the art, having the benefit of the teachings of this specification, may affect numerous modifications thereto and changes may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the concept in its aspects.
What is claimed is:
1. A device for rectifying a joint between two pipes, the device comprising: a central hub; a plurality of plunger-cylinder assemblies, each plunger-cylinder assembly comprising a plunger portion in sliding communication within a cylinder portion, each plunger-cylinder assembly out spreading radially from the central hub, each plunger-cylinder assembly actuated by a hydraulic pump positioned within the central hub to radially extend the plunger portion of the plunger-cylinder assembly; and a curved plate member positioned at the distal end of the plunger portion of each plunger-cylinder assembly, the curved plate member configured to contact a surface of joint between two pipes internally, wherein each curved plate member actuated by the hydraulic pump applies pressure on the joint to rectify misalignment at the joint.
2. The alignment rectifying device of claim 1, wherein the cylinder portion comprises: a hollow barrel extending from the central hub configured to allow transmission of a working fluid pumped from the hydraulic pump; and a hollow middle cylinder extending from above the hollow barrel, wherein the hollow middle cylinder is configured to receive and transmit the pumped working fluid from the hollow barrel to make contact with the plunger portion removably attached above the hollow middle cylinder.
3. The alignment rectifying device of claim 1, wherein the plunger portion is configured as a plunger rod, wherein the curved plate member is fixedly attached at a distal end of the plunger rod.
4. The alignment rectifying device of claim 1, further comprising a door is positioned outside of the central hub which allows access to the inside of the central hub for repair and maintenance.
5. The alignment rectifying device of claim 1, wherein the hydraulic pump comprises one of an inbuilt fluid container and an external fluid container.
6. The alignment rectifying device of claim 1, further comprising a pump connector valve configured as a connector between hydraulic pump and the tool, and the pump connector valve comprise of different sizes and shapes.
7. The alignment rectifying device of claim 1, further comprising a bleeder valve removably attached with the central hub of the alignment rectifying device which is configured to be in communication with the hydraulic pump to bleed excess air accumulated in the working fluid passage.
8. The alignment rectifying device of claim 1, further comprising a spring member is fixedly attached between the central hub and the curved plate member to provide extension and retraction to the plunger portion, thereby adjusting the position of the plunger portion during rectification of the misalignment in the joint between two pipes.
9. The alignment rectifying device of claim 1, wherein the rear portion of the central hub further comprises openings configured for receiving fasteners, wherein the fasteners comprise cavities to one of allow and disallow the working fluid to be transferred from the central hub to each plunger portion mounted on the central hub.
|
Images: Wounded Warrior Regiment Wheelchair Basketball Camp [Image 9 of 20]
Photo by Victoria Long
Lance Cpl. Kevin Sheehy from WWBn-East practices lay-up drills during the Wounded Warrior Regiment Wheelchair Basketball Camp at the University of Central Florida in Orlando. Marines and Marine veterans participating in the camp will enhance their skills in the areas of passing and shooting, as well as both defensive and offensive techniques. The Warrior Athlete Reconditioning Program (WAR-P) provides activities and opportunities for wounded, ill or injured Marines to train as athletes, while increasing their strength so they can continue with military service or develop healthy habits for life outside the service.
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This work, Wounded Warrior Regiment Wheelchair Basketball Camp [Image 9 of 20], by Victoria Long, identified by DVIDS, is free of known copyright restrictions under U.S. copyright law.
Date Taken:01.07.2014
Date Posted:01.08.2014 08:30
Photo ID:1147830
VIRIN:140107-M-XU385-396
Resolution:3456x5184
Size:899.39 KB
Location:ORLANDO, FL, US
Hometown:LANOKA HARBOR, NJ, US
Gallery Images
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SELECT A HOLIDAY:
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|
import clsx from 'clsx'
import ChatAvatar from './ChatAvatar'
export function ChatBubble({ isOwn, chatBody }) {
return (
<div className={clsx('flex mt-2 items-end', isOwn && ' justify-end')}>
<div
className={clsx(
'flex flex-col max-w-xs mx-2 space-y-2 text-sm',
isOwn ? ' items-end order-1' : ' items-start order-2',
)}
>
<div>
<span
className={clsx(
'inline-block px-4 py-2 rounded-lg',
isOwn ? ' text-white bg-blue-600' : ' text-gray-600 bg-gray-300',
)}
>
{chatBody}
</span>
</div>
</div>
<ChatAvatar />
</div>
)
}
export function OtherChatBubble() {
return (
<div className="flex items-end justify-end">
<div className="flex flex-col max-w-xs mx-2 space-y-2 text-xs">
<div>
<span className="inline-block px-4 py-2 rounded-lg">Are you using sudo?</span>
</div>
</div>
<ChatAvatar />
</div>
)
}
|
#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
#include <actions/undo_stack.h>
namespace std {
std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& out, const std::vector<unsigned>& vals) {
return out;
}
}
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(simple_undo_redo) {
std::vector<unsigned> values;
possumwood::UndoStack stack;
{
possumwood::UndoStack::Action a;
a.addCommand(
"Pushing back 10",
[&values]() {
values.push_back(10);
},
[&values]() {
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values.back(), 10u);
values.pop_back();
}
);
stack.execute(a);
}
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, decltype(values){10});
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, decltype(values){});
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, decltype(values){});
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, decltype(values){10});
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, decltype(values){10});
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, decltype(values){});
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, decltype(values){10});
}
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(multi_command_undo_redo) {
std::vector<unsigned> values;
possumwood::UndoStack stack;
{
possumwood::UndoStack::Action a;
a.addCommand(
"Pushing back 10",
[&values]() {
values.push_back(10);
},
[&values]() {
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values.back(), 10u);
values.pop_back();
}
);
a.addCommand(
"Pushing back 10",
[&values]() {
values.push_back(20);
},
[&values]() {
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values.back(), 20u);
values.pop_back();
}
);
stack.execute(a);
}
const std::vector<unsigned> expected_result{10, 20};
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, expected_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, decltype(values){});
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, decltype(values){});
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, expected_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, expected_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, decltype(values){});
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, expected_result);
}
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(multi_action_undo_redo) {
std::vector<unsigned> values;
possumwood::UndoStack stack;
{
possumwood::UndoStack::Action a;
a.addCommand(
"Pushing back 10",
[&values]() {
values.push_back(10);
},
[&values]() {
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values.back(), 10u);
values.pop_back();
}
);
a.addCommand(
"Pushing back 20",
[&values]() {
values.push_back(20);
},
[&values]() {
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values.back(), 20u);
values.pop_back();
}
);
stack.execute(a);
}
{
possumwood::UndoStack::Action a;
a.addCommand(
"Pushing back 30",
[&values]() {
values.push_back(30);
},
[&values]() {
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values.back(), 30u);
values.pop_back();
}
);
a.addCommand(
"Pushing back 40",
[&values]() {
values.push_back(40);
},
[&values]() {
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values.back(), 40u);
values.pop_back();
}
);
stack.execute(a);
}
const std::vector<unsigned> full_result{10, 20, 30, 40};
const std::vector<unsigned> half_result{10, 20};
const std::vector<unsigned> empty_result{};
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, full_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, half_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, empty_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, empty_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, half_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, full_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, full_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, half_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, empty_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, empty_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, half_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, full_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, full_result);
}
BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(exception_handling) {
std::vector<unsigned> values;
// 30 will never be inserted - need only 10 and 20
const std::vector<unsigned> half_result{10, 20};
const std::vector<unsigned> empty_result{};
possumwood::UndoStack stack;
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, empty_result);
{
possumwood::UndoStack::Action a;
a.addCommand(
"Pushing back 10",
[&values]() {
values.push_back(10);
},
[&values]() {
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values.back(), 10u);
values.pop_back();
}
);
a.addCommand(
"Pushing back 20",
[&values]() {
values.push_back(20);
},
[&values]() {
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values.back(), 20u);
values.pop_back();
}
);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.execute(a));
}
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, half_result);
{
possumwood::UndoStack::Action a;
a.addCommand(
"Pushing back 30",
[&values]() {
values.push_back(30);
const std::vector<unsigned> tmp{10, 20, 30};
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, tmp);
},
[&values]() {
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values.back(), 30u);
values.pop_back();
const std::vector<unsigned> tmp{10, 20};
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, tmp);
}
);
a.addCommand(
"Throwing",
[]() {
throw "stuff";
},
[]() {
}
);
// executing this command throws, and UNROLLS push_back of 30
BOOST_REQUIRE_THROW(stack.execute(a), std::runtime_error);
BOOST_REQUIRE_THROW(stack.execute(a), std::runtime_error);
}
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, half_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, empty_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, empty_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, half_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, half_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, empty_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.undo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, empty_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, half_result);
BOOST_REQUIRE_NO_THROW(stack.redo());
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(values, half_result);
}
|
Resource leak warning and line breakpoint in eclipse
Simple program to get array elements.
I get both the message at line 5
import java.util.*;
public class Hier {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner inp=new Scanner(System.in);
int[] arr=new int[4];
int i;
for(i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
arr[i]=inp.nextInt();
}
System.out.println("Elements: ");
for(i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
System.out.println(arr[i]);
}
}
}
You should be more precise about the line number. We are confused about which one is it.
Normally you need to close a Scanner – except when it wraps System.in because you should not close the standard input. Eclipse is not clever enough to know the difference and that's why it gives you a warning. You can safely ignore the warning, or you can use the SuppressWarnings annotation.
import java.util.*;
public class Hier {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
@SuppressWarnings("inp")
Scanner inp=new Scanner(System.in);
int[] arr=new int[4];
int i;
for(i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
arr[i]=inp.nextInt();
}
System.out.println("Elements: ");
for(i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
System.out.println(arr[i]);
}
}
}
System.in can be changed via System.setIn(...), so there is no guarantee that System.in does not need to be closed.
You basically need to close your scanner once you are done using it.
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner inp = new Scanner(System.in);
try
{
int[] arr = new int[4];
int i;
for (i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)
{
arr[i] = inp.nextInt();
}
System.out.println("Elements: ");
for (i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)
{
System.out.println(arr[i]);
}
} finally
{
inp.close();
}
}
Or if using Java 7+, you can use try-with-resources like this:
try (Scanner inp = new Scanner(System.in))
{
//your code
}
Eclipse is just wrong here, and this is therefore bad advice. What needs actual closing is actual resources. Scanner, just like BufferedInputStream and co are filterstreams - they wrap an actual resource. They aren't themselves things that need closing. It's normally smart to close them: They could buffer, and closing has a built in flush (and will also close the thing they wrap). The key clue here is that the thing it wraps (System.in) was not created by this code and therefore should not be closed by this code, either. Eclipse should not warn about filterstreams.
With that background in mind: You don't want to close System.in (there are exotic cases where you do, but it's definitely not the appropriate thing in most circumstances, and this question is all about general advice, not a specific situation). closing the scanner will close System.in.
|
import { vscode } from '../web-constant';
export class DragDropPage {
public sketchFiles: any;
private _xlayersElementPlaceHolder: HTMLElement;
private _frameWorkSelectionElements: NodeListOf<HTMLHeadingElement>;
constructor() {
// default elements we need for the UI
this._xlayersElementPlaceHolder = document.querySelector('#xlayers') as HTMLElement;
this._frameWorkSelectionElements = document.querySelectorAll('.card');
const dragElement = document.getElementById('drag-file') as HTMLElement;
const frameWorkSelection = (framework: string) => {
if (this._xlayersElementPlaceHolder) {
vscode.postMessage({
command: 'xlayers.fileSelected', data: {
framework,
fsPath: this.sketchFiles[0].path
}
});
}
};
this._frameWorkSelectionElements.forEach(framework => framework.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
frameWorkSelection(framework!.id);
}));
this.setupDragElement(dragElement);
}
private setupDragElement(dragElement: HTMLElement) {
dragElement.addEventListener('dragover', (event: {
preventDefault: () => void;
}) => {
event.preventDefault();
return false;
}, false);
dragElement.addEventListener('drop', event => {
event.preventDefault();
const files = event.dataTransfer && Array.from(event.dataTransfer.files);
this.sketchFiles = files && files.filter(file => file.name.endsWith('.sketch'));
if (this.sketchFiles.length > 0) {
(dragElement as HTMLElement).style.display = 'none';
}
return false;
}, false);
}
}
// tslint:disable-next-line: no-unused-expression
new DragDropPage();
|
#ifndef __RABIN_KARP_MATCHER__
#define __RABIN_KARP_MATCHER__
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
using std::vector;
using std::string;
#include "CBaseMatcher.h"
class CWordInformation
{
public:
const static uint32_t HASH_D = 255;
const static uint32_t HASH_MOD = 6999997;
public:
string m_word;
uint32_t m_hash;
uint32_t m_top_muti;
public:
CWordInformation(const string &word);
static uint32_t hash_of(
const string &word,
size_t index_begin, size_t length);
};
class CRabinKarpMatcher : public CBaseMatcher
{
private:
vector<CWordInformation> m_word_infos;
public:
CRabinKarpMatcher(const char** keywords, const int keywords_cnt);
~CRabinKarpMatcher(){}
virtual bool match(
const string &str_to_match,
string *string_match=NULL,
size_t *index_match=NULL);
};
#endif // end of __RABIN_KARP_MATCHER__
|
function solve(input) {
let numberOfMessages = Number(input.shift());
let patternCript = /[star]/gi;
let attacked = [];
let destroyed = [];
let patt = /@(?<name>[A-Za-z]+)[^@\-!:>]*:(?<population>[\d]+)[^@\-!:>]*!(?<type>[AD])![^@\-!:>]*->(?<soldierCount>[\d]+)/;
for (let i = 0; i < numberOfMessages; i++) {
let line = input.shift();
let sumOfDecrypt = line.match(patternCript);
if (sumOfDecrypt) {
let newWord = '';
for (const char of line) {
let code = char.charCodeAt(0);
let newCode = code - sumOfDecrypt.length;
let newChar = String.fromCharCode(newCode);
newWord += newChar;
}
line = newWord;
}
let pattern = patt.exec(line);
if (pattern) {
let name = pattern.groups.name;
let type = pattern.groups.type;
if (type === 'A') {
attacked.push(name);
} else if (type === 'D') {
destroyed.push(name);
}
}
}
console.log(`Attacked planets: ${attacked.length}`);
let sort = attacked.sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b)).forEach(x => console.log(`-> ${x}`));
console.log(`Destroyed planets: ${destroyed.length}`);
sort = destroyed.sort((a, b) => a.localeCompare(b)).forEach(x => console.log(`-> ${x}`));
}
solve([ '2', 'STCDoghudd4=63333$D$0A53333', 'EHfsytsnhf?8555&I&2C9555SR' ]
);
|
How to map a single bit of a signal to multiple bits of a Vector?
I've tried to map a bit of a signal (here addS of type signed(32 downto 0)) in a structural description like this:
add2 : entity work.adderSigned(behavioral)
generic map(N => 64)
port map(a(63 downto 32) => mulssS, --concat
a(31 downto 0) => signed(muluuS), --concat
-- b(63 downto 48) => addS(32 downto 32),
b(63 downto 48) => (others => addS(32)), --the critical line
b(47 downto 16) => addS(31 downto 0),
b(15 downto 0) => (others => '0'),
std_logic_vector(y) => y);
but the compiler complains that this isn't a static mapping. How can I perform this mapping?
Simpler : specify the range statically. b(63 downto 48) => (63 downto 48 => addS(32)),
(others => ???) should work as long as a and b are constrained vectors. What tool do you use? Some tools don't support the evaluation of complex expressions on the right hand side of a port assignment (like signed (...)).
I use ModelSim and I think a is constrained through the N generic. a is declared as a : in std_logic_vector(N-1 downto 0)
In VHDL-2008 the line b(63 downto 48) => (others => addS(32)), is valid, so enable VHDL-2008 if the tool allows.
For VHDL-2002, if an expression is used as actual (right side in port map), then it must be a globally static expression (VHDL-2002 <IP_ADDRESS> Ports), but (others => addS(32)) ain't, since addS(32) is not static. A work around can be:
signal b_63_dt_48 : std_logic_vector(63 downto 48);
...
b(63 downto 48) => b_63_dt_48,
...
b_63_dt_48 <= (others => addS(32));
Btw. looks like there may be some odd about the line std_logic_vector(y) => y.
i want to convert the signal data (signed integer) to a std_logic_vector... isn't this the way to achieve that? VHDL doesn't complain about this line (ModelSim)
It's a task I've got and it's not allowed to implement it in a behavioural way or to change build commands.
@Sebi2020 What is actually not allowed to change? The ports of the entity adderSigned (left-hand side of port map) or the signal assignments in the code snipped (right-hand side of port map)?
|
export enum GloomhavenCharacterName {
Brute = "Brute",
Cragheart = "Cragheart",
Mindthief = "Mindthief",
Scoundrel = "Scoundrel",
Spellweaver = "Spellweaver",
Tinkerer = "Tinkerer"
}
export enum GloomhavenCharacterAvatar {
Brute = "/avatar/brute.jpg",
Cragheart = "/avatar/cragheart.jpg",
Mindthief = "/avatar/mindthief.jpg",
Scoundrel = "/avatar/scoundrel.jpg",
Spellweaver = "/avatar/spellweaver.jpg",
Tinkerer = "/avatar/tinkerer.jpg"
}
export interface GloomhavenCharacter {
name: GloomhavenCharacterName;
}
|
NuProj fails on MSBuild 14.0 and above
On a machine with only MSBuild 14.0, I get this error:
error MSB4062: The "Microsoft.Build.Tasks.AssignProjectConfiguration" task could not be
loaded from the assembly Microsoft.Build.Tasks.v12.0, Version=<IP_ADDRESS>, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a. Could not load file or assembly 'Micr
osoft.Build.Tasks.v12.0, Version=<IP_ADDRESS>, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a' or one of its dependencies. The system cannot find the file specif
ied. Confirm that the <UsingTask> declaration is correct, that the assembly and all its dependencies are available, and that the task contains a public class t
hat implements Microsoft.Build.Framework.ITask.
It looks like these lines mean NuProj will only work if MSBuild 12.0 is installed?
In MSBuild 14.0 they've renamed Microsoft.Build.Tasks.v12.0.dll to Microsoft.Build.Tasks.Core.dll. So I'd like to update this .targets file to have logic similar to this. This will also ensure it works with all versions going forward.
See my fork for the change I'm proposing. It worked on my machine but I was also wondering if the unit tests would prove it doesn't break anything? Glancing at them it looks like its covering this kind of change to the .targets.
Thanks
NuProj formally supports MSBuild 12 and VS2013 still. But perhaps it's time to give that up.
I'm not looking to remove support for MSBuild 12.0, only add support for MSBuild 14.0+. I've built using MSBuild 4.0, 12.0, and 14.0 and get this output in the MSBuild log:
Using "AssignProjectConfiguration" task from assembly "Microsoft.Build.Tasks.v4.0, Version=<IP_ADDRESS>, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a".
Using "AssignProjectConfiguration" task from assembly "Microsoft.Build.Tasks.v12.0, Version=<IP_ADDRESS>, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a".
Using "AssignProjectConfiguration" task from assembly "Microsoft.Build.Tasks.Core, Version=<IP_ADDRESS>, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a".
Technically there is also an MSBuild 11.0 (VS 2012) which it will work with as well.
Do we want to support multiple versions of MSBuild? I suppose we could build multiple versions of NuProj.Tasks put them to appropriate folders (package/install) and adjust NuProj.targets accordingly. I'm in favor of doing so.
NuProj already supports multiple versions of MSBuild. There's a Visual Studio Extension for 2013 (MSBuild 12.0), 2015 (MSBuild 14.0) and dev15 (MSBuild 15.0). The NuProj.msi also installs itself to all MSBuild versions:
C:\Program Files (x86)\MSBuild\12.0\Microsoft.Common.Targets\ImportAfter\Microsoft.Common.NuProj.targets
C:\Program Files (x86)\MSBuild\14.0\Microsoft.Common.Targets\ImportAfter\Microsoft.Common.NuProj.targets
C:\Program Files (x86)\MSBuild\15.0\Microsoft.Common.Targets\ImportAfter\Microsoft.Common.NuProj.targets
The NuProj.Tasks.dll is compiled against MSBuild 12.0 but all versions of MSBuild ship with an MSBuild.exe.config that redirects all MSBuild assembly versions to that version. So MSBuild.exe 14.0 redirects versions <IP_ADDRESS>-<IP_ADDRESS> to version 14.0.
<dependentAssembly>
<assemblyIdentity name="Microsoft.Build" publicKeyToken="b03f5f7f11d50a3a" culture="neutral"/>
<bindingRedirect oldVersion="<IP_ADDRESS>-<IP_ADDRESS>" newVersion="<IP_ADDRESS>"/>
</dependentAssembly>
From my testing, the only thing that doesn't work is the <UsingTask /> which only accounts for 2 versions of MSBuild. So my change is really just bringing more parity to what is already supported.
In my opinion, I wouldn't bother generating different versions of the Task.dll. The only case where it will be broken is if a different application is loading the MSBuild object model and that application does not have the assembly redirects in it's application config. This case is rare and the people who do hit it are used to including a redirect in their app config.
The NuProj.Tasks assembly depends on Microsoft.Build.Utilities.v12.0, which does not have corresponding binding redirect. Unfortunately I don't have an environment I could test, if this is an issue.
Thanks for pointing that out. This could be a reason to do different versions however NuProj is currently getting around this because it includes Microsoft.Build.Framework.dll and Microsoft.Build.Utilities.v12.0.dll in the NuGet package.
I have a clean installed Windows 10 VM with just Git and a non-installed MSBuild for testing this. I can try more scenarios if you'd like.
Yeah, I completely forgot NuProj inculdes those dependencies into package by dogfooding itself. But, out of curiosity, could you test if the VS extension (NuProj.msi) works?
Sure, just to be clear you want a machine with only Visual Studio 2015 and NuProj.msi and verify that NuGet projects work?
Yes
Okay so this is interesting. When you install Visual Studio 2015, it installs MSBuild 14.0 and MSBuild 12.0. This is because MSBuild renamed Microsoft.Build.Tasks.v12.0.dll to Microsoft.Build.Tasks.Core.dll. Since assembly redirection wouldn't work, the team opted to install 12.0 assemblies even when you're installing 14.0.
This explains why I'm the first customer to hit this as I was attempting to build on a machine without any version of MSBuild installed. The MSBuild team for version 15.0 is not going to be install MSBuild 12.0 assemblies so machines with only Visual Studio "15" would technically not work with NuProj (or other tasks compiled against MSBuild 12.0). Except the NuGet package contains the required DLLs so at the moment everything is fine.
My change will unblock my scenario but there would need to be another change to compile the task assembly against 12.0 and 14.0. It would probably also be best to remove the MSBuild assemblies from the package at that time.
Thanks a lot. Please create a pull request with change you proposed and I'll merge it in. We will probably need to review referenced assemblies once we start working on full VS "15" support, and if we want to keep backward compatibility with 2013/2015.
|
Thread:<IP_ADDRESS>/@comment-22439-20150717144827
Hello Recruit, welcome the the Chain Chronicle Wiki!
If you need anything, just let any of the captains know!
|
Just click any blue "Edit" link and start writing!
Sranan phrasebook
From Wikitravel
Revision as of 21:36, 23 November 2008 by <IP_ADDRESS> (Talk)
Jump to: navigation, search
Introduction
It is the most used language in Suriname. The only place you will not find it used might be in the government.
Sranantongo or Sranan is the mostly used language here. For many years the Dutch suppressed Sranantongo, but now it has risen to become the most spoken language in Suriname. The language became very popular after a former military leader took over the government. With such an extreme population of immigrants, many due not speak Dutch or English here, everyone is expected to know Sranantongo. There is very little written online, but if you know English, it will not be hard to learn. Suriname is a very immigrant friendly country.
Many learn English from television and school also.
Don't plan on learning the language from television. Quite odd here, you will not be able to learn either Dutch or Sranan from TV here. The immigrant population is so high that Dutch and Sranan together only make up about 7% of all television. 40% is Hindi television, 30% is English television, and around 20 percent is Chinese television. This makes it even harder to learn Sranan or Dutch here.
Descriptions
Sranantongo goes by many other names. Sranantongo may be the most common, however, you will also find these descriptoins also:
1. "Sranan Tongo" (the other form)
2. Nengre
3. Taki-Taki (but rude)
4. Surinaams
5. Sranang
6. Surinamese
Sranan Phrasebook
Fa waka? - What's up? Literally: how's (your) walk ( FA-WALK-A)
Fa go? - How are you? Literally: how's (it) going? ( FI-GO )
e go! - it's going! (answer) ( I-GO )
Fa yu tan? - How are you? ( FI-YOU-TAN )
Ali suni bun? - (is) everything well? ( ALLY-SUNNY-BOON )
Mi lobi dati! - I love that! ( ME-LUBY-DATY )
Mi sorri! - I'm sorry! ( ME SORRY )
Omeni wan? - How much is one? (What's the price?)
Mi gwe! - Who are you? ( SUE-MA-NA-YOU )
Pe yu e go? - Where are you going? ( PAY-YOU-AH-GO )
Pe yu e de? - Where are you? ( PAY-YOU-AH-DAY )
Omany? - How much? ( O-MANY )
Yepi! - Help ( YEPY )
Pe disi presi? - Where's this place? ( PAY DEE-SEE PRACY)
Soot bus mi mus teki? - What bus must I take? ( SOOT BUS ME MUZ TAKY )
Skowtu! - Police! ( SCOW-TWO )
Pe de skoru de? - Where's the school? ( PAY-DAY-SCEW-RUW DAY )
Pe yu de wroko? - Where do you work? ( PAY-YOU-ROCK-O-GI )
Pe mi kan fini wroko? - Where can I find work? ( PAY-ME-KAN-FINY-ROCK-O )
Kantoro - Office
Time
O lati? - How late? (or) What time is it? ( O-LATY )
negi uru - nine o-clock
tin uru - ten o-clock
elef uru - eleveen o-clock
twarfu uru - twelve o-clock
wan uru - one o-clock
tu uru - two o-clock
dri uru - three o-clock
fo uru - four o-clock
fiebi uru - five o-clock
siksi uru - six o-clock
seibi uru - seven o-clock
Munde - Monday ( MOON-DAY )
Tudewroko - Tuesday ( TWO-DAY-ROCKO )
Dridewroko - Wednesday ( DREE-DAY-ROCKO )
Fodewroko - Thursday ( FOE-DAY-ROCKO )
Fride - ( FRAY-DAY )
Satra - ( SA-TRA )
Zonde - ( SUN-DAY )
Most Used Words
Sorry, I was unsuccessful posting this chart. So I will leave the link alone: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Sranan_Swadesh_list
Useful Links to Study Sranantongo
A Wikitravel guide: (but little info)
http://wikitravel.org/en/Sranan_phrasebook#Sources
Sranan Top WordList
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Sranan_Swadesh_list
Websters Sranan Online Dictionary
http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Sranan-english/
Sranan Verb Usage Lookup Tool
http://www.verbix.com/languages/sranantongo.shtml
Most useful guide I found:
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Sranan_Tongo_language
Best Sranan Site - But a little too over complicated
http://www.sil.org/americas/suriname/Sranan/Sranan.html
Sranan info in Dutch
http://users.bart.nl/~kamphuys/sranantongo/
For Practice with the Language: Wikipedia recently added a Sranantongo version of their website.
http://srn.wikipedia.org/
Sources
All sources from: http://www.sil.org/americas/suriname/Sranan/English/SrananEngDictIndex.html and from living in the country of Suriname for over four years. My wife is also a native born Surinamese.
|
$(function(){
$('#changePWD').click(function(){
var oldpwd = $('#oldpassword').val();
var newpwd = $('#newpassword').val();
$.ajax({
type:"POST",
url:"exeChange.php",
data:{"oldpassword":oldpwd,"newpassword":newpwd},
dataType:"json",
complete:function(data,textStatus){
if(data.success == 0){
$('.errorBox').show();
$('.error').text(data.msg);
}else{
window.location.href = 'index.php';
}
},
error:function(XMLHttpRequest,textStatus,errorThrown){
/*
$('.errorBox').show();
$('.error').text('AJAX error '+textStatus);
*/
}
});
});
})
|
Allan Louis
Allan Louis played Ronald Lace in the season seven Grey's Anatomy episode Something's Gotta Give.
Filmography
* 36 Saints (2013)
* Cats Dancing on Jupiter (2011)
* Stomp the Yard (2007)
* The Ten Commandmendts: The Musical (2006)
* FAQs (2005)
* Men Cry Bullets (1998)
* Tear It Down (1997)
Television
* NCIS (2013)
* Twisted (2013)
* Castle (2013)
* Person of Interest (2011-2012)
* A Gifted Man (2011)
* Grey's Anatomy (2010)
* NCIS: Los Angeles (2010)
* Chuck (2010)
* Privileged (2008-2009)
* Days of Our Lives (2008)
* Cane (2007)
* Drake & Josh (2007)
* Boston legal (2006)
* CSI: Miami (2006)
* 'Charmed (2006)
* Numb3rs (2006)
* Invasion (2005)
* NYPD Blue (2002)
* City of Angels (2000)
* Sparks & Sparks (1997)
* The Jamie Foxx Show (1996)
* Martin (1996)
|
#!/bin/sh
#
#############################################################################
# #
# Copyright (C) 2008-2009 Daniel Prevost <[email protected]> #
# #
# This file may be distributed and/or modified under the terms of the #
# MIT License as described by the Open Source Initiative #
# (http://opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php) and appearing in #
# the file COPYING included in the packaging of this software. #
# #
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but #
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without even the #
# implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. #
# #
#############################################################################
## Some cleanup, just in case (probably overkill...).
echo "-----------------------------------------------"
echo "Cleanup phase - Warning messages are normal"
echo "------------------------------------------------"
if [ -f Makefile ]
then
make distclean
fi
rm -f config.cache
rm -f autom4te.cache/output*
rm -f autom4te.cache/requests*
rm -f autom4te.cache/traces*
echo "-----------------------------------------------"
echo "End of cleanup phase - warning messages are not"
echo "expected from now on and should be examined... "
echo "-----------------------------------------------"
##########################################################################
echo "- libtoolize -f"
libtoolize -f
echo "- aclocal -I m4"
aclocal -I m4
echo "- autoconf"
autoconf
echo "- autoheader"
autoheader
echo "- automake -a"
automake -a
echo "- ./configure"
./configure
exit
|
The State v. Langdon.
[No. 19,915.
Filed October 31, 1902. ]
Criminal Law. — Wife Desertion. — Limitation of Actions. — The crime of wife desertion described in §2254 Bums 1901, is not a continuing offense, and, after two years from the time the husband leaves his wife, prosecution therefor is barred by the statute of limitations.
From Knox Circuit Court; O. H. Cobb, Judge.
John E. Langdon was charged with wife desertion. A motion to quash the affidavit and information was sustained. From a judgment discharging defendant, the State appeals.
Affirmed.
W. L. Taylor, Attorney-G-eneral, W. S. Hoover, J. W. Emison and W. W. Moffett, for State.
J. T. Goodman, W. A. Cullop and G. W. Shaw, for appellee.
Dowling, C. J.
— Prosecution by affidavit and information for a violation of the following statute: “Whoever, without cause, deserts his wife, child, or children, and leaves such wife, or her child, or children a charge upon any of the counties of this State, or without provision for comfortable support, shall be fined not more than $100, nor less than $10.” §2251 Burns 1901, §2133 R. S. 1881 and Horner 1901. The affidavit and information were filed May 17, 1902. The charge set forth in each is that the appellee on July 28, 1891, at Knox county, Indiana,-without cause, deserted his wife, leaving her without provision for comfortable support; that the appellee and his said wife thereafter remained residents of said county; and that such desertion continued until the filing of the affidavit and information. A motion by appellee to quash the affidavit and information was sustained, and, by the judgment of the court, the appellee was discharged.
The State appeals,' and the errors assigned and discussed are the rulings of the court upon the motion to quash each count of the affidavit and information. The point made by the appellee upon the motion to quash and in this court is that the affidavit and information show upon their face that the supposed offense was committed more than two years before the filing of the affidavit and information, and, therefore, was barred by the statute of limitations. §1665 Burns 1901, §1596 R. S. 1881 and Horner 1901.
Counsel for the State contend that the offense charged was a continuing one, and that upon a proper construction of the statute, the prosecution could be commenced at any time while the desertion lasted.
To desert is to forsake or abandon with the intention of not returning, and, under §2251, supra, the crime consists in forsaking the wife under certain conditions which are particularly named in the statute. The desertion must be without cause; and the wife must be left a charge upon some county of this State, or without provision for comfortable support. Unless these conditions exist at the very time the husband deserts his wife, the criminal offense defined in §2251, supra, is not committed. If the husband deserts his wife upon a sufficient legal cause, — for example, habitual drunkenness,- — and she afterwards reforms, then, although he still refuses to live with her and maintain her, he can not be convicted under the statute making desertion a crime. Or if he abandons her without cause, but with provision at the time for her comfortable support, he is not subject to indictment for such desertion, although the provision for her comfortable support subsequently fails. The criminal offense created by §2251, supra, is not to be confounded with the violation of the civil obligation to live with, and to make reasonable provision for the support of the wife. The latter is a continuing duty, which exists, with few exceptions, as long as the relation of husband and wife remains. The natural and probable defenses to an indictment or information for the criminal desertion of a wife are that the husband did not forsake her, or that he had sufficient cause for so doing, or that he did not leave her a charge upon any county in this State, or without provision for support. If, after five, ten, or twenty years, the husband might be indicted for leaving his wife, proof of the fact that he had lived apart from her and failed to support her,,would be easy; but proof of the cause for which he abandoned her, or of the conditions existing at that time, might be difficult or impossible.
In United States v. Irvine, 98 U. S. 450, the defendant was indicted for withholding from his principal and client pension money collected by him for her under the pension laws of the United States. The money was demanded by the client-December 24, 1870. The indictment was found September 15, 1875. It was held that the prosecution was barred by the statute of limitations of two years. In the course of the opinion in that case, Miller, I., said: “But whatever this may be which constitutes the criminal act of withholding,'it is a thing which must be. capable of proof to a jury, and which, when it once exists, renders the party liable to indictment. There is in this but one offense. When it is committed, the party is guilty and is subject to criminal prosecution, and from that time, also, the statute of limitations applicable to the offense begins to run. It is unreasonable to hold that twenty years after this he can be indicted for wrongfully withholding the money, and be put to prove his innocence after, his receipt is lost, and when perhaps the pensioner is dead; but the fact of his receipt of the money is matter of record in the pension office. He pleads the statute of two years, a statute which was made for such a case as this'; but the "reply is: You received the money. You have continued to withhold it these twenty years; every year, every month, every day, was a withholding, within the meaning of the statute. We do not so construe the act. Whenever the act or series of acts necessary to constitute a criminal withholding of the money have transpired, the crime is complete, and from that day the statute of limitations begins to run against the prosecution.”
Rot only would the defendant be placed at an unfair disadvantage if the offense is held to be a continuing one, and therefore not barred by the statute, but he would be liable to successive prosecutions as. long as the abandonment continued. Another result of the construction asked for by the State is that the act of desertion, though not criminal at the time it occurred, might afterwards become criminal because of a change in the financial circumstances of the wife or child. We can not believe that the legislature intended these consequences.
There is no similarity between the offense created by §2254 Burns 1901, and the misdemeanor of creating a public nuisance such as the obstruction of a highway. In The former case the crime consists of a single completed act committed under certain specific conditions. In the latter, the maintenance of a nuisance is a crime which the law forbids and punishes. If the statute under review, instead of making the desertion of a wife or child a criminal offense, had declared that a failure to make reasonable provision for these persons should be a crime, and punishable as such, then a failure to make such provision, without reasonable excuse, would be a continuing offense, and it would be contemporaneous with the continuance of the relations mentioned in the statute.
The criminal offense is against the public, and not against the deserted wife or child. It consists in conduct which the law deems pernicious to the public morals, and likely to subject the county to charges for the maintenance of the deserted wife or child. If. innocent when it occurs, it can not afterwards become criminal. If subject to prosecution as soon as committed, the statute begins to run against it at that time.
Rone of the decisions in civil cases, where the action was for the maintenance of a wife or child, applies here for the reason that the obligation of the husband and father to support his wife and child exists and continues until suspended or discharged by law; while the crime of desertion is a single act, defined by the statute, and capable of being committed only under the circumstances therein described.
Our construction of §2254, supra, is sustained by the language of the court in Rice v. State, 106 Ind. 139, where it is said that “The penalty of the statute is denounced against the husband or father who, without cause, deserts and leaves his wife, child, or children, without provision for comfortable support. Where, however, the wife, child, or children are, at the time of such desertion, left with a comfortable support, whether such provision was made by the husband or father, or is possessed in the right of the wife, child, or children, the desertion is not criminal within the statute.”
We find no error in the rulings of the court in quashing the information. Judgment affirmed.
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Nomogram based on homogeneous and heterogeneous associated factors for predicting distant metastases in patients with colorectal cancer
Background The identification of the homogeneous and heterogeneous risk factors for different types of metastases in colorectal cancer (CRC) may shed light on the aetiology and help individualize prophylactic treatment. The present study characterized the incidence differences and identified the homogeneous and heterogeneous risk factors associated with distant metastases in CRC. Methods CRC patients registered in the SEER database between 2010 and 2016 were included in this study. Logistic regression was used to analyse homogeneous and heterogeneous risk factors for the occurrence of different types of metastases. Nomograms were constructed to predict the risk for developing metastases, and the performance was quantitatively assessed using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and calibration curve. Results A total of 204,595 eligible CRC patients were included in our study, and 17.07% of them had distant metastases. The overall incidences of liver metastases, lung metastases, bone metastases, and brain metastases were 15.34%, 5.22%, 1.26%, and 0.29%, respectively. The incidence of distant metastases differed by age, gender, and the original CRC sites. Poorly differentiated grade, more lymphatic metastasis, higher carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and different metastatic organs were all positively associated with four patterns of metastases. In contrast, age, sex, race, insurance status, position, and T stage were heterogeneously associated with metastases. The calibration and ROC curves exhibited good performance for predicting distant metastases. Conclusions The incidence of distant metastases in CRC exhibited distinct differences, and the patients had homogeneous and heterogeneous associated risk factors. Although limited risk factors were included in the present study, the established nomogram showed good prediction performance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-021-02140-6.
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide [1]. Approximately 1.8 million new cases and 880,000 deaths were estimated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2018 [2]. Distant metastases have a significant impact on the prognosis of CRC. A previous study showed that the 5-year survival rate of patients with distant metastases was only 14%, and the survival rate of patients with localized stage CRC was 90% [3]. Studies investigating the incidence of liver, lung, bone, and brain metastases in CRC are relatively rare, and the findings remain controversial [4][5][6][7]. Few studies investigated the risk factors for specific organ metastases in CRC [8,9]. Overall, there has been no systematic research examining the homogeneous and heterogeneous risk factors for distant metastases in patients with CRC. The predictive models are not ideal due to the limited sample size.
The present study characterized the incidence differences and the differences in risk factors for liver, lung, bone, and brain synchronous distant metastases in CRC patients based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. We constructed a nomogram model to predict the probability of specific organ metastases. The early detection of risk factors for distant metastases may predict the probability of metastases, improve survival, and help obtain a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of different organ metastases in CRC patients.
Population
Data in this population-based study were retrieved from the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) open public database, the SEER database. Data collection for metastatic sites, such as the liver and lung, started in 2010, and the latest data are available through December 31, 2016. Distant metastases in the SEER database were collected at the initial diagnosis of CRC, which means that the distant metastases were all synchronous metastases. CRC patients who were diagnosed between 2010 and 2016 and patients with liver, lung, bone, and brain synchronous metastases were included in the present study. Cases diagnosed at autopsy or via death certificates, with unspecified follow-up, or unknown first tumour site were excluded. Patients without distant metastasis information were also excluded. Because this study used previously collected data, it was exempt from the ethical review of the ethics board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. SEER*Stat version 8.3.5 (https://seer.cancer.gov/seerstat/) (Information Management Service, Inc. Calverton, MD, USA) was used for case listing.
Statistical analysis
Quantitative data are presented as the means ± standard deviation (SD), and categorical data are described as numbers and percentages (N, %). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the factors associated with distant metastases in CRC. Factors with P < 0.05 were incorporated into the multivariable regression model. Based on the results of the logistic analysis, the intersection of the risk factors for the four types of metastases was used to identify homogenous or heterogeneous factors. Predictive nomograms for liver metastases, lung metastases, bone metastases, and brain metastases were formulated. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, area under the curve (AUC), C-index, and calibration curves were used to evaluate their performance. Statistically significant levels were two-tailed and set at p < 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 software package for Windows (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The nomogram was plotted using the "rms" and "dca. R" package in R version 3.4.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria; www.r-project.org), and all ROC curves were generated using MedCalc 18.2.1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics
A total of 211,266 eligible CRC patients from 2010 to 2016 were selected from the SEER database. After excluding patients with unknown distant metastasis information, this study ultimately included 204,595 patients with/without distant metastases. Of these patients, 31, 288 cases had liver metastases, 10,598 cases had lung metastases, 2553 had bone metastases, and 587 had brain metastases (Fig. 1). The mean age of all patients with distant metastases was 64.92 ± 14.33 years (range 4 to 108), 52.0% of the patients were male (N = 106,488), and 48.0% were female (N = 98,107). Most of the patients were white (76.8%, N = 157,037), and 51.2% were married (N = 104,780). Rectal cancer (23.43%, N = 47, 933) was the most frequent tumour among the CRC patients. Most CRC patients (41.55%, N = 85,002) had stage T3 cancer, and 58.89% of patients (N = 120,476) had grade IV cancer. The detailed demographic and clinical characteristics are displayed in Table 1.
The incidence of distant metastases fluctuated with age. It first increased with the age of patients, and this rising trend was most rapid in patients aged 31 to 51 years. The incidence decreased rapidly in patients > 70 years. The trends of distant metastases in males and females were roughly similar, but the incidence in males aged > 71 years decreased much faster than females (Fig. 2a). Males also had a significantly higher incidence of distant metastases than females (9.42% vs. 7.65%; P < 0.001).
The incidence of distant metastases was different by gender and original CRC sites (Fig. 2b). The highest incidence of distant metastases was observed for the sigmoid colon (3.53%), followed by the rectum (3.47%) and cecum (2.54%), and the lowest incidence of distant metastases was from the appendix (0.14%). A similar incidence was observed for the right and left colon sites (6.09% vs. 6.00%, P > 0.05). The incidence of total distant metastases in males was higher than females (9.42% vs. 7.65%, P < 0.001). However, the incidence of right colon cancer was higher than the left colon cancer in females (39.49% vs. 33.34%, P < 0.001), and the opposite incidence was true in males (31.66% vs. 37.61%, P < 0.001). The incidence of rectal tumours was lower than the colon, and there was no difference by sex.
For the different colorectal cancer and metastatic sites, the liver was the most common metastatic site for sigmoid colon cancer (3.25%), and lung, bone, and brain were the most common metastatic sites for rectal cancer (1.43%, 0.34%, and 0.06%, respectively). Bone metastases were least frequently observed in splenic flexure cancer (0.01%). The other three organ metastases were the least frequently observed for appendix colon cancer. The left colon had a higher metastatic rate than the right colon, specifically to the liver (5.58% vs 5.53%), lung (1.76% vs 1.53%) and bone (0.38% vs 0.36%). The right colon had a higher incidence rate of brain metastases than the left colon (0.10% vs 0.08%). Overall, the incidence of distant metastases was highest for liver metastases, followed by lung, bone, and brain metastases, but it varied in different original sites (Fig. 2c).
Risk factors associated with synchronous distant metastatic CRC
Age, sex, race, marital status, insurance status, left/right colon, histological grade, lymphatic metastasis, T stage, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) correlated with the occurrence of distant metastases by univariate analysis. The multivariable logistic regression model results indicated that male sex, black race, uninsured status, left/ right colon, poor histological grade, T stage, and higher CEA were all positively associated with developing metastases (see Table 2). CRC exhibited homogeneity and heterogeneity for the factors associated with metastases in various organs. The associated factors for different sites of metastases are presented in Tables S1, S2, S3, S4. Poor differentiation grade, more lymphatic metastasis, higher CEA, and different metastatic organs were all positively associated with distant metastatic CRC. Younger age, male sex, black race, uninsured status, left/ right colon, and T4/T1 stage were more positively associated with liver metastases. Older age, black race, uninsured status, site, and T4/T1 stage were more positively associated with lung metastases. Younger age, male sex, and rectum/right colon were more positively associated with bone metastases, and younger age, white race, and right colon were more positively associated with brain metastases (Fig. 3).
Discussion
Previous studies reported the incidence of liver metastases, lung metastases, bone metastases, and brain metastases, which ranged from 14.5 to 26.5% [10][11][12][13], 2.4 to 6.9% [8,14], 2.7 to 10% [4,15,16], and 0.23 to 3% [4,6,7,15], respectively. Differences in the sample size of each study may have led to these inconsistent results for the same metastatic sites. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the largest study on incidence, and we found that liver metastases were the most common metastatic pattern in CRC patients, followed by lung metastases and bone metastases. In contrast, metastases to the brain were relatively rare. This result is consistent with the above studies. The incidence of total distant metastases in our study was also similar to a previous study [17]. The present study also found that the incidence of distant metastases fluctuated with age. Our study proves that greater than 40% of patients developed distant metastases at the age of 51-70 years, and younger patients and older patients tended to have a lower prevalence. Screening programmes can identify patients at an early stage, and these programmes are cost effective [18]. Therefore, it is necessary to perform early screening for CRC patients [19,20]. Our findings showed that males had a higher risk of developing distant metastases than females, and females had a higher incidence of right colon cancer. In contrast, males had a higher incidence of left colon cancer. Although some studies indicated sex and gender differences in colorectal cancer development [21,22], the reasons for this difference are not clear. The biological and pathophysiological differences in CRC distant metastasis development between males and females must also be addressed in the future.
In addition to age and sex, the incidence of distant metastases was also different between CRC sites, which was seldom reported. The present study found that the highest incidence of distant metastases was observed for the sigmoid colon, followed by the rectum, cecum, ascending colon, rectosigmoid junction, transverse colon, descending colon, hepatic flexure, splenic flexure, and appendix. A German study found a similar anatomic site distribution, but that study investigated only colon cancers [23]. Regardless of colon cancer or metastatic CRC, these differences in incidence distribution may be due to molecular biological differences. For example, different anatomical sites exhibit different mutation rates in Ki-ras, p53, and epidermal growth factor receptor [24][25][26]. The present study also showed that colon cancer had a higher incidence of distant metastases than rectal cancer, which is partially consistent with a previous study [27]. Knowledge of these different behaviours based on primary sites may help guide targeted screening and introduce timely individualized interventions. Previous studies showed that there were differences in the incidence of different organ metastases between different types of cancer and different histological types of the same cancer [28,29]. The high incidence of distant metastases in CRC and different incidences in metastatic sites (liver, lung, bone, brain) may partially reflect the homogeneity and heterogeneity of distant metastases from CRC. The present study found that different metastatic sites showed homogeneity and heterogeneity in the factors associated with distant metastases from CRC. Four factors (poorly differentiated grade, more lymphatic metastasis, different metastatic organs, and higher CEA) were positively associated with the four types of metastases (liver, lung, bone, and brain). To our knowledge, the present study is the first study to describe these homogeneous factors for CRC distant metastases. These homogeneous associated factors may help with early detection in CRC patients and the development of individualized treatments to improve the prognosis.
However, the heterogeneous factors identified in our study are not entirely consistent with the results of previous studies. For example, we found that age, histological grade, and N stage were associated with brain metastases, which is opposite to previous findings [6]. However, we found that age, histological grade, serum levels of CEA, and the number of positive lymph nodes were associated with lung metastases from CRC, and male sex and rectal cancer were positively associated with bone metastases. These results are consistent with previous studies [5,8]. The heterogeneities in the risk factors may partially be attributed to the different sample sizes because our study included over 200,000 CRC patients, which is greater than previous studies. More studies with larger sample sizes are needed. The biological and pathophysiological mechanisms behind the different risk factors specific to the site of metastasis of CRC are an important issue, but these issues are not clear. For example, male sex was a risk factor for bone metastases, which may be related to sex hormones and their receptors in the colon and lead to the differential development of colon cancer by sex [30,31]. However, the detailed mechanism must be studied in the future.
The present study summarized the homogeneity and heterogeneity of the four types of metastatic CRC that were not comprehensively studied previously. The homogeneous and heterogeneous associated factors mentioned above may help in the surveillance of different types of distant metastases in CRC patients. To assist clinicians in identifying high-risk CRC patients, four predictive nomograms were constructed based on the factors associated with distant metastases. The results of internal validation revealed that the nomograms showed good prediction performance. Traditional early clinical metastatic screening and early diagnosis generally require extra techniques and equipment support, but predictive nomograms based on homogeneous and heterogeneous associated factors may be more cost effective. The nomograms provide a rapid metastatic screening tool. Previous studies have proven that nomograms provide considerable benefits to CRC patients, such as timely targeted therapy, improving the survival rate [32], and reducing the risk of emergency surgery [33]. Therefore, we recommend that CRC patients be screened using the predictive model first; then, the highrisk groups should be examined using PET scans or staging laparoscopies more frequently.
However, the present study has several limitations. A previous study found that never-smokers had a lower mortality risk than current smokers (HR 0.79, 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.99) among CRC patients [34], but smoking status was not included in our analysis. Some treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, were also not included. Our study investigated synchronous metastases. Surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy will not affect synchronous metastases. Therefore, we did not include therapy in the development of distant metastases analysis. Other clinical factors, such as perforation and obstruction, were not studied because these factors were not available from the SEER database. However, these factors adversely impact outcomes and may affect the survival of CRC patients [35,36]. The SEER database includes only the US population, and the results of this study may not be transferred to all other countries. The nomograms should be validated in other countries before they are used in specific countries.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrated that 17.07% of CRC patients had distant metastases, and the incidences of liver metastases, lung metastases, bone metastases, and brain metastases were 15.34%, 5.22%, 1.26%, and 0.29%, respectively. The incidence of distant metastases was different by the age, gender, and various primary CRC sites. Poor differentiation grade, more lymphatic metastasis, different metastatic organs, and higher CEA were positively associated with these four types of distant metastases, and heterogeneous factors were also identified. Nomograms for predicting CRC patients with distant metastases were constructed. Although limited risk factors were included in this study, the established nomogram showed good prediction performance. These results may assist clinicians in identifying high-risk populations and providing individualized treatments.
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Distance between compact sets in a metric space.
Let $K_1$ and $K_2$ be two disjoint compact sets in a metric space $(X,d).$ Show that $$a = \inf_{x_1 \in K_1, x_2 \in K_2} d(x_1, x_2) > 0.$$
Moreover, show that there are $x \in K_1$ and $y \in K_2$ such that $a = d(x,y)$.
For the first part, suppose to the contrary that $\inf d(x_1, x_2) = 0$. Then $\epsilon$ is not a lower bound, so $d(x_1, x_2) < \epsilon$ for all $\epsilon > 0$. Since $K_1$ and $K_2$ are compact subsets of a metric space, they are closed and bounded. So, then $B(x_1, \epsilon) \cap K_2 \neq \emptyset$. Thus, $x_1$ is an adherent point to $K_2$. Since $K_2$ is closed, this means $x_1 \in K_2$, a contradiction.
I'm stuck on the moreover part. I tried supposing to the contrary that $d(x,y) > a$, but I did not get far.
And also https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/109167/if-a-is-compact-and-b-is-closed-show-da-b-is-achieved?noredirect=1&lq=1 for the second part.
As hint, I will leave you with a result and its corollary. See if you can use the corollary to prove the "moreover" part of the question.
Theorem: Let $f$ be a continuous function mapping from a compact set $X$ to a topological space $Y$. The image $f(Y)$ is compact.
Corollary: Let $f$ be a continuous function mapping from a compact set $X$ to $\mathbb{R}$. $f(X)$ is a compact subset of $\mathbb{R}$,
and hence there exists $x\in X$ such that $f(x) = \inf f(X)$.
It's also a good exercise to prove the theorem above. To do so, use the characterization that $f$ is continuous if and only if its inverse image $f^{-1}$ maps open sets to open sets.
We haven't done functions of metric spaces yet, but maybe this will be helpful next week!
But, $d$ is a function between metric spaces! :-)
By the definition of an infimum, you can find a sequence of pairs $((x_1^n,x_2^n))_{n \ge 1}$ in $K_1 \times K_2$ such that $d(x_1^n,x_2^n) \le a+\frac{1}{n}$ for each $n \ge 1$. Since we are in a metric space, you can use sequential compactness to take subsequences of each sequence and find respective limits $x_1 \in K_1$ and $x_2 \in K_2$. Using the triangle inequality, we have for any $\delta>0$,
$$d(x_1,x_2) \le d(x_1,x_1^n) + d(x_1^n,x_2^n) + d(x_2^n,x_2) \le \delta + a + \frac{1}{n} + \delta,$$
for all sufficiently large $n$. Thus $d(x_1,x_2)=a$.
Proving the "moreover" part allows you to prove the first part of the question immediately, since if $a=0$, then $x_1=x_2 \in K_1 \cap K_2$, a contradiction. By the way, I don't think your proof of the first part is correct.
Thank you. What do you think is wrong with the first part of my proof?
How do we know that $x_1^n$ converges to $x_1$?
We can prove this without using continuous mappings in compact sets. Let any $x \epsilon K_1$, and define $ D_x = \{\rho(x,y):y \epsilon K_2\} \subset \mathbb{R}$. Then $D_x$ is nonempty since $K_2$ is nonempty and disjoint from $K_1$, and it is bounded below by $0$. Hence its infimum exists, denote it by $d_x = \inf D_x$. Now for all $\varepsilon>0$, there exists some $y \epsilon K_2$ such that $\rho(x,y) < d_x + \varepsilon$, otherwise $d_x$ would not be the infimum of $D_x$. Then we can construct a sequence $\{y_n\}$ in $K_2$ such that $\rho(x,y_n) < d + 1/2^n$, for all $n \epsilon \mathbb{N}$. Since a metric space is Hausdorff and $\{y_n\}$ is an infinite subset of the compact $K_2$, it has a limit point in $K_2$. In other words, $b= \lim \limits_{n \to \infty}{y_n}$ exists and $b \epsilon K_2$. Hence $\rho(x,b)= \lim \limits_{n \to \infty}{\rho(x,y_n)} = d_x$, and $\rho(x,b) \le \rho(x,y)$, for all $y \epsilon K_2$. Denote this $\rho(x,b)$ by $\rho(x,K_2)$, the distance from $x$ to $K_2$.
In a similar was we can construct a sequence $\{x_n\}$ in $K_1$ such that $\rho(x_n,K_2) < d + 1/2^n$, for all $n \epsilon \mathbb{N}$. This sequence will converge to some $a \epsilon K_1$, and for that $a$ we will have $\rho(a,K_2) \le \rho(x,K_2)$, for all $x \epsilon K_1$. Denote this $\rho(a,K_2)$ by $\rho(K_1,K_2)$, the distance from $K_1$ to $K_2$.
|
from .base import Base
class Roles(Base):
endpoint = "/roles"
def get_role_by_id(self, role_id):
return self.client.get(self.endpoint + "/" + role_id)
def get_role_by_name(self, role_name):
return self.client.get(self.endpoint + "/name/" + role_name)
def patch_role(self, role_id, options=None):
return self.client.put(self.endpoint + "/" + role_id + "/patch", options=options)
def get_list_of_roles_by_name(self):
return self.client.get(
self.endpoint + "/names",
)
|
<?php
use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
class CreateOrderCardRelationsWxTable extends Migration {
/**
* Run the migrations.
*
* @return void
*/
public function up()
{
Schema::create('order_card_relations_wx', function(Blueprint $table)
{
$table->engine='InnoDB';
$table->integer('Id', true)->comment('自增编号');
$table->string('OrderId', 48)->index('OrderId')->comment('订单编号');
$table->string('ReceiveId', 48)->index('ReceiveId')->comment('用户使用卡券编号');
$table->integer('CreateTime')->unsigned()->comment('卡券使用时间');
$table->integer('CardId')->index('CardId')->comment('卡券id');
$table->string('CardUseTitle', 50)->comment('卡券使用说明');
$table->string('UserCardCode', 100)->comment('该订单使用的卡券编号');
$table->integer('MemberId')->unsigned()->index('MemberId')->comment('用户id');$table->timestamps();
});
}
/**
* Reverse the migrations.
*
* @return void
*/
public function down()
{
Schema::drop('order_card_relations_wx');
}
}
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User:ItzPhoenix34
= Hello there !! =
= Favourite characters =
* 2) AKAZA (sorry Rengoku's fan, but his backstory >>>>>)
* 4) GIYU (our favourite depressiv, HE'S SO GORGEOUS)
* 5) TANJIRO (yes, he's not first, but I love him too don't worry)
* 6) INOSUKE (I love moment were Zenitsu and him are arguing, it's sooo funny XD)
* 7) KANAO (yes, a coin decides her life, and ?)
* 8) NEZUKO (aaah, I saw you, you were like "but when does Nezuko arrive ?" and there she is !)
* 9) RENGOKU (still, don’t overdo it, he's stylish)
* 10) KYOGAI (yes, you know, the demon-drum... no one care about him ? okay)
= The ship I make =
⚠ THIS IS MY OPINION, PLEASE DON'T ATTACK ME ON IT ⚠
* Kanao x Tanjiro
* Inosuke x Aoi
* Zenitsu x Nezuko
* Obanai x Mitsuri
* Giyu x Shinobu
that's all for now, I'm bored of doing more than that ;-;
|
# Oh-my-zsh (Personal settings)
This repositorie is forked from [oh-my-zh](https://github.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh).
Since i have some laptop, and i want make work env to new laptop easy easily. So
I make this res to keep some setting for myself.
## Before install oh-my-zsh
Before install oh-my-zsh, you should install zsh, git and so on.
|
Arrangement for controlling the flow of a coolant fluid in a compressor
ABSTRACT
The invention comprises an arrangement for controlling the flow of a coolant fluid in a compressor, in particular in a rotary compressor, in which a coolant-fluid inlet for coolant fluid discharged from the compressor and a coolant-fluid outlet for returning the coolant fluid into the compressor are provided. A fluid cooler is also provided through which, when necessary, part of the coolant fluid can be directed for cooling and a system-control actuator is used to control the magnitude of the proportion of the coolant fluid that is directed through the fluid cooler on the basis of system parameters, in particular on the basis of the temperature of the coolant fluid. In the invention a summer-/winter-operation actuator is provided, which can take priority over the system-control actuator so that in a summer position it completely or partially eliminates the action of the system-control actuator, in such a way that when the summer-/winter-operation actuator is activated, the proportion of the coolant flow that is directed through the fluid cooler is increased or reduced by a fluid-control device.
RELATED U.S. APPLICATIONS
Not applicable.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not applicable.
REFERENCE TO MICROFICHE APPENDIX
Not applicable.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method and an arrangement for controlling the flow of a coolant fluid in a compressor, in particular in a rotary compressor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The compressors of interest here, in particular rotary compressors, are specifically screw-type compressors with fluid injection. Because such machines are frequently employed at a number of different sites, theyare ordinarily movable or at least transportable. From these machines the compressed process fluid is sent through conduits to attached process-fluid consuming apparatus, for example compressed-air tools suchas pneumatic hammers, pneumatic impact screwdrivers, pneumatic grinders etc.
Such compressors, for instance oil-injection screw compressors, havebeen known for many years. During the compression process a coolantfluid, in particular oil, is injected into the compression space to become mixed with the process fluid in these compressors. The coolantfluid serves to cool the process fluid by conducting the heat of compression away into a separate cooling circuit, and in addition acts to lubricate particular components of the compressor as well as to seal off the compression space. If the process fluid is air, it is usually sucked in from the surroundings and therefore usually contains an amount of water vapor that depends on its temperature.
A first problem, which in this case becomes apparent during the injection or recycling of the coolant fluid, lies in the risk that thetemperature will fall below the condensation point for the water vapor present in the air used as process fluid. Water that has condensed out can to a certain extent become emulsified with the coolant fluid, inparticular the oil, or can even be injected or recycled as an extra phase. This presents the following disadvantages, among others:reduction of the lubricant properties of the coolant fluid, increased corrosion of the components, and greater wear and tear of the bearing sin the compressor.
A second problem, which should be distinguished from the first, arises when the process fluid, in particular the compressed air in the conduit leading to the pneumatic apparatus, cools off so that water contained inthe process fluid condenses out. As a result, corrosion can occur in the pneumatic apparatus, with permanent damage as a potential consequence.The problem is exacerbated when within the conduits to the pneumatic apparatus, or in the apparatus itself, ice formation occurs because ofthe low ambient temperature and the conduits to or within the pneumatic apparatus are thereby partially or completely blocked. These effects canbe made still worse by expansion of the compressed air in the apparatus,which can lead to functional inadequacies or even total failure of the associated pneumatic apparatus to operate.
A third, additional problem is created when the temperature regulationconventionally provided for the coolant fluid is designed to prevent only the first two problems, so that a process fluid at high temperatures is delivered to the pneumatic consuming apparatus. When the ambient temperature is high, only a slight degree of cooling occurs onthe way to the pneumatic consuming apparatus, which can cause thermallyinduced injury to the operator of the apparatus.
Many preliminary considerations are known regarding ways to control thecoolant fluid in compressors against the background of the problems cited above. A technical regulation principle in current use for controlling the temperature of a coolant fluid in compressors is disclosed, for example, in patent EP 0 067 949 B1. Here a thermostaticslide valve determines whether coolant fluid is sent through a fluid cooler to be used for cooling, or is shunted past the cooler in order to raise the temperature. With this form of regulation the temperature ofthe coolant fluid is kept relatively constant, and is set at a level such that on one hand it does not cause the temperature of the process fluid to fall below the condensation point, while on the other hand a temperature so high as potentially to damage the coolant fluid is avoided.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,289,461 a further developed valve unit with an inlet and an outlet for coolant fluid is described. Here again, the volume flow of the coolant fluid in a bypass conduit that bridges the fluid cooler is regulated, such that a portion of the flow of coolant fluid is always passed through the fluid cooler. The regulation is achieved by means of a valve comprising two control units that act in opposite directions, one control unit operating dependent on the inlet temperature and the second one, dependent on the system temperature. Oneof the disadvantages of this design is that the control valve is complicated in structure and subject to malfunction, and furthermore a certain minimal volume flow of coolant fluid passes through the fluid cooler. Hence this proportion of the coolant fluid is constantly cooled,which thus also lowers the temperature of the process fluid.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,390 discloses a form of regulation in which a second bypass conduit is also provided as a shunt around the fluid cooler. Inthis second bypass conduit there is an additional valve which, when activated by a processor, allows a specific amount of coolant fluid to bypass the cooler in the form of a pulse. The release of these pulses bythe processor depends on various parameters. Hence this solution is extremely elaborate to implement, both because multiple parameters mustbe monitored and evaluated and because an additional bypass conduit mustbe provided.
The solutions discussed above are predominantly concerned with the problem of keeping the coolant fluid in the compressor itself at a temperature such that water does not condense out and hence impairment of the coolant fluid and of the compressor is prevented. At the sametime, the forms of regulation here disclosed are designed so as also to avoid raising the coolant fluid to a temperature high enough to be potentially damaging. However, the problems associated with the condensation of water while it is in the pneumatic consumer devices orin the conduits leading thereto are not addressed.
A variant of a solution relevant to this point is known from the patent DE 36 01 816 A1. There the compressed process fluid, which has been heated to about 60° C. above the intake temperature of the compressor,is passed through an overdimensioned after cooler to bring it down to a temperature about 10° C. above the intake temperature. A considerable proportion of the water vapor present in the process fluid is thereby caused to condense out and is eliminated by a condensate trap. The compressed process fluid is subsequently sent to a heat exchanger where it is re warmed so that ultimately—influenced to some degree by the current ambient parameters, which in this design are assumed to beunchanging—a process fluid is produced that is quite dry and about 60°C. above the intake temperature, i.e. very hot.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an arrangement for controlling the coolant fluid in a conventional compressor which has a simple, economical and reliable construction and wherein it is possible to reduce or, where possible, avoid the condensation of water out of both a coolant fluid and a process fluid output by the compressor to another apparatus, in particular with respect to condensation and freezing events in the receiving apparatus itself, while a high degree of operating facility is maintained.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an arrangement for controlling the flow of a coolant fluid through a compressor comprising: a coolant-fluid inlet for coolant fluid discharged from the compressor and a coolant-fluid outlet for returning the coolant fluid to the compressor; a fluid cooler through which atleast a proportion of the coolant fluid can be passed for cooling, when necessary; a system-control actuator which controls the magnitude of the proportion of the coolant fluid that passes through the fluid cooler onthe basis of system parameters including the temperature of the coolantfluid by fluid-control means; a fluid-control device; and a summer-/winter-operation actuator, which in a summer position takes priority over the system-control actuator so as to limit the action ofthe system-control actuator in one direction, such that when thesummer-/winter-operation actuator is activated, the proportion of thecoolant fluid that is passed through the fluid cooler is increased or diminished by the fluid-control device.
The present invention therefore provides a summer-/winter-operationactuator which, taking priority over the system-control actuator, in a summer position completely or partially overrides the action of thesystem-control actuator in a direction such that when thesummer-/winter-operation actuator is activated, the proportion of thecoolant fluid flow that is sent through the fluid cooler is appropriately increased or reduced by a fluid-control means.
The invention achieves its object by making use of the fact that thetemperature of the process fluid at the point where it emerges from the installation is determined by the temperature of the coolant fluid, andin particular corresponds approximately to the maximal temperature ofthe coolant fluid. Control of the temperature of the process fluid atthe installation output can therefore be accomplished by influencing both the injection temperature and the injection amount of the coolantfluid.
To avoid undesired condensation of moisture in the compressor, but especially in the conduits leading to apparatus receiving the compressed process fluid from the compressor and/or within the apparatus themselves, the arrangement can initially be adjusted so that the process fluid is less strongly cooled and is sent to the consuming apparatus or into the conduits leading thereto at a comparatively high temperature. The cooling that occurs within the conduits, or by the time the fluid reaches the consuming apparatus, then usually suffices to ensure the comfort of the personnel responsible for operating the consuming apparatus. Only when the ambient temperature is high, so thatthe cooling effect on the process fluid as it is conducted to the consuming apparatus is in some circumstances no longer as great, does the invention provide for further cooling of the process fluid under the influence of a summer-/winter-operation actuator.
The summer-/winter-operation actuator or, more generally speaking, an ambient-temperature-compensation actuator, is provided in order to compensate as far as possible a reduction or enhancement of cooling brought about by a higher or lower ambient temperature. The terms“summer” and “winter” in the context of summer-/winter-operationactuator or summer/winter position are used herein and in the claims inorder to facilitate understanding, and in general designate two different kinds of ambient conditions, namely warmer surroundings on one hand and colder surroundings on the other hand.
Hence the winter operation is intended to prevent the temperature from falling below the condensation point of the process fluid on its way tothe consuming apparatus, whereas the summer operation is intended to avoid exceeding a maximal temperature at the apparatus.
With the arrangement described here it is possible by simple means to solve, in a reliable and economical manner, problems of all three kinds present in the state of the art, namely condensation in the compressor,condensation in the conduits leading to the consuming apparatus or inthe apparatus themselves, and excessive heating of the consuming apparatus devices just when the ambient temperature is high.
In an alternative embodiment the summer-/winter-operation actuator,which in more general terms can be called an ambient-temperature-compensation actuator for compensating effects onthe cooling of fluid associated with a higher or lower temperature ofthe ambient air, comprises a manual control apparatus by means of whichthe summer-/winter-operation actuator can be adjusted, in particular canbe switched between two positions, namely a summer position and a winter position. Obviously the manual control apparatus can be constructed in various ways; for example, it can comprise a hand-operated lever, a setting wheel, where appropriate with a stepping-down action, and/or another suitable control device.
In one specific embodiment the summer-/winter-operation actuator comprises an actuating shaft with a cam structure such that the cam structure acts on the fluid-control device by way of a control element.In this case the actuating shaft can, for instance, cooperate with the manual control device or also be driven by an electric motor or by pneumatic or hydraulic means.
In another alternative embodiment the summer-/winter-operation actuator is functionally connected to a thermocouple in contact with the outside air, so that the outside-air thermocouple activates thesummer-/winter-operation actuator in dependence on the external or ambient temperature.
In yet another alternative embodiment the summer-/winter-operationactuator is functionally connected to a thermo sensor that activates thesummer-/winter-operation actuator in dependence on the outside temperature. In both of the preceding embodiments the advantage over a manual control apparatus is that there is automatic compensation of an elevated or reduced cooling effect when the ambient air is colder or warmer, whereas with a manual control apparatus the activation of thesummer-/winter-operation actuator has to be performed by the operating personnel.
In an especially preferred embodiment the system-control actuator andthe summer-/winter-operation actuator are functionally connected to a common fluid-control device that adjusts the proportion of thecoolant-fluid flow that is directed through the fluid cooler, such thatthe functional connection between the system-control actuator and thefluid-control device is completely or partially interrupted in one direction of action when the summer-/winter-operation actuator is adjusted in the direction towards a summer position. In this way, when both the system-control actuator and the summer-/winter-operationactuator influence the flow of the coolant fluid by way of only one common fluid-control device, control of the cooling of the process fluid can be especially simply and effectively accomplished. At the same time the actuator prioritization, which is regarded as a useful feature, is implemented in a particularly simple manner, inasmuch as when it is needed, the summer-/winter-operation actuator can be put into a position in which it completely or partly eliminates the action of thefluid-control device in one direction. This makes it possible to set the installation initially to a relatively high temperature of the process fluid, as described at the outset, and then, when the ambient temperature is high, to make corrections by means of thesummer-/winter-operation actuator.
In one embodiment of the invention the system-control actuator and summer-/winter-operation actuator are disposed coaxially, which enable sa relatively simple construction.
In another preferred embodiment a displaceably mounted control elementis made integral with the fluid-control device, as a control cylinder.Here the displaceably mounted control element is a force- or action-transmitting means, which need not necessarily be immersed in thefluid flow. Preferably also, the one-piece cylinder extends into thefluid flow and simultaneously comprises sealing surfaces, to seal off the fluid channel.
In a structurally preferred embodiment the system-control actuator is attached to and preferably within the control element and is bracedagainst a contact surface that is fixed in a given position regardless of the position of the summer-/winter-operation actuator. Thus depending on the position of the summer-/winter-operation actuator, thesystem-control actuator is only partially effective or in some circumstances entirely ineffective in one direction of action with respect to adjustment of the fluid-control device.
In one concrete, advantageous embodiment the summer-/winter-operationactuator acts on the control element by way of a displacement piston,directly or indirectly, to adjust the fluid-control device.
The summer-/winter-operation actuator can be switched between at least two positions. Preferably it can also occupy one or more intermediate positions or, as is especially preferred with respect to control technology, can be shifted continuously between a first (winter)position and a second (summer) position.
Furthermore, it is also possible to apply a logical reversal of the idea underlying the present invention, namely to use the arrangement for controlling the flow of coolant fluid so as to keep the process fluid ina compressor initially at a relatively low temperature, at which it is subject to condensation, and at critical, in this case cool ambient temperatures to give the summer-/winter-operation actuator or compensation actuator priority for influencing the flow of coolant fluid so as to raise the temperature of the process fluid. Moreover, with the concept of prioritization according to the present invention, thetemperature of the process fluid can be influenced not only by controlling the temperature of the coolant fluid injected into the compressor but also, additionally or alternatively, by altering the volume flow of the coolant fluid.
Preferably also, the fluid-control device is positioned at a junction between a bypass conduit that bridges the fluid cooler and a cooling conduit associated with the fluid cooler, in such a way that when the flow of coolant fluid through the fluid cooler is increased, the amount of coolant fluid flowing through the bypass conduit is simultaneously reduced. In this case the junction at which the fluid-control device is positioned can be situated either ahead of the fluid cooler in the direction of flow or after the fluid cooler. Positioning of thefluid-control device at a junction is regarded as particularly advantageous because as the one flow component is increased, a simultaneous reduction of the other component is brought about, so thatthe influence of this action is extremely effective.
According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of controlling the flow of a coolant fluid through a compressor,in particular through a rotary compressor, in order to adjust thetemperature of a process fluid wherein the coolant fluid discharged fromthe compressor can be directed through a fluid cooler when necessary for cooling, the proportion of coolant fluid injected into the compressor orthe proportion of the coolant fluid that is directed through the fluid cooler being controlled on the basis of system parameters including thetemperature of the coolant fluid, and wherein, in order to prevent condensation or ice formation in apparatus receiving the output from the compressor or in conduits connecting the compressor to such apparatus when the temperature of the outside air is low, in particular when thetemperature of the outside air falls below a certain threshold T_(G),the proportion of coolant fluid injected into the compressor is decreased or the magnitude of the proportion of the coolant fluid directed through the fluid cooler is reduced or is interrupted.
In a preferred embodiment of this method, the coolant flow directed through the fluid cooler is initially reduced irrespective of the outside-air temperature and is only increased when the outside air becomes warm, in particular when its temperature rises above the threshold T_(G).
The present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the attached drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic view in partial cross-section of an embodiment ofa rotary compressor fluid cooling system, which comprises an arrangement for controlling the flow of coolant fluid in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-section of a valve unit forming a part of the arrangement for controlling the flow of coolant fluid in compressors as shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-section of a second embodiment of valve unit for an arrangement for controlling the flow of coolant fluid in compressors, ina first position; and
FIG. 4 is a cross-section of the valve unit shown in FIG. 4 but in a second position.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In FIG. 1 a compressor installation 31 with a compressor 12 and,attached thereto, an arrangement 30 for controlling the flow of coolantfluid are represented schematically. The compressor 12 is driven by a driving mechanism (not shown) by way of a drive shaft 32. Ambient air is sucked into the compressor 12 by way of an intake filter 33 and passes through an intake fitting 34 into the compression space 35. At the sametime, by way of a supply pipe 36 a coolant fluid, which in the present case is oil, is supplied to the compressor. Coolant fluid in the form of oil serves for lubrication, improves sealing and cools the sucked-in and compressed process fluid, which here takes the form of compressed air.The mixture of compressed air and oil is sent through a coolant-fluid/process-fluid conduit 37 to a fluid separator 38. In thefluid separator 38 the coolant-fluid/process-fluid mixture, here an oil/compressed-air mixture, is separated. The process fluid obtained inthe form of compressed air is sent to an outlet conduit 39 and from there passes through consumer conduits (not shown) to one or more consumer devices.
The coolant fluid reclaimed in the fluid separator 38 in the form of oil flows through a return pipe 40 to a first junction 41, where a cooler conduit 21 branches off to a fluid cooler 14 from which the fluid passes to a second junction 42. A bypass conduit 20 connects the first junction14 directly to the second junction 42, bridging the fluid cooler 14.
The second junction 42 in the present embodiment is defined by a valve unit 43. The valve unit 43 can preferably be mounted directly on the compressor block or on the fluid separator 38, or it can also be attached to the fluid cooler 14. The valve unit 43 comprises asystem-control actuator 15, which is in functional connection with a fluid-thermocouple 29 and controls a fluid-control device 19 on the basis of the temperature of the coolant fluid (cf. FIG. 2). When thetemperature of the coolant fluid rises, the fluid-control device reduces the proportion of the fluid that flows through the bypass conduit and simultaneously increases the proportion that flows through the cooler14, so that the temperature of the coolant fluid as a whole is more strongly reduced by the fluid cooler 14. Conversely, if the coolantfluid becomes colder, the fluid-control device causes less coolant fluid to flow through the fluid cooler; at the same time, the proportion of fluid that bypasses the cooler 14, through the conduit 20, is increased;the net result is that the fluid as a whole is cooled to a lesser extent.
As shown here, the coolant fluid can then be sent through an oil filter44 and is returned to the compression space 35 of the compressor 12 byway of the above-mentioned supply lead 36. The arrangement in accordance with the invention for controlling the flow of coolant fluid is integrated into a circulation path that runs through the compression space 35 of the compressor 12 and the fluid separator 38. A coolant-fluid inlet 11 of the arrangement 30 for controlling the flow of coolant fluid is here defined by the above-mentioned return conduit 40,and a coolant-fluid outlet 13 is defined by the likewise above-mentioned supply conduit 36.
In FIG. 2 a first embodiment of the valve unit 43, indicated onlyschematically in FIG. 1, is illustrated as a sectional view of a specific construction. The valve unit 43 first comprises a valve block45 with a central bore 46, a first side bore 47, a second side bore 48and a third side bore 49. The central bore 46 consists of an upper section 50, a middle section 51 and a lower section 52. The lower section 52 defines a central interior space 53 of the valve. The middle section is wider than the lower section 52 and upper section 50 and forms a valve chamber 54. By way of the first side bore 47 the valve chamber 54 is in fluid communication with the supply conduit 36, which leads to the compression space 35 of the compressor 12. The central interior space 53 of the valve is in fluid communication with the bypass conduit 20, by way of the second side bore 48. The upper section 50 ofthe central bore 46 in the valve block 45 defines an upper interior space 55 of the valve, which is in fluid communication with the fluid cooler 14 by way of the third side bore 49.
In the central bore 46 of the valve block 45 is disposed a control cylinder 25, which here integrates a control element 24 and a fluid-control device 19 as mentioned above, and which is seated so thatit can be longitudinally dis placed. The fluid-control device constituting its lower end is provided in order either to block passage of one of the two flow components flowing through the fluid cooler 14 orthe bypass conduit 20, or to maintain a particular ratio of these two components. For this purpose, the part of the control cylinder 25 that serves as fluid-control device 19 comprises a first circumferentialsealing surface 56. In addition, the control cylinder comprises at its opposite, upper end a second circumferential sealing surface 57. Thecircumferential sealing surfaces 56 and 57 are so constructed anddimensioned that they form a fluid-tight seal against the wall of the central bore 46. In so doing, the second circumferential sealing surface57 prevents the emergence of oil. In contrast, the action of the firstcircumferential sealing surface 56 is to block the flow of one of thefluid-flow components completely, apart from a leakage flow; depending on whether the control cylinder 25 is in a first or second end position,it blocks the flow either through the fluid cooler 14 or through the bypass conduit.
The control cylinder 25 is moved between the said end positions, or into intermediate positions, as follows. Initially the control cylinder 25 is placed under pretension, by a helical spring 58 disposed in the central interior space 53 of the valve, so that the cylinder is pressed into an upper position in which it blocks the flow component that is directed through the fluid cooler 14. Displacement of the control cylinder 25 outof this end position can be accomplished either by a system-control actuator 15 or by a summer-/winter-operation actuator 16.
Within the control cylinder 25 the above-mentioned fluid-thermocouple 29is mounted the system-control actuator 15, which is activated by thefluid-thermocouple. When the fluid-thermocouple 29 is heated, a substance contained therein expands and pushes the system-control actuator 15 out of the fluid-thermocouple 29. By way of a displacement piston 27 the system-control actuator 15 is braced against a bearing surface 26 that is fixed in position relative to the valve block 45, sothat expansion of the substance within the fluid-thermocouple 29 causes the control cylinder 25 as a whole to move towards the central interior space 53, against the pressure exerted by the helical spring 58, thus opening an upper annular gap 59 between the upper interior space 55 ofthe valve and the valve chamber 54. As a consequence of the formation ofthe annular gap, coolant fluid can now flow from the fluid cooler 14into the valve chamber 54, and after mixing with coolant fluid from the bypass conduit 20 it is sent through the supply conduit 36 into the compression space 35 of the compressor 12. If the control cylinder 25moves further towards the central interior space 53 of the valve, the upper annular gap 59 expands, and at the same time a corresponding lowerannular gap 60 between the valve chamber corresponding lower annular gap60 between the valve chamber 54 and the central interior space 53becomes continually smaller. The consequence is that a progressively greater flow component from the fluid cooler 14, and simultaneously a progressively smaller fluid component from the bypass conduit 20, can enter the valve chamber 54. If the control cylinder 25 shifts still further towards the central interior space 53, the first circumferentialsealing surface 56 closes the lower annular gap 60, at which point thefirst circumferential sealing surface 56 once again contacts the wall ofthe central bore 46 so as to form a seal.
Displacement of the control cylinder 25 can also be independent of thesystem-control actuator 15, under the control of the above-mentioned summer-/winter-operation actuator 16 as follows. An outside-airthermocouple 18 is disposed in a valve lid 61 so as to be coaxial withthe system-control actuator 15, and the summer-/winter-operationactuator 16 is movably mounted within the outside-air thermocouple 18 sothat it extends towards the system-control actuator 15, pointing to the valve chamber 54. The outside-air thermocouple likewise contains a substance that expands when the temperature rises, and during expansion it pushes the summer-/winter-operation actuator 16 outward. The outside-air thermocouple 18 is either in direct contact with the ambient air or its temperature is adjusted so as to be approximately representative of the ambient air temperature. Within the valve lid 61,coaxial with the summer-/winter-operation actuator 16 and thesystem-control actuator 15, a control-crown 62 is also movably seated.The control crown 62 preferably comprises several projecting struts 63,which pass through associated apertures 64 in a cover plate 65 that covers the central bore 46 of the valve block 45. By way of the cover plate 65, the valve lid 61 is connected to the valve block 45.
When the control cylinder 25 is in the position shown in FIG. 2, the distal ends of the struts 63 are opposed to the control cylinder 25. The summer-/winter-operation actuator 16 is seated against the control crown62 on the other side, by way of a displacement piston 28. Warming of the substance contained within the outside-air thermocouple 18 causes thesummer-/winter-operation actuator 16 to be pushed out of the outside-airthermocouple towards the valve chamber 54, so that it in turn presses against the control cylinder 25 by way of the control crown 62. As a result, the fluid-control device 19, which forms an integral part of the control cylinder 25, opens the upper annular gap 49 while simultaneously reducing the size of the lower annular gap 60. The consequence is that more coolant fluid flows through the fluid cooler 14, and at the sametime the flow component sent through the bypass conduit 20 is diminished. If even higher temperatures cause the substance contained inthe outside-air thermocouple 18 to expand still further, by way of thesummer-/winter-operation actuator 16 the control crown 62 and hence the control cylinder 25 are pushed further down, i.e. towards the central interior space 53 of the valve, and can ultimately reach an end position in which the lower annular gap 60 is closed, so that no flow component at all is then sent through the bypass conduit 20. In this position, the influence of the system-control actuator 15 is entirely eliminated.
In intermediate positions the summer-/winter-operation actuator 16merely establishes a minimal position for the width of the upper annulargap 59, and hence for the magnitude of the flow component sent throughthe fluid cooler 14. If the coolant fluid should become so warm that thesystem-control actuator 15 is pressed out of the fluid-thermocouple 29far enough to exert a force on the bearing surface 26, the control cylinder 25 would move further in the direction of the central interior space 53 and thus further expand the upper annular gap 59. However, thesystem-control actuator 15 is not capable of making the width of the upper annular gap 59 smaller than that predetermined by thesummer-/winter-operation actuator 16.
In FIG. 3 is shown an alternative embodiment of a valve unit for an arrangement for controlling the flow of coolant fluid according to the invention. The two embodiments differ from one another basically in thatthe summer-/winter-operation actuator 16 in the embodiment according to FIG. 3 is not impelled by an outside-air thermocouple 18 but rather comprises a manual operating device, in the present case specifically a hand lever 17, which acts on the control cylinder 25 by way of an operating shaft 22 and a cam structure 23 integral with the shaft 22 to produce an effect similar to that exerted by the struts 63 of the control crown 62—for instance, when the shaft 22 is rotated through120°.
Specifically, the valve block 45 in the embodiment according to FIG. 3is made somewhat longer and comprises a fourth side bore 66, whichtraverses the central bore 46 and defines a passageway on one side ofthe central bore 46 as well as a pocket bore on the opposite side. The operating shaft 22 is pushed into this fourth side bore 66 above the control cylinder 25, and is held in place there by means of a bearing disk 67. The cam structure 23 on the shaft 22 is defined by two eccentric sections 68, 69, situated on the two sides of acircumferential groove 70. The circumferential groove 70 in the embodiment shown here defines the bearing surface 26 for the displacement piston 27 of the system-control actuator 15 and is distinguished by the fact that the position of this bearing surface remains constant when the operating shaft 22 is rotated. Whereas the bearing surface 26 defined by the circumferential groove 70 remains at a constant height during rotation of the shaft 22, the eccentric sections68, 69 displace the control cylinder 25 towards the central interior space 43 of the valve, so that the upper annular gap 59 is enlarged according to the dimensioning of the eccentricity of the eccentric sections 68, 69. In the embodiment shown here, a 120° rotation of the shaft 22 causes the lower annular gap 60 to become closed, so that the flow component directed through the bypass conduit is blocked. The action of the system-control actuator 15 is likewise eliminated in this end position.
With appropriate configuration of the eccentric sections 68, 69 and withthe provision of appropriate additional engagement positions, however,the operating shaft 22 can also be used for adjustment of the cylinder to specified intermediate positions.
In FIG. 4 the embodiment of a valve unit according to FIG. 3 is shown ina second position, in which the hand lever 17 (not shown) has been rotated by 120°. In the position according to FIG. 4 the upper annulargap 59 is completely opened, and simultaneously the lower annular gap 60is closed by the control element 24. The bearing surface 26 of the cam structure 23 on the shaft 22 presses the control cylinder 25 and hence the control element 24 against the helical spring 58, so that the upperannular gap 59 is opened and the lower annular gap 60 is closed. As canbe seen in this drawing, the displacement piston 27 of thesystem-control actuator 15 no longer abuts against the contact surface26 of the shaft 22, so that in this position the system-control actuator15 no longer has any influence on the control element 24. In the embodiment shown here this is true even when the displacement piston 27is completely extended from the fluid-thermocouple 29, so that the manual control has priority not only for a particular temperature regime but also regardless of the temperature of the coolant fluid. Depending on the dimensioning of the cam structure 23 with eccentric sections 68,69 as well as that of the circumferential groove 70, however, it is also possible to implement a prioritization such that in certain regions of coolant-fluid temperature the displacement piston 27 of thesystem-control actuator 15 can still transmit a controlling action tothe control element 24.
I claim:
1. Arrangement for controlling the flow of a coolant fluid through a compressor comprising: a coolant-fluid inlet for coolant fluid discharged from the compressor and a coolant-fluid outlet for returning the coolant fluid to the compressor; a fluid cooler through which atleast a proportion of the coolant fluid can be passed for cooling, when necessary; a system-control actuator which controls the magnitude of the proportion of the coolant fluid that passes through the fluid cooler onthe basis of system parameters including the temperature of thecoolant-fluid by fluid-control means; a fluid-control device; and a summer-/winter-operation actuator, which in a summer position takes priority over the system-control actuator so as to limit the action ofthe system-control actuator in one direction, such that when thesummer-/winter-operation actuator is activated, the proportion of thecoolant fluid that is passed through the fluid cooler is increased or diminished by the fluid-control device.
2. Arrangement for controlling the flow of a coolant fluid in a compressor comprising: a coolant-fluid inlet for coolant fluid discharged from the compressor and a coolant-fluid outlet for returning the coolant fluid to the compressor;a fluid cooler through which a proportion of the coolant fluid can be diverted to be cooled; a system-control actuator which controls the proportion of coolant fluid that is injected into the compressor on the basis of system parameters including the temperature of the coolantfluid, by fluid-control means; a fluid control device; and a summer-/winter-operation actuator, which in a summer position takes priority over the system-control actuator to limit the action of thesystem-control actuator in one direction such that when thesummer-/winter-operation actuator is activated, the proportion of coolant fluid that is injected into the compressor is increased or is diminished by the fluid-control device.
3. Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the summer-/winter-operation actuator comprises a manual operating device by means of which thesummer-/winter-operation actuator operationally switched between two positions.
4. Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein thesummer-/winter-operation actuator comprises an operating shaft with acam means that acts on the fluid-control means by way of a control element.
5. Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, comprising an outside-air thermocouple with which the summer-/winter-operationactuator is in functional communication and which activates thesummer-/winter-operation actuator dependent on the outside temperature.6. Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, comprising athermo sensor with which the summer-/winter-operation actuator is in functional communication and which activates thesummer-/winter-operation actuator dependent on the outside temperature.7. Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, comprising a fluid-thermocouple with which the system-control actuator is in functional communication and which activates the system-control actuator dependent on the temperature of the coolant fluid.
8. Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, comprising a thermo sensor with which thesystem-control actuator is in functional communication and which controls the system-control actuator dependent on at least one system parameter including the temperature of the coolant fluid.
9. Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the system-control actuator and the summer-/winter-operation actuator are in functional communication with the fluid-control device, which comprises thefluid-control means that controls the proportion of coolant fluid passing through the fluid cooler, and wherein the functional connection between the system-control actuator and the fluid-control means is atleast partially eliminated when the summer-/winter-operation actuator is operated so as to shift it in the direction of a summer position. 10.Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the system-control actuator and the summer-/winter-operation actuator are disposedcoaxially with one another.
11. Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the system-control actuator and thesummer-/winter-operation actuator are disposed relative to one another such that control forces that they exert are oriented in a common direction of action.
12. Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2,wherein the system-control actuator is disposed between thesummer-/winter-operation actuator and the fluid-control means. 13.Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, comprising a movablymounted control element which is constructed integrally with thefluid-control device as a control cylinder.
14. Arrangement as claimed in claim 13, wherein the system-control actuator is attached to the control element and is braced by means of a displacement piston against a bearing surface that is fixed in place regardless of which of the positions provided therefor is occupied by the summer-/winter-operationactuator.
15. Arrangement as claimed in claim 14, wherein thesystem-control actuator with the displacement piston acts directly or indirectly on a control element in order to change the position of thefluid-control device.
16. Arrangement as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2,wherein the fluid-control device is disposed at a junction between a bypass conduit that bypasses the fluid cooler and a cooler conduit associated with the fluid cooler, such that when the flow of coolantfluid directed through the fluid cooler is increased, the flow of coolant fluid through the bypass conduit is simultaneously decreased.17. Arrangement as claimed in claim 16, wherein the fluid-control device can be continuously shifted between a first end position that substantially blocks the bypass conduit and a second end position that substantially blocks the cooler conduit.
18. A method of controlling flow of a coolant fluid through a compressor for adjusting a temperature of a process fluid, comprising the steps of directing the coolant fluid discharged from the compressor, when necessary for cooling, through a fluid cooler for cooling the coolant fluid; and controlling at least oneof an amount of coolant fluid injected into the compressor and a proportion of the coolant fluid directed through the fluid cooler on basis of system parameters including a temperature of the coolant fluid,wherein a reduction of the temperature of the process fluid is effected by at least one of increasing an amount of coolant fluid injected intothe compressor and increasing of a proportion of the coolant fluid directed through the fluid cooler, wherein an increase of thetemperature of the process fluid is effected by at least one of reducing an amount of coolant fluid injected into the compressor and reducing ofa proportion of the coolant fluid directed through fluid cooler, wherein a winter operation is conducted at low atmospheric temperatures, and a summer operation is conducted at high atmospheric temperatures, wherein in order to prevent a maximal temperature of the process fluid in a consuming apparatus from exceeding a predetermined threshold at the high atmospheric temperatures and to prevent condensation or ice formation inthe consuming apparatus and conduits connecting the consuming apparatus with the compressor at the low atmospheric temperatures, during thesummer operation, lower temperatures of process fluid are controlled as during the winter operation; and wherein a change-over between the winter and summer operations is effected one of manually and automatically by a summer/winter operation actuator that functions dependent on an atmospheric temperature.
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Problem: Roman Yakub won first price in a Choral Composition Competition at a liberal arts college founded by who?
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that are fo difHcuIt to he put in Execution, that they are always fure of an Excufe, on Account of their Orders not having been punctually followed. It is not to be conceived to what Ex travagancies they go on thefe Occalions : They order fome Patienté to counterfeit themfelves mad: In fome Dillempers they order Dances, which are generally very lafcivious. Onp would think for the rnofi Part, that they have the Cure of the Patient lefs in View, than to hallen his Death. But what ihews the Force of Imagination is, that thefe Dodors^ with ail their Follies, perform as many Cures as our's.
In fome Nations, when the Dillemper is defperate, they kill Their C'^uelt to Patients to put them out of their Pain. rfZ, ^' L ' Jf' ^ Canton of Onnontaguey they deflroy
ra e ajes. Birth, or bury them alive with them, becaufe
they are perfuaded that another Woman cannot nurfe them^ and that they would pine to Death. But I think however that lately they have laid afide this barbarous Cultom. Some others forfake the Difeafed when the Dodlors give them over, and let them die with Hunger and Thirft. There are fome, who, to hinder the Difiortion of the Features in dying Per fons, clofe their Eyes and Mouth, when they fee them in the Agony >Qf Death.
In Acadia, the Jugglers are called Jutmcins^ and it is ge nf h ' f ■ nerally the Chief of the Village who is r A (V '^^"'"^'^'^^^ invefted with this Dignity ; therefore they ^ * have more Authority than the other Jugglers,
though they have not more Skill, nor lefs of ImpoHure. When they are called to a Patient, the iirll Thing they do is to view him attentively for feme Time, then they blow upon him : If this has no Elred, The Reafon is, that the Devil is *^ within him, fay they, bift hovvever he mull come out^ yet let every one be upon his Guard, for this evil Spirit out of Spite may fall upon one of the Company." Then they en ter into a Kind of Madnefs, they make ilrange Pollures, they cry out, they threaten the pretended Devil, they fpeak to him as if they have feen him, and they make PafTes at him : But all this is only a Farce to hide their Impof ture.
When they enter the Cabin, they always have the Precau tion to thrafi: into the Earth a Piece of Wood, faflened to a String : Afterwards they offer the End of the String to all
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Case No. 16,262.
UNITED STATES v. SHACKFORD.
[5 Mason, 445.]
Circuit Court, D. Maine.
May Term, 1830.
Shipping—Non-Delivery of Register—Liability of Master.
To affect the master of a vessel with the penalty provided for his non-delivery of a temporary register, granted under the 3d section of the coasting act of 1793, e. 52 [1 Story’s Laws 28(1; 1 Stat. 306, c. 8], there must not only be an arrival at the port, to which the vessel belongs, but it must be an arrival there, not by accident, or from necessity, but intentionally, as one of the termini of the voyage.
[Cited in U. S. v. Helriggle, Case No. 15.344; Parsons v. Hunter, Id. 10,778; Toler v. White, Id. 14,079; Harrison v. Vose, 9 How. (50 U. S.) 378; The Javirena, 14 C. C. A. 350, 67 Fed. 155.)
[Error to the district court of the United States for the district of Maine.)
Debt for the penalty of one hundred dollars, against the defendant [Jacob Shack-ford], as master of the schooner Sarah, of Eastport, for not delivering up a temporary register, obtained in the district of New York, within ten days after the arrival of the vessel at Eastport, where she belonged, according to the provisions of the 3d section of the coasting act of 1793, c. 52. The case came before the district court upon an agreed statement of facts, as follows: “In this case it is agreed,. that the schooner Sarah, of which the defendant was master, belonged to Eastport, and was there duly enrolled and licensed; and thence she proceeded to New York, where she took a temporary register and sailed on a voyage to St. Johns, New Brunswick; landed her cargo there, and took a return cargo and passengers for New York. On her way to the latter place, she stopped at Eastport, in the American waters, and within the district of Passamaquoddy, and anchored off the town, and waited about two hours for the tide; during which period, she landed some passengers and their baggage, having permit from the custom-house for that purpose; took on board some other passengers and small stores, and sailed under the same temporary register to New York, and did not deliver up her temporary register to the collector of Passamaquoddy within ten days. Upon this evidence, the cause is submitted to the decision of the judge, reserving the right of appeal, as from a judgment rendered on verdict.”
The district court pronounced a judgment in favour of the defendant [Case No. 16.263), upon which a writ of error was brought to the circuit court.
Mr. Shepley, U. S. Dist. Atty.
Mr. Greenle'af, for defendant.
[Affirming Case No. 16.263.)
STORY, Circuit Justice.
The third section of the coasting act of 1793. c. 52 [1 Story’s Laws, 286; 1 Stat. 306, c. 8], provides, that the collectors of the several districts may enroll and license any ship or vessel, that may be registered, upon such registry being given up, or register any ship or vessel that may be enrolled, upon such enrolment and license being given up. And when any ship or vessel shall be in any other district than the one to which she belongs, the collector of such district, &e., shall make the exchanges aforesaid. But in every such case, the collector to whom the register or enrolment and license may be given up, shall transmit the same to the register of the treasury; “and the register or enrolment and license granted in lieu thereof, shall, within ten days after the arrival of such ship or vessel within the district, to which she belongs, be delivered to the collector of the said district, and be by him cancelled. . And if the said master or commander shall neglect to deliver the said register, or enrolment and license. within the time aforesaid, he shall forfeit one hundred dollars.”
The question upon the facts is, whether in this case there was an arrival of this vessel within the district of Eastport, to which she belongs, in the sense of the act, so that the penalty of one hundred dollars was incurred by the neglect of the -master to deliver up the temporary register to the collector of the district within the ten days prescribed by the act The argument of the district attorney is, that every coming into the district is an arrival, in the sense of the act, although it may not be in the course of the voyage on which the vessel is bound, nor within the original contemplation of the parties when it was undertaken. It goes then to this extent, although not so stated, in terms, that if the vessel come in from necessity, or be driven in by stress of weather, or seek the port to avoid capture by an enemy, it falls within the reach of the act, as much as if it was a voluntary arrival, however short may be the stay, or fugitive the purpose of it The argument on the other side is, that the arrival must be within the district as a port or place of destination on the business of the voyage, and so contemplated by the parties, as one of the termini, if not the sole terminus of it.
It is doubtless true, that the term “arrival” is susceptible of either interpretation, according to the language of the context, and the objects of the legislature. It may be used in the most general sense, as importing a mere entry within the local limits of the district; or it may be restrained to such an entry as is purely voluntary, for objects connected with the voyage, and a part of the enterprise. Whether the one sense or the other is to be adopted, depends upon a just survey of the language, and the policy, of the statute. There are many instances in our revenue laws, where the word is used in the more limited as well as in the larger sense. In the 22d section of this very act, ■there is a provision applicable to coasting vessels putting into a port, other than that to which they are destined, where the master is required to make a report to the custom-house within twenty-four hours after his arrival, if he continues so long in port. The word “arrival” is here manifestly used in its most general sense, as a mere putting ■or coming into port, for any purpose whatsoever. On the other hand, there seems little doubt, that the arrival, spoken of in the sixth section of the act, refers to an arrival at the port of destination, as the arrival spoken of in the 15th and 17th sections certainly does.
The question then resolves itself into a question of the true construction of the terms of the act, with reference to the context and policy of the act. Now, we are to recollect, that this is a penal clause, and if either of the two constructions may be adopted, and each tallies with the language, and interferes with no known policy of the act, that ought to be adopted which is most liberal to the citizen, and burthens him with the least restraints. But if one construction be exceedingly inconvenient, and the other safe and convenient, a fortiori ought the latter to be deemed the true exposition of the legislative intention; for it can never be presumed that the government means to impose irksome regulations, unless for some known object, or from some express declaration.
Now, the plain object of the legislature is, generally, to have vessels registered, enrolled, and licensed, in the ports or districts to which they belong. But it is not required if a change from a registry to an enrolment, or é contra, is desirable to the owner, with a view to his own accommodation or business, when the vessel is absent from her home-port, that she should be compelled to return to the home-port directly, without embarking in any intermediate voyage. The language of the act justifies a totally different construction. If a vessel is enrolled, and is in a distant port, the owner may surrender her enrolment, and have her registered so as to embark on a foreign voyage; and it is no violation of the policy of the act, that she should perform several foreign voyages under such temporary register before her return to the home-port. All that is required is, that when she does return, the temporary register shall, within ten days after her arrival there, be surrendered. No period is provided, after which the temporary register shall cease to have a valid operation, unless there be such an arrival at the home-port. No known policy of the act is broken in upon by any delay to return, however long. The object of the legislature is, to promote the interests of the ship-owner, and the encouragement of trade. The natural presumption is, that the vessel will return home, that she has, so to say, the animus revertendi, as soon as the interests of the owner require it; and as the ship in the mean time carries in all her papers, complete proofs of her domiejl .and ..her ownership, there is no danger of loss to the revenue of the government, or of mistake of her real character and trade.
If the district attorney is right in his argument, then, in all cases of a change of the ship’s papers, the vessel may be materially retarded in her commercial operations from unforeseen casualties. Suppose a vessel, engaged in a foreign voyage, is driven by storm or other necessity into her home-port, it will then become the duty of the master, even if his stay might not otherwise be intended for an hour, or a day, to wait until he can communicate with the custom-house, and surrender his papers and procure new ones. Now, in the home-port, in order to procure a new register or enrolment, the owner is required to take an oath of owner-sip, and the master, if present, an oath of his citizenship. The owner may be temporarily absent on a journey; the vessel may arrive in the night, or in hours when the custom-house is closed; she may arrive on a Sunday? or at an^ out-port at a great distance from the collector’s residence; she may arrive in an inclement season, when access to him is difficult; her voyage may be vitally affected by the retardation of a few hours or days. In cases of this sort, (and many such may be imagined,) it is easy to see, if a rigid construction be adopted, that great embarrassments, if not material injuries, may arise to merchants and owners, from causes wholly beyond ' their control. Could the legislature have intended to impose restraints upon trade, unless for some great and obvious benefit? Ought not maritime laws, affecting employments so liable to accidents and disasters, and unforeseen emergencies as navigation and trade, to be liberally construed in doubtful cases, so as to ward off, rather than to add weight to, the pressure of uncontrollable misfortunes? My opinion is that they ought, and that it would be highly inconvenient, not to say unjust, to make every doubtful phrase a drag-net for penalties.
It appears to me that the true interpretation of the section under consideration is, that the arrival of the vessel pointed at, is an arrival within the scope of the voyage; an arrival in the district, not only voluntarily, but as a port of destination, or terminus of the voyage. I do not say the sole or the ultimate port of destination, for I readily admit, that if the home-port constitutes one of the places within the contemplation of the parties, where the vessel is to stop for the trade or business of the voyage, that would bring the case within the act, notwithstanding any ulterior destination. But a mere arrival in the district in the transit from one port to another, either accidentally or voluntarily, but for no purpose originally connected with the employment or objects of the voyage, and as a mere emergent incident, or fortuitous occurrence, is not within the purview or policy of the act. The act contemplates an intention to abide in the port, or at •least it indulges a supposition that the vessel may, in some cases, remain there ten days; for it inflicts no forfeiture for a nondelivery within that period. It looks, therefore, to some intentional arrival, which may last for such a period by design; and this may well be deemed a provision unlocking its real meaning.
Upon the whole, I entirely concur in the opinion of the district judge, and think that an arrival within the purview of the section must be an arrival with an intention to rectum to the home-port, as one of the termini of the voyage, and in the course of prosecuting it. It must not be a mere touch or stay for accidental and transitory purposes, having nothing to do with the original enterprise.
The judgment must therefore be affirmed.
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229 La. 76
STATE of Louisiana ex rel. HEIRS OF Michael BEAUBOEUF v. Lucille May GRACE, Register, et al.
No. 40132.
Supreme Court of Louisiana.
Jan. 16, 1956.
Vincent Hazleton, Alexandria, for plaintiff-appellant.
Fred S. LeBlanc,1 Atty. Gen., John L. Madden, Asst. Atty. Gen., for defendants-appellees.
PONDER, Justice.
The relators, heirs of Michael Beau-boeüf, brought this mandamus proceeding against the Governor and the Register of State Land Office, seeking to compel' the issuance of a patent to 132.23 acres of land situated in Catahoula Parish.
Michael Beauboeuf made application, on September 20,. 1883, to enter the lands in controversy under the provisions of Act 21 of 1871. See LSA-R.S. 41:501 to 41:509. He resided on the land until he died in 1916 and thereafter his heirs, some of whom were residing on the land, made application for a patent by submitting affidavits to the Register of State Land Office on September 7, 1926. The-application was refused on the ground that the affidavits did not show residence and cultivation and the heirs again applied for a patent on July 24, 1948 and the’patént was refused on the ground that the lands had been transferred to the Board of Commissioners of the Tensas -Basin Levee District on February- 9, 1-948 and that the original application had been cancelled previously thereto. On hearing, the rule, issued in this case, was recalled, mandamus denied and the suit -was dismissed at - re-lators’ cost. The relators have appealed.
The relators contend that th.e cancellation of the homestead entry without notice was unlawful, that Act 215 of 1908, LSA-R.S. 41:131 to 41:136, and Act 283 of 1914, see -LSA-R.S. 41:131 note, 41:134, providing for the, reinstatement of applications for homestead entry, superseded Act 42 of 1886; that Act 42 of 1886 violates Article 1, § 10 of the Federal Constitution and Article 1, § 2 of the State .Constitution; that the homestead entry and settlement by Michael Beauboeuf constituted a severance of the lands from the public domain investing title in Beauboeuf and his heirs and that the transfer of the lands to the. Tensas Levee District was ’null and void.
. While, on the other hand, the respondents contend that no proof of actual residence and cultivation of the lands was ever submitted, either by Michael Beauboeuf or his heirs, as required by Act 21 of 1871, as amended, and that the evidence in this case fails to establish such facts; that no effort was made to submit such proof until many years after the time permitted by law for offering final proof had elapsed and that therefore the action of the Register of State Lands in cancelling the application for homestead entry and transferring the lands to the Tensas Levee District was fully authorized.
Under the provisions of Section 2 of Act 21 of 1871, a patent cannot issue until there is proof of actual settlement and cultivation. This proof must be submitted five years after the date of the entry or at any time within two years thereafter. No affidavits were submitted as final -proof in this case until 1926, forty-three years after the original entry, and the Register refused to issue a patent on the ground that the proof of residence and cultivation was not sufficient. The evidence shows, and it was so concluded by the trial judge, that there was no continuous residence on the land and that it was never cultivated as required by Act 21 of 1871. Under the provisions of Act 21 of 1871, notice to the entryman was required if the issuance of the patent was to another person. Act 42 of 1886 authorized the Register of State Land Office to cancel all homestead entries where final proof had not been made and no notice was required to be given to the entryman. Although the Register of the State Land Office was fully authorized to cancel the entry after the passage of this act, the entry was not cancelled until after 1920.
Insofar as the relators’ contention that Act 215 of 1908 and Act 283 of 1914 supersede Act 42 of 1886, providing for reinstatement of an application for entry, it is sufficient to say that the entry was not cancelled until after the relators failed to submit the timely proof required by law. Relators’ contention, that Act 42 of 1886, authorizing the Register of State Lands to cancel entries when proof had not been made, violates the Federal and State Constitutions by failing to require notice to the entryman, can afford the relators no comfort because the entry was cancelled many years thereafter on the failure of the relators to timely submit sufficient proof for the issuance of a patent. Moreover, it has been held that under Act 42 of 1886 an entry may be cancelled by default without notice to the entryman -and that an entry confers no title when the entry is cancelled for failure of the entryman to make the statutory proof. Babington Bros. v. Thomas & Williams, 131 La. 684, 60 So. 77.
We cannot accept relators’ contention that the entry of Michael Beau-boeuf constituted a severance of the lands from the public domain and invested title in Beauboeuf and his heirs. Neither an entryman on public lands nor his heirs acquire any vested interest therein until final proof is made and final certificate is issued. Brewer v. Hill, 178 La. 533, 152 So. 75. See also Gibson v. Pickens, 187 La. 860, 175 So. 600, and Wadkins v. Producers Oil Co., 130 La. 308, 57 So. 937.
In the case of Broussard v. Broussard, 43 La.Ann. 921, 9 So. 910, cited and relied upon by the relators, it was held that as to third persons the issuance of a certificate of entry is sufficient evidence of title to support an action. To the same effect is the cited case of La Terre Co., Inc., v. Billiot’s Shell Island, Inc., 5 Cir., 103 F.2d 53. But as between the entryman and the sovereign power the certificate of entry is only an inchoate or equitable title and does not become perfected until the requisites of law are fully complied with. La Terre Co., Inc., v. Billiot’s Shell Island, Inc., supra.
Counsel for the relators have cited language used in cases which might give the impression that lands are severed from the public domain by the entry certificate but a careful reading of the cases and jurisprudence shows this is not true where the final proof does not comply with the law requiring the entryman to show that he continually resided on and cultivated the land for five years.
For the reasons assigned, the judgment is affirmed at relators’ cost.
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and altliougli nearly half tlie species of land snails of these four larger islands are opercnlates, not more than 9 or 10 of them are found outside of a single island. This might be taken as evidence that the non-oper culate forms were of much more ancient origin than the others, many of them reaching back to a time of former land connection, while the operculate species were of more recent development, which I suspect mav be the case; or that the former are better adapted to migration across the ocean than the latter.
The fact that the opercnlates form so large a proportion of the Antillean land snail fauna, that a majority of the genera are fouiid on two or more of the islands and the mainland, while nearly every species is absolutely restricted to a single island appears to me to be very strong testimony in favor of a former general land connection.
I believe that all the evidence of the terrestrial and tiuviatile mol luscan fauna of this region indicates that in the early Tertiary Period, perhaps, there was a general land elevation of the Greater Antilles, and possibly of some of the adjacent area; that Wallace's theory of a land connection of the greater islands is correct; that during some part of this time a landway extended across to the continent;* that the species and groups of this then connected territory migrated to some extent from one part of it to another, and that a probable connection existed over the Bahama plateau to what was at that time no doubt the island of Florida. It would appear that at this time the volcanic islands of the Lesser Antillean chain were not yet raised above the sea, or that if there was land in that region it has. since been submerged, and there seems to be no good evidence in favor of any land connection with the Greater Antilles since the lifetime of the present groups and species of West Indian land and fresh-water mollusks.
We have not as yet a sufficient knowledge of the geology and palae ontology of this general region, or a large enough acquaintance with the distribution of the terrestrial and tiuviatile mollusks in Central and South America to at all fully trace the past history of the region, or of the forms of life in question, and, therefore, most of these theories and speculations are advanced with the utmost- caution, and rather as sug gestions, subject to modification by future discoveries, than as absolute explanations of the facts. Yet enough is known to make many points reasonably certain.
* It is quite probable that at this time Mexico and most of Central America formed an island ; that the sea flowed through what is now the Isthmus of Panama; and that there was connection by a strait from the Gulf of Mexico through or around to the northern end of the Gulf of California. In using the expression "a landway across to the continent" I mean to what is the continent now.
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Systematic review on the effects of the discontinuation of the anticoagulant therapy and the postoperative bleeding, in patients under new oral anticoagulants after dental extraction
Background The present systematic review compares the effects of the discontinuation of the anticoagulant therapy and the postoperative bleeding, in patients under new oral anticoagulants after dental extraction. The purpose of this study is to determine the postoperative complications of the DOACs after a simple dental extraction in comparison to the VKAs and with patients not under anticoagulants. This study aims to determine the postoperative complications of the DOACs in the case of an alteration of the anticoagulant regimen before a dental extraction. Material and Methods The electronic search was conducted on two databases (MedLine complete and Scopus). The research included patients under DOACs undergoing simple dental extraction. The inclusion criteria included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case series, retrospective cohort, prospective cohort and studies on human individuals. Results 7 studies were selected, complying to all the inclusion criteria. 931 patients were treated. The bleeding rate was ranging from none, minor, moderate. All the studies included a postoperative follow up from the day of the surgery. The bleeding is immediate and minor after a dental extraction for patients under DOACs, VKAs and with no-OAT. Conclusions The most frequent postoperative complication for patients under DOACs and patients under VKAs after a simple dental extraction is minor bleeding: immediate or delayed. DOACs seem to be a safe drug and do not require the discontinuation/alteration of the therapy for a simple dental extraction. Further studies are required to determine if surgical procedures in dentistry require an alteration of the DOAC regimen. Key words:New oral anticoagulants, NAOCs, DOACs, VKAs, Exodontia, Simple extraction, Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, Edoxaban, Postoperative bleeding.
Introduction
The oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) is an increasingly common treatment in the population. In the dental field, it is essential to monitor the patients taking anticoagulants, in order to achieve the adequate protocol as treatment. To prevent the clot from spreading inappropriately, there are natural anticoagulants, called inhibitors, which are also produced by the liver: antithrombin, protein C, protein S, etc. However, in some diseases, the coagulation is altered, leading to hematopoietic diseases, such as thromboembolism. To treat and prevent these abnormalities and inhibit the coagulation system more selectively, anticoagulants will be prescribed (1). They can be administered orally or intravenously. There are two types of oral anticoagulants: VKAs (Vitamin K Antagonists) and NOACs (Novel Oral Anticoagulants): Oral antivitamin K anticoagulants are used in atrial fibrillation (valvular or non-valvular) and direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOA) are used in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (1). The patients under a NOACs have to be under daily medication. (2) The first new oral anticoagulant was developed in 2010: Dabigatran. Followed by Rivaroxaban (2011), Apixaban (2012), Edoxaban (2014). (3) These drugs are prescribed more and more over the years, due to the aging of the population. Nevertheless, until today, many health professionals are not aware of the management of the patients under new oral anticoagulants since it is a new drug on the market that differs a lot from the conventional ones (i.e. VKAs or Heparin) in its use and its dosage. It is a new drug for dentists and more studies are required in order to study the complications and the management of patients under new oral anticoagulants in order to be prepared before the invasive procedures. A few guidelines are available on many databases; however, many doubts are still present towards these new drugs. One of the daily treatments at a dentist is the simple dental extraction. It is also an invasive procedure, although presenting minimal risks as long as it is performed in an aseptic area, respecting the hemostatic procedures. However, in case of a patient under anticoagulants, this procedure can present many risks and perioperative complications that the dentist should be aware of. For all the aforementioned, the aim of the present review is to evaluate the possible discontinuation/alteration of the anticoagulant therapy and the postoperative bleeding of patients under new oral anticoagulants after a simple dental extraction was performed in order to analyze the issues derived.
Material and Methods
-Protocol and focused question: The present systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) (4). The following focus question was employed according to the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome study design: Among anticoagulant patients undergoing simple dental extraction, do direct oral anticoagulants demonstrate a reduction of the intra-and postoperative complications in comparison to VKAs anticoagulants? -Selection criteria: Before starting the study, a series of inclusion and exclusion criteria were established. Patients taking dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban or edoxaban undergoing a simple dental extraction were included. The types of studies included randomized controlled trials; cohort studies; case series; retrospective cohort; prospective cohort; studies on human individuals; publications in English or Spanish; studies about more than 5 patients; published until December 2021. The variable included studies that will provide data related to assessing bleeding risk after a simple dental extraction in patients undertaking NOACs with or without altering the anticoagulation therapy. And studies comparing the bleeding risk and the complications of the NOACs with the VKAs. Studies about patients taking intravenous anticoagulants, patients undergoing other dental treatment, and studies published before 2011 were excluded. -Search strategy: An electronic search was carried out by the authors in two databases: Medline complete and Scopus including articles until December 2021. The following keywords were combined with the Boolean AND and OR operators, as well as the controlled terms (such as the "MeSh" words) in an attempt to obtain the best and broadest search: "((simple dental extraction) OR (Dental extraction) OR (exodontia) OR (dentoalveolar surgery) OR (Tooth extraction) OR (surgery,oral)) AND ((direct oral anticoagulants) OR (oral anticoagulants) OR (new oral anticoagulants) OR (novel oral anticoagulants) OR (non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants) OR (NVKA oral anticoagulants) OR (NOACs) OR (DOACs) OR (anticoagulants) ) AND ( (vitamin K antagonists anticoagulants) OR (conventional anticoagulants) OR (VKAs anticoagulants) OR (anticoagulants)) AND ((intraoperative complications) OR (postoperative complications) OR (complications) OR (bleeding) OR (bleeding time) OR (risk factors))" The search was completed with a review of the references provided in each of the studies in order to identify any additional studies. Finally, a cross-search of potentially interesting articles was carried out for the introduction.
-Screening methods and data abstraction: The selection of the studies was carried out by two reviewers (AH, ML). A selection process was carried out. The titles were reviewed in order to eliminate irrelevant publications, followed by the removal of the duplicated articles. The abstracts were reviewed and filtered according to the type of study, type of invasive treatment, type of extraction, type of anticoagulants, and result variables. The last stage consisted of a complete reading of each article and extracting the data according to a predetermined data extraction form to confirm the eligibility of the studies. In case of any disagreement, it was resolved by mutual consensus of both the reviewers. The following information was extracted from the studies: Authors detail, year of publication, country, study design, age and gender of the patients, type of DOAC, other oral anticoagulants (VKAs), study size, number of teeth extracted, teeth extraction method, hemostatic measures, bleeding rate, interruption of DOAC or not, follow-up time post extraction. These data were independently extracted.
-Risk of bias in individual studies: The quality of the included studies was assessed by two reviewers (AH, ML) in order to assess the methodological quality and risk of bias of all included articles. The methodological quality of the studies was performed according to the CASPE guideline (5). Studies were considered to be at "low risk of bias" if they meet all the criteria. If there was a possible bias in at least one criteria, they were considered to have an "uncertain risk of bias". And the studies with a "high risk of bias" were those where one or more criteria were not met or with doubts in more than one criteria. The degree of agreement regarding the evaluation of the quality of the studies was obtained with the Cohen kappa test, following the Landis and Koch scale (6).
-Case definitions: A simple dental extraction is the removal of a tooth that is fully erupted. For this treatment, the patient is anesthetized, to numb the area and reduce the pain. The dentist uses elevators and dental forceps as instruments in order to elevate the tooth and grasp the crown of the tooth. No flap opening or suture is required in a simple dental extraction, also called non-surgical dental extraction (7).
Results
-Study selection: A total of 1034 articles were obtained from the initial search process: Medline Complete (n=332) and Scopus (n=732). Among the 1034 articles, 90 were excluded because they were duplications and 930 were excluded since they were not identified as potentially eligible articles through the screened by titles and abstracts and the inclusion criteria. Another screening was carried out according to the type of study and 7 articles were excluded. As a result, 7 articles met all the inclusion criteria and were included in the present systematic review. The k-value for agreement between the interexaminer on the study inclusion was 1.0 (titles and abstracts) and 1.0 (study type), indicating "complete" agreement, respectively, based on the criteria from Landis and Koch (6).
-Characteristics of included studies (Tables 1,2): Of the 7 articles included in this review, there was 1 case series (8), 1 prospective observational study (9), 1 prospective case-control study (10), 3 cohort studies (11)(12)(13)(14) and 1 prospective comparative study (12). A total of 931 patients were treated, with an average age of 70 years and a majority of them were male. A total of 1795 teeth were extracted: 375 on patients taking DOACs, 305 under VKAs and 1115 on non-OAT patients. There was one study comparing apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban and rivaroxaban with VKAs and one study comparing VKAs and DOACs in general. Non-OATs patients were compared with patients under DOACs in one study and with patients under DOACs and patients under VKAs in another study. In two studies the patients underwent surgical and simple dental extractions but the overall percentage of surgical extractions was inferior to 15%. In all the included studies elevators and forceps were used for the extraction while performing an atraumatic extraction without cutting the surrounding bone nor cutting the gum, followed by the complete curettage of the inflamed granulation tissue. After this, hemostatic measures were taken. There were two studies (10,14) in which the hemostatic measures were suturing after the compression with gauze. In two studies (8,9) absorbable hemostatic sponges such as oxidized cellulose, gelatin sponge was used in addition to suturing in all the patients, whilst in three studies (11)(12)(13) the use of absorbable hemostats was only performed if there as a lack of adequate bleeding control. The sutures were performed after the extractions with non-absorbable material as 4-0 silk, 4.0 polyglactin 910 sutures, Vicryl® 3-0, 3.0 nylon. These sutures were performed for every case except in two studies (11,13) in which the suturing was not performed in every case. The oral anticoagulant therapy with DOACs was discontinued before the extraction in two studies (10,13). The dose of NOAC was skipped on the morning of the procedure in the first study (10) and was restarted according to the normal regimen of the treatment, at least 4 h after the dental extraction following the achievement of an adequate hemostasis. In the other study (13), the perioperative cessation of the NOAC therapy was ranging from 1 to 14 days. In the majority of the studies the bleeding rate was ranging from none, minor, moderate to severe. The bleeding rate was not described in one study (11), however it was mentioned that all the post extraction bleeding could have been stopped with local hemostatic treatment, which represents a minor bleeding rate. The 7 studies included a postoperative follow up from the day of the surgery from 30min after the extraction up to 2 weeks after. tions of the DOACs and VKAs after a dental extraction. The present studies have shown that the most common postoperative complication after a simple dental extraction was immediate postoperative bleeding. Being mostly minor in both groups, there was no significant difference in the immediate postoperative bleeding rate for the DOAC and VKA group after tooth extraction as detailed in Table 3. Furthermore, another complication encountered was delayed bleeding (Table 4) in the majority of the studies. Overall, delayed bleeding was more encountered in patients under VKAs. In order to control the bleeding, additional hemostatic measures were required in three of the present studies. In the study of Rocha et al. (14) only the procedures within the VKA group needed extra hemostatic measures after the dental extraction. In the case of the Berton al study (12) both groups required extra hemostatic measures of post extraction.
DOACs VKAs
Mauprivez et al. (14) where no bleeding happened post-extraction. Furthermore, delayed bleeding was only noticed in the study of Miclotte et al. (10). Moreover, postoperative additional hemostatic measures were only carried out in one study (14), where it was required for one procedure in the non-anticoagulated group whilst no additional hemostatic measure was needed in individuals of the DOAC group following the extraction.
In the selected articles, two studies (10, 13) included patients with cessation of the morning dose of DOAC the day of the dental extraction.
In the study of A Lababidi et al. (13), no bleeding events were observed for these patients, however most of the procedures included additional hemostatic measures following the extraction. Furthermore, in the study of Miclotte et al. (10) high bleeding scores were encountered during the procedure for the majority of the patients participating in the study; and the postoperative bleeding -although predominantly minor-was observed immediately after the exodontia but also up to 6 days after the extraction in some cases.
Discussion
The present systematic review provides information based on the postoperative complications of novel oral anticoagulants after a simple dental extraction. As well as the complications of discontinuation of the anticoagulant therapy for this type of anticoagulant after a simple dental extraction. Among the postoperative complications of the new oral anticoagulants and the vitamin K antagonists after a simple dental extraction, bleeding is the most frequent complication encountered in the studies (8,(10)(11)(12)(13). We can encounter two types of bleeding: Immediate and non-immediate/delayed post-operative bleeding. Being encountered in all the studies, the most frequent type of bleeding is the immediate postoperative bleeding. In this review, the bleeding is mild in the two groups of oral anticoagulants. Therefore, both medications present similar immediate complications. In the case of the de- (14). There is not a big difference in the number of patients with delayed bleeding after the simple exodontia between the two groups of oral anticoagulants. The study of Wen-e344 bing Hua et al. (16) has reported that the outcomes for bleeding was less excessive for patients taking DOACs in comparison with the group of VKAs patients and the bleeding risk was also lower. One of the limitations of the present review is that the hemostatic measures are different in the studies, which can influence the bleeding rate. Thereby, the study of Berton et al. (12) (11). It should also include comparison of the complications according to the indication of the DOACs therapy. The results of the present review also showed that the alteration of the DOACs therapy for the dental extraction, does not impact the bleeding rate in comparison to the continued therapy according to the studies of Miclotte et al. (10) and Lababidi et al. (13). However, the discontinuation of the new oral anticoagulants therapy leads to higher bleeding scores during the procedure (10) requiring additional hemostatic measures after the dental extraction (14).
Another complication of the alteration of the DOACs therapy is the delayed bleeding mentioned in several studies, requiring additional hemostatic measures. Among the limitations of this review, only two studies (10,13) compare the complications of the DOACs discontinuation. And in both studies, only a small number of patients are treated (40 patients in total). According to the study of Nathwani and Wanis (20), local hemostatic measures allow to manage appropriately patients under DOACs after a dental extraction and the discontinuation of this anticoagulant treatment for the dental extraction should be decided by the prescribing physician. The present review has the same weakness as the study of Caliskan et al. (21). In fact, as in the studies included for the review (10,13), both reviews do not consider the short half-life of the DOACs and the time period between intake and tooth extraction. Despite the limitations of the number of studies including the discontinuation of DOACs for a simple dental extraction, further studies should include comparison of the discontinuation of DOACs and VKAs before undergoing dental extraction, in order to have more information about the postoperative complications of both oral anticoagulants for the dental clinicians. Furthermore, the lack of studies and evidence prevents us from being able to say whether the discontinuation of DOAC therapy before an invasive dental procedure (in the present review, simple dental extraction) will help reduce the postoperative complications. However, all the published studies concerning the discontinuation of the DOAC therapy show the same results and many studies are still in progress on this subject.
In conclusion, the most frequent postoperative complication for patients under DOACs and patients under VKAs after a simple dental extraction is minor bleeding: immediate or delayed. Patients under new oral anticoagulant treatment and patients not under anticoagulant have the same postoperative bleeding risk after a dental extraction. DOACs seem to be a safe drug and do not require the discontinuation/alteration of the therapy for a simple dental extraction. Further studies are required to determine if surgical extraction and other dental surgical procedures may require an alteration of the DOAC regimen.
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Carriage Apparatuses for a Grill and Methods for Using Carriage Apparatuses for a Grill
ABSTRACT
A carriage apparatus for a grill includes a frame having a first end opposite a second end. A pair of wheels are secured at the first end of the frame. A handle extends from the second end of the frame. The carriage apparatus includes at least one quick-release connector. The at least one quick-release connector includes a support structure secured to the frame. The at least one quick-release connector further includes a release device supported upon the support structure. The at least one quick-release connector further includes an elastic member that biases the release device against the support structure.
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to carriage apparatuses for a grill and methods for using carriage apparatuses for a grill.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Portable grills are, by definition, portable, and therefore, routinely are transported to desired places of use. Since grills are for providing fire, safety should always Portable grills are, by definition, portable, and therefore, routinely are transported to desired places of use. Since grills are for providing fire, safety should always be at the forefront of your decision making when using grills. Now consider marine grills (marine barbeque, boat grill or barbeque). Most would agree that the most important aspect of family boating is safety even without a grill. Include a marine grill and the need for keeping safety at forefront of all decision is magnified intensely. However, from most boater's perspective, there is nothing quite like dropping anchor in a serene cove and firing up the grill to conclude the day on the water with a fine meal. Moreover, because marine grills are located above decks proximate water, there exists a tendency for boaters to treat marine grills with a more cavalier attitude than grills on land. Safety and precautions when using marine grills should be a major concern for all boaters.
Accordingly, there is a need to design an apparatus that will easily, quickly, conveniently and most importantly safely, remove the risk of fire on a boat resulting from use of a marine grill.
While the invention was motivated for designing an apparatus that will solve the above listed issues, it is in no way so limited. The invention is only limited by the accompanying claims as literally worded, without interpretative or other limiting reference to the specification, and in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
Other aspects and implementations are contemplated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of an inventive carriage apparatus with a grill according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a side view of the FIG. 1 embodiment supported upon a substrate;
FIG. 3 is a side view of the FIG. 1 embodiment illustrated not supported upon a substrate;
FIG. 4 is a top view of the FIG. 1 embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the invention according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a side view of the FIG. 5 embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a top view of the FIG. 5 embodiment;
FIG. 8 is an elevational view of an exemplary stand device according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 9-12 are various views of an exemplary engagement device for the stand device according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 13 is a side view of an exemplary mating/swivel device of the invention in a separated or released position according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 14-17 are various views of an exemplary plunger device for the mating/swivel device according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 18 is a side view of an exemplary male component for the mating/swivel device according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 19 is another side view of the male component taken at 90 degrees from the FIG. 18 view;
FIG. 20 is a sectional view of the male component taken along the sectional lines 20-20 illustrated in FIG. 18;
FIG. 21 is a top plan view of the male component for the mating/swivel device according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 22-25 are various views of exemplary inner mechanical structure and cooperation of the male component for the mating/swivel device according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 23-29D are various views of an exemplary quick-release connector, and interaction/cooperation views thereof, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 30 illustrates a perspective view of an inventive carriage apparatus with a grill according to another embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 31 illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus with the grill of FIG. 30 according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 32 is a perspective view of a portion of a wall of an exemplary boat having structures configured for use with an inventive carriage apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 33 is a close-up perspective view of an exemplary male connector illustrated in FIG. 32 and configured for use with an inventive carriage apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 34 is a close-up sectional view of an exemplary protective bolt illustrated in FIG. 32 and used in cooperation with an inventive carriage apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 35 illustrates the FIG. 32 boat wall prepared for use with an inventive carriage apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 36 illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus on a boat, subsequent to the preparation step of FIG. 35, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 37 illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus, subsequent to the method step of FIG. 36, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 38 illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus, subsequent to the method step of FIG. 37, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 39 is a close-up, partial sectional view of the quick-release connector cooperation with a boat rail illustrated in FIG. 38;
FIG. 40 illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus, subsequent to the method step of FIG. 38, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 41 illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus, subsequent to the method step of FIG. 40, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 42 illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus, subsequent to the method step of FIG. 41, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 43 illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus with a grill, subsequent to the method step of FIG. 42, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 44 illustrates a rear perspective view of the FIG. 43 view;
FIG. 45 illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus with the grill, subsequent to the method step of FIG. 42, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 46A is a perspective view of the quick-release connector of the carriage apparatus with the grill in cooperation with the boat rail;
FIG. 46B illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus with the grill, subsequent to the method step of FIG. 42, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 46C illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus with the grill, subsequent to the method step of FIG. 46B, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 46D illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus with the grill, subsequent to the method step of FIG. 46C, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 46E illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus with the grill, subsequent to the method step of FIG. 46D, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 47 is an action view of another quick-release connector of an exemplary carriage apparatus according to another embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 48 illustrates an exemplary method step of use of an exemplary carriage apparatus with the quick-release connector of FIG. 47 according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 49 illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus, subsequent to the method step of FIG. 48, according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 50 illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus, subsequent to the method step of FIG. 49, according to an embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 51 illustrates an exemplary method step of use of the carriage apparatus, subsequent to the method step of FIG. 50, according to an embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent Laws “to promote the progress of science and useful arts” (Article 1, Section 8).
Referring to FIGS. 1-4, a carriage apparatus/grill 2 has an inventive carriage apparatus 10 supporting a grill 3 as illustrated according to an embodiment of the invention. It should be understood that any grill type or design can be configured for use with this inventive carriage apparatus 10. For simplicity, this document will illustrate and discuss one non-limiting type of grill, a portable grill, with an exemplary portable grill being a marine grill. An exemplary non-limiting grill 3 has a main body 4 with handles 5, a top or cover 6, and controls 7.
It should be understood that the carriage apparatus 10 is designed to provide multiple capabilities for grill 3, including but not limited to:
- - 1) transporting the grill 3 effortlessly; - 2) easily and simply securing the grill 3 to a marine vessel (boat); - 3) providing as a support to stabilize the grill 3 during use, for example, grilling on a boat; and - 4) effortlessly, easily and quickly removing the grill 3 from a boat upon a catastrophic event such as a grill fire.
Referring to FIG. 1, exemplary non-limiting components of the carriage apparatus 10 are discussed with the purposes, functions and structural aspects of these components being explained subsequently. Carriage apparatus 10 includes a frame 12, a pair of wheels 14 (other wheel shown in other Figs.) rotatably secured at one end, and to opposite sides, of the frame 12. A handle 16 is secured to at an opposite end of the frame 12. The carriage apparatus 10 further includes a fire extinguisher 20 releasably secured to the frame 12 between the grill 3 and handle 16. In one embodiment of carriage apparatus 10, the fire extinguisher 20 is in front of or forward of the grill 3 for easy and quick access in case of a catastrophic event such as a grill fire.
Still referring to FIG. 1, the carriage apparatus 10 includes a stabilizer bar or arm 24 releasably secured along one side 13 of frame 12. Furthermore, a pair of quick-release connectors (wing latches, butterfly latches, butterfly wing latches) 26 is secured to opposite sides of the frame 12 between the fire extinguisher 20 and the handle 16 (that is, at one end of frame 12). The quick-release connectors 26 will ultimately be used to secure the carriage apparatus 10 to a structure, such as a rail (gunnel rail) of a boat, in a quick-release fashion. An exemplary quick-release connector 26 is made of steel, for example stainless steel, and powder-coated in red for ease of location by eyesight during a stressful situation such as a grill fire.
Still referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary handle 16 includes a release cross bar 27, telescoping extensions 31, and grip 29. The telescoping extensions 31 are housed in the frame 12 in a sliding engagement and are routinely locked in one of various locations relative to the frame 12. The release cross bar 27 is biased away from the grip 29 and pulling the release cross bar 27 toward the grip 29 releases the handle 16 from a locked orientation. Freeing the release cross bar 27 from the pulling action returns the handle 16 to a locked orientation. After the handle 16 is released from a locked orientation, pulling on the grip 29 away from the frame 12 removes portions of the telescoping extensions 31 from the frame 12 to extend the handle 16 at a greater distance from the frame 12. Alternatively, after the handle 16 is released from a locked orientation, pushing on the grip 29 toward the frame 12 forces portions of the telescoping extensions 31 into the frame 12 to position the handle 16 at a closer distance to the frame 12. In this manner, the grip 29 can be positioned at a selective distance from the structure of frame 12.
Still referring to FIG. 1, the stabilizer bar 24 will ultimately be used to support and stabilize the carriage apparatus 10 on a boat with, or without, the grill 3. A pair of fastener or clasps 25 releasably secures the stabilizer arm 24 along side 13 of frame 12. In one embodiment, a non-limiting example of material for clasps 25 is rubber. An exemplary configuration for clasp 25 is a strip structure attached to side 13 of frame 12 and has a plurality of ridges 39 extending sequentially along one surface. Proximate one end of clasp 25 is an opening and an opposite end of clasp 25 extends through the opening wherein the ridges 39 selectively engages a periphery of the opening. Accordingly, the clasp 25 encircles the stabilizer bar 24 adjacent side 13 of frame 12. The greater the length of the end pulled through the opening of the clasp 25, the tighter the clasp 25 encircles the stabilizer bar 24, The purpose and function of the stabilizer bar 24 is discussed more thoroughly subsequently.
Referring to FIG. 2, the carriage apparatus 10 includes a stand 40 (stand device; frame stand) that is pivotably secured to the bottom of frame 12 and is configured to keep the handle 16 of frame 12 in a raised, upright position above a substrate 50 (ground, pavement, deck, etc.). This positioning of frame 12 facilitates engaging handle 16 with a hand. The stand 40 also prevents the carriage apparatus 10 from rolling down an incline. The stand 40 includes an upper arm 52 secured to frame 12 in a stationary position. A lower arm 51 is pivotably secured to the upper arm 52 and a foot 54 sliding ly engages the lower arm 51. A engagement device 81 releases the foot 54 from a locked position on lower arm 51 and alternatively locks the foot 54 to a preselected position on the lower arm 51. In this figure, stand 40 is shown in an open (extended) position.
Still referring to FIG. 2, a mating/swivel device 11 (hereinafter, also referred to as a mating device) provides for selectively releasing, and securing, the grill 3 and carriage apparatus 10. The mating device 11 will be discussed more thoroughly subsequently. A canister 22 is releasably secured to the top of the frame 12 in front of the wheels 14. In one embodiment, a non-limiting example of the canister 22 is a fuel canister (spare fuel cannister) such as a propane cannister. A connecting bar 44 is pivotably secured to the bottom of the frame 12 in front of the wheels 14. A knob 45 tightens the connecting bar 44 is a specific position and releases the connecting bar 44 to allow pivot action of the connecting bar 44. The connecting bar 44 is ultimately secured to the stabilizer bar 24.
Referring to FIG. 3, an exemplary grill 3 includes a pair of platform trays (wings) 8 that selectively extend outwardly from beneath the main body 4 of grill 3 (extended position shown in phantom). The platform trays 8 provide surface area to receive utensils, plates, etc. during use of the grill 3. The stand 40 is shown in a closed position and resting locked with the lower arm 51 is under, and generally parallel with, the frame 12. Stand 40 can pivot between the open position of FIG. 2 and this closed position. In both closed and open positions, stand 40 is locked in the respective positions.
Referring to FIG. 4, frame 12 is shown as a tubular structure configured as a rectangle. The frame 12 has a pair of parallel sides 13 oriented to extend in the length direction of the rectangular configuration. Moreover, the frame 12 has a pair of parallel sides 15 oriented to extend in the width direction of the rectangular configuration and connect sides 13. In one embodiment, corners of the rectangular tubular frame 12 are curved (arcuate, rounded, bent). The curved corners of frame 12 are covered with a protective material or layer 17. An exemplary protective layer 17 is any thermoplastic material with one non-limiting example being polyethylene. Frame 12 has several cross-bar structures that extend in both directions along the length and width of frame 12 and will be discussed when needed.
Still referring to FIG. 4, an exemplary cross-sectional configuration of the tube configuration for frame 12 includes a hollow square. In other embodiments, any geometric configuration can be given for a cross-sectional configuration of frame 12 such as a hollow circle, hollow rectangle, and any hollow polygon such as an octagon, etc. The cross-sectional configuration of frame 12 can be solid instead of hollow. It should be understood that any other section or portion of the frame 12 can be covered with a protective material or layer similar to protective layer 17 at the corners of the frame 12. For example, portions of sections 15 are covered with a protective material referenced as layer 19. An exemplary protective layer 19 is any thermoplastic material with one non-limiting example being polyethylene. Protective material 19 can be different from, or the same as, protective material 17.
It should be understood that frame 12 can comprise various materials, for example metals and/or plastics, singularly or in any combination. An exemplary metal is aluminum and an exemplary plastic is any thermoplastic and/or fiber glass.
Referring to FIGS. 5-7, the carriage apparatus 10 is illustrated and described without grill 3 to more easily show and discuss inventive aspects of the carriage apparatus 10. Referring to FIG. 5, the pair of wheels 14 are shown with one in phantom to illustrate exemplary inner structure for the wheels 14. The wheels 14 are secured to opposite ends of an axle 28. In one embodiment, axle 28 is rotatably secured to frame 12 with wheels 14 stationary on opposite ends of axle 28. In another embodiment, axle 28 is stationary in frame 12 with wheels 14 rotatably secured to opposite ends of an axle 28. Exemplary wheels 14 include 8-inch wheels with a steel axle 28 with an aluminum sleeve.
Still referring to FIG. 5, the carriage apparatus 10 includes a male component (male connector, male swivel base) 18 of mating device 11 which is shown generally centrally located on top of frame 12 between extinguisher 20 and fuel cannister 22. The male connector 18 is configured to mate with a female component (connector) attached to grill 3 described and shown more thoroughly subsequently. The fire extinguisher 20 is releasably secured to the frame 12 by latch 21. The fuel cannister 22 is releasably secured to the frame 12 by latch 23.
Referring to FIG. 6, the pivot action 42 of the stand 40 is shown with the closed position illustrated in solid lines and the open position illustrated in phantom. Moreover, the pivot action 46 of the connecting bar 44 is shown with the closed (folded) position illustrated in solid lines and the open position illustrated in phantom.
Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7, the telescoping (extending) action 33 of the handle 16 is shown with the closed position illustrated in solid lines and the open (extended) position illustrated in phantom.
Referring to FIGS. 8-12, an exemplary operational configuration of the foot 54 sliding ly engaging the lower arm 51 of stand 40 is shown and described. Referring to FIG. 8, an exemplary pivot axis 201 between the upper arm 52 and the lower arm 51 is shown and can be enacted by a linear bearing 200. Each foot 54 independently sliding ly engages the lower arm 51, and in this embodiment, operate the same way so only one is referenced and described.
Referring to FIG. 9, engagement device 81 in foot 54 is shown in the rest position and includes a button 202. Button 202 is configured to activate an engagement prong 204 which is resting in one of a plurality of openings 205 in lower arm 51 aligned with an orifice 203 in foot 54. The plurality of openings 205 may be configured in other shapes such as slits or slots having a V shape. It should be understood that activating engagement prong 204 selectively moves the engagement prong 204 between the opening 205 in lower arm 51 and the orifice 203 in foot 54.
Referring to FIG. 10, in one embodiment, pressing the button 202 in direction 206, for example with a finger, toward the lower arm 51 drives the engagement prong 204 from the opening 205 in the lower arm 51 into the orifice 203 in foot 54. Foot 54 can now be slid (moved) along the lower arm 51 to be selectively aligned with another one of the plurality of openings 205 in lower arm 51.
Referring to FIG. 11, while the button 202 is continual pressed in direction 206, the engagement prong 204 remains in the orifice 203 of the foot 54 and the foot 54 is moved to align the engagement prong 204 with another one of the plurality of openings 205 in the lower arm 51.
Referring to FIG. 12, button 202 is released from being pressed and is biased (for example, by a spring not shown) in direction 208 allowing engagement prong 204 to enter the selected another one of the plurality of openings 205 in the lower arm 51. In this fashion, the foot 54 is positioned to rest in another location relative to the lower arm 51 allowing for the carriage apparatus 10 to be selectively lowered or raised relative to a substrate such as the ground.
Referring to FIGS. 13-17, the mating/swivel device 11 is more thoroughly illustrated and described according to embodiments of the invention. The carriage apparatus 10 includes the male component 18 of the mating device 11 and the grill 3 includes the female component 62. FIG. 13 illustrates the mating/swivel device 11 in the separated or released position. The grill 3 and carriage apparatus 10 are reciprocally moved in direction 64 to selectively remove the grill 3 from the carriage apparatus 10, and alternatively, to selectively attach the grill 3 to the carriage apparatus 10. The female component 62 is secured to a bottom of the main body 4 of the grill 3. The female component 62 is configured as a receptacle having a cavity 66 (shown subsequently) that is dimensioned to receive the male component 18, and in one embodiment, in a tight fit. The female component 62 includes a pair of plungers ((plunger devices, plunger nuts, plunger pins) 68 on opposite sides of the female component 62. Each plunger 68 has a head portion 80 and a housing 84 enclosing an inner stem 87 extending from the head portion 80. The male component 18 includes a pair of apertures 60 in opposite sides of the male component 18. The apertures 60 are aligned and dimensioned to receive portions of the plungers 68. Referring to FIG. 13, a plurality of stays 76, a slide rail 72 and handle 90 of carriage apparatus 10 are described more thoroughly subsequently.
Referring to FIG. 14, the beginning method step of attaching grill 3 to carriage apparatus 10 is shown and described. The outer periphery of the male component 18 is of the carriage apparatus 10 is beginning to enter the cavity 66 of the female component 62 of grill 3. At this stage, referring to FIGS. 14 and 15, the plunger 68 is in an open position having no portion of the structure in cavity 66 which allows the male component 18 to slide into the female component 62 unencumbered. Threads 85 extend from, and surround, an outer periphery of the lower section of the housing 84 of plunger 68. The threads 85 are wound into a corresponding opening and threads in a side wall of the female component 62. The housing 84 of plunger 68 is a hollow structure having a cylindrical opening 187. Plunger 68 has an inner stem 87 extending from the head portion 80 into the cylindrical opening 187 of the housing 84. The inner stem 87 is has a greater length dimension than the housing 84 and is capable of sliding along the longitudinal axis (202, see FIG. 17) through the cylindrical opening 187 of the housing 84. Moreover, the inner stem 87 is capable of rotating or twisting about the longitudinal axis (201, see FIG. 17) in the cylindrical opening 187 of the housing 84.
Still referring to FIGS. 14 and 15, a biasing member in the plunger 68, such as a spring 86, biases the head portion 80 and the inner stem 87 longitudinally toward cavity 66. That is, a portion of the cylindrical opening 187 (toward cavity 66) of the housing 84 has a greater diameter than a diameter of the cylindrical opening 187 in the portion of the housing 84 proximate the head portion 80. Accordingly, one end of the spring 86 abuts against a shoulder (not referenced) of the smaller diameter of the cylindrical opening 187 and an opposite end of the spring 86 abuts against a washer 189 that encircles the inner stem 87. An inner periphery of the washer 189 is immovably secured the outer periphery of the inner stem 87 and extends partially into the cylindrical opening 187. As the inner stem 87 moves longitudinally through the cylindrical opening 187, the washer 189 moves longitudinally through the cylindrical opening 187 with the inner stem 87. Therefore, as the plunger 68 is pulled in the direction away from the cavity 66, the washer 189 compresses the spring 86 against the shoulder (not referenced) of the smaller diameter of the cylindrical opening 187 which increases the biasing (force) on the plunger 68 to move toward the cavity 66. Releasing the plunger 68 allows the spring 86 to bias the plunger 68 toward the
Still referring to FIGS. 14 and 15, at least one stop knob 82 extends from the head portion 80 and the inner stem 87. In one embodiment, a pair of stop knobs 82 extend from the head portion 80 and opposite sides of the inner stem 87. In the open position for plunger 68, the stop knob(s) 82 a butt against an upper shelf 91 of the housing 84 and are biased against the upper shelf 91 by spring 86. Note that in the open position, the inner stem 87 does not extend out of the housing 84 of plunger 68.
Referring to FIGS. 16 and 17, after the male component 18 of carriage apparatus 10 is provided completely into the cavity 66 of the female component 62 of the grill 3, the head portion 80 of plunger 68 is engaged by fingers and rotated as indicated by direction 201. The plunger 68 is rotated 201 until the stop knobs 82 are aligned over slots 89 (see FIGS. 14 and 15) in the upper section of the housing 84. Since the plunger 68 is biased toward the cavity 66, once the head portion 80 is released, the inner stem 87 moves longitudinally 202 with the stop knobs 82 moving into the slots 89. The head portion 80 will move to rest or abut against the upper shelf 91 (see FIGS. 14 and 15) and the bottom section of the inner stem 87 will extend out of housing 84 and enter the aperture 60 of the male component 18. In this fashion, the male component 18 is secured or retained in the cavity 66 of the female component 62 thereby securing or retaining the grill 3 to the carriage apparatus 10. It should be understood that this configuration of plunger 68 represents the closed position for plunger 68.
Referring to FIGS. 18-19 (see also FIG. 45), the sliding action of male component 18 is shown and described. The plurality of stays 76, the slide rail 72 and the handle 90 of carriage apparatus 10 have been mentioned previously. The male component 18 is supported upon a swivel support 304, the swivel support 304 is supported upon columns 305, columns 305 are supported on slide base 96, and slide base 96 is supported upon support plate 316. Each of the plurality of stays 76 includes a knob 92 on top of a threaded stem 94. The slide rail 72 includes a slide bearing (also termed race, or track or channel) 308 defined by an upper flange 307 and a lower flange 309. The threaded stems 94 of stays 76 are threaded through slide base 96 and terminate above, and selectively against, the support plate 316. In one embodiment of carriage apparatus 10, there are three stays 76, but less or more are contemplated.
Still referring to FIGS. 18-19, the slide base 96 is in sliding engagement with the slide bearing 308 which provides sliding movement for the male component 18 along reciprocal direction 315. The male component 18 can be positioned at any location along the length of the slide rail 72 between stops 306. Once a position for the location of male component 18 is selected, one or more of the plurality of stays 76 is tightened down on top of the support plate 316 to maintain the male component 18 in the selected position. To tighten any one stay 76, the knob 92 is rotated (twisted) driving the threaded stem 94 against the support plate 316. Correspondingly, to move the male component 18 again, any stay 76 that is in a tightened position must be loosened to allow the movement of the male component 18. That is, the knob 92 is rotated (twisted) in the opposite direction to lift the threaded stem 94 from being against the support plate 316.
Referring to FIG. 20, the bottom or underside of male component 18 and swivel support 304 is illustrated. The swivel support 304 is secured to male component 18 by a bolt 330 and nut 331 combination. Columns 305 are shown sectioned. Handle 90 includes a grip 321 and an arm 313 extending perpendicularly from the grip 321. The arm 313 is secured to the swivel support 304 by a pivot pin 333 and the end of arm 313 has an engagement pin 314. A biasing member, such as a spring 312, is secured to the column 305 and arm 313 to bias the handle 90 in a biased direction 310. Moreover, in operation and explained subsequently, the grip 321 is engaged with a hand or fingers to pivot the handle 90 in a release direction 311 opposite to the biased direction 310.
Referring to FIG. 21, the male component 18 is shown on carriage apparatus 10 and being capable of moving along the reciprocal direction 315. An exemplary sliding distance for the male component 18 can be considered as a range of infinitesimal increments. An exemplary range of sliding distances for the male component 18 is from about 3 inches to about 18 inches. In one embodiment, the sliding distance for the male component 18 is about 6 inches. It should be understood that with the grill 3 coupled to the male component 18, the grill 3 has the capability to move incrementally in any range as provided by the male component 18, for example, from about 3 inches to about 18 inches. This capability adds significant convenience to accommodate different lengths of arms of people performing the grilling.
Still referring to FIG. 21, the male component 18 is capable of rotating in a reciprocal rotation direction 335 about an imaginary pivot axis extending perpendicularly through a center of the male component 18. It should be understood that the male component 18 can be rotated in rotation direction 335 in a complete circle, that is, 360 degrees. It should be further understood that the male component 18 is rotated in selected increments of 360 degrees and then locked in place described subsequently. In one embodiment, the male component 18 is rotated and locked in increments of 45 degrees. In other embodiments, the male component 18 is rotated and locked in increments of less than, or more than, 45 degrees. Since the male component 18 is capable of rotation and sliding actions, logically, when the grill 3 is secured to the male component 18, the grill 3 is capable of the rotation and sliding actions.
Referring to FIGS. 22-25, an exemplary configuration and operation of the male component 18 is described. It should be understood that other exemplary configurations and operations of the male component 18 can be described to perform the rotation and locking actions. A circular track 322 is carved into the lower surface of the male component 18. A plurality of locking grooves 323 extend outwardly from the outer periphery of the circular track 322 at spaced increments around the perimeter of the circular track 322. A circular ridge 325 forms the inner periphery of circular track 322. The engagement pin 314 of handle 90 selectively rides in the circular track 322 and the locking grooves 323.
Referring to FIG. 22, the male component 18 is in the locked orientation. In this orientation, the engagement pin 314 of handle 90 is biased, and therefore locked, in one of the locking grooves 323. In this locked orientation, the male component 18 is in a locked position, and if the grill 3 is secured to the male component 18, logically, the grill 3 is in the locked orientation.
Referring to FIG. 23, the grip 321 of handle 90 is engaged and pivoted in the release direction 311 to move the engagement pin 314 from the locking grooves 323 into the circular track 322.
Referring to FIG. 24, while the engagement pin 314 of handle 90 remains in the circular track 322, the male component 18 is rotated in rotation direction 335 until the male component 18 reaches a selected position. During this rotation of male component 18, the circular track 322 moves with the engagement pin 314 therein.
Referring to FIG. 25, once the male component 18 reaches the selected position, the grip 321 of handle 90 is released to allow the spring 312 to bias the engagement pin 314 from the circular track 322 into the most proximate locking groove 323. In this fashion, the male component 18 in locked in the selected position. Moreover, if the grill 3 is secured on the male component 18, then logically, the grill 3 is locked in the selected position. In this fashion, the grill 3 can be angled at different angles relative to the carriage apparatus 10 and to any structure on which the carriage apparatus 10 is secured.
Referring to FIGS. 26-29A, a quick-release connector 26 of the pair is discussed more thoroughly including the purpose and function of same. The quick-release connector 26 has a centrally located main body or stationary body 134 that is secured to the frame 12 of carriage apparatus 10. In one embodiment (see FIG. 28), a securement plate 269 is between the stationary body 134 and frame 12 of carriage apparatus 10. A pair of bolt/nut 260 combinations secure the securement plate 269 and stationary body 134 to the frame 12 of carriage apparatus 10. On top of the stationary body 134 is an engagement body (or wing head) 128 biased against the main body 134 under pressure. An inside surface 36 facing frame 12 of the engagement body 128 is configured in an “L” shape to facilitate engagement by a hand and/or fingers, and particularly thumbs. A pivot pin 268 extends through the engagement body 128 generally parallel with the frame 12 and has only one end exposed in FIGS. 27-28.
Still referring to FIGS. 26-29A, the quick-release connector 26 includes an elastic connector or member 126 that provides the biasing action between the engagement body 128 and stationary body 134. The elastic connector 126 is an elongated structure of elastic material having a loop or eyelet at opposite ends. One eyelet end is received on the pivot pin 268 of in the engagement body 128. An exemplary elastic material for elastic connector 126 is an elastomer which is a class of polymer materials with high elastic nature and they include: natural rubber, synthetic rubber, nitrile rubber, silicone rubber, urethane rubbers, chloroprene rubber, Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA rubber), etc. The elastic connector 126 is received in a central cavity (crevice) 286 in the main body 134 and the engagement body 128.
Still referring to FIGS. 26-29A, the quick-release connector 26 includes a pressure block composed of several components and that is biased against a bottom portion of the main body 134 by the elastic connector 126. The pressure block has a planar thin base 284 and two pivot plates 283 extending perpendicularly upward from the top of base 284. The pivot plates 283 are in a spaced relation relative to each other. A pivot pin 267 (see FIGS. 29B-29D) secures an end of the of the elastic connector 126, opposite to the end in the engagement body 128, to the pressure block between the pivot plates 283. Extending from the bottom of the base 284 is a pressure bushing or bearing (gasket, rubber gasket) 120. The bottom surface of the pressure bearing 120 is configured as a curved or arcuate seat 281 to be received on structures in a pressure relation such as a rail of a boat. An exemplary material for pressure bushing 120 is rubber which will protect the rail of the boat from scarring when the carriage apparatus 10 is secured to a rail of a boat. Moreover, the pressure bushing 120 reduces vibration (chatter) between the metal carriage apparatus 10 and the metal rail of the boat.
Still referring to FIGS. 26-29A, the elastic connector 126 biases the engagement body 128 against the top of the stationary body 134 and biases the pressure block, particularly the base 284, against the bottom of the stationary body 134. Since both the engagement body 128 and the pressure block (collectively the base 284, pivot plates 283 and seat 281) are on pivot pins 268 and 267, respectively, each has the capability to pivot or rotate about the ends of the elastic connector 126.
Still referring to FIGS. 26-29A, the quick-release connector 26 includes a threaded shank 133 extending through the pressure bearing 120 and through the base 284. The shank 133 has a head 131 at one end supported upon the top of base 283 below the elastic connector 126 and between the pivot plates 283. In one embodiment, the head 131 will rest upon the base 283 and in an alternative embodiment the head 131 is secured to the top of the base 283. Threaded onto an end of the shank 133 opposite to the end with the head 131 is a knob 122. The knob 122 is capable of being threaded on the shank 133. A cable 130 is attached to a bottom portion of the knob 122 and to the frame 12 of the carriage apparatus 10 (not shown here) with the purpose of not losing the knob 122 when not threaded on the shank 133.
In summary, the quick-release connector 26 can be described in more simple terms collectively as: a support structure (the stationary body 134) secured to the frame 12; a release device (collectively engagement body 128, pivot plates 283, base 284, knob 122, shank 133, pressure bearing 120) supported upon the support structure; and an elastic member (the elastic connector 126) biasing the release device against the support structure.
It should be understood that cable 130 can be secured or attached to any structural portion of frame 12 of the carriage apparatus 10. Still further, it should be understood that an exemplary cable 130 is configured to be easily broken under pressure, for example, a bead chain. An exemplary bead chain is a pull chain.
Referring to FIGS. 29B-29D, the operation of the quick-release connector 26 is described. In these views of FIGS. 29B-29D, an outer wall of the stationary body 134 is removed to discuss the inner structural configurations of the quick-release connector 26. A lower portion of the engagement body 128 extends a pivot ridge 262. The pivot ridge 262 is received in a pivot seat 264 formed in an inner edge in the stationary body 134. The pivot ridge 262 and the pivot seat 264 are correspondingly configured for a pivoting relationship between the stationary body 134 and the engagement body 128. Referring to FIG. 29B, a force 290 is applied to the inside surface 36 of the engagement body 128.
Referring to FIG. 29C, once the force 290 is increased to a magnitude to overcome the biasing action of the elastic connector 126, the engagement body 128 will begin to pivot about the pivot ridge 262 away from the stationary body 134 and away from the frame 12 of the carriage apparatus 10. There may also be a rotation of the engagement body 128 about pivot pin 268.
Referring to FIG. 29D, as the engagement body 128 pivots away from the stationary body 134, the elastic connector 126 pivots about the pivot pin 267 and the engagement body 128 is ultimately released from the stationary body 134 including the frame 12 and carriage apparatus 10. Additionally, the other components of the quick-release connector 26 are released from the stationary body 134, frame 12 and carriage apparatus 10. That is, the elastic connector 126, the pressure block (collectively the base 284, pivot plates 283 and seat 281), threaded shanks 133 and knob 122 are released from the stationary body 134, frame 12 and carriage apparatus 10.
Referring to FIGS. 30-46, exemplary method steps for using the carriage apparatus 10 and grill are illustrated. Referring to FIG. 30, the carriage apparatus 10 is shown with a grill secured thereon and an optional cover 140 over the grill (It should be understood that an exemplary cover 140 can be comprised of various materials such as cloth and/or leather). The carriage 10 is resting and supported upon stand 49 over a substrate (not shown) such as pavement, floor or ground. It should be understood that the carriage apparatus 10 and grill can originally be transported in a vehicle. Then either together or separately, the carriage apparatus 10 and grill can be removed from the vehicle and set up on the ground or pavement. The handle 16 is in the open or extended position from the frame 12 for gripping to begin transport of the grill. The grill is easily transported via the carriage apparatus 10 to any location desired such as a dock proximate a boat. That is, by pulling on the handle 16, the grill and carriage apparatus 10 are driven along the substrate on wheels 14 of frame 12. The stand 40 can be provided in the closed or folded position before moving the carriage apparatus 10. Alternatively, the stand 40 can be left in the extended or open position during the transport of the carriage apparatus 10 and grill.
Referring to FIG. 31, once the desired location is reached, the carriage apparatus 10 can be “parked” in the raised resting position supported upon the stand 40 over a substrate such as a deck. The handle 16 can be positioned in the closed or retracted position for ease of continuing the setup of grill 3. If the grill 3 has the optional cover 140, the cover 140 is removed from the grill 3. To remove the grill 3, the pair of plungers 68 of the male component 18 are pulled and twisted as discussed previously to release the female component 62 and grill 3 from the carriage apparatus 10. The grill 3 and optional cover 140 are set aside. Moreover, the stabilizer bar 24 is removed from frame 12 and also set aside. The knobs 122 (only one shown) of the quick-release connectors 26 are removed from the pair of threaded shanks 133 (only one shown). Optionally, if the connecting bar 44 is in the folded (closed) position and locked, it can be unlocked and pivoted away from frame 12 to the connection (open) position by turning knobs 45 and then turned to tighten and lock the connection bar 44 in the open position.
Referring to FIGS. 32-35, portions of an exemplary boat is illustrated and described that is to receive the grill 3 and carriage apparatus 10. Referring to FIG. 32, a portion of a wall 150 of an exemplary house boat is shown. An outer side surface 167 of wall 150 includes a male connector 152 extending outwardly. The male connector 152 is configured to receive a female connector of the stabilizer bar 24. Supported upon a top edge of the wall 150 is a rail 100, for example a gunnel rail, having a pair of vertical sections 164 supporting a horizontal section 165. A pair of openings in the horizontal section 165 of rail 100 receive protective bolts 102. Retaining cables 106 secure the protective bolts 102 to the horizontal section 165 of rail 100 to prevent loss of the protective bolts 102 when removed from the openings.
Referring to FIG. 33, the male connector 152 is more thoroughly illustrated and described. An angled surface 154 extends from the outer side surface 167 of the wall 150 to facilitate access of the male connector 152. The male connector 152 includes a base 156 and a nipple 158 extending outwardly from the base 156.
Referring to FIG. 34, one of the protective bolts 102 in respective openings of rail 100 is more thoroughly described. A bushing 114 is provided in each of the openings through rail 100 to strengthen and protect the opening. The bushings 114 establish openings to receive protective bolts 102. An exemplary protective bolt 102 has a knob 104 and a shank 108 extending from the knob 104. The shank 108 of protective bolts 102 is provided in the openings of the bushings 114 for protection of the openings. In one embodiment, the shank 108 and bushings 114 have corresponding threads for threading engagement. Alternatively, there are no threads. The retaining cable 106 is attached to the rail 100 by a clasp 110 and bolt 112. An exemplary bushing 114 comprises either a thermoplastic material or a metal material such as brass, steel and/or aluminum.
Referring to FIG. 35, the protective bolts 102 are removed from the respective openings of the bushings 114. At this time, the stabilizer bar 24 may be secured to the male connector 152. The stabilizer bar 24 is a linear structure with the female connector 171 at one end and a threaded portion 160 at the opposite end. The female connector 171 is configured to be received on the nipple 158 of the male connector 152 by a simple pressing force applied linearly along the stabilizer bar 24. The stabilizer bar 24 further includes a housing 173, a telescoping portion 175, and a release/lock button 177. By pressing the release/lock button 177, the telescoping portion 175 can be selectively extended and retracted relative the housing 173 to increase or decrease the length of the stabilizer bar 24 as needed. The stabilizer bar 24 is shown with the female connector 171 secured to the nipple 158 of the male connector 152.
Referring to FIG. 36, the carriage apparatus 10 is lifted and positioned over rail 100 to align the threaded shanks 133 over the openings in the bushings 114 of rail 100. The telescoping portion 175 of the stabilizer bar 24 is selectively adjusted if needed.
Referring to FIG. 37, the carriage apparatus 10 is lowered in direction 295 to move the threaded shanks 133 of the quick-release connectors 26 toward the openings in bushings 114 of rail 100.
Referring to FIG. 38, the threaded shanks 133 of the quick-release connectors 26 are positioned in the bushings 114 of rail 100 and the pressure bearing 120 is pressed against the rail 100 to cushion the securement of the carriage apparatus 10 upon the rail 100 and boat. The knobs 122 are threaded onto the threaded shanks 133 of respective quick-release connectors 26 by hand 294 and tightened to adequately secure the quick-release connectors 26, and therefore the carriage apparatus 10, to rail 100 and the boat.
Referring to FIG. 39, the threaded shanks 133 in the bushings 114 of rail 100 is more readily shown. As knobs 122 are tightened on shanks 133, an upper portion of the knobs 122 are pressed against a lower portion of bushings 114. Moreover, as stated previously, the pressure bearing 120 is pressed and flattened against the bushings 114 and the rail 100 to cushion the securement of the frame 12 of carriage apparatus 10 upon the boat.
Referring to FIG. 40, the quick-release connectors 26 have secured the carriage apparatus 10 to rail 100. In this view, a bottom surface of the boat such as a floor 170 is illustrated. The connecting bar 44 is pivoted in direction 293 to position the connecting bar 44 from the closed (folded) position to the open (unfolded) position illustrated. In this position, the connecting bar 44 and the stabilizer bar 24 are ready to be secured together.
Referring to FIG. 41, the threaded portion 160 of the stabilizer bar 24 is threaded into the connecting bar 44 thereby stabilizing the carriage apparatus 10 on rail 100 of the boat.
Referring to FIG. 42, grill 3 is positioned above the carriage apparatus 10 for securing the grill 3 to the carriage apparatus 10. Grill 3 is moved in direction 291 to provide the cavity 66 of the female component 62 over the male component 18 of the carriage apparatus 10. The pair of plungers 68 on opposite sides of the female component 62 are turned until the portions of the plungers 68 move into the apertures 60 in opposite sides of the male component 18. The grill 3 is now secured to the carriage apparatus 10.
Referring to FIGS. 43 and 44, different perspectives of using the grill 3 is shown with the pair of platform trays (wings) 8 selectively extending outwardly from beneath the main body 4 to receive utensils, plates, etc. during the grilling. In FIG. 44, an inner side surface 169 of wall 150 is shown.
Referring to FIG. 45, the grill 3 is shown being capable of being moved in the reciprocal direction 315 by the sliding action of the male component 18 previously described. This capability allows for comfort of people with different arm lengths to perform the grilling.
Referring for FIGS. 46A-46E, a quick and easy removal of the carriage apparatus 10, and grill 3, from the boat is shown and described according to one embodiment of the invention. The need for a quick and easy removal of the carriage apparatus 10 and grill 3 can be the result of a catastrophic event or emergency such as a grill fire having the potential to sink a boat, or worse, injure people on the boat. Referring to FIG. 46A, the frame 12 with grill 3 (not shown) is illustrated secured to rail 100 of a boat (not shown).
Referring to FIG. 46B, an emergency has occurred such as a grill fire (not shown) and the grill 3 needs to be removed from the boat quickly and safely. A hand 371 has thumbs (not referenced) engaging the respective inside surfaces 36 of the engagement bodies 128 of the quick-release connectors 26 and forcing the engagement bodies 128 off the respective stationary bodies 134. As explained previously, this action on the quick-release connectors 26 releases the carriage apparatus 10 and grill 3 from the rail 100 of the boat.
Referring to FIG. 46C, the frame 12 (and carriage apparatus 10 and grill 3 (not shown)) can be lifted from the rail 100 of the boat (not shown).
Referring to FIG. 46D, the frame 12 of carriage apparatus 10 with grill 3 is lifted away from rail 100 in direction path 372.
Referring to FIG. 46E, the carriage apparatus 10 with the grill 3 continues being lifted along path direction 372 of FIG. 46D until the carriage apparatus 10 pivots and rotates on the stabilizer bar 24 about the male connector 152 to continue along a direction path 377. As the carriage apparatus 10 with the grill 3 continues along the direction path 377, the stabilizer bar 24 and cable 130 break to release the carriage apparatus 10 and grill from the boat. Accordingly, the grill 3 with the catastrophic fire falls safely and quickly away from the boat (and ideally into the water on which the boat is floating).
Referring to FIG. 47, another embodiment of a quick-release connector 226 of an exemplary carriage apparatus is illustrated according to another embodiment of the invention. The reference numbers of structures and components for this embodiment of quick-release connector 226 will be the same as the reference numbers used for the same structures and components of the previously described embodiments of the quick-release connectors. The difference in this embodiment of quick-release connector 226 is that the end of the cable 130 opposite the knob 122 is secured to the planar thin base 284 of the quick-release connector 226. In contrast, previously described quick-release connectors have the end of the cable 130 opposite the knob 122 secured to the frame of the carriage apparatuses. Still referring to FIG. 47, the end of the cable 130 is secured to the planar thin base 284 by an attachment device 135. An exemplary attachment device 135 can be a clasp with a bolt. Alternatively, the end of the cable 130 is secured to the planar thin base 284 by glue, or welding, etc.
Referring for FIGS. 48-51, utilization of a carriage apparatus 210 having the new embodiment of the quick-release connector 226 is illustrated and described.
Referring to FIG. 48, the carriage apparatus 210 is lowered in direction 295 to move the threaded shanks 133 of the quick-release connectors 226 toward the openings in bushings 114 of rail 100.
Referring to FIG. 49, the threaded shanks 133 of the quick-release connectors 226 are positioned in the bushings 114 of rail 100 and the pressure bearing 120 is pressed against the rail 100 to cushion the securement of the carriage apparatus 10 upon the rail 100 and boat. The knobs 122 are threaded onto the threaded shanks 133 of respective quick-release connectors 226 by hand 294 and tightened to adequately secure the quick-release connectors 226, and therefore the carriage apparatus 210, to the rail 100 and the boat (not shown).
Referring to FIG. 50, the threaded portion 160 of the stabilizer bar 24 is threaded into the connecting bar 44 thereby stabilizing the carriage apparatus 210 on rail 100 of the boat. While not shown, a grill 3 is secured to the carriage apparatus 210 as illustrated and described in FIG. 42.
Referring to FIG. 51, a quick and easy removal of the carriage apparatus 210, and grill 3, from the boat is shown and described as the result of a catastrophic event or emergency such as a grill fire. Without being shown, it should be understood that the method steps of the previously described FIGS. 46A-46D have been performed for apparatus 210 and grill 3 in the same manner as previously described for carriage apparatus 10. As illustrated in FIG. 51, the carriage apparatus 210 with grill 3 continues being lifted from rail 100 until the carriage apparatus 210 pivots and rotates on the stabilizer bar 24 about the male connector 152 to continue along a direction path 377. As the carriage apparatus 210 with grill 3 continues along the direction path 377, only the stabilizer bar 24 in this embodiment must break to release the carriage apparatus 210 and grill 3 from the boat. As illustrated, the cable 130 is unbroken since the end opposite the knob 122 remains secured to the planar thin base 284 of the quick-release connectors 226 by attachment device 135. Consequently, the force required to release the carriage apparatus 210 and grill 3 from the boat is diminished relative to the previously described embodiments. It should be understood that the grill 3 with the catastrophic fire falls safely and quickly away from the boat (and ideally into the water on which the boat is floating).
It should be understood that the embodiments of the carriage apparatuses disclosed throughout this document to provide the capability to easily, quickly, conveniently and most importantly safely, remove the risk of fire on a boat resulting from use of a marine grill. The convenience is obvious: a marine grill can be easily transported on the carriage apparatuses and the setup, or breakdown, is without any tools. Still regarding convenience, the marine grill can swivel so that a person can grill while off the boat, for example, standing on a dock. More importantly, the carriage apparatuses disclosed throughout this document allow for a marine grill to be jettisoned from the boat in a manner of 3 to 4 seconds without injury to the person jettisoning or anyone else.
In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
The invention claimed is:
1. A carriage apparatus for a grill comprising: a frame comprising a first end opposite a second end; a pair of wheels secured at the first end of the frame; a handle extending from the second end of the frame; and at least one quick-release connector comprising: a support structure secured to the frame; a release device supported upon the support structure; and an elastic member biasing the release device against the support structure.
2. The carriage apparatus of claim 1 further comprising one component of the following two components secured to an upper surface of the frame: a male component; and a female component configured to be coupled to the male component.
3. The carriage apparatus of claim 2 wherein the one component is capable of sliding between the first and second ends of the frame.
4. The carriage apparatus of claim 3 further comprising a tightening device configured to selectively prevent the one component from sliding.
5. The carriage apparatus of claim 2 wherein the one component is capable of rotating about an axis extending perpendicularly from the frame.
6. The carriage apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a stand secured to a bottom of the frame and capable of selectively pivoting between a folded position and an extended stand position.
7. The carriage apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a canister secured to the frame.
8. The carriage apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a stabilizer bar configured to be releasably secured to the frame and stabilizing the frame to another structure.
9. A carriage apparatus for a grill comprising: a frame comprising a first end opposite a second end; a pair of wheels secured at the first end of the frame; a handle extending from the second end of the frame; and one of the following two components secured to an upper surface of the frame: a male component; and a female component configured to be coupled to the male component.
10. The carriage apparatus of claim 9 wherein the one component is capable of sliding between the first and second ends of the frame.
11. The carriage apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a tightening device configured to selectively prevent the one component from sliding.
12. The carriage apparatus of claim 9 wherein the one component is capable of rotating about an axis extending perpendicularly from the frame.
13. A method for using a carriage apparatus for a grill, the method comprising: providing a carriage apparatus comprising: at least one quick-release connector; and one of the following two components secured to an upper surface of the frame: a male component; and a female component configured to be coupled to the male component; and utilizing the at least one quick-release connector to releasably secure the carriage apparatus to a boat.
14. The method of claim 13 further comprising securing one end of a stabilizer bar to the carriage apparatus and an opposite end to the boat.
15. The method of claim 13 further comprising utilizing the one component to secure a grill to the carriage apparatus.
16. The method of claim 15 further comprising sliding the grill between ends of the carriage apparatus to adjust the spacing of the grill from the boat.
17. The method of claim 15 further comprising rotating the grill relative to an imaginary axis extending perpendicularly to the carriage apparatus.
18. The method of claim 15 further comprising, upon a desire to remove the grill from the boat, utilizing the at least one quick-release connector to discharge the grill from the boat.
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are as follows :
The features are carved in high relief and the whole effect is that of two heads made in the round and placed back to back, the faces projecting out beyond the oval neck at either end. The mouth is narrower than in faces of the common type and has a greater vertical width. The lips are thin and rounded and the tongue broad and prominent. The nose is small and almost naturalistic in its proportions, and juts out from the face. The eyes are large, with upper and lower edges of differing curve, a high rim, and a well marked longitudinal ridge across the eye ball. They are directed to the side, and the rear corners slope downward and backward so steeply that the ears, shown as simple hooks, are at the level of the corners of the mouth. The top of the head is rounded and only slightly higher than the upper edge of the eye rings.
The finding of three specimens of practically identical form seems to in dicate that these objects constituted a distinct type, but the natives can give no information on this point. The convention of the carving differs considerably from that employed on any other artifacts but is reminiscent of that of certain large stone heads used as architectural decorations. Pounders of this sort are cer tainly pre-European and it seems probable that they either had a special cere monial significance, or were the product of some local school of carving which became extinct at an early time.
POUNDERS FOR INFANT FOOD
Special pounders w'ere used to crush the fresh w'ater shrimps which w^ere fed to infants as a purgative before they were suckled for the first time. (See PI. Liv, C.) They are smaller than the popoi pounders, and have an oval instead of a round base, only slightly concave sides, and no distinct neck. The top is oval in cross section and usually projects slightly beyond the body at either end. In the best made specimens the top is usually slightly hol lowed along its center, but in one specimen it is smoothly rounded. In using these pounders, the body of the implement was grasped in the hand with the index finger extending lengthwise over the top, and the shrimps were crushed with a grinding motion rather than direct blows.
SALT POUNDERS
Certain small pounders are said by the natives to have been used for grind ing coarse salt left in hollows of the rocks by the evaporation of sea water. These appear to have been fairly common in the island of Nuku Hiva but are rare or lacking elsewhere in the Marquesas. They are characterized by a long, thin headless neck, or body, which flares out rather abruptly at the base. The base is either round or oval. (See PI. liv, D.)
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Public Bill Committee
[James Gray in the Chair]
I welcome you all to the Committee. Before we begin, I will make a couple of introductory remarks. You know that I take a very old-fashioned view with regard to behaviour in Committee, and anyone caught taking their clothes off or drinking coffee or anything else will be asked not to do so, if that is all right by everyone concerned.
No amendments have been tabled to the Bill. That means that we will have one debate on clause 1 stand part, if that is agreeable, during which it will be perfectly sensible to discuss clauses 2 and 3 stand part, and indeed the schedule to the Bill. At the end of the debate, if it is agreeable to the Committee, we will take clauses 2 and 3 and the schedule formally, having already debated them, rather than taking each separately.
I see from nods around the room that that is indeed an acceptable way of proceeding.
Constitution of Farriers Registration Council and its committees
Question proposed, That the clause stand part of the Bill.
With this it will be convenient to discuss the following:
Clause 2 stand part.
Clause 3 stand part.
That the schedule be the schedule to the Bill.
Byron Davies: It is a pleasure to serve under your chairmanship, Mr Gray. I am delighted to be able to present the Bill, to which I have some attachment, as my father started life as a farrier before the second world war. When he came back from the war, things had changed and he followed another career, but I am delighted to have this opportunity to introduce the Bill.
The purpose of the Bill is to protect and maintain the public interest and protect the welfare of equines by modernising the governance, structure and operation of the Farriers Registration Council and its statutory committees. That will enable the council to overcome practical difficulties caused by out-of-date legislation, reduce the risk of legal challenge and modernise the council’s structure and operations in line with the Government’s better regulation principles and the practices of other regulators.
Clause 1 introduces the schedule, which amends the Farriers (Registration) Act 1975 and makes changes to the constitution of the Farriers Registration Council and its committees: the investigating committee and the disciplinary committee. The schedule has three parts, which replace the respective sections in the original Act dealing with the constitution of the council, the constitution of the investigating committee, and the constitution of the disciplinary committee. I will summarise the key points of those parts and highlight the changes that the Bill makes.
Part 1 of the schedule deals with the constitution of the council. The Bill retains the existing number of members—16—but makes some changes to their make-up. It removes the distinction between employed and self-employed farriers, as virtually all farriers are self-employed these days, so the distinction is out of date and no longer representative or valid. Four practising farriers will be elected, and two farriers will be appointed by the British Farriers and Blacksmiths Association. Three members will still be appointed by the Worshipful Company of Farriers, but there will be a new requirement that at least one must be a practising farrier. That means that the minimum number of farriers on the council will be seven, and there may be as many as nine if the worshipful company chooses to appoint more than one farrier. The remainder of the council will be made up of two veterinary surgeons and five lay representatives appointed by various interested bodies, such as the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the British Horseracing Authority. The worshipful company will no longer appoint the chairman, who will be elected by the council from its members.
The Bill also tightens some of the provisions for serving on the council. It introduces a fixed four-year term of office for all members and stipulates that a member may serve on the council only twice. It introduces fitness-to-serve conditions. Members may be removed from office if they fail to comply with those conditions.
Turning to the changes in the constitution of the investigating and disciplinary committees set out in parts 2 and 3 of the schedule, part 2 deals with the investigating committee, which carries out preliminary investigations of cases or complaints against farriers that could amount to professional misconduct. If the investigating committee deems that to be so, the case is sent to the disciplinary committee, which determines whether the charges are proven. It can, where appropriate, apply sanctions—in the most serious cases, up to and including the removal of someone from the register of farriers. That would mean that that person would no longer legally be able to practise farriery.
The function of those committees is vital to the regulation of the farriery profession, and the Bill seeks to make changes to modernise the law and ensure that they are fit and proper for regulation in the 21st century. In particular, the Bill seeks to impose a full separation of powers, as I shall now explain. As the law stands, the investigating committee and the disciplinary committee are made up of members of the council. That does not fulfil the principle of separation of powers and the removal of possible bias and impartiality. The body that sets the standards for the profession is also responsible for investigation and adjudication on possible breaches of those standards.
As such, decisions of the investigating committee or the disciplinary committee may be subject to legal challenge by those whose cases are determined on the basis that they did not have the right to a fair trial. Equally, members of the public may view the lack of impartiality as farriers looking after their own. Consequently, it is vital that changes are made to bring the law up to date. The Bill proposes that members of the investigating and disciplinary committees are not members of the council; nor may they be an officer or servant of the council—that is, paid staff of the Farriers Registration Council.
The provision will be retained that a person on the disciplinary committee cannot sit on a case if they served time on the investigation committee in respect of the same case. That will ensure that full separation of powers is met and that the investigation and disciplinary committees meet the requirements of a modern regulator.
To summarise the remainder of the Bill: the investigating committee will consist of six people appointed by the council, of whom at least two must be registered by the council. The chair will be appointed by the council, and the quorum for a meeting will be three, at least one of whom must be a registered person. As with the council itself, the Bill would introduce a fitness-to-serve provision and powers to remove those who do not comply.
The constitution of the disciplinary committee, set out in part 3 of the schedule, follows similar lines. The principal difference from the investigating committee is that the disciplinary committee will consist of nine members appointed by the council, at least three of whom must be registered persons. The quorum for a meeting will be five members, at least one of whom must be registered. Otherwise, the same rules apply as for the investigating committee: the chair will be designated by the council, and a fitness-to-serve provision introduced, with powers to remove those who cannot comply.
Clause 2 inserts new section 17A into the Farriers (Registration) Act 1975 and gives powers to the Secretary of State to make regulations to amend or replace those parts of the measure that deal with the constitution of the council, the investigating committee and the disciplinary committee. In short, the clause would allow future amendment of the legislation to be made by secondary legislation, should that become necessary.
The clause also recognises the devolved nature of the legislation and would require that, if any future legislative change is made, the Secretary of State must gain the consent of Scottish and Welsh Ministers. The Secretary of State must also consult the FRC and any other relevant parties. Legislative changes will be by statutory instrument and subject to the negative procedure.
Clause 3 provides for the Bill to extend to England and Wales and Scotland, and states that the main body of the Act will come into force when introduced by statutory instrument at a date determined by the Secretary of State.
Mary Glindon: It is an honour to speak under your chairmanship, Mr Gray. It is more than three years since the coalition Government carried out the consultation on reforming the governance structure and operation of the Farriers Registration Council. Unfortunately, they were not able to allocate time in the previous Parliament for a draft Bill to reform the Farriers (Registration) Act 1975.
I, therefore, congratulate the hon. Member for Gower on taking up the draft Bill. It was wonderful to hear—and he must be proud to be able to speak on this—about something that his father was involved in during his early life. He spoke in depth about the Bill’s clauses, so I will be brief, the Committee will be pleased to hear. The Bill will modernise the Government’s structure and operation of the FRC and its statutory committees to protect and maintain the public interest.
Under the Farriers (Registration) Act 1975, the FRC not only has a responsibility to maintain, regulate and approve membership of the register, but it has a responsibility for the preliminary investigation of disciplinary cases through its investigating committee, and it determines cases through its disciplinary committee. The arrangements are out of date and are not in line with the regulation of other professions. In the Bill, members of both the investigating committee and the disciplinary committee will not be members of the FRC, which will result in an acceptable separation of powers. There will also be a fitness-to-serve requirement for all members, similar to that in other regulatory bodies. There are also defined terms of office, and the chair will no longer be appointed but will be elected by members of the council.
The Bill will reduce the risk of legal challenge, and bring the regulation of the farrier profession into line with the regulation of other professions. It will introduce a new flexibility, and will allow future changes to the FRC to be made by the Secretary of State under secondary legislation, thus allowing the FRC and its committees to be kept up to date and fit for purpose. We support the Bill, as it introduces a greater level of fairness and transparency to the FRC and its committees that will underpin its progress as a modern and professional regulator for its members, and for those who rely on the industry well into the future.
Huw Merriman: I, too, shall be brief. I congratulate my hon. Friend the Member for Gower on bringing forward this private Member’s Bill. As a result of an interaction I had with a constituent of mine who is a farrier, I seem to have got to know more farriers in the country along the way. Perhaps this is a good example of how democracy works: we are here to serve our constituents, and I promised that if I could not get him the answer he needed, I would apply to get on the Bill Committee. Here I am today as a result.
My constituent, Mr Jeffrey Newnham, has concerns about the composition of the Farriers Registration Council, particularly the requirement that the worshipful company provide three members. It appears that the Government have also looked at this issue. The changes are welcome, and should be welcomed by my constituent. By ensuring that one of the three members from the worshipful company must be a farrier, the number of farriers on the council is increased. The Government seem to recognise that there should be greater representation of farriers within the worshipful company.
It may seem strange to some hon. Members, but it is not a requirement for the Worshipful Company of Farriers to actually provide farriers to the council. As a result, farriers feel that they are under-represented among the 16 members. They want 50% of the council to be farriers, rather than the seven out of 16 that will be the case under the Government’s change, which at least raises it from six. Farriers themselves feel that they are under-represented.
The point I would make to my hon. Friend the Member for Gower, and perhaps to the Minister, is that there seems to be a lack of harmony between the farrier industry and its own worshipful company. Knowing some of these companies, I would say that its rules can at times be outmoded and its constitution might not necessarily reflect the industry that it was originally set up to serve. There may need to be a bringing together of farriers and their own worshipful company. I recognise that it is not the Government’s job to intervene so closely, but where farriers have real concerns about a lack of representation on their own council, I would like the Government to take steps to bring the sides together in the event that the Government are unwilling to put the make-up up to 50%.
The regulation of this industry is important and has legal consequences, so I can understand why the Government would not do so. Any industry that effectively regulates itself does not necessarily provide the independent regulation that is required. I recognise the concerns that the Government may have, but I ask whether there are measures they can take to try to bring the industry together.
George Eustice: May I begin by congratulating my hon. Friend the Member for Gower on bringing forward this Bill, which enjoys full Government support? As the shadow Minister pointed out, we held a consultation on this issue in 2013. The intention is, at the request of the Farriers Registration Council, to revisit the legislation to enable the council to modernise its procedures. The Farriers Registration Council is an important organisation. It was established by the 1975 Act to maintain a register of farriers, to determine who is eligible to practise and to approve farrier training. The Farriers Registration Council is a light-touch regulatory body that focuses on regulating the individual and leaves the farrier free to adopt the business model of their choice.
I will not rehearse the detailed intention behind each clause because my hon. Friend the Member for Gower has outlined that. In summary, first, the Bill establishes a new schedule that enables us to revisit the constitution of the Farriers Registration Council. I will return to that in a moment, given the points made my hon. Friend the Member for Bexhill and Battle. Secondly, in order to establish a degree of independence that it was felt was wanted, the Bill makes changes to the constitution of the disciplinary committee and the investigating committee to ensure that members of those committees cannot also be members of the council. Thirdly and importantly, clause 2 establishes a power for us to revisit issues such as the constitution of the Farriers Registration Council and its committees through secondary legislation. Most of us here today would probably think it unnecessary to have primary legislation to make decisions about the constitution of a particular committee of the Farriers Registration Council.
The original 1975 Act sought to maintain some continuity with the very good work done by the Worshipful Company of Farriers, which can trace its origins right back to 1356. In fact, the company is No. 55 on the register of the City of London livery companies. The 1975 Act always intended to maintain a link between the Worshipful Company of Farriers and the Farriers Registration Council. That is why it charged the Worshipful Company of Farriers with the function of
“securing adequate standards of competence and conduct”
among farriers, and the duty of promoting, encouraging and advancing the
“art and science of farriery”.
As my hon. Friend the Member for Bexhill and Battle pointed out, under the legislation, it is the role of the Worshipful Company of Farriers to provide three appointees to the Farriers Registration Council, but we are making a number of important changes.
I reassure my hon. Friend that I, too, have had meetings with farriers on both sides of the debate. I have met those who felt that the Worshipful Company of Farriers had too great a role. They raised two particular issues. First, they felt there should be 50% representation of working farriers. Secondly, they had concerns about the ability of the Worshipful Company of Farriers, under the original Act, to directly appoint a chairman of the Farriers Registration Council. I listened to those concerns, but I reassure him that they are not felt universally by all farriers. I have also had farriers contact me to say that they are perfectly happy with the current arrangements, that they have great confidence in the Worshipful Company of Farriers, and that they would not want to break that link.
We have therefore sought to build a compromise that addresses all of those concerns. First, we have made it clear that the Worshipful Company of Farriers will no longer directly appoint a chairman of its choosing. In future, the members of the council will decide who is their chairman. That does not prevent there being a convention, if it is the will of the members of the council, for the Worshipful Company of Farriers to advance options or nominations to be considered alongside others. However, it means that the worshipful company will no longer have the power to directly appoint a chairman.
The second change is that, of the three appointees the worshipful company must make, at least one must be a working farrier. It is possible for all three to be working farriers, meaning that, of the 16 members, a minimum of seven and a maximum of nine will be working farriers. It is likely that, more often than not, the majority of council members will be working farriers, which I think strikes the right balance. If the council were predominantly constituted of farriers and did not, as currently, have veterinary experts, representatives of the horse industry and other experts in the field, there would be the danger of regulatory capture. That is the counter-argument that has been made by others in the worshipful company. I hope that the compromises we have made strike the right balance in that regard and mean that hon. Members feel able to support the Bill.
Finally, I simply say that it is important that councils such as this have a collegiate manner and work together, based on the evidence of individual cases and particular problems. We do not want a system in which there is a bloc vote of working farriers versus the rest; that would clearly not be a healthy state of affairs. I hope I have reassured hon. Members about the changes we are making and the reasons for them. In doing so, we make no comment at all about the Worshipful Company of Farriers. It is an organisation with a proud history. I have met its representatives and have a huge amount of respect for them. The Bill will maintain the close link with the Worshipful Company of Farriers while, I hope, striking the right balance in other areas. I am happy to say that I support the Bill and hope it is passed quickly.
Byron Davies: I am grateful for the shadow Minister’s kind words, her support for the Bill and her assistance in allowing for its smooth transition. I am grateful to the Minister for addressing the point raised by my hon. Friend the Member for Bexhill and Battle, and I hope that that matter has been put to rest for him and his constituent, Mr Jeffrey Newnham. That is about all I have to say.
Question put and agreed to.
Clause 1 accordingly ordered to stand part of the Bill.
Clauses 2 and 3 ordered to stand part of the Bill.
Schedule agreed to.
Bill to be reported, without amendment.
|
# coding: utf-8
from appium import webdriver
from appium.webdriver.common.touch_action import TouchAction
from appium.webdriver.common.multi_action import MultiAction
from .base import Base
from log import Log
from utils import CommandUtils
from setting import APPIUM_IOS_WDA_PORT
logger = Log.logger(__file__)
class IOSDriver(Base):
def __init__(self, rule):
super().__init__(rule)
self.rule = rule
self.bundle_id = self.rule.IOS_BUNDLE_ID_REQUIRED.lower()
self.app_name = self.rule.IOS_BUNDLE_NAME_REQUIRED.lower()
self.process_name = self.rule.IOS_IPA_NAME_REQUIRED.lower()
self.appium_wda_port = APPIUM_IOS_WDA_PORT
self.driver = self.driver()
self.window_info = self.window_info()
def __ios_driver_prepare(self):
logger.info("iso app package startup ::: {0}".format(self.bundle_id))
url, caps = self.common_driver_prepare()
caps["platformName"] = "iOS"
caps["automationName"] = "XCUITest"
caps["bundleId"] = self.bundle_id
caps["udid"] = self.rule.udid
caps["wdaConnectionTimeout"] = 1800 * 1000
caps["wdaLocalPort"] = self.appium_wda_port
caps["startIWDP"] = True
caps["autoAcceptAlerts"] = True
return url, caps
def driver(self):
url, caps = self.__ios_driver_prepare()
driver = webdriver.Remote(url, caps)
return driver
def is_process_exist(self):
# Crash report中找到了ipa的名字，说明crash了
process_exist = True
cmd = CommandUtils.is_ios_process_exist(self.rule.udid)
stdout, stderr = CommandUtils.command_exe(cmd)
if self.process_name in stdout:
logger.info("========!!!!!!!!!!!iOS IPA: {0} crashed!!!!".format(self.process_name))
process_exist = False
return process_exist
def press_back(self):
logger.info("action : press back")
self.swipe_right_default()
def get_app_status(self):
"""
:return:
0: The current application state cannot be determined/is unknown
1: The application is not running
2: The application is running in the background and is suspended
3: The application is running in the background and is not suspended
4: The application is running in the foreground
"""
logger.info("action : get app status")
status = self.driver.query_app_state(self.bundle_id)
logger.info("info : app status code is {0}".format(str(status)))
return status
# return self.driver.query_app_state(self.bundle_id)
def activate_app(self):
"""
Activates the application if it is not running
or is running in the background
"""
driver = self.driver.activate_app(self.bundle_id)
self.driver = driver
def drag(self):
window_info = self.window_info()
height = window_info[1]
weight = window_info[2]
# 起点横坐标为屏幕中点, 纵坐标为屏幕上方三分之一
start_x = int(weight * 0.5)
start_y = int(height / 3)
# 终点横坐标为屏幕中点(与起点横坐标一致), 纵坐标为屏幕下方三分之一
end_x = start_x
end_y = int(height * 2 / 3)
action = TouchAction(self.driver)
action.long_press(x=start_x, y=start_y, duration=2000).move_to(x=end_x, y=end_y).release().perform()
def default_pinch(self):
window_info = self.window_info()
height = window_info[1]
weight = window_info[2]
# 起点横坐标为屏幕中点, 纵坐标为屏幕中点
head_x = int(weight * 0.5)
head_y = int(height * 0.5)
# 终点横坐标为屏幕中点(与起点横坐标一致), 纵坐标为屏幕下方三分之一
tail_x = head_x + 400
tail_y = head_y
line_center_x = (head_x + tail_x) / 2
line_center_y = (head_y + tail_y) / 2
action_head = TouchAction(self.driver)
action_tail = TouchAction(self.driver)
# 缩小pinch
action_head.long_press(x=head_x, y=head_y, duration=200).move_to(x=line_center_x - head_x,
y=0).release()
action_tail.long_press(x=tail_x, y=tail_y, duration=200).move_to(x=line_center_x - tail_x,
y=0).release()
multi_action = MultiAction(self.driver)
multi_action.add(action_head)
multi_action.add(action_tail)
multi_action.perform()
def default_unpinch(self):
window_info = self.window_info()
height = window_info[1]
weight = window_info[2]
# 起点横坐标为屏幕中点, 纵坐标为屏幕中点
head_x = int(weight * 0.5)
head_y = int(height * 0.5)
# 终点横坐标为屏幕中点(与起点横坐标一致), 纵坐标为屏幕下方三分之一
tail_x = head_x + 400
tail_y = head_y
line_center_x = (head_x + tail_x) / 2
line_center_y = (head_y + tail_y) / 2
action_head = TouchAction(self.driver)
action_tail = TouchAction(self.driver)
# 放大 unpinch
action_head.long_press(x=line_center_x, y=line_center_y, duration=200).move_to(x=100, y=0).release()
action_tail.long_press(x=line_center_x, y=line_center_y, duration=200).move_to(x=-100, y=0).release()
multi_action = MultiAction(self.driver)
multi_action.add(action_head)
multi_action.add(action_tail)
multi_action.perform()
|
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use Auth;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
use Spatie\Permission\Models\Permission;
use Spatie\Permission\Models\Role;
class RoleController extends Controller
{
public function index()
{
if(\Auth::user()->can('Manage Role'))
{
$roles = Role::where('created_by', '=', \Auth::user()->creatorId())->get();
return view('role.index')->with('roles', $roles);
}
else
{
return redirect()->back()->with('error', 'Permission denied.');
}
}
public function create()
{
if(\Auth::user()->can('Create Role'))
{
$user = \Auth::user();
if($user->type == 'super admin' || $user->type == 'company')
{
$permissions = Permission::all()->pluck('name', 'id')->toArray();
}
else
{
$permissions = new Collection();
foreach($user->roles as $role)
{
$permissions = $permissions->merge($role->permissions);
}
$permissions = $permissions->pluck('name', 'id')->toArray();
}
return view('role.create', ['permissions' => $permissions]);
}
else
{
return redirect()->back()->with('error', 'Permission denied.');
}
}
public function store(Request $request)
{
if(\Auth::user()->can('Create Role'))
{
$this->validate(
$request, [
'name' => 'required|max:100|unique:roles,name,NULL,id,created_by,' . \Auth::user()->creatorId(),
'permissions' => 'required',
]
);
$name = $request['name'];
$role = new Role();
$role->name = $name;
$role->created_by = \Auth::user()->creatorId();
$permissions = $request['permissions'];
$role->save();
foreach($permissions as $permission)
{
$p = Permission::where('id', '=', $permission)->firstOrFail();
$role = Role::where('name', '=', $name)->first();
$role->givePermissionTo($p);
}
return redirect()->route('roles.index')->with('success', 'Role successfully created.');
}
else
{
return redirect()->back()->with('error', 'Permission denied.');
}
}
public function edit(Role $role)
{
if(\Auth::user()->can('Edit Role'))
{
$user = \Auth::user();
if($user->type == 'super admin' || $user->type == 'company')
{
$permissions = Permission::all()->pluck('name', 'id')->toArray();
}
else
{
$permissions = new Collection();
foreach($user->roles as $role1)
{
$permissions = $permissions->merge($role1->permissions);
}
$permissions = $permissions->pluck('name', 'id')->toArray();
}
return view('role.edit', compact('role', 'permissions'));
}
else
{
return redirect()->back()->with('error', 'Permission denied.');
}
}
public function update(Request $request, Role $role)
{
if(\Auth::user()->can('Edit Role'))
{
if($role->name == 'employee')
{
$this->validate(
$request, [
'permissions' => 'required',
]
);
}
else
{
$this->validate(
$request, [
'name' => 'required|max:100|unique:roles,name,' . $role['id'] . ',id,created_by,' . \Auth::user()->creatorId(),
'permissions' => 'required',
]
);
}
$input = $request->except(['permissions']);
$permissions = $request['permissions'];
$role->fill($input)->save();
$p_all = Permission::all();
foreach($p_all as $p)
{
$role->revokePermissionTo($p);
}
foreach($permissions as $permission)
{
$p = Permission::where('id', '=', $permission)->firstOrFail();
$role->givePermissionTo($p);
}
return redirect()->route('roles.index')->with('success', 'Role successfully updated.');
}
else
{
return redirect()->back()->with('error', 'Permission denied.');
}
}
public function destroy(Role $role)
{
if(\Auth::user()->can('Delete Role'))
{
$role->delete();
return redirect()->route('roles.index')->with(
'success', 'Role successfully deleted.'
);
}
else
{
return redirect()->back()->with('error', 'Permission denied.');
}
}
}
|
Board Thread:Fun and Games/@comment-30231428-20170528050109/@comment-31680260-20170607085752
*pulls out mangled corpse with bitemarks*
THIS IS THE REAL YAMI
|
498 DIPTERA
of a Boriibus several months after the latter had been killed and placed in an entomologist's collection. The larva is broad, and when full grown apparently occupies nearly all the space of the interior of the abdomen of the bee ; it has very peculiar terminal stigmata. The pupa is formed in the larval skin, which is greatly shortened and indurated for the purpose ; this instar bears, in addition to the posterior stigmata, a pair of slightly projecting, anterior stigmata. We have several species of Conopidae in Britain; those belonging to the division Conopinae are all rare Insects, but the Myopinae are not so scarce ; these latter are believed to be of similar habits with the Conopinae, though remarkably little is known about them. This is another of the numerous families, the relations of which are still a sulaject for elucidation. Brauer places the Conopidae in his section Schizophora away from Syrphidae, but we do not com prehend on what grounds ; an inspection of the head shows that there is no frontal lunule as there is in Eumyiidae ; both Mijofa and Cono^is agreeing fairly well with t^yrplms as to this. We therefore place the family in its old position near Syrphus till the relations with Acalypterate Muscidae shall be better established.
Fam. 32. Syrphidae {Hover -flies). — Of moderate or rather large size, frequently Slotted or handed vnth yellow, with a thick fleshy prohoscis capable of being withdraion into a cleft on the under side of the head ; antennae not placed in deflnite cavities, three-jointed (usucdly very short), andvveaving a seta that is not terminal in position, and may he feathered. Hquama variable, never entirely covering the Judteres; the chief (third to fifth) longitudincd veins of the wings connected near their termination hy cross-veins and usucdly thus forming a sort of short margin parallel with the hind edge of the wing ; a more or less impierfect fcdse nervure run ning hetiveen the third and fourth longitudinal nervures ; no em podium and genercdly no distinct system of bristles on the back of the body. The Syrphidae (Fig. 212) form one of the largest and best known of all the families of flies ; they abound in our gardens where, in sunny weather, some species may be nearly always seen hovering over flowers, or beneath trees in places where the rays of the sun penetrate amidst the shade. There are two or three thousand species known, so that of course much variety exists ; some are densely covered with hair (certain Volucella and others), many are of elegant form, and some bear a consider-
|
Is it possible to remove the hyperlink underline for mailto: links?
I have removed all the other hyperlinks in my resume via modifying the character to without, and color, Auto.
However, I can’t remove the underline for my e-mail mailto: Even when I set it to without, when I click OK it reverts to underline.
Try this (copied from “How can Calc be prevented from formatting a mailto: link”
Uncheck Tools > AutoCorrect Options… > Options > URL Recognition. Afterwards, none of the URLs or mail directions will be converted to a link.
|
There was a mixture of fierceness and yet of tenderness in Elliott's poetical writings. Such verses sprang out of a truly noble wrath ; but better thoughts came to him in quieter times, and then he overflowed with sympathy for his fellow-men. While denouncing his opponents so hotly in political strife, he had all the while a deep well of tenderness in his heart. He used to say that he was descended from some famous Elliott, a border reiver from beyond the Tweed ; and perhaps some of the ancient bitterness still clung to him. Nevertheless, he was fearless, honest, sincere, and persevering — a fine specimen of that determined, sturdy character, which has made the North of England the hive of the world's industry. Although, like Burns, he wrote an epitaph for his own tombstone, I think that the
Where the footpath rustics plod ; Where the breeze-bow'd poplars nod ; Where the old woods worship God ; Where His pencil paints the sod ; Where the wedded throstle sings ; Where the young bird tries his wings ; Where the wailing plover swings Near the runlet's rushy springs ! Where, at times, the tempest's roar, Shaking distant sea and shore,
There, beneath the breezy west, Tir'd and thankful, let me rest. Like a child, that sleepeth best On its gentle mother's breast."
There Is a feature In Elliott's history worthy of notice. His life proved, what has been a disputed point, that the cultivation of poetic and literary tastes is perfectly compatible with success in trade and commerce. It Is a favourite dogfma of some, that he who courts the muses or Indulges In composition must necessarily be unfitted for the practical business of life ; and that to succeed In trade or business, a man must live altogether for it, and
never rise above the consideration of Its pettydetails. This is, in my opinion, a false and grovelling- notion, and at variance with actual experience. In this matter I speak for myself, and merely use the experience of Ebenezer Elliott In confirmation of my views.
Generally speaking, you will find the successful literary man a person of Industry, application, steadiness, and sobriety. He must be a hard worker. He must sedulously apply himself He must economise time, and coin It Into sterling thought, if not Into sterling- money. His habits tell upon his character, and mould It Into consistency. It may not have been so in the last century, when the literary man was a rara avis, a world's wonder, who was feted and lionised until he became irretrievably spoilt ; but now, when all men are readers, and a host of men have become writers, the literary man is no longer a novelty ; he drags quietly along- in the social team, engages in business, economises, and succeeds, just as other men do, and often to much better purpose than the illiterate and uncultivated. Some of the most successful men in business at the present day, are men who wield the pen In the Intervals of their daily occupations,* some for self-culture, others for pleasure, others because they have something cheerful or instructive to communicate to their fellow-men. Shall we say that they are less usefully employed than If they had been sitting at a concert hearing a symphony, In a theatre seeing a play, at the club
playing whist, sleeping over a newspaper, or, after a dinner, cracking filberts over the wine, and perhaps riddling their ''friends" with the sparrow-hail of next-door-neighbour scandal ?
Ebenezer Elliott not only attended sedulously to his business, but improved his mind and cultivated his literary taste during the hours of leisure. He had more difficulties to encounter than most men. He was originally a dull boy, though sensitive. He was unable to learn anything, and was regarded as unconquerably stupid. He used to regard his companion, John Ross, who did his sums for him, with intense admiration. His brother Giles was very clever, and could learn anything ; but he was ruined by praise, and did nothing. Giles was put into an office, in which his father was clerk, to write out invoices and post the ledger ; while Ebenezer was sent into the foundry to do hard and dirty work. The positions of the two boys became completely reversed in their subsequent lives. The character of Ebenezer was formed amid the rough surroundings of the forge and the foundry, but, stimulated by the desire of excelling, he was indefatigable in study. He went into the steel and bar-iron trade at Sheffield, and by attention to his business, he realised enough for a competency, and eventually retired upon it. At the same time he gained a reputation as a poet, equal to that of the best of his time ; though I do not think his merits are sufficiently esteemed. There is no complete collection of his works ; nor has any complete memoir of him yet been written. I have often thought that a Life of Ebenezer Elliott, if properly composed, might prove a thrilling and inspiring book for young men. He himself once wrote the commencement of his autobiography, but
was stopped by the recollection of some terrible crisis in his life. He could not get over it, and laid down his pen in despair. I hope it may yet be possible for a life of this good man and true poet to be published. It might be equal to that of Benjamin Franklin, and much better than that of William Hutton. Elliott was, on the whole, one of the most interesting and remarkable men of modern times.
During the same year in which Elliott died (1849), I was requested to give evidence before a select committee of the House of Commons, on the Establishment of Free Public Libraries. I happened to be in London on the business of the Railway Company, and was very glad to give such information as I possessed. Mr Ewart was in the chair ; Mr Disraeli, Mr Monckton Milnes, Lord Elcho, and others, were on the committee. I related briefly what I knew of the want of libraries in Leeds and the West Riding of Yorkshire ; of the libraries in connection with Mechanics Institutes ; of the Mutual Improvement Societies established by the working-classes and the difficulties they had in purchasing books of reference ; of the want of elementary instruction in the first place ; and the want of opportunities afterwards for those who have learnt to read. Mr Monckton Milnes put a curious question : '' Have you found the literary habits of artisans very much affected by the circumstances of good or bad trade?" *'Yes; but not to so large an extent as might be supposed. During a period of great depression, two or three years ago, several mechanics institutions were formed in villages in the West Riding, because the working people had time to spare ; but as soon as the mills began running full time again, the institutions were
dropped. The people had simply employed in selfimprovement the time that was liberated during* the scarcity of employment in the mills." I also gave some evidence as to the uses of the system of Itinerating- Libraries which had been established in Haddingtonshire ; and afterwards sent in a letter giving a tabular view of the libraries in connection with the Yorkshire Union of Mechanics Institutes, which was published with the minutes of evidence and the report of the proceedings.
In the following year, a permissive Act was passed for the purpose of promoting Public Libraries, and for establishing and extending Public Museums of Art and Science in Municipal Boroughs, in the interest of the instruction and recreation of the people. I took the opportunity of publishing a letter in the Leeds Mercury oi 9th November 1850, calling attention to these important powers, and urging their adoption in Leeds. I concluded as follows : —
'' I know that the cost will be objected to. I only speak of the extreme desirableness of our having a Town Hall, with a Public Library, and accommodation for a Public Museum. What was the cost of our gaol ? What of our pauper training schools ? We have built these irrespective of the question of cost. Are we to have it said of us that we lack spirit to get up any public buildings, excepting they be for the purposes of accommodating criminals and paupers ? Do we not owe sornething to ourselves and to those who are neither criminals nor paupers ? Is not the founding of a Public Library as creditable, as necessary, and as beneficial, a work as the erection of a gaol ? I conclude by expressing my conviction that the borough of Leeds would do itself lasting honour by taking the^ lead in providing a Public Library under the provisions of the Public Libraries and Museums Act of 1850."
Years passed before the Free Library Act was passed ; and now it is doing" good public service. My words may have been like seed cast into the ground, to bring forth fruit after many days.
END OF RESIDENCE IN LEEDS
I CONTINUED to work regularly at the Railway Company's Office. There was much to do; ''calls" to be made and looked after ; money to be borrowed on loan and debenture to meet the heavy charges for constructing the line ; and a good deal of correspondence to be conducted. New Acts had also to be applied for, which led me to be often in London to give evidence during the Parliamentary session.
The line, as originally laid out, ended at a junction with the Great North of England Railway, near Thirsk. But this was no sufficient terminus. It was found necessary to carry the line further, and to bring it into connection with the important seaport towns of the North. It was then determined to apply for Acts to enable the line to be extended to Stockton, Hartlepool, and perhaps Sunderland and Newcastleupon-Tyne ; as well as to make junctions with the Stockton and Darlington Railway, near Stockton and Middlesborough, and also with the York and Newcastle Railway at Ferryhill, in the county of Durham.
In 1848, Acts were applied for and obtained, to extend the railway to Stockton-on-Tees, and to a junction with the Stockton and Hartlepool Railway,
by which an access could be obtained to the thriving new port of West Hartlepool. The name of the Company was altered from "Leeds and Thirsk" to *' Leeds Northern." New shares were got out and taken up with difficulty. Preference shares were created, and taken up with greater ease. In the meantime the works were pushed forward. The first locomotive passed through the Bramhope Tunnel on the 31st of May 1849 ; and the directors opened the line to Thirsk on the 9th of July following.
In the meantime, a large block of land had been purchased in Wellington Street for the purposes of the new station in Leeds. Several other companies desired to have station accommodation in the town, more especially the London and North- Western Company, which had absorbed the Leeds, Dewsbury, and Huddersfield Railway ; the Great Northern, which had obtained access to Leeds ; and the Leeds and Manchester Company, which desired to have station accommodation of its own. The necessary land was purchased under the powers of the Leeds and Thirsk Act ; and the four companies arranged to have the land divided and the necessary station works erected under the control of a special Board or Committee, the members of which were appointed by the four companies concerned. At their first meeting they appointed me secretary of the *' Leeds Central Station," and this, of course, led to new work.
The new Board contained some very interesting personages — intimately connected with the early history of railways in England. Among these the most important was Henry Booth, the first secretary of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the inventor of the coupling screw and of several other useful contrivances connected with railway working.
Booth was a man of remarkable shrewdness and ability ; he had a considerable literary turn, and had the germ of the mechanician in him from his earliest years. He might have made a fortune by his coupling screw had he patented it ; but he threw this useful invention open to the world. It was, moreover, his sug-gestion of the multi-tubular boiler, which enabled George Stephenson's Rocket to win the prize at Rainhill, when the amount of the prize was equally divided between Booth and Stephenson. This important invention also was not patented, so that Mr Booth was a man who deserved the gratitude of the entire railway world.
Mr Cubit t was the engineer who represented the Great Northern Company, and Mr Hawkshaw the Leeds and Manchester Company — both very interesting men. It was a treat to observe the quickness with which they saw the points of a case, and the rapidity with which they did their work — brushing away everything that was immaterial and subsidiary— all that could be done by subordinates, who were required diligently to report progress.
Mr Beckett Denison, one of the members for the West Riding, was almost invariably present at the meetings of the Board, and when there he was always appointed to preside. He made an excellent chairman. He kept the discussions closely to the point, allowed no gossip to interfere, saw that the heads of the minutes taken were accurate ; and when the business was despatched, which was done quickly but perfectly, he was as cheerful and gossipy as the rest. It was like a fresh breeze of air to get Beckett Denison to appear amongst us. He was a fine, tall, jolly man — full of fun ; and yet an excellent man of business.
I remained the secretary of this Board (the Leeds Central Station) until the completion of the arrangements, which was after I left the company's service. It is not necessary to go into the details of a railway secretary's work. One day is like another, as with all routine business. My evenings were all my own. I could do with them what I thought pleasant, profitable, and useful. I have said that I used to write some articles for TAe People s and afterwards for Hoxvitt's Journal. Both these publications died, amidst strife, in 1848; and in the course of the following year I entered into another arrangement, which gave me a good deal of literary employment during my leisure hours.
In the summer of 1849, my friend Miss Cushman was invited to spend a few days or weeks at my house; and she asked beforehand ''if she might bring a friend with her." *' By all means," was my reply. She accordingly brought her friend ; and she turned out to be Miss Eliza Cook, the well-known popular poetess. In the course of this visit. Miss Cook told me the reason of her desire to see me. It was because she intended to start a weekly periodical, and she asked me if I would help her with some useful articles — such as I had been accustomed to write for other papers. I agreed, and sent her an article weekly, on such subjects as *'The Preservation of Health," '' The Practice of Temperance," " Providing against the Evil Day," ''Emigration," "Young Men's Mutual Improvement Societies," " Industrial Schools for Young Women," and a few biographic sketches.
Among the latter, I gave, in the fifth number of Eliza Cooks Journal, an outline of the life of George Stephenson. I obtained my information principally
from my friend and fellow-official, John Bourne, eng-Ineer of the Leeds Northern Railway. Like every Newcastle man, he was a great admirer of the manly character and Inborn genius of the father of railway engineering. He had worked under him and with him, on several of the coal lines of the north ; and had a great store of anecdotes of his early life, and the difficulties he had surmounted in his efforts after knowledge. Some of them were traditional, and had gathered, in the course of re-telling, accretions which were more or less fictitious — something like the "Three Black Crows." For instance, the story of his being at first a ''trapper" in the coal pit, was not well founded. The story, also, of his having first made love to the mistress and then (being rejected) to her servant, was only a fiction of the imagination. I did not know at the time that these stories were apocryphal, and I gave circulation to Mr Bourne's narrative. The article was copied Into the newspapers, in town and country, and no doubt helped the circulation of Miss Cook's journal in many ways.
The Idea occurred to me, that the life of George Stephenson was one well worth writing out fully — not only because of the striking character of the man, but because of the wonderful impulse which he had given to civilisation by the development of the railway locomotive. There must be many men still living, who could give information about his early life, his growth, his education, his history, and his great achievements. If the opportunity were allowed to pass, a great deal of good example as well as of interesting history, might be utterly lost to future students of the times amidst which we lived. I determined to call upon Robert Stephenson at his
which I then paid to the Metropolis.
I was received by Mr Stephenson very kindly. In answer to my inquiries, he said that there had been some talk of writing the life of his father, but that nothing- had been done. Indeed, he had given up the hope of seeing it undertaken. Besides, he doubted whether the subject possessed much interest ; and he did not think the theme likely to attract the attention of literary men of eminence.
*' If people get a railroad," he said, "it is all that they want : they do not care how or by whom it is made. Look at the Life of Telford, a very interesting man : it has been published lately, and has fallen still-born from the press."
I replied that I thought the Life of Telford had been very badly done, and, as a biography, contained very little of human interest. If I decided to write the life of his father, I would endeavour to treat of his character as a Man as well as an Engineer.
''Well," he said, ''I think you are right. But I thought it better to warn you against losing your time, your labour, and your money. If, however, you decide to write the Life, let me know, and I shall be very glad to help you."
This was all that I could hope for at that time. I took advantage of the next Easter holidays, and went down to Newcastle to look over the ground. Mr Stephenson furnished me with a letter to Mr Budden, his business manager at the Forth Street works. I saw him, and he gave me some information. I went to George Stephenson's birthplace at Wylam, and had an interview with Jonathan Foster, who told me all about ''Puffing Billy" and the old colliery
engines. After a few clays' inquiry, I found the results I was able to collect were very meag-re. The information I wanted existed only in the memories of individuals, from whom it had to be gathered by intercourse, and by slow degrees. Thus I came to the conclusion that the preparation of a satisfactory Life of George Stephenson, from authentic sources, required an actual residence for some period in the districts where he had lived ; and as the pursuits in which I was then engaged rendered this altogether out of the question, I abandoned the project — but it turned out that this was only for a time.
To return to my contributions to Eliza Cook. During the first year of her journal, I furnished only one article a week. But as the publication went on, the editress seemed to like my articles more and more. In the vsecond volume, I contributed an article entitled "Drinking," which excited a good deal of interest amongst the temperance people. A deputation waited on Miss Cook, and presented her with a handsomely-bound copy of Peter Burne's Teetotallers Companion^ or, A Plea for Temperance, ''in acknowledgement of her efforts to promote the benefit of society, and particularly for the excellent article on 'Drinking' in No. 39 of her valuable journal." Miss Cook kindly sent me the present, with this inscription : " As this volume is due to my esteemed friend Dr Smiles rather than to myself, I have sincere pleasure in presenting it to him, with the earnest hope that his benevolence and talent may ever produce, as they do now, good to man and honour to God."
Miss Cook asked me to increase my contributions, and I proceeded accordingly. I wrote stories, novelletes, reviews, travels, articles on domestic life, on
young women, on boys and young men, on benefit societies, on savings banks, on popular education, on temperance, and a large number of brief biographies. Miss Cook was not satisfied. Like Oliver, she still ''asked for more"; until in the fourth and fifth volumes of her journal, I must have contributed at least one half of the articles in each number. I turned all my holiday journeys to account. I contributed my "Walk up the Rhine," my visits to Bolton Abbey (that charming resort of Yorkshire people); and, in 1851, after making a journey to Ireland during my annual fortnight's holiday, I communicated the results to the journal In my ''Autumn Trip through Munster." This continued for several years, until the middle of 1854, when, the journal getting into new hands in consequence of the illness of Miss Cook, I ceased my contributions, and an end came to that source of employment for my leisure hours.
The only question in which I continued to take a public interest was that of Education. Men were still calling out for the extension of political privileges, although there was every reason to fear that the bulk of grown men were grossly uneducated, even in the first rudiments of learning. More than half the women married at the parish church could not write their own names. Matters were still worse at Bradford, and other towns in the West Riding. Lancashire was even worse than Yorkshire. Agitations were got up to remedy this state of things.
Among others, Dr Hook, the vicar of Leeds, published a pamphlet recommending a system of national education, in which religion should be excluded from the school teaching (but be taught, as in Holland, by
special relig-ious teachers), and that the schools should be supported by local rates, and superintended by committees chosen by the justices of the peace. This was considered by many an exceedingly liberal view at the time. The Doctor urged that churchmen and dissenters should merge their differences, in order, at least, to ensure an efficient school education for the rising- generation of children ; ''for although," he said, " I would not confound moral training with what I consider to be religious education, yet such training may be used as the handmaid of religion, and for want of it, thousands of our fellow-creatures are relapsing into barbarism, and becoming worse than heathen."
On the other hand, the dissenters were at that time opposed to anything in the shape of help by Act of Parliament. They would not have State help ; they would not have help from local rates and local management. They insisted that education, as well as religion, should be conferred by voluntary efforts only. But voluntaryism was doing next to nothing for education. The only flourishing schools at that time were the schools established by the Church and by Wesleyan congregations, and these were aided by direct subventions from the State. According to the returns published in the minutes of the Committee of Council on Education for 1850, thirty-seven schools (principally built and supported by members of the Church) were receiving about ;^2 28o in Annual Educational Grants ; whereas there was only one school belonging to the dissenters In Leeds supported on the purely voluntary principle.
In April 1850 some persons — for the most part belonging to the working class — Interested In the progress of Education, and anxious to do away with
this unsatisfactory state of things, desired me to attend a public meeting- in the Court House, to support a resolution in favour of the Bill then before the House of Commons, ''to promote the secular education of the people of England and Wales." I consented to do so. I also formed part of a deputation to wait upon Dr Hook, and to ask him to attend the meeting. The Doctor received us very kindly ; but he said, '' I have published my views on the subject, and my appearance on the occasion might possibly be hurtful to the cause. Nevertheless, I wish you every success."
The meeting was held in the Court House on the nth of April 1850. My old friend, Mr Hamer Stansfeld, presided, and made an excellent speech. In the course of his remarks he said, "It is lamentable to find the point of view from which this educational struggle is regarded by some — that relig^ion is the bar to the progress of education. It is not religion that is to blame, but sectarianism — principles almost opposite in their nature. It is the intent and purpose of Christianity to draw us together and teach us to love one another. It is, alas, the tendency of sectarianism to produce the very opposite results. I would myself that the pure spirit of the Christian religion were interwoven with every thought and word and deed of man, and consequently should prefer the combination of unsectarian religion with education ; but should the working-classes prefer a secular scheme, and that the religious part should be left to the care and attention of the parents and the minister of religion, and to the action of the voluntary principle, I would trust them. Educate them upon their own terms — educate them at their own price — educate, educate, educate — and rest assured that, if
I followed Mr Stansfeld, and moved the first resolution. I believe I made the longest speech of the evening- — I say nothing- of its value. I was followed by Mr William Brook and others ; and the resolutions were carried with immense applause.
It must, however, be added that the Voluntaries, or Anti-State Educationists, did not put in an appearance at this meeting. They made a requisition to the mayor to summon another public meeting in the Cloth Hall Yard, for the purpose of petitioning Parliament against the measure then before the House of Commons. The meeting was held accordingly on the 1 6th of April; and there the pitched battle was fought. The resolution against the Bill was moved by Alderman Carbutt, and supported by the Rev. Mr Williams, Mr Edward Baines, and others. Mr Hamer Stansfeld moved, and I seconded, an amendment in favour of the Bill : this was ably supported by Mr Councillor Barker, and after much vigorous speaking the amendment was declared to be carried.
This, however, was only the beginning of the agitation. In the following year, two schemes were started at Manchester — one the National Public School Association, of which Mr Cobden was among the principal advocates, and the other the Rev. Mr Richson's plan. The leading system of both was that the public schools were to be maintained by local rates, and subject to responsible local management. I entered again into communication with Mr Cobden, and received from him the following letter, which will explain his views on the subject ; —
"It appears to me that the education question, in its practical shape, is being fought out now in the wards and congregations of Manchester. The ' National ' and the ' Manchester and Salford Plan 'are those under discussion; and it appears to me that the prevailing form of opinion is in favour of the latter. If so, a private Bill will be applied for, applicable to Manchester only, and will,^ I have no doubt, be obtained ; and in that case it will probably become a model for other places. I do not disguise from myself that the ' Manchester and Salford Plan ' will be to a great extent a new endowment of all religions.
"As a Churchman, I could not, of course, pretend that it violates my conscience. But I thought that it would be differently viewed by Dissenters ; and in justice to them I made an effort to carry the Secular System. But it seems to me that the latter scheme has been met by the more influential part of the Dissenters with more opposition than the Manchester and Salford Plan ; and I therefore consider that for the present it is hopeless to contend against the Church and Dissent.
" So strongly am I impressed with the necessity of some progress being made in the education of the people, that I do not feel myself justified in opposing any plan having that object in view ; and therefore, unless the majority of the people of Manchester oppose the local scheme, I shall certainly not do so. If it be carried, I have no doubt Leeds will soon apply for a similar Act.
" I think the course pursued by the Dissenters is most unfortunate for the cause of education, and most unwise with regard to the interests of * Voluntaryism ' ; but the latter is their own affair. At one thing I am greatly surprised — that they should so little understand the tendency of public opinion as to dream for a moment that they can prevent ^/j!;^:^ and every scheme of public education from;being adopted. But, as I grow older, I expect less wisdom or consists ency from public bodies. — Believe me, in haste, yourtruly, R. CoBDEN."
The agitation went on for some time. Mr Edward Baines (afterwards Sir Edward), the great leader of the ''Voluntaries," delivered a lecture in the Stock Exchange Hall of Leeds, urging the adequacy of voluntary effort to educate the rising generation. In fairness to the Public School Association, whose views I advocated, Mr Baines generously permitted me to answer his lecture in the columns of the Leeds Mercury, of which he was editor. My answer was afterwards published and circulated gratuitously by the National Public School Association at Manchester. Mr Cobden again wrote to me from Midhurst, Sussex, and said : —
" I beg to thank you for taking up the cudgels for common ^ sense and common prudence. What an extraordinary spectacle it is to see our friend Baines fighting against both ! How any man, honest as he undoubtedly is, with eyes open, and walking in the paths of active life, can endeavour to reconcile us to the present state of the education of the masses, passes my comprehension."
** Many thanks for your favour and papers. The facts contained in your letter respecting the failures of Voluntaryism (^^voluntaryism would be better) in Leeds, ought to^ silence our good friend of The Mercury. But his sound and acute intellect is evidently under the influence of monomania upon the education question. It is only this that can account for the fallacious way in which he persists in arguing against a centralised govern7nent scheme, when everybody but himself knows that what we all want is a parochial or municipal plan, w^hich he is doing his utmost to prevent us from obtaining.
" In a later article, almost entirely devoted to this argument, he uses the word 'Government' or ' State ' about thirty times. How is it possible ever to come to an end in a controversy when one
of the disputants thus persists in starting- from fallacious premises? The quotation frorn Justice Coleridge is the true answer to Mr Baines's school statistics.
''The fact is the children of the poor do not learn enough to enable them in after life to read with ease or pleasure. The schools are often mere pretences for education — sometimes, indeed, put up to prevent somebody else from educating the people. There is too much truth in the remark made by Archbishop Whately at Manchester — that some people join in the education movement for the purpose of thwarting it. If we were half as anxious for the education of the people as we pretend, don't you think we should manage to get over the sectarian impediments that are now allowed to impede us?
'' I observe what you say about starting a newspaper in London.* If I were bent upon a speculation in Cockney journalism, I would reserve myself till the compulsory stamp is abolished, which must be ere long. It is too gross a proof of the hypocrisy of our advocacy of education to put fetters on the press and taxes upon the raw materials of its manufacture. When the stamp is off, we shall have papers of all sizes and prices ; and the largest circulation will be the London penny and halfpenny dailies. These will not take the place of the Thnes, which is now the cheapest paper in the world — talent, size, and cost of production, taken into consideration ; but they will supply the wants of those who do not require so expensive and elaborate an article as the Times.
"Have you seen the article against the removal of the stamp in the Edinburgh Review? It argues that the newspaper proprietors and the public are gainers by the present system of compelling each copy of the paper to be stamped, but giving in return the privilege of retransmission for any number of turns by post. Now, I meet this argument, put
* As the amalgamation of the Railway Company with which I was connected, with two other adjacent companies, was under consideration— which would probably put an end to my services as a railway secretary — I at one time contemplated such an event.
forth by the old-established journals, with this proposal. I will allow all existing- newspapers to retain their present privilege of retransmission, provided they continue to stamp their whole impression ; allowing all papers hereafter established the option of stamping or not, but giving them the privilege of sending their stamped copies once only, with the same starnp, through the post. How long would the old proprietors continue to argue that the present system is most advantagous for the press and the public ?
" The Reviewer, who is the conductor of an old established Free Trade (in corn) paper, lays great stress on the fact that people retransmit the sd. papers through the post several times, and continue to read them three or four days after publication. That is — not being able to buy a paper at first hand, they take it second hand. It is about the last article which in America could be sold at any price on such conditions. Poor people, in the village where I am writing (Dunford, Midhurst), are glad to take my tea leaves the day after I have used them ; but what a strange argument it would be, if I were to use that fact as a reason why the duty should not be taken off tea!"
Two years after the above meeting held in the Cloth Hall Yard, when the amendment was carried in favour of local rates and local administration, another meeting was called to petition against the Bill then before Parliament, for the promotion of education in cities and boroughs in England. It was held on the 13th of June 1853. I was in London on parliamentary business at the time, but I was afterwards informed that the notice of the meeting had been given in the dissenting chapels, and that the Voluntaries mustered very strongly at the public meeting held in the Coloured Cloth Hall Yard. Mr James Garth Marshall moved the resolution in favour of National Education ; an amendment against the
Bill was proposed by Mr Alderman Carbutt> and, being- put to the meeting-, was declared to be carried. Thus the resolution carried at the first public meeting was negatived by that carried at the second public meeting held two years later.
I may here give a further communication received from Mr Cobden. I believe the first part of the letter refers to some articles which I was solicited to write for a Glasgow newspaper, called (I think) The Constitutional, in which I recommended the adoption of some method of local legislation, by which much expense might be saved, and the time of the Imperial Parliament greatly economised. The idea of bringing^ numbers of witnesses from the remotest parts of the empire, on some Gas Bill, or Drainage Bill, or Water Bill, or Railway Bill, seemed to me absurd, and I cited many reasons for the adoption of my proposed measure. Hence Mr Cobden's reference to it.
your articles.
"As respects local legislation, I think it would be a great step in your direction if we had general Acts passed, applicable to the current wants of towns or districts, the provisions of which might be applied voluntarily by the majority of the locality, in the way in which the Municipal Corporation Act can be applied to a town. But I would make it more easy than by a reference to the Privy Council : and here your idea of local legislatures might be brought to bear. For instance, why should not we have a general lighting-, watering-, improving, educating, etc.. Act? — each containing provisions applicable to any locality ? But the truth is, our governing class is at heart (notwithstanding great professions) not fond of increasing the power of local self-government.
''As respects your other article on Strikes, 1 think what is gfenerally wanted is a more thorough recognition of the rights of individuals. Depend on it, there is a spice of despotisrn at the bottom of all this intervention by combined bodies in the concerns of individuals — and you know how abjectly subservient the working-classes are to the dictation of a trades-union junta. I think we shall not get right till there is a revolt against all such organisations, whether on one side or another, in the interest of //^^r/j/-— personal liberty. The much greater respect felt between both classes and individuals for one another in these social questions in America, arises from the far higher respect felt for the personal liberty of Man, as such, than we, with all our boasting, really feel. The vices of a hard, overbearing regime, natural to our aristocratic form of government, enter into all the relations of life, both social and political, and no class is free from ^ the taint.
'* By the way, apropos of our old question, which lies at the bottom of all others, I observe that our friend Baines, in his last week's paper, has a letter to prove how much progress we are making in schooling, and he gives sorne statistics to show that we have, during the last eighteen or twenty years, increased our schools to the extent of 7000 ; and he takes credit to the voluntary svstent for all this. But this is just the time during which our wretchedly imperfect government system has been at work, and in which we have made Government Grants to the extent of a million or a million and a half sterling for building schools, which would go a great way towards erecting all the school-houses named. But many of these schools, so far from giving education, are really little better than pretences for not educating the people. — Yours very truly,
In this position the educational question continued for many years ; and there is little doubt that the agitation in Lancashire and Yorkshire ripened the
opinions of many leading men on the subject. At last, when Household Suffrage in towns was granted by the Conservative Government of Lord Derby in 1867, and it was found that there must be a measure of National Education, in order to enable the new constituencies properly to use their powers, the prejudices of the Dissenters in favour of voluntary education were suddenly swept to one side by public opinion ; and Mr Forster, member for Bradford, by a rare union of tact, wisdom, and common sense, introduced and carried his measure for the long-wished-for education of the English people. It embodied nearly all that the National Public School Association had so fruitlessly demanded years before ; and on the whole, it has till now worked fairly well. In course of time, its defects, to which all things human are liable, will doubtless be remedied.
It is curious to see how public bodies can so summarily "jump Jim Crow." Some forty years ago, the English Dissenters insisted that public education could only be obtained as the result of voluntary effort. Then, when it became manifest that voluntary education was giving an advantage to the Established Church (whose members were more liberal with their money), they repudiated voluntaryism, in regard to the education of the young ; and at last they have become the most vehement advocates of State- and Rate-supported education in the country. The Dissenters now ardently support Board Schools, while Churchmen have assumed the position (which Dissenters have abandoned) of Voluntary Educationists !
During the last three years that I lived in Leeds, I remained quietly within my shell. I took no part in public meetings of any sort. I was
occupied In pushing forward the amalgamation of the Leeds Northern Company with the York, Newcastle, and Berwick, and the York and North Midland Companies. The first-named company had extended its lines Into Durham, thus linking itself to the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the Clarence Railway, the Stockton and Hartlepool Railway, and the York, Newcastle, and Berwick Railway. Steps were taken to extend the line from Ferryhlll on the Clarence line, by Durham, Chester-le-Street, and along the Team Valley, to Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The line was surveyed, the plans were deposited, the public along the valley generally supported the project ; and there seemed every reason to believe that the Act would be carried, but unfortunately, the line, as first laid out, came too near the Durham Observatory. The working of the heavy locomotives so near would cause some aberration of the Instruments, and the directors of the Observatory resolved to oppose the measure. To get rid of their opposition, an agreement was entered into to the effect that If the Act were granted, the line as laid out would not be made, but a deviation through the city of Durham would be applied for in a future session of Parliament. This proved fatal to the Bill. The agreement was read before the committee of the House of Commons, and there was an end of the application.
In the next session of Parliament, however, supported by the locality, new plans were prepared, avoiding the Observatory, and proposing to supply a much more convenient station in the High Street of Durham. The directors of the York, Newcastle, and Berwick Company, seeing the probability of a new and rival line being established in the heart of this
important district, wisely resolved to bring- the competition to an end, by entering into an arrangement for the amalgamation, not only of the Leeds Northern Railway, but of the York and North Midland Railway, which extended to Hull, Doncaster, Normanton, and Leeds. Conferences of directors accordingly took place. Offers were made, discussed, altered, and improved ; and at last were laid before the shareholders of the respective companies. These negotiations extended over many months, and even years ; and finally, when everything was settled, it was my lot to draw up the report for the proprietors of my company, urging the necessity of their giving assent to the amalgamation.
I felt, when signing the final report, as if it were driving the last nail into my own coffin. But it was the best thing to be done for all parties — for the public as well as for the shareholders ; and I did the work to the best of my power. Eventually, the shareholders of all the companies agreed to the amalgamation, on a certain clearly understood division of the net profits. The final resolutions were carried ; the Leeds Northern Railway came to an end ; and I prepared to go over to Newcastle with the books, to have the shares registered in the books of the amalgamated company.
NEWCASTLE AND THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
I WENT over to Newcastle in the summer of 1854. I took with me the books, reports, minutes, and correspondence, to place them in the archives of the amalgamated company. There was still a good deal of work to be done, as was likely to be the case with so large a concern ; and I was told that if I would write a letter, there was likely to be an opening made for me, into which I could fit nicely. As I had been of some use in pushing on the amalgamation, and had worked hard for its completion, some of the directors thought that I might still be retained in the service of the company.
There was not, perhaps, much room in the offices of the Central Station at Newcastle ; so I was put into a waiting-room alongside the secretary's office, lit by a skylight ; and there I worked among my papers and correspondence. It was rather fruitless and monotonous work. There was little special business to do. I never saw the Board, and only once attended a committee meeting of the directors. Mr Bourne introduced me to some of his friends at Newcastle; but I was comparatively alone in the place, and away from my family, who were still at Leeds ; as well as from my acquaintances in that
neighbourhood. As the central offices were only to be temporarily at Newcastle, and as it was proposed to remove them to York, I waited to see what the result might be as regarded myself, I took lodgings in the Elswick Road, and even went so far as to go to York and look after a house there, in the event of my being removed to that city.
Meanwhile, in order to occupy my evenings, I proceeded to make some inquiry about the early history of George Stephenson, of whom I had published a brief account some five years before, in a London journal. It was fine summer weather; the days were long and fair ; and the places to be visited were all within easy reach of Newcastle. After my work at the office, I could leave the station, and spend a few hours on making inquiries, then home by the late train about ten o'clock. On Saturday afternoons, when the office work ended at two, there was still more time for my investigations.
I went first to Wylam, Stephenson's birthplace. I found the cottage at High Street House — the red-tiled, rubble house, in which the great engineer had been born. I entered, and asked the old woman if this was the place. "Aye," she said, "Geordie was born here, in this very room." Everybody knew him as ''Geordie." I asked if there was any old person in the neighbourhood who knew old Robert Stephenson, his father. ''Yes," she answered, " there's auld Kit Heppell, wha kennt him verra weel." After looking over the place, and observing the colliery waggon road which still lay in front of the door, I went to the village of Wylam, past the old pumping engines and disused locomotives, and found Kit Heppel. He was an old man, but had still plenty of life in him. '' Yes, he knew Old Bob,
Geordle's fayther. He wur like a pair o' deals nailed thegfether, and a bit o' flesh i' th' inside — as queer as Dick's hatband : went thrice aboot, an' wudn't tie. His wife Mabel wur a delicat' boddie, and varry flighty. I kennt them verra weel : they wur an honest family, but sair hadden doon i' th' world." Then he told me of the small earnings of Old Bob, and the difficulty he had in bringing up his family of six children ; of his love for birds and animals, and the stories he told to the children by his engine-fire ; and of his having left Wylam when the coal was "worked oot," and gone to live at Dewley Burn, near Throckley Colliery.
On another evening, I went to Ovingham, to ascertain whether George Stephenson's birth had been registered there. The village of Ovingham is situated further up the Tyne. Thomas Bewick, the reviver of the art of wood-engraving, was born near it, at Cherryburn, a single house on the south side of the river. The stream here pours over a gravelly, shallow bed, and ripples past willowy islands, while little villages peep out from amidst the thick foliage. The scene is perfectly rural, and entirely free from the smoke of coal engines. Not far off is the fine old ruin of Prudhoe Castle, protected by a deep fosse, formerly crossed by a drawbridge. Ovingham is on the north side of the Tyne, and the river is crossed by means of a ferryboat —
" O, where is the boatman, my bonny hinney ? O, where is the boatman ? bring him to me — To ferry me over the Tyne to my honey,
I was ferried across ; but found no record in the register of the birth of George Stephenson. I observed the tombstones of the Carrs (to whose
family Georgfe Stephenson's mother belonged) underneath the central window at the east end of the church, as well as the tombstone of Thomas Bewick, under the western gable. Although my expedition was fruitless, I enjoyed the beautiful evening, and the lovely scenery.
I afterwards went to Heddon-on- the- Wall, to inspect the register there ; but no record of George Stephenson's birth could be found. The probability was, that it was not registered, as in former times registrations were very imperfectly conducted. Most of the places in the line of road from east to west, have the name of ''wall" attached to them — being in the direction of the old Roman road. They begin at Walsend, or at the end of the wall, below Newcastle ; and extend westward through Walbottle, Heddonon- the- Wall, Wall Houses, Wall, Walwick, Walton, and so on, as far westward as Bowness on the Sol way, where the Roman wall ended. At Heddonon-the-Wall, the vallum passed through the centre of the village.
I followed up my search by degrees. On another fine evening, I left the train at Ryton Station, was ferried across the Tyne, and made my way to Dewley Burn, where old Robert Stephenson lived for a time with his family, and where his son George first began to work for his daily bread. Near the house where he lived, are to be seen the burn and the clay-pits where he used to make his dirt-pies with his companion Bill Thirlwall, and afterwards his model clay engines, using the hemlocks for imaginary steampipes. It was curious to find how interested the people were in communicating everything they knew about **Geordie." Colliers, brakesmen, enginemen, and others — all who had known him intimately, or
had worked with him, or had even heard traditions of him, were equally willing^ to help. There was no jealousy about him. He was one of themselves, and they were proud of him. He had toiled amongst them with his hands, worked his way up perseveringly from one position to another, and after he had been lifted by his genius to the highest position, they were prouder of him than ever. What Robert NicoU said of Robert Burns might be applied to him —
" Before the proudest of the earth We stand, with an uplifted brow ; Like us, thou wast a toiling man — And we are noble now."
On another occasion, I crossed the fields to Callerton Pits — the fields where George, when a boy, had pulled turnips at twopence the day, ''and many a cold finger," he said, '* I had." The pits are now all closed, but I saw the place where George had first driven the gin-horse at an increased wage of eightpence. A collier who remembered him, described him as **a grit growing lad, with bare legs and feet." And he described, with great gusto, Geordie's fight with Ned Nelson, the bully of Black Callerton.
Another visit was made to Newburn on the Tyne, where George was first taken on as assistant fireman, and afterwards promoted to be full fireman. When his wages were raised to twelve shillings a week, he declared himself to be ''a made man for life " ! There he learnt to read and cast-up accounts, and fairly entered upon the work of self-education. A brief interruption occurred. He fell in love with Fanny Henderson, and married her at the parish church. I found her marriage duly registered, and took a tracing of it. Both the signatures were written in the hand of the bridegroom, who had
evidently brushed them over with his sleeve before they were dry. After the marriage, the couple rode off to Willington Quay, George s young wife riding on a pillion behind him, and holding on by his waist.
I next went to Willington Quay, fifteen miles down the Tyne, to see the house where the newly wedded pair had taken up their abode. It was standing then, though it has since been removed to give place to the Stephenson Memorial Schools. But it would have been better to keep the birthplace of Robert Stephenson as it stood. It was at Willington that George took charge of the engine at the Ballast Hill, and in his spare hours worked at self improvement. William Fairbairn (afterwards Sir William) told me that he had known George Stephenson well while living by the quayside — that he often visited him at his fireside, and admired the neatness, cleanness, and tidiness of his wife and her household arrangements. Fairbairn used to take charge of George's engine to enable him to earn a few extra shillings in the evening by heaving ballast out of the ships' holds. He said he also remembered George's taking to clock-cleaning and shoe-making, and that there was scarcely anything to which he was not willing to put his hand. William Coe informed me that he had bought a pair of shoes, of George Stephenson's make, for 7s. 6d., and they were not only cheap, but excellent.
My next visit was to Edward Pease, father of all the Peases, at Darlington. I wrote to him and requested an interview on any Saturday afternoon — that being my holiday, and the only day on which I could conveniently leave Newcastle. He kindly granted my request, and mentioned a day on which I could meet him. I went out one Saturday after-
noon, and saw the fine old man. It was a pleasure to meet such a cheerful, beneficent gentleman. He was eig"hty-eight when I saw him, and he was as bright and hopeful and as communicative as ever. '' Aye ! " he said, ''and you are inquiring about the beginning of the railway ? It is truly a wonderful story ! " And then he told me of how the project of the line from Darlington to Stockton was started — how the canal was first proposed, and Brindley, and Whitworth, and Dodd, and Rennie, suggested their schemes — how Stockton waited for Darlington, and Darlington waited for Stockton, and yet nothing was done. Then in 1810 a railway was proposed, but the committee went to sleep. Canals and railways — railways and canals ; still no progress. And yet the coal owners were very anxious to get their coals to York as well as to the sea. *' I got my friends," said Mr Pease, ''to subscribe for shares in a railway in 1 8 1 8, but we were defeated in three successive sessions by the Duke of Cleveland. Still we persevered. I wrote letters, which were published in a York newspaper, showing the uses of a railway worked by horses. We thought nothing of the locomotive at that time. At last we got our Act. But Mr Lambton, afterwards the Earl of Durham, had a proviso inserted requiring us to charge only a halfpenny per ton per mile for all coal intended for shipment at Stockton. This was to prevent our line being used in competition against his coal shipped at Sunderland. Although we thought it might be ruinous, it actually proved our safety."*
Wood. The two strangers from Killing-worth called upon him one day, and Nicholas introduced his companion as the engine-wright at Killingworth, who knew a good deal about railways and locomotives. **The Locomotive" was a new word for Mr Pease, but eventually he was to become very familiar with it. He told the strangers that their whole calculations had been based on the employment of horse power. But Stephenson told him that the locomotive would eventually supersede the use of horse power upon railroads. " I have been using the engine," he said, since 1814, to draw coals from the pit to the loading station on the Tyne ; and I am certain that it is the power best suited to your wants. But come over to Killingworth," he concluded, ''and see my locomotive at work."
After a long conversation the strangers left, to walk home through Durham to Newcastle. Mr Pease was much impressed by the interview. He took the opportunity soon after of going over to Killingworth, where he inquired for ''George Stephenson, Esquire, Engineer." No one knew of such a person. At length, after much conversation among the old women and neighbours, one of them asked if it was not "Geordie the engine- wright " that he wanted. "No doubt," he answered, "it is the engineer who works the locomotive." Then George Stephenson was found, and proceeded to show off before Mr Pease the qualities of his wonderful engine. The result of the interview, first in Mr Pease's house at Darlington, and afterwards on the waggon way at Killingworth, was that George was appointed the engineer of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, and that it was eventually determined to use the locomotive on trial for working the railway
when made. Not only so, but Mr Pease was so strongly satisfied with the importance of the new invention, that when Stephenson proposed to establish a manufactory in Newcastle for the building of locomotive engines, he joined with him in the adventure, and became a partner in the undertaking, which eventually proved exceedingly prosperous.
After much interesting conversation with Mr Pease, and a walk with him through the rapidly improving town, I remained to dine with him and his daughter : and left for Newcastle, freighted with valuable information, by a late train. But I need not give the particulars here, as I have related them elsewhere.
I thought, now that I had made so fair a beginning with the early life of George Stephenson, that I would like to inform Robert Stephenson of my progress. I had seen him on the subject in March 1851. Three years and a half had passed, and still nothing appeared to be done. Would he believe that I intended to do nothing more in the matter? In answer to my letter, he wrote as follows : —
''I am glad to hear that you have not given up the idea of writing a memoir of my late father ; and now that I have more leisure, it will afford me pleasure to assist you in many points which are only known to myself, especially in reference to the phases which the locomotive engine put on at different periods of his active and rernarkable life — a life which spreads over a period comprising probably one of the most interesting pages in the history of civilisation.
''I am about to visit Newcastle, when I shall make a point of giving you my views respecting the form which the memoir, in my opinion, ought to take, and
This was more satisfactory than when I had last seen Mr Stephenson. He had then warned me against undertaking- the memoir, because he did not think it would be interesting, and might only cause me loss of labour and money. Now, he seemed to be of a different opinion, and wrote in a manner entirely confirmatory of my views as to the Interest of the subject. I afterwards found that the field was clear, and that no one intended to write anything on the subject of George Stephenson's life. But I was aware that I had only made a beginning of the subject, and that a great deal more remained to be done.
Mr Stephenson arrived in Newcastle by the beginning of October. I dined with him occasionally at the Queen's Head, In Grey Street, where he put up. He took me over the engineering establishment In Forth Street, and told me something of Its history. Since the germ of it had been started by his father, assisted by Edward Pease, It had grown to an Immense affair, employing about a thousand men and boys, and paying in wages over ^looo a week.
But I derived the most interest and Information from a visit to Killingworth and the neighbourhood, made in his company. One fine Sunday afternoon In October, he drove me over In an open carriage, by the road which he had so often gone over In his boyhood. ** I know every foot of this road," he said. '' I used to
come over it every day on my cuddy to attend Bruce's school in Newcastle." We went over the Town Moor, and, on arriving at the village of Gosforth, went up the Benton Grange Road. Arriving at Long Benton, he said, *' Do you see that red-tiled house, with the outside stair? — that is the place where Rutter kept his school, and where I learnt my ABC." On reaching the ochre quarry, he observed, '* There is where my father erected his first pumping-engine, which cleared the place of water in a week." Not far off, he pointed to the High Pit, where he had ''sent them to the bottom,"* to the delight of the pitman.
We then walked along the waggon way to Killingworth, and, reaching a little clay-floored cottage by the roadside, he said, "There is where my grandfather lived ! He was quite blind in his old age, and my father kept him in comfort. I remember well, how I used to ride into his cottage on my cuddy, and he would examine the creature, feel him all over, and pronounce him to be a 'real blood' donkey." Then he told me of the trick he played to the swearing bully, Straker — how he, with another boy, attacked him on a dark night, and made him "stand and deliver ! "
We reached Glebe Farm, once inhabited by John Wigham. " There," he said, "was the scene of some of my best education in boyhood ; for Wigham was a superior man, and I then thought him a very clever fellow. But now we are at Killingworth ! This was my father's cottage, and see, there is the dial over it, still numbering the hours while the sun shines. Many a sore head I had while making the necessary
We went into the cottage, and he pointed out the arrangements. "There's where the tame blackie* used to sit. There is still the old oven, in which my father put in the pitman's watch, and made it go, simply by melting the oil." And thus the afternoon wore away, and a number of recollections were told in a homely, pleasant, and kindly manner. Robert Stephenson had nothing of the snob in him. He was not ashamed of his father having been a working man ; on the contrary, he was proud of his having worked his way up from a low condition by dint of his inherent genius, perseverance, and industry. I spent the evening with him, and made many notes, which I afterwards duly recorded.
During my stay at Newcastle, I called upon Thomas Hindmarsh, the brother of George Stephenson's second wife. I wished to know something of the accuracy of the story which I had heard from Mr Bourne, about George having first courted Miss Hindmarsh, and then, because he was refused, having made love to Fanny Henderson, her servant. He told me the story was **all nonsense." Fanny had never been their servant ; and besides, George, after remaining a widower for fourteen years, had been introduced to his sister by himself, at his earnest solicitation. Thus I was able to correct this portion of the personal history.
I was desirous of obtaining some information from Nicholas Wood, who knew George Stephenson well, and had not only been his master, but his fellowworker during many years. I saw Mr Wood several times at his office on Quayside and at other places.
He said he would be glad to help me ; but although I made many applications, I never obtained any information. I used to think that he was a little jealous of his former servant's reputation.
One day, hanging about the station, I met George Hudson the deposed '' Railway King." He had been to the Board for the purpose of imploring their mercy. I had some conversation with the poor fellow. He was almost in tears, and said the directors were disposed to be very hard on him, and wished to wrench from him the last farthing he possessed. He referred to his property at Whitby, which the North-Eastern Company wished to obtain. I believe they eventually got it, and towards the end of his life, Hudson was maintained principally by a subscription raised amongst a few of his friends. The man was perhaps more foolish than reckless. Had he been utterly unprincipled, and acted with sufficient cunning, he might have become as rich as Croesus. But he was nothing like so clever as he was represented to be by the toadies who surrounded and influenced him, and he ended his days in comparative poverty.
Before I left Newcastle I had the pleasure of running down to Darlington again one Saturday afternoon, for the purpose of having an Interview with John Dixon, the engineer of the Stockton and Darlington Railway. When a young man, he had been employed with Robert Stephenson in ** taking the sights " on that line, while George Stephenson was laying It out afresh. He was afterwards employed on Chat Moss as assistant engineer for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, and had a great deal of interesting information to communicate. Indeed, he was of the greatest possible use to me —
not only by what he related as to the beginnings of the Stockton and Darlington line, but as to the means taken to lay out the railway over Chat Moss — supposed to be an almost impossible proceeding before George Stephenson took the work in hand. Mr Dixon afterwards wrote out for me, in full detail, an account of his proceedings on Chat Moss, and the means taken by the leading engineer to master and conquer his difficulties.
On 6th October I was awakened about midnight by two tremendous explosions. I went to sleep again, but next morning I was informed that the town had almost been " blewn up." It was at first thought that the explosions had occurred through design, but it was ascertained that they were merely the result of accident. A warehouse at Gateshead, full of sulphur and saltpetre, took fire, and a great mass of water running into it, the water was vaporised, and, uniting with the combustible materials, formed a tremendously explosive mixture. Such, at all events, was the explanation given at the time of the terrific explosion. However this may be, the windows of every house in the neighbourhood were shattered into a thousand atoms, and the mass of burning stuff was shot across the Tyne upon ships and warehouses, which at once burst into flame. A large number of persons were killed and injured, and about half a million's worth of property was lost. Next morning, when I went down to see the place, it looked as if it had been subjected to a bombardment. The whole shore, on both sides of the river, seemed to be a mass of ruins.
But I was myself personally the subject of another explosion. I was now waiting the result of my removal to Newcastle. To use the words of
Bacon, I had *' given hostagfes to fortune" in the shape of five sons and daughters ; and I had no wish to change. I had been nine years with the Company; and the concern had become so large that I thought some room might be made for me. I should have been willing to take any reasonable position, with a moderate salary. But none was offered. Places were found for all the old officers, excepting myself Mr Duncan Maclaren of Edinburgh was "determined to have his man in." My friends, who were few in number, were not so determined as Duncan. Accordingly he ''had his man in" — a very proper person, from his ''own romantic town" — and I prepared to look about me for another position, and I was certainly not to blame for this change.
As the Scottish proverb has it, "As ae door steeks, anither opens." The South-Eastern Railway Company happened at this time to advertise for a secretary. I had no end of strong recommendations, especially from Leeds, where I was well known — from Mr Henry Cowper Marshall, my former chairman, Mr William Beckett, banker, Sir George Goodman, member for Leeds, and other gentlemen. Besides, I had the advantage of being known to experienced men of railway reputation, possessed of more than local fame, such as Henry Booth, of Liverpool, John (afterwards Sir John) Hawkshaw, of Manchester, Sir William Cubitt, of London, and many other distinguished gentlemen. I did not know a single person at the Board of the South-Eastern Company, and therefore I suppose these recommendations had their proper effect. A large number of applications were made for the position. Out of the applicants, four were selected to meet
the Board, of whom I was one. After a satisfactory interview, I returned to Newcastle, and on the morning- of the nth of November 1854 (after a wonderful shower of meteors the evening before), I received a letter from Captain Barlow, the g-eneral manager of the South-Eastern Railway, informingme that I had been appointed to the vacant office.
I then sent in my resignation to the NorthEastern directors, and received a minute of the Board ** expressing their entire satisfaction at the manner in which Mr Smiles had always discharged his duties, and more especially when engaged in forwarding^ the arrangement between the three companies, arising- out of the union of their interests," and so on. This was the net result ; though it was better than nothing. I shook hands pleasantly with everybody when parting, and took leave of my old friend, John Bourne, the engineer, with much regret. I went up to London at once, and my wife, family, and household goods followed me a month later. Before I had settled down in my place, I received the following letter from Robert Stephenson : —
" I am very glad to hear of your success, and I trust sincerely it may be permanent ; for I fear you will find the South-Eastern a very difficult concern to keep in train satisfactorily. More of this when I have the pleasure of seeing you.
**I am delighted that you saw Dixon before leaving the North; no man knew my father better. I will not fail to send a missive to Nicholas Wood, which I have no doubt he will respond to. I had little or no hope in your succeeding in appointments with him. — Yours faithfully,
Such was the position of affairs when I entered on my office. I began to doubt whether I could ever find time enough to write out the Life of Georg^e Stephenson, and a history of the new branch of national enterprise. For, after all, I had only made a beginning^.
As Robert Stephenson had predicted, it was not a very quiet berth in which I found myself, at the Boardroom of the South-Eastern Railway. The direction of the company was in a state of transition. Mr Macg-regor, the former chairman, had been dispossessed of his office by a majority of the directors ; but no new chairman had been appointed. The ministry was without a head, and the opposition was strong". It was not so much business as speechmaking, that seemed to be the work of the Board. Macgregor was often attacked, and defended himself with ability.
There was even a third party at the Board, headed by Mr Forster, member for Berwick, who, however, like Harry o' the Wynd, often fought for his own hand. I soon found that Mr Forster was ready to trip me up about the composition of the minutes. The reason was, that he had been disappointed in not securing the election, in my place, of a fellowmember of the Reform Club, whom he had introduced and supported. I had therefore to be cautious. When my minutes were first read, he disputed their accuracy. I said that, so far as I knew, they correctly registered the decisions arrived at by the Board.
"That may be," he said, **but they do not give 'the proceedings.'" He appealed to the solicitor, who constantly sat at the Board. The solicitor referred to the Act, which said * minutes and proceedings." I had therefore to amend my ways, and insert not only what was determined upon, but what was proposed and discussed. All this was, of course, with a view to future proceedings, when an appeal came to be made to the shareholders.
The majority of the Board, not having a good speaker, determined to introduce a new man for the purpose of meeting Macgregor and Forster. They found him in an able gentleman, who, however, was without a qualification. The majority gave him the qualification, and elected him to a vacant seat. He soon proved his power as a speaker, by walking into Macgregor. The latter had sent to the Register Office, and ascertained the nature of his qualification. He then rose, pounced upon the new man like a vulture, and tore him to pieces. It was exciting and amusing, but it was not business. I had never seen such a thing before. In former times, I had seen men of active habits meet round a table for the purpose of getting through their work, and pass their minutes without rising from their seats. But here were men who rose to their feet, and made elaborate and cutting speeches, without getting through any work at all. It seemed to me a fruitless waste of time.
But all this was preliminary to an appeal to the shareholders, who were to elect a batch of new directors in the following month of March. Everything gave way to this business. Those who were in wished to remain in, and many who were out desired to become members of the Board. The
number of candidates was great ; some with only the bare qualification, and nearly all without any railway experience. Deputations went down to Manchester and Liverpool, where the principal part of the stock in the company was held, to address meetings of shareholders. The printers were set to work, and larg-e numbers of proxies, and conflictingstatements, were issued. At last, the half-yearly meeting was held ; and a very uproarious affair it was. The result was, that Mr Macgregor, finding that he had no chance, gracefully retired, together with his former deputy chairman ; that Mr Forster, with his batch of candidates, was rejected ; and that some four or five new directors were added to the Board. I had no difficulty in g^etting- on pleasantly with the new men. After a short interregnum, the Honourable James Byng was made chairman ; and I maintained a pleasant and agreeable intercourse with that gentleman during the twelve years that I remained with the company. He was an honest and honourable man, and, in the midst of considerable difficulties, always did the best that he could for the advantage of the constituents he represented.
There was, however, a great obstacle to the prosperity of the company, in the establishment of a rival line within the district that should have been fully served by the South-Eastern Company. In 1853, the East Kent Company had obtained an Act for giving railway accommodation to the important district between Chatham and Canterbury. That accommodation should certainly have been supplied by the company which already had possession of the county. But some feelings of personal pride seem to have stood in the way ; and the new
line got into the hands of scheming contractors. It was of no use pointing- out that the new line should be constructed and worked by the existing company. I was informed that the requisite capital could never be obtained, and that the new line would never be made. I could only point to the experience I had gained through the Leeds and Thirsk Railway, w^hich had established itself in the face of equally great difficulties, but had been wisely absorbed by the North-Eastern Railway in its more extensive arrangements. The new line pointed to Dover in the one direction, and to London in the other ; my impression from the first was, that the line would be made and extended in both directions. And, sure enough, in 1855, an Act was obtained to extend the line to Dover.
Meanwhile, my new Board began its operations. A great deal had to be done to improve matters. The poor South-Eastern seems to have been regarded as a great milch cow, affording sustenance to everybody instead of to the proprietors. The number of **dead heads" (as they are called in America) passing along the railway was enormous. Everybody who wanted an advantage, expected it from the railway.
The Emperor of the French had just made his visit to England with the Empress, and been received at Dover by the South-Eastern magnates with great ceremony, and returned to France with great dclat, when an event occurred which threw us into consternation. It originated in the same desire for having a tug at the great milch cow. Railway companies have neither souls nor bodies, but they have purses ; and when it was found (as afterwards appeared) that a person high up in the Passenger Department was
in collusion with a guard and a common thief to rob the company of the gold carried on the line for the London bullionists, it must be admitted that things had been allowed to go a great deal too far, and that a clearance of some of the incapables (to say the least of them) must soon be made.
On the 1 9th of May the news reached London from Paris, that three large boxes, containing bullion to the value of ;^ 14,000, had been robbed on their journey between the two places, and that the weight of the bullion bars had been replaced with shot ! This was frightful news. The Board was summoned to consider the matter. A reward for the apprehension of the thieves was offered. The police detectives were set to work : and reports came in as to the circumstances connected with the affair.
It appeared that the boxes containing the bullion had been received at the London Station at twenty minutes to eight, on the evening of the 15th of May ; that they had been weighed, and the record kept ; that they had gone down to Folkestone by the late train, and had remained there all night ; that they had been carried over by the Lord Warden steamer to Boulogne on the following day, and been given over by the company's agent to the agent of the Messageries G^n^rales ; and that they had been finally carried on to Paris by the North of France Railway.
The first idea was, that the robbery had been committed by foreigners on the French railway. Representations to this effect were made to the Central Commissioner of Police at Boulogne, and an inquiry was instituted. It appeared that the weights of the boxes had varied at London and Boulogne ; that there was nothing to show that this "audacious
robbery " had been committed at Boulogne ; and the commissioner pointed to the fact that the cases containing the bullion had remained at Folkestone from II o'clock at night until lo o'clock the next morning- — inferentially pointing to that place as the probable scene of the robbery. A further report came from Paris, to the effect that all investigations had failed to discover any clue which might lead to detection of the thieves.
And here the matter rested for some time. Meanwhile, I was requested by Mr Tester, the assistantsuperintendent in the passenger manager's office, to furnish him with a certificate of character on his leaving the company's service, to assume the position of General Manager of the Royal Swedish Railway. I did not know Mr Tester, but was informed by his chief that he had been a faithful servant, and that I might give him the certificate of character which he requested. Who Mr Tester was, will be ascertained in a future part of this narrative.
It was necessary, as I have said, to make many changes, for the management was loose. First, a new engineer was appointed ; then a new storekeeper ; then a law clerk, stationed in the office, to be constantly at hand, instead of having professional solicitors attending the Board ; then a surveyor to look after the company's rents ; and, finally, a new general manager and a goods manager. I had great pleasure in acting with these gentlemen. They were active, able, and honest. The law clerk and general manager were long my esteemed friends ; and I worked with them cordially for the benefit of the company.
inexperienced, thoug-h he has since obtained g^reat consideration as a first-rate Parliamentary agent. He thought it strange that we should have been able to find no traces of the gold robbery; not even a hint of where it had been done. Mr Rees's father was a well-known solicitor, who at one time had been able to effect a discovery in a similar case. The two, father and son, went down to Folkestone, where the gold had lain during the night before its supposed transport to Boulogne. The bullion chests had then lain all night in an office of which the door was always open, and not in the strong-room appointed for the purpose. There could be no doubt, so they thought, that things had been so arranged by design, and that the station-master was in the secret. Old Mr Rees fixed his penetrating eye upon the station-master, who, he thought, quailed before his glance, as much as to say, '' Ah ! you have found me out, have you ? " Hints were dropped, but nothing was done. There was no evidence whatever, nor any symptom of evidence.
Many months passed, until, towards the end of 1856 — after the lapse of more than a year — a young woman called at my office, and gave her name as Fanny Kay. She said she had come to give some information as to the gold robbery. There had been a great many hints before this time, and I did not expect much. But, as I was much occupied by correspondence, I took the woman into Mr Rees's office, introduced her to the law clerk, and left her there. I afterwards asked, *' Is there any probability of your finding out this affair ? " ** Well," he replied, "everything is confidential as yet. But if what this woman says be right, we have all been wrong." The next time I saw Mr Rees, he told me that he had been at
Portland Prison, and discovered the whole secret. Here is a very brief account of the transaction. It was the result of Mr Rees's personal examination of a person called Edward Agar, then undergoing penal servitude at Portland.
**The robbery," said Agar, "was first proposed to »me by Pearse. I knew him about seven years ago. He was t]jen in the service of the company as ticketprinter. Laward and ^ Burgess, first and second guards, were also to be in it. I went down to Folkestone several times to see how it could be done ; but I was afraid to have anything to do with it. I went abroad, first to Paris, then to Jamaica and the United States.
'' When I returned from the latter country, towards the end of 1853, I met Pearse by accident just by Covent Garden Market. He was then a clerk in the betting office of Clipson, King Street. I went there occasionally and made several bets. I went to Evans' and other places with Pearse. He again brought up the subject of the gold robbery. He said there had been an alteration in the conduct of the railway, and he thought he could now get the keys of the bullion boxes. I said if he could get the keys, it might be done, but not otherwise. We went down to Folkestone and remained there about a fortnight, watching the arrival of the trains and the management of the bullion boxes. One of the keys was kept in the booking office of the station, the other was kept in a cupboard at the harbour-master's office. Pearse proposed that I should get in at night and obtain the keys. I declined, and said that if the keys could not be got in any other way, I would have nothing to do with it.
*' I made the acquaintance of the station clerks, and went with them and played billiards at nights, and a few games at cards. I asked them about the bullion, but I got no information from them. I then went over to Boulogne, to see how the gold was dealt with there. I remained there nearly a week. I then returned to London. During all this time I was in communication with Burgess the guard.
'* Previous to my ^oing to Boulogne, Pearse told me that he thought he could get an Impression of one of the keys (No. i), for the other (No. 2) had been lost. I asked how he could get it. He said, from Tester, in the superintendent's office at London Bridge. I said I should like to see the key myself. Pearse saw Tester, who agreed to see me. We all met at a public-house at the corner of Tooley Street. Tester produced two keys, both of one lock (No. i). I then took the impression of it in wax. I returned the keys to Tester, who took them away. Pearse had told Tester what the keys were wanted for. Tester was to have his share with the rest — Burgess, Pearse, and myself.
*' It then became a question how to get at key No. 2. Pearse proposed to send a money parcel down to Folkestone, and that I should be there to receive it, and see where they brought the key frorn. I consented. I left about ;^500 with Pearse, and it was sent down in the bullion chest. I went to the office on the day after It arrived, and the clerk brought out the keys from his cupboard, and unlocked the chest, taking out and giving me the parcel, and requiring a receipt. After returning to London, I went down to Folkestone with Pearse ; and towards evening, just before the Boulogne boat arrived, as we knew that the clerks generally left the office to attend to the passengers and baggage, we thought that would be our opportunity. We watched the clerks go out, and immediately went into the office, and found the cupboard do9r with the key In It. We opened it, found the bullion key, and took an Impression of It in wax. We returned the same evening to London.
" I got the keys made by a scale-beam forger In Church Street, Shoredltch. I gave him the size,^ and then myself filed them down to match the impressions. I met Burgess a great many times, and went down with him to Dover to try the keys in the bullion box. One of the locks was not used, but I got both keys to fit. We then watched for an opportunity to effect the robbery.
*' We bought a quantity of shot at the Shot Tower by Hungerford Bridge, 28 lbs., and put It into bags, so as to pack readily Into the boxes. We
carried them in carpet bags many times, in a fourwheeled cab, to St Thomas Street, while I went to Burgess on the platform of London Bridge Station, to ascertain if the proper quantity of gold was going down. This went on for about a fortnight. One night I observed Burgess just by the exit gate at the Dover part of the platform. He raised his cap and wiped his face — the signal that the gold was there. I went back to St Thornas Street, got into the cab, and told the man to drive round to the station. A porter came and took the bags. I told the man to enter the luggage and wait till I came from the booking office, where I took two 2nd class tickets. Burgess put the two bags into the van behind the door. The bullion safe was then brought up and placed in the van.
** Tester used to meet us every night to give us information as to the gold going down. The reason why we did not go at once was that we wanted sovereigns if we could get them, and we had determined not to go for less than ;^i2,ooo — the amount which we could carry, and had shot for. Tester met us as usual at 8 o'clock. He walked up to the station and we met on the platform, but we took no notice of each other. ^ I had been up more than once to see Tester in his office.
** I got into Burgess's van. Pearse got into a ist class carriage. Tester into another. As soon as the train had started, at 8.30 p.m., I opened one of the safes with the key. I then opened the box containing the long bars of Australian gold. I took one of the bars out and put it into a black leather enamelled bag made expressly for Tester. By this time we had arrived at Redhill. Tester came up, and Burgess — as had been previously arranged — placed the bag upon the platform. Tester took it up, and ran across to meet the up train, then about due, by which he returned to London. This was done to relieve us of part of the weight.
** Pearse got into the van at Redhill. We then took the gold out of the boxes, and replaced it with shot. He fastened down the boxes with the same nails and bands as were previously used, and sealed them up as before. We remained in the van for some time after locking up the safe. We got out at Folke-
stone upper station, and took our seats in a ist class carriage for Dover. The empty boxes went down to Folkestone Harbour. On getting- out at Dover, we went to Burgess's van, and each of us took away one carpet bag-. We carried them to a coffee-house in the neighbourhood, where we had supper, and shortly after returned to London by the up mail train, of which Burgess was guard. Burgess had provided us previously with two Ostend tickets.
'' On reaching London early in the morning, we took a cab on the incline, and told the man to drive us to the Great Western Station. On the road, we told him we had made a mistake, and asked him to drive to Euston. He drove us to a coffee-house in Drummond Street, where we slept for an hour ; then to Pearse's house, Kilburn ; then by another cab to mv house at Cambridge Villas, Shepherd's Bush. There we broke up and melted the gold. Pearse bought some fire bricks and a crucible, as well as an iron ingot. In the meantime, Pearse sold loo ounces of the gold, a piece cut off one of the large Australian bars. We went on melting, and then took the whole to Pearse's house.
'' The proceeds of the sale of gold, to the extent of over ;^2000, was divided between Pearse, Burgess, and Tester. I was to have mine later, as the others said they wanted money. Burgess had ;^700, and Tester £700, both in notes. Several sums borrowed by Burgess and Tester were repaid to me. I may add, that on the morning after the robbery I met Tester by appointment at the railway stairs leading down to the Borough Market by St Saviour's Church. He then gave me the gold bar he had brought up from Redhill in the small black bag. When I was arrested, all the rest of the gold was with Pearse at his Kilburn villa as well as the coupons of Spielmans. Pearse told me he should dig a hole in the pantry under the steps of the front entrance, in which to conceal it."
Such was the confession of Agar to Mr Rees at Portland, with a great deal more evidence implicating other parties, which need not be mentioned here.
Agar had been apprehended, tried, and convicted for a crime of which he was probably not guilty. He left his wife and child at Pearse's, and trusted to their being maintained out of the proceeds of the gold robbery. But Pearse and his wife quarrelled with Fanny Kay, and turned her out of doors. Then it was that she called upon me, and that I handed her over to Mr Rees ; after which he went down to Portland to collect the above evidence.
Steps were taken to apprehend Pearse and Burgess, the latter still acting as a guard. Tester was expected home from Sweden on a visit to his friends at Deal. He also was secured. The whole of the prisoners were brought before Baron Martin at the Central Criminal Court on the 13th January 1857. The evidence above given was confirmed by Agar in full detail. I was present in the court. Agar was a smallish, thin man, with a keen bright eye ; he gave his evidence with great clearness. Baron Martin said of him, that if he had given his attention to some legitimate business or profession, he might have reached distinction. Of the other prisoners — especially Tester and Burgess, who had so dishonestly abused their trust — the Judge spoke with contempt ; and Pearse was but a common thief, who, finding that he could do nothing without superior skill, called in Agar — as the ordinary medical practitioners, in a difficult case, would call in an experienced surgeon or physician.
The punishment given to Pearse was too small. He was only convicted of larceny, and sentenced to two years' imprisonment, with hard labour, three of the months to be passed in solitary confinement. Burgess the guard, and Tester the manager of the Royal Swedish Railway, were sentenced to fourteen
But what had become of my long-contemplated Life of George Stephenson ? I fear that, In the midst of all my occupations, I had omitted further attention to it. I had very little leisure, and my time, even my evenings, were entirely occupied with railway work. I had seen Robert Stephenson from time to time ; and in the course of 1855 I had occasion to write to him professionally, requesting him, at the instance of the directors, to advise with them as to an improvement in the Shakespeare Cliff tunnel, near Dover, which had recently been the cause of a fatal accident to a private in the Grenadier Guards. To this letter, I received the following reply : —
"By this post you will receive a reply to your official communication, declining to go into the matter, as I have decided (and I have acted on the decision for the last two years) to withdraw myself entirely from all new professional engagements. This I have done chiefly on account of my health not being very good.
" With regard to the notes upon my father's early steps with the Locomotive Engine, they have been done some time, and I hope shortly to see you on this subject ; but I shall be engaged for ten days or a fortnight out of London mainly. Since you undertook your new situation, you have frequently passed through my mind, and I began to feel that your new engagements would be far too numerous to admit of your giving the Biography any attention.
"Moreover, I felt that if your Board found that you were not giving your whole time to their business, it might cause dissatisfaction. I was aware, also, that you had had a struofgle with a section of the Board, when you obtained the appointment. When
you succeeded, I knew that you would have many serious difficulties to contend with. A divided Board, a reduced income, increasing expenses, and, as a necessary consequence, discontented shareholders. None of these contribute to a secretary's comfort, and as I take rather a gloomy view of the future prospects of the South-Eastern, I fear your troubles are not at an end.
*' I intend leaving England for a cruise in sortie southern clime in about three weeks, but I will make a point of seeing you for an hour or two, before that time.
" Brunei or Hawkshaw would either of them be good men to confer with Ashcroft on the tunnels, and from what I have heard, the matter will not brook delay. — Yours faithfully,
The work at the office was by no means uninterestingf. Though some of it was monotonous, it was pleasant and agreeable. I had always plenty to do, what with correspondence, minutes, and reports ; and active work is always attended with happiness. So, at least, I have found in the course of my life.
I endeavoured, so far as I could, to clear off the work of every day, so as to begin every morning with a carte blanche as it were — free and unfettered. Sometimes this was difficult, especially when we were approaching the half- yearly meetings. But still I managed to get through the day's work ; and when there were arrears to dispose of, I took a bag of correspondence home with me, to settle and arrange it there. In this way, I often sat up until a late hour, perhaps until two or three in the morning.
When an arrangement was made to have only one Board meeting in the fortnight, so as to suit the convenience of the Liverpool and Manchester directors, it became still more difficult to get through the work satisfactorily. All the correspondence had to be gone through and attended to in the course of the
day. Besides, there were the minutes of four committee meetings held on Wednesdays, to be written out and made ready for confirmation at the fortnightly board on the following day. Sometimes I found it difficult to accomplish this work; and sitting long at my desk, either at the office or at home, often gave me a splitting headache. Indeed, I began to think that there might be some difficulty in carrying on the work further.
Then it was that the idea of dictating the minutes, and the answers to the greater part of the correspondence, occurred to me. I had made the acquaintance of Mr (afterwards Sir Arthur) Helps, secretary of the Privy Council. He told me that he had found an immense advantage in dictating, not only his letters, but his books. It saved time, and enabled him to clear away his correspondence. He said that he used, while riding home by railway from London to Kew, to turn over in his mind the subject of his forthcoming works (such as his Companions of my Solitude and Friends in Council), that he would prepare the thoughts and sentences, and retain them complete in his mind ; and that then, on reaching home, he would dictate them to his daughter, who had in this way written out nearly the whole of his books.
I acted upon the suggestion, and inserted an advertisement in the Times for a short-hand writer. I had many applications for the position, and at length selected a clever reporter. I found some difficulty at first, in communicating my ideas to another for the purpose of being set down in black and white. But practice soon made perfect ; and at length I was enabled to get through all my work in the shortest possible time. By dictation, I dis-
burthened my mind at once. The matter was written out in long- hand and submitted for my approval. The letters were sent off at once, and the minutes were copied out and ready for submission and approval on the following morning. By this means I was enabled to get through my work with pleasure and dispatch.
There was one thing, however, that I could never accomplish. I could never dictate anything that was to appear in print. I must see the sentences before me, coming out, as it were, at my fingers' ends ; and shape, and prune, and modify them, for purposes of publication. Sir Arthur Helps was able to do this ; but he must have had a better memory for words and consecutive sentences than I had. Composition was often very difficult in my case ; and I made many erasures and alterations before I was fully satisfied with my productions. My brain was at work, as well as my fingers ; and the excitement of the one had its correlation in the activity of the others.
At the same time, the dictation of minutes and of ordinary business letters proved oi immense advantage. My health was restored ; I could clear away my work for the day ; and I went home with my mind clear and unfagged. I recovered my evening's leisure, and could spend it in amusement, recreation, or the pleasure of social converse. The question then occurred, what was I to do with the leisure time thus set at liberty? My object always was — for, indeed, it had become a habit — to turn my spare minutes to some useful account. There was that old Life of George Stephenson that had been hanging over my head for so many years. Could I not proceed with it now ? And was it right to write out the contemplated book ?
I know that there are many people who think that a man of business who devotes his leisure to writlngf a book is in a measure lost. He ought to devote his whole time either to business or literature ; and literary men are not considered business men. Had I proposed to spend my evenings at the theatre, or at concerts, or at the club, no one would have complained ; but to spend it in writing a book, with my name on the title-page, was a very different matter. What has a railway secretary, who is paid for his work as such, to do with writing books ? And yet I thought that, provided I did the work of the railway company thoroughly — and I believe that I did — I was at liberty to do with the leisure of my evenings what I thought proper, provided the result was not at variance with my other duties. The reader will observe that I am arguing for my own liberty in the matter.
There was one thing in which I was very particular — the regularity of my attendance at the office. I was always there first — with one exception ; and that was my good assistant, Robert Hudson — a most good, conscientious, and devoted man — the backbone of the Secretariat, during the many years that he remained with the company. But I was always before the bulk of the clerks, and the example had, no doubt, its influence. I was so regular in passing the window of my neighbour, Wilson of Blackheath, on my way to the station, that he declared that he could set his clock by my movements.
I made up my mind, then, to proceed with my Life of Stephenson. But before I proceed to describe the history of this book, I may mention that, on arriving in London towards the end of 1854, I sent the MS. of Self- Help to Messrs Routledge & Co.
Mr Walker, of Leeds, had offered to publish the book on half-profits, but I preferred to have a London publisher. The circumstances of the times were, however, opposed to the publication of new books. The Crimean War was raging, and people were satisfied with the perusal of their newspapers. The Messrs Routledge accordingly declined to publish the book. Their reply was as follows : —
*'We regret having detained your MS. so long. We were in hopes that we should have been able to publish it ; but trade still continues so dull that we find it will be quite impossible. We shall be happy to give you the MS. at any time; and are. Sir, your obedient servants,
So far as I can recollect, I did not place my name on the title-page of the proposed work. Indeed, my name was not worth anything at all, for my two previous works — one in 1838 and the other in 1844 — had been failures, and were forgotten. I went to Messrs Routledge for the MS., laid it to one side for future uses, and then proceeded with my proposed Life of George Stephenson.
I again communicated with Robert Stephenson. I learned from him that no one had yet proposed to write the Life ; and that if I did not proceed with it, the probability was that it never would be done. 1 was still under the same impression as before, that there were materials in the subject for an original and striking memoir. I told him my ideas of the way in which the Life should be treated. First, there was the early history, on which I had already obtained a
214 A SUCCESSFUL AUTHOR AT LAST 1
large amount of Information. Then there was the history of the locomotive, which, Robert Stephenson told me, he had written out in full detail. There was next the invention of railways, starting- into full life under the eyes of the present generation, and producing the most extraordinary results upon the action and framework of society. Then there was the supersession of the old methods of travelling by means of the locomotive, the development of railway enterprise up to the period of speculation and gambling, the extension of railways to foreign countries, and some account of the principal persons connected with the advance of this great revolution in our commercial interests. The task was not very easy, but I thought that it might be satisfactorily accomplished. If it were not done now, the probability was, that, owing to the death of the principal persons connected with the development of railways, it never would be done. To all this Mr Stephenson agreed, and he promised me throughout his hearty co-operation.
I was still anxious for the information which Mr Nicholas Wood of Newcastle had promised me many years before. He had been present at the first trial of the *'Geordy" Lamp In the Kllllngworth pit, and knew a great deal of the early history of the locomotive. Though he had been George Stephenson's master, I believed that jealousy would not prevent his helping me to a certain extent. I asked Robert Stephenson's assistance, and he wrote to me, saying, " Nicholas Wood has never replied to my letter : I shall fire another shot with a heavier charge." But no information came. Then I wrote to Mr Bourne, engineer of the North- Eastern Railway, asking for his assistance. Mr Bourne saw Mr Wood, on which
the latter said, "Well, if you will put in for me that bit siding- at Penshaw, I will give you all the information that Mr Smiles wants." On inquiry, Mr Bourne found that to put in the ''bit siding at Penshaw," would cost more than ^3000. He asked me if the information was worth that money, on which I replied, that it was not worth 3000 farthings. I told Robert Stephenson of the result of my application.
The truth is that I could do very well without the information asked for. The report and evidence respecting the "Geordy" Safety Lamps had been published; and besides, Mr Wood had written out his account of the early history of the locomotive in his Practical Treatise on Railroads. Strange to say, long before any controversy arose about the blast-pipe, Nicholas Wood had (though not believing- in its virtue) given all the credit to Stephenson ; but after it had been found that the steam-blast was the life blood of the locomotive, and that Timothy Hackworth claimed its invention, Mr Wood withdrew that part of the treatise from his book, thereby seriously injuring the authenticity of his history. But Robert Stephenson handed me the first edition of the work, published in 1825, long before the steam-blast had become a matter of controversy.
I had already obtained all the requisite information from Edward Pease as to the projection and construction of the Stockton and Darlington Railway. And now I wished to get access to the best information relative to the Liverpool and Manchester Railway — the opening of which marks the era of a great change in all popular ideas respecting loco-
motion. Fortunately, the men were still alive — Mr Gooch, Mr Dixon, Mr Swanwick, and Mr Henry Booth- — who had taken part in that undertaking:; and they gave me all the information that I desired. Through the influence of Robert Stephenson, also, I obtained many valuable facts from Sir Joshua Walmsley, Mr T. Sopwith, Mr Charles Parker, Mr Vaughan of Snibston, Mr Binns of Claycross, and many more. Mr Stephenson himself, of course, supplied the principal information in the book, especially as to the history of the locomotive. Little or no information was derived from books or reports, but nearly all from personal inquiry and intercourse.
I proceeded at home quietly to work up the subject from my old notes. I wrote in the evenings, mostly after six ; sometimes alternating my occupation with a walk on Blackheath, preparing a sentence or laying out a subject, and returning home to commit the results to paper. I had no library then, but used to write with my children playing about me ; I had no difficulty in concentrating my attention upon the subject in hand. While I had been a newspaper editor, I used to write with the clang of the steamengine and printing-press in my ears ; and afterwards, at the railway office, I worked amidst constant interruptions and inquiries, which I was always ready to answer.
I did not attempt to write in any particular sort of ''style." I first endeavoured thoroughly to understand the subject, and then the sentences flowed from my pen without conscious effort. If I wrote quickly and expressively, it was because I had been vigorously active during my walk. I think Sou they was right when he said to Ebenezer Elliott, " My rule of writing is, to express myself, ist, as perspicuously as
possible ; 2nd, as concisely as possible ; and 3rd, as impressively as possible." This is the way to be felt, and understood, and remembered. The writer who relies upon ''style" dances in fetters. Sydney Smith said truthfully, *' Every style is good that is not tiresome." Another thing- — a man must himself understand before he begins to write : this is the most infallible mode of being understood by others.
After a long and protracted period — long, because of the numerous interviews with friends of Stephenson, and also because of the few intermittent hours I could give to writing out the results of the interviews m the leisure of my evenings — I at length got the manuscript into shape, and went up to Robert Stephenson's house in Gloucester Square, to read some portions of it over to him and his friend Mr Sopwith. I sought out some of the most interesting parts — his father's early life, and the history of the Safety Lamp. I read on and on ; and when I looked up, Sopwith was drowsy, and Robert Stephenson was profoundly asleep! Gracious goodness! was this to be the result of my labours with the public } But it is true, my audience had dined ; and dined well. When I stopped, Stephenson suddenly looked up, and said, **Oh! I hear you very well.
'' I don't think that will be at all necessary," I answered, ''as I have no doubt I can get the book published, without expense to anybody."
Stephenson afterwards said to me that he was surprised at my answer, and that he saw I must have some confidence in the success of the book.
Havingf finished the MS. towards the end of 1856, I called upon Mr Murray, and found him willing" to publish the book on half-profits. He suggested, however, that the MS. should be placed In the hands of an experienced author for revision and correction. I afterwards found that Mr (afterwards Sir John) Milton was my reviser.* His fee was £so. He cut out a good many anecdotes, which I took an early opportunity of restoring ; as I think that personal anecdotes, when characteristic, greatly enliven the pages of a biography.
The book was ready for publication In June 1857. On the 26th of May, at the anniversary of the Civil Engineers Institution, I presented to the secretary the first bound copy of the volume, which was looked over by some of the members. A few days later, I received the following letter from Robert Stephenson : —
'' Now that your work Is advertised, 1 believe you will get a good deal of correspondence of my father's. I enclose you a little batch from Thomas Gooch, who was associated with my father in the execution of the Manchester and Leeds Rall-
way. I have no doubt more will come to hand ; but you will perceive that much of the correspondence could scarcely with propriety be published at this time;— the allusions to the men of the Great Western to wit !
'' Those who have perused the volume^ you left at the Institution, not beyond two or three, like the tone and feeling of the Biography very much indeed. They like both the head and the heart that produced it. — Yours very faithfully,
Copies of the " Life " were as usual sent out to the press. How would the critics receive the volume? I remember a clever description, by the late W. S. Landor, in his Imag-inary Conversations, of the manner in which the critics receive a new book. "Some slowly rise, like carp in a pond when food is thrown among them ; some snatch suddenly at a morsel and swallow it ; others touch it gently with their barbe, pass deliberately by, and leave it ; others wriggle and rub against it more disdainfully ; others, in sober truth, know not what to make of it, swim round and round it, eye it on the sunny side, eye it on the shady ; approach it, question it, shoulder it, flap it with their tails, turn it over, look askance at it, take a peashell or a worm instead of it, and plunge again their contented heads into the comfortable mud : after some seasons the same food will suit their stomachs better."
I must say that, on the whole, the critics received my new book very favourably. The Spectator, indeed, said, "little was left for Mr Smiles to do, but to fill in the details." But what is a Biography without the details ? The details are everything. To take a much more important case. Most people knew something of the lives of Johnson and Scott ; but
merit was certainly due to Boswell and Lockhart for fillingf in the details. The AthencBum was cordial ; the usually staid Economist was enthusiastic ; the Saturday Review was full of praise. These and other reviews appeared in print shortly after the appearance of the book ; and favourable notices were re-echoed from the provinces. In the course of the following month, Mr Murray informed me that the Life had been so well received, that he had very few copies remaining^ of the looo composing the first edition, and that he must send the book to press again as soon as possible. Another edition of 1 500 copies was accordingly printed and sold ; and in the following September, a further edition of 2000 copies, in which many amendments and additions were made, was disposed of.*
Then came the reviews in the Monthlies and the Quarterlies, as well as two long consecutive articles in the Times of 9th and i6th September : all of which had the effect of sending off the book. Indeed, on several occasions, the type of one edition had only been half distributed, when another edition was called for. It had also the honour of being reprinted in America — without my knowledge or consent. This is usually the case with all English books that succeed. Failures are, of course, never stolen. I was once complaining to an American lady of the unsatisfactory state of the copyright law between England and America. '*0h!" she exclaimed, ''you ought to be satisfied with the fame you achieve by the in-
* Since the above passage was written, I have read the Life of George Eliot^ and observe that she was an admirer of the book. " The Life of George Siephenson" she wrote to a friend, " has been a real profit and pleasure. ... He is one of my great heroes ; has he not a dear old face?"
creased circulation of your works." ** Well, madam," I answered, *' I do not know what it may be in America, but in England, fame is considered a very hungry diet."
The result of the publication was, that in the course of little more than a year, five editions of the 8vo Life of George Stephenson, amounting- in all to 7500 copies, were printed. In 1859, a reduced and cheaper copy of the work was published ; and afterwards a larger and handsomer edition, to range with the Lives of the Engineers, At the time at which I write these lines, some 60,000 copies of the book have been printed in England — the last being the Centenary Edition at 2s. 6d.
Behold me at last, at the advanced age of fortyfive, a successful author! People wondered how a person so utterly unknown in the literary world should have been able to write a successful book, especially on the topic of a railway engineer. But they did not know the long training I had had for the work, and the difficulties I had overcome — the encounter with which, indeed, had educated me — nor the reading, thinking, observation, and perseverance, which are about the sole conditions for success in anything.
When I found that I could succeed in writing a respectable book, I took from the drawer, where it had lain so long, my rejected MS. on Self -Help, and thought of rewriting it and offering it to the public. I took some pains with it, and had it ready for the printer in July 1859. I intended at first to publish it without my name on the title-page ; but Mr Murray warned me against doing so. ''You ought to recollect," he said, **that success is a lottery in literature, and you abandon your vantage-ground by
My object in writing out Self- Help, and delivering it at first in the form of lectures, and afterwards rewriting and publishing it in the form of a book, was principally to illustrate and enforce the power of George Stephenson's great word — Perseverance. I had been greatly attracted when a boy by Mr Craik's Pursuit of Kftowledge under Difficulties. I had read it often, and knew its many striking passages almost by heart. It occurred to me, that a similar treatise, dealing not so much with literary achievements and the acquisition of knowledge, as with the ordinary business and pursuits of common life, illustrated by examples of conduct and character drawn from reading, observation, and experience, might be equally useful to the rising generation. It seemed to me that the most important results in daily life are to be obtained, not through the exercise of extraordinary powers, such as genius and intellect, but through the energetic use of simple means and ordinary qualities, with which nearly all human individuals have been more or less endowed. Such was my object, and I think that, on the whole, I hit my mark.
Mr Murray was willing to incur the risk of printing the book on the half-profit system. But, looking to the publication of George Stephenson, I thought I might myself incur the risk. Accordingly, the work was published on the usual commission. Then arose the question as to the number to be printed of the first edition. I thought the book might succeed, but I was not particularly sanguine. Mr Murray, however, said, '' I think, with your name on the title-page, you may venture to commence
with the printing of 3000 copies." Even that was a largfe number of an untried book. It was offered at Mr Murray's annual sale in November, and the whole edition was sold off. ''In fact," he said, "the work has followed the hint of its own title." Orders for 3000 more w^ere given to the printer, though the specimen copies had not yet been sent out to the press for review. When the reviews appeared, they were favourable. The book went, as Mr Cooke said, "like hot rolls"; and yet, by the 2nd of March following, the copies had not yet been sent to the country papers. Indeed, the book was received with more applause than the Life of Stephenson. During- the first year 20,000 copies were printed, and 15,000 the second. Since then, the book has continued in demand. Up to the present time, I think that about 160,000 have been printed.*
When the book was announced, Messrs Ticknor & Fields, the American publishers, were so well satisfied with the results of their publication of the Life of Georg'e Stephenson — which was undertaken without my knowledge or consent — that they offered ^25 for a set of the advance sheets of Self- Help. Mr Murray said, "It is not much to give, but it is something saved out of the fire." Mr Cooke, his partner, also said, " We think you would do well to accept the £2$ as generally they offer only £^ or £\o for such a work." The proposal was accordingly accepted. It appeared that shortly after the publication of the book in America, it was largely purchased for the School Libraries in Ohio and other States of the Union ; so that Ticknor & Fields must have done well by their spirited and generous arrangement.
But they could not retain the monopoly in America. Other publishers reissued the book. I have seen three editions, but I am told there are many more.
The Atlantic Monthly, then published by Ticknor & Fields, contained an article on International Copyright in October 1867, from which it appeared that the practice then was, that if an American publisher issued a reprint of a foreign work, he by that fact acquired an exclusive right to the republication of all subsequent works by the same author (p. 441). This was the ''courtesy of the trade" in America. It shortly meant this: *'If I steal from an English author once, I have the right of stealing everything that he publishes in any future year." Not only so, but ''all and several of these rights may be bought and sold, like any other kind of property." The same article contained a statement that Messrs Ticknor & Fields, "on principle, and as an essential part of their system, send to foreign authors a share of the proceeds of these works, and this they have habitually done for twenty-five years." I can only say that in my own case, they published the Life of Georg'e Stephenson, and afterwards Industrial Biography, without my knowledge or consent, and that they did not send me the value of a brass farthing for the privilege of publishing either of those works.
I was, however, sufficiently satisfied with the results of my publication at home. It would be considered absurdly eulogistic were I to detail the many marks of sympathy and gratitude which I have received from all classes of the community, at home and abroad. I hope I shall be excused for mentioning a few curious instances. One gentleman
at Dundee, who named his son after me, assures me that he is indebted to me for what he is to-day : he says my words have often cheered and spurred him on in the battle of life. Another, at Hastings, says, '' Self- Help has been of extraordinary service to me. I have repeatedly gained hope and courage from its aphorisms and brave sentences ; and with them I have tried to encourage others." A third, a lady at Birmingham, writes to thank me for my lessons, which have so cheered and encouraged her son, who is now far away, an emigrant at Waimato, New Zealand. ''Smiles's Self-Help,'' he writes, ''has been the cause of an entire alteration in my life, and I thank God I have read it. I am now devoted to study and hard work, and I mean to rise, both as regards my moral and intellectual life. I only wish 1 could see the man who wrote the book, and thank him from my heart." The lady who wrote the letter adds, '' You may, perhaps, imagine with what feelings his mother read this passage ; for when my son went out, he was thoughtless, and we were anxious about him. 'Out of the abundance of the heart' etc., is my only excuse. Thank God ! "
A working man at Exeter was not less grateful. He thanks me for what I have done for the benefit of his class. He says my books "have instructed and helped him greatly," and he " wishes that every working man would read them through and through, and ponder them well." Another correspondent, resident in the same city, says that "since perusing the book, he had experienced an entire revolution in his habits, and is grateful to the author as the primary cause. Instead of regarding life as a weary course, which has to be got over as a task, I now view it in the
One night I met at a friend's house a gentleman who said he ''desired to shake me by the hand, and to thank me for all I had done for him." '' How is that?" I asked. ''When a young man," he said, " I was on the slide downward. I was careless, thoughtless, and pleasure-seeking. Your Self-Help came in the nick of time. I read it, and pondered over it, until it seized entire hold of me. I endeavoured to put its lessons into practice. I became sober, punctual, attentive, and began to be trusted. I was promoted, and eventually rose to be a partner in my firm. I am now a prosperous man, and have to thank you for it all." This was certainly a most encouraging testimony to the results of my small literary efforts.
I knew a widow lady who was encouraged to persevere in art, from the instances of perseverance which she found related in Self-Help and two other young ladies who were encouraged to write for their living and the support of their relations — all of whom are now recognised and famous. A young surgeon at Blackheath tells me that my little book, first placed in his hands by his father, "gave fresh energy and hopeful enthusiasm to his career." He thanks me cordially "for being one of the chief causes in giving an inclination to my mind, which, I hope, will bear good fruit, as well as more ennobling views of life and its duties."
This is surely eulogy enough. But I cannot refrain from adding another instance. At first, I did not know what to make of it. Many years after the book had been published, I received a letter from Dublin from a person I had never heard of.
beginning- ''My dear Sir." He apologised for addressing me in so familiar a manner ; but it all arose from ''dear old Self- Help,'' which had become his most familiar friend and adviser. His story was as follows : —
Eleven years before the date of his letter, he had seen an announcement of the book. That, he thought, is the volume for me ; besides, the Freeman s Journal had praised it. He saved a shilling, for he was then only a boy ; but when he went to the bookseller, he found the price of the book was beyond his means. The bookseller showed it to him : " Little did I think," he says, "of the fruit that was concealed therein." Nevertheless, he was only put off for a little. He saved again, and in three weeks he was able to buy the book, "though pence were then of far greater importance to me than pounds now are.
"Now," he adds, "comes the strange part of my story. Such was the influence worked upon me by your description of what has been done and what could be done by continued industry and determined perseverance, that you made me believe it possible to do things that I and thousands more had regarded as impossible. Such, however, was its effect. I had already served seven years to the Wine and Spirit trade, which I every year regarded with greater dislike. I now wished to change my occupation, and embrace some less equivocal calling. After a time, I embarked all my earnings and savings in the druggist and chemist business ; and as Smiles had been my guide, I determined to take you into my concern as a sleeping partner. Hence you will see your name, in conjunction with my own, at the top of my letters and shop-bills. My friends were very much opposed to my undertaking, and did everything to deter me from entering upon it, believing that I should have succeeded very well in the spirit trade, which was my own oroper business. They did not
know who my partner was, but supposed he must be a man of capital and experience. I had, of course, many difficulties to encounter ; but after years of struggle and labour I made my way. Not to trouble you with too many details, I may say that I became prosperous. Your name smiled upon me. Many of my customers addressed me by your name as well as by my own, and I answered to the one equally with the other. Indeed, I scarcely knew which was which. After three years I opened another branch in a different part of the city. That too succeeded. So that you will see I have many reasons to believe in dear old Self -Help ; and I long- much, to shake by the hand so good a guide and friend as the writer of the book."
I had not yet seen my correspondent ; but in the course of a short time I had the pleasure of making his acquaintance. He was all that I could have expected of him — active, enterprising, and intelligent. He was still young, and desirous of distinguishing himself in another walk of life. He had saved enough money to enable him to enter at Trinity College as a student. First he thought of embracing Law ; eventually he determined upon devoting himself to the Church. After disposing of his business, he went to Stonyhurst College in Lancashire ; then he went to Rome, where he remained for three years ; now he is at Oxford, preparing himself for ordination in the Roman Catholic Church. Knowing well the vicious tendency of drinking habits, he intends to devote the rest of his life to promoting the cause of temperance. I still treasure as a gift from him, a present on which is inscribed, ''To Samuel Smiles, Esq., as a small token of esteem."
Self-Help was translated into most foreign languages. The first I heard of it was from a Dutch clergyman, who was in England attending the marriage of a niece of my friend. Mr Eborall.
He said to me, ** We know your name very well in Holland." "How is that?" I asked. "From your book Help u Z elf en : it is one of the most popular books in the country." He afterwards sent me a copy; and there it was, complete, in Dutch. The next translation, I think, was made at Hamburgh, in Germany ; but it was badly done, and another translation came out at Colbergr a few years later. Denmark and Sweden followed ; then France ; then Buenos Ayres, in Portuguese. Translations were also made at Prague into the Czech lang-uage, and at Wag-ram into the Croatian. I was informed by Mr Ralston that Russia has several translations, though I have not seen them. There are two in Spain, and the last that I have heard of is in Turkish.
The translation made into Italian was a great success. The book, I was told, had been more successful than any published in that country. When I was in Italy (of which more hereafter), in 1879, more than 40,000 copies had been published. The late Dr Max Schlesinger told me that, while in Egypt some years ago, he had visited one of the Khedive's palaces, then being fitted up by an Italian architect. On looking at the inscriptions and mottoes written on the walls, and on the magnificent furniture of the house, Dr Schlesinger asked what they were. The Italian informed him that they were texts from the Koran. " But they are not all from the Koran," he added ; " indeed, they are principally from Smeelis." " From whom ? They are from his Self- Help : they are much better than the texts from the Koran ! " Dr Schlesinger told me this anecdote with much gusto on his return to London.
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How to download gradle manually?
I'm using Android Studio version 1.4 and stuck at "Gradle: resolve dependencies ':app:_releaseCompile'"
I think it cause by proxy (I don't have access to proxy) so i want to know how to download gradle maunally
I've tried all method that I found changing properties file, edit parameters but won't work anyway.
Error log:
Error:A problem occurred configuring project ':app'.
>Could not resolve all dependencies for configuration ':app:_debugUnitTestCompile'.
> Could not resolve junit:junit:4.12.
Required by:
prototype1:app:unspecified
> Could not resolve junit:junit:4.12.
> Could not get resource 'jcenter.bintray.com/junit/junit/4.12/junit-4.12.pom'.
> Could not GET 'jcenter.bintray.com/junit/junit/4.12/junit-4.12.pom'.
> Connection to jcenter.bintray.com refused
I think this question is answered many times here.
May be this question will help you. It's not exactly what you asked for but something similar.
I know that this question is asked and answer many times here but I tried all method I found but it won't work
"so i want to know how to download gradle maunally", do it from here
and where do i install it ?
under linux it is ~/.gradle/wrapper/dists/
under .gredle there's only caches, daemon and native folder why i have no wrapper folder?
Read here: http://stackoverflow.com/a/32602039/3922207
My problem is solved thanks!
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MarioWiki:Sandbox
i thought I'd type here.....cuz no one else did
game sorting test
* Elmo from sesamy street teaches how to master the legend of zelda games.
* Elmo from sesamy street teaches how to master the legend of zelda games.
This is being tested by
Need Help With A New Sig
this is my current sig:
this is what i want my new sig to look like:
But that sig doesnt link to my userpage... then i tried this:
but that doesnt link to my userpage either. can somebody help?
SIG
Yoshi Boo 118 He He... BOO!
Yay! MY SIG's Finished! --Yoshi Boo 118 11:27, 11 January 2009 (EST)
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recipe _app :Add food list
In this milestone we 👍
[ ] Add devisee set up to sign in and upper users
[ ] Add create food and display all food
STATUS: MILESTONE APPROVED :1st_place_medal:
Hi @ambrose-kibet ,
Great job !!!
To Highlight! :clap: :green_circle:
:heavy_check_mark: Excellent use of devise for authentication
:heavy_check_mark: Good commit messages
:heavy_check_mark: Registration and login styling match given wireframe
Your project is complete! There is nothing else to say other than... it's time to merge it :shipit:
Congratulations! 🎉
Optional suggestions
Every comment with the [OPTIONAL] prefix is not crucial enough to stop the approval of this PR. However, I strongly recommend you to take them into account as they can make your code better.
You can also consider:
N/A
Cheers and Happy coding!👏👏👏
Feel free to leave any questions or comments in the PR thread if something is not 100% clear.
Please, remember to tag me in your question so I can receive the notification.
Please, do not open a new Pull Request for re-reviews. You should use the same Pull Request submitted for the first review, either valid or invalid unless it is requested otherwise.
As described in the Code reviews limits policy you have a limited number of reviews per project (check the exact number in your Dashboard). If you think that the code review was not fair, you can request a second opinion using this form.
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package com.daemonize.daemonengine.quests;
import com.daemonize.daemonengine.DaemonState;
import com.daemonize.daemonengine.closure.VoidReturnRunnable;
import com.daemonize.daemonengine.exceptions.DaemonRuntimeError;
import com.daemonize.daemonengine.utils.DaemonUtils;
public class ConsumeQuest extends VoidMainQuest {
public ConsumeQuest(Runnable runnable) {
this.returnRunnable = new VoidReturnRunnable(runnable);
}
@Override
public Void pursue() throws Exception {
daemonStateSetter.setState(DaemonState.CONSUMING);
returnRunnable.run();
return null;
}
}
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Two part molded part useful as a mixer for viscous curable materials
ABSTRACT
The present invention relates to articles comprising a plurality of molded hollow parts ( 11 ) having different central axis ( 14, 15 ) through the hollow elements, further having passages in walls of the hollow parts transverse to the central axis of the hollow parts. The present invention also relates to methods applying two part curable materials to substrates using the molded parts of the invention as mixing elements.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to articles comprising a plurality of molded parts having different central axis through the hollow elements further having passages in walls of the hollow parts transverse to the central axis of the hollow parts. The invention also relates to methods of applying two part curable materials to substrates using the molded parts of as mixing elements.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Two part curable compositions are used in a variety of applications such as adhesives, coatings, foams and the like, where rapid cure is required for the application, especially where the two parts are not shelf stable when in contact with one another. Shelf stable means that the composition does not cure in storage. Two part curable compositions which exhibit high viscosities may be difficult to mix and apply. Examples of such systems are disclosed in WO 2012/151086 and WO 2012/151085, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. This is especially a problem where the two parts are mixed in a relatively high volumetric ratio of one part to the other. When the two parts are mixed in high volumetric ratio of one part to the other, the two dissimilar parts may be stored in a bag in bag tube, wherein the smaller volumetric part is stored in a bag disposed in the higher volumetric part, one of the bags is generally disposed along the outer wall forming the tube. The bag forms a barrier to contact of the two parts. This configuration allows for utilizing any volumetric ratio without concern for the size of the material tubes and their ability to work with standard two part mixers. Common concerns include high back pressure of the curable material and thorough mixing of the materials. If the back pressure resulting from introducing highly viscous materials into the mixer used is too high, the curable materials will not pass through the mixing chamber and cannot be applied. If the two parts are not adequately mixed the curable material will not cure in a manner desired. A complicating factor is that many two part composition are applied in remote locations or by consumers, where there is limited or no access to applicators capable of applying sufficiently high pressures to overcome the back pressures and thoroughly mix the parts, many common manually driven or battery driven applicators do not have the capability to overcome back pressures resulting from trying to pass a highly viscous material through mixers capable of properly mixing such compositions.
Complex mixing systems have been developed to address these problem, see for example, EP 1,189,686; EP 1,830,070 and EP 2,011,562 incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Such systems can be complicated to use or costly to manufacture.
What is needed is mixer systems that can thoroughly mix highly viscous two part compositions using manual and battery operated applicators without creating unacceptable back pressures, which are easy to use and can be manufactured in a cost effective manner. What are needed are methods for applying viscous two part curable systems utilizing such mixing systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to articles comprising a plurality of molded hollow parts having different central axis through the hollow elements further having passages in walls of the hollow parts transverse to the central axis of the hollow parts. The invention also relates to methods of applying two part curable materials to substrates using the molded parts as mixing elements.
The invention relates to articles comprising: two parts each part having two or more sections connected together wherein each section is formed from one or more molded materials, which form the periphery of a hollow structure having a proximal end, a distal end, a cross section and open passages in the molded material on the periphery of the hollow structure, a central axis through the hollow structure transverse to the cross section of the molded material and the passages in the molded material having a central axis through the passage; wherein adjacent sections are connected near the proximal end of each section and the angle formed by the central axis of adjacent connected sections is from about 45 to about 90 degrees and the angle formed by the central axis of the hollow structure of each section and the central axis of the passages in the molded material is from about 45 to about 90 degrees; wherein each part is a mirror image of the other and the two parts can be assembled to form an article having a portion which is symmetri cal. Preferably, the molded material of each section forms a consistent cross-section formed along planes perpendicular to the central axis of the hollow structure. Preferably, the adjacent elements are connected together near the proximal end at a location from the proximal end that is equal to about half or less of the linear distance of the central axis of two sequential elements of the same orientation while in the assembled state. In some embodiments one part has connected to one end a molded structure comprising one or more asymmetri cal portions, such as helical shaped elements. Preferably, the two parts are assembled.
In another embodiment, the invention is a method comprising: a) introducing two parts of curable material having a high viscosity into an elongated mixing chamber having a mixer comprising an article of the invention, an inlet and an outlet, wherein the helical portion is disposed at the inlet end of the chamber so that the two parts of the curable material passes through the helical section first; b) applying sufficient pressure on the material entering the inlet of the chamber to move the material through the chamber in contact with the mixer wider conditions that the two parts are mixed sufficiently to cure and perform the desired function of the curable material; and c) applying the mixed two parts of the curable material to one or more substrates. Preferably the method further comprises: d) contacting a first substrate with a second substrate with the mixed two part curable material disposed between the two substrates; and e) allowing the mixed two part curable material to cure and bond the two substrates together.
The articles of the invention can be manufactured in two part molds in a cost effective manner. The articles are effective in mixing two part curable compositions using manual or battery driven application systems.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 show two parts of an article of the invention useful as a static mixer.
FIG. 2 shows the two parts of the article of FIG. 1 from another angle.
FIG. 3 shows an article in two parts one having a helical section.
FIG. 4 is an applicator of FIG. 3 from another angle.
FIG. 5 shows the article of FIG. 3 and 4 assembled and from its end.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The explanations and illustrations presented herein are intended to acquaint others skilled in the art with the invention, its principles, and its practical application. Accordingly, the specific embodiments of the present invention as set forth are not intended as being exhaustive or limiting of the invention. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims, are entitled. The disclosures of all articles and references, including patent applications and publications, are incorporated by reference for all purposes. The following claims are hereby incorporated by reference into this written description.
The invention relates to an article that can be prepared in two parts which two parts can be assembled to form an article which is symmetri cal or which has a symmetri cal portion. The two parts are molded parts and can be molded using two part molds. Where the article is completely symmetri cal a single two part mold may be utilized to prepare the two parts. In other words if the two parts are identical and can be mirror images of one another a single mold can be utilized. The two parts are capable of being assembled to form an article which is symmetri cal or which has a symmetri cal portion. If one or both of the two parts contain a non-symmetri cal section two molds are required. Symmetri cal as used herein means the parts can fit together to form a part that is virtually identical on each side of a plane running through the center from the proximal to the distal end. In general the article comprises: two parts wherein each part has two or more sections connected together wherein each section is formed from one or more molded materials wherein the molded materials form the periphery of a hollow structure having a proximal end, a distal end, a cross section and open passages in the molded material on the periphery of the hollow structure, a central axis through the hollow structure transverse to the cross section of the molded material and the passages in the molded material having a central axis through the passages; wherein adjacent sections are connected near the proximal end of each section and the angle formed by the central axis of adjacent connected sections is from about 45 to about 90 degrees and the angle formed by the central axis of the hollow structure section and the central axis of the passages in the molded material is from about 45 to about 90 degrees; wherein each part or a portion thereof is a mirror image of the other and the two parts mirrored parts can be assembled to form a symmetri cal structure.
The parts of the article of the invention are prepared from any material that can be molded in a two part molding system or which can be formed by casting. Exemplary materials include thermoplastics, thermosets, metals and the like. Preferred materials are thermoplastics and thermosets, with thermoplastics preferred. Preferred thermoplastics comprise any plastic with a glass transition temperature or heat deflection temperature above room temperature and include polyolefins, polyamides, polystyrene s, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), blends of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene with polycarbonate (PC/ABS) and the like. Preferred thermosets comprise any thermosetting material with a heat deflection temperature above room temperature and include polyurethanes, polyureas, acrylics, polyesters, epoxies and the like. The materials may further comprise fillers, reinforcing agents, internal mold release agents, stabilizers, antioxidants, fire retardants and the like known to those skilled in the art. Exemplary fillers include talc, fumed silica and the like. Preferred reinforcing fibers include polymer, glass, carbon fibers, ceramics, clays and the like.
Two or more parts are assembled to form an article. Each part comprises a plurality of hollow structures having a proximal end and a distal end. The plurality of hollow structures are affixed to one another near one end of the hollow structure, designated as the proximal end. The distal end is the end furthest from where the hollow structures are affixed to one another. The point where the hollow structures are affixed together is preferably formed during formation of the parts. The hollow structures have a central axis passing through the center of the molded hollow structure from the proximal end to the distal end. The molded material forms walls about the central axis. The walls form a cross-section transverse to the central axis passing through the melded parts. The cross-section is preferably consistent along the central axis of the hollow parts from the proximal end to the distal end. The cross section can be any cross section suitable for the desired end use, for example, irregular, circular, oval, polygonal and the like. Preferably the cross section is, circular, oval or polygonal. More preferably the cross section is polygonal, even more preferably square or rectangular and most preferably square. As is well known to the skilled artisan draft angles may be engineered into the parts so as to facilitate formation of the parts and removal of the parts from molds.
The walls of each hollow structure preferably contain passages therethrough that have their own central axis that are transverse to the central axis of the hollow structures. The passages through the walls are of a size and shape to facilitate the articles of the invention to perform the function the article is designed to perform. The passages through the wall preferably have a consistent shape. Exemplary shapes include irregular, circular, oval, polygonal and the like. Preferably the shapes are circular, oval, polygonal with polygonal being more preferred and square or rectangular most preferred. The passages in the walls of the hollow structure may pass through the opposite wall of the hollow structure or there may be no passage opposite the passage in the wall of the hollow structure. In some embodiments, it is preferred that there is a wall opposite to passages in the wall of the hollow structure.
The plurality of hollow structures of each part are connected near the proximal end of the hollow structures such that the central axis of adjacent parts form an angle. The angle is chosen such that the parts can be manufactured using a two-part mold and the articles formed from the parts can perform the desired function. Preferably the angle of the central axis of the two adjacent hollow structures is about 90 degrees or less. Preferably the angle of the central axis of the two adjacent hollow structures is about 45 degrees or greater, more preferably 60 degrees or greater and most preferably about 85 degrees or greater. Most preferably the angle is about 90 degrees.
Each hollow section is connected to an adjacent section. They can be connected in any manner known in the art, for example by mechanical connection, adhesive, welding, by a molded or cast in connection. A molded, or cast, in connection is formed during molding, or casting, where a portion of the material utilized to prepare the parts is formed between the adjacent sections which holds the adjacent hollow sections together. Preferably the connection utilized maintains the angle between the central axis of adjacent hollow parts. The connection is located near the proximal end of the hollow parts. The distance of the connection from the proximal end is chosen so as to allow the article of the invention to perform its desired function. Preferably, the adjacent elements are connected together near the proximal end at a location from the proximal end that is equal to half the linear distance of the central axis of two sequential elements of the same orientation while in the assembled state. Preferably the connection is disposed with respect to the proximal end within 30 percent of the length of the hollow section, and more preferably about 20 percent of the length.
The two or more parts of the article are adapted to be connected to form an article that is symmetri cal or which has a portion that is symmetri cal. The parts comprise a plurality of hollow elements. A sufficient number of the hollow elements are utilized to allow the ultimate article to perform the function it is designed to perform. Preferably each part comprises two or more hollow sections and more preferably three or more sections. In some preferred embodiments when the two parts are connected together each hollow part has an adjacent hollow part having a central axis parallel to its central axis. The pair of hollow parts form a symmetri cal element when the two or more parts are connected. The number of pairs of adjacent hollow parts, hereinafter referred to as elements, utilized in the article is chosen such that the article can perform the function it is designed to perform. The two or more parts are designed to be connected. They can be connected by any method that facilitates the ultimate use of the articles of the invention. They can be connected by mechanical devices, built in snap fits, interference fit, adhesives, welding and the like. Preferably the parts are connected by built ID snap fits or interference fit. In a preferred embodiment the two adjacent sections are square or rectangular and have corners of the square or rectangle adjacent to one another. Such elements from the cross-sectional perspective have two squares or rectangles having adjacent corners, such structure in the central part forms an X. The next adjacent pair of elements have central axis disposed at the angles described hereinbefore.
One or more of the parts may comprise a non-symmetri cal part. The non-symmetri cal part may be formed by any means capable of preparing the specific shape. The non-symmetri cal part may be attached to the symmetri cal section using any known attachment method, for instance formed with an integral connection, mechanical methods, welding, an adhesive and the like. Preferably the non symmetri cal section is molded at the same time as one or more of the parts and the connection is formed during the molding operation.
In the embodiment wherein articles of the invention are useful as mixes for flowable material. Each pair of hollow elements with parallel central axis can be referred to as a mixing element. In a preferred embodiment wherein the two adjacent elements contact one another along a corner, the adjacent elements form an X in the central section from a cross-sectional perspective. In a preferred embodiment the passages in the walls of the hollow section are opposite solid walls along the opposing wall of the hollow section. This feature is utilized to force the material passing through a passage in a first hollow wall of a section to move in another direction when it meets the opposing wall of the hollow section.
In a preferred embodiment mixers prepared according to the invention comprise a non symmetri cal section. Preferably the non symmetri cal portion is connected to one of the two or more parts and preferably is formed integrally to the part it is attached to. The non-symmetri cal part can have any shape that enhances the function of the article, for instance mixing along with the symmetri cal part. Preferably the non-symmetri cal part forms a helical path. As used herein element with respect to the non-symmetri cal part, helical element, means a single helical section. A helical section comprises a sheet of material that has a bend in it which bends about 180 degrees. Material flowing along the helical section is turned about 180 degrees. Preferably the end of a helical section comprises a straight edge. Preferably the straight edge of one helical section is rotated 90 degrees from the straight edge of the next section. This rotation forces material flowing from one helical section to another to be divided by the straight edge of the next helical section. If a series of helical sections are used the flowing material is divided at the beginning of each helical section.
The parts utilized to form the articles of the invention are prepared by molding. Preferably injection molding. Preferably the mold is a two part mold having actuated slides. The angle between the direction of the actuated slides and the face of each mold is dictated primarily by the angle of the central axis of one hollow element to another within a molded part. In the event that one or more parts comprise a non-symmetri cal part a separate mold is utilized for parts of different shapes. In essence, the moldable material is converted into a flowable material. This may be done by heating the material to a temperature at which it is molten. The moldable material is injected into a closed mold as described. The mold may be treated with a mold release prior to injection of the moldable material or the moldable material may contain an internal mold release. After injection the moldable material is cooled or allowed to cool and the mold is opened to release the parts. The particular conditions for molding are material dependent and one skilled in the art would know the appropriate conditions for the specific moldable material. After removal from the mold any flashing is removed. The two or mare parts are assembled to form the article.
The articles of the invention can be used for a variety of purposes, for example as mixers, blenders applicators, rheology modifiers. and the like. In a preferred embodiment the articles are used as static mixers for mixing viscous materials. Preferably the mixers are used for multipart systems that are reactive and mixed just prior to use, for example adhesives, coatings, body fillers, teamed plastics or polymers, dispersions and the like. More preferably the articles are used for two part systems. Preferably the articles are used the adhesive systems. Mixing sys-tems that the mixers can be utilized with typically comprise a mixing tube with a nozzle at the end of the mixing tube. The mixing tubes generally contain a passage for introduction of the ma-terial to be mixed into the tubes. Disposed in the tubes can be static mixers adapted to mix the parts of the material introduced into the tubes. Typical mixers contain a system for applying pres-sure to the material introduced into the tubes to drive the material through the mixer. The system for applying pressure generally includes plungers that push the material to be mixed into, through and out of the exit nozzle of the mixing tube. Commonly the parts to be mixed are disposed in two separate tubes of the material to be mixed and separate plungers are used for each material to push the material from each tube in the mixer. Typically the material in each tube is reactive with the material in the other tube and the components start to cure when mixed. Alternatively the two parts may be located in the same tube with a membrane or film separating the two parts so that they are not in contact in the tube. The smaller volume part is typically located in the inner bag. Often the part in the inner bag is located along the side of the tube. Thus the mixer needs to dis-perse the smaller part throughout the mixed materials to achieve even cure of the materials. This system is often referred to as a bag-in-bag system and is often utilized when the volumetric ratio of the two parts is high. This type of system allows the use of materials having odd volumetric ratios. The nozzle of the mixing tube may be shaped to extrude a bead of the mixed material of a desired shape. In mixing the pressure applied to the materials being mixed is sufficient to overcome the back pressure of the materials being mixed as it passes through the mixer. This system is especially useful for manual or battery operated mixing systems as such systems are limit-ed in the amount of pressure that can be applied to the materials. Such systems are typically utilized outside of workshops, for instance by wind shield installers working remotely. Preferably the mixers utilized apply pressure to the materials moved through the mixer of about 100 psi (6.89 kPa) or greater, more preferably about 150 psi or greater and most preferably about 200 psi (1379 kPa) or greater. Preferably the mixers utilized apply pressure to the materials moved through the mixer of about 500 psi (3447 kPa) or less and most preferably about 300 psi (2068 kPa) or less.
In preferred embodiments mixers of the invention comprise symmetri cal sections and non-symmetri cal sections. In one embodiment, the symmetri cal sections are referred to as sym-metri cal X grids. In a preferred embodiment the non symmetri cal sections comprise helical ele-ments. The relative number of symmetri cal and non-symmetri cal elements are chosen to passage of multiple part systems through the mixer with adequate mixing and without undue back pressure. Adequate mixing means that the parts mix sufficiently to cure evenly throughout the applied mixture. Undue back pressure means that the material cannot be moved through the mixing tubes with the available system for applying pressure to the mixed materials, for example a manual or battery operated mixing system. Preferably the non-symmetri cal part of the mixer is disposed at the inlet end of the mixing tube. The inlet end is the end to which the materials to be mixed are introduced. As a corollary the symmetri cal section is disposed nearest to the outlet of the mixing tube that is the nozzle though which the mixed material passes before application to a substrate. The mixers of the invention preferably comprise more than one of each type of element. Generally the mixers comprise sufficient number of helical sections (non-symmetri cal sections) to reduce the viscosity of the materials to be mixed, for instance by shear thinning the materials. The number of X grids, symmetri cal sections, are chosen to achieve adequate mixing. Preferably 3 or more non-symmetri cal sections (helical sections) are utilized. Preferably 4 or more non-symmetri cal sections (helical sections) are utilized. Preferably 5 or less non-symmetri cal sections (helical sections) are utilized. Most preferably 5 non-symmetri cal sections (helical sections) are utilized. Preferably 3 or more symmetri cal sections (X grid sections) are utilized and more prefer-ably 4 or more symmetri cal sections (X grid sections) are utilized. Preferably 6 or less symmet-ri cal sections (X grid sections) are utilized and more preferably 5 or less symmetri cal sections (X grid sections) are utilized. Most preferably 5 symmetri cal sections (X grid sections) are utilized. The length of each symmetri cal (X grid) section and each non-symmetri cal section is chosen to achieve the objectives of the formed parts. A skilled artisan would adapt the specific lengths for the particular application.
The mixers of the invention are adapted to fit in the mixing chambers in which they are used. Preferably the mixer fills the mixing chamber to prevent materials to be mixed from passing around the mixer and thus not mixing. Preferably the mixer has the same cross-sectional shape as the mixing chamber for this reason. Preferably the cross section is circular or oval. The articles are preferably designed and manufactured such that when the parts are assembled they have the proper cross-sectional shape. The symmetri cal section parts are adapted to have outside shapes for this purpose, the portion of the symmetri cal section that will be on the outside of the part is contains design features to form the appropriate cross-sectional shape.
In some embodiments the symmetri cal, non symmetri cal or both sections contain reinforcing structures. Such reinforcing structures can be any shape or in any location such that the mixer has sufficient structural strength to withstand the pressures utilized during mixing. The reinforcing structures can be rails or ribs. Preferably the ribs or rails are disposed in the direction of mixing. Preferably a plurality of such structures are utilized. The helical section preferably contains ribs or rails to support this section. Preferably 2 to 4 rails are disposed substantially equally about the helical sections.
The mixers of the invention are useful in mixing any multipart compositions, preferably two part compositions. Such mixers are useful in mixing highly viscous multipart systems. In preferred embodiments the mixers of the invention are useful in mixing systems having a viscosity of about 30,000 centipoises or greater and more preferably about 100,000 centipoises or greater. Preferably the mixers of the invention are useful in mixing systems having a viscosity of about 5,000,000 centipoises or less. The mixers can be used to mix any curable systems, for example adhesive systems. The mixers can be utilized to mix two part hybrid systems containing isocyanate functional pre polymers and acrylate containing monomers, oligomers or polymers, such systems are disclosed in WO 2012/151086 and WO 2012/151085, incorporated herein by reference.
The separate parts are placed into the mixing system and passed into and through the mixing tube to mix the parts. As the mixed parts are passed through the nozzle at the outlet such mixed parts are applied to a substrate. Where the mixed parts are useful as an adhesive two substrates are contacted with the mixed parts disposed between them and the mixed parts are allowed to cure and bond the substrates together.
FIG. 1 shows two parts of an article of the invention 10 useful as a mixer known in the art as an SMX mixer. Illustrated are two symmetri cal parts 11 and 11′ each having sections 12 and 12′ with different central axis 14 and 15 through the molded material forming each section, the angle between the central axis of adjacent sections being theta. The arrows show how the two parts are placed together. FIG. 2 shows the two parts from a different angle. Shown are parts 11 and 11′, sections 12 and 12′ and central axis 14 and 15. Also shown are a plurality of passages 16 in the molded material wherein the passages each have central axis 13, disposed through the center of the passages 16. Each section has a proximal end 17 and a distal end 18. Dotted line 19 illustrates the direction of the plane of the cross section of the sections. Many mixers are adapted to the shape of the mixing chamber into which they are placed. Common mixers have round or oval cross-sectional shapes and elongated chambers. The mixing elements are often adapted in cross-section to the shape of the mixing chamber. The taper of the corners of the SMX elements is illustrated, 20. The arrows show how the two parts are placed together. FIG. 2 also shows the angle between the central axis 15 of a section and the central axis of a window 13, α.
FIG. 3 shows a part 11 which is forms a symmetri cal article and a part 21 which forms a symmetri cal article further having a non-symmetri cal section. Part 21 contains a symmet-ri cal forming portion 22 and a non-symmetri cal section 23. FIG. 3 also shows a support rib or rail 24 on the non-symmetri cal portion. The two parts are shown in an exploded format. FIG. 4 shows the article of FIG. 3 from a different angle. FIG. 5 shows an article shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 from an end section wherein the two parts are connected and to show the circular cross-sectional shape of the article adapted for use in a mixing chamber having a circular shape.
One or more as used herein means that at least one, or more than one, of the recited components may be used as disclosed. Preferably the cure rate is determined by determining the dynamic yield stress, measured by G′ on a rheometer. Preferably the G′ is 6×10^(α)Pa the strength of the curing adhesive at a designated time.
Illustrative Embodiments of the Invention
The following examples are provided to illustrate the invention, but are not intended to limit the scope thereof. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
Mixing Examples A two part adhesive prepared as described in WO 2012/151086 and WO 2012/151085 with the viscosity adjusted by adding additional plasticizer to the recited press flow viscosity of 25 or 30 seconds are placed in a bag in bag tube and applied using a battery operated mixer which applies about 220 psi (1517 kPa) pressure to the mixture in the tube. A mixer having a length of 7 inches is used. The impact energy of the adhesive and Shore D hardness are measured 20 minutes after cure. The flow rate in grams per minute of the mixed adhesive is measured. The press flow viscosity of the adhesive varies from 25 to 30 seconds. Cure rate is measured by impact energy and Shore A hardness. The results are compiled in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Press Mixer flow Impact Flow Diameter viscosity Energy Rate Shore D Mixer configuration mm (s) (mJ) (g/min) Hardness 5 element helical 5 element X-Grid 20 25 6693 1000 23 10 Element Helical 20 25 2366 840 12 Element Helical 16 25 AF 420 Hand Mixed 25 8578 28 X Grid Only 20 25 <1000 NM 5 element helical 5 element X-Grid 20 30 6645 1000 23 10 Element Helical 20 30 2000 800 X Grid Only 20 30 <1000 >1000 4 element helical 5 element X-Grid 20 30 13 3 element helical 5 element X-Grid 20 30 11 3 element helical 6 element X-Grid 20 30 12 4 element helical 6 element X-Grid 20 30 18 4 element helical 4 element X-Grid 20 30 11 4 element helical 3 element X-Grid 20 30 CD
AF means applicator failure. NM means not measured. CD means cannot dispense. These results illustrate that the best mixer design is 5 helical and 5 X grid elements, as indicated by the high values for impact energy and Shore A hardness, which are closest to the values for the hand mixed example.
Impact Energy is measured using the Izod impact test. Press Flow Viscosity: The press flow viscosity is determined as the time (seconds) required to extrude 20 grams of adhesive through a capillary. The width of the capillary is fixed at 0.104 in (2.6 mm) and the applied pres-sure is 60 psi (4.1×10^(α)Pa). Unless otherwise noted, all press flow viscosity values were determined at 23+/−1° C.
Parts by weight as used herein refers to 100 parts by weight of the composition specifically referred to. Any numeri cal values recited in the above application include all values from the lower value to the upper value in increments of one unit provided that there is a separation of at least 2 units between any lower value and any higher value. As an example, if it is stated that the amount of a component or a value of a process variable such as, for example, temperature, pressure, time and the like is, for example, from 1 to 90, preferably from 20 to 80, more preferably from 30 to 70, it is intended that the values such as 15 to 85, 22 to 68, 43 to 51, 30 to 32 etc. are expressly enumerated in this specification. For values which are less than one, one unit is considered to be 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, or 0.1 as appropriate. These are only examples of what is specifically intended and all possible combinations of numeri cal values between the lowest value, and the highest value enumerated are to be considered to be expressly stated in this application in a similar manner. Unless otherwise stated, all ranges include both endpoints and all numbers between the endpoints. The use of “about” or “approximately” in connection with a range applies to both ends of the range. Thus, “about 20 to 30” is intended to cover “about 20 to about 30”, inclusive of at least the specified endpoints. The term “consisting essentially of” to describe a combination shall include the elements, ingredients, components or steps identified, and such other elements ingredients, components or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the combination. The use of the terms “comprising” or “including” to describe combinations of elements, ingredients, components or steps herein also contemplates embodiments that consist essentially of the elements, ingredients, components or steps. Plural elements, ingredients, components or steps can be provided by a single integrated element, ingredient, component or step. Alternatively, a single integrated element, ingredient, component or step might be divided into separate plural elements, ingredient, components or steps. The disclosure of “a” or “one” to describe an element, ingredient, component or step is not intended to foreclose additional elements, ingredients, components or steps.
1. An article comprising: two parts wherein each part has two or more sections connected together wherein each section is formed from one or more a molded materials wherein the molded materials form the periphery of a hollow structure having a proximal end, a distal end, a cross section and open passages in the molded material on the periphery of the hollow structure, a central axis through the hollow structure transverse to the cross section of the molded material and the passages in the molded material having a central axis through the passages; wherein adjacent sections are connected near the proximal end of each section and the angle formed by the central axis of adjacent connected sections is from about 45 to about 90 degrees and the angle formed by the central axis of the hollow structure of each section and the central axis of the passages in the molded material is from about 45 to about 90 degrees; wherein each part is a mirror image of the other and the two parts can be assembled to form a symmetri cal structure.
2. An article according to claim 1 wherein the molded material of each section forms a consistent cross-section formed along planes perpendicular to the central axis of the hollow structure.
3. An article according to claim 1 wherein the cross-section formed by the molded material is oval, circular or polygonal.
4. An article according to claim 1 wherein the molded material comprises metal, thermoplastic resins or thermoset resins.
5. An article according to claim 1 wherein the molded material comprises one or more thermoplastic resins or thermoset resins which further comprises one or more fillers, reinforcing fibers or mixtures thereof.
6. An article according to claim 1 wherein the adjacent elements are connected together near the proximal end at a location from the proximal end that is equal to half the linear distance of the central axis of two sequential elements of the same orientation while in the assembled state.
7. An article according to claim 1 wherein one or both parts have connected to at least one end a molded structure of another shape.
8. (canceled)
9. An article according to claim 1 wherein the two parts are assembled.
10. An article according to claim 1 comprising three or more elements wherein the cross-section of the structure formed by the molded material is a square for each element, the elements are connected at opposing corners of the structure and one of the sections further comprises a molded section comprising more than one helical structure.
11. An article according to claim 1 wherein each helical element forms a path that rotates about 180 degrees and the starting point of the path of the helical path of adjacent elements is about 90 degrees from the ending point of the adjacent element.
12. A method comprising a) introducing two parts of curable material having a high viscosity into an elongated mixing chamber having a mixer comprising an article according to claim 1, an inlet and an outlet, wherein the helical portion is disposed at the inlet end of the chamber so that the two parts of the curable material passes through the helical section first; b) applying sufficient pressure on the material entering the inlet of the chamber to move the material through the chamber in contact with the mixer under conditions that the two parts are mixed sufficiently to cure and perform the desired function of the curable material; and c) applying the mixed two parts of the curable material to one or more substrates.
13. A method according to claim 12 which further comprises d) contacting a first substrate with a second substrate with the mixed two part curable material disposed between the two substrates; and e) allowing the mixed two part curable material to cure and bond the two substrates together.
14. A method according to claim 12 wherein the mixer comprises one or more helical elements and two or more hollow elements wherein the helical portion is disposed at the inlet end of the mixing chamber so that the two parts of the curable material passes through the helical section first.
15. A method according to claim 12 wherein the mixer has from about 3 to about 5 helical elements and from about 3 to about 6 hollow elements.
16. A method according to claim 12 wherein the viscosity of the two part of the curable material is from about 30,000 to about 5,000,000 Pa·s.
17. A method according to claim 12 wherein the pressure applied to the two parts of the curable material is from about 150 to about 500 psi.
18. A method according to claim 12 wherein the two part curable material is contacted at a volumetric ratio of 1:1 to 100:1.
19. A method according to claim 12 wherein the two parts of the curable materials are introduced from a single tube having the lowest volume part enclosed in a bag within the highest volume part.
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Though advances in cancer detection and therapy have significantly advanced life expectancy in cancer patients, quality of life may be severely compromised due to the development of painful neuropathy \[[@B1]-[@B4]\]. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a common, rapidly induced effect observed soon after administration of anti-cancer agents \[[@B5]-[@B7]\] resulting in numbness, tingling and pain distributed in a distal stocking-and-glove pattern \[[@B8],[@B9]\]. Oxaliplatin is a highly active antineoplastic agent, licensed for treating colorectal cancer, that contains a platinum complex with a 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) carrier ligand designed to overcome resistance to other antineoplastic agents \[[@B10]\]. The volume of distribution of platinum is high, due to the lipophilicity of oxaliplatin metabolites, which bind irreversibly to proteins, DNA and other cellular molecules. The terminal half-life of oxaliplatin is long, and neurotoxicity is very common in patients treated with this drug, with 68% experiencing some degree of toxicity. The dose-limiting toxicity is exacerbated by exposure to cold \[[@B11]-[@B14]\] at doses of or greater than 135 mg/m^2^, with early development of allodynia and hypersensitivity to heat and cold stimuli \[[@B15]\].
Animal models have reproduced some of the effects of the development of neuropathy after treatment with chemotherapeutic agents, but the mechanism remains unclear. Various treatments have been suggested to provide symptomatic relief for chemotherapy induced neurotoxicity \[[@B16],[@B17]\] but with limited or no efficacy.
Since thermal hypersensitivity is a significant early consequence of oxaliplatin treatment, we investigated the involvement of the ion channels expressed by nociceptors involved in thermosensation. These plasma membrane bound ion channels belong to the transient receptor potential (TRP), superfamily of receptors \[[@B18]\]. TRPV1 (vanilloid subtype 1), is activated by noxious heat (\>43°C) \[[@B19]\] capsaicin, low pH, the inflammatory mediators arachidonic acid \[[@B20]\] and bradykinin \[[@B21]\] leading to the perception of pain, and thermal hypersensitivity \[[@B22]\]. The sensitivity and expression of TRPV1 is modulated by the neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF) \[[@B23]-[@B25]\] and glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in rodents \[[@B26]\] and humans \[[@B27]\]. The levels of NGF, GDNF and its receptor ret are increased in injured human peripheral nerves and ganglia \[[@B28],[@B29]\] and in tissues with chronic inflammation \[[@B30]-[@B32]\]. TRPV1 expression is upregulated in conditions of chronic pain \[[@B33]-[@B35]\] for which it is an important target. As oxaliplatin treated individuals report hypersensitivity to cold stimuli during or soon after infusion, we examined the functional effects of acute oxaliplatin treatment on TRPM8 and TRPA1, two ion channels involved in cool and noxious cold perception respectively. TRPA1 is activated by temperatures less than 17°C, the chemicals mustard oil and cinnamaldehyde (CA), and the cooling agents icilin and menthol; it is expressed in nociceptors, and involved in pain perception although there is inconsistent evidence for its role in cold detection \[[@B36]-[@B42]\]. TRPA1 is colocalized with 30% - 50% TRPV1 expressing neurons in rodent \[[@B43]\] and human DRG, where the expression of both channels is increased after injury \[[@B44]\]. Like TRPV1, the responses of TRPA1 to CA demonstrate tachyphylaxis, and are enhanced in the presence of NGF, GDNF (also upregulated in conditions of chronic pain), and NT3 \[[@B44]\]. TRPM8 (subtype melastatin 8), is expressed in a distinct subset of nociceptors, and activated by cool temperature (\<25°C), menthol, icilin \[[@B45],[@B46]\], and the carboxyamide derivative WS-12 \[[@B47]\]. Here, we describe the morphological and functional effects of oxaliplatin treatment in cultured adult rat DRG neurons.
The cultured neurons had extended neurites by 24 hours after plating, when the oxaliplatin was added, and the morphological effects of oxaliplatin treatment were apparent with phase-contrast microscopy 24 hours later. Measurements taken 48 hours post oxaliplatin treatment showed reduced neurite length, density and number of surviving neurons, effects that were more pronounced with the higher doses of 20 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml than with the lower dose of 5 μg/ml oxaliplatin (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). These effects were confirmed by Gap43 immunostaining which showed that oxaliplatin-treated neurons had thinner, shorter, vesiculated neurites, which appeared to be disintegrated, leaving a faintly positive halo of neurite fragments around the cell bodies (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Gap43 immunostaining appeared patchy and less intense in oxaliplatin-treated neurons compared with control neurons, and was strongest at the cell body and diminished in the neurites (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The maximum average neurite length in control neurons was 525.3 ± 29.1 μm (mean ± s.e.m., average of 3 experiments, total 39 neurons). After 48 hours incubation with 5 μg/ml oxaliplatin, the maximum neurite length was significantly reduced to 351.6 ± 23.7 μm (P \< 0.05, total 27 neurons), 300.6 ± 23 μm after 20 μg/ml oxaliplatin (P \< 0.01, total 20 neurons), and 130.3 ± 67.6 μm after 50 μg/ml oxaliplatin (P \< 0.01, total 10 neurons) (Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Data are derived from n = 3 culture preparations for each concentration, in each experiment. The number of Gap43-positive neurons was reduced with increasing oxaliplatin concentration, as was the proportion of neurite-bearing neurons (averages from more than 150 neurons for each concentration, n = 3) (Figure [3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). The number of neurons surviving after oxaliplatin treatment was reduced to 29.6 ± 6.4% (total 460 neurons, P = 0.0008), with 5 μg/ml oxaliplatin, 41.7 ± 11% (total 658 neurons, P = 0.01), with 20 μg/ml oxaliplatin, and 28 ± 2.3% (total 435 neurons, P = 0.0002), with 50 μg/ml oxaliplatin, expressed as a percentage ± s.e.m. of vehicle treated neurons (total 1543 neurons) (Figure [3C](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). cAMP levels in oxaliplatin treated neurons were observed to be significantly higher (160.5 ± 13 a.u., n = 3, 93 neurons P \< 0.05), than the vehicle treated neurons (120.3 ± 4 a.u., P \< 0.05, n = 3, 50 neurons) and higher than positive controls treated with 500 μg/ml 8-bromo-cAMP (140.45 ± 10, n = 3, 102 neurons) (Figure [4A](#F4){ref-type="fig"} and [4B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}).
::: {#F1 .fig}
**Phase contrast photomicrographs of cultured adult rat DRG neurons. A**. without oxaliplatin; **B**. after 48 hour treatment with 5 μg/ml oxaliplatin, **C**. 20 μg/ml oxaliplatin and **D**. 50 μg/ml oxaliplatin, showing a dose-related loss of neurite integrity, loss of cell bodies, and accumulation of cell debris. Bar = 50 μm.
::: {#F2 .fig}
**Gap 43 immunostaining in adult rat DRG neurons *in vitro*. A**. without oxaliplatin treatment, DRG neurons are densely distributed and the cell bodies and neurites are intensely positive for Gap43 immunostaining (green), with long, robust and profusely branched neurites. **B**. Neurons treated with 5 μg/ml oxaliplatin have shorter, less dense neurites (double arrowheads), and reduced intensity of Gap43 immunostaining (double arrowheads). **C**. after 20 μg/ml and **D**. 50 μg/ml oxaliplatin treatment, there is a dose related loss of neurites (double arrowheads), cell bodies (single arrowheads) and loss of Gap43 immunostaining. Bar = 30 μm.
::: {#F3 .fig}
**Morphological effects of oxaliplatin treated neurons**. **A**. Dose-related decrease in maximum neurite length in oxaliplatin treated adult rat DRG neurons *in vitro;*33% reduction after 5 μg/ml oxaliplatin, 42.7% reduction after 20 μg/ml, and 75% reduction after 50 μg/ml oxaliplatin treatment. **B**. Decrease in the percentage of Gap43 positive neurons bearing neurites (solid bars) and increased proportion of neurons without neurites (clear bars) after treatment with increasing oxaliplatin concentration. **C**. The number of neurons surviving after 48 hours oxaliplatin treatment, expressed as a percentage of vehicle treated neurons was significantly reduced after treatment with 5, 20 and 50 μg/ml oxaliplatin.
::: {#F4 .fig}
**Increased cAMP signal intensity in oxaliplatin treated neurons. A**. Immunofluorescence images of cAMP positive adult rat DRG neurons acutely treated with 8-bromo-cAMP (positive control), or oxaliplatin for 15 minutes, compared to vehicle treated neurons. Bar = 50 μm. **B**. Fluorescence signal intensity for cAMP immunostaining (arbitrary units), was increased in oxaliplatin treated adult rat DRG neurons compared to positive controls, and significantly higher than vehicle treated neurons.
Functional studies using calcium imaging showed that vehicle treated neurons produced a smaller second response to capsaicin (80.7 ± 0.6%, n = 4, 13 neurons, Figures [5B](#F5){ref-type="fig"} and [6A](#F6){ref-type="fig"}), compared with the first response (100 ± 0.034%), due to desensitization. Neurons that had been acutely treated with 20 μg/ml oxaliplatin for 10 minutes after the first capsaicin stimulus, showed a significantly enhanced second response to capsaicin (paired t test, P \< 0.05, 171.26 ± 29.6%, n = 6, 16 neurons, Figure [5D](#F5){ref-type="fig"} and [6A](#F6){ref-type="fig"}), compared to the first response and also when compared with the second response to capsaicin without oxaliplatin (n = 4, 13 neurons, unpaired t Test, P \< 0.05). (Figure [5C](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Further, some neurons that had not responded to the first response, showed a response to the second capsaicin stimulus after the addition of oxaliplatin (traces 2,3 and 4 in Figure [5D](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Preincubation with the CB2 agonist GW833972 eliminated the enhancement seen with oxaliplatin, reducing the second response to 81.42 ± 8.1% of the first response (P \< 0.05 n = 3, 12 neurons) (Figure [6A](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). Neurons treated with 5, 20 or 50 μg/ml oxaliplatin for 48 hours (n = 3), were stimulated with a single application of 200 nM capsaicin, and compared with responses in vehicle treated neurons (n = 5, 27 neurons, Figure [6B](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). There was a dose-related enhancement of responses, which was significantly greater in neurons treated with 20 (P = 0.003, 22 neurons), and 50 (P = 0.002, 27 neurons) μg/ml oxaliplatin, but not with 5 μg/ml oxaliplatin (n.s. P = 0.1, 22 neurons).
::: {#F5 .fig}
**Sensitization of capsaicin responses by acute oxaliplatin treatment: A. Representative trace showing baseline 340/380 intracellular ratio in a DRG neuron and its increase in response to addition of 200 nM capsaicin (arrow) to test for capsaicin sensitivity**. **B**. Following washout of medium, a second stimulus of 1 μM capsaicin (arrow) after 30 minutes gave a smaller second response compared with the first response (in A), due to desensitization. **C**. Same as in Figure 5A, showing traces 1,2,3,4 from 4 individual neurons, where trace 1 shows increased 340/380 ratio in response to added 200 nM capsaicin (arrow), but not traces 2,3 or 4. **D**. Incubation with 20 μg/ml oxaliplatin for 10 minutes after the first stimulus and washout significantly enhanced the response to 1 μM capsaicin (arrow, trace 1) and evoked responses in previously unresponsive neurons (traces 2 and 4).
::: {#F6 .fig}
**Sensitization of capsaicin responses after acute (A) and chronic (B) oxaliplatin treatment; Sensitization of responses to icilin (C), but not WS12 (D), after oxaliplatin treatment**. **A**. Graph showing the average magnitude of desensitization (2^nd^bar) normalised to the first response (1^st^bar) in vehicle treated neurons. Acute oxaliplatin treatment resulted in significantly enhanced second responses (3^rd^bar), compared to the first capsaicin response, that was reversed by preincubation with 5 μM CB2 agonist GW833972 (4^th^bar). **B**. Chronic treatment with oxaliplatin for 48 hours also enhanced responses to 200 nM capsaicin (n.s. at 5 μg/ml oxaliplatin, but highly significant at 20 and 50 μg/ml oxaliplatin). **C**. Vehicle treated neurons responded to 1 μM icilin with calcium influx (1^st^bar), and a smaller second response following washout (2^nd^bar). Pretreatment with 20 μg/ml oxaliplatin before the second icilin stimulus significantly enhanced responses to 1 μM icilin (3^rd^bar), and significantly higher than the second icilin response without oxaliplatin (P = 0.005). Similarly, chronic oxaliplatin treatment (20 μg/ml for 24 hours), also resulted in significantly enhanced second responses to 1 μM icilin compared to those without oxaliplatin (P \< 0.05). **D**. Vehicle treated neurons responded to the TRPM8 specific ligand WS-12 (20 μM stimulus), with calcium influx (1^st^bar). Following washout, a second 20 μM WS-12 stimulus resulted in a reduced response (2^nd^bar), that was unaffected by the presence of oxaliplatin.
In vehicle treated neurons not treated with oxaliplatin, the second response to 1 μM icilin was reduced compared with the first response (85.3 ± 1.7%, n = 3, 8 neurons, Figure [6C](#F6){ref-type="fig"}), while 5-10 minute treatment with 20 μg/ml oxaliplatin enhanced the second response compared with the first response (143.85 ± 7%, P = 0.004, unpaired t test, n = 3, 11 neurons, Figure [6C](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). Similarly, chronic treatment (24 hours) with 20 μg/ml oxaliplatin also resulted in significantly enhanced second responses to 1 μM icilin compared to those without oxaliplatin (119.71 ± 11.8%, P \< 0.05, n = 3, 11 neurons). Sensitization of icilin responses were unaffected by pretreatment with 5 μM CB2 agonist GW 833972 (not shown).
Responses to the second of a pair of 20 μM WS-12 stimuli, were reduced in vehicle treated neurons compared with the first response (83.39 ± 16.1%, n = 5, 21 neurons, Figure [6D](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). In the presence of oxaliplatin, there was no change in the average magnitude of the second response (84.6 ± 16.4%, n = 7, 24 neurons), although some neurons responded to the second stimulus but not the first. Spontaneous activity was observed in some neurons after the addition of oxaliplatin. Application of oxaliplatin or vehicle did not activate calcium influx in the neurons, at the concentrations used.
Morphological effects of oxaliplatin treatment
This study was aimed at understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy, and showed that adult rat DRG neurons treated with oxaliplatin *in vitro*, undergo dose-dependent loss of neurite length, density, Gap43 expression, and neuronal number (Figures [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}, [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). In addition to these morphological changes, increased cAMP levels in oxaliplatin-treated neurons (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}) correlated with functional effects of TRPV1 and TRPA1 sensitization, not observed for TRPM8, after acute and chronic treatment with oxaliplatin (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). The doses used in our study (5, 20, 50 μg/ml i.e. 12, 48 and 120 μM respectively) were higher than another study (1-10 μg/ml) investigating the effects of oxaliplatin in embryonic (E15) rat DRG \[[@B48]\], but with similar outcomes for neuronal survival and inhibition of neurite outgrowth. Other studies have utilised higher oxaliplatin concentrations of 250 μM on rat DRG neurons \[[@B49]\], and 100 and 500 μM on rat sciatic nerve \[[@B50]\]. Thus, while oxaliplatin targets rapidly dividing tumour cells by the formation of DNA adducts, post mitotic neurons are also affected, possibly by disruption of the synthesis of cytoskeletal elements essential for axon transport of ion channels and other membrane proteins, which are actively recycled from the terminals. Evidence for this may be derived from the diminished Gap43 immunostaining following oxaliplatin treatment. Gap43 is a cytoskeletal, growth associated protein expressed in developing and regenerating DRG neurons \[[@B51]\]; it is rapidly transported to the nerve terminals after synthesis, and is essential for the maintenance of neurites \[[@B52]\]. Oxaliplatin thus appears to have similar morphological effects to cisplatin, taxol and paclitaxel \[[@B53]-[@B55]\]. The dose dependent reduction of neurite length indicates damage that could result in disruption of nerve terminals and signal transduction components, and provide a basis for the stocking and glove distribution of sensory abnormalities experienced by chemotherapy recipients. Damaged afferent neurites are capable of sprouting from their peripheral terminals and reconnecting with their peripheral target tissue, so that resolution of dysaesthesia and paraesthesia would be expected to occur with time after discontinuation of chemotherapy. However loss of sensory neurons due to cell death is likely to produce permanent sensory deficits due to the inability of sensory neurons to be replaced, thus creating an imbalance between the surviving fibre types with respect to modality. Further, as injured afferent fibres are capable of generating ectopic signals from their damaged terminals and cell bodies within the DRG \[[@B56]\] chemotherapy induced neuronal damage may lead to chronic pain.
Studies in patients have indicated that oxaliplatin binds irreversibly to plasma proteins and has a long half life which could lead to the cumulative dose related toxicity. Thus while the doses used in our study were higher than the maximum concentration levels (4.81 ± 1.83 μg/ml), which is closest to our lowest dose of 5 μg/ml) observed in plasma ultrafiltrate of patients treated with a single oxaliplatin infusion \[[@B57]\], they may represent the levels present in tissues including peripheral nerves, accumulated during the course of treatment. AUC~0-inf~(area under the curve) values of 278 ± 81 μg/ml\*h following a single 4 hour infusion at 130 mg/m^2^(cycle 1) have been reported for plasma platinum \[[@B57]\].
Animal models of chemotherapy mediated neuropathy
Rodents treated with paclitaxel and vincristine developed a partial degeneration of terminal arbours in the epidermis, increased spontaneous discharge of peripheral nerve fibres \[[@B58]\], reduced nerve conduction velocity after cisplatin and paclitaxel administration \[[@B59]\], and thermal hyperalgesia, with upregulation of TRPV1, TRPM8 and TRPA1 mRNA several hours after cisplatin and oxaliplatin treatment \[[@B60]\].
Functional effects of oxaliplatin treatment on TRPV1, TRPA1/M8
We have studied the functional effects of oxaliplatin on the neuronal characteristic of desensitization (tachyphylaxis) due to repeat stimulation \[[@B61]-[@B63]\]. The desensitization observed in our experiments was between the first capsaicin stimulus of 200 nM and the second stimulus of 1 μM, 30 minutes after washout of medium; this protocol has been previously described \[[@B64]\] and the modest desensitization is attributed to the combination of growth factors used for culturing the neurons, and the long gap between the first and second stimuli. However, we observed acute sensitization of TRPV1 within 10 minutes of applying 20 μg/ml oxaliplatin, seen as significantly enhanced capsaicin responses with calcium imaging, compared to the desensitization observed in vehicle treated neurons (Figures [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"} and [6A](#F6){ref-type="fig"}) indicating a modulatory effect of oxaliplatin on the sensitivity of TRPV1. Chronic oxaliplatin treatment (48 hours) also resulted in significantly enhanced dose related responses to 200 nM capsaicin, in contrast to vehicle treated neurons (Figure [6C](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). Some neurons developed spontaneous activity after oxaliplatin application, or showed a response to the second capsaicin stimulus following oxaliplation addition, but not the first capsaicin stimulus (traces 2, 4, in Figure [5D](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Thus oxaliplatin differs from Ara C (cytosine arabinoside - used for treating leukemia), which had the effect of abolishing capsaicin responses by blocking the insertion of TRPV1 ion channels in the cell membrane of human DRG neurons, but causing hypersensitivity when Ara C treatment was stopped, due to the reappearance of TRPV1 in the cell membrane \[[@B65]\]. As oxaliplatin application itself did not result in calcium influx, it appears not to directly activate the TRPV1 receptor, but may bring about the observed effects via a second messenger, such as cAMP, which we found was significantly increased in oxaliplatin treated neurons compared to controls (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). The rapid sensitization of TRPV1, within minutes of applying oxaliplatin as observed in this study, probably occurs via post translational modification, in a manner similar to that observed in the rapid membrane insertion of TRPV1 ion channels following activation of protein kinase A and phosphorylation of TRPV1 \[[@B25],[@B66],[@B67]\].
Mechanism of TRPV1 sensitization and effect of CB2 agonist
Since adenylyl cyclase activation is involved in TRPV1 sensitization via cAMP \[[@B68]\] by phosphorylation of TRPV1 \[[@B69]\], we compared cAMP expression in vehicle treated neurons, positive controls i.e. neurons treated with membrane permeant 8-bromo-cAMP, and in neurons acutely treated with oxaliplatin, using immunofluorescence. The significant increase in cAMP observed in oxaliplatin treated neurons, correlated well with the functional data, which showed acute sensitization following oxaliplatin treatment. This observation is strengthened by the abolition of oxaliplatin mediated sensitization of capsaicin responses by preincubation with the CB2 (cannabinoid receptor subtype 2) agonist GW833972 (Figure [6A](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). CB2 mediated inhibition of capsaicin responses has been shown in rats \[[@B70]\], and guinea pigs \[[@B71],[@B72]\], mediated by TRPV1 dephosphorylation \[[@B73]\]. CB2 receptors are G protein coupled receptors expressed by DRG neurons, and CB2 agonists have been shown to inhibit adenylyl cyclase, and reduce cAMP, to inhibit TRPV1 sensitization in human sensory neurons *in vitro*\[[@B64]\]. On the basis of these results, it can be hypothesized that inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase may be expected to ameliorate TRPV1 mediated hypersensitivity following oxaliplatin chemotherapy. The acute effects of oxaliplatin observed in this study may have been brought about by activation of adenylyl cyclase and a consequent increase in cAMP leading to TRPV1 phosphorylation and sensitization. This is likely to cause further excitotoxicity by increased calcium influx and may be responsible for structural damage such as neurite loss, which could potentially lead to neuropathic pain.
Effect of oxaliplatin on TRPA1/M8 function
As the infusion of oxaliplatin is accompanied by the symptom of hypersensitivity to cold stimuli in patients, we examined the involvement of the cool receptor TRPM8, and the noxious cold receptor TRPA1, which are activated by the chemicals menthol and icilin \[[@B74],[@B75]\]. Identification of icilin sensitive neurones and examination of their subsequent responses in the presence of oxaliplatin required repeated stimulation with icilin, which resulted in 14.7% reduction of the second response. TRPM8 is subject to desensitization on repeat stimulation \[[@B40],[@B76]\], as is TRPA1. Acute and chronic oxaliplatin treatment resulted in sensitization of icilin responses indicating that either one or both channels could be affected (Figure [6C](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). In order to identify which of these channels was involved, we used the TRPM8 specific carboxyamide derivative WS-12 \[[@B40]\], but no consistent sensitization of WS-12 responses was observed after oxaliplatin treatment (Figure [6D](#F6){ref-type="fig"}), indicating that TRPM8 may not be involved in oxaliplatin mediated effects. Our conclusion that oxaliplatin affects TRPA1 rather than TRPM8, is based on the sensitization of icilin responses observed after oxaliplatin treatment but not of the responses using the TRPM8 specific ligand WS12; this is an indirect approach to distinguish between the two ion channels, and may represent a limitation of this study. As the low dose used (1 μM) is closer to the EC~50~for TRPM8 \[[@B40]\], than for TRPA1, it is possible that TRPM8 rather than TRPA1 is involved in oxaliplatin mediated cold hypersensitivity; this would have to be confirmed by future studies using thermal stimuli.
A clinical effect on nerve fibres expressing TRPA1 could account for early symptomatic cold hypersensitivity, while the cold and heat hyperalgesia on sensory testing may result from sensitization of TRPA1 and TRPV1 ion channels respectively. As the clinical symptoms can be acute, a postranslational mechanism of activation is more likely than changes in gene expression, in the immediate phase.
This is the first study to describe sensitization of TRPV1 and TRPA1 and/or TRPM8 in a model of oxaliplatin induced neuropathy, the role of cAMP in mediating the sensitization, and the effectiveness of a CB2 agonist in mitigating it.
Bilateral DRG from all spinal levels were aseptically harvested from 19 freshly sacrificed adult female Wistar rats (250 grams), in Ham\'s F12 medium, enzyme digested in 0.2% collagenase (Worthington type IV)/0.5% dispase for 3 hours at 37°C, and dissociated in modified BSF2 medium \[[@B77]\], containing 2% fetal calf serum and soy-bean trypsin inhibitor (1 mg/ml), to obtain a single cell suspension. 100 μl neuronal suspension was plated on collagen (type I, 50 μg/ml), and laminin (20 μg/ml), coated MatTek dishes (glass bottomed plastic petri dishes), in BSF2 medium and incubated at 37°C in a humid environment, for 30 minutes before adding 2 mls BSF2 containing 50 ng/ml each NT3 and GDNF, 100 ng/ml NGF, to each dish. 24 hours later, oxaliplatin, was added to some of the cultures at 5 μg/ml (12 μM), 20 μg/ml (48 μM), 50 μg/ml (120 μM), or vehicle (0.4% distilled water).
Cultures were fixed 48 hours after oxaliplatin treatment, with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA), for 15 minutes, washed in PBS, permeabilised with methanol (-20°C, 3 minutes), washed in PBS and incubated with primary antibody, mouse monoclonal anti Gap43 (1: 200). This was followed by 3 PBS washes and secondary antibody Alexa Fluor 488 (Molecular probes, 1: 200), for 45 minutes at room temperature, washed with PBS, and mounted in Citifluor containing Dabco (antifade agent). Cyclic AMP (cAMP) immuostaining was performed in vehicle treated neurones, and neurons treated with 20 μg/ml oxaliplatin or 500 μM 8-bromo cAMP (Calbiochem, positive controls) for 15 minutes. Following PFA fixation, immunostaining with primary rabbit polyclonal antibody to cAMP (AB306, Millipore, USA, 1:1000), and Alexa 546 secondary antibody, was performed as above. Images were acquired with Smartcapture 3 (Digital Scientific, Cambridge UK), connected to an upright Olympus BX61 microscope, after confirming the absence of immunostaining in negative controls where the primary antibody had been omitted. Adobe Photoshop C53 software was used to measure the maximum neurite lengths in Gap43 immunostained neurons, and cells with and without neurites were counted in each group (n = 3 for each group). Images of cAMP immunostaining were captured using 0.2 seconds exposure time, and fluorescence intensity was measured (arbitrary units a.u.) with Metamorph software (Molecular Devices), imported and analysed with Excel software.
Calcium imaging - capsaicin responses
Neuronal cultures were loaded with the calcium indicator dye Fura 2 AM, (Molecular Probes, 2 μM, 45 minutes at 37°C), in phenol-red free Hank\'s balanced salt solution (HBSS), containing 0.1% BSA, washed and incubated in HBSS containing 0.5% BSA for 20 minutes, and baseline changes in bound/unbound calcium ratio (340/380 λem nm), in response to capsaicin stimulation were monitored as previously described \[[@B63]\]. Acute effects of oxaliplatin were determined in normal neurons stimulated with a test dose of 200 nM capsaicin to identify capsaicin sensitivity, followed by washout and a second capsaicin stimulus of 1 μM after 30 minutes; this was compared with the responses to 1 μM capsaicin in a separate group of neurons, preincubated with 20 μg/ml oxaliplatin, or the cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2), agonist GW 833972 and oxaliplatin, for 10 minutes following the 200 nM test dose of capsaicin and washout. Chronic effects of oxaliplatin were determined by measuring the first response to 200 nM capsaicin in neurons pretreated with oxaliplatin for 24-48 hours and compared with vehicle treated controls.
Fura 2 loaded normal untreated neurons were stimulated with a pair of stimuli of 1 μM icilin, separated by washout of medium and a 10 minute rest period. The responses were compared with those obtained after acute application of 20 μg/ml oxaliplatin before the second icilin stimulus. Chronic effects of oxaliplatin treatment were determined in neurons treated with 20 μg/ml oxaliplatin for 24-48 hours, with repeat stimulation using 1 μM icilin.
The TRPM8 specific ligand WS-12 was used in an identical protocol as icilin, with paired stimuli of 20 μM, separated by washout of medium and a 10 minute rest period between the two stimuli. The responses were compared with those from neurons acutely treated with 20 μg/ml oxaliplatin before the second WS-12 stimulus. Students t-test was used to compare groups and results are given as Mean ± SEM, n = number of culture preparations and n.s. indicates \'not significant\'. P \< 0.05 was set as the level for statistical significance. Capsaicin was freshly prepared in ethanol at 400× final concentration from 20 mM stock solution (in DMSO aliquoted and stored at -20°C). Oxaliplatin was dissolved in sterile distilled water at 5 mg/ml concentration, and stored as aliquots at -20°C, which were freshly thawed prior to use. Icilin and WS-12 stocks were prepared at 400× final concentration in ethanol; all chemicals were purchased from Sigma, U.K. unless stated otherwise. GW833972 is 2-\[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)amino\]-N-(4- pyridinylmethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5 pyrimidine carboxamide, CB2 EC50 = 60 nM \[kind gift of GlaxoSmithKline, UK\]. WS-12 is 2 S,5R-2-Isopropyl-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methylcyclohexanecarboxyamide. Rats were housed and tissues were harvested according to UK Home Office guidelines.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
UA conceived and designed the study, conducted the studies, analysis and wrote the manuscript. WRO and PA participated in the study design, interpretation of the results and reviewing of the final results. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors are grateful to Prof. Sir Nicholas Wright for providing facilities at Cancer Research UK.
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>PHPex3 - Variables</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
// Assign variables
$myString = "The sum of ";
$x = 4;
$y = 8;
//Print "The sum of" and return carriage
echo $myString . "</br>";
//Print "4" return carriage, "8".
echo $x . "</br>";
echo $y . "</br>";
//Print "The sum of 4 and 8 is 12"
echo $myString . $x . " and " . $y . " is " . ($x + $y) . "</br>";
//Print "$y"
echo '$y'."</br>";
// Print "8"
echo "$y"."</br>";
// Print "$y".
echo "\$y"."</br>";
?>
</body>
</html>
|
Accessory Uno4K SE experienced an address collision.
Hello,
I have been experiencing an issue with this plugin. I got lot's of errors in the Log stating, that a "address collision" had occurred. I am not sure what this means and I don't know where I should check for the issue.
In HomeKit the status is also not correct. The Device is on, but HomeKit states it is off.
Can somebody help me?
Thanks so much!
Best regards
Ivan
Try to install Homebridge 2.0 beta
Oh, unfortunately I'm using Hoobs... Is there nothing I can do here?
Just report this on hoobs support
Just report this on hoobs support
Hi, I have talked to Hoobs support, and while they tried their best to help me we couldn't find a solution because in the end it's up to the developers to look after the plugins.
Just asking, do you have any idea on what I could try to fix this? Maybe by installing an older version of the plugin?
Yes, you can always install old Version, just Chose it from menu.
|
Charles A. Peck, Respondent, v. Thomas S. Baines, Appellant.
Order affirmed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements. No opinion. Jenks, P. J., Mills, Putnam, Blaekmar and Jayeox, JJ., concur.
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Suryansh
The result was delete. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 03:26, 18 May 2020 (UTC)
Suryansh
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
Non notable YouTuber playback singer. Article dePRODed, possibly by the creator. Sources are to IMDB, YouTube, file sharing sites and passing mentions. Does not pass WP:CREATIVE. Mccapra (talk) 09:23, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. Mccapra (talk) 09:23, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Popular culture-related deletion discussions. Mccapra (talk) 09:23, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. Mccapra (talk) 09:23, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
* Delete article was declined at AFC on 22 October 2019, 7 December 2019 and 4 May 2020, it has not improved nor has the subject become more notable since then Joseywales1961 (talk) 13:39, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
* Delete Fails WP:GNG and WP:NMUSIC upcoming not notable at this point.Pharaoh of the Wizards (talk) 13:53, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
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Error when execute ´npm run build-assets´
I try to install de application and I have a problem when execute
npm run build-assets
Server Info:
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS
Release: 16.04
Codename: xenial
node -v
v9.3.0
npm -v
5.5.1
The error is:
npm run build-assets
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>build-assets /home/ubuntu/ecommerce_project/ecommerce
node ./node_modules/webpack/bin/webpack.js -p
events.js:136
throw er; // Unhandled 'error' event
^
Error: write EPIPE
at _errnoException (util.js:999:13)
at WriteWrap.afterWrite [as oncomplete] (net.js:883:14)
npm ERR! code ELIFECYCLE
npm ERR! errno 1
npm ERR<EMAIL_ADDRESS>build-assets: node ./node_modules/webpack/bin/webpack.js -p
npm ERR! Exit status 1
npm ERR!
npm ERR! Failed at the<EMAIL_ADDRESS>build-assets script.
npm ERR! This is probably not a problem with npm. There is likely additional logging output above.
npm ERR! A complete log of this run can be found in:
npm ERR! /home/ubuntu/.npm/_logs/2018-01-04T21_30_43_099Z-debug.log
Any Idea?
Thanks!
Me too getting the same issue.
npm ERR! code ELIFECYCLE
npm ERR! errno 137
npm ERR<EMAIL_ADDRESS>build-assets: `webpack -p --progress`
npm ERR! Exit status 137
npm ERR!
npm ERR! Failed at the<EMAIL_ADDRESS>build-assets script.
npm ERR! This is probably not a problem with npm. There is likely additional logging output above.
npm ERR! A complete log of this run can be found in:
npm ERR! /home/vagrant/.npm/_logs/2018-06-14T07_05_40_468Z-debug.log
I have libfontconfig-dev installed and npm install before this step.
node --version v10.4.1
npm --version 6.1.0
Does installing those packages help?
apt install libffi-dev libjpeg-dev zlib1g-dev python-cairocffi libcairo2-dev gir1.2-pango
For anyone still trying to figure this out – the solution for me was to increase the memory size.
I was running a 1GB RAM DigitalOcean Ubuntu 16.04.4 x64 Droplet. After increasing the memory size to 8GB (not sure how much is actually needed) everything ran and completed without error.
Maybe splitting “npm run build-assets” into smaller steps would solve the problem for low-memory systems.
Good luck! 🍀
I'm getting a similar error with webpack on Ubuntu 18.04 with libfontconfig-dev and the other packages suggested by @NyanKiyoshi installed:
npm ERR! code ELIFECYCLE
npm ERR! errno 2
npm ERR<EMAIL_ADDRESS>build-assets: `webpack -p`
npm ERR! Exit status 2
npm ERR!
npm ERR! Failed at the<EMAIL_ADDRESS>build-assets script.
npm ERR! This is probably not a problem with npm. There is likely additional logging output above.
node --version 8.10.0
npm --version 5.6.0
@bdferguson as of today, Saleor is requiring to have nodejs 10+. Try upgrading it first. Then if the issue is still there, could you show the full stack, I'm guessing this was not the full output? (may be wrong)
As @Korred suggested. It seems this is related to RAM. I increased the server memory to 3GB from 1GB and it worked just fine.
|
Structure is filled incorrectly during fread_s
I have the following structure defined ( u8 is typedef for unsigned char)
struct
{
u8 length_directory_record;
u8 extended_attribute_record;
u8 location_of_extend[8];
union
{
u8 bytes[8];
struct
{
long little;
long big;
} endian;
}
} dir;
Now when I read a file into this like this
fseek(myfile, (SECTOR_SIZE*222)+34+34, 0);
fread_s(&dir, sizeof(dir), sizeof(u8), 18, myfile);
I get weird large numbers when I print the data_length value (little one). The value actually are stored as LSB and MSB ( both byte orders), thats why I use the struct in the union.
printf("Data Length of File Section: %u\n", dir.data_length.endian.little);
However when I do the same steps without reading into a struct it works:
union{
u8 val[4];
long v;
} value;
fseek(myfile, ((SECTOR_SIZE * 222) + 34 + 34)+10, 0);
fread_s(&value, sizeof(value), sizeof(u8), 4, myfile);
printf("%u\n", value.v);
What is wrong with my first version? Why is the structure incorrectly filled or where is there any problem i do not see here ?
EDIT:
Some more information: The file i am reading is a binary file.
((SECTOR_SIZE * 222) + 34 + 34) is the position where the structure starts. I verified this using a Hex Editor (Sector Size is 2048), so the +10 in the second example directly jumps to the offset of the 32bit number stored as LSB an MSB ( so 8 bytes)
File Dump of the offset starting the structure:
30 00 DF 00 00 00 00 00 00 DF 30 C3 0B 00 00 0B C3 30 0.ß......ß0Ã....Ã0
Expected value for the data_length is 770864 bytes but the output at the moment is 3862510 (random value)
You might consider editing the questions and either adding detail about things like ((SECTOR_SIZE * 222) + 34 + 34)+10; or perhaps removing such from the formula from the question code completely. Also, it would be appropriate to show the relevant portion of the file (perhaps a debug listing of the file), as well as what the expected printf output should be vs what is (in reality) being output.
Sounds like it might be a struct padding issue. Have you verified that sizeof(dir) is what you expect? If it's not, try using #pragma pack(1) and see if that fixes it.
I agree with @MikeHolt that structure packing is probably the issue here. You can verify this easily by examining the memory of your read within a debugger, but more important (for your education) task is to printf("%u"\n", sizeof(dir)); -- if packing is the issue, you'll find that structure is larger than the 18 bytes you've assumed (and you might also learn a lesson about the evils of hard coding the value 18 instead of using sizeof to get it!).
I added a dump of the 18 bytes from the file
Note that the randomness of what you're reading would also make sense if packing is the issue, because you'd be reading only 18 bytes into a 20 (or larger) byte buffer -- the remaining byte values would be undefined.
what is fread_s() ?
@wildplasser: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh977173.aspx
This sort of problem often occurs with a structure packing mismatch. The junk between fields is likely due to the writer having 32-bit (or great) aligned fields when the fields themselves are not alignment size. What gets written in between? Random cruft.
It's as if this declaration were in effect:
#pragma pack (1)
struct {
u8 length_directory_record;
u8 cruft_area_1[3];
u8 extended_attribute_record;
u8 cruft_area_2[3];
u8 location_of_extend[8];
...
It is likely that your object is not laid out as you expect. This is often due to the compiler inserting blank space in the middle of your struct so that it can access the struct members in the most efficient manner.
Following is a likely layout of your struct:
struct dir {
uint8_t length_directory_record; // Stored at offset [0, 1)
uint8_t extended_attribute_record; // Stored at offset [1, 2)
uint8_t location_of_extend[8]; // Stored at offset [2, 10)
// Implicit padding // Stored at offset [10, 12)
union
{
uint8_t bytes[8]; // Stored at offset [12, 20)
struct
{
int32_t little; // Stored at offset [12, 16)
int32_t big; // Stored at offset [16, 20)
} endian;
};
};
From your code, it appears that you expect the union to be found at offset 10. But it's very likely that it's being found at offset 12, or maybe 16.
You could verify the actual offset of dir.bytes by using:
assert(offsetof(dir, bytes) == 12);
Also, most compilers offer a mechanism to pack a struct so that there is no implicit padding. Generally, you either use #pragma pack or __attribute__((packed)).
We can also simplify this bug, so that it is more obvious to you:
struct object {
uint8_t a;
uint32_t b;
};
This object will take up 8 bytes of space, and will have 3 bytes of padding between a and b.
Thank you for your explanation. I will look further into this to avoid such problems in future.
|
A. M. Wicker, assignee, vs. Charles P. Pope and John B. O’Neall.
Erasure — Alteration—Evidence—Prison Bounds Bond— Assignment.
In the recital to the condition o'f a prison bounds bond, a name had been erased, and another inserted. No evidence was offered to explain the erasure, and the Judge submitted it to the jury to decide whether it was made before the bond was executed. The jury found for the plaintiff, and on appeal the Court refused to disturb their verdict.
Whether an alteration was made before or after an instrument was executed, is generally a question of fact for the jury to decide, and the party offering the instrument is not bound to offer evidence to show when the alteration was made, but may rely upon appearances on the face of the instrument itself to explain it.
A prison bounds bond can only be assigned to the plaintiff in execution, and an assignment to a third person, being void, may be disregarded and the bond assigned to the proper party.
BEFORE WARDLAW, J., AT NEWBERRY, SPRING TERM, 1859.
Tbe report of bis Honor, tbe presiding Judge, is as follows:
“ Tbis was an action of debt on a prison bounds bond.
“The declaration sets forth tbe recovery of judgment by tbe nominal plaintiff against Charles P. Pope, tbe arrest of tbe said C. P. Pope under a ca. sa., tbe execution by tbe defendants of a prison bounds bond with proper conditions, the assignment of the bond by Bonds, sheriff, successor of Kinard, sheriff, who took it, to tbe plaintiff, and three breaches, .to wit: First. That Pope went beyond the limits before be was legally discharged. Second. That tbe schedule which be rendered did not include bis whole estate, nor sufficient to satisfy tbe sum due on tbe said ca. sa. Third. That he did not, at the expiration of the prescribed notice, nor at any subsequent time, assign and surrender the property contained in the schedule.
“The pleas are: 1st. Non est factum. 2d. That Sheriff Bonds, before the assignment mentioned in tbe declaration, assigned the said bond to Jacob Kibler, so that he could not have assigned to the plaintiff, Wicker. 3d. After oyer, that the condition of the bond has been erased in a material part, to wit, one name struck out and another inserted, and so the ■bond is void. 4th. Performance of the condition. By subsequent pleading, issues of fact were presented on each of these pleas.
“ On the trial, the plaintiff showed the sealing and delivery of the bond ; that in'February, 1851, O. P. Pope filed a schedule and prayed the benefit of the Prison Bounds Act. After due notice the plaintiff filed a suggestion contesting the truth of the schedule, and upon trial before a commissioner of special bail and a jury, a verdict was rendered against the said 0. P. Pope; he appealed, and’between the trial and the. hearing of his appeal he was seen in New York. That no assignment accompanies the schedule, nor order of discharge, and that the ca. sa. and judgment on which it is founded are yet unsatisfied.
“The defendant moved for a nonsuit, mainly upon the ground of erasure ; on the face of the bond it appeared that in the prefatory statement which precedes the condition, one name had been struck out and another inserted, thus: 1 Whereas, the said G. P. Pope has been arrested by virtue of a writ of capias ad satisfaciendum, at the suit of A. M. WicJcer, for another,’ &c. The attesting witness of the bond remembered nothing on the subject, and there was no direct testimony in explanation; but it appeared to me so manifest that the erasure was a mere hasty correction of a- clerical error, made before execution, that I refused the nonsuit, saying that I would submit the fact, as to the time when the erasure was made, to the jury, according to the issue made under the third plea.
“The defendant showed that upon the appeal of 0. ,P. Pope, the order made in the Court of Appeals, 1852, was this: ‘New trial granted, with leave to amend the suggestions.’ He further offered testimony to the effect that amongst the articles mentioned in the schedule aforesaid were a gold medal, which was said to have cost forty dollars, but was' intrinsically worthless, and dentist’s instruments, which were of considerable value. (The plaintiff’s recovery was seventy-two dollars and twenty-nine cents, besides interest and costs.)
“ The defendant also showed that prior to the assignment of the bond to the plaintiff) the sheriff had, in the presence of two attesting witnesses, under his hand and seal, declared that he assigned ‘the within bond’ (the one now sued on) ‘to Jacob Kibler, the real plaintiff in the case of A. M. Wiclcer, who sues for another, vs. 0. P. Pope1
“I held that the absence of C. P. Pope from the State, before his appeal was heard, and after the execution of the bond, was a breach of the condition; that the value of the articles mentioned in the schedule was immaterial, for neither an assignment nor offer to assign had been shown:
“ That it was the duty of C. P. Pope, after the order of the Court of Appeals, within a reasonable time, (which would have been short of that which elapsed before this suit was brought in 1857,) to have taken steps toward a new trial, or the renewal of his application for discharge ; the plaintiff, for aught that appeared, not choosing to avail himself of the leave of amendment offered to him; and that there could, under our Act of Assembly, be no other assignment of a prison bounds bond but an assignment to the plaintiff; and therefore the attempt to assign to Jacob Kibler was a mere nullity.
“ I submitted to tbe jury tbe question of fact, whether the erasure in the recital preceding the condition appeared from circumstances to have been made before the execution of the bond.
“ The verdict was for the plaintiff, the amount shown by the ca. sa.”
The defendant appealed, and now moved this Court for a nonsuit, on the following grounds:
1. Because the condition of the bond sued on was erased, and there was no proof that the same was made before the execution.
2; Because' the bond had been previously assigned.
3. Because the schedule was of sufficient value to pay the ca. sa.
Jones, for appellants.
Baxter, contra.
H. H. Kinard, erased.
The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Wardlaw, J.
In relation to the second and third grounds of appeal, this Court approves of what is said in the report: and it is unnecessary to say more.
The appellants’ counsel has adduced many authorities to show that if, on the production of an instrument, it appears to have been altered, it is incumbent on the party offering it in evidence to explain this appearance. But it is well replied that, in the absence of all other evidence, the appearance may itself be explanatory, or, in other words, the internal evidence afforded by the instrument itself, may show that the alteration preceded the execution; as if the alteration appears in the same handwriting and ink with the body of the instrument, or if it is against the interest of the party deriving title under the instrument. Generally speaking,” (says Mr. Greenleaf, whose condensation of the law on fhis subject is adopted by this Court, 1 Green. Ev. sec. 564,) “if nothing appears to the contrary, .the alteration will be presumed to be contemporaneous with the execution of the instrument. But if any ground of suspicion is apparent upon the face of the instrument, the law presumes nothing, but leaves the question of the time when it was done, as well as that of the person by whom, and the intent with which the alteration was made, as matters of fact, to be ultimately found by the jury, upon proofs to be adduced by the party offering the instrument in evidence.”
Ordinarily these questions are determined by the Court in the first instance, upon a preliminary objection to the admissibility of the instrument: but they are often open again to the jury, — always so when the validity of the instrument is directly involved in the issue. In the present case, the defendants raised issues of fact involving direct inquiries into the effect of the alteration, both under the plea of non est factum, and the special plea of erasure. It appeared that the name of the sheriff, Kinard, to whom the bond was payable, had been inserted in the recital, at the blank left for the name of the defendant in the ca. sa., and had then been struck out, and in lieu of it the name of that defendant, C. P. Pope, inserted.- That this had been done before the execution, was presumable from the manifest requirements of the instrument; but it seemed to be made more certain by the occurrence in the condition, of the words plainly written, “the said C. P. Pope,” which could refer to nothing but the name of 0. P. Pope, inserted in the recital. The jury could not reasonably have been expected to be dissatisfied with appearances so plainly explanatory; and this Court is not at all inclined to disturb the verdict in favor of the instrument.
The motion is dismissed
Withers, Whitner, Glover and Munro, JJ., concurred.
Motion dismissed
|
610 BULLETIN 106, UXITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
rated from a convex poster by two small cardelles. On the frontal is an oval avicularium with pivot and pointed beak and placed obliquely with respect to the apertura. The ovicell is hyperstomial, salient, globular, smooth. The deep zooecia have an analogous apertura and an oral pedunculate avicularium quite salient, just to the level of the superficial zooecia. The incomplete zooecia are abundant; they are formed either by simple cavities or by zooecia deprived of frontal.
Affinities. This species resembles absolutely Holoporella altirostris in all its general characters. It differs from it only in its smaller micrometric dimensions, the smaller oral avicularium, and the absence of the two spines of the peristome. It appears like a minor variety. The true difference is in the appearance of the zoarium which particularly affects the convexity of shells.
Occurrence. Middle Jacksonian: Baldock, Barnwell County. South Caro lina (very common) ; one-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Co. mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (rare) ; 3i miles north of Grovania. Georgia (rare).
Description. The zoarium is free, massive, and globular. The superficial zooecia are small, little erect, simple, oblique; the frontal is smooth and convex; it is terminated by an aviculiferous salient beak. The apertura is quite small and semilunar; two small cardelles separate the concave poster from a larger anter. The deep zooecia have their umbo completely developed. The interzooecial avicularia are rather large, elliptical, rare.
Affinities. This species is characterized by the extreme smallness of its apertura. It differs from Holoporella pisiformis in its larger zoarium, which may attain 1-| cm. in diameter, in its oblique and not erect zooecia, and in its still smaller apertura.
|
Seek one value in Array and return the second one
I have an array like:
[
["Reichertshofen", "ssh -p 10001<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-L 13389:<IP_ADDRESS>:3389 -f sleep 50"],
["Zentralbuero", "ssh -p 10001<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-L 13389:<IP_ADDRESS>:3389 -f sleep 50"]
]
I would like to seek for the first value like "Reichertshofen" and get in return the second string.
How do I do that?
Any reason this data isn't in a Dictionary?
I got it out of a json file and it ended up like that :-)
This is essentially a dictionary, so my inclination is to represent the data as one.
let array = [
["Reichertshofen", "ssh -p 10001<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-L 13389:<IP_ADDRESS>:3389 -f sleep 50"],
["Zentralbuero", "ssh -p 10001<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-L 13389:<IP_ADDRESS>:3389 -f sleep 50"]
]
Swift 4
let sequence = array.flatMap
{ entry -> (String, String)? in
guard entry.count == 2 else { return nil }
return (entry[0], entry[1])
}
let dictionary = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues: sequence)
Swift 3
let dictionary = array.reduce([String:String]())
{ (dict, entry) in
guard entry.count == 2 else { return dict }
var dict = dict
dict[entry[0]] = entry[1]
return dict
}
Form there it's simply:
if let result = dictionary["Reichertshofen"]
{
print(result)
}
I would like to seek for the first value like "Reichertshofen" and get in return the second string.
What you have is an array of arrays. It'll be clearer if you add some line breaks:
[
["Reichertshofen", "ssh -p 10001<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-L 13389:<IP_ADDRESS>:3389 -f sleep 50"],
["Zentralbuero", "ssh -p 10001<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-L 13389:<IP_ADDRESS>:3389 -f sleep 50"]
]
So what you're asking for is the second element of the first subarray. In other words, if you have:
let people : [[String]] = [["Reichertshofen", "ssh -p 10001<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-L 13389:<IP_ADDRESS>:3389 -f sleep 50"], ["Zentralbuero", "ssh -p 10001<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-L 13389:<IP_ADDRESS>:3389 -f sleep 50"]]
then the element you want is:
let element = people[0][1]
Keep in mind that arrays are indexed from zero, so the first element in an array is at index 0.
Assuming all arrays contain (at least) 2 items and you want to search always for the first item use
let data = [
["Reichertshofen", "ssh -p 10001<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-L 13389:<IP_ADDRESS>:3389 -f sleep 50"],
["Zentralbuero", "ssh -p 10001<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-L 13389:<IP_ADDRESS>:3389 -f sleep 50"]
]
let search = "Reichertshofen"
if let found = data.first(where: {$0[0] == search }) {
let script = found[1]
print(script)
}
However I highly recommended to use a simple custom struct rather than a nested array. Names are more descriptive than indices.
struct Connection {
let name, script : String
}
let data = [
Connection(name: "Reichertshofen", script: "ssh -p 10001<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-L 13389:<IP_ADDRESS>:3389 -f sleep 50"),
Connection(name: "Zentralbuero", script: "ssh -p 10001<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-L 13389:<IP_ADDRESS>:3389 -f sleep 50")
]
let search = "Reichertshofen"
if let found = data.first(where: {$0.name == search }) {
let script = found.script
print(script)
}
// 1
for array in arrays {
// 2
if let index = array.index(of: "abc"),
// 3
(index + 1) < array.count {
// 4
return array[index + 1]
}
}
Enumerate through array of arrays
Find index of required element
Check if there is next element after that index
Return desired value
Why do all that work? Arrays give you immediate access to any element -- you don't have to iterate through the whole thing.
"seek" means you need to find element. Array in question is just example and probably is dynamic. My solution works for any order or size of array.
var lstServers = [String] is the variable I stored my data in. but I don't get where I get "arrays" from....
In my example "arrays" are equivalent your lstServers which is array of arrays.
|
Thursday, 2 June 2011
The finest traditions of Scots law...
[What follows is the text of a letter from John W Elliott published in today's edition of The Herald:]
Lords Hope and Rodger are two of our most distinguished Scottish judges. They have occupied the offices of Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General before going on to safeguard the interests of our Scottish legal system first as Lords of Appeal in Ordinary in the House of Lords and now as Justices of the UK Supreme Court.
Kenny MacAskill, our Cabinet Secretary for Justice, is a solicitor by profession but he has reverted to type by barracking the UK Supreme Court.
This is rather sad. By his boorish interventions in this matter – comments about English judges and the Edinburgh Festival and accusations that the UK Supreme Court is some sort of ambulance chasing institution – Mr MacAskill has lost the dignity and stature he displayed when he released Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed al-Megrahi on compassionate grounds according to the finest traditions of Scots law.
[What principally concerns me about the present brouhaha over the role of the UK Supreme Court is the failure to address the fundamental question about the performance of the Scottish criminal justice system in relation to human rights issues. Few, if any, Scots lawyers would say that the Supreme Court was wrong in its interpretation and application to Scottish practice of the European Convention on Human Rights in the Cadder and Fraser cases. There can be little, if any, doubt that the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg would have reached the same conclusions. Our first concern should be about rectifying the deficiencies in the Scottish criminal justice system, not shooting whatever messenger has the temerity to point them out. But while the posts of Lord Advocate and Solicitor General are both occupied by legal civil servants, virtually the whole of whose working life has been spent in the Crown Office, reform -- or even recognition that it is called for -- is in the highest degree unlikely.]
|
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