text
stringlengths 0
128k
|
|---|
---
name: New check request
about: Request a new tfsec check
title: "feat: new check for "
labels: 'new check', 'feature', 'requires-defsec'
assignees: ''
---
**Target Provider**
<!-- Please specify the provider that this check will target e.g. AWS, GCP etc. -->
**Target Terraform Block type**
- [ ] module
- [ ] resource
- [ ] data
- [ ] provider
- [ ] variable
**Target Terraform Type(s)**
<!-- Please specify the type(s) eg; `aws_s3_bucket` or `azurerm_network_security_group` -->
**Description of check**
<!-- Please provide a description of what should be checked -->
**Relevant links**
<!-- Are there any links that support this check? -->
**Anything Else**
<!-- Anything else you think supports this check request -->
|
#include "esp_spiffs.h"
#include "esp_log.h"
#include "esp_err.h"
#include <cerrno>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include "spiffs.h"
#define TAG "SPIFFS"
/**
@brief Initialize and mount the SPIFFS
@param none
@retval none
*/
void SPIFFS::init()
{
esp_vfs_spiffs_conf_t config =
{
.base_path = ROOT_DIR,
.partition_label = NULL,
.max_files = 5,
.format_if_mount_failed = true,
};
esp_err_t result = esp_vfs_spiffs_register(&config);
if (result != ESP_OK)
{
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to initialize filesystem. Error: %s", esp_err_to_name(result));
return;
}
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Mount OK.");
// Check for root directory
// Tricks the VFS into understanding a directory exists at the root of this FS
struct stat st;
bool exists = (stat(ROOT_DIR, &st) == 0);
if (!exists || !S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
{
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Creating root directory.");
if (mkdir(ROOT_DIR, ACCESSPERMS) != 0)
{
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to create root directory. Error: %s", strerror(errno));
return;
}
}
}
/**
@brief Remount the SPIFFS in case the partition has changed underneath
@param none
@retval none
*/
void SPIFFS::remount()
{
if (esp_spiffs_mounted(nullptr))
{
// Unregister/demount if counted
esp_err_t result = esp_vfs_spiffs_unregister(nullptr);
if (result != ESP_OK)
ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to unregister with VFS. Error: %s", esp_err_to_name(result));
}
// Remount
SPIFFS::init();
}
|
Phosphorus-Containing Telomers as UV-Curable Binders of Solvent-Free Varnish Coatings
The synthesis of novel phosphorus-containing telomers (P-telomers) was conducted via a solution-free UV-initiated telomerization process of butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, and styrene, different phosphorus telogens (dimethyl phosphite (DMPh), dibutyl phosphite (DBPh), diphenyl phosphite (DPPh) or dibutyl phosphate (DBP)), and a radical photoinitiator-acylphosphine oxide (APO). The course of the UV-phototelomerization process was monitored by photo-DSC and the chemical structures of telomers were assessed by FTIR. Final UV-photocurable varnish compositions consisted of prepared P-telomer syrups, crosslinking monomer (pentaerythritol triacrylate; PETIA), and a radical UV-photoinitiator (α-hydroxyalkylphenone, HAP). The influence of P- telomers on the optical and mechanical features of coatings was investigated. Relatively the highest hardness and satisfactory scratch values, as well as water and solvent resistance, were observed for varnish based on DMPh-telomers. While the strongest adhesive bond to a glass substrate was reported for DPPh-telomers. It is worth pointing out that the P-telomers did not affect the gloss values of varnishes in comparison to the telomer-free reference sample.
Introduction
UV-curable solvent-free coatings are promising for various fields of industrial applications, e.g., electronics [1,2], automotive [3,4], aerospace [5,6], textile industry [7,8], etc. This class of materials draws significant attention principally due to the high-speed curing at room temperature, low emission of organic volatile compounds, and little energy requirements [9][10][11][12]. Binders used in photocurable formulations are mainly based on (meth)acrylates, which are characterized by the high reactivity of polymeric chains and hence wide possibilities of modification [13,14]. Particularly interesting types of (meth)acrylate monomers for coating applications are phosphate (meth)acrylates and poly(meth)acrylates. The presence of phosphorus atoms in the (meth)acrylate structure gives the resulting polymer specific properties, for example, flame retardant [15][16][17], good adhesion to steel substrates [18,19], corrosion-resistant [20,21], biodegradable properties [22][23][24]. An important issue is also the use of phosphate (meth)acrylates in biomedicine, e.g., hydrogels based on copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 2-ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate with potential application as scaffolds for tissue engineering [25]. The common pathway for the synthesis of presented phosphorus-containing monomers is a condensation reaction, phosphorylation, or Pudovik reaction, where the source of phosphorus atoms is, i.e., phosphoryl chlorides, P 2 O 5 , or phosphonic acid esters.
Regarding photocurable compositions based on oligomeric binders containing terminal phosphate or phosphite groups, reports in the literature are limited. Relatively few patents are described. For example, coatings based on polymers with a pendant or terminal phosphorus groups obtained by emulsion/suspension polymerization of (meth)acrylic The chemical structures of the tested telogens are shown in Figure 1. The chemical structures of the tested telogens are shown in Figure 1 (c) bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide (APO; Omnirad 819, IGM Resins, Waalwijk, The Netherlands). The varnish compositions were prepared using P-telomer syrups, pentaerythritol tri acrylate (PETIA; Allnex, Drogenbos, Belgium) as a crosslinking monomer, and 1-hy droxycyclohexylphenyl ketone (HAP; Omnirad 184, IGM Resins, Waalwijk, The Nether lands) as radical UV-photoinitiator. The addition of PETIA cross-linking monomer wa intended to increase the cross-linking density of the coating and potentially improve it properties.
P-Telomers Syrups and Coatings Preparation
The P-telomers syrups were prepared via UV-induced telomerization processes o mixtures compounded of BA, MMA, HEA, STY, radical UV-photoinitiator (APO), and on of four organophosphorus telogens (DMPh, DPPh, DBPh, or DBP). Reactions were real ized in the presence of argon at 50 °C for 50 min in a glass reactor (250 mL) equipped with a mechanical stirrer, cooler, and thermocouple. The UV-LED stripe (λ = 390 ± 5 nm MEiSSA, Warsaw, Poland) was used as a UV light source. The UV irradiation inside th reactor (15 mW/cm 2 ) was controlled using the SL2W UV-radiometer (UV-Design Brachttal, Germany).
The varnish compositions were prepared using P-telomer syrups, pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETIA; Allnex, Drogenbos, Belgium) as a crosslinking monomer, and 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone (HAP; Omnirad 184, IGM Resins, Waalwijk, The Netherlands) as radical UV-photoinitiator. The addition of PETIA cross-linking monomer was intended to increase the cross-linking density of the coating and potentially improve its properties.
P-Telomers Syrups and Coatings Preparation
The P-telomers syrups were prepared via UV-induced telomerization processes of mixtures compounded of BA, MMA, HEA, STY, radical UV-photoinitiator (APO), and one of four organophosphorus telogens (DMPh, DPPh, DBPh, or DBP). Reactions were realized in the presence of argon at 50 • C for 50 min in a glass reactor (250 mL) equipped with a mechanical stirrer, cooler, and thermocouple. The UV-LED stripe (λ = 390 ± 5 nm; MEiSSA, Warsaw, Poland) was used as a UV light source. The UV irradiation inside the reactor (15 mW/cm 2 ) was controlled using the SL2W UV-radiometer (UV-Design, Brachttal, Germany).
Coating compositions were formed by mixing P-telomers syrups with the multifunctional crosslinking monomer (PETIA) and UV-photoinitiator (HAP). Compositions were stored for 24 h in a dark place, then applied onto glass substrates using a gap applicator (60 µm) and UV-irradiated (total UV dose of 6 J/cm 2 ) by means of the medium-pressure mercury lamp (UV-ABC, Hönle UV-Technology, Gräfelfing, Germany). The systems used for P-telomers, and varnishes preparation are shown in Table 1.
Characterization of P-Telomers Syrups
The dynamic viscosity of the telomers syrups was determined with the DV-II Pro Extra viscometer (spindle #6 or #7, 50 rpm; Brookfield, New York, NY, USA), at 25 • C. The solid content of the syrups was measured by means of the thermobalance (Radwag, Warsaw, Poland); samples (ca. 2 g) were heated in aluminum pans at 105 • C for 4 h. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used for the determination of the molecular masses (Mw, Mn) and polydispersity (PDI) of the P-telomers (telomers syrups were heated at 140 • C for 4 h before the test in order to remove unreacted monomers). The kinetics studies of the UV-induced telomerization process were realized at 50 • C by the photo-DSC method (the differential scanning calorimeter with UV equipment; Q100, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA). Samples (of 5 mg) were UV-irradiated (320-390 nm) with an intensity of 15 mW/cm 2 in an argon atmosphere.
During the measurements, the polymerization rate (R p , %/s), conversion of double bonds (p, %), and photoinitiation index (I p , s −2 ) were calculated according to the following equations: where: dH/dt is the heat flow recorded during UV-irradiation, H 0 is the theoretical heat value for the complete degree of conversion (∆H = 78.0 kJ/mol for acrylates, ∆H = 54.0 kJ/mol for methacrylates and ∆H = 67.4 kJ/mol for styrene), ∆Ht is the reaction heat evolved at time t [37]. The infrared spectra, measured with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscope with ATR accessories (Nicolet 380, ThermoScientific, Waltham, MA, USA) were used to characterize the incorporation of groups derived from phosphorus telogens (DMPh, DBPh, DPPh, and DBP) in the structure of the dry telomers (prepared by drying the reaction mixtures at 140 • C for 4 h before the test to remove unreacted monomers).
Characterization of the Varnishes
Conversion of C = C bonds (DC C = C ) in the varnish coatings after a UV-irradiation process was monitored using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscope with ATR accessories (Nicolet 380, ThermoScientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and calculated according to Equation (4): where A(0) is the initial intensity of the peak at 1635 cm −1 and A(t) is the intensity of the peak at 1635 cm −1 after t-time. The mentioned peaks were normalized in relation to the reference peaks at ca. 2960 cm −1 (stretching vibration of asymmetric aliphatic -CH 2 -groups in the coating compositions) [38]. Selected mechanical properties of the cured coatings were determined. The pendulum hardness of varnishes cured on a glass substrate was tested using the König pendulum (AWS-5, Dozafil, Warsaw, Poland) according to the PN-EN ISO 1522 standard (four measurements for each sample). Adhesion of the coatings to the glass substrate was measured according to the ISO 4624 standard using a pull-off adhesion tester-Elcometer 510 (Elcometer, Manchester, UK), aluminum dollies (20 mm), and a two-component epoxy adhesive (results are average made from five measurements). Gloss (at 20 • , ISO 2813) and smoothness (expressed by Distinctness of Image (DOI) parameter, ASTM D5767) of varnish coatings applied on white paper panels (WDX Plain White Cards, Leneta Company, Mahwah, NJ, USA) were measured using the IQ20/60/85 device (four measurements for each sample: Rhopoint Instruments, St. Leonards-on-Sea, UK). The scratch resistance test was performed using a scratch apparatus equipped with a steel scratch stylus (Dozafil, Warsaw, Poland) according to the PN-EN ISO 1518 standard. The presented results corresponded to the minimum load of the stylus causing a visible scratch on the surface of the coating. The solvent resistance of cured coatings was tested according to PN-EN ISO 2812-3 standard. During tests, cotton wool swabs soaked in acetone, propan-2-ol, or methyl ethyl ketone were placed on the surface of the coatings and covered with the watch glasses for 24 h. After that time, the swabs were removed, and test panels were wiped with dry cotton wool. The degree of destruction of the coatings was visually defined (according to ISO 4628-2 or ISO 4628-5). The water resistance of varnish coatings was determined according to the PN-76/C-81521 standard. Test samples were immersed in distilled water (20 ± 2 • C) for 24 h, dried with absorbent paper, and visually evaluated (according to ISO 4628-2).
Kinetics of UV-Phototelomerization Process
The results presented in the article refer for the first time to the photochemical telomerization of (meth)acrylate monomers and styrene in the presence of the APO photoinitiator and P-telogens with different chemical structures. At the beginning, the influence of the P-telogen' structures on the process of UV-phototelomerization of the selected monomers (BA, MMA, HEA, STY) system was investigated by the photo-DSC method. The results of the kinetic studies of systems containing 0.006 moles of the telogen and 0.5 wt. part of APO (per 100 wt. parts of monomer mixtures) are presented in Figure 2.
Kinetic studies showed that the UV-photopolymerization of the tested monomers (without telogen) ran faster (R p max ca. 0.11%/s) than their UV-phototelomerization (with P-telogens). The maximum reaction rates (R p max ) in UV-phototelomerization systems were arranged as follows: DBPh (0.10%/s) >DMPh and DPPh (0.09%/s) > DBP (0.07%/s). It is significant that in systems with P-telogen the time to reach the R p max was significantly shorter (from 1.2 s for a system with DBP, 18 s for DBPh, 19 s for DPPh, 24 s for DMPh) than during UV-photopolymerization (34 s). Thus, the ability to initiate reactions (I p , Figure 2d) in systems with P-telogens was significantly higher than in classical photopolymerization. In this respect, the system with DBP stood out. Dibutyl phosphate (DBP) is an ester of phosphoric acid, while the other tested telogens are derivatives of phosphonic acid. During the initiation of telomerization with DBP, photolysis of the P-OH bond took place, and in other cases, the P-H bonds were broken. The photo-DSC studies revealed that in the DBP-APO initiation system, the rapid formation of radicals was also accompanied by a lower maximum reaction rate. Upon reaching it, the reaction rate slowed down quite sharply. This might be due to the quenching of the excited states by collisions of hydroxyl radicals with macroradicals. Consequently, this system was characterized by the lowest double bond conversion value (p) after 5 min of UV irradiation (approx. 44%). The mixture without P-telogen was characterized by the highest value of monomer conversion (53%). Under the given reaction conditions (i.e., at 15 mW/ cm 2 of UV-dose and APO concentration) monomers conversion was higher than approximately 50%. Among the samples with phosphonic acid esters (DMPh, DBPh, DPPh) there was a tendency that the larger the alkyl or aryl substituent, the higher the efficiency of reaction initiation (I p ). The reaction also ended faster (rapid decrease of R p to zero), which means that the value of double bond conversion was lower.
cording to ISO 4628-2 or ISO 4628-5). The water resistance of varnish coatings was determined according to the PN-76/C-81521 standard. Test samples were immersed in distilled water (20 ± 2 °C) for 24 h, dried with absorbent paper, and visually evaluated (according to ISO 4628-2).
Kinetics of UV-Phototelomerization Process
The results presented in the article refer for the first time to the photochemical telomerization of (meth)acrylate monomers and styrene in the presence of the APO photoinitiator and P-telogens with different chemical structures. At the beginning, the influence of the P-telogen' structures on the process of UV-phototelomerization of the selected monomers (BA, MMA, HEA, STY) system was investigated by the photo-DSC method. The results of the kinetic studies of systems containing 0.006 moles of the telogen and 0.5 wt. part of APO (per 100 wt. parts of monomer mixtures) are presented in Figure 2. Kinetic studies showed that the UV-photopolymerization of the tested monomers (without telogen) ran faster (Rp max ca. 0.11 %/s) than their UV-phototelomerization (with P-telogens). The maximum reaction rates (Rp max ) in UV-phototelomerization systems were arranged as follows: DBPh (0.10 %/s) >DMPh and DPPh (0.09 %/s) > DBP (0.07 %/s). It is significant that in systems with P-telogen the time to reach the Rp max was significantly shorter (from 1.2 s for a system with DBP, 18 s for DBPh, 19 s for DPPh, 24 s for DMPh) than during UV-photopolymerization (34 s). Thus, the ability to initiate reactions (Ip, Figure 2d) in systems with P-telogens was significantly higher than in classical photopolymerization. In this respect, the system with DBP stood out. Dibutyl phosphate (DBP) is an ester of phosphoric acid, while the other tested telogens are derivatives of phosphonic acid. During the initiation of telomerization with DBP, photolysis of the P-OH bond took place, and in other cases, the P-H bonds were broken. The photo-DSC studies revealed
Properties of P-Telomers and P-Telomers Syrups
The UV-phototelomerization process in a glass reactor was conducted at the same intensity of UV radiation and temperature as the photo-DSC tests (15 mW/cm 2 and 50 • C, respectively). The main difference was the mechanical mixing of the reactants during the process in a glass reactor. The products of this process were solutions of linear P-telomers (oligomers) in unreacted monomers, so-called P-telomers syrups. The aim was to achieve a similar monomer conversion in the syrups, i.e., the solids content (SC) of the telomers syrup. The selected physicochemical properties of the obtained P-telomers syrups (i.e., the solid content and dynamic viscosity), as well as molecular weights and polydispersity of dry telomers are presented in Figure 3. As mentioned above, the SC values were about 50% for each sample, independently of the type of phosphorus compound used in the process, which was most likely due to the amount of photoinitiator used. In contrast, the dynamic viscosity values of telomer syrups varied from 1.2 to 4.6 Pa·s. The highest value of dynamic viscosity was achieved for the reference sample P-0 (4.6 Pa·s), as expected. In general, the telomerization process leads to oligomers rather than polymers, hence the lower viscosity results of telomer syrups (1.2-2.5 Pa·s). The exception was P-DBP syrup, with a viscosity close to that of the reference sample P-0 (i.e., 4.5 Pa·s). Already in the photo-DSC studies, a slightly different course of the process with the participation of DBP telogen was revealed, i.e., very fast formation of reactive radicals. For this reason, longer chains of oligomers may be formed in the system, resulting in a higher viscosity of the telomer syrup. This is confirmed by the results of the molecular weight, presented in Figure 3b; for P-0 polymer and P-DBP telomer similar values of Mn and Mw (14,500 and 56,000 g/mol, respectively), as well as PDI values (3.8 a.u.) were observed. However, significantly lower Mn and Mw values were recorded for the P-DPPh telomer (7000 g/mol and 3300 g/mol, respectively), and PDI value was the highest (4.6 a.u.). The most favorable PDI results were recorded for the DMPh sample (3.3 a.u.). As it is known, organophosphorus compounds are not very effective chain transfer agents [36], which is proved by the presented research. process, which was most likely due to the amount of photoinitiator used. In contrast, the dynamic viscosity values of telomer syrups varied from 1.2 to 4.6 Pa·s. The highest value of dynamic viscosity was achieved for the reference sample P-0 (4.6 Pa·s), as expected. In general, the telomerization process leads to oligomers rather than polymers, hence the lower viscosity results of telomer syrups (1.2-2.5 Pa·s). The exception was P-DBP syrup, with a viscosity close to that of the reference sample P-0 (i.e., 4.5 Pa·s). Already in the photo-DSC studies, a slightly different course of the process with the participation of DBP telogen was revealed, i.e., very fast formation of reactive radicals. For this reason, longer chains of oligomers may be formed in the system, resulting in a higher viscosity of the telomer syrup. This is confirmed by the results of the molecular weight, presented in Figure 3b; for P-0 polymer and P-DBP telomer similar values of Mn and Mw (14,500 and 56,000 g/mol, respectively), as well as PDI values (3.8 a.u.) were observed. However, significantly lower Mn and Mw values were recorded for the P-DPPh telomer (7000 g/mol and 3300 g/mol, respectively), and PDI value was the highest (4.6 a.u.). The most favorable PDI results were recorded for the DMPh sample (3.3 a.u.). As it is known, organophosphorus compounds are not very effective chain transfer agents [36], which is proved by the presented research. The incorporation of groups derived from P-telogens (DMPh, DBPh, DPPh, and DBP) in the structure of the oligomers was checked by analyzing the FTIR spectra of the tested phosphorus compounds and dry telomers (Figure 4). The telogen spectra revealed peaks in the range 1220-1270 cm −1 , attributed to P = O stretching vibrations in the telogen structures (DMPh, DBPh, and DBP), and at a wavelength of 1188 cm −1 , derived from P-O-Ar stretching (DPPh). In the case of FTIR spectra of dry telomeres, a slight shift of the above-mentioned peaks (from 13 to 29 cm −1 ) was observed. It was probably caused by the presence in the structure of linear telomers of hanging hydroxyl groups derived from the HEA monomer [38]. Nevertheless, the FTIR results confirm the formation of phosphoruscontaining oligomers, i.e., P-telomers. Their structures are also shown in Figure 4. The incorporation of groups derived from P-telogens (DMPh, DBPh, DPPh, and DBP) in the structure of the oligomers was checked by analyzing the FTIR spectra of the tested phosphorus compounds and dry telomers (Figure 4). The telogen spectra revealed peaks in the range 1220-1270 cm −1 , attributed to P = O stretching vibrations in the telogen structures (DMPh, DBPh, and DBP), and at a wavelength of 1188 cm −1 , derived from P-O-Ar stretching (DPPh). In the case of FTIR spectra of dry telomeres, a slight shift of the above-mentioned peaks (from 13 to 29 cm −1 ) was observed. It was probably caused by the presence in the structure of linear telomers of hanging hydroxyl groups derived from the HEA monomer [38]. Nevertheless, the FTIR results confirm the formation of phosphorus-containing oligomers, i.e., P-telomers. Their structures are also shown in Figure 4.
Properties of UV-Cured Varnish Coatings
Properties of the prepared UV-cured varnish coatings are influenced by many factors, i.e., the amount and structure of linear telomers, the number of unreacted monomers after the phototelomerization process, the type and amount of the crosslinking monomer or UV-photoinitiator added to the coating compositions (which participates in the photocrosslinking process).
In this paper, the influence of the P-telomer type (i.e., the structure of terminal phosphorus groups) and the presence of crosslinking monomer on the mechanical and optical properties of UV-cured varnish coatings was tested. The hardness and adhesion of coatings (total UV dose 6 J/cm 2 ) are presented in Figure 5.
Properties of UV-Cured Varnish Coatings
Properties of the prepared UV-cured varnish coatings are influenced by many factors, i.e., the amount and structure of linear telomers, the number of unreacted monomers after the phototelomerization process, the type and amount of the crosslinking monomer or UV-photoinitiator added to the coating compositions (which participates in the photocrosslinking process).
In this paper, the influence of the P-telomer type (i.e., the structure of terminal phosphorus groups) and the presence of crosslinking monomer on the mechanical and optical properties of UV-cured varnish coatings was tested. The hardness and adhesion of coatings (total UV dose 6 J/cm 2 ) are presented in Figure 5. As can be seen, coatings with crosslinking monomer PETIA (Figure 5b) generally showed higher hardness (80-110 a.u.) and adhesion to glass substrate (3.7-8.2 MPa) values than those without PETIA (30-75 a.u. and 1.7-6 MPa, respectively) ( Figure 5a). That was due to the generally higher cross-linking density of the coatings containing PETIA and additionally the presence of hydroxyl groups (from the structure of this monomer). It should be noted that in PETIA systems, the UV-crosslinked coating consisted of a linear telomer (or poly(meth)acrylate; reference sample V-0/7.5) and a cross-linked structure composed of unreacted monomers (BA, MMA, HEA, STY) and the trifunctional PETIA monomer (semi-IPN). Therefore, the hardness and adhesion results were higher than those in Figure 5a. Excellent hardness values were observed for the samples V-DMPh/7.5 and V-DPPh/7.5 (ca. 110 a.u. and 111 a.u., respectively). These results were even higher than for the reference sample (V-0/7.5, 106 a.u.). These coatings were also characterized by higher adhesion to the glass substrate than the reference sample. The highest adhesion result was obtained for the V-DPPh/7.5 coating (8.2 MPa). Unexpectedly, the V-DBPh and V-DBP samples showed less adhesion to the substrate than the reference sample (ca. 3.8 MPa), and lower hardness values (79 a.u. and 82 a.u., respectively). Based on the FTIR spectra evaluation (Figure 6), no unsaturated bonds in the cured coatings were noted (DCC = C was 100%). On that basis, we believe that the lower adhesion of the V-DBPh/7.5 and V-DBP/7.5 coatings was due to the presence of relatively long aliphatic chains (C4) in the Ptelomere structures, which created spatial obstacles, and the terminal groups containing phosphorus were trapped in the polymer matrix (semi-IPN), which resulted in deterioration of adhesion. Additionally, these coatings are based on telomeres with slightly higher molecular weights (which confirms the adverse effect on adhesion), and their syrups have As can be seen, coatings with crosslinking monomer PETIA (Figure 5b) generally showed higher hardness (80-110 a.u.) and adhesion to glass substrate (3.7-8.2 MPa) values than those without PETIA (30-75 a.u. and 1.7-6 MPa, respectively) ( Figure 5a). That was due to the generally higher cross-linking density of the coatings containing PETIA and additionally the presence of hydroxyl groups (from the structure of this monomer). It should be noted that in PETIA systems, the UV-crosslinked coating consisted of a linear telomer (or poly(meth)acrylate; reference sample V-0/7.5) and a cross-linked structure composed of unreacted monomers (BA, MMA, HEA, STY) and the trifunctional PETIA monomer (semi-IPN). Therefore, the hardness and adhesion results were higher than those in Figure 5a. Excellent hardness values were observed for the samples V-DMPh/7.5 and V-DPPh/7.5 (ca. 110 a.u. and 111 a.u., respectively). These results were even higher than for the reference sample (V-0/7.5, 106 a.u.). These coatings were also characterized by higher adhesion to the glass substrate than the reference sample. The highest adhesion result was obtained for the V-DPPh/7.5 coating (8.2 MPa). Unexpectedly, the V-DBPh and V-DBP samples showed less adhesion to the substrate than the reference sample (ca. 3.8 MPa), and lower hardness values (79 a.u. and 82 a.u., respectively). Based on the FTIR spectra evaluation (Figure 6), no unsaturated bonds in the cured coatings were noted (DC C = C was 100%). On that basis, we believe that the lower adhesion of the V-DBPh/7.5 and V-DBP/7.5 coatings was due to the presence of relatively long aliphatic chains (C 4 ) in the P-telomere structures, which created spatial obstacles, and the terminal groups containing phosphorus were trapped in the polymer matrix (semi-IPN), which resulted in deterioration of adhesion. Additionally, these coatings are based on telomeres with slightly higher molecular weights (which confirms the adverse effect on adhesion), and their syrups have the highest viscosity (which makes the photopolymerization process of the coating composition more difficult than in the others). Regarding the results for coatings without PETIA (Figure 5a), samples based on Ptelomers were allowed to achieve at least two times the higher hardness and adhesion values compared to the reference sample (V-0/0). However, it should be mentioned that the hardness values were unsatisfactory (<80 a.u.). The V-DMPh/0 coating was an exception here. The solution of this P-DMPh telomer was characterized by the lowest value of dynamic viscosity (1.2 Pa·s) (slightly molecular weight of oligomers, Figure 3b). Considering this and the comparable number of unreacted monomers in all P-telomers solutions, it should be stated that in the system with DMPh, the photopolymerization process of the remaining monomers was easier (due to the low viscosity of the telomer matrix). Therefore, it was easier to form polymer coils from linear telomers and linear poly(meth)acrylates, so that the access of phosphorus atoms to the glass surface was limited (they are trapped in polymer coils), which results in lower adhesion, but slightly higher hardness than other samples. The molecular weights of telomers also affected the adhesion results. The highest values were observed for the varnish coatings containing P-DPPh telomer (the shortest chains were noted). Short telomers chains are more mobile and allow better Regarding the results for coatings without PETIA (Figure 5a), samples based on Ptelomers were allowed to achieve at least two times the higher hardness and adhesion values compared to the reference sample (V-0/0). However, it should be mentioned that the hardness values were unsatisfactory (<80 a.u.). The V-DMPh/0 coating was an exception here. The solution of this P-DMPh telomer was characterized by the lowest value of dynamic viscosity (1.2 Pa·s) (slightly molecular weight of oligomers, Figure 3b). Considering this and the comparable number of unreacted monomers in all P-telomers solutions, it should be stated that in the system with DMPh, the photopolymerization process of the remaining monomers was easier (due to the low viscosity of the telomer matrix). Therefore, it was easier to form polymer coils from linear telomers and linear poly(meth)acrylates, so that the access of phosphorus atoms to the glass surface was limited (they are trapped in polymer coils), which results in lower adhesion, but slightly higher hardness than other samples. The molecular weights of telomers also affected the adhesion results. The highest values were observed for the varnish coatings containing P-DPPh telomer (the shortest chains were noted). Short telomers chains are more mobile and allow better contact with the substrate surface (better wetting) and better ordering of the dipoles, so adhesion values are higher.
In selected UV-cured varnish coatings containing a crosslinking monomer (total UV dose 6 J/cm 2 ), the influence of the type of P-telomers on the gloss values (at 20 • ) was investigated. The prepared coatings were characterized by high gloss (from 80 to 89 G.U.) (Figure 7). The results were similar for all samples, regardless of the presence and type of P-telomer. It might therefore be concluded that the monomer composition in the tested systems, in particular the presence of styrene, was responsible for the high results. More significant differences were noted during measurements of the DOI parameter (described as the sharpness or clarity of the image produced by the reflection of an object on a surface varnish coating, the higher the DOI value the varnish coatings are smoother and clearer). Samples with P-DBPh and P-DBP telomers had the same DOI values (43 a.u.), but an increase of that parameter was observed for the varnishes based on P-DMPh and P-DPPh telomers (48 and 57 a.u., respectively). Additionally, the DOI of the reference sample was also 57 a.u. Generally, slight imperfections of tested varnish coatings were observed. contact with the substrate surface (better wetting) and better ordering of the dipoles, so adhesion values are higher.
In selected UV-cured varnish coatings containing a crosslinking monomer (total UV dose 6 J/cm 2 ), the influence of the type of P-telomers on the gloss values (at 20 °) was investigated. The prepared coatings were characterized by high gloss (from 80 to 89 G.U.) (Figure 7). The results were similar for all samples, regardless of the presence and type of P-telomer. It might therefore be concluded that the monomer composition in the tested systems, in particular the presence of styrene, was responsible for the high results. More significant differences were noted during measurements of the DOI parameter (described as the sharpness or clarity of the image produced by the reflection of an object on a surface varnish coating, the higher the DOI value the varnish coatings are smoother and clearer). Samples with P-DBPh and P-DBP telomers had the same DOI values (43 a.u.), but an increase of that parameter was observed for the varnishes based on P-DMPh and P-DPPh telomers (48 and 57 a.u., respectively). Additionally, the DOI of the reference sample was also 57 a.u. Generally, slight imperfections of tested varnish coatings were observed. Resistance to scratch, the organic solvents, and distilled water were evaluated for UV-cured varnish coatings containing PETIA monomer ( Table 2). The minimum load at which the stylus caused a visible scratch on the surface of the coating was noted. The values of that parameter were reported from 100 g to 350 g. Therefore, the coatings did not withstand impact scratch tests. However, among the tested samples, the highest scratch result was obtained for the varnish coating with P-DMPh telomers (scratch resistance the same as reference samples). Additionally, the V-DMPh/7.5 coating was more resistant to water than the other samples (including the reference sample). Moreover, V-DMPh coatings were characterized by slightly better resistance to organic solvents. On the other hand, the most significant degradation was observed in the case V-DBP/7.5 sample (cracking of the coating). Resistance to scratch, the organic solvents, and distilled water were evaluated for UV-cured varnish coatings containing PETIA monomer ( Table 2). The minimum load at which the stylus caused a visible scratch on the surface of the coating was noted. The values of that parameter were reported from 100 g to 350 g. Therefore, the coatings did not withstand impact scratch tests. However, among the tested samples, the highest scratch result was obtained for the varnish coating with P-DMPh telomers (scratch resistance the same as reference samples). Additionally, the V-DMPh/7.5 coating was more resistant to water than the other samples (including the reference sample). Moreover, V-DMPh coatings were characterized by slightly better resistance to organic solvents. On the other hand, the most significant degradation was observed in the case V-DBP/7.5 sample (cracking of the coating). Table 2. Scratch, water, and solvent resistance of the UV-cured varnish coatings. V-DBP/7.5 300 Matt coating, blisters 5(S2) Cracking without preferential direction 5(S4) 1 -measured as the minimum load caused a visible scratch on the surface of the coating; 2 -quantity and size of the blisters or cracking were characterized from 2 to 5 (the number "2" is the lowest value of the parameter), the first number is the quantity, and the second number (after "S") is the size (according to ISO 4628-2 and ISO 4628-5).
Conclusions
Phosphorus-containing (meth)acrylate telomers (P-telomers) have been prepared via a solvent-free UV-phototelomerization process in the presence of APO photoinitiator and different phosphorus telogens (phosphite or phosphate esters). The prepared Ptelomers syrups compounded with the crosslinking monomer (pentaerythritol triacrylate; PETIA) and a UV-photoinitiator were tested as solvent-free UV-curable varnish liquid compositions. The influence of the structure of phosphorus telogens on the course of the UV-phototelomerization process and the influence of the structure of obtained P-telomers on the properties of UV-cured varnish coatings were characterized. The main results are as follows: • P-telogen/APO initiating systems showed higher efficiency in the process than the APO photoinitiator itself (higher photoinitiation index), which resulted in a lower rate of telomerization reaction than in the case of photopolymerization and a slightly lower monomer conversion.
•
Chemical modification of P-telomer syrups with a crosslinking monomer significantly improved the hardness and adhesion of the obtained coatings. The highest hardness values were reported for UV-cured varnish coating with dimethyl phosphite (DMPh) telomers (111 a.u.), while the strongest adhesive bond to the glass surface was observed in the case of diphenyl phosphite (DPPh) telomers (8.2 MPa).
•
The most satisfactory scratch, water, and solvent resistance characterized UV-cured varnish coatings based on DMPh telomers.
|
User:Csusnjer
C-Milli was a man, born in the County Of Beaver and raised middle-class. After trying the opposite side of the states by the age of 24, it became apparent that he was a god amond mear men.
. . . our story truly begins on a special mission to brighten the image of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. C-Milli was sent to find the 14 different musical acts, worldwide, that called themselves "NATO," and to buy them out. . . or crush them, if need be. There was a japanese pop group, some american rap dude, the british death metal band, and so on. . . until, on a disgustingly hot summer day in 2007, he came to a moderately sized industrial waste-land of a strip-mall called "Evansville, Indiana." The objective: find the youngest member of the sample-based noise group, NaTo, known as Nao Shneck.
Basically, the story could get really long here. . . but who wants that? The jist is, C-Milli never finds Nao... i heard there was a gruesome shoot-out with small firearms and members of a some Midwestern Rock band ...something like 7000 Charley, or, 600 Stanley. Apparently a guy in this rock band has nearly the same DNA as the member of the noise band, NATO. Close enough that the governments' tests could not tell the difference. Anyway... they're not the same guy. But, in the gun-fire, C-Milli gets his guts blown out all-over a nice drawing table. Witnesses to the violence claim that two men that looked like tommy lee jones and will smith came out of nowhere, gnabbed C-Milli, and then disappeared into a van they had painted with Ray-Banned-Sun-Glasses advertisements. Regardless, from what i heared, up until this point, C-Milli was a complete hack. But, after the shoot-out, he was used for another even more secret military experiment... he was augmented and amplified into something like a pimped-out speed boat in human-looking skin. A friggin' fighting machine man machine.
But it gets worse...
With his new Adamantium skeleton, super-strength organs, and programmably murderous brain, C-Milli continues his important mission and airplaned to California to find the other member of NATO, Tod Huebird (aka: Ellipse Elkshow).
Time flies by and C-Milli finds jack-shit.
No one will tell C-Milli where Elkshow is residing. The new C-Milli has yet to figure out torture and kidnapping to obtain sensitive information. So, with no asses to kick in sight, C-Milli decides to take a break and drive to a gas station.
According to a local newspaper, There was one less than a block away. At the gas station mini-mart, he looked at a heavy metal magazine for about 17 minutes, and then bought eight chemically-charged name-brand energy-enhancement beverages along with a 12-pack of benedryl_trademark allergy medicine. He paid the attendent, if you will, for his party gear and drove (the 1/13th of a mile) back to the empty apartment of that nato-whatever-music-guy.
Direct quote from the Saint Billy Graham Star Newspaper. . . Aug 14th, 2007...
"C-Milli guzzled the three carbonated energy drinks and consumed the whole box of super-drowse allergy medication before stepping-foot in the apartment. He poked around the apartment for about 24 and a half minutes, then crashed, heavily to the floor."
Almost like the reporters were there.
I would venture to guess that, at this point, there was a really long Fugged-Up Dream sequence... but, you know. . . we've seen it in the movies... It was probably just like that.
the kicker. . . C-Milli never wakes up the same.
A spot in the ceiling of the apartment, where the bathroom-from-above had been leaking through all spring and summer, crashes into the apartment spilling water, old cat-litter and debris all over the wireless internet router that was perched on a box below the now-gaping hole in the floor, above.
The way i understand it, the mix of water, old cat-crap and the invisible rays sent through the air by the wireless internet router caused a strange reaction with the electronics and the still-settling super-organs inside C-Milli.
There is this disease that humans can get, apparently, from cat shit, called Toxoplasmosis...look it up, it's for real. well, an extreme version of this disease probably swirled throughout the thickly tragic and digitized air, causing C-Milli to turn into a sort of obsessive and vapidly evil version of the guy who's apartment C-Milli was passed-out in. ..
So now, armed with super powers and all sorts of ill shit... plus, a new-found attraction to cats, boats, evil, and sampling. . . a relatively new computer, too ... C-Milli sets out to do random creative acts that alter and destroy the focused and convicted minds of the masses.
To overload them, to overload you, and to overload himself with everything you love. All the war, hate, game shows, actresses, radio-call-in-contests, news anchors, suffering, violence, distortion, name-calling and, yes, cute little kittens.
and toxoplasmosis
and everything and
all that you love.
|
Composition for extracting inks from skin
ABSTRACT
The composition for extracting inks from skin may be applied to the skin to remove ink, such as tattoo ink, from the dermis and/or subdermal layers of the skin. The composition may include effective amounts of collagen, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and a carbomer. The composition may be applied to the skin after laser treatment of the skin.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/935,131, filed Feb. 3, 2014.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to removal of tattoos, and particularly toa composition for extracting inks from skin.
2. Description of the Related Art
Tattoo removal using traditional methods has disadvantages, such asin complete pigment removal, non-selective tissue destruction, and unsatisfactory cosmetic results, such as atrophic or hypertrophicscarring. Traditional methods of tattoo removal have included abrasion with salt (sal abrasion), cryosurgery, dermabrasion, electrocoagulation,and the use of an infrared coagulator. All of these procedures are associated with significant scarring, and the result after tattoo removal can appear worse than the tattoo alone. Conventional surgical methods have been used to treat tattoos. However, their use is limited to the removal of small tattoos. Surgical removal of large tattoos usually yields unacceptable results.
The use of lasers to remove tattoos began in the early 1990s. Lasers work by producing short pulses of intense light that pass harmlesslythrough the top layers of the skin to be selectively absorbed by the tattoo pigment. This laser energy causes the tattoo pigment to fragment into smaller particles that are then removed by the body's immune system. Researchers have determined which wavelengths of light to useand how to deliver the output of the laser effectively to remove tattoo ink. The laser does not affect normal skin pigment.
While laser removal of tattoos is increasingly becoming the most popular way to achieve tattoo removal, many patients experience ink retention following the tattoo removal treatment. In other words, even after the requisite number of laser treatments for tattoo removal has been completed, tattoo pigment often remains visible on the patients' skin.
Thus, a composition to improve tattoo ink extraction after laser surgery is desired.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The composition for extracting inks from skin may be applied to the skin to remove ink, such as tattoo ink, from the dermis and/or subdermallayers of the skin. The composition may include effective amounts of collagen, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and a carbomer. The composition may be applied to the skin after laser treatment of the skin.
These and other features of the present invention will become readily apparent upon further review of the following specification.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The composition for extracting inks from skin may be applied to the skin to remove ink, such as tattoo ink, from the dermis and/or subdermallayers of the skin. The composition may include effective amounts of collagen, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and a carbomer.
The collagen may be native collagen (naturally occurring collagen)and/or hydrolyzed collagen. Native collagen typically has a molecular weight within the range of 100 to 300,000 Daltons. Hydrolyzed collagen is defined as a collagen hydrolysate polypeptide having a molecular weight lower than native collagen, and is derived by hydrolysis.Hydrolyzed collagen is commercially available in powdered form or as an aqueous solution. Commercial preparation is typically accomplished by one of four methods: (1) alkaline hydrolysis; (2) enzymatic hydrolysis;(3) acid hydrolysis; and (4) synthetically, by fermentation. Any ofthese methods can be used to derive the hydrolyzed collagen from either a bovine (bone and skin preferred), porcine, fish, avian, or a synthetic source.
Collagen may be combined with CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose), carbomer,and/or other similar polymers to facilitate ink removal. The other similar polymers may include, for example, polydextrose, xantham gum,guar gum, sodium alginate, carrageenan, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC),hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (IIPMC), methylcellulose,polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), maltodextrin, polyvinyl alcohol,polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene oxide, and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC). An example of a preferred carbomer for use in thecomposition is a polymer having high molecular weight acrylic acid chains, usually crosslinked, e.g., carbomers commercially available fromthe Lubrizol Corp. under the trade name CARBOPOL.
The composition may be used to remove tattoo ink from the skin. The composition is particularly effective when applied to the skin after laser treatment for tattoo removal. In many cases, laser procedures for tattoo removal alone are not sufficient to remove all tattoo ink fromthe skin. The composition may be applied to the skin after the laser procedure in order to remove any remaining tattoo ink from the skin.When the skin is treated with the composition after the laser procedure,tattoo ink may be removed more efficiently than with laser treatment alone.
Laser treatment of the skin prior to application of the composition may facilitate penetration of the composition into the skin. The composition may be used after ablative or non-ablative laser treatment. Ablativelaser treatment is generally more invasive than non-ablative laser treatment. Ablative laser treatment produces very small holes in thedermis, and facilitates chemical penetration through all layers of the skin. As non-ablative laser treatment is less invasive than ablativelaser treatment, a lesser degree of penetration into the skin is facilitated thereby.
The amounts of the ingredients of the composition described above may vary, depending upon the type of laser treatment performed. For example,CMC is preferably a primary ingredient of the composition when the intended use of the composition is application after ablative laser treatment. In particular, when the composition includes greater amounts of CMC than collagen, better results may be achieved for applications after ablative laser treatment. When the composition is intended for use after non-ablative laser treatment, however, the primary ingredient ofthe composition is preferably collagen. In particular, when thecomposition includes greater amounts of collagen than CMC, better results may be achieved for applications after non-ablative laser treatment.
Preferably, for applications after ablative laser treatment, thecomposition may include from about 80% by weight to about 95% by weight CMC. For example, the composition may include from about 82% by weight to about 93% by weight, or from about 85% by weight to about 90% byweight of CMC. The composition may include an amount of from about 5% byweight to about 15% by weight collagen. For example, collagen may be present in an amount of from about 5% by weight to about 9% or about 10%by weight to about 15% based on the total weight of the composition. The composition may include from about 10% by weight to about 20% by weightcarbomer. For example, the carbomer may be present in an amount of from about 12% by weight to about 17% by weight based on the total weight ofthe composition. Other amounts below and above these ranges may be used.
Preferably, for applications after non-ablative laser treatment, thecomposition may include from about 80% by weight to about 95% by weight collagen based on the total weight of the composition. For example, thecomposition may include from about 82% by weight to about 93% by weight,or from about 85% by weight to about 90% by weight, of collagen based onthe total weight of the composition. The composition may include from about 10% by weight to about 20% by weight CMC based on the total weight of the composition. For example, CMC may be present in an amount of from about 12% to about 18% , or about 15% to about 20%, based on the total weight of the composition. The composition may include from about 5% byweight to about 15% by weight carbomer based on the total weight of thecomposition. For example, the carbomer may be present in an amount of from about 7% by weight to about 10% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. Other amounts below and above these ranges may beused.
The composition may include one or more absorption quality intermediate sand/or one or more antibacterial compounds. A suitable absorption quality intermediate may be talc, for example. Suitable antibacterial compounds may be, for example, chlorhexidine, quaternium ammonium compounds, bacitracin zinc, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, neomycinsulfate, tetracycline hydrochloride, or polymyxin B.
The composition may include at least one auxiliary ingredient. The auxiliary ingredient may be platelet-shaped powders, metallic stearates,starch, china clay, tea tree powder, or polytetrafluoroethylene. The one or more auxiliary ingredients may be present in an amount of from about0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight based on the total weight of thecomposition.
The composition may be administered topically. The composition may take any physical form suitable for topical administration. For example, thecomposition may be formed as a powder, paste, or film. The composition may be incorporated in a dressing bandage, i.e., reservoir island dressing, or a topically applied patch. The composition may be applied as part of a primary dressing and covered with a thin film wound dressing (e.g., polyurethane or acrylic dressing) or gauze, for occlusion purposes. Preferably, the composition is applied over the treated skin tissue in this manner immediately after laser treatment.The composition may be applied to the treated skin at least daily for atleast the first three days after laser treatment.
Application of the composition facilitates removal of some or all remaining tattoo ink after laser treatment, as well as absorption of debris and exudate (fluid). The composition may also accelerate healing,prevent bacteriological infection of the treated skin, as well as minimize the possibility of scarring. Use of the composition does not result in maceration of the surrounding skin.
Example 1 Composition A
The composition according to the present teachings was synthesized in powder form. The composition (Composition A) included about 85% byweight CMC, about 10% by weight carbopol, and about 5% by weight collagen. The ingredients were mixed using standard methods for achieving uniformity and dispersion. Composition A was tested on numerous individuals for ink absorption, healing, and scarring levels after ablative laser treatment for tattoo removal. All tattoo ink colors were tested. Application of Composition A after ablative laser treatment was found to remove 75-85% of tattoo ink remaining after the laser treatment.
Example 2 Composition B
The composition according to the present teachings was synthesized in powder form. The composition (Composition B) included about 85% CMC,about 5% by weight carbopol, about 5% by weight collagen, and about 5%by weight of one or more antibacterial compounds. The antibacterial compounds tested included chlorhexidine, quaternium ammonium compounds,bacitracin zinc, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, neomycin sulfate,tetracycline hydrochloride, and polymyxin B. The ingredients were mixed using standard methods for achieving uniformity and dispersion.Composition B was tested on numerous individuals for ink absorption,healing, and scarring levels after ablative laser treatment for tattoo removal. All tattoo ink colors were tested. Application of Composition B after ablative laser treatment was found to remove slightly less tattoo ink than Composition A. Composition B, however, was associated with faster healing time and less pain than Composition A.
It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the following claims.
I claim:
1. A composition, comprising: carboxymethyl cellulose; collagen selected from the group consisting of native collagen and hydrolyzedcollagen; and a carbomer.
2. The composition according to claim 1,wherein: carboxymethyl cellulose is present in an amount of about 80% byweight to about 95% by weight; collagen is present in an amount of about5% by weight to about 15% by weight; and carbomer is present in an amount of about 10% by weight to about 20% by weight.
3. The composition according to claim 2, further comprising at least one absorption quality intermediate or at least one antibacterial compound.
4. The composition according to claim 3, wherein the at least one absorption quality intermediate comprises talc.
5. The composition according to claim 3,wherein the at least one antibacterial compound comprises at least oneof chlorhexidine, quaternium ammonium compound, bacitracin zinc,chlortetracycline hydrochloride, neomycin sulfate, tetracycline hydrochloride, and polymyxin B.
6. The composition according to claim 2,further comprising at least one absorption quality intermediate and atleast one antibacterial compound.
7. The composition according to claim6, wherein the at least one absorption quality intermediate comprisestalc.
8. The composition according to claim 6, wherein the at least one antibacterial compound comprises at least one of chlorhexidine,quaternium ammonium compound, bacitracin zinc, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, neomycin sulfate, tetracycline hydrochloride, andpolymyxin B.
9. The composition according to claim 1, wherein:carboxymethyl cellulose is present in an amount of about 10% by weight to about 20% by weight; collagen is present in an amount of about 80% byweight to about 95% by weight; and carbomer is present in an amount of about 5% by weight to about 15% by weight.
10. The composition accordingto claim 9, further comprising at least one absorption quality intermediate and/or at least one antibacterial compound.
11. The composition according to claim 10, wherein the at least one absorption quality intermediate comprises talc.
12. The composition according to claim 10, wherein the at least one antibacterial compound comprises atleast one of chlorhexidine, quaternium ammonium compound, bacitracinzinc, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, neomycin sulfate, tetracycline hydrochloride, and polymyxin B.
13. A composition, consisting essentially of: carboxymethyl cellulose; collagen selected from the group consisting of native collagen and hydrolyzed collagen; and acarbomer.
14. The composition according to claim 13, wherein:carboxymethyl cellulose is present in an amount of about 80% by weight to about 95% by weight; collagen is present in an amount of about 5% byweight to about 15% by weight; and carbomer is present in an amount of about 10% by weight to about 20% by weight.
15. The composition according to claim 13, wherein: carboxymethyl cellulose is present in an amount of about 10% by weight to about 20% by weight; collagen is present in an amount of about 80% by weight to about 95% by weight; andcarbomer is present in an amount of about 5% by weight to about 15% byweight.
16. A method of removing a tattoo, comprising the step of applying a composition to a skin portion bearing the tattoo, thecomposition comprising collagen, carboxymethyl cellulose, and acarbomer.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein: carboxymethylcellulose is present in an amount of about 80% by weight to about 95% byweight of the composition; collagen is present in an amount of about 5%by weight to about 15% by weight of the composition; and carbomer is present in an amount of about 10% by weight to about 20% by weight ofthe composition.
18. The method according to claim 16, wherein:carboxymethyl cellulose is present in an amount of about 10% by weight to about 20% by weight of the composition; collagen is present in an amount of about 80% by weight to about 95% by weight of the composition;and carbomer is present in an amount of about 5% by weight to about 15%by weight of the composition.
|
Valeri Skorodumov
Valeri Valerievich Skorodumov (Валерий Валерьевич Скородумов; born 20 May 1992) is a Russian football official and a former player. He is an team supervisor with FC Torpedo Moscow.
Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Professional Football League for FC Biolog-Novokubansk on 10 April 2014 in a game against FC Gazprom transgaz Stavropol Ryzdvyany.
|
---
title: Black Bean and Corn Burgers
slug: black-bean-and-corn-burgers
source_name: Food 52
source_url: http://food52.com/recipes/23748-black-bean-and-corn-burgers
ingredients:
- 1 small yellow onion, chopped
- 1 clove garlic, minced
- 1 tablespoon olive oil
- 3 cups (or 2 cans) cooked black beans, divided
- 1 1/2 teaspoon cumin powder
- 1/2 teaspoon smoked paprika
- 1 teaspoon chili powder
- 1 teaspoon sea salt Black pepper or red pepper flakes, to taste
- 2/3 cups quick oats or bread crumbs, plus extra as needed
- 3/4 cups fresh (or frozen and thawed) corn
---
* Sauté onion and garlic in the olive oil for eight to ten minutes, or until golden, soft, and fragrant.
* Add 2 cups of the beans, the cumin, the paprika, the chili powder, the sea salt, and pepper to taste. Stir in the sauté pan till all is warm.
* Preheat your oven to 350° F.
* Add the oats to the bowl of a food processor and pulse them a few times. Add the onion, garlic, and bean mixture. Process everything together, until it's well combined but still has texture.
* Transfer mixture to a mixing bowl. Add the last cup of black beans and the corn and mix well with your hands. Check for seasoning and season to taste. If the mixture is too mushy to form into patties, add a little more oats or bread crumbs.
* Shape mixture into four large or six smaller patties. Transfer burgers to a baking sheet and bake for 30 to 35 minutes (or until golden), flipping once through. Alternately, you can chill them for twenty minutes before transferring them to a grill and cooking through. You can also pan fry them in olive oil until golden on each side.
|
INPUT ARTICLE: Article: If there's a particular time of day or a stretch of time where you know you'd like to avoid any and all awkward stomach noises, be sure to eat a filling meal roughly an hour before. The most common cause of stomach grumbles will be your stomach attempting to clear itself when already empty. Making sure it's not empty when it counts is the simplest step to stopping pesky stomach noise. Be sure not to make your satisfying meal too satisfying--avoid over-eating. An overly full stomach will take to grumbling as it struggles to digest; keep the portion size comfortable to prevent causing the problem you hoped to avoid. Be sure to make this satisfying meal one that is thoroughly stomach-friendly, or else you may not be preventing anything. Beyond simply making sure you've had enough to eat, stopping disruptive stomach noises will be a matter of ensuring that your digestion is working as well as possible. Staying hydrated is critical to healthy, efficient digestion. One of the many things water does for your body is ease the work of digestion. Water won't be a substitute for food, however. Don't fill up on water to try and satiate an empty stomach. A belly full of only water is likely to grumble even more. If possible, drink bottled water when looking to avoid stomach grumbles. Tap water sometimes includes some fluoride or chlorine which, while harmless, may upset your stomach just enough to cause some rumbling. Be sure to stay hydrated regularly. It won't do to drink a bunch of water right beforehand; you'll need to keep hydrated so that your digestion can always work as well as it should. In addition to staying hydrated, you'll want to be sure to choose foods that will ease digestion as well. Eating the wrong foods to keep hunger at bay won't help if what you've eaten only upsets your stomach. Being sure to eat right will leave you with a stomach both satisfied and silent. Try plain rice. Use basmati rice or wild rice, which contain less fiber than other varieties; too much fiber may make the digestion too quick and disruptive, which you'll want to avoid. Use mint. If you're someone who drinks smoothies or tea, consider throwing a few mint leaves in your next cup or mix. Mint calms the muscles of the digestive tract, making those grumbles much less likely. Include potatoes in your diet. Specifically sweet or white potatoes, these contain filling starch which helps to settle the stomach. Be sure not to include too much spice or butter to keep from upsetting the stomach. Eat non-dairy yogurt. Most commonly bought as Greek yogurt, yogurts made with soy or almond milk without sweeteners are excellent digestive aids. The bacteria which comprise yogurt have a calming effect on the stomach. Even with the best of preparation and planning, hunger may still sneak up on you when you least expect it. Make sure this hunger doesn't turn into stomach grumbles by keeping some stomach-friendly snacks with you throughout the day. Even if it's just something small before that next class or meeting, the right snack will be enough to ensure those belly grumbles will be put to rest. Pre-packaged nuts are a healthy and calorie-rich way to fill a rumbling stomach. Be sure to keep nuts that aren't salted, as they may upset your stomach more than raw or plain roasted nuts would. Fruits and vegetables that package well like bell peppers, apples and carrots make great snacks. Healthy and refreshing, fruits and vegetables also contain plenty of the vitamins which aid digestion. For a mix of both of the above, look out for fruit and nut bars which have become popular in recent years. Be sure to finds ones low in fat and sugar, without too many additions (like chocolate) to the fruit and nuts.
SUMMARY: Eat a satisfying meal beforehand. Drink plenty of water. Eat digestive-friendly foods. Keep snacks on hand.
In one sentence, describe what the following article is about: Curl your fingers in like you're making a fist, but rest your fingertips on your palm. With your other hand, set the clasp on top of your forefinger, then squeeze it in place with your thumb. Position the opener so a flat, broad edge points away from you. Pandora sells a clasp opener that looks like a flower pendant. It has 4 petals, each with a flat edge that can be used to open clasps. If you don't have a Pandora clasp opener, you can use a generic clasp opener. Look for tools designed for jewelry or even phones. You can also use small coins or other sturdy objects with a flat edge. Turn the clasp with your fingers until you see a gap in the clasp. The gap is a vertical line running between the clasp's top and bottom edges. Face the groove upwards so you can get plenty of leverage with the opener. Wedge the clasp opener's flat edge into the gap. Push it in as far as it will go, but avoid forcing it. Hold the clasp steady by bracing it against your fingers or the side of your body. Wiggle the clasp opener back and forth, pressing it against the sides of the clasp. Maintain a steady amount of pressure. The clasp will usually pop open right away without much of a struggle. Then, pull the bracelet's loose end out of the clasp to finish opening it. If you can't open the clasp right away, adjust your grip on it. Make sure the opener is firmly wedged in the groove. The bracelet permanently attaches to the clasp at 1 end, so identify the removable side and pinch it between your fingers to lift it out.
Summary: Pinch the thumb and forefinger. Rotate the clasp until you see its groove. Insert the opener into the groove. Pry the clasp open to free the bracelet.
INPUT ARTICLE: Article: Place a piece of painter's tape on the wall roughly where you want the object to be. Then use the measuring tape to measure the height of the exact spot. Mark it on the painter's tape using a pencil. The painter's tape will help keep the plaster from cracking when you drill into it. Use a drill bit that is narrower than the width of the screws you are using. For instance, if you are using screws that are 0.25 inches (0.64 cm) wide, use a drill bit that is 3⁄16 inch (0.48 cm). Drive the bit into the wall at the spot you marked. Work carefully, holding the drill at a right angle to the wall. Plaster is hard, so you will feel some resistance. That resistance may increase if the drill enters the lathe (the wooden support that holds up the plaster). Switch to a screwdriver attachment on your drill. Drive a screw almost all of the way in. Leave a bit of distance between the screw head and the wall surface. Wrap one end of a wire tightly around the screw head. Attach the other end to the hook or support on the object you want to hang. Adjust the wire length until the object is at the height you want. Some objects (like many picture frames) will have a hole in the back that you can set directly on the screw to hold it in place. Use a level to fine-tune the placement of your object.
SUMMARY:
Mark the spot where you want to hang the object. Pre-drill a hole. Drive a screw into the spot you marked. Hang your object.
|
There was no study that focused only on surface-based superimposition. Surface-based registration compares the triangular representations of corresponding 3D surface geometries on the models. This technique might show adequate accuracy, it is less sensitive and time-consuming, and has increased post-processing capabilities ([@ref-14]). Three studies that compared different registration techniques ([@ref-4]; [@ref-14]; [@ref-13]) included a surface-based technique. Two of them had high risk of bias and all of them had high applicability concerns. The study of [@ref-14] showed low risk of bias, but high applicability concerns, and did not support the use of landmark-based superimposition but showed acceptable results for surface-based superimposition. [@ref-13] did not recommend the use of landmark-based superimposition as well, but they showed promising results for voxel-based and surface-based superimposition. [@ref-4] provided similar and promising results for voxel-based and surface-based superimposition of hard-tissues. Thus, the three above studies support the surface-based superimposition on the anterior cranial base structures. Two of them also support the voxel-based superimposition ([@ref-4]; [@ref-13]), whereas other two do not support the landmark-based superimposition ([@ref-14]; [@ref-13]). However, the quality of evidence for the above outcomes ranges from moderate to low.
Overall the literature supports the use of voxel-based and surface-based superimposition techniques, though the existing evidence is not yet strong. Because of the limited amount of well-designed studies, further research is needed to confirm the present findings. It seems that these techniques show better accuracy and are less operator-sensitive compared to the landmark-based superimposition. A limitation of the surface-based registration is the lack of information concerning inner structures as only the surface information is available after processing. Furthermore, an additional step is required to segment the surface model of interest from the original 3D volume and this might induce error ([@ref-16]). The voxel-based registration is applied to the original volumetric data derived from a 3D radiographic scan, and thus, this might be advantageous in terms of less error prone steps required to achieve model registration. However, after the registration of serial volumes, surface models are usually required for thorough assessment and visualization of the results. Thus, this possible source of error is not fully eliminated also through this method. Furthermore, the surface models are widely used in various other scientific disciplines and in the industry, leading to well-developed methods and software applications for data processing and evaluation. Thus, the acquisition of accurate surface models from the original volume is quite important to take advantage of these possibilities for data processing and visualisation and will also facilitate accurate surface model superimposition techniques ([@ref-17]).
Though a significant amount of studies was identified, a limitation of the present study is that the heterogeneity of the included studies is high, and the quality of the available evidence is limited. This can be attributed to the fact that the field has been developed in the last few years and gained much attention only recently.
The fast evolution of 3D superimposition techniques has provided a key element in the toolkit of relevant fields to evaluate craniofacial changes following growth or treatment. Due the high heterogeneity and the moderate to low quality of the included studies, few valid conclusions can be drawn. Most of the available studies had methodological shortcomings and high applicability concerns. Therefore, no clear recommendation could be given at present for proper methods used for 3D-superimposition of craniofacial skeletal structures. At the moment, certain voxel-based and surface-based superimpositions seem to work properly and to be superior compared to landmark-based superimposition. However, further research is necessary to develop and properly validate these techniques on different samples, through studies of high quality and low applicability concerns.
Supplemental Information 1
###### Rationale for the study
Click here for additional data file.
Supplemental Information 2
###### Detailed description of the search performed in various databases
Click here for additional data file.
Supplemental Information 3
###### PRISMA checklist
Click here for additional data file.
Additional Information and Declarations
The authors declare there are no competing interests.
[Daniel Dinh-Phuc Mai](#author-1){ref-type="contrib"}, [Sven Stucki](#author-2){ref-type="contrib"} and [Nikolaos Gkantidis](#author-3){ref-type="contrib"} conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft.
The following information was supplied regarding data availability:
All the data used in this systematic review are available in [Tables 1](#table-1){ref-type="table"}--[5](#table-5){ref-type="table"}. The specific search strategies used to locate the literature are available in the [Appendix S1](#supp-2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
|
Better method for creating theme in Tumblr
I'm often customizing theme in tumblr, but this editor is terrible. Is there some better possibility for creating theme in tumblr under Linux (Ubuntu) OS?
I'm thinking about using vim. But I have to copy the text into vim, edit something and paste it to tumblr web editor, which is uncomfortable.
I'd take a look at Tumblr Themr. I haven't tried it myself though.
I work with TumblrThemr and Tumblr HTML5 Blank Theme.
|
User talk:<IP_ADDRESS>
Welcome
Hi, welcome to Autism Wiki. Thanks for your edit to the Obsessive-compulsive disorder page.
Happy editing, Sarah Manley (help forum | blog)
|
// Simulator that lets users select an amount and an installment, to start
// simulating a loan.
import React from 'react'
import PropTypes from 'prop-types'
import classNames from 'classnames'
import { numberUtils } from 'kitten/helpers/utils/number'
import { SliderWithTooltipAndPower } from 'kitten/components/sliders/slider-with-tooltip-and-power'
import { TextInputWithUnit } from 'kitten/components/form/text-input-with-unit'
export class LoanSimulator extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.state = {
amount: props.initialAmount * 1,
installmentAmount: props.initialInstallment,
dragged: !!props.initialInstallment,
touched: props.initialTouched,
}
this.handleFocus = this.handleFocus.bind(this)
this.handleAmountChange = this.handleAmountChange.bind(this)
this.handleEnter = this.handleEnter.bind(this)
this.handleInstallmentLabelClick = this.handleInstallmentLabelClick.bind(
this,
)
this.handleInstallmentChange = this.handleInstallmentChange.bind(this)
this.handleInstallmentAction = this.handleInstallmentAction.bind(this)
}
handleFocus(e) {
this.setState({
touched: false,
installmentAmount: null,
})
}
handleAmountChange(e) {
this.setState({ amount: e.target.value })
}
handleEnter(e) {
this.setState({ touched: true })
}
handleInstallmentLabelClick() {
this.refs.content.focusSlider()
}
// on slider click or on grab change
handleInstallmentChange(value) {
this.setState({
installmentAmount: value,
dragged: true,
})
}
handleInstallmentAction() {
this.setState({ touched: true })
}
duration() {
if (this.state.installmentAmount)
return Math.ceil(this.state.amount / this.state.installmentAmount)
}
commissionRate() {
const duration = this.duration()
for (let i = 0, len = this.props.commissionRules.length; i < len; i++) {
let rule = this.props.commissionRules[i]
if (!rule.durationMax || duration <= rule.durationMax) return rule.rate
}
}
commissionAmount() {
return this.commissionRate() * this.state.amount
}
installmentMin() {
const installmentStep = this.installmentStep()
const value = this.state.amount / this.props.durationMax
const min = Math.ceil(value / installmentStep) * installmentStep
if (min > this.state.amount * 1) return this.state.amount
else return min
}
installmentMax() {
return this.state.amount * 1
}
installmentStep() {
if (this.state.installmentAmount > 1000) return 100
if (this.state.installmentAmount > 200) return 10
return 1
}
error() {
if (!this.state.touched) return null
return this.amountError()
}
amountError() {
if (!this.state.amount) return this.props.amountEmptyError
if (
!numberUtils.isNumber(this.state.amount) ||
this.state.amount < this.props.amountMin ||
this.state.amount > this.props.amountMax
)
return this.props.amountOutOfBoundsError
}
render() {
return (
<LoanSimulatorContent
ref="content"
{...this.props}
{...this.state}
onFocus={this.handleFocus}
onAmountChange={this.handleAmountChange}
onEnter={this.handleEnter}
onInstallmentLabelClick={this.handleInstallmentLabelClick}
onInstallmentChange={this.handleInstallmentChange}
onInstallmentAction={this.handleInstallmentAction}
duration={this.duration()}
commissionAmount={this.commissionAmount()}
commissionRate={this.commissionRate()}
installmentMin={this.installmentMin()}
installmentMax={this.installmentMax()}
installmentStep={this.installmentStep()}
error={this.error()}
amountError={this.amountError()}
/>
)
}
}
class LoanSimulatorContent extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.handleAmountKeyDown = this.handleAmountKeyDown.bind(this)
this.handleInstallmentChange = this.handleInstallmentChange.bind(this)
}
// Allow parents to focus the slider
focusSlider() {
this.slider.focus()
}
handleAmountKeyDown(e) {
// when pressing enter
if (e.keyCode == 13) {
this.focusSlider()
this.props.onEnter()
}
}
handleInstallmentChange(value, ratio) {
this.amount.blur()
this.props.onInstallmentChange(value, ratio)
}
toCurrency(cents) {
if (isNaN(cents)) return null
return (cents / 100).toLocaleString(this.props.locale)
}
sliderIsActive() {
return (
!this.props.amountError &&
this.props.dragged &&
this.props.installmentAmount
)
}
renderCommission() {
if (!this.props.displayCommission) return
const active = this.sliderIsActive()
const amount = active
? this.toCurrency(this.props.commissionAmount * 100)
: '--'
let commissionAmount = ' 0 '
let exemptionText = null
if (!this.props.feesExemption) {
commissionAmount = ` ${amount} `
} else {
const text = `
(${this.props.feesExemptionLabel}
${amount}
${this.props.currencySymbol})
`
exemptionText = (
<span className="k-LoanSimulator__feesExemption">{text}</span>
)
}
commissionAmount += ` ${this.props.currencySymbol}`
return (
<div className="k-LoanSimulator__commission">
{this.props.commissionLabel}
<span
className={classNames({
'k-u-text--active': active,
'k-u-text--inactive': !active,
})}
>
{commissionAmount}
</span>
{exemptionText}
</div>
)
}
renderDurationError() {
const { duration, touched, requiredDurationError } = this.props
if (!touched || duration > 0 || !requiredDurationError) return
return (
<span className="k-LoanSimulator__durationError">
{this.props.requiredDurationError}
</span>
)
}
renderButton() {
if (!this.props.actionLabel) return
return (
<div className="k-LoanSimulator__actions">
<button className="k-Button k-Button--helium k-Button--big">
{this.props.actionLabel}
</button>
</div>
)
}
render() {
const { label, dragged, touched, duration, error } = this.props
const amountValid = !this.props.amountError
const showResult = !error && touched && duration
const installmentMin = amountValid ? this.props.installmentMin : 0
const installmentMax = amountValid ? this.props.installmentMax : 0
const installmentAmount = amountValid ? this.props.installmentAmount : 0
const installmentPercentage = amountValid
? this.props.installmentPercentage
: 0
let errorClass, errorTag, tooltipClass, tooltipText
if (error) {
errorClass = 'is-error'
errorTag = <p className="k-LoanSimulator__amount__error">{error}</p>
}
if (this.sliderIsActive()) {
const durationSymbol =
duration === 1
? this.props.durationSymbol
: this.props.durationSymbolPlural
const installmentText = `
${this.toCurrency(installmentAmount * 100)}
${this.props.installmentSymbol}
`
const durationText = `
${this.props.durationText}
${duration}
${durationSymbol}
`
tooltipClass = null
tooltipText = [
<div key="1" className="k-LoanSimulator__installment">
{installmentText}
</div>,
<div key="2" className="k-LoanSimulator__duration">
{durationText}
</div>,
]
} else {
tooltipClass = 'is-inactive'
tooltipText = this.props.sliderPlaceholder
}
let durationInput
if (this.props.durationName)
durationInput = (
<input
type="hidden"
name={this.props.durationName}
value={this.props.duration || ''}
/>
)
return (
<div className={classNames('k-LoanSimulator', errorClass)}>
<div className="k-LoanSimulator__amount">
<label
className="k-Label k-LoanSimulator__label"
htmlFor="loan-simulator-amount"
>
{this.props.amountLabel}
</label>
<TextInputWithUnit
ref={input => (this.amount = input)}
error={error}
id="loan-simulator-amount"
name={this.props.amountName}
type="number"
min={this.props.amountMin}
max={this.props.amountMax}
defaultValue={this.props.initialAmount}
onFocus={this.props.onFocus}
onChange={this.props.onAmountChange}
onKeyDown={this.props.onAmountKeyDown}
placeholder={this.props.amountPlaceholder}
unit={this.props.currencySymbol}
/>
{errorTag}
</div>
<div>
<label
className="k-Label k-LoanSimulator__label"
onClick={this.props.onInstallmentLabelClick}
>
{this.props.installmentLabel}
</label>
<SliderWithTooltipAndPower
ref={input => (this.slider = input)}
step={this.props.installmentStep}
min={installmentMin}
max={installmentMax}
power={2}
name={this.props.installmentName}
value={installmentAmount}
onChange={this.handleInstallmentChange}
onAction={this.props.onInstallmentAction}
tooltipClass={tooltipClass}
tooltipText={tooltipText}
/>
{this.renderCommission()}
{durationInput}
{this.renderDurationError()}
</div>
{this.renderButton()}
</div>
)
}
}
LoanSimulator.propTypes = {
// Label for amount input
amountLabel: PropTypes.string,
// Name attribute for the amount input (if needed)
amountName: PropTypes.string,
// Name attribute for the hidden installment input (if needed)
installmentName: PropTypes.string,
// Name attribute for the hidden duration input (if needed)
durationName: PropTypes.string,
// Placeholder for amount input
amountPlaceholder: PropTypes.string,
// Bounds for accepted amount
amountMin: PropTypes.number,
amountMax: PropTypes.number,
// Default amount
initialAmount: PropTypes.number,
// Set this to true to show errors on first use
initialTouched: PropTypes.bool,
// Error text when the amount is empty or non-numerical
amountEmptyError: PropTypes.string,
// Error text when the amount is over or under the min and max
amountOutOfBoundsError: PropTypes.string,
// Error text when the duration has not been set
requiredDurationError: PropTypes.string,
// Display commission if requested
displayCommission: PropTypes.bool,
commissionLabel: PropTypes.string,
commissionRules: PropTypes.array,
// Label before the slider
installmentLabel: PropTypes.string,
// Text before the computed duration
durationText: PropTypes.string,
// Bounds for the computed duration
durationMin: PropTypes.number,
durationMax: PropTypes.number,
// Duration value (months)
durationSymbol: PropTypes.string,
durationSymbolPlural: PropTypes.string,
// Currency
currencySymbol: PropTypes.string,
// Installment
installmentSymbol: PropTypes.string,
// Locale to format amounts correctly
locale: PropTypes.string,
// Submit button
actionLabel: PropTypes.string,
}
LoanSimulator.defaultProps = {
amountLabel: 'I need',
amountPlaceholder: '',
amountMin: 1,
amountMax: 10000,
initialAmount: null,
initialTouched: false,
amountEmptyError: 'Amount cannot be empty',
amountOutOfBoundsError: 'Amount is either too big or too small',
requiredDurationError: 'Duration is required',
displayCommission: false,
feesExemption: false,
feesExemptionLabel: 'instead of',
commissionLabel: 'Fees:',
// The `commissionRules` prop has to be an array containing a `durationMax`
// rule. This will return the first `rate` which matches the rule for the
// current `duration`.
//
// Example `commissionRules` prop:
// [
// { durationMax: 12, rate: 0.3 },
// { durationMax: 20, rate: 0.2 },
// { rate: 0.1 }
// ]
commissionRules: [],
installmentLabel: "I'd like to reimburse",
initialInstallment: null,
durationText: 'during',
durationMin: 1,
durationMax: 36,
durationSymbol: 'month',
durationSymbolPlural: 'months',
currencySymbol: '$',
installmentSymbol: '$/month',
locale: 'en',
actionLabel: null,
}
// DEPRECATED: do not use default export.
export default LoanSimulator
|
Varmint Rifle
The varmint rifle is a weapon in Fallout: New Vegas.
Characteristics
Mods
* Varmint rifle night scope - Adds mid to long range scope with night vision.
* Varmint rifle silencer - Silences.
* Varmint rifle extended mags +3 rounds per magazine.
Variants
* Ratslayer
Locations
* One is given to you by Sunny Smiles for killing geckos around Goodsprings.
* They can be found on various convicts.
Bugs
Appearances
The varmint rifle only appears in Fallout: New Vegas.
|
Saw-set-dressing tool
E. G. S. CLARE. SAW SET DRESSING TGOL. APPLICATIQN FI LiD 0:c.20. I919.
1,368,698. 1mm Feb. 15,1921;
I L Mum! """HH-HHMWHH INVENTO R L bW/ao 87 516 a, I
ATTORNEYS E. G. S. CLARE. SAW SET DRESSING TOOL. APPLICATION FILED 059.20, m9.
1,368,698. v Patente i 1.16!: E IEBI.
nmmmmmlw I: i
4 NORA/EMS EDWARD G. S. CLARE, 0F SEATTLE, WASHINGTON.
SAW-SET-DRESSING TGOL.
Specification of Letters Patent. Patented Feb. 15, 1921 Application filed December 20, 1919. Serial No. 346,204.
To all whom it may concern: 7
Be it known that I, Enwnno G. S. CLARE, a subject of the King of Great Britain, and a resident of Seattle, in the county of King and State of Vashington, certain new and useful Improvements in Saw-Set-Dressing Tools, of which the 1tol lowing is a specification.
My invention is an improvement in saw set dressing tools, and has for its object to provide a device of the character specified especially designed to be used after the saw is set and jointed and before filing, to dress down the set in each tooth of the saw, until all the teeth are in the same plane with each other, thus making a perfect set and to remove the wire edge from the teeth a'lter tiling.
In the drawings Figure 1 is a side view of the improved tool;
Fig. 2 is a bottom plan view; 7
Fig. 3 is a section on the line 3 01' Fig. 2
Fig. 41: is a top plan view;
Fig. 5 a perspective view looking from below, with the file bed detached;
Fig. 6 1s a transverse section at the tile bed.
In the embodiment of the invcntionshown the improved tool comprises a body 1 of suitable size and weight, and channel shaped, the body having at each side edge an upstanding flange or rib 2 for strengthening and reint'orc ing the body. This body is provided with longitudinally extending slots 3, one of the slots being arranged near each side edge ot the'body, and runners 4-. and 5 in. the form of angle plates are adjustably connected with the body, by means of screws which are passed through the slots from above and have ment with the angle-plates.
Referring to Figs. 1 and 3, it will be seen that each. or these angle plates consists of a relatively wide portion and a relatively narrow portion extending at a right angle, the relatively narrow portions sliding on the under face of the body and the relatively wide portions are adapted to engage the saw 7 which is to be dressed, and the tree edges of the said portions are rounded, as shown.
ht one end the body has port-ion 8 which is offset laterally from the plane of the body, in the same direction as the angle plates 4 and 5, and this offset portion is connected to the body by a web 9 which extends beyond have invented threaded enga the offset portion as shown in Figs. 3 and 5. This oil set portion 8, it will be noticed referring to Fig. 6, is of greatest thickness atone end, gradually decreasing in thickness toward the other, and intermediate the side edges of the body the said portion 1s provided with a longitudinally extending slot 10.
The ii le bed is in the form of an angle plate, extending flange or rib 12 at one side ec ge, the other side edge of the body having a perforated car 13. The body 11 is of greatest thickness at one end, gradually decreasing in thickness toward the other, and it is comprising a body 11 and a laterally.
seated upon the oil set portion 8 in such manner that the thick end of the bed. is at the thin end o'f'the offset portion. Thus the bed and the offset portion have cooperating inclined or wedge surfaces, which, when the bed is moved transversely of the body,
cooperate to move the face of the bed which supports the file toward or from the saw.
The bed is held to the offset portion by means of a screw 14L which is passed through the body ll of the bed and through the slot it) before mentioned. Above the oil set por tion the screw is engaged by a wing nut 15,
and it will be noticed that the head of the screw is sunk in the body. 11 of the bed so that it is i lush with that face of the bed which supports the file indicated at 16. The file is clamped against the rib 12 of the bed, by means of the eccentric head l? ot a bolt 18 which passes through the perforated ear 13, and is engaged by. a nut 19 above the ear. By means of the eccentric head 01" the bolt the tile maybe easily clamped in place or released when desired.
In operation, the file being clamped in place and the runners l and 5 adjusted" to the proper point on the body and being rigidly held in parallel position by the screws 6, the device is placed on one face of the saw,as shown in Fig. 1, with the file at the teeth of the saw. The engaging face of the file is spaced just far enough from the plane of the saw to properly dress the teeth which havebeen set and jointed, but not filed. With the parts so arranged the file is moved longitudinally of the saw, and it will be evident that the teeth will be dressed moving the file bed transversely of the body in the proper direction, the distance of the engaging face of the file from the saw may be varie V The improved tool may be used for dress ing circular saws as well as straight saws, and it will be noticed that the runners 4 and 5 are set some distance from that end of the tool remote from the file bed, in order that they may clear the handle of a hand saw. The improved tool may be made of different sizes for different sizes of saws. With small saws, such as hand saws, the file is smaller and the runners-are set close enough so that the runner remote from the file will remain on the saw at the narrow end thereof.
In using the tool it is important that the saw be placed on a perfectly fiat surface in order to obtain the best result'and both runners must contact with. the saw at all times. Furthermore, the from the runners and not from the file. There is no possibility of removing too much of the set, since the adjustment permits only so much to be removed.
I claim: 1. A tool of the character specified comprising a body having at one end a transversely extending guideway, runners for engaging the saw adjustable on ward and from each other and longitudinally of the body, a file bed held on the guideway and adjustable longitudinally thereof, said guideway and file bed shaving cooperating inclined or wedge surfaces for moving-the file bed toward and from the plane through the engaging surfaces of the runners, means in connection with the bed for clamping a file" thereto, said means comprising a bolt having an eccentric head for engaging the edge of the file,the bed having a rib for en- 7 gaging the other edge, and having a perforated car through which the bolt extends, and a nut engaging the bolt.
2. A tool'of the character specified'comprising a body having at one end a transdinally of the body,
pressure must be applied the body toversely extending guideway, runners for engaging the saw adjustable on the body toward and from each other and longitudinally of the body, a file bed held inthe guideway and adjustable longitudinally thereof, said guideway and file bed having cooperating inclined or wedge surfaces for moving the file bed toward and from the plane through the engaging surfaces of the runners, and means in connection with the bed for clamping a file thereto.
3. A device of the character specified comprising a body having runners extending transversely thereof and adjustable longitua file bed detachably connected. with one end of theutool, said bed and body having cooperating wedge shaped surfaces to move the supporting face of the file bed toward and from the body when the file bed is moved transversely of the-body, means for clamping a file to the bed, said means comprising a bolt engaging the bed and having an eccentric head for engaging one edge of the file, the bed having a rib for engaging the other end, and a nut engaging the bolt. 7 a
A, device of the character specified comprising a body having runners extending transversely thereof and adjustable longitudinally of the body, a file bed detachably connected with one end of the tool, said bed and body having cooperating wedge shaped surfaces to move the supporting face of the file bed toward and from the body when the file bed is moved transversely of the body, and means for clamping'a file to the bed;
A device of the character specified coinprising a body having runners extending transversely thereof, a file bed connected with one end of the body, and means in connection with the body and the bed for mov ing said bed toward the plane through the engaging faces of the runners when the bed is moved in one direction and for moving it I away from said plane when the bed. is moved in the other direction. 7 I V EDWARD G. S. CLARE.
|
All relevant data are within the manuscript and its [Supporting Information](#sec017){ref-type="sec"} files.
Evidence has been numerous that since the 1950s farmland biodiversity decreases worldwide due to on-going changes in agricultural practices \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Agricultural intensification and specialization have been reshaping and simplifying agricultural landscapes leading to a loss of habitat and spatial and temporal heterogeneity<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Accordingly, degradation of habitat and food resources have been resulting in a severe reduction in biodiversity \[[@pone.0255483.ref001],[@pone.0255483.ref003],[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and by more than 50% of the EU farmland bird indicator since 1980 \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Although agricultural land is covering about 40% of the terrestrial earth surface, so far only single studies have been assessing land-cover changes over time (see in<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or related them to changes in habitat choice of farmland birds (but see \[[@pone.0255483.ref011],[@pone.0255483.ref012]\]).
Interestingly, in Europe, in large-scale intensive farmland the area of infrastructure such as roads as well as hedgerows and woodlands have mainly remained stable over the years<EMAIL_ADDRESS>while crops have changed annually due to crop rotation<EMAIL_ADDRESS>In contrast, in less intensive agricultural areas e.g., in the Alpine regions, indicating less quality soil meadows or open habitats (e.g., set asides) change to higher succession stages (e.g., bush land or forests) because farmers lose financial revenues for the sustenance of such structures. Another reason is that land adds to the farmers income when treated as realty housing buildings or other infrastructure<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The latter may be more pronounced near housing development particularly in Alpine valleys and in close vicinity to cities, where land speculation highly affects land sells.
Most of the above-mentioned European studies focused on habitat choice in birds in intensive farmlands where infrastructure does not seem to change<EMAIL_ADDRESS>As a result, there is little evidence on the association of habitat preferences with the change of landscape heterogeneity over time and space caused not only by augmenting crop area size but also by increasing building and infrastructure. Thus, heterogeneity becomes a different meaning when concerning the habitat preferences of grey partridges. Worldwide more than 50% of all people lives in cities, with increasing tendency, therefore the habitat loss around cities is of severe present and future concern. Vienna is the most fast-growing big city in Europe with an increase in human population of 13% during the last decade<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The only possible expanding direction of Austria's capital city is into rural eastern and southern areas where farmland vanishes due to buildings \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The grey partridge *Perdix perdix* (family: Phasianidae, Order: Galliformes) is a characteristic steppe---open land breeding bird that had been common in most farmlands in the 1950s \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>but drastically experienced a steep and wide-spread decline throughout Europe. In most countries, populations harbour today less than 10% of their pre-war numbers<EMAIL_ADDRESS>These declines were not linear in all countries because most losses in numbers happened in the last two to three decades. In Germany, numbers dropped since 1992 by 89% and between 2004 and 2016 by 50% (Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten, DDA). In France, the distribution between 1989 and 2015 went down to remaining 23%<EMAIL_ADDRESS>In the UK, the loss exhibited about 92% between 1970 and 2015 and, as a consequence, the bird was included on the Red List<EMAIL_ADDRESS>In Austria, the short-time decline between 2011 and 2016 exhibited 47%, but the long-time trend showed a drop by 82% between 1998 and 2016<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The falling by the wayside of the partridge illustrates an indicator for drastic Europe-wide landscape change and habitat loss due to agricultural intensification. Potts and Aebischer<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and Aebischer and Ewald<EMAIL_ADDRESS>attributed the massive declines to 1) the loss of breeding habitat, 2) the decrease in availability of insects for chick food and 3) the concentration of grey partridges and predators in remaining few habitats.
The needs and habitat preferences of grey partridges are well studied. As a steppe bird, they avoid forests and trees<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and buildings<EMAIL_ADDRESS>because they often harbour predators. Breeding partridges search for cover in cereals \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>grass or rape that is not too dense \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Partridges feed mainly on plant seeds but during breeding they need arthropods in order to produce eggs, rear young and promote moult. Further, they need structural cover as a protection from predation<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Partridges profit from a mosaic of wild-flower strips that are ideally mowed in a rotating order<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Survival of partridge chicks and adults is lower in regions with a simplified agricultural landscape structure, e.g., large fields, pesticide use and a lack of permanent cover \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The birds can often be found along linear structures such as tracks, field margins, stripes along paths and hedges to find food and shelter \[[@pone.0255483.ref021]--[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>However, breeding success is not always high in and besides these linear structures<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Particularly when the structures for hiding are small and additional predator access from guiding linear structures is given. Thus, hiding structures need to be higher and larger in habitats with high predation pressure<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Gottschalk and Beeke<EMAIL_ADDRESS>showed that small fallow fields exhibited a high predation with 75% of nest lost before hatch, of these, 80% were predated by mammals and 20% by aerial predators. Blooming stripes and fallow land need to be at least 20 by 20 meters, frequent and connected to provide a hen to guide the chicks without losing the cover<EMAIL_ADDRESS>There seems a causal connection between field size and breeding success, respective predation rate \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The availability of hedges as good breeding habitat including dead grass providing concealment of nests is controversially discussed \[[@pone.0255483.ref022],[@pone.0255483.ref030],[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>but see \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Aebischer & Potts<EMAIL_ADDRESS>claimed that partridges need at least 4 km hedges to maintain brood success in British intensive farmlands. But hedges if not cultivated can turn into treelines with no adequate herbal hiding below and nice predator perches above<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Thus, the different findings on breeding success in and near hedges including the dynamic quality of a hedge as partridge shelter over time require further studying.
In most of the studies on habitat preference in grey partridge, the effects of landscape features have been studied independently from each other. Consequently, there is still little known on the relative contributions of single landscape parameters for the partridge's habitat preference in farmland landscape in space and time (but see \[[@pone.0255483.ref012],[@pone.0255483.ref024],[@pone.0255483.ref040]\]). Even less is known about potential changes in patterns of habitat preference over time in highly dynamic agricultural landscapes, particularly close to cities.
The goal of this study was to investigate between-year and within-year trends in grey partridge habitat preferences in a peri-urban farmland landscape. Our hypotheses were: (1) grey partridge populations in the vicinity of the city Vienna are declining following the Europe-wide trend; (2) grey partridges' habitat preferences are influenced by hedges of different quality; (3) grey partridges' habitat preferences change according to their social structure and reproductive state; (4) habitat preferences of grey partridges change in compliance with the highly dynamic agricultural landscapes close to cities; and (5) grey partridges' habitat preferences alter in accordance with available diversity and infrastructure in agricultural landscapes near cities.
To study these goals, we analysed data covering three study periods within 17 years from grey partridge counts and landscape mapping in the agricultural landscapes near Vienna at two spatial scales, and investigated the relative importance of single habitat structures, field size and diversity on this bird's habitat preference.
Materials and methods {#sec002}
Grey partridges were monitored in the years 2000--2002<EMAIL_ADDRESS>2008--2012<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and in the year 2017 (within our study) in arable habitats close to Vienna (see also [S1 Fig](#pone.0255483.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Within the two previous studies, grey partridges in Vienna district were counted within squares consisting of nearly all habitat that was assumed to be suitable for grey partridges (see<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for details). Each single square covered a sixth of a geographical minute (field site length of 618 m) and birds were counted along transects adapted to the local conditions. Since field use, time of year and day, disturbances, wind--and other weather conditions all affect the behaviour of partridges, the field worker needed to adapt to this variation. Thus, transect position and length within the squares might have changed between 2002 and 2012.
In the year 2017, we proceeded a resampling of the squares and were able to select a practicable number of 20 squares ([S1 Fig](#pone.0255483.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [S1 Table](#pone.0255483.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) covering most of the partridge habitat in an area of 7.64 km² on the basis of two main criteria: i) grey partridge occurrence was detected at least within one of the two previous studies within the square \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>ii) at least 10% of the total square surface area was still suitable for grey partridges in the year 2017. Both criteria had to be fulfilled.
Mapping grey partridges {#sec003}
Grey partridge occurrence was assessed within two field trips (winter, spring 2017) which were performed by three trained field observers. A first field trip was conducted in winter during daytime (2^nd^ - 16^th^ February 2017, [Fig 3](#pone.0255483.g003){ref-type="fig"}), when agricultural landscapes were covered by snow and individual partridges, pairs and coveys (\> 2 individuals) were easily detected. Since field paths did not allow for detecting grey partridges within the whole square, additional pathways were determined by foot according to the actual habitat structure to cover the entire square. Thus, the observers walked through the squares at a steady, slow pace and recorded the location of grey partridges (transect count). Thereby, we assume that detection probability did not differ between habitat types. We used one long transect per square to easily cover the entire area. We did not want to change the transect count method that had been used in the previous years, thus, we did not use replicate counts.
The second field trip was made in spring during breeding season (9^th^ March - 10^th^ April 2017, [Fig 2](#pone.0255483.g002){ref-type="fig"}). As performed in the two previous studies by Wichmann and Teufelbauer<EMAIL_ADDRESS>in the years 2000--2002 and Sabathy<EMAIL_ADDRESS>in the years 2008--2012, we surveyed grey partridges during breeding season by using a vehicle to drive to survey points distributed within the squares (point count). Number and position of survey points was adapted to terrain and vegetation cover of each square (see also \[[@pone.0255483.ref043]\]). At each survey point, we visually observed squares and listened for spontaneously calling males. In addition, we used playbacks for one minute and counted the answering males during the next two minutes after playback (see \[[@pone.0255483.ref042],[@pone.0255483.ref043]\]). Vocal activity was found to be relatively constant between mid-March and mid-April<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and males have their highest vocal activity during sunrise<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and sunset<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Therefore, grey partridges were counted either in the early morning (starting 90 minutes before sunrise, see also \[[@pone.0255483.ref036]\]), or in the evening (starting 90 minutes before sunset, see also<EMAIL_ADDRESS>lasting for a total period of 3 hours. We are aware that using playback calls may increase detection probability of grey partridges by 1.3 to 1.6 times \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>but in order to achieve comparable data with the previous studies of Wichmann and Teufelbauer<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and Sabathy<EMAIL_ADDRESS>we used this field protocol.
The location and movement of each grey partridge (individual or covey) counted in winter and spring 2017 was mapped in a field map. In addition, when more than one grey partridge was detected within a time, we added remarks to avoid false double counts.
Mapping habitat characteristics {#sec004}
To determine habitat preference, habitat availability and use by partridges have to be ascertained. Availability and use were determined by way of habitat mapping. The habitat mapping was conducted in 3.14 ha circular plots (100 m radius) around each grey partridge location (habitat use). The area of 3.14 ha around each grey partridge location should cover the home range size of grey partridges during breeding season \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>In squares without detection of grey partridges, the centre of the squares was used to set reference circular plots with equal size (habitat availability). Habitat types found within the circular plots were then determined at a rough and fine scale using a geographical information system (ArcGIS, Esri).
Mapping land cover types within the agricultural landscape on a rough scale {#sec005}
We digitally analysed land cover of the 20 squares on a rough scale by using open government data (annual landcover maps and aerial photographs; Stadt Wien - [https://data.wien.gv.at](https://data.wien.gv.at/), [S2 Table](#pone.0255483.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Since Wichmann and Teufelbauer<EMAIL_ADDRESS>collected grey partridge occurrence data from the years 2000--2002, we used annual land cover maps and aerial photographs from the year 2001 to determine land cover types. Sabathy<EMAIL_ADDRESS>counted grey partridges in the east and north of Vienna in the years 2008--2010, and in the south of Vienna in the years 2011--2012. Thus, we used annual land cover maps from the year 2009, and aerial photographs from the years 2008 and 2012 for the different sites, respectively. In addition, land cover maps and aerial photographs of the year 2016 were used for our own data on grey partridge occurrence, since we assume that these land cover classes were still predominant in early 2017, when we conducted our field work.
The different landscape types (e.g., arable lands, meadows, vineyards, forests, hedgerows and water bodies) and infrastructures (e.g., roads, field paths, settlements, areas under construction, parks, power poles and windmills) were quantified, as they could be distinguished using the aerial photos. The sum of all habitat types found in the circular plot around each grey partridge location comprised the habitat use of each individual grey partridge. The sum of all habitat types in the circular plot around each control point was averaged over all squares and, thus, comprised the total habitat available to all grey partridges. Distances to the nearest infrastructure for each observed partridge or control point in the year 2017 were calculated in the geographical information system using the proximity analysis tool.
Mapping habitat characteristics on a fine scale in 2017 {#sec006}
Each individual grey partridge location, as well as the centre of those squares without detection of grey partridges were visited again later on to record fine scaled habitat parameters (see also<EMAIL_ADDRESS>[S3 Table](#pone.0255483.s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Locations were visited within the same day when counting of grey partridges had been conducted in the early morning, or the day after when grey partridge occurrence had been assessed in the evening. Within the circular plots, we collected data on the use of agricultural areas and set-asides (e.g., winter grain, harvested field, without crop, meadow, fallow land/green manures) and all additional habitat structures, which might be also used by grey partridges (e.g., field paths, gravel walks, forest islands). We also obtained data on height and width of hedgerows, small tree islands, and density of understory.
To discriminate hedges that are of particular use for partridges, providing shelter and food from those overgrown hedges, not suitable habitat but rather a perch for predators, we created the variable "super hedge". We used the parameters height (\>4m) and width of hedge (\>2m) and availability of a dense understory (herbal vegetation cover below ground \>70%) to identify super hedges. We identified hedges and super hedge characteristics as precisely as possible on the maps, since the aerial maps do not really reflect height and ground cover, we at random identified and mapped in 30% of available hedges these variables in the field. But only too few hedges fit our expectations as being low, bushy, thick and with herbal cover as partridge quality hedges. Finally, all hedges remained within the model because they were more or less all rather tall, overgrown bush or tree-lines with nearly no ground cover, no good partridge habitat.
Available habitat types were not averaged over all squares because averaging proved to include habitat types not available in the individual squares and causing thus too many avoidances.
To assess diversity, we calculated the number and sizes of areas available in a square. Thereby, we defined a plot covered by a landscapes type as an area.
Data analysis {#sec007}
All data analyses were carried out using the software R 3.6.3<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Habitat preferences were measured by using Chesson's Electivity Index ε<EMAIL_ADDRESS>an index based on Manly's alpha<EMAIL_ADDRESS>$$\alpha_{i} = \frac{r_{i}}{n_{i}} \times \frac{1}{\sum_{j = 1}^{m}\left( \frac{r_{j}}{n_{j}} \right)}$$ (1): Manly's alpha selection index (α<EMAIL_ADDRESS>α~i~ = Manly's selection index for habitat type i; r~i~, r~j~ = proportions of habitat types i and j in the partridge's habitat (i and j = 1, 2, 3, ..., m); n~i~, n~j~ = proportions of habitat types i and j available; m = number of potential habitat types. $$\varepsilon_{i} = \frac{m\alpha_{i} - 1}{(m - 2)\alpha_{i} + 1}$$ (2) Electivity index ε<EMAIL_ADDRESS>m = number of potential habitat types, α~i~ = Manly's selection index for habitat type i.
Chesson's Electivity Index has the advantage that individual habitat preferences are comparable for a varying number of habitat types available to different individuals<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The Chesson's Electivity Index ranges between -1 and +1; negative values are related to negative selection (avoidance, -), whereas positive values show positive selection (preference, +). The Chesson's Electivity Indices were calculated for each square where grey partridges were mapped, for each individual grey partridge, and for each grey partridge territory. The Indices were calculated based on different habitat mapping: the annual land cover map (years 2001, 2009 and 2017) and the fine scale habitat map (year 2017) with and without differentiation in super hedges. The reliability of Chesson's Electivity Index was tested by using the bootstrap method<EMAIL_ADDRESS>using the package "boot"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The original ε~i~ values (ε~i~ = Chesson's Electivity Index for the habitat type i) were resampled 1500 times with replacement and an accelerated bootstrap confidence interval was calculated. The accelerated bootstrap adjusted the confidence interval for bias and skewness<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If the lower and upper 95% CI featured different algebraic signs, the selection for the respective habitat type were not significant (n.s.). ε~i~ values for habitat types were only bootstrapped if they were calculated for 7 or more squares with grey partridge presence/grey partridge individuals/grey partridge territories, as smaller sample sizes provide unreliable results. Shannon-Wiener-Indices were calculated using the package "vegan"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Statistical analysis {#sec008}
Generalized linear mixed-effects models were fitted using the package lme4<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Firstly, the response variable Shannon-Wiener-Index was investigated with a model including the covariate type (used vs available). Secondly, two models including the covariate year (2001 vs 2009 vs 2017) scrutinised either the response variable number of grey partridges or number of grey partridge territories. Thirdly, several models including the covariate year (2001 vs 2009 vs 2017) scrutinised the response variables average number of areas and average area size per square for used and available habitat, and infrastructure. Fourthly, several models including the covariate type of habitat (used vs. available) or season (winter vs. spring) scrutinised the response variable distance to the nearest infrastructure in the year 2017. All models included the variable "square" as random factor in order to account for the repeated measurements collected from the different squares. As the program R does not directly provide *p*-values for such models, the *p*-values were extracted by likelihood ratio tests<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Residuals of the models were checked for normal distribution by QQ-plots and histograms. The homogeneity of variances and goodness of fit were examined by plotting residuals versus fitted values<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The relationship between total infrastructural area and year was investigated using the Pearson correlation coefficient.
Distribution and territory numbers {#sec010}
The number of squares occupied by partridges remained the same over the years (X² = 0.151; p = 0.927; [Fig 1A](#pone.0255483.g001){ref-type="fig"}) but estimation of the numbers of individuals and territories revealed a visible decline over the years. Since the lowest population estimate appeared in 2009, the overall change in bird numbers (X² = 3.501; p = 0.173; [Fig 1B](#pone.0255483.g001){ref-type="fig"}) and territories (X² = 2.946; p = 0.229) over the years was not significant. To compare spatial distribution of grey partridges in winter and spring 2017 see Figs [2](#pone.0255483.g002){ref-type="fig"} and [3](#pone.0255483.g003){ref-type="fig"}.
::: {#pone.0255483.g001 .fig}
###### Habitat occupation of grey partridges in Vienna district.
Habitat occupation of grey partridges in Vienna district for the years 2001, 2009 and 2017 differing between (a) numbers of squares with grey partridge presence and (b) numbers of grey partridge individuals (white) and numbers of territories (grey).
::: {#pone.0255483.g002 .fig}
###### Spatial distribution of territorial pairs in spring 2017.
Artificial surfaces include settlements and infrastructure (e.g., roads). Source Realnutzungskartierung 2016: Stadt Wien - <https://data.wien.gv.at>.
::: {#pone.0255483.g003 .fig}
###### Spatial distribution of coveys (\> 2 individuals) in winter 2017.
Covey size varied between 3 and 15 individuals (mean = 7.2 individuals). Artificial surfaces include settlements and infrastructure (e.g., roads). Source Realnutzungskartierung: Stadt Wien - <https://data.wien.gv.at>.
Available habitat and the partridge's habitat use {#sec011}
In the available habitat for grey partridges, habitat diversity in terms of average area size (X² = 12.042; p \< 0.001) and number of areas (X² = 7.569; p = 0.006) per square increased significantly over the years 2001, 2009 and 2017 ([Table 1](#pone.0255483.t001){ref-type="table"}). The habitat diversity increase was highest from the year 2009 to 2017 in having almost the threefold number of areas and one-fifth of the area size per square in 2017 compared to 2009. In the squares, present infrastructure (i.e., roads, field paths, settlements, parks, windmills, power poles, sites under construction) increased considerably over the years 2001, 2009 and 2017 as the average number of infrastructural areas (X² = 3.169; p = 0.075; [Table 2](#pone.0255483.t002){ref-type="table"}) increased significantly, whereas the average infrastructural area sizes (X² = 2.165; p = 0.141) remained constant. In line with this, correlation coefficient demonstrates a strong increase in total infrastructural area during the time period (ρ = 0.942).
::: {#pone.0255483.t001 .table-wrap}
###### Change of habitat diversity for the years 2001, 2009, and 2017.
------ ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
a) Habitat availability Habitat use
Year Average nr of areas per square Average nr of areas per square with partridge presence Average nr of areas per partridge Average nr of areas per territory
2001 3.6 4.5 4.7 4.5
2009 7.9 5.9 5.8 5.9
2017 21.1 8.7 8.0 8.7
b) Habitat availability Habitat use
Year Average area size per square (ha) Average area size per square with partridge presence (ha) Average area size per partridge (ha) Average area size per territory (ha)
2001 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
2009 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
2017 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8
------ ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
Change of habitat diversity for the years 2001, 2009, and 2017 characterized by (a) the average number of areas and (b) the average area size. Habitat diversity is measured for available habitats to grey partridges and for used habitats by grey partridges.
::: {#pone.0255483.t002 .table-wrap}
###### Change of present infrastructure for the years 2001, 2009, and 2017.
Year Average nr of infrastructural areas per square Average infrastructural area size per square (ha) Total infrastructural area (ha)
------ ------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
2001 1.3 0.1 106.9
2009 5.4 0.3 117.5
2017 8.7 0.1 152.9
Change of present infrastructure (i.e., roads, field paths, settlements, parks, windmills, power poles, sites under construction) in the squares for the years 2001, 2009, and 2017.
In the habitat used by grey partridges, habitat diversity augmented also over the years although only significantly regarding the number of areas and not regarding the area sizes. This was true for the squares with partridge presence (average area size: X² = 2.576; p = 0.109; average number of areas: X² = 8.402; p = 0.004; [Table 1](#pone.0255483.t001){ref-type="table"}), as well per partridge (average area size: X² = 1.524; p = 0.217; average number of areas: X² = 8.881; p = 0.003) and territory (average area size: X² = 2.576; p = 0.109; average number of areas: X² = 8.402; p = 0.004). However, habitat diversity was not as high in used habitats as in available ones. Hence, grey partridge did not choose habitats especially rich in habitat diversity. This was particularly pronounced for the year 2017. The distances to infrastructure were not significantly different between partridges and control points both in winter and in spring of the year 2017 (p \> 0.05). However, partridges were found significantly nearer to infrastructure in winter (median: 22.19 ± 7.52 SE) than in spring 2017 (median: 112.85 ± 15.69 SE; X² = 21.022; p \< 0.0001).
Shannon-Wiener-Indices proved to be significantly smaller for used habitats than for available habitats for the years 2001, 2009, and 2017 (2001: X² = 22.56; p \< 0.001; 2009: X² = 27.92; p \< 0.001; 2017: X² = 25.99; p \< 0.001; [Fig 4](#pone.0255483.g004){ref-type="fig"}). Thus, grey partridges selected their habitat for low habitat diversity in all years ([Table 1](#pone.0255483.t001){ref-type="table"} and [Fig 4](#pone.0255483.g004){ref-type="fig"}).
::: {#pone.0255483.g004 .fig}
###### Habitat diversity available to and used by the grey partridge.
Habitat diversity available to and used by the grey partridge in Vienna district for the years (a) 2001, (b) 2009, and (c) 2017. Habitat diversity was measured by the Shannon-Wiener-Index (medians with 25^th^/75^th^ and 10^th^/90^th^ percentiles) using the annual land cover map. See text for statistical details.
Habitat selection in spring at the rough habitat scale {#sec012}
At the rough habitat scale (Realnutzungskartierung), partridges preferred arable land in 2001 and 2009, whereas the same habitat type was neutrally selected in the year 2017 ([Fig 5](#pone.0255483.g005){ref-type="fig"}).
::: {#pone.0255483.g005 .fig}
###### Chesson's electivity indices for habitat types of the grey partridge in the years 2001, 2009 and 2017.
Chesson's electivity indices and their distributions of 1500 bootstrap resamples (mean and 95% confidence interval) for habitat types of grey partridges based on the annual land cover map. Grey partridge individuals were mapped in Vienna district, Austria, during (a) 2001 (n = 43), (b) 2009 (n = 24), and (c) 2017 (n = 28). Not significant results cross the vertical line at zero. See text for statistical details.
In the years 2001, 2009 and 2017, grey partridges avoided significantly the habitat types field path, forest, hedgerow, meadow, park, power pole, road, settlement, under construction, vineyard, water body and windmill at the rough habitat scale.
Change of distribution and habitat use within the year 2017 {#sec013}
In the habitat used by grey partridges, habitat diversity in terms of average area size and number of areas per square decreased from winter to spring census in the year 2017 ([Table 3](#pone.0255483.t003){ref-type="table"}). This was true for the squares with partridge presence, as well per partridge. Hence, the birds chose habitats especially rich in habitat diversity during the covey period, whereas during breeding season habitats with lower diversity were used.
::: {#pone.0255483.t003 .table-wrap}
###### Change of habitat diversity for winter and spring censuses in 2017.
----------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
Year and census Average nr of areas per square with partridge presence Average nr of areas per partridge
winter 2017 13.5 14.9
spring 2017 8.7 8.0
Year and census Average area size per square with partridge presence (ha) Average area size per partridge (ha)
winter 2017 3.6 3.1
spring 2017 7.9 8.5
----------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
Change of habitat diversity for the winter and spring censuses in the year 2017 characterized by (a) the average number of areas and (b) the average area size. Habitat diversity is measured for used habitats by grey partridges.
Habitat selection in winter 2017 at the rough habitat scale {#sec014}
At the rough habitat scale, grey partridges preferred significantly meadows and roads in winter, whereas field paths were neutrally selected ([Fig 6](#pone.0255483.g006){ref-type="fig"}). The habitat types arable land, forest, hedgerow, park, power pole, settlement, under construction, vineyard, water body and windmill were avoided significantly by grey partridges.
::: {#pone.0255483.g006 .fig}
###### Chesson's electivity indices for habitat types of the grey partridge during winter 2017.
Chesson's electivity indices and their distributions of 1500 bootstrap resamples (mean and 95% confidence interval) for habitat types of grey partridges in winter based on the annual land cover map. Grey partridge individuals (n = 43) were mapped in Vienna district, Austria, in the year 2017. Not significant results cross the vertical line at zero. See text for statistical details.
Habitat selection in spring 2017 at the fine habitat scale {#sec015}
At the fine habitat scale, grey partridges preferred harvested fields in spring 2017 ([Fig 7](#pone.0255483.g007){ref-type="fig"}). The habitat types fallow land/green manures, field path, gravel walk, hedgerow/small tees, meadow, and without crop were avoided, whereas tarred road and winter grain were neutrally selected. Note that when including the habitat type "super hedge" in the fine scale habitat analysis, super hedge did not appear as selected habitat type by grey partridges as less than 7 squares with grey partridge presence/grey partridge individuals/grey partridge territories included super hedge in their habitat.
::: {#pone.0255483.g007 .fig}
###### Chesson's electivity indices for habitat types of the grey partridge during spring 2017.
Chesson's electivity indices and their distributions of 1500 bootstrap resamples (mean and 95% confidence interval) for habitat types of grey partridges in spring based on the fine scale habitat map. Grey partridge individuals (n = 68) were mapped in Vienna district, Austria, in the year 2017. Not significant results cross the vertical line at zero. See text for statistical details.
The mean size of agricultural fields in a landscape has been demonstrated by several international scientists to be one major driver of diversity and abundance of farmland biodiversity taxa including plants, arthropods, and vertebrates \[[@pone.0255483.ref034],[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>They concluded that small field sizes are of utter importance to halt and maybe even reverse the decline in biodiversity in landscapes dominated by cropping systems, which cover about 19% of the terrestrial land area<EMAIL_ADDRESS>In contrast, close to cities, a decrease of farmland patches is mostly caused by increasing elements of infrastructure ([Table 2](#pone.0255483.t002){ref-type="table"}) but this generated landscape diversity does not necessarily reflect an increase of biodiversity. One key outcome of our study is an increasing farmland diversification over decades in Vienna's agricultural sites and, above all, grey partridges shifted habitat preference not towards diverse habitats but, in contrast, they preferred in all years less diverse habitats, most pronounced in 2017 ([Fig 4](#pone.0255483.g004){ref-type="fig"} and [Table 1](#pone.0255483.t001){ref-type="table"}). Indeed, population size of grey partridges in Vienna has been decreasing, assuming that this type of diversity and fragmentation does not seem to maintain habitat quality.
We showed a farmland decline in Vienna district between 1997 until 2016 from 16.49% to 13.75%, representing a loss of 1136.31 ha over 20 years. That change parallels the increase in building and traffic infrastructure cover (Realnutzungskartierung, Statistik Austria 2017). When landscape diversity is increasing due to the rising of infrastructure, resulting further to a decrease in field or habitat size, the typical steppe bird firstly suffers direct habitat loss. Secondly, the connectivity of different fields providing enough food and shelter to guide the young is impaired and, thirdly, the bird loses the open, steppe-like good overview for predators.
Housing in Vienna is growing mainly into open Southern and Eastern farmland areas and former partridge habitat directly got lost. This development leads to fragmented or even isolated farmland patches that might be even rich in insects or herbal cover but if not connected and too close to frequented settlements and dog walking paths result in an avoidance of partridges. Although this farmland habitat may still be present, it is lost for partridge use, since they need at least 1--2 ha connected different-aged fallow land and flowering stripes between arable fields during breeding<EMAIL_ADDRESS>to safely guide their young in cover. The main limiting factors for population numbers are the habitat quality and availability during incubating and guiding the young between May and mid-August \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Predation, connected to habitat fragmentation, further alters habitat quality and is a key factor for a decline in reproduction<EMAIL_ADDRESS>particular in non-adequate habitats<EMAIL_ADDRESS>In partridge habitats that are easily accessible for predators (e.g., agricultural fields close to settlements, streets, forests, tree lines and small rest habitats), the chances increase that foxes, mustelids, or cats converge with grey partridges \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Bro et al. 2004<EMAIL_ADDRESS>demonstrated that small structures increase predation risk and patches in highly fragmented areas may act as ecological traps in which birds suffer from high predation. To maintain reproduction and survival of partridges, the habitat patches need to be firstly large enough that sensing the birds and meeting them by chance is widely reduced for a predator. Secondly, the habitat patches need to be in distance to predator harbouring islands and lines along they orientate and, thirdly, they need to be open and steppe like in order to oversee the area clearly. Any structures---even though they harbour seeds or insect food attractive for partridges---that maintain or can be used as orientation paths for predators or facilitate them to rest, negatively affect partridge numbers<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Predators are then even facilitated to get closer into the crop fields and, consequently, directly into partridge breeding habitat. Distances of partridges to woodlands and buildings during breeding are expected because of avoidance of these carnivore reservoirs \[[@pone.0255483.ref023],[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Indeed, we found that in all years, partridges avoided these structures
Potts'<EMAIL_ADDRESS>review showed the importance of hedgerows as breeding sites in intensive British farmlands (but see \[[@pone.0255483.ref063],[@pone.0255483.ref064]\]). Harmange et al<EMAIL_ADDRESS>asserted that in France the number of roads, tracks, and hedgerows have remained fairly stable over the last decades and hedgerows did not contribute much to their model on the probability of occurrence of partridges. When evaluating field types and structures, in particular hedges in their quality as good partridge habitat, we need to look not only into their abundance but also at their succession changes over time. In our study area, the majority of hedges fit not our expectations to be good quality partridge hedges with low height, bushy, thick and with herbal cover. Partridges avoided hedges in all years indicating, that with their age and mostly overgrown, they may not function as good habitats to find food and shelter. A hedge if not cultivated changes depending on the species composition over five to 10 years from small bushes with very adequate herbal cover and food for the birds to bare treelines that offer no sufficient ground cover and shelter but perches for birds of prey and facilitate ground predator movement. In Britain, it is shown that the most suitable nesting habitat for grey partridges exists in the hedges trimmed every other year<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Overgrown hedges may function as little woods, and woodlands harbouring predators have already been identified as the main driver of grey partridge distribution at local district scale<EMAIL_ADDRESS>To understand the relationship between complex landscape changes and habitat preferences of animals in particular, we need to identify heterogeneity and its temporal and spatial changes because they may affect not only habitat preferences but also population sizes. According to the decline of the Austrian farmland bird index<EMAIL_ADDRESS>with the partridge accounting highest to the index, numbers of grey partridges dropped also in Vienna, representing the drastic declining European trends. In line with other European studies, population numbers in Vienna are fluctuating but decreasing<EMAIL_ADDRESS>([Fig 1](#pone.0255483.g001){ref-type="fig"}). Potts<EMAIL_ADDRESS>affirmed that today most partridges worldwide live on arable land, a secondary artificial habitat. The birds live mainly in crops and grazing pastures, depending on small weed seeds and insect food during breeding. Our results indicate a preference for arable land between 2001 and 2009, but not in 2017 ([Fig 5](#pone.0255483.g005){ref-type="fig"}). Partridges exhibited in the last study years no preference for either habitat assuming they were using the habitat categories equally. Cereals is well known as the main breeding cover selected by grey partridges (69% of nests in cereals \[[@pone.0255483.ref012],[@pone.0255483.ref025]\]), associated with high nesting success<EMAIL_ADDRESS>However, the authors demonstrated a response curve of nesting success to cereal cover that exhibits saturation, indicating a need for complementary habitats, for example, rape for food<EMAIL_ADDRESS>mainly insect, seed and cover rich fields and stripes as described in Oppermann et al<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Arable land gets less suitable if these structures are missing. In nowadays intensively managed farmlands, the key variable for good partridge habitat is diversification in open habitat, referring to a change or mosaic in crop types, meadow, blooming stripes, fallow with differing ages, young hedges and bushes, and several differing field margins but all placed in open farmland habitat, at least in a minimum size and in vicinity to each other but far from forest, roads \[[@pone.0255483.ref034],[@pone.0255483.ref036],[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and settlements<EMAIL_ADDRESS>At a higher resolution, our analyses on habitat and within year variation illustrates partridges to switch from diverse areas in covey period to less diverse areas with larger fields in breeding time ([Table 3](#pone.0255483.t003){ref-type="table"}). After winter, the pre-nesting dispersal is crucial to space nests and to become inconspicuous so as to minimise the risk of predation<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Larger fields particularly if they provide high cover are safer for birds since they are less detectable \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The cover from cereal and weeds is a key factor for partridge survival \[[@pone.0255483.ref017],[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>However, larger cereal fields need to provide food and shelter. Potts<EMAIL_ADDRESS>summarised the needs for incubating females with 1) the availability of dead vegetation as cover for nest building, 2) a given minimum cover height to protect the female, 3) the presence of field boundaries, and 4) the presence of linear structures to escape in the crops from predators. A first outcome of our modelling revealed that Vienna partridges during breeding not only selected for larger field size than in winter but preferred harvested fields, and at the same time avoided hedges, fallow land, meadows and greening ([Fig 7](#pone.0255483.g007){ref-type="fig"}). Typically, these structures are recorded to be a partridge magnet during breeding in large scale agricultural areas in order to ensure high vegetation cover as shelter and an insect-rich surrounding for the chicks. In our study, the avoidance indicates low habitat quality due to intensive management of meadows and fallow land with cutting times too early in summer during breeding and because old outgrown hedges may function rather as predator reservoirs. This is in line with Buner et al<EMAIL_ADDRESS>demonstrating that partridges used wild flower stripes in all seasons but avoided low quality hedges during breeding.
A second key outcome of our modelling process was that in winter the birds shifted habitat preference toward more risky habitats ([Fig 6](#pone.0255483.g006){ref-type="fig"}, see also \[[@pone.0255483.ref012]\]). Although less widely distributed in winter ([Fig 3](#pone.0255483.g003){ref-type="fig"}, but see \[[@pone.0255483.ref038]\]), the partridges preferred meadows but even human infrastructure reservoirs such as roads ([Fig 6](#pone.0255483.g006){ref-type="fig"}). Harmange et al<EMAIL_ADDRESS>discovered that in France over decades partridges got closer to predator risky structures such as roads. An explanation was the high number of released captive partridges for hunting purposes in the population that are not predator trained and lack in avoiding behaviour. In Vienna, the release of partridges may be ignored. We rather assume that in winter avoidance of predator reservoirs (woodlands and buildings) has weakened, and selection of human infrastructure (roads and tracks) that harbour seeds (see also \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>has increased because partridges have a lack of choice to get access to scarce seed sources. In comparison to breeding time, the birds may better cope with predators in winter through increased group sizes and, thus, vigilance. Hence, they may afford to be more exposed in order to get access to food. Apart from group size, cover provided at this time of the year by vegetation besides roads and paths is further affecting vigilance and, hence, the time available for feeding<EMAIL_ADDRESS>In contrast to our findings, Buner et al<EMAIL_ADDRESS>found a decrease in home range size from covey (15 ha) to breeding period (7 ha). Although we cannot provide a radio telemetry study to prove that home ranges were larger in winter, the birds were very concentrated in few areas ([Fig 3](#pone.0255483.g003){ref-type="fig"}). One explanation may be food concentration on specific fields and at pheasant feeding stations that provide continuous food availability and, hence, attracting and concentrating birds in specific areas and near roads. This is in line with Salek et al. 2004) demonstrating considerably unbalanced spatial arrangement with conspicuous local concentrations of grey partridges.
The deprivation of the grey partridge population in Vienna is an indicator for a loss of biodiversity in the farmland areas near the city. The partridge's avoidance of meadows and greening during breeding may be an indicator of direct partridge habitat alteration due to increasing landscape structuring and edge effect due to constructions of settlements and roads in the urban vicinity. This results in a loss in size and quality of partridge farmland habitats that is additionally altered by crop choice and pesticides reducing plant and insect food. Particularly high insect and seed abundance has been linked to higher densities of farmland birds, including grey partridge \[[@pone.0255483.ref036],[@pone.0255483.ref037],[@pone.0255483.ref070]\]). With declining breeding pairs, the grey partridge does not seem to adjust to these unsustainable landscape changes and farmland practices. Therefore, low food availability may explain the partridge's large search areas for food and higher concentrations at sites which in turn might increase the bird's susceptibility to predation and wet weather conditions.
The continuous drop in habitat quality caused by agricultural intensification may have increased the concentration of prey and the predation pressure on the few remaining suitable patches<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Low numbers in partridges increase further the risk of predation in winter since groups are smaller and, thus, group vigilance is reduced. After Kokko and Sutherland<EMAIL_ADDRESS>low-density population may be further at risk as the nearly competition free situation increases the risk of the individuals to fall into ecological traps.
To improve the survival chances of the grey partridge, immediate efforts must be directed to peri-urban farmland protection and habitat improvement, including the reduction of pesticides and increasing surface area covered by large flower and fallow stripes in order to restore the density of cover, insects, and seeds in the landscape. A collateral predator management and stop of partridge hunting will ensure self-sustainable populations. The persistence of hunting activity, although with a limited effort, has probably contributed to the extinction of many sub-populations and is critically threatening the remaining ones<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Hence, even a very low rate of harvesting cannot be tolerated by the present continental populations. Only an integrated local management, involving hunters, farmers, municipalises and scientists can ensure the recovery of this species and, thus, its surrounding biodiversity.
Supporting information {#sec017}
###### Map of study site showing position of study squares.
Click here for additional data file.
###### Locations of the centroids (longitude, latitude) of the 20 study squares.
Click here for additional data file.
###### Data from this study rough habitat scale.
Click here for additional data file.
###### Data from this study fine habitat scale.
Click here for additional data file.
S1 Raw data
Click here for additional data file.
S2 Raw data
Click here for additional data file.
We are grateful to Ronald W. Knapp and Norbert Zierhofer who did the fieldwork. We thank Gabor Wichmann and Erich Sabathy to generously provide their survey data from previous years for our study. We also want to thank the Municipal Department 22---Environmental Protection for providing aerial photographs, particularly Ferdinand Schmeller for administrative support during the project.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
|
President may waive this prohibition with respect to any such
country if he determines, and so reports to the Congress, that
furnishing such assistance to such country would further the
national interests of the United States.''.
[(d) Section 534 of such Act is amended to read as follows:
[``Sec. 534. Turkey and Cyprus Programs.--(a) Of the amount
authorized to be appropriated to carry out this chapter for the
fiscal year 1980, $15,000,000 shall be available only for
Cyprus for refugee relief, reconstruction, or other activities
consistent with a reconciliation on Cyprus.
[``(b) Of the amount authorized to be appropriated to carry
out this chapter for the fiscal year 1980, not more than
$98,000,000 shall be available for Turkey.''.
[(e) Chapter 4 of part II of such Act is amended by adding
at the end thereof the following new section:
[``Sec. 535. Sudan Program.--Of the amount authorized to be
appropriated to carry out this chapter for the fiscal year
1980, not less than $40,000,000 shall be available for
Sudan.''.
[international military education and training
[Sec. 9. Section 542 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961
is amended by striking out ``$31,800,000 for the fiscal year
1979'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``$31,800,000 for the
fiscal year 1980, except that no part of such amount may be
made available for Inter-American regional programs unless the
foreign countries participating in such programs collectively
contribute an equivalent amount to carry out the purposes of
such programs''.
[peacekeeping operations
[Sec. 10. (a) Section 552(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act
of 1961 is amended by striking out ``$30,900,000 for the fiscal
year 1979'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``$21,100,000 for the
fiscal year 1980''.
[(b) Section 551 of such Act is amended by adding at the
end thereof the following new sentence: ``Such assistance may
include reimbursement to the Department of Defense for expenses
incurred pursuant to section 7 of the United Nations
Participation Act of 1945, except that such reimbursements may
not exceed $5,000,000 in any fiscal year unless a greater
amount is specifically authorized by this section.''.
[(c) Section 552 of such Act is amended by adding at the
end thereof the following new subsection:
[``(c) If the President determines that, as the result of
an unforeseen emergency, the provision of assistance under this
chapter in amounts in excess of funds otherwise available for
such assistance is important to the national interests of the
United States, the President may exercise the authority of
section 610(a) of this Act to transfer funds available to carry
out chapter 4 of this part for use under this chapter without
regard to the 20-percent increase limitation contained in such
section, except that (1) the total amount so transferred in any
fiscal year may not exceed $10,000,000, and (2) earmarked funds
may not be transferred.''.
[cooperative cross servicing and lead-nation procurement arrangements
within the north atlantic treaty organization
[Sec. 11. Subparagraph (C) of section 3(d)(3) of the Arms
Export Control Act is amended to read as follows:
[``(C) to arrangements among members of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization or between the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization and any of its member
countries--
[``(i) for cooperative cross servicing, or
[``(ii) for lead-nation procurement if the
certification transmitted to the Congress
pursuant to section 36(b) of this Act with
regard to such lead-nation procurement
identified the transferees on whose behalf the
lead-nation procurement was proposed.''.
[reciprocal quality assurance, inspection, and contract audit services
[Sec. 12. Section 21 of the Arms Export Control Act is
amended--
[(1) by redesignating subsection (h) as subsection
(i); and
[(2) by inserting the following new subsection (h)
immediately after subsection (g):
[``(h) The President is authorized to provide (without
charge) quality assurance, inspection, and contract audit
defense services under this section--
[``(1) in connection with the placement or
administration of any contract or subcontract for
defense articles or defense services entered into after
the date of enactment of this subsection by, or under
this Act on behalf of, a foreign government which is a
member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, if
such government provides such services in accordance
with an agreement on a reciprocal basis, without
charge, to the United States Government; or
[``(2) in connection with the placement or
administration of any contract or subcontract for
defense articles or defense services pursuant to the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Infrastructure
Program in accordance with an agreement under which the
foreign governments participating in such program
provide such services, without charge, in connection
with similar contracts or subcontracts.''.
[modification of the annual arms sales proposal
[Sec. 13. Section 25(d) of the Arms Export Control Act is
amended--
[(1) by inserting ``weapons or weapons-related''
immediately after ``major'';
[(2) by striking out ``defense articles or defense
services'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``weapons or
weapons-related defense equipment'';
[(3) by adding at the end thereof the following new
sentence: ``Sales deemed most likely actually to result
in the issuance of a letter of offer during such fiscal
year shall be appropriately so identified in the
reports submitted pursuant to this paragraph and
paragraph (2) of this subsection.''; and
[(4) by inserting ``(1)'' immediately after ``(d)''
and by adding at the end thereof the following new
paragraph:
[``(2) The President shall notify the Congress in writing
at intervals of six months of any charges in the Arms Sales
Proposal for such fiscal year, together with the reasons
therefor.''.
[multilateral arms sales information
[Sec. 14. Section 25 of the Arms Export Control Act is
amended by adding at the end thereof the following new
subsection:
[``(e) The President shall transmit to the
Congress, at the time of the transmittal of each Arms
Sales Proposal required by subsection (d)(1), a
classified report detailing the executive branch's best
estimates with regard to the international volume of
arms traffic. The report shall include estimates on an
annual basis of the sale and delivery of weapons and
weapons-related defense equipment by all major arms
suppliers to all major recipient countries during the
preceding three years.''.
[north atlantic treaty organization cooperative projects
[Sec. 15. Chapter 2 of the Arms Export Control Act is
amended by adding at the end thereof the following new section:
[``Sec. 27. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Cooperative
Projects.--(a) For purposes of this section, the term
`cooperative project' means a project described in an
agreement, entered into after the date of enactment of this
section, under which--
[``(1) the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or
one or more member countries thereof, agrees to share
with the United States the costs of research on and
development, testing, and evaluation of certain defense
articles, and the costs of any agreed joint production
ensuing therefrom, in order to further the objectives
of standardization and interoperability of the armed
forces of North Atlantic Treaty Organization member
countries; or
[``(2) the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or
one or more member countries thereof other than the
United States, agrees to bear the costs of research on
and development, testing, and evaluation of certain
defense articles (or categories of defense articles)
and to have such articles produced for sale to, and
licensed for production within, other participant
member countries including the United States, and the
United States agrees to bear the costs of research on
and development, testing, and evaluation of other
defense articles (or categories of defense articles)
and to have such defense articles produced for sale to,
and licensed for production within, other participant
member countries in order to further the objectives of
rationalization of the industrial and technological
resources within the North Atlantic Treaty area.
[``(b)(1) The President may reduce or waive the charge or
charges which would otherwise be considered appropriate under
section 21(e) of this Act (and, in the case of agreements
described in subsection (a)(2) of this section, may reduce or
waive the charges for reimbursement of the costs of officers
and employees of the United States Government which would
otherwise be required) in connection with sales under section
21 and section 22 of this Act in furtherance of cooperative
projects. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 21(e)(1)(A)
and section 43(b) of this Act, administrative surcharges shall
not be increased on other sales made under this Act in order to
compensate for reductions or waivers of such surcharges under
this section. Funds received pursuant to such other sales shall
not be available to reimburse the costs incurred by the United
States Government for which reduction or waiver is approved by
the President under this section.
[``(2) The provisions of paragraph (1) shall apply only if
for each cooperative project the other countries which
participate in such cooperative project reciprocate by waiving
comparable charges for their sales related to such cooperative
project and if the President determines that the magnitude of
the contribution of a member country of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization to such cooperative project would help the
United States conserve defense resources and promote a stronger
alliance.
[``(c)(1) Not less than thirty days prior to signature on
behalf of the United States of an agreement for a cooperative
project, the President shall transmit to the Speaker of the
House of Representatives, the chairman of the Committee on
Foreign Relations of the Senate, and the chairman of the
Committee on Armed Services of the Senate, a numbered
certification with respect to such proposed agreement, setting
forth--
[``(A) a detailed description of the cooperative
project with respect to which the certification is
made;
[``(B) an estimate of the amount of sales and
exports expected to be made or approved under this Act
in furtherance of such cooperative project;
[``(C) an estimate of the dollar value of any
charges expected to be reduced or waived under this
section in connection with such cooperative project,
such dollar value to consist of expenses that will be
charged against Department of Defense funds without
reimbursement and amounts not to be recovered and
deposited to the General Fund of the Treasury;
[``(D) an estimate of the dollar value of the costs
to be borne by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
or by the member countries thereof in connection with
such cooperative project; and
[``(E) a statement of the foreign policy and
national security benefits anticipated to be derived
from such cooperative project.
[``(2) The provisions of subsection (b) of section 36 of
this Act shall not apply to sales made under section 21 or
section 22 of this Act, and the provisions of subsection (c) of
section 36 of this Act shall not apply to the issuance of
licenses or other approvals under section 38 of this Act, if
such sales are made, or such licenses or approvals are issued,
in furtherance of a cooperative project.''.
[reports on price and availability estimates
[Sec. 16. (a) Chapter 2 of the Arms Export Control Act, as
amended by section 15 of this Act, is further amended by adding
at the end thereof the following new section:
[``Sec. 28. Reports on Price and Availability Estimates.--
(a) The President shall transmit to the Speaker of the House of
Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign
Relations of the Senate, within five days after the end of each
calendar quarter, a report listing each price and availability
estimate provided by the United States Government during such
quarter to a foreign country with respect to a possible sale
under this Act of major defense equipment for $7,000,000 or
more or of any other defense articles or defense services for
$25,000,000 or more. Each such listing shall specify the name
of the country to which the estimate was provided, the defense
articles or services involved, the quantity involved, and the
price estimate provided.
[``(b) Such reports shall also list each request received
by the United States Government from a foreign country, during
the quarter in question, for the issuance of a letter of offer
to sell defense articles or defense services if (1) the
proposed sale has not been the subject of a listing pursuant to
subsection (a) of this section, and (2) the issuance of a
letter of offer in accordance with such request would be
subject to the requirements of section 36(b) of this Act. Each
such listing shall include the name of the country making the
request, the date of the request, the defense articles or
services involved, the quantity involved, and the price and
availability terms requested.''.
[(b) Section 36(b) of such Act is amended by adding at the
end thereof the following new paragraph:
[``(4) In addition to the other information required to be
contained in a certification submitted to the Congress under
this subsection, each such certification shall cite any
quarterly report submitted pursuant to section 28 of this Act
which listed a price and availability estimate, or a request
for the issuance of a letter of offer, which was basis for the
proposed sale which is the subject of such certification.''.
[authorization and aggregate ceiling for foreign military sales credits
[Sec. 17. (a) Section 31 of the Arms Export Control Act is
amended--
[(1) in subsection (a), by striking out
``$682,000,000 for the fiscal year 1978 and
$674,300,000 for the fiscal year 1979'' and inserting
in lieu thereof ``$673,500,000 for the fiscal year
1980'';
[(2) in subsection (b), by striking out
``$2,152,350,000 for the fiscal year 1978 and
$2,085,500,000 for the fiscal year 1979, of which
amount for each such year'' and inserting in lieu
thereof ``$2,235,000,000 for the fiscal year 1980, of
which'';
[(3) in subsection (c), by striking out ``fiscal
year 1979'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``fiscal year
1980''; and
[(4) in subsection (d), by striking out
``$150,000,000'' and inserting in lieu thereof
``$250,000,000''.
[(b) Of the principal amount of loans guaranteed for the
fiscal year 1980 under section 24 of the Arms Export Control
Act--
[(1) with respect to Turkey, not to exceed
$50,000,000,
[(2) with respect to Greece, not to exceed
$42,000,000, and
[(3) with respect to Sudan, not to exceed
$25,000,000,
shall be repaid in not less than 20 years, following a grace
period of 10 years on repayment of principal.
[restraint in arms sales to sub-saharan africa
[Sec. 18. Section 33 of the Arms Export Control Act is
amended to read as follows:
[``Sec. 33. Restraint in Arms Sales to Sub-Saharan
Africa.--It is the sense of the Congress that the problems of
Sub-Saharan Africa are primarily those of economic development
and that United States policy should insist in limiting the
development of costly military conflict in that region.
Therefore, the President shall exercise restraint in selling
defense articles and defense services, and in providing
financing for sales of defense articles and defense services,
to countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.''.
[reports to the congress
[Sec. 19. (a) Section 36(a) of the Arms Export Control Act
is amended--
[(1) by striking out ``thirty'' in the text
preceding paragraph (1) and inserting in lieu thereof
``sixty'';
[(2) by inserting ``and'' immediately after the
semicolon at the end of paragraph (7);
[(3) by striking out ``; and '' at the end of
paragraph (8) and inserting in lieu thereof a period;
and
[(4) by striking out paragraph (9).
[(b) Section 43 of such Act is amended by adding at the end
thereof the following new subsection:
[``(c) Not later than January 15 of each year, the
President shall submit to the Congress a report containing an
analysis and description of the services performed during the
preceding fiscal year by officers and employees of the United
States Government carrying out functions on a full-time basis
under this Act for which reimbursement is provided under
subsection (b) of this section or under section 21(a) of this
Act. Such reports shall specify the number of personnel
involved in performing such services.''.
[(c) Section 36(b)(1) of such Act is amended by adding at
the end thereof the following: ``If the President states in his
certification that an emergency exists which requires the
proposed sale in the national security interest of the United
States, thus waiving the congressional review requirements of
this subsection, he shall set forth in the certification a
detailed justification for his determination, including a
description of the emergency circumstances which necessitate
the immediate insurance of the letter of offer and a discussion
of the national security interests involved''.
[national disclosure policy for sensitive weapons technology
[Sec. 20.
[(b) Section 36(b)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act is
amended by inserting after the first sentence the following:
``Such numbered certifications shall also contain an item,
classified if necessary, identifying the sensitivity of
technology contained in the defense articles or defense
services proposed to be sold.''
[ceiling on commercial arms sales
[Sec. 21. Section 38(b)(3) of the Arms Export Control Act
is amended by striking out ``$25,000,000'' and inserting in
lieu thereof ``$35,000,000''.
[definitions
[Sec. 22. Section 644(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 and section 47(3) of the Arms Export Control Act are each
amended by inserting ``(except uranium depleted in the isotope
235 which is incorporated in defense articles solely to take
advantage of high density or pyrophoric characteristics
unrelated to radioactivity)'' immediately after ``source
material''.
[transfer of war reserve materiel and other property to taiwan
[Sec. 23. (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law,
during the calendar year 1980 the President is authorized to
transfer to Taiwan, under such terms and conditions as he may
deem appropriate, such United States war reserve materiel that
was located on Taiwan on January 1, 1979, as he may determine.
[(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, during the
calendar years 1979 and 1980 the President is authorized to
transfer to Taiwan, under such terms and conditions as he may
deem appropriate, such rights of the United States in property
(other than war reserve materiel) that was located on Taiwan on
January 1, 1979, as he may determine.
[ammunition sold to thailand
[Sec. 24. The Royal Thai Government shall be released from
its contractual obligation to pay to the United States
Government such amount as is due on or before October 30, 1979,
as a condition precedent under the letter of offer accepted by
the Royal Thai Government on April 12, 1977, to the transfer of
title to the last increment of United States ammunition stocks
sold to the Royal Thai Government under such letter of offer
pursuant to the Memorandum of Agreement of March 22, 1977,
relating to the storage of ammunition in Thailand.
[shaba airlift
[Sec. 26. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the
President is authorized to make available the services of the
Department of Defense for the purpose of facilitating the
removal from Zaire of those foreign armed forces which were
transported to Zaire by the United States at the time of the
crisis in Shaba Province in 1978.
[fiscal year 1979 supplemental authorization for turkey
[Sec. 27. (a) It is hereby determined that the national
interests of the United States would be served by the
furnishing of additional economic support fund assistance to
Turkey in order to promote the economic and political stability
of that country, and to strengthen its ability to fulfill its
responsibilities as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization.
[(b) In furtherance of subsection (a) of this section, and
in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes,
there are authorized to be appropriated to the President to
carry out the purposes of chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 $100,000,000 for the fiscal year 1979,
which amount shall be available only for Turkey.
[(c) Amounts appropriated under this section may be made
available until expended.
[(d) Notwithstanding any assistance authorized for Turkey
under this Act, it remains the policy of the United States that
all foreign troops in Cyprus, except those stationed in Cyprus
under the auspices of the United Nations, should be withdrawn
from Cyprus.
[(e) It is the sense of the Congress that the recent
announcement by the leaders of the Greek Cypriots and the
Turkish Cypriots to resume intercommunal negotiations is an
encouraging recognition by the parties that the human rights
and fundamental freedoms of all the citizens of the Republic of
Cyprus will be respected. The Congress urges all parties to the
negotiations to demonstrate good faith in the negotiations and
to move promptly toward a full, just, and lasting settlement.]
----------
SPECIAL INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1979
[SHORT TITLE
[Section 1. This Act may be cited as the ``Special
International Security Assistance Act of 1979''.
[statement of policy and findings
[Sec. 2. (a) It is the policy of the United States to
support the peace treaty concluded between the Government of
Egypt and the Government of Israel on March 26, 1979. This
treaty is a significant step toward a full and comprehensive
peace in the Middle East. The Congress urges the President to
continue to exert every effort to bring about a comprehensive
peace and to seek an end by all parties to the violence which
could jeopardize this peace.
[(b) The peace treaty between Egypt and Israel having been
ratified, the Congress finds that the national interests of the
United States are served--
[(1) by authorizing the President to construct air
bases in Israel to replace the Israeli air bases on the
Sinai peninsula that are to be evacuated:
[(2) by authorizing additional funds to finance
procurements by Egypt and Israel through the fiscal
year 1982 of defense articles and defense services for
their respective security requirements; and
[(3) by authorizing additional funds for economic
assistance for Egypt in order to promote the economic
stability and development of that country and to
support the peace process in the Middle East.
[(c) The authorities contained in this Act to implement
certain arrangements in support of the peace treaty between
Egypt and Israel do not signify approval by the Congress of any
other agreement, understanding, or commitment made by the
executive branch.
[construction of air bases in israel
[Sec. 3. Part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 196 is
amended by adding at the end thereof the following new chapter:
[``Chapter 7--Air Base Construction in Israel
``Sec. 561. General Authority.--The President is
authorized--
[``(1) to construct such air bases in Israel for
the Government of Israel as may be agreed upon between
the Government of Israel and the Government of the
United States to replace the Israeli air bases located
at Etzion and Etam on the Sinai peninsula that are to
be evacuated by the Government of Israel; and
[``(2) for the purposes of such construction, to
furnish as a grant to the Government of Israel, on such
terms and conditions as the President may determine,
defense articles and defense services, which he may
acquire from any source, of a value not to exceed the
amount appropriated pursuant to section 562(a).
[``Sec. 562. Authorization and Utilization of Funds.--(a)
There is authorized to be appropriated to the President to
carry out this chapter not to exceed $800,000,000, which may be
made available until expended.
[``(b) Upon agreement by the Government of Israel to
provide to the Government of the United States funds equal to
the difference between the amount required to complete the
agreed construction work and the amount appropriated pursuant
to subsection (a) of this section, and to make those funds
available, in advance of the time when payments are due, in
such amounts and at such times as may be required by the
Government of the United States to meet those additional costs
of construction, the President may incur obligations and enter
into contracts to the extent necessary to complete the agreed
construction work, except that this authority shall be
effective only to such extent or in such amounts as are
provided in advance in appropriation Acts.
[``(c) Funds made available by the Government of Israel
pursuant to subsection (b) of this section may be credited to
the appropriation account established to carry out the purposes
of this section for the payment of obligations incurred and for
refund to the Government of Israel if they are unnecessary for
that purpose, as determined by the President. Credits and the
proceeds of guaranteed loans made available to the Government
of Israel pursuant to the Arms Export Control Act, as well as
any other source of financing available to it, may be used by
Israel to carry out its undertaking to provide such additional
funds.
[``Sec. 563. Waiver Authorities.--(a) It is the sense of
the Congress that the President should take all necessary
measures consistent with law to insure the efficient and timely
completion of the construction authorized by this chapter,
including the exercise of authority vested in him by section
633(a) of this Act.
[``(b) The provisions of paragraph (3) of section 636(a) of
this Act shall be applicable to the use of funds available to
carry out this chapter, except that no more than sixty persons
may be engaged at any one time under that paragraph for
purposes of this chapter.''.
[supplemental authorization of foreign military sales loan guaranties
for egypt and israel
[Sec. 4. (a) The Congress finds that the legitimate defense
interests of Israel and Egypt require a one time extraordinary
assistance package due to Israel's phased withdrawal from the
Sinai and Egypt's shift from reliance on Soviet weaponry. The
authorizations contained in this section do not, however,
constitute Congressional approval of the sale of any particular
weapons system to either country. These sales will be reviewed
under the normal procedures set forth in section 36(b) of the
Arms Export Control Act.
[(b) In addition to amounts authorized to be appropriated
for the fiscal year 1979 by section 31(a) of the Arms Export
Control Act, there is authorized to be appropriated to the
President to carry out that Act $370,000,000 for the fiscal
year 1979.
[(c) Funds made available pursuant to subsection (b) of
this section may be used only for guaranties for Egypt and
Israel pursuant to section 24(a) of the Arms Export Control
Act. The principal amount of loans guaranteed with such funds
may not exceed $3,700,000,000 of which $2,200,000,000 shall be
available only for Israel and $1,500,000,000 shall be available
only for Egypt. The principal amount of such guaranteed loans
shall be in addition to the aggregate ceiling authorized for
the fiscal year 1979 by section 31(b) of the Arms Export
Control Act.
[(d) Loans guaranteed with funds made available pursuant to
subsection (b) of this section shall be on terms calling for
repayment within a period of not less than thirty years,
including an initial grace period of ten years on repayment of
principal.
[(e)(1) The Congress finds that the Governments of Israel
and Egypt each have an enormous external debt burden which may
be made more difficult by virtue of the financing authorized by
this section. The Congress further finds that, as a consequence
of the impact of the debt burdens incurred by Israel and Egypt
under such financing, it may become necessary in future years
to modify the terms of the loans guaranteed with funds made
available pursuant to this section.
[supplemental authorization of economic support for egypt
[Sec. 5. There is authorized to be appropriated to the
President to carry out chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961, $300,000,000 for the fiscal year 1979
for Egypt, in addition to amounts otherwise authorized to be
appropriated for such chapter for the fiscal year 1979. The
amounts appropriated pursuant to this section may be made
available until expended.
[transfer of facilities of the sinai field mission to egypt
[Sec. 6. The President is authorized to transfer to Egypt,
on such terms and conditions as he may determine, such of the
facilities and related property of the United States Sinai
Field Mission as he may determine, upon the termination of the
activities of the Sinai Field Mission in accordance with the
terms of the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.
[contributions by other countries to support peace in the middle east
[Sec. 7. (a) It is the sense of the Congress that other
countries should give favorable consideration to providing
support for the implementation of the peace treaty between
Egypt and Israel. Therefore, the Congress requests that the
President consult with other countries in order to (1) promote
and develop an agreement for the establishment of a peace
development fund whose purpose would be to underwrite the costs
of implementing a Middle East peace, and (2) encourage
investments in Israel and Egypt and other countries in the
region should they join in Middle East peace, and (2) encourage
investments in Israel and Egypt and other countries in the
region should they join in Middle East peace agreements.
[planning for trilateral scientific and technological cooperation by
egypt, israel, and the united states
[Sec. 8. (a) It is the sense of the Congress that, in order
to continue to build the structure of peace in the Middle East,
the United States should be prepared to participate, at an
appropriate time, in trilateral cooperative projects of a
scientific and technological nature involving Egypt, Israel,
and the United States.
[(b) Therefore, the President shall develop a plan to guide
the participation of both United States Government agencies and
private institutions in such projects. This plan shall
identify--
[(1) potential projects in a variety of areas
appropriate for scientific and technological
cooperation by the three countries, including
agriculture, health, energy, the environment,
education, and water resources;
[(2) the resources which are available or which
would be needed to implement such projects; and
[(3) the means by which such projects would be
implemented.
[non-proliferation of nuclear weapons
[Sec. 10. In accordance with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Act of 1978, the Congress strongly encourages all countries in
the Middle East which are not parties to the Treaty on the Non-
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to become parties to that
Treaty.]
----------
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND FOOD ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1978
AN ACT To amend the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to authorize
development and economic assistance programs for fiscal year 1979, to
make certain changes in the authorities of that Act and the
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, to improve
coordination and administration of United States development-related
policies and programs, and for other purposes
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SHORT TITLE
Section 1. This Act may be cited as the ``International
Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978''.
[TITLE I--DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
[development assistance policy
[Sec. 101. Chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign Assistance
Act of 1961 is amended by striking out section 102 and
inserting in lieu thereof the following new sections:
[``Sec. 101. General Policy.--(a) The Congress finds that
fundamental political, economic, and technological changes have
resulted in the interdependence of nations. The Congress
declares that the individual liberties, economic prosperity,
and security of the people of the United States are best
sustained and enhanced in a community of nations which respect
individual civil and economic rights and freedoms and which
work together to use wisely the world's limited resources in an
open and equitable international economic system. Furthermore,
the Congress reaffirms the traditional humanitarian ideals of
the American people and renews its commitment to assist people
in developing countries to eliminate hunger, poverty, illness,
and ignorance.
[``Therefore, the Congress declares that a principal
objective of the foreign policy of the United States is the
encouragement and sustained support of the people of developing
countries in their efforts to acquire the knowledge and
resources essential to development and to build the economic,
political, and social institutions which will improve the
quality of their lives.
[``United States development cooperation policy should
emphasize four principal goals:
[``(1) the alleviation of the worst physical
manifestations of poverty among the world's poor
majority;
[``(2) the promotion of conditions enabling
developing countries to achieve self-sustaining
economic growth with equitable distribution of
benefits;
[``(3) the encouragement of development processes
in which individual civil and economic rights are
respected and enhanced; and
[``(4) the integration of the developing countries
into an open and equitable international economic
system.
[``The Congress declares that pursuit of these goals
requires that development concerns be fully reflected in United
States foreign policy and that United States development
resources be effectively and efficiently utilized.
[``(b) Under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State,
the agency primarily responsible for administering this part
should have the responsibility for coordinating all United
States development-related activities.
[``Sec. 102. Development Assistance Policy.--(a) The
Congress finds that the efforts of developing countries to
build and maintain the social and economic institutions
necessary to achieve self-sustaining growth and to provide
opportunities to improve the quality of life for their people
depend primarily upon successfully marshalling their own
economic and human resources. The Congress recognizes that the
magnitude of these efforts exceeds the resources of developing
countries and therefore accepts that there will be a long-term
need for wealthy countries to contribute additional resources
for development purposes. The United States should take the
lead in concert with other nations to mobilize such resources
from public and private sources.
[``Provision of development resources must be adapted to
the needs and capabilities of specific developing countries.
United States assistance to countries with low per capita
incomes which have limited access to private external resources
should primarily be provided on concessional terms. Assistance
to other developing countries should generally consist of
programs which facilitate their access to private capital
markets, investment, and technical skills, whether directly
through guarantee or reimbursable programs by the United States
Government or indirectly through callable capital provided to
the international financial institutions.
[``Bilateral assistance and United States participation in
multilateral institutions shall emphasize programs in support
of countries which pursue development strategies designed to
meet basic human needs and achieve self-sustaining growth with
equity.
[``The Congress declares that the principal purpose of
United States bilateral development assistance is to help the
poor majority of people in developing countries to participate
in a process of equitable growth through productive work and to
influence decisions that shape their lives, with the goal of
increasing their incomes and their access to public services
which will enable them to satisfy their basic needs and lead
lives of decency, dignity, and hope. Activities shall be
emphasized that effectively involve the poor in development by
expanding their access to the economy through services and
institutions at the local level, increasing their participation
in the making of decisions that affect their lives, increasing
labor-intensive production and the use of appropriate
technology, expanding productive investment and services out
from major cities to small towns and rural areas, and otherwise
providing opportunities for the poor to improve their lives
through their own efforts. Participation of the United States
in multilateral institutions shall also place appropriate
emphasis on these principles.
[``(b) Assistance under this chapter should be used not
only for the purpose of transferring financial resources to
developing countries, but also to help countries solve
development problems in accordance with a strategy that aims to
insure wide participation of the poor in the benefits of
development on a sustained basis. Moreover, assistance shall be
provided in a prompt and effective manner, using appropriate
United States institutions for carrying out this strategy. In
order to achieve these objectives and the broad objectives set
forth in section 101 and in subsection (a) of this section,
bilateral development assistance authorized by this Act shall
be carried out in accordance with the following principles:
[``(1) Development is primarily the responsibility
of the people of the developing countries themselves.
Assistance from the United States shall be used in
support of, rather than substitution for, the self-help
efforts that are essential to successful development
programs and shall be concentrated in those countries
that take positive steps to help themselves. Maximum
effort shall be made, in the administration of this
part, to stimulate the involvement of the people in the
development profess through the encouragement of
democratic participation in private and local
governmental activities and institution building
appropriate to the requirements of the recipient
countries.
[``(2) Development planning must be the
responsibility of each sovereign country. United States
assistance should be administered in a collaborative
style to support the development goals chosen by each
country receiving assistance.
[``(3) United States bilateral development
assistance should give high priority to undertakings
submitted by host governments which directly improve
the lives of the poorest of their people and their
capacity to participate in the development of their
countries, while also helping such governments enhance
their planning, technical, and administrative
capabilities needed to insure the success of such
undertakings.
[``(4) Development assistance provided under this
chapter shall be concentrated in counties which will
make the most effective use of such assistance to help
satisfy basic human needs of poor people through
equitable growth, especially in those countries having
the greatest need for outside assistance. In order to
make possible consistent and informed judgments in this
respect, the President shall assess the commitment and
progress of countries in moving toward the objectives
and purposes of this chapter by utilizing criteria,
including but not limited to the following:
[``(A) increase in agricultural
productivity per unit of land through small-
farm, labor-intensive agriculture;
[``(B) reduction of infant mortality;
[``(C) control of population growth;
[``(D) promotion of greater equality of
income distribution, including measures such as
more progressive taxation and more equitable
returns to small farmers;
[``(E) reduction of rates of unemployment
and underemployment; and
[``(F) increase in literacy.
[``(5) United States development assistance should
focus on critical problems in those functional sectors
which affect the lives of the majority of the people in
the developing countries; food production and
nutrition; rural development and generation of gainful
employment; population planning and health; environment
and natural resources; and education, development
administration, and human resource development.
[``(6) United States assistance shall encourage and
promote the participation of women in the national
economies of developing countries and the improvement
of women's status as an important means of promoting
the total development effort.
[``(7) United States bilateral assistance shall
recognize that the prosperity of developing countries
and effective development efforts require the adoption
of an overall strategy that promotes efficient
utilization of energy and, therefore, consideration
shall be given the full implications of such assistance
on the price, availability, and consumption of energy
in recipient countries.
[``(8) United States cooperation in development
should be carried out to the maximum extent possible
through the private sector, including those
institutions which already have ties in the developing
areas, such as educational institutions, cooperatives,
credit unions, free labor unions, and private and
voluntary agencies.
[``(9) To the maximum extent practicable, United
States private investment should be encouraged in
economic and social development programs to which the
United States lends support.
[``(10) Assistance shall be planned and utilized to
encourage regional cooperation by developing countries
in the solution of common problems and the development
of shared resources.
[``(11) Assistance efforts of the United States
shall be planned and furnished to the maximum extent
practicable in coordination and cooperation with
assistance efforts of other countries, including the
planning and implementation of programs and projects on
a multilateral and multidonor basis.
``(12) United States bilateral development
assistance should be concentrated on projects which do
not involve large-scale capital transfers. However, to
the extent that such assistance does involve large-
scale capital transfers, it should be furnished in
association with contributions from other countries
working together in a multilateral framework.
[``(c) The Congress, recognizing the desirability of
overcoming the worst aspects of absolute poverty by the end of
this century by, among other measures, substantially lowering
infant mortality and birth rates, and increasing life
expectancy, food production, literacy, and employment,
encourages the President to explore with other countries,
through all appropriate channels, the feasibility of a
worldwide cooperative effort to overcome the worst aspects of
absolute poverty and to assure self-reliant growth in the
developing countries by the year 2000.''.
[development assistance authorities
[Sec. 102. (a) Chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 is amended by adding at the end thereof
the following:
[``Sec. 122. General Authorities.--(a) In order to carry
out the purposes of this chapter, the President is authorized
to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may
determine, to countries and areas through programs of grant and
loan assistance, bilaterally or through regional, multilateral,
or private entities.''.
[(b)(1) Part I of such Act is further amended--
[(A) by striking out ``less developed friendly'' in
the first sentence in subsection (b) of section 201;
[(B) by striking out everything after the first
sentence in subsection (b) of section 201 through
``herein) be loaned'' in subsection (d) of such section
and inserting in lieu thereof the following:
[``The President shall determine the interest payable on
any loan. In making loans under this chapter, the President
shall consider the economic circumstances of the borrower and
other relevant factors, including the capacity of the recipient
country to repay the loan at a reasonable rate of interest,
except that loans may not be made''; and
[(C) by inserting subsection (b) of section 201, as
amended by subparagraphs (A) and (B) of this paragraph,
immediately after section 122(a), as added by
subsection 9a) of this section.
[(2)(A) Section 301(a) of such Act is amended by striking
out ``201(d)'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``122(b)''.
[(B) Section 103(b) of the Agricultural Trade Development
and Assistance Act of 1954 is amended by striking out ``201''
and inserting in lieu thereof ``122''.
[(C) Section 106(a) of the Agricultural Trade Development
and Assistance Act of 1954 is amended in the second sentence by
striking out ``201'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``122(b)''.
[(c)(1) Section 122 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961,
as added by subsection (a) of this section and as amended by
subsection (b)(1) of this section, is amended by adding at the
end thereof the following new subsections:
[``(c) Dollar receipts paid during any fiscal year from
loans made under this part or from loans made under predecessor
foreign assistance legislation shall be deposited in the
Treasury as miscellaneous receipts.
[``(d) Not to exceed $10,000,000 of the funds made
available each fiscal year for the purposes of this chapter may
be used for assistance, on such terms and conditions as the
President may determine, to research and educational
institutions in the United States for the purpose of
strengthening their capacity to develop and carry out programs
concerned with the economic and social development of
developing countries.''.
[(2) Section 299(a) of such Act is amended by striking
``110(b), 211(a), and 211(d)'' and inserting in lieu thereof
``110(b) and 122(d)''.
[(d) Part I of such Act is further amended--
[(1) in section 204--
[(A) by striking out ``Sec. 204.
Development Loan Committee.--'' and inserting
in lieu thereof ``(e)''; and
[(B) by striking out ``title'' and
inserting in lieu thereof ``chapter''; and
[(2) by inserting such section, as so redesignated
and amended, at the end of section 122, as added and
amended by subsections (a) through (c) of this section.
[(e) Chapter 1 of part I of such Act, as amended by
subsections (a) through (d) of this section, is further amended
by adding at the end thereof the following new section;
[``Sec. 123. Private and Voluntary Organizations and
Cooperatives in Overseas Development.--(a) The Congress finds
that the participation of rural and urban poor people in their
countries' development can be assisted and accelerated in an
effective manner through an increase in activities planned and
carried out by private and voluntary organizations and
cooperatives. Such organizations and cooperatives, embodying
the American spirit of self-help and assistance to others to
improve their lives and incomes, constitute an important means
of mobilizing private American financial and human resources to
benefit poor people in developing countries. The Congress
declares that it is in the interest of the United States that
such organizations and cooperatives expand their overseas
development efforts without compromising their private and
independent nature. The Congress further declares that the
financial resources of such organizations and cooperatives
should be supplemented by the contribution of public funds for
the purpose of undertaking development activities in accordance
with the principles set forth in section 102. The Congress
urges the Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for
administering this part, in implementing programs authorized
under this part, to draw on the resource of private and
voluntary organizations and cooperatives to plan and carry out
development activities.
[``(b) In order to further the efficient use of United
States voluntary contributions for development, relief, and
rehabilitation of friendly peoples, the President is authorized
to use funds made available for the purposes of this chapter to
pay transportation charges on shipments by the American
National Red Cross and by United States voluntary agencies
registered with the Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign
Aid.
[``(c) Reimbursement under this section may be provided for
transportation charges on shipments from United States ports,
or in the case of excess or surplus property supplied by the
United States from foreign ports, to ports of entry abroad or
to points of entry abroad in cases (1) of landlocked countries,
(2) where ports cannot be used effectively because of natural
or other disturbances, (3) where carriers to a specified
country are unavailable, or (4) where a substantial savings in
costs or time can be effected by the utilization of points of
entry other than ports.
[``(d) Where practicable, the President shall make
arrangements with the receiving country for free entry of such
shipments and for the making available by the country of local
currencies for the purpose of defraying the transportation
costs of such shipments from the port or point of entry of the
receiving country to the designated shipping point of the
consignee.''.
[``(f) Section 15 of such Act is repealed.
[``(g)(1) Chapter 2 of part I of such Act, as amended by
this section, is further amended--
[``(A) by repealing title I (except sections 206
and 209), title II except sections 214 and 219), title
VI, title VII, and title VIII;
[``(B) by amending the chapter heading to read as
follows: ``Chapter 2--Other Programs'';
[``(C) by inserting the following new title heading
immediately before section 206: ``title i--multilateral
and regional development programs''; and
[``(D) by inserting the following new title heading
immediately before section 214: ``title ii--american
schools and hospitals abroad; prototype desalting
plant''.
[(B) Section 601(b)(5) of such Act is amended by striking
out ``201'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``122''.
[(C) Section 608(a) of such Act is amended by striking out
``section 212'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``chapter 1 of
part I''.
[(D) Section 611(a) of such Act is amended by striking out
``titles I, II, and VI of chapter 2 and chapter 4 of part I''
and inserting in lieu thereof ``chapter 1 of part I, title II
of chapter 2 of part I, or chapter 4 of part II''.
[(E) Section 611(e) of such Act is amended by striking out
``titles I, II, or VI of chapter 2 or chapter 4 of part I of
this Act'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``chapter 1 of part I,
title II of chapter 2 of part I, or chapter 4 of part II''.
[(F) Section 620(d) of such Act is amended by striking out
``under section 201'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``on a loan
basis under chapter 1 of part I''.
[(G) Section 635(h) of such Act is amended by striking out
``titles II, V, and VI (except development loans)'' and
inserting in lieu thereof ``chapter 1 (except development
loans) and title II''.
[(H) Section 636(c) of such Act is amended by striking out
``(other than title I of chapter 2 of part I)'' both places it
appears.
[(I) Section 636 (d) and (e) of such Act are each amended
by striking out ``(other than title I of chapter 2 of part
I)''.
[(J) Section 636(f) of such Act is amended--
[(i) by striking out ``section 212'' and inserting
in lieu thereof ``chapter 1 of part I''; and
[(ii) by striking out ``title I of chapter 2'' and
inserting in lieu thereof ``chapter 1''.
[(K)(i) Section 108 of such Act is repealed.
[(ii) Section 109 of such Act is amended by striking out
``Notwithstanding section 108 of this Act, whenever'' and
inserting in lieu thereof ``Whenever''.
[agriculture, rural, development, and nutrition
[Sec. 103. (a) Section 103 of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended to read as follows:
[``Sec. 103. Agriculture, Rural Development, and
Nutrition.--(a)(1) In recognition of the fact that the great
majority of the people of developing countries live in rural
areas and are dependent on agriculture and agricultural-related
pursuits for their livelihood, the President is authorized to
furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may
determine, for agriculture, rural development, and nutrition--
[``(A) to alleviate starvation, hunger, and
malnutrition;
[``(B) to expand significantly the provision of
basic services to rural poor people to enhance their
capacity for self-help; and
[``(C) to help create productive farm and off-farm
employment in rural areas to provide a more viable
economic base and enhance opportunities for improved
incomes, living standards, and contributions by rural
poor people to the economic and social development of
their countries.
[``(2) There is authorized to be appropriated to the
President for purposes of this section, in addition to funds
otherwise available for such purposes, $665,231,000 for the
fiscal year 1979. Amounts appropriated under this section are
authorized to remain available until expended.
[``(b)(1) Assistance provided under this section shall be
used primarily for activities which are specifically designed
to increase the productivity and income of the rural poor,
through such means as creation and strengthening of local
institutions linked to the regional and national levels;
organization of a system of financial institutions which
provide both savings and credit services to the poor;
stimulation of small, labor-intensive enterprises in rural
towns; improvement of marketing facilities and systems;
expansion of rural infrastructure and utilities such as farm-
to-market roads, water management systems, land improvement,
energy, and storage facilities; establishment of more equitable
and more secure land tenure arrangements; and creation and
strengthening of systems to provide other services and supplies
needed by farmers, such as extension, research, training,
fertilizer, water, forestry, soil conservation, and improved
seed, in ways which assure access to them by small farmers.
[``(2) In circumstances where development of major
infrastructure is necessary to achieve the objectives set forth
in this section, assistance for that purpose should be
furnished under this chapter in association with significant
contributions from other countries working together in a
multilateral framework. Infrastructure projects so assisted
should be complemented by other measures to ensure that the
benefits of the infrastructure reach the poor.
[``(c) The Congress finds that the greatest potential for
significantly expanding availability of food for people in
rural areas and augmenting world food production at relatively
low cost lies in increasing the productivity of small farmers
who constitute a majority of the agricultural producers in
developing countries. Increasing the emphasis on rural
development and expanded food production in the poorest nations
of the developing world is a matter of social justice and a
principal element contributing to broadly based economic
growth, as well as an important factor in alleviating inflation
in the industrialized countries. In the allocation of funds
under this section, special attention shall be given to
increasing agricultural production in countries which have been
designated at `least developed' by the United Nations General
Assembly.
[``(d) Assistance provided under this section shall also be
used in coordination with programs carried out under section
104 to help improve nutrition of the people of developing
countries through encouragement of increased production of
crops with greater nutritional value; improvement of planning,
research, and education with respect to nutrition, particularly
with reference to improvement and expanded use of indigenously
produced foodstuffs; and the undertaking of pilot or
demonstration programs explicitly addressing the problem of
malnutrition of poor and vulnerable people. In particular, the
President is encouraged--
[``(1) to devise and carry out in partnership with
developing countries a strategy for programs of
nutrition and health improvement for mothers and
children, including breast feeding; and
[``(2) to provide technical, financial, and
material support to individuals or groups at the local
level for such programs.
[``(e) Local currency proceeds from sales of commodities
provided under the Agricultural Trade Development and
Assistance Act of 1954 which are owned by foreign governments
shall be used whenever practicable to carry out the provisions
of this section.''.
[(b) Section 644 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is
amended by adding at the end thereof the following:
[(o) `Agriculture' includes aquaculture and fisheries.
[(p) `Farmers' includes fishermen and other persons
employed in cultivating and harvesting food resources from salt
and fresh waters.''.
[(c) Sections 117 and 296 (f) and (g) of such Act are
repealed.
[(d) Section 103A of such Act is amended by inserting
``environmental,'' immediately after ``social,'' in clause (2)
of the first sentence.
[population and health
[Sec. 104. (a) Section 104 of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended to read as follows:
[``Sec. 104. Population and Health.--(a) Findings.--The
Congress recognizes that poor health conditions and
uncontrolled population growth can vitiate otherwise successful
development efforts.
[``Large families in developing countries are the result of
complex social and economic factors which change relatively
slowly among the poor majority least affected by economic
progress, as well as the result of a lack of effective birth
control. Therefore, effective family planning depends upon
economic and social change as well as the delivery of services
and is often a matter of political and religious sensitivity.
While every country has the right to determine its own policies
with respect to population growth, voluntary population
planning programs can make a substantial contribution to
economic development, higher living standards, and improved
health and nutrition.
[``Good health conditions are a principal element in
improved quality of life and contribute to the indiviual's
capacity to participate in the development process, while poor
health and debilitating disease can limit productivity.
[``(b) Assistance for Population Planning.--In order to
increase the opportunities and motivation for family planning
and to reduce the rate of population growth, the President is
authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions
as he may determine, for voluntary population planning. In
addition to the provision of family planning information and
services and the conduct of directly relevant demographic
research, population planning programs shall emphasize
motivation for small families.
[``(c) Assistance for Health and Disease Prevention.--In
order to contribute to improvements in the health of the
greatest number of poor people in developing countries, the
President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms
and conditions as he may determine, for health programs.
Assistance under this subsection shall be used primarily for
basic integrated health services, safe water and sanitation,
disease prevention and control, and related health planning and
research. This assistance shall emphasize self-sustaining
community-based health programs by means such as training of
health auxiliary and other appropriate personnel, support for
the establishment and evaluation of projects that can be
replicated on a broader scale, measures to improve management
of health programs, and other services and supplies to support
health and disease prevention programs.
[(d) Integration of Assistance Programs.--(1) Assistance
under this chapter shall be administered so as to give
particular attention to the interrelationship between (A)
population growth and (B) development and overall improvement
in living standards in developing countries, and to the impact
of all programs, project, and activities on population growth.
All appropriate activities proposed for financing under this
chapter shall be designed to build motivation for smaller
families through modification of economic and social conditions
supportive of the desire for large families, in programs such
as education in and out of school, nutrition, disease control,
maternal and child health services, imporvenments in the status
and employment of women, agricultural production, rural
development, and assistance to the urban poor. Population
planning programs shall be coordinated with other programs
aimed at reducing the infant mortality rate, providing better
nutrition for pregnant women and infants, and raising the
standard of living of the poor.
[``(2) Since the problems of malnutrition, disease, and
rapid population growth are closely related, planning for
assistance to be provided under subsections (b) and (c) of this
section and under section 13 shall be coordinated to the
maximum extent practicable.
[``(3) Assistance provided under this section shall
emphasize low-cost integrated delivery systems for health,
nutrition, and family planning for the poorest people, with
particular attention to the needs of mothers and young
children, using paramedical and auxiliary medical personnel,
clinics and health posts, commercial distribution systems, and
other modes of community outreach.
[``(e) Research and Analysis.--(1) Health and population
research and analysis carried out under this Act shall--
[``(A) be undertaken to the maximum extent
practicable in developing countries by developing
country personnel, linked as appropriate with private
and governmental biomedical research facilities within
the United States;
[``(B) take account of the special needs of the
poor people of developing countries in the
determination of research priorities; and
[``(C) make extensive use of field testing to adapt
basic research to local conditions.
[``(2) The President is authorized to study the complex
factors affecting population growth in developing countries and
to identify factors which might motivate people to plan family
size or to space their children.
[``(f) Prohibition on Use of Funds for Abortions and
Involuntary Sterilizations.--(1) None of the funds made
available to carry out this part may be used to pay for the
performance of abortions as a method of family planning or to
motivate or coerce any person to practice abortions.
[``(2) None of the funds made available to carry out this
part may be used to pay for the performance of involuntary
sterilizations as a method of family planning or to coerce or
provide any financial incentive to any person to undergo
sterilizations.
[``(g) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are
authorized to be appropriated to the President, in addition to
funds otherwise available for such purposes--
[``(1) $224,745,000 for the fiscal year 1979 to
carry out subsection (b) of this section; and
[``(2) $148,494,000 for the fiscal year 1979 to
carry out subsection (c) of this section.
Funds appropriated under this subsection are authorized to
remain available until expended.''.
[(b) Section 114 of title X of chapter 2 of part I of such
Act are repealed.
[education and human resources development
[Sec. 105. Section 105(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended in the second sentence by striking out
``$101,800,000 for the fiscal year 1977 and $84,900,000 for the
fiscal year 1978, which amounts are'' and inserting in lieu
thereof ``$109,036,000 for the fiscal year 1979, which amount
is''.
[technical assistance, energy, research, reconstruction, and selected
development problems
[Sec. 106. Section 106(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended in the first sentence by striking out
``$104,500,000 for the fiscal year 1977 and $105,000,000 for
the fiscal year 1978, which amounts are'' and inserting in lieu
thereof ``$126,244,000 for the fiscal year 1979, which amount
is''.
[appropriate technology
[Sec. 107. Section 107 of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended to read as follows:
[``Sec. 107. Appropriate technology.--(a) In carrying out
activities under this chapter, the President shall place
special emphasis on the use of relatively smaller, cost-saving,
labor-using technologies that are generally most appropriate
for the small farms, small businesses, and small incomes of the
poor.
[``(b) Funds made available to carry out this chapter
should be used to the extent practicable for activities in the
field of appropriate technology, including support of an
expanded and coordinated private effort to promote the
development and dissemination of appropriate technology in
developing countries.''.
[women in development
[Sec. 108. Section 113 of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new
subsection:
[``(d)(1) Up to $10,000,000 of the funds made available
each fiscal year under this chapter shall be used, in addition
to funds otherwise available for such purposes, for assistance
on such terms and conditions as the President may determine to
encourage and promote the participation and integration of
women as equal partners in the development process in the
developing countries. These funds shall be used primarily to
support activities which will increase the economic
productivity and income earning capacity of women.
[``(2) Nothing in this section shall be construed to
authorize the establishment of a separate development
assistance program for women.''.
[human rights activities
[Sec. 109. Section 116(e) of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended in the first sentence--
[(1) by striking out ``Of'' and inserting in lieu
thereof ``The President is authorized and encouraged to
use not less than $1,500,000 of''; and
[(2) by striking out ``1978, not less than $750,000
may be used only'' and inserting in lieu thereof
``1979''.
[environment and natural resources
[Sec. 110. Section 118 of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended--
[(1) by inserting ``(a)'' immediately after the
section caption; and
[(2) by adding at the end thereof the following new
subsections;
[``(b) In carrying out programs under this chapter, the
President shall take into consideration the environmental
consequences of development actions.
[``(c) In furtherance of the purposes of this section, the
President shall carry out studies to identify the major
environment and natural resource problems, and the
institutional capabilities to solve those problems, which exist
in developing countries. The results of these studies shall be
reported to the Congress by March 1, 1979.''.
[renewable and unconventional energy technologies
[Sec. 111. Section 119 of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended to read as follows:
[``Sec. 119. Renewable and Unconventional Energy
Technologies.--(a) The President is authorized to furnish
assistance under this chapter for cooperative programs with
developing countries in energy production and conservation,
with particular emphasis on programs in research and
development, and use of small-scale, decentralized, renewable
energy sources for rural areas carried out as integral parts of
rural development efforts in accordance with section 103 of
this Act. Such programs shall also be directed toward the
earliest practicable development and use of energy technologies
which are environmentally acceptable, require minimum capital
investment, are most acceptable to and affordable by the people
using them, are simple and inexpensive to use and maintain, and
are transferable from one region of the world to another.
[``(b) The agency primarily responsible for administering
this part shall coordinate with the Department of Energy, to
the maximum extent possible, the planning and implementation of
energy programs authorized under this chapter, including
section 107, and shall consult with the Department of Energy on
such planning and implementation.''.
[relatively least developed countries
[Sec. 112. (a)(1) Chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961, as amended by section 102 of this Act,
is further amended by inserting the following new section 124
immediately after section 123:
[``Sec. 124. Relatively Least Developed Countries.--(a)
Relatively least developed countries (as determined on the
basis of criteria comparable to those used for the United
Nations General Assembly list of `least developed countries')
are characterized by extreme poverty, very limited
infrastructure, and limited administrative capacity to
implement basic human needs growth strategies. In such
countries special measures may be necessary to insure the full
effectiveness of assistance furnished under this part.
[``(b) For the purpose of promoting economic growth in
these countries, the President is authorized and encouraged to
make assistance under this chapter available on a grant basis
to the maximum extent that is consistent with the attainment of
United States development objectives.
[``(c)(1) The Congress recognizes that the relatively least
developed countries have virtually no access to private
international capital markets. Insofar as possible, prior
assistance terms should be consistent with present grant
assistance terms for relatively least developed countries.
Therefore, notwithstanding section 620(r) of this Act and
section 321 of the International Development and Food
Assistance Act of 1975 but subject to paragraph (2) of this
subsection, the President on a case-by-case basis, taking into
account the needs of the country for financial resources and
the commitment of the country to the development objectives set
forth in sections 101 and 102--
[``(A) may permit a relatively least developed
country to place amounts, which would otherwise be paid
to the United States as payments on principal or
interest on liability incurred by that country under
this part (or any predecessor legislation) into local
currency accounts (in equivalent amounts of local
currencies as determined by the official exchange rate
for United States dollars) for use by the relatively
least developed country, with the concurrence of the
Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for
administering this part, for activities which are
consistent with section 102; and
[``(B) may waive interest payments on liability
incurred by a relatively least developed country under
this part (or any predecessor legislation) if the
President determines that that country would be unable
to use for development purposes the equivalent amounts
of local currencies which could be made available under
subparagraph (A).
[``(2) The aggregate amount of interest waived and interest
and principal paid into local currency accounts under this
subsection in any fiscal year may not exceed the amount
approved for such purpose in an Act appropriating funds to
carry out this chapter for that fiscal year, which amount may
not exceed the amount authorized to be so approved by the
annual authorizing legislation for development assistance
programs.
[``(3) In exercising the authority granted by this
subsection, the President should act in concert with other
creditor countries.
[``(d) The President may on a case-by-case basis waive the
requirement of section 110(a) for financial or ``in kind''
contributions in the case of programs, projects, or activities
in relatively least developed countries.
[``(e) Section 110(b) shall not apply with respect to
grants to relatively least developed countries.''.
[(2) The authority granted by section 124(c) of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 shall not become effective until October
1, 1979.
[(b)(1) Section 110(a) of such Act is amended by striking
out ``and except that'' and all that follows through the end of
the sentence and inserting in lieu thereof a period.
[(2) Section 110(b) of such Act is amended by striking out
``Except'' and all that follows through ``no'' and inserting in
lieu thereof ``No''.
[project and program evaluation
[Sec. 113. Chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign Assistance
Act, as amended by sections 102 and 112 of this Act, is further
amended by inserting the following new section 125 immediately
after section 124:
[``Sec. 125. Project and Program Evaluation.--(a) The
Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for
administering this part is directed to improve the assessment
and evaluation of the programs and projects carried out by that
agency under this chapter. The Administrator shall consult with
the appropriate committees of the Congress in establishing
standards for such evaluations.
[``(b) The President shall report on actions taken by the
international financial institutions and the United Nations
Development Program to improve the evaluation of projects and
programs conducted by those institutions. The report required
by this subsection shall be submitted as a part of the report
required by section 634.''.
[american schools and hospitals abroad
[Sec. 114. Section 214 of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended--
[(1) in subsection (c) by striking out ``for the
fiscal year 1977, $25,000,000, and for the fiscal year
1978, $25,000,000, which amounts are'' and inserting in
lieu thereof ``$25,000,000 for the fiscal year 1979,
which amount is''; and
[(2) by striking out subsections (d) and (e) and by
redesignating subsection (f) as subsection (d).
[housing and other credit guaranty programs
[Sec. 115. (a) Sections 221 and 222 of the Foreign Act of
1961 are amended to read as follows:
[``Sec. 221. Housing Guaranties.--The Congress recognizes
that shelter requirements are among the most fundamental of
human needs. Shelter for most people in the developing
countries consists largely of domestic materials assembled by
local labor. While recognizing that most financing for such
housing must come from domestic resources, the Congress finds
that carefully designed programs involving United States
capital and expertise can increase the availability of domestic
financing for improved housing and related services for low-
income people by demonstrating to local entrepreneurs and
institutions that providing low-cost housing can be financially
viable. The Congress reaffirms, therefore, that the United
States should continue to assist developing countries in
marshalling resources for low-cost housing. Particular
attention should be given to programs which will support pilot
projects for low-cost shelter or which will have a maximum
demonstration impact on local institutions and national policy.
The congress declares that the long run goal of all such
programs should be to develop domestic construction
capabilities and to stimulate local credit institutions to make
available domestic capital and other management and
technological resources required for effective low-cost shelter
programs and policies.
[``Sec. 222. Authorization.--(a) To carry out the policy of
section 221, the President is authorized to issue guaranties to
eligible investors (as defined in section 238(c)) assuring
against losses incurred in connection with loans made for
projects meeting the criteria set forth in section 221. The
total principal amount of guaranties issued under this title or
heretofore issued under prior housing guaranty authorities,
which are outstanding at any one time, shall not exceed
$1,180,000,000. The authority of this section shall continue
until September 30, 1980. The President may issue regulations
from time to time with regard to the terms and conditions upon
which such guaranties shall be issued and the eligibility of
lenders.
[``(b) Activities carried out under this section shall
emphasize
[``(1) projects which provide improved home sites
to poor families on which to build shelter, and related
services;
[``(2) projects comprised of expandable core
shelter units on service sites;
[``(3) slum upgrading projects designed to conserve
and improve existing shelter;
[``(4) shelter projects for low income people
designed for demonstration or institution building
purposes; and
[``(5) community facilities and services in support
of projects authorized under this section to improve
the shelter occupied by the poor.
[``(c) In issuing guaranties under this section with
respect to projects in a country which require the use or
conservation of energy, the President shall give consideration
to the use of solar energy technologies, where such
technologies are economically and technically feasible.
Technologies which may be used include solar hot water systems,
solar heating and cooling, passive solar heating, biomass
conversion, photovoltaic and wind applications, and community-
scale thermal applications.''.
[``(b) Section 222A(h) of such Act is amended by striking
out ``September 30, 1978'' and inserting in lieu thereof
``September 30, 1979''.
[``(c) Section 223(a) of such Act is amended by striking
out ``221, 222,'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``222''.
[``(d) Section 223(b) of such Act is amended in the first
sentence--
[``(1) by striking out ``221 or'' the first place
it appears;
[``(2) by striking out ``221 and section 222 and
of'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``222 and
administering housing guaranties heretofore authorized
under this title and under'';
[``(3) by striking out ``section 221 or'' the
second place it appears; and
[``(4) by inserting ``this title or'' immediately
after ``heretofore pursuant to''.
[(e) Section 223(c) of such Act is amended by striking out
``section 221 or'' and by inserting ``under this title or''
immediately after ``heretofore''.
[(f) Section 223(d) of such Act is amended--
[``(1) by striking out ``221, 222, 222A,'' and
inserting in lieu thereof ``222 or 222A''; and
[(2) by inserting ``under this title or''
immediately after ``heretofore''.
[(g) Section 223(f) of such Act is amended in the first
sentence by striking out ``section 221 or''.
[(h) Section 223(g) of such Act is amended by inserting
``heretofore under this title or'' immediately after
``outstanding''.
[(i) Section 223(i) of such Act is repealed.
[(j) Section 223(j) of such Act is amended by striking out
``sections 221 and'' in the first sentence and inserting in
lieu thereof ``section''.
[(k) Section 620(l) of such Act is amended by striking out
``221(b)(1)'' both places it appears and inserting in lieu
thereof ``234(a)(1)''.
[ASSISTANCE FOR CERTAIN DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN IN ASIA
[Sec. 116. Chapter 2 of part I of the Foreign Assistance
Act of 1961 is amended by striking out the title heading for
title V and inserting in lieu thereof the following:
[``TITLE V--DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN IN ASIA
[Sec. 241. Assistance to Certain Disadvantaged Children in
Asia.--(a) The Congress recognizes the humanitarian needs of
disadvantaged children in Asian countries where there has been
or continues to be a heavy presence of United States military
and related personnel in recent years. Moreover, the Congress
finds that inadequate provision has been made for the care and
welfare of such disadvantaged children, particularly those
fathered by the United States citizens.
[``(b) Accordingly, the President is authorized to expend
up to $2,000,000 of funds made available under chapter 1 of
this part, in addition to funds otherwise available for such
purposes, to help meet the needs of these disadvantaged
children in Asia by assisting in the expansion and improvement
of orphanages, hostels, day care centers, school feeding
programs, and health, education, and welfare programs.
Assistance provided under this section shall be furnished under
the auspices of and by international organizations or private
voluntary agencies operating within, and in cooperation with,
the countries of Asia where these disadvantaged children
reside.''.
[international organizations and programs
[Sec. 117. (a) Section 302(a)(1) of the Foreign Assistance
Act of 1961 is amended in the first sentence by striking out
``for the fiscal year 1977, $219,900,000 and for the fiscal
year 1978, $252,000,000'' and inserting in lieu thereof
$285,450,000 for the fiscal year 1979 of which not to exceed
$300,000 shall be available for contribution to the United
Nations Trust Fund on South Africa''.
[(b)(1) Section 302(a)(1) of such Act is further amended--
[(A) by striking out ``$42,500,000'' in the third
sentence and inserting in lieu thereof $52,000,000'';
and
[(B) by inserting immediately after the third
sentence the following: ``Of the funds authorized to be
appropriated under this subsection for the fiscal year
1979, not to exceed $52,000,000 shall be available for
voluntary contributions to the United Nations Relief
and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees, except that
not more than $42,500,000 of this amount may be
obligated unless the President certifies to the
Congress that any contributions above this level have
been matched by equivalent contributions by members of
the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.''.
[(c) Section 302(a) of such Act is amended by adding at the
end thereof the following new paragraph:
[``(3) None of the funds made available under this
subsection for the fiscal year 1979 may be used for the United
Nations for Institute for Namibia unless the President
determines that such funds will not be used to support the
military or paramilitary activities of the Southwest African
Peoples Organization.''.
[(d) Section 301 of such Act is amended by adding at the
end thereof the following new subsection:
[``(g) It is the sense of the Congress that the President
should instruct the appropriate representatives of the United
States to the United Nations to encourage the specialized
agencies of the United Nations to transfer the funding of
technical assistance programs carried out by such agencies to
the United Nations Development Program.''.
[(e) In addition to amounts otherwise available for such
purpose, there are authorized to be appropriated to the
President not to exceed $1,000,000 for contributions to the
World Assembly on Aging to be convened under the auspices of
the United Nations, except that the amount so contributed may
not exceed 25 percent of the expenditures of such Assembly.
Amounts appropriated under this subsection be authorized to
remain available until expended.
[international disaster assistance
[Sec. 118. (a) Section 491(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act
of 1961 is amended by striking ``or international
organization'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``, international
organization, or private voluntary organization,''.
[(b) Section 492 of such act is amended--
[(1) in the first sentence by striking out ``each
of the fiscal years 1977 and 1978'' and inserting in
lieu thereof ``the fiscal year 1979''; and
[(2) by striking out the third sentence.
[assistance for african refugees
[Sec. 119. Chapter 9 of part I of the Foreign Assistance
Act of 1961 is amended--
[(1) by redesignating section 495D, as added by
section 121 of the International Development and Food
Assistance Act of 1977, as section 495E; and
[(2) by adding at the end thereof the following new
section:
[``Sec. 495F. Assistance to African Refugees.--The
President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms
and conditions as he may determine, exclusively for the relief
and rehabilitation of African refugees and other needy people
located in Africa. There is authorized to be appropriated for
the fiscal year 1979 for purposes of this section, in addition
to amounts otherwise available for such purposes, $15,000,000,
which amount is authorized to remain available until expended.
Assistance under this section shall be provided in accordance
with policies and general authorities contained in section
491.''.
[locust plagues control in africa
[Sec. 120. In order to assist in attempts to control locust
plagues in Africa, especially in the Horn of Africa, there is
authorized to be appropriated to the President, in addition to
amounts otherwise authorized for disaster relief purposes,
$2,000,000, which amount is authorized to remain available
until expended.
[reimbursable development programs
[Sec. 121. Section 661 of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended by striking out ``$2,000,000'' the first place
it appears and all that follows through ``1978,'' and inserting
in lieu thereof ``$3,000,000 of the funds made available for
the purposes of this Act for the fiscal year 1979''.
[african development foundation
[Sec. 122. (a) The Congress declares that the United States
should place higher priority on the formulation and
implementation of policies and programs to enable the people of
African nations to develop their potential, fulfill their
aspirations, and enjoy better, more productive lives. In
furtherance of these objectives, the Congress finds that
additional support is needed for community-based self-help
activities in Africa and that an African Development
Foundation, organized to further the purposes set forth in
section 123 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, can
complement current United States development programs in
Africa.
[TITLE II--FOOD FOR PEACE
[transportation costs for food for development programs
[Sec. 202. Section 304 of the Agricultural Trade
Development and Assistance Act of 1954 is amended by adding at
the end thereof the following new subsection:
[``(d) The Commodity Credit Corporation may pay, with
respect to commodities made available under this title to a
country on the United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development list of relatively least developed countries,
freight charges from United States ports to designated ports of
entry abroad or to designated points of entry abroad in the
case of landlocked countries.''.
[application of food for development proceeds to repayment obligations
[Sec. 203. Section 305 of the Agricultural Trade
Development and Assistance Act of 1954 is amended--
[(1) by inserting ``(a)'' immediately after ``Sec.
305.''; and
[(2) by adding at the end thereof the following new
subsection:
[``(b) Such disbursements shall be deemed to be payments
with respect to the credit furnished pursuant to the agreement
or if, in the case of a country on the United Nation's
Conference on Trade and Development list of relatively least
developed countries, the disbursements in a fiscal year are
greater than the amount of the annual repayment obligation
which that country would have to meet for that fiscal year
under the agreement but for the disbursements in accordance
with the Food for Development Program, then the disbursements
which are in excess of the amount of that annual repayment
obligation may, to the extent provided in the agreement, be
considered as payments with respect to the annual repayment
obligations of that country for that fiscal year under other
financing agreements under this Act.''.
[TITLE III--COORDINATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT-RELATED
PROGRAMS AND POLICIES OF THE UNITED STATES
[declaration of objectives
[Sec. 301. The Congress declares that the United States
Government should place higher priority, in the formulation and
implementation of governmental policies, on efforts to help
meet the legitimate needs of poor countries for improving the
quality of the lives of their populations. The Congress also
declares that greater effectiveness and efficiency of United
States assistance to such countries can be achieved through
improved coordination and administrative consolidation.
[implementation of objectives
[Sec. 302. In furtherance of the objectives set forth in
section 301 the Congress directs the President to institute a
strengthened system of coordination of all United States
economic policies which impact on the developing countries of
the world, including but not limited to policies concerning
international trade, commodity agreements, investment, debt,
international financial institutions, international and
multilateral development agencies and programs, and
concessional and grant food assistance, in addition to policies
concerning United States bilateral economic development
assistance.]
* * * * * * *
[TITLE V--ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
[use of competitive selection procedures
[Sec. 501. Section 601 of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended by adding the following new subsection at the
end thereof:
[``(e)(1) The Congress finds that significantly greater
effort must be made in carrying out programs under part I of
this Act to award contracts on the basis of competitive
selection procedures. All such contracts should be let on the
basis of competitive selection procedures except in those
limited cases in which the procurement regulations governing
the agency primarily responsible for administering part I of
this Act allow noncompetitive procedures to be used.
[``(2) In order to provide the Congress with information to
assist it in assessing the efforts of the agency primarily
responsible for administering part I of this Act to make the
maximum possible use of competitive selection procedures, the
Administrator of that agency--
[``(A) when submitting the congressional
presentation materials for developing assistance for
fiscal year 1980, shall also submit to the Congress a
report identifying and describing each contract in an
amount in excess of $100,000 which the agency entered
into without competitive procedures during the period
April 1, 1978, to September 30, 1978, and explaining
why each such contract was not the subject of
competitive selection procedures; and
[``(B) when submitting the congressional
presentation materials for development assistance for
fiscal year 1981, shall also submit to the Congress a
report identifying and describing each contract in an
amount in excess of $100,000 which the agency entered
into without competitive selection procedures during
the fiscal year 1979 and explaining why each such
contract was not the subject of competitive selection
procedures.''.
[annual foreign assistance report
[Sec. 502. (a) Chapter 2 of part III of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 is amended--
[(1) by striking out ``(c)'' in section 634(c) and
inserting in lieu thereof ``Sec. 633A. Furnishing
Information.--'' and by inserting such redesignated
section immediately after section 633; and
[(2) by striking out the remaining provisions of
section 634 and inserting in lieu thereof the
following:
[``Sec. 634. Annual Report.--(a) In order that the Congress
and the American people may be better and more currently
informed regarding United States development policy, including
the amounts and effectiveness of assistance provided by the
United States Government to developing countries and
international organizations, the Chairman of the Development
Coordination Committee shall transmit to the Congress not later
than February 1 of each year a report on foreign assistance for
the fiscal year ending the previous September 30. The report
shall include--
[``(1)(A) a comprehensive and coordinated review of
all United States policies and programs having a major
impact on the development of developing countries,
including but not limited to bilateral and multilateral
assistance, trade, debt, employment, food, energy,
technology, population, oceans, environment, human
settlements, natural resources, and participation in
international agencies concerned with development;
[``(B) an assessment of the impact of such policies
and programs on the well-being of the poor majority in
developing countries in accordance with the policy
objectives of chapter 1 of part I, including the
progress developing countries are making toward
achieving those objectives which are indicative of
improved well-being of the poor majority, which
objectives shall include but not be limited to
increasing life expectancy and literacy, lowering
infant mortality and birth rates, and increasing food
production and employment; and
[``(C) an assessment of the impact of such policies
and programs on economic conditions in the United
States, including but not limited to employment, wages,
and working conditions;
[``(2) the dollar value of all foreign assistance
and guaranties by category and by country provided or
made by the United States Government by any means to
all foreign countries and international organizations--
[``(A) from 1946 to the fiscal year
immediately preceding the fiscal year for which
the report is required;
[``(B) as presented to Congress for the
immediate preceding fiscal year;
[``(C) as obligated during the immediately
preceding fiscal year;
[``(D) as planned for the fiscal year in
which the report is presented; and
[``(E) as proposed for the fiscal year
following the year in which the report is
presented;
[``(3) a summary of repayments, by country, to the
United States from previous foreign assistance loans;
[``(4) the status of each loan and each contract of
guaranty or insurance theretofore made under this Act,
predecessor Acts, or any Act authorizing international
security assistance, with respect to which there
remains outstanding any unpaid obligation or potential
liability; the status of each extension of credit for
the procurement of defense articles or defense
services, and of each contract of guarantee in
connection with any such procurement, therefore made
under the Arms Export Control Act with respect to which
their remains outstanding any unpaid obligation or
potential liability; the status of each sale of
agricultural commodities on credit terms, theretofore
made under the Agricultural Trade Development and
Assistance Act of 1954 with respect to which there
remains outstanding any unpaid obligation; and the
status of each transaction with respect to which a
loan, contract or guarantee of insurance, or extension
of credit (of participation therein) was theretofore
made under the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 with
respect to which there remains outstanding any unpaid
obligation or potential liability; except that such
report shall include individually only any loan,
contract, sale, extension of credit, or other
transaction listed in this paragraph which is in excess
of $1,000,000;
[``(5)(A) the status of the debt servicing capacity
of each country receiving assistance under this Act;
[``(B) all forms of debt relief granted by the
United States with respect to such countries, together
with a detailed statement of the specific debt relief
granted with respect to each such country and the
purpose for which it was granted; and
[``(C) a summary of the net aid flow from the
United States to such countries, taking into
consideration the debt relief granted by the United
States; and
[``(6) such other matters relating to foreign
assistance provided by the United States Government
under part I as the Chairman of the Development
Coordination Committee considers appropriate.
[``(b) For purposes of this section--
[``(1) `foreign assistance' means any tangible or
intangible item provided by the United States
Government to a foreign country or international
organization under this or any other Act, including but
not limited to any training, service, or technical
advice, any item of real, personal, or mixed property,
any agricultural commodity, United States dollars, and
any currencies of any foreign country which are owned
by the United States Government; and
[``(2) `provided by the United States Government'
includes, but is not limited to, foreign assistance
provided by means of gift, loan, sale, credit, or
guaranty.''.
[(b) Part III of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is
amended by redesignating section 671 as section 634A and by
inserting such redesignated section immediately after section
634.
[(c) Part III of such Act, as amended by subsection (b) of
this section, is further amended by adding the following new
section immediately after new section 634A:
[``Sec. 634B. Classification of Reports.--All information
contained in any report transmitted under this Act shall be
public information. However, in the case of any item of
information be included in any such report that the President,
on an extraordinary basis, determines is clearly determental to
the security of the United States, he shall explain in a
supplemental report why publication of each specific item would
be detrimental to the security of the United States. A
supplemental report shall be transmitted to the Congress at the
time the report is transmitted.''.
[(d)(1) Title XI of chapter 2 of part I and sections
120(d), 222A (j), 495C(e), 620(w), 621A(c), 640B(d), and 657 of
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 are repealed.
[(2) Section 640B(g) of such Act is amended by striking out
``subsection (d), the President'' and inserting in lieu thereof
``section 634, the Chairman of the Committee''.
[reimbursable technical assistance
[``Sec. 503. Section 607 of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended by redesignating subsection (b) as subsection
(c) and by inserting the following new subsection (b)
immediately after subsection (a):
[``(b) When any agency of the United States Government
provides services on an advance-of-funds or reimbursable basis
under this section, such agency may contract with individuals
for personal service abroad or in the United States to perform
such services or to replace officers or employees of the United
States Government who are assigned by the agency to provide
such services. Such individuals shall not be regarded as
employees of the United States Government for the purpose of
any law administered by the Civil Service Commission.''.
[auditor general
[``Sec. 504. Section 624 of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new
subsection:
[``(g)(1) In addition to the officers provided for in
subsection (a) of this section, there shall be an Auditor
General who shall be appointed by the Administrator of the
agency primarily responsible for administering part I of this
Act. The Auditor General shall be compensated at the rate
provided for level V of the Executive Schedule under section
5316 of title 5, United States Code.
[``(2) The Auditor General shall report to and be under the
direct supervision of the Administrator.
[``(3) The Auditor General shall, with respect to the
duties and responsibilities of the agency primarily responsible
for administering part I of this Act and subject to the
authority of the Administrator of such agency, supervise,
direct, and control all audit and investigative activities
relating to the programs and operations of the agency.
[``(4) The Auditory General shall submit an annual report
to the Administrator. This report shall be provided to the
Congress without further clearance or approval as part of the
annual report required by section 634 of this Act.
[``(5) In the execution of the responsibilities and duties
assigned in paragraph (3) of this subsection, the Auditor
General shall have (A) access to all records, reports, papers,
and documents of the agency and its administrative
subdivisions, and (B) authority to request such information or
assistance as necessary for carrying out the duties set forth
in this subsection from any Federal, State, or local
governmental agency or unit thereof, and from contractors,
grantees, and loan recipients of the agency.''.
[motor vehicles
[Sec. 505. Section 636(a)(5) of the Foreign Assistance Act
of 1961 is amended by striking ``$3,500'' and inserting in lieu
thereof ``the current market price in the United States of a
mid-sized sedan or station wagon meeting the requirements
established by the General Services Administration for a Class
III vehicle of United States manufacture (or, if the
replacement vehicle is a right-hand drive vehicle, 120 percent
of that price)''.
[operating expenses
[Sec. 506. Section 667(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended--
[(1) in the text preceding paragraph (1) by
striking out ``1978'' and inserting in lieu thereof
``1979''; and
[(2) in paragraph (12) by striking out
``$220,200,000' and inserting in lieu thereof
``$261,000,000''.
[TITLE VI--MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
[reduction of authorization
[Sec. 601. The total funds authorized to be appropriated in
this Act (excluding funds authorized to be appropriated to
carry out section 214 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961)
shall be reduced by 5 percent.
[prohibition on assistance to vietnam, cambodia, and cuba
[Sec. 602. Notwithstanding any other provision of law or of
this Act, funds authorized to be appropriated in this Act shall
not be used for any form of aid, either by monetary payment or
by the sale or transfer of any goods of any nature, to the
Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Cambodia, or Cuba.
[reports to congress on debt relief agreements
[Sec. 603(a)(1) The Secretary of State shall keep the
Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, the Committee on
International Relations of the House of Representatives, and
the Comittee on Appropriations of each House of the Congress
fully and currently informed of any negotiations with any
foreign government with respect to any cancellation,
renegotiations, rescheduling, compromise, or other form of debt
relief (including any modification of the terms, conditions, or
manner of repayment), with regard to any debt owed to the
United States by such foreign government.]
* * * * * * *
[(b) Section 4 of the Foreign Disaster Assistance Act of
1974 is repealed.
[miscellaneous repeals
[Sec. 604. Sections 302(d), 302(e), 302(f), 302(g), 302(h),
304, 494A, 495A, 618, 619, 637(a), 649, 651, 655, 656, 658, and
665, and chapters 6 and 7 of part I, of the Foreign Assistance
Act of 1961 are repealed.
effective date
[Sec. 605. The amendments made by this Act shall take
effect on October 1, 1978.]
----------
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1978
[short title
[Section 1. This Act may be cited as the ``International
Security Assistance Act of 1978''.
[contingency fund
[Sec. 2. Section 451(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended by striking out ``fiscal year 1978 not to
exceed $5,000,000'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``fiscal year
1979 not to exceed $5,000,000''.
[involvement of united states personnel in narcotics control
enforcement activities abroad
[Sec. 3. Section 481(c)(1) of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new
sentences: ``No such officer or employee may interrogate or be
present during the interrogation of any United States person
arrested in any foreign country with respect to narcotics
control efforts without the written consent of such person. The
provisions of this paragraph shall not apply to the activities
of the United States Armed Forces in carrying out their
responsibilities under applicable Status of Forces
arrangements.''.
[use of herbicides to eradicate marihuana
[Sec. 4. Section 481 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961
is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new
subsection:
[``(d)(1) Assistance authorized by this chapter may not be
made available or used for any program involving the spraying
of a herbicide to eradicate marihuana plants if the use of that
herbicide is likely to cause serious harm to the health of
persons who may use or consume the sprayed marihuana. This
prohibition shall not apply if the herbicide is used in
conjunction with another substance that will clearly and
readily warn potential users and consumers of the sprayed
marihuana that a herbicide has been used on it.
[``(2) The Secretary of State shall inform the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare of the use or intended use by
any country or international organization of any herbicide to
eradicate marihuana in a program receiving assistance under
this chapter. The Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare,
on the basis of scientific information and testing and after
receiving comments from the Secretary of Agriculture and the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall
promptly advise the Secretary of State if the use of that
herbicide is likely to cause serious harm to the health of
persons who may use or consume marihuana sprayed with that
herbicide. If the Secretary of State is so advised with respect
to any herbicide, the prohibition contained in paragraph (1)
shall apply with respect to the use of that herbicide.
[``(3) The Secretary of State shall submit a comprehensive
report to the Congress not later than January 1 of each year
explicitly detailing all efforts he has taken to ensure
compliance with the requirements of this subsection and to
prevent the spraying of marihuana with herbicides that are
likely to cause serious harm to human health.''.
[international narcotics control
[Sec. 5. (a) Section 482 of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended by striking out ``$39,000,000 for the fiscal
year 1978'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``$40,000,000 for the
fiscal year 1979''.
[(b) Such section is further amended--
[(1) by inserting ``(a)'' immediately before ``To
carry out''; and
[(2) by adding at the end of the section the
following new subsection:
[``(b) Funds authorized to be appropriated by this section
shall not be made available for the procurement of weapons or
ammunition under this chapter.''.
[human rights
[Sec. 6. (a) Paragraph (1) of section 502B(a) of the
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is amended to read as follows:
[``(1) The United States shall, in accordance with its
international obligations as set forth in the Charter of the
United Nations and in keeping with the constitutional heritage
and traditions of the United States, promote and encourage
increased respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
throughout the world without distinction as to race, sex,
language, or religion. Accordingly, a principal goal of the
foreign policy of the United States shall be to promote the
increased observance of internationally recognized human rights
by all countries.''.
[(b) Paragraph (2) of such section is amended by striking
out ``It is further the policy of the United States that,
except'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``Except''.
[(c) Paragraph (3) of such section is amended by striking
out ``the foregoing policy'' and inserting in lieu thereof
``paragraphs (1) and (2),''.
[(d)(1) Paragraph (2) of such section is amended by adding
at the end thereof the following new sentence: ``Security
assistance may not be provided to the police, domestic
intelligence, or similar law enforcement forces of a country,
and licenses may not be issued under the Export Administration
Act of 1969 for the export of crime control and detection
instruments and equipment to a country, the government of which
engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of
internationally recognized human rights unless the President
certifies in writing to the Speaker of the House of
Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign
Relations of the Senate that extraordinary circumstances exist
warranting provision of such assistance and issuance of such
licenses.''.
[(2) Section 4 of the Export Administration Act of 1969 is
amended by adding at the end thereof the following new
subsection:
[``(m)(1) Crime control and detection instruments and
equipment shall be approved for export by the Secretary of
Commerce only pursuant to a validated export license.
[``(2) The provisions of this subsection shall not apply
with respect to exports to countries which are members of the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization or to Japan, Australia, or
New Zealand.''.
[(e) Section 502B(a)(2) of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961, as amended by section (d)(1) of this section, is further
amended by adding at the end thereof the following new
sentence: ``Assistance may not be provided under chapter 5 of
this part to a country the government of which engages in a
consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally
recognized human rights unless the President certifies in
writing to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the
chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate
that extraordinary circumstances exist warranting provision of
such assistance.''.
[military assistance
[Sec. 7. (a) Subsection (a)(1) of section 504 of the
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is amended to read as follows:
[``(a)(1) There is authorized to be appropriated to the
President to carry out the purposes of this chapter not to
exceed $133,500,000 for the fiscal year 1979. Not more than the
following amounts of funds available to carry out this chapter
may be allocated and made available for assistance to each of
the following countries for the fiscal year 1979:
[``Portugal............................................. $27,900,000
[``Spain................................................ 41,000,000
[``Jordan............................................... 45,000,000
[``Philippines.......................................... 17,100,000
[``Greece............................................... 35,000,000
The amount specified in this paragraph for military assistance
to any such country for the fiscal year 1979 may be increased
by not more than 10 percent of such amount if the President
deems such increase necessary for the purposes of this
chapter.''.
[(b) Section 516(a) of such Act is amended by inserting
immediately before the period at the end thereof ``, and until
September 30, 1981, to the extent necessary to carry out
obligations incurred under this chapter during the fiscal year
1978 with respect to Indonesia and Thailand''.
[stockpiling of defense articles for foreign countries
[Sec. 8. Section 514(b)(2) of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended by striking out ``$270,000,000 for the fiscal
year 1978'' and inserting in lieu thereof ``$90,000,000 for the
fiscal year 1979''.
[international military assistance and sales program management
[Sec. 9. (a) Section 515 of the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961 is amended in the first sentence of subsection (b)(1)--
[(1) by striking out ``fiscal year 1978'' and
inserting in lieu thereof ``fiscal year 1979''; and
[(2) by striking out ``Brazil'' and inserting in
lieu thereof ``Turkey, Indonesia, Thailand''.
[(b) Such section is amended in subsection (d) by striking
out ``may not exceed 865 for the fiscal year 1978'' and
inserting in lieu thereof ``, including any such members
serving on a reimbursable basis pursuant to subsection (b)(3),
may not exceed 790 for the fiscal year 1979''.
[(c) Such section is amended in subsection (f) by striking
out ``1976'' in the last sentence and inserting in lieu thereof
``1977, except that the President may assign an aggregate total
of not to exceed eight additional defense attaches to such
countries in order to perform overseas management functions
under this subsection''.
[(d) Such section is amended in subsection (g) by inserting
``for fixed'' immediately before ``periods of time'' in the
second sentence.
[(e) Such section is amended by adding at the end thereof
the following new subsection:
[``(h) The President shall continue to instruct United
States diplomatic and military personnel in United States
missions abroad that they should not encourage, promote, or
influence the purchase by any foreign country of United States-
made military equipment, unless they are specifically
instructed to do so by an appropriate official of the executive
branch.''.
[economic support fund
[Sec. 10. (a) Chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 is amended to read as follows:
[``CHAPTER 4--ECONOMIC SUPPORT FUND
[``Sec. 531. Authority.--(a)(1) The Congress recognizes
that under special economic, political, or security conditions
the national interests of the United States may require
economic support for countries or in amounts which could not be
justified solely under chapter 1 of part I. In such cases, the
President is authorized to furnish assistance to countries and
organizations, on such terms and conditions as he may
determine, in order to promote economic or political stability.
In planning assistance intended for economic development under
this chapter, the President shall take into account, to the
maximum extent feasible, the policy direction of section 102.
[``(2) The Secretary of State shall be responsible for
policy decisions and justifications for economic support
programs under this chapter, including determinations of
whether there will be an economic support program for a country
and the amount of the program for each country. The Secretary
shall exercise this responsibility in cooperation with the
Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for
administering part I.
[``(b)(1) There are authorized to be appropriated to the
President to carry out the purposes of this chapter for the
fiscal year 1979, $1,902,000,000.
[``(2) Amounts appropriated to carry out this chapter are
authorized to remain available until expended.
[``(c) Amounts appropriated to carry out this chapter shall
be available for economic programs only and may not be used for
military or paramilitary purposes.
[``Sec. 532. Middle East Program.--(a) The Congress
recognizes that a peaceful and lasting resolution of the
divisive issues that have contributed to tension and conflict
between countries in the Middle East is essential to the
security of the United States and the cause of world peace. The
Congress declares and finds that the United States can and
should play a constructive role in securing a just and durable
peace in the Middle East by facilitating increased
understanding between the Arab countries and Israel and by
assisting the countries in the region in their efforts to
achieve economic progress and political stability, which are
the essential foundations for peace. It is the sense of the
Congress that United States assistance programs in the Middle
East should be designed to promote mutual respect and security
among the countries in the region and to foster a climate
conducive to increased economic development, thereby
contributing to a community of free, secure, and prospering
countries in the Middle East.
[``(b)(1) Of the amount authorized to be appropriated to
carry out this chapter for the fiscal year 1979, not less than
$785,000,000 shall be available only for Israel, not less than
$750,000,000 shall be available only for Egypt, and not less
than $93,000,000 shall be available only for Jordan.
[``(2) The total amount of funds allocated for Israel under
this chapter for the fiscal year 1979 may be made available as
a cash transfer. In exercising the authority of this paragraph,
the President shall ensure that the level of cash transfers
made to Israel does not cause an adverse impact on the total
amount of nonmilitary exports from the United States to Israel.
[``(3) Not less than two-thirds of the assistance furnished
to Israel, and not less than two-thirds of the assistance
furnished to Egypt, under this chapter for the fiscal year 1979
shall be provided on a grant basis.
[``(4) The President is requested to provide that at least
$65,000,000 of the funds allocated for Egypt under this chapter
for the fiscal year 1979 shall be available for the development
and encouragement of private enterprise in Egypt. Programs
financed under this paragraph shall be developed in close
consultation with the Overseas Private Investment Corporation.
It is the intent of the Congress that the funds made available
under this paragraph should be used, to the maximum extent
feasible, to encourage other donors, especially the Arab
countries that are members of the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries, to participate in private enterprise
development in Egypt. Funds made available under this paragraph
may be used, among other things, for lending to Egyptian
private business enterprise, to provide necessary surveys,
services, and programs to encourage and support private
enterprise development, and to contract for personnel to assist
such programs.
[``(5) It is the sense of the Congress that programs which
stress regional development or regional scientific and
technical cooperation between Israel and its Arab neighbors can
contribute in an important way to the mutual understanding that
must serve as the basis for permanent peace in the Middle East.
Of the amount authorized to be appropriate to carry out this
chapter for the fiscal year 1979, not less than $5,000,000
shall be available only to fund regional programs which stress
development or scientific and technical cooperation between
Israel and its Arab neighbors or programs which would be used
for Arab-Israeli cooperation once normalization of relations
between Israel and the Arab nations occurs.
[``(6)(A) Funds appropriated to carry out this chapter for
the fiscal year 1979 may not be expended for construction of
the proposed potash production facility in Jordan until the
President has determined, and has reported his determination to
the Congress, that Jordan has obtained firm commitments from
other sources for the financing, in addition to the proposed
United States contribution, which will be required for that
project.
[``(B) Funds appropriated to carry out this chapter for the
fiscal year 1979 may not be expended for construction of the
proposed Maqarin Dam and Jordan Valley Irrigation System until
the President has determined, and has reported his
determination to the Congress, that Jordan has obtained firm
commitments from other sources for the financing, in addition
to the proposed United States contribution, which will required
for that project.
[``Sec. 533. Southern Africa Program.--(a) Of the amount
authorized to be appropriated to carry out this chapter for the
fiscal year 1979, $60,000,000 shall be available only for the
countries of southern Africa to address the problems caused by
the economic dislocation resulting from the conflict in that
region and for education and job training assistance. Such
funds may be used to provide humanitarian assistance to African
refugees and persons displaced by war and internal strife in
southern Africa, to improve transportation links interrupted or
jeopardized by regional political conflicts, and to provide
economic support to countries in the region.
[``(b) No assistance may be furnished under this section to
|
File:William walter phelps.jpg
Summary
From The Phelps Family of America and Their English Ancestors, Two volumes. By Judge Oliver Seymour Phelps and Andrew T. Servin. (Eagle Publishing Company of Pittsfield, Mass., 1899) p. 956
Personal
William Walter Phelps, Congressman, Ambassador, and Judge. August 24, 1839 - June 17, 1894.
|
Kolpa (band)
Kolpa are a Turkish rock band originating from Adana.
History
Kolpa was founded in Istanbul in 2005 by Bora Yeter (bass) and Barış Yurtcu (vocals), who had spent their high school years in Adana.
After Dinçer Çetin's departure from the band in 2007, he was replaced by Cenk Taner Dönmez. The band's debut album was prepared by the 3 members. In April 2009, their first album Hayat Senin was released. It was produced by Matthew Erdem and published by Mucize İşler, a branch of the Pasaj Müzik label. After releasing music videos for the songs "Sayende" and "Koşa Koşa", Samuray Gökçe joined the band on percussion.
In February 2010, the preparation for their first extended play (EP) began. The EP, which consists of 5 cover songs, was released under the title Maximum on 23 March 2010 by Pasaj Müzik. The first music video from this EP, "Böyle Ayrılık Olmaz", managed to rank 1st on a number of national charts. Actors Merve Boluğur and Çağkan Çulha played in the album's second music video "Kadınım".
In March 2011, the band released the first single, titled "Son Nefesim". According to data provided by Nielsen, the song ranked first on the main national rock chart for five weeks 5. Serbian model Sara Vulovic and Turkish actor Murat Prosçiler played in the song's music video.
With Haluk Kurosman serving as record producer, the band released their second studio album Yatağın Soğuk Tarafı in 2011, which consists of 10 songs. With the songs "Yatağın Soğuk Tarafı" and "Beni Aşka İnandır", the band was awarded the Best Band award at the 2012 Golden Butterfly Awards. Another song from Yatağın Soğuk Tarafı, titled "Hiç Bitmez Bu Masal", was used as the main theme song for Show TV's series Pis Yedili. The band made guest appearances in two episodes of the series.
The band's third studio album Aşk ve Hayat Hakkında was released by Pasaj Müzik in January 2014. The song "Gurur Benim Neyime?" from this album was a major hit in Turkey, with its music video being viewed more than 110 million times on YouTube.
Filmography
* Television
* Pis Yedili (2012)
* İnadına Aşk (2015)
* Leke (2019)
|
Behavior of doReturn-when and when-thenReturn with mocked vs spied object
When using a spied object as test subject, If we don't want to call nested methods inside the method we are testing, Which of these (doReturn-when or when-thenReturn) can be used to mock those nested methods?
Is there a way to avoid getting invoked the real methods inside the method we are going to test?
What is unclear in the documentation? https://static.javadoc.io/org.mockito/mockito-core/2.18.3/org/mockito/Mockito.html#13
@JBNizet Thanks for the reply. Is this means that when we use "doReturn-when" with a spied object, the real methods inside the method we test will never get invoked right? Because i didn't see any where tells that those methods will never get invoked when using "doReturn-when".
Well, it's the whole point of using doReturn-when: replace the method implementation by a fake one returning what you tell it to return, and spying on the invocations.
Ok. Previously I thought that both of those methods behave similarly and they are just syntactically different. Now its bit clear what those does. Thanks.. :)
In fact doesn't matter if you use doReturn-when or when-thenReturn method for this specific case, because considering a @Spy you will always call the real method.
You can avoid entering other methods by mocking them, but if you are using just Mockito it will be a problem (it doesn't have this approach, but PowerMock does). Particularly I disagree with this approach, because we are being too intrusive in our tests and private flow is a part of the whole flow, but you can do something like this:
SomeService mock = spy(SomeService.class);
doReturn(1).when(mock, "getNumber", ArgumentMatchers.anyInt());
For more details, you can verify PowerMock's official documentation. Also, is nice to know some basic unit testing concepts (stubs, mocks and so on).
|
package network.quant.compoent;
import network.quant.utils.UITools;
import lombok.AccessLevel;
import lombok.experimental.FieldDefaults;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
@Slf4j
@FieldDefaults(level = AccessLevel.PRIVATE)
public class RoadTaxComponent extends DetailComponent {
JLabel regLabel = new JLabel("Reg Number");
JLabel annualLabel = new JLabel("Annual Price");
public JTextField reg = new JTextField("WR18 XSR");
public JTextField annual = new JTextField("300 XRP");
public RoadTaxComponent(Dimension dimension) {
super(dimension);
this.title.setText("Road Tax");
int componentIndex = 1;
this.regLabel.setSize(dimension.width-40, 32);
this.regLabel.setLocation(20, 32);
this.regLabel.setFont(UITools.getFont(Font.BOLD, 16));
this.regLabel.setForeground(TEXT);
this.regLabel.setHorizontalAlignment(JLabel.RIGHT);
this.add(this.regLabel, componentIndex++);
this.reg.setSize(dimension.width-40, 32);
this.reg.setLocation(20, 64);
this.reg.setFont(UITools.getFont(Font.PLAIN, 16));
this.reg.setForeground(TEXT);
this.add(this.reg, componentIndex++);
this.annualLabel.setSize(dimension.width-40, 32);
this.annualLabel.setLocation(20, 96);
this.annualLabel.setFont(UITools.getFont(Font.BOLD, 16));
this.annualLabel.setForeground(TEXT);
this.annualLabel.setHorizontalAlignment(JLabel.RIGHT);
this.add(this.annualLabel, componentIndex++);
this.annual.setSize(dimension.width-40, 32);
this.annual.setLocation(20, 128);
this.annual.setFont(UITools.getFont(Font.PLAIN, 16));
this.annual.setForeground(TEXT);
this.add(this.annual, componentIndex++);
}
}
|
We model a massless viscous disk using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)
and note that it evolves according to the Lynden-Bell \& Pringle theory (1974)
until a non-axisymmetric instability develops at the inner edge of the disk.
This instability may have the same origin as the instability of initially
axisymmetric viscous disks discussed by Lyubarskij et al. (1994). To clarify
the evolution we evolved single and double rings of particles. It is actually
inconsistent with the SPH scheme to set up a single ring as an initial
condition because SPH assumes a smoothed initial state. As would be expected
from an SPH simulation, the ring rapidly breaks up into a band. We analyse the
stability of the ring and show that the predictions are confirmed by the
simulation.
|
An automated aquatic rack system for rearing marine invertebrates
One hundred years ago, marine organisms were the dominant systems for the study of developmental biology. The challenges in rearing these organisms outside of a marine setting ultimately contributed to a shift towards work on a smaller number of so-called model systems. Those animals are typically non-marine organisms with advantages afforded by short life cycles, high fecundity, and relative ease in laboratory culture. However, a full understanding of biodiversity, evolution, and anthropogenic effects on biological systems requires a broader survey of development in the animal kingdom. To this day, marine organisms remain relatively understudied, particularly the members of the Lophotrochozoa (Spiralia), which include well over one third of the metazoan phyla (such as the annelids, mollusks, flatworms) and exhibit a tremendous diversity of body plans and developmental modes. To facilitate studies of this group, we have previously described the development and culture of one lophotrochozoan representative, the slipper snail Crepidula atrasolea, which is easy to rear in recirculating marine aquaria. Lab-based culture and rearing of larger populations of animals remain a general challenge for many marine organisms, particularly for inland laboratories. Here, we describe the development of an automated marine aquatic rack system for the high-density culture of marine species, which is particularly well suited for rearing filter-feeding animals. Based on existing freshwater recirculating aquatic rack systems, our system is specific to the needs of marine organisms and incorporates robust filtration measures to eliminate wastes, reducing the need for regular water changes. In addition, this system incorporates sensors and associated equipment for automated assessment and adjustment of water quality. An automated feeding system permits precise delivery of liquid food (e.g., phytoplankton) throughout the day, mimicking real-life feeding conditions that contribute to increased growth rates and fecundity. This automated system makes laboratory culture of marine animals feasible for both large and small research groups, significantly reducing the time, labor, and overall costs needed to rear these organisms.
However, challenges remain in maintaining marine organisms outside of laboratories with access to flowing seawater. Additionally, many of these animals have a biphasic life cycle with periods of obligatory planktonic larval development. These conditions limit long-term culture and the development of genetic tools for explorations of gene function, including rearing inbred and transgenic lines. Much has been described about maintaining marine aquaria for the hobbyist [5,6]; however, in this paper, we describe the development of an automated marine aquatic system optimized for rearing large numbers of marine organisms in the laboratory setting. This system is especially well suited for rearing filterfeeding marine invertebrates, but can be used to culture most other marine species.
The impetus for developing this aquatic system came from our studies using marine slipper snails in the genus Crepidula. Different species of Crepidula have been used as subjects for developmental studies for over 100 years, beginning with Conklin's cell lineage work at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA [7]. Crepidula has contributed greatly to our understanding of many subjects, including development, evolution, larval biology, metamorphosis, invasion biology, sex change/sequential hermaphroditism, population genetics, biomineralization, and responses to climate change [1,[8][9][10].
We have been developing one species in particular, the black-footed slipper snail Crepidula atrasolea, as a useful representative of the Lophotrochozoa [9]. In many respects, this snail presents fewer challenges for experimental manipulation and long-term culture compared to other spiralians.
C. atrasolea is a southern, warm-water species with rapid, direct development and relatively short generation times. Like other Crepidula species, C. atrasolea snails have internal fertilization, and females brood encapsulated embryos, which hatch as "crawl-away" juveniles [11]. These snails mature relatively quickly and can live for several years in the lab. Furthermore, adults are reproductive year-round. Their small size (shells reaching 1-2 cm long in the lab) allows large numbers of animals to be maintained in a fairly limited space. They are easily reared through successive generations in recirculating system aquaria using artificial seawater [9]. Furthermore, these snails are filter feeders, and they readily survive on commercial preparations of phytoplankton (see below). As C. atrasolea is a direct developer, there is no need to provide external food sources prior to reaching juvenile stages. Compared to many other systems, the eggs and embryos of Crepidula snails offer significant advantages for experimental cell and molecular biology [1,[8][9][10][12][13][14]. Our recent success in applying CRISPR/Cas9 and electroporation of linearized plasmids in C. atrasolea offers us the ability to prepare inbred transgenic lines expressing key fluorescently labeled, cell-specific markers and molecular biosensors.
The major challenge for working with any marine organism, including slipper snails, is the time and effort required to maintain and rear enough animals to support an active research program. While some groups are beginning to address issues of standardizing laboratory culture for marine organisms, for example, the annelid Platynereis dumerilii [15] and the hydrozoan Clytia hemispherica [16], these systems have limited automation and require manual feeding. To address these challenges, we have developed an automated marine aquatic system that monitors and regulates seawater quality and incorporates automated feeding. Our main goal was to develop equipment and conditions to quickly raise and maintain large numbers of inbred and, ultimately, transgenic lines of C. atrasolea. We also wanted to develop a system that could be used by other labs working with other marine organisms. To accomplish this, we designed and assembled the following: a self-contained, recirculating system that can be used in any lab (including those without access to natural, flowing seawater); a system with automated monitoring and control of major seawater quality parameters; a system requiring few water changes with efficient management of waste products (i.e., ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates); a system with automated logging and reporting of all system parameters, including the ability to send users alerts related to any problems that may develop; and a system that incorporates automated feeding. This aquatic system can be used by any lab wanting to rear various marine organisms, but is particularly well-suited for filter-feeding marine invertebrates that consume phytoplankton. By reducing the amount of labor needed to rear these animals, we have freed investigators to conduct more of their actual research.
Depending on their size, this aquatic system can be used to rear many types of marine organisms, but with automated feeding of liquid food, it is especially wellsuited for rearing filter-feeding animals. Crepidula snails are relatively small, and one can rear large numbers, without creating a biological load that exceeds the capacity of the filters. In fact, one can use this system to raise larger animals, as the supplier of parts used to assemble this system (Iwaki Aquatics, Holliston, MA) can provide tanks of various sizes exceeding 30 l. However, animals that require solid food would need to be fed manually, and provisions would also have to be made to remove uneaten food. Automated delivery of solid, commercial, frozen, or live food would entail a more elaborate setup, and we have not yet explored those options. The system described here is not well-suited for animals that undergo mass, free spawning to release large quantities of gametes (such as sea urchins). The level of filtration provided by the system is sufficient to ensure that gametes are unable to cross between tanks; however, such occurrences often trigger widespread spawning in multiple animals, and would likely overload the capacity of the filtration system. Ideally, the user should remove spawning animals or interrupt flow to individual tanks for spawning, returning them to the system once spawning is complete. Unlike sea urchins, Crepidula snails have internal fertilization and brood their embryos until hatching. Other marine species that would be amenable to growth in this aquatic system include the annelid Hydroides, the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, the gastropod Tritia (=Ilyanassa) obsoleta, and possibly the small-bodied cephalopod Euprymna scolopes, to name a few. As all of the parameters of the system (e.g., temperature, salinity, flow rate) can be altered to suit the preferences of the species being reared in the system, even the brackish water cnidarian Nematostella victensis should be able to be grown in this system.
Methods/results/discussion
The concept of aquatic rack systems Recirculating aquatic rack systems consisting of a parallel array of individual, isolated tanks are widely used for rearing aquatic animals in the laboratory setting. Water in these systems is continuously recirculated between individual tanks and a central sump, passing through various filters along the way (Fig. 1a, Fig. 2). For instance, aquatic rack systems are commonly used to rear freshwater zebrafish and Xenopus frogs [17][18][19] and widely used for commercial aquaculture [20,21]. These systems typically incorporate mechanical and biological filtration and some percentage of daily water changes to remove accumulated waste products [22]. Such systems work very well for housing large numbers of animals. The presence of many smaller tanks allows one to isolate animals, which is particularly useful for maintaining larger numbers, different species, or different lines (e.g., inbred lines, mutants, or transgenic lines). This configuration also permits controlled mating for breeding purposes. Therefore, we chose to adopt a similar system for rearing marine invertebrates with more specialized features, which are detailed below.
A number of companies currently manufacture aquatic rack systems for freshwater species including Iwaki Aquatics (Holliston, MA), Aquaneering (San Diego, CA), Techniplast (Buguggiate, VA, Italy), and Aquatic Enterprises (Bridgewater, MA). A number of engineers who worked for companies that formerly made marine systems (including Marine Biotech, Aquatic Habitats (a division of Aquatic Ecosystems, Inc.), and Pentair (all based in Apopka, FL)) have since moved to Iwaki Aquatics (Holliston, MA). Given their heritage and level of expertise, we collaborated with them for the final design and fabrication of a marine aquatic rack system. This system is similar to that used for housing zebrafish, but incorporates many additional, custom modifications. Our main goal was to build a system that was highly automated and incorporates automated feeding, in order to reduce labor and make it easier to rear Crepidula snails. A companion set of documents, including the Aquatic System Standard Operating Procedure "SOP" and a Parts and Suppliers List, are provided in Additional files 1 and 2, respectively. Additional file 1 includes Figures S1-S4. Many details related to the construction, operation, and servicing of this system are provided in those documents. This includes wiring diagrams (.fzz files, which can be opened with Fritzing Software [23]) and Arduino Sketches (.ino files, which can be opened and installed with Arduino Software (IDE) [24]) for use in programming the microcontrollers. While we developed this aquatic rack system with Iwaki Aquatics, Inc. (Holliston, MA), enough detail is provided so that a skilled builder could assemble one for themselves.
The physical rack supports or shelving units are made of welded and powder-coated aluminum and hold up well to the weight and corrosive properties of seawater (Fig. 1a). The typical rack can be constructed with either five or six shelves depending on the configuration of tanks and has a footprint of approximately 5′-6″ wide × 1′-4″ deep. The configuration with six shelves is 7′-8″ tall and needs to be anchored either to the wall or to the ceiling to prevent it from accidentally tipping over (see Fig. 1b). Smaller racks with fewer shelves can also be constructed, which could even be installed on a sturdy table or benchtop. Other components, such as the tanks and plumbing, are made of various types of plastic and glass that can withstand saltwater (see Fig. 1a). There are very few metal components in direct contact with the seawater, which are made of either titanium, stainless steel, or ceramic ferrite, and these are described in the SOP (Additional file 1, Section 31: Metal Components Exposed to Sea Water). These parts have very good corrosion resistance. When filled to capacity (about 80 gal or 302 l of seawater), the system is very heavy (approximately 1100 lb or 500 kg). Therefore, the floor must be strong enough to support this weight. As the rack is supported by only four small round leveling feet, it could eventually cause impressions in the flooring. As a precaution and to distribute this weight, we machined a set of four ½-inch-thick, 4″ × 4″ aluminum pads with central recesses for the leveling feet (see Fig. 1c, Additional file 3A). Ideally, this type of system should be installed on lower levels in a room with drainage in the floor, to reduce the potential for damage caused by leaks and accidental flooding.
The individual tanks and culture tubes
The rack holds multiple individual polycarbonate tanks (see Fig. 1a, d, e). Tanks provided by Iwaki are manufactured by Pentair Aquatic Ecosystems (Apopka, FL), as well as other manufacturers. These tanks sit on the metal crossbars (shelves) of the aluminum rack and are secured by ridges molded into their bottoms that engage these crossbars to prevent them from moving (Fig. 1e). These tanks are easily removed for access and cleaning, and come in many different sizes. The rack can be designed to hold tanks as large as 32 l. The particular system described here consists of six 10-l tanks on the bottom shelf and sixty 3-l tanks on the top five shelves (12 tanks per shelf, see Fig. 1a). These tanks accept slotted or Nylon mesh "larval" baffles (Fig. 1f). The larval baffles are available from Iwaki in three mesh sizes (400, 700, and 1000 μm). While smaller mesh sizes could be installed by the user, they could have an impact on flow through the system and would require more frequent cleaning. These baffles slide into molded channels in the back of each tank, and their purpose is to prevent animals and embryos from reaching the rear drain tube Fig. 1 a-l Overview of the rack system, individual tanks, drain trough, and water pump. a Rack system to the left and associated feeding system to the right. Part of the external chiller can be seen on the floor in the bottom, far left corner. b Detail of the wall restraints that prevent tipping. c Detail of the foot pad to prevent sliding and to distribute weight (see Additional file 3A). d Row of 3-l tanks showing the manifold and valves that supply water to these tanks. Some culture tubes are seen inside these tanks, which are held down by the curved plastic mesh. e Empty 3-l tank with lid. f Detail of the overflow drain and larval baffle. g Detail of the plastic plugs used to cap unused holes in the lid. h Drain trough that receives the tanks' overflow drain tubes. i Detail of the PVC covers for the drain troughs (see Additional file 3B-C). j Another view of the curved plastic restraining screen. k Sump. l Main water pump. This pump is secured to the bottom PVC deck with four bolts and rubber shock mounts. bl, ballast; ch, chiller; crt, cartridge filters; ct, culture tubes; dr, overflow drain; fs, feeding system; iv, water pump intake valve; la, labels; lb, larval baffles; ld, tank lid; lf, leveling feet; mg, magnet; mn, manifold; ot, overflow tray; pd, foot pad; pl, plugs; re, reservoirs; rg, plastic ridges; rs, rack restraint; sc, plastic restraining screen; sl, sensor side loop; sm, sump; tc, trough covers; tk, tanks; tr, drain trough; tv, tank valve; uv, UV lamp; wc, Walchem 900 controller; wp, water pump where they could travel to other parts of the system. For our particular purposes, we use baffles with 400-μm openings, which are small enough to prevent C. atrasolea embryos or juvenile snails from escaping the tanks. Even if the juvenile snails could escape from these tanks, it is not possible for them to travel to other tanks, as the animals would ultimately be stopped by either the coarse filter pad located over the sump or the 50-μm pleated filter (described below, see Fig. 2).
Each tank is equipped with a removable lid that has four ½″ diameter holes (Fig. 1e, g). These holes accept ¼″ OD tubing from the manifold valves that supply water to each tank. As there is only one valve/tube for each of the small tanks and two for the larger tanks, we cap the unused holes with plastic snap caps to limit evaporation (see Fig. 1g). Seawater flow to the tanks is regulated by adjusting the PVC valves fitted to the manifolds (Fig. 1d, see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 4: Water Flow). Each tank has a single round drain tube at the rear, which directs the overflowing seawater to drain troughs (Fig. 1e, h). As supplied, these long troughs are open along the top. To limit evaporation, we machined a pair of recessed 1/4″-thick PVC plastic covers for each trough, with holes to accommodate individual tank drain tubes (see Fig. 1h, i; Additional file 3B-C). Another PVC cover caps the main drain conduit at the very top of the system, which is provided by Iwaki Aquatics, Inc. To keep track of each tank, their locations are marked using small adhesive plastic labels (P-touch TZe tape, Brother, Nagoya, Japan, see Fig. 1d). Figure S2 in Additional file 1, SOP. Parts are shown in their relative, approximate locations but are not drawn to scale. Blue arrows show the main routes of the seawater flow. The size of the arrows indicates the relative amount of flow through the various passage ways. The electromechanical 3-way valve can divert seawater either to the right towards the filters during the filtering mode or to the left through the feeding bypass loop during the feeding mode. Green arrows show the delivery of food and flow of seawater through the feeding bypass loop. The one-way check valve prevents seawater containing food from traveling backwards through the filters during the feeding mode. Brown arrows show the return of seawater collected in the drain troughs that travels back to the sump via the drain pipes and slotted diverter. Orange arrows show the flow of seawater, RODI water, and other reagents that are periodically added to the system (sump). The bypass valve #5 can be opened to prevent pump cavitation and to reduce the flow of water to the tanks, as needed. So far, we have not had to use the UV lamp or the second pH/calcium dosing pump (calcium supplements have been added to the system manually). The feeding system and its associated parts (e.g., sensors) are not shown here The Crepidula snails are kept in small screened culture tubes, as previously described [9] (Fig. 1d), with open ends covered by fiberglass screens. The increased flow rates in the automated system have the added benefit of preventing biofilms from accumulating on these fiberglass screens. Because the culture tubes are positively buoyant and can collect air bubbles, we keep them submerged using a curved, stiff piece of Nylon plastic mesh (Darice Canvas Designer Ultra Stiff Plastic Canvas, Strongsville, OH). Pieces are cut into rectangles, 7-1/ 4″ × 9″ and curved to form an arch that is pressed into the tanks to keep the tubes submerged (see Fig. 1d, j). The stiffness of this particular mesh helps it grip the sides of the tanks to keep it secure. The configuration of culture tubes placed inside individual tanks provides two levels of isolation for the adults and makes it easier to keep track of particular snails. Culture tubes are also labeled to keep track of the animals inside them. It should be noted, however, that newly hatched juveniles can pass through the fiberglass screens (which have mesh openings of about 1 mm 2 ), and thus may travel between culture tubes housed in the same tank. Sufficiently large openings are necessary for efficient water flow through the tubes. Each 3-l tank can readily hold at least 10 tubes, and the 10-l tanks can hold at least 30 tubes, though we generally keep them at a lower density. As each tube can hold a single animal, a mated pair, or even several adults, one can house hundreds to many thousands of adult snails in this aquatic rack system. Given that these animals are rather small, even at full capacity, the bio-load will be relatively light and should not exceed the generous filtering capacity of the system (described below).
Seawater
For growing Crepidula snails, we use Instant Ocean Reef Crystals artificial sea salt (Spectrum Brands, Inc., Blacksburg, VA). This seawater is mixed using reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) water to a specific gravity of 1.024 and a final pH of 8.2 to 8.3 at 27°C. We also add Replenish (Seachem, Madison, GA), following the manufacturer's instructions, to restore general hardness to RODI water. Instant Ocean Reef Crystals sea salt is formulated with higher concentrations of calcium and trace elements. We found that snails raised using the standard formulation of Instant Ocean sea salt developed shell defects [9].
Water circulation
Ultimately, all of the recirculated water from the tanks returns by gravity back to the sump located at the bottom of the system (Fig. 1k, Fig. 2). Water circulation is provided by a seal-less magnetic drive pump (MD-70RLZT, Iwaki, Aquatics, Holliston, MA) with a polypropylene centrifugal impeller (Fig. 1l). This particular 2/7 hp pump has a rather steep pump curve with a maximum capacity of 11.4 gal/min and a maximum head pressure of 66.6 ft. This pump can deliver a maximum system pressure of 42.7 psi. This pump was specifically chosen, as it can deliver higher pressures while maintaining relatively high flow rates through individual tanks during both filtration and feeding cycles. Note that the intake for this pump, which is located in the left compartment of the sump, has a slotted plastic strainer to prevent large objects from being sucked into the pump. When the filters are being used under normal operation, the flow rate is typically around 30 lpm. This rate climbs to about 33 lpm during a feeding cycle when the filters have been diverted (note that these values depend on many different factors). The flow rate is adjustable depending on how the various valves are set and the age/status of the 50-μm pleated filter. The flow rate will drop as this filter becomes clogged. When only the bottom three rows of tanks are being used, the system has a volume of about 45 gal (170 l), and this volume is exchanged once every 4-8 min. This allows for 7-13 water cycles every hour. The pump should never be allowed to run dry. Several safety features (flow sensors) are built into the system to prevent this from occurring, which are described in detail below and in Additional file 1, SOP.
If the main pump fails or the flow meter detects a problem, water flow through the system would stop. However, the individual tanks drain from the top (Fig. 1e, f), which was designed to ensure that the tanks will maintain their water level even if the pump stops or the sump should run dry from a leak. Crepidula snails and many other marine organisms can tolerate stagnant water for many hours, or even a day or two. The flow sensors and sump ultrasonic level detector would communicate any such problems to the users in time to address these problems. The only issues would be that the tanks' water temperature would slowly change to ambient temperature, waste products would begin to accumulate, and the oxygen saturation level would change, placing stress on the animals.
Filtration
Water collected by the drain troughs returns directly to the sump through a slotted diverter (Figs. 2 and 3a, b). A plastic "origami" style cover limits splashing and evaporation (Fig. 3b, Additional file 3D). This water then passes through seven stages of filtration. First, it passes through a fibrous filter pad (Figs. 2 and 3a), which is suspended over the right compartment of the sump (1). This pad is located just below the main drain line's slotted diverter. We find it useful to drape a thin piece of plastic (e.g., Saran wrap, S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc., Racine, WI) over the diverter to help limit splashing and to direct the water to the filter pad (see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 28: Sump Covers). This coarse mechanical filter pad is designed to trap only large debris and has an effective filtration size limit of around 200 μm. We replace the filter pad when we note that it is discolored and more water cascades over the pad than is passed through the filter. In our hands, the pad is replaced after 2-3 months of use, but the frequency will depend on the system load.
Once in the sump, seawater is filtered by the protein skimmer (2). The sump contains a compact Tunze protein skimmer (Tunze Comline DOC Skimmer, Penzberg, Germany) that fits just inside the left compartment of the sump (Figs. 2 and 3c). The protein skimmer is held in place by two strong rare-earth magnets supplied with the skimmer (see Fig. 3d). The skimmer is essential for removing organic waste and uneaten algae before these have a chance to break down and contribute to higher levels of ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates. The skimmer operates through the principal of foam fractionation (air-stripping), in which fine solids and dissolved organic compounds are adsorbed at the air-water interface of fine bubbles and concentrated in the Fig. 3 a-l Overview of the water filtration system. a Slotted drain diverter returning water to the right compartment of the sump through the coarse filter pad (origami cover has been removed). b View with the origami cover installed over the slotted drain diverter and large sump opening (see Additional file 3D). c Detail of the protein skimmer located in the left compartment of the sump. Small plastic sump lid has been removed to reveal the protein skimmer. The air muffler prevents water from entering the airline to the skimmer. Part of the perforated skimmer stand can be seen that supports the skimmer at the correct height. d Detail of the left side of the sump showing two magnets that hold the skimmer in place. The bulkhead compression fitting is also seen, through which the skimmer cup drain tubing passes to exit the sump. e View of the skimmer cup with its cover removed to show the chimney and the foamy skimmate, rich with organic materials. The titanium heater is also seen crossing the floor of the sump. f Another view of the protein skimmer. The skimmer cup drain tube is seen passing to the bulkhead compression fitting. g View of the three large canister filters. The skimmer cup drain tubing is seen passing to an overflow collecting tray located on the floor under the rack system. h Opaque black elastic covers for the canister filters, which are used to prevent algal growth. i UV lamp. j Ballast for the UV lamp. k View of the bioreactor located just behind the activated carbon filter. This filter canister is anchored by a PVC stand, and a small amount of the PHA pellets can be seen at the bottom of the filter bowl. This filter also has an opaque black elastic cover, which has been removed for this photo. l View of the small needle valve that controls water flow to the bioreactor to keep the PHA pellets in motion. The main system drain and the large one-way check valve are also seen. The latter prevents water from traveling backwards through the filters during a feeding cycle. am, air intake muffler; bf, biological filter; bh, bulkhead compression fitting; bl, ballast; br, bioreactor; cf, activated carbon filter; cm, chimney; cv, reverse flow check valve; dt, drain tubing; dv, main drain valve; fc, opaque filter covers; fp, coarse filter pad; fv, filler valve; mg, magnets; mf, fine mechanical filter; nv, needle valve; oc, origami cover; ps, protein skimmer; sd, slotted drain diverter; sk, skimmate; so, sump outlet; ss, skimmer stand; th, titanium heater. Other labels are the same as those used in Fig. 1 resulting foam (Fig. 3e). To generate this foam, the skimmer produces a large quantity of very fine bubbles (to ensure lots of surface area). This particular skimmer is equipped with a DC motor and motor controller for precise speed regulation and production of fine air bubbles. The rising foam or "skimmate" floats to the top and is separated from the water to be trapped in a collecting cup (Fig. 3e). The skimmer is held at the correct height using a small adjustable perforated plastic platform with threaded plastic legs (skimmer stand), part of which can be seen in Fig. 3c. This platform sits right on top of the titanium heater (Fig. 3e). The height of the sump's seawater in relation to the skimmer's water intake is critical (Fig. 3c, d). Too little water and no skimmate will form. Too much water will also affect the formation of skimmate and cause excess water to be ejected into the collecting cup. As an added benefit, the numerous fine bubbles produced by the protein skimmer also help to aerate the seawater.
Skimmate needs to be removed from the collection cup regularly. Its rate of formation depends on several factors, including the size and amount of bubbles and the concentration of dissolved organics. We currently clean the skimmer cup and lid once each week or as needed. A thick sludge will build up inside these parts that must be wiped clean. Skimmate forms more effectively when the collecting cup's "chimney" is clean (Fig. 3e). As supplied, the removable Tunze skimmer collecting cup does not have a port for attaching a drain line. Tunze sells a so-called Holiday Cup with such a drain port, but we made our own by installing a 3/8″ bulkhead compression fitting (see Fig. 3d, f). It is necessary to have the drain port installed in the proper location for the effective placement of the drain tubing. This fitting accepts silicone tubing (0.188″ ID × 0.375″ OD, Dow Corning, Midland, MI), which then exits the sump through another bulkhead compression fitting located just above the high water line on the left side (Fig. 3f). Great care must be taken to install these fittings so that the tubing is routed with the shortest path and does not get kinked. In addition, the effluent must flow downward and out of the system when the exposed external end of silicone tubing is lowered. With this configuration, one can use gravity to empty the collecting cup manually when it is full or simply run the tubing into a larger container or tray placed on the floor for continuous collection of the skimmate (Fig. 3g). One issue that might be encountered is that the sump bulkhead fitting (Fig. 3f) could become submerged below the high water line, whenever the system is placed in standby mode or the power is interrupted. Under these circumstances, some water could leak from the system if the fittings are not properly secured. During normal operation, this should not present a problem, as the fittings should be located just above the high water mark (assuming they have been properly installed).
Seawater in the sump is then pumped to a fine pleated mechanical filter (3) housed in a transparent canister. This filter has a very large surface area with a mesh size of 50 μm to remove fine suspended materials (Figs. 2 and 3g). This filter is replaced once the flow rate drops to about 20 lpm (flow should not be permitted to drop below 20 lpm). In practice, we find these filters each last 2-3 months, though as animal and feeding loads increase, filter replacements will become more frequent.
Next, the water passes to the main biological filter (4, see Figs. 2 and 3g). One of the problems that must be addressed in recirculating marine aquaria is the requirement to remove waste products, including the ammonia produced by the animals (via nitrification). Ammonia is very toxic, but nitrifying bacteria will convert ammonia to nitrites (also toxic) and finally nitrates, which are less toxic. The main biological filter is a substrate that includes a mix of 800 g of Matrix (Seachem, Madison, GA) and 100 g of de*Nitrate (Seachem, Madison, GA). These highly porous media serve as a substrate for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to process ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. This quantity of media has over 1400 m 2 of surface area to support bacterial growth. Nitrates will steadily accumulate to toxic levels unless additional steps are taken to remove these compounds (either by periodic water changes or through denitrification, see below).
The water next passes to an activated carbon filter (5, see Figs. 2 and 3g). This canister contains approximately 0.5-1 kg (1-2 lb) of activated carbon pellets (Kent Reef Carbon Pellets, Kent Marine, Franklin, WI). Activated carbon is a porous substance with a very high capacity for absorbing organic materials. The carbon pellets can also serve as a substrate for nitrifying bacteria. There is much debate about the use of activated carbon in marine aquarium systems. Activated carbon is highly effective at removing organic materials; however, some authorities recommend using far less. Activated carbon can remove important trace elements. In addition, and depending on the source, activated carbon can affect the pH and elevate the levels of phosphate in the seawater. To prevent algal growth within the various canister filters, we cover the transparent bowls with sleeves made from opaque (dark) Nylon Spandex fabric (Fig. 3h).
Most of the water leaving the activated carbon filter passes to a plastic canister containing a UV light protected by a quartz sleeve (6, see Figs. 2 and 3i) before it is distributed to the individual tanks. The electronic ballast is located behind this lamp (Fig. 3j). The UV light helps sanitize the water by killing circulating microorganisms. The sanitizing efficiency of UV light is related to UV intensity and water flow rate (e.g., exposure time). UV output diminishes with use, and therefore, the UV bulb should be replaced yearly. In addition, the quartz sleeve that encloses the UV bulb must also be inspected and cleaned whenever the bulb is changed (see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 12. Servicing the UV Lamp). The sleeve only needs to be cleaned when deposits have formed. Note, that we have not yet found a need to use the UV light in our system. However, UV sterilization may be required in coastal environments where natural seawater may be available for use in the system, or if disruptive algae, ciliates, or other protozoans are present in significant and harmful levels, and/ or exposure to airborne contaminants (e.g., fungal spores) become problematic.
The final stage of filtration helps remove nitrates from the system. Generally, nitrates are removed from marine aquaria via regular, partial water changes [25]. To reduce this requirement in our system, some of the water leaving the activated carbon filter is diverted to a rear side loop containing a fluidized bioreactor (7, see Figs. 2 and 3k). This smaller filter bowl contains a very small quantity (approximately 60 g, see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 10.4: Servicing the Nitrate Bio-Reactor) of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymer pellets (Vertex Aquaristik Pro-Bio Pellets, Huntington Beach, CA). These polyester pellets provide a source of organic carbon to support bacterial growth of anaerobic and aerobic bacterial strains that accomplish the removal of nitrates. Only a small amount of these pellets can be used to limit the formation of potentially toxic levels of hydrogen sulfide, and they must be kept moving (slowly) to prevent sticking and excess formation of the bacterial biofilm. Too much PHA media, too little water flow, or insufficient levels of oxygenation can create toxic levels of hydrogen sulfide. A small needle valve allows for precise adjustment of the water flow (Figs. 2 and 3l). It is desirable to keep this filter in the dark or covered, as mentioned above. Water from this side loop is returned directly to the sump (Fig. 2), near to the inlet of the protein skimmer, which helps remove the released biofilm and other byproducts of these bacteria. In addition, the inclusion of some de-nitrate granules in the biofilter (5, see above) also helps to remove nitrates. Despite these precautions, sudden increases in the levels of toxic ammonia or nitrites, or excess levels of nitrates may occur in any system. For these potential events, the aquatic rack system includes a main drain port, as well as a filler port that can be used for water exchanges (Figs. 2 and 3d, l).
Establishing the biological filter
When starting a new system, one must inoculate the biofilter with nitrifying bacteria and cycle the system. Many references explain how to complete the ammonia cycle and monitor these byproducts (e.g., [26,27]). This process simply establishes a population of bacteria that are able to convert toxic animal waste (ammonia) into less harmful products [28]. Ammonia provides a substrate for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, which convert ammonia into nitrite, which in turn provides a substrate for nitrifying bacteria which convert nitrite to nitrate. While adding a hardy fish to an uncycled aquarium is one way to provide a source of ammonia to establish the biological filter, this is highly stressful to the fish and is not recommended. The addition of regular doses of ammonium chloride solution is sufficient to support the growth of nitrifying bacteria and does not require the discomfort and possible death of fish to establish the biological filter. For details on establishing the biological filter, see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 38: Inoculating the System. Briefly, ammonia levels are increased to 2-3 ppm until nitrate levels begin to increase, and low doses of ammonia, in the form of either ammonium chloride (half the initial dose, 1-1.5 ppm ammonia) or wastes from the hardy fish species, are added until both ammonia and nitrite levels return to 0. You will know that the system has successfully cycled when the addition of a full dose of ammonia (2-3 ppm) is rapidly converted to nitrate, and ammonia and nitrite levels remain at 0 ppm. At this point, you may begin adding animals to the system. This should be done gradually, so as not to overload the biological filter. Commercial ammoniaremoving products should not be used in the system while the biological filter is being established. In addition, the UV lamp must also be turned off during this process.
The addition of commercial products containing ammonia-and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria starter cultures may be used to introduce the bacteria, although some authorities question their effectiveness [29]. There are several commercial products available to inoculate the biological filters. We used both: Seed Bacteria (Aquavitro, Seachem, Madison, GA) and Dr. Tim's One and Only Live Nitrifying Bacteria (Dr. Tim's Aquatics, LTD, Moorpark, CA). Instructions for using these products are provided by the manufacturers (see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 38: Inoculating the System). In any case, patience is required, as these bacteria grow slowly. The full establishment of the biological filter can take several weeks to months. In the case of our system, the initial cycling of the biological filter took 6 weeks, with the addition of commercial bacterial cultures.
We have found that this aquatic rack system provides a much greater level of filtration, compared to our previous setup [9], which consisted of nothing more than a 30-gal glass aquarium with an under-gravel, biological filter. The filters in the aquatic rack system greatly reduce the buildup of nitrates in the seawater, lessening the requirement to carry out seawater changes. After the first 6 months of operation of this system, we found no detectable levels of ammonia, nitrites, or nitrates, and no need for water changes. Levels of nitrates in our earlier glass aquaria continued to climb, and we recorded levels over 160 ppm, which necessitated periodic water changes. We estimate the current population of the rack system at 2000 animals, in a volume of approximately 45 gal (170 l). At the time of submission (10 months of operation), we find no detectable levels of ammonia or nitrite. Nitrate levels have increased slightly, with maximum levels measured at 5-10 ppm, well below the levels recorded in our previous system, and within safe operational parameters.
Sensor systems and the maintenance of water quality This aquatic rack system is equipped with a Walchem 900 controller with various sensors (Iwaki Aquatics, Holliston, MA) to monitor the system parameters and to adjust water quality (Fig. 4a-c). Together, this equipment monitors and regulates temperature, salinity, and pH. Other sensors monitor water flow and sump water level, which are also described below. Seawater levels in the sump are controlled separately, as described below. The Walchem 900 controller communicates with the feeding system's Arduino microcontroller to activate a bypass valve during feeding and to control power to the protein skimmer (see further discussion below). The Walchem 900 controller also has an ethernet connection to the local network to communicate system parameters and any alarms that may be triggered when there are problems. A program and user application designed by Iwaki Aquatics (www.w-vtouch.com) allows one to monitor all conditions in real-time and to receive push notifications by email and text messages to announce any problems. Users can log into the system online from anywhere in the world to observe and change the system parameters and view the recorded data (Fig. 4d). Users define set points for regulating various seawater parameters and set various high and low levels for triggering alarms. When an alarm is triggered, users are immediately alerted to the specific problems so that they can have time to correct them before the animals are harmed. All system parameters are recorded, and running logs are sent to users on a weekly basis.
Maintaining the proper salinity and water level
It is essential to maintain the proper salinity for the health of any marine organism. Normal seawater salinity ranges from 33 to 37 ppt or a specific gravity (SG) of 1.020 to 1.029. Conductivity is monitored by a probe in the sensor side loop (Figs. 2 and 4c). We maintain salinity at 33 ppt or a SG of 1.024. Evaporation from the system continuously reduces water volume and increases salinity. The rate of evaporation is related to several factors, including the exposed water surface area, and the relationship between water temperature and the room temperature and humidity. To correct this situation, the sensor loop has a conductivity sensor to monitor the salinity, and an electromagnetic diaphragm pump automatically adds RODI water to lower the salinity, as needed ( Figs. 2 and 4e, f). The large RODI water reservoir typically holds enough water to last for at least 2 weeks before needing to be refilled. In addition, we limit evaporation by covering any exposed openings by the addition of covers for the drain troughs and the exposed openings of the sump. The latter includes the folded, polycarbonate "origami" cover ( Fig. 3b) located over the drain diverter. It is fashioned from a single piece of 1/ 8″-thick polycarbonate folded on a sheet metal brake (see Additional file 3D for the diagram). Note that this opening is not completely sealed, and this allows some air circulation at the corners (Fig. 3b), which is necessary for oxygenation in this system. It should be noted that there is an unintended side effect of adding these covers, which is that they tend to trap more heat inside the system (see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 27: Preventing Evaporation, for details and warnings).
With flowing water and other active forms of aeration, there is some splashing, spray, and mist. This causes some seawater to leave the system and to penetrate various seams where it evaporates and leaves condensed sea salts, a condition commonly referred to as "salt creep" (Fig. 4g). Once enough salt builds up along various seams, tank lids, etc., it begins to act like a wick. This accelerates further salt buildup, and some water may begin to drip out of the system. From time to time, these salt deposits will need to be removed. We currently do so every 1 to 2 months, as needed. This gradual loss of salt slowly reduces the system's water volume, which must be replaced. As mentioned above, a critical water level is required for the proper operation of the protein skimmer. To maintain a constant water level and to replace lost salts, an automatic top off system is used. While the sump is equipped with a mechanical float valve for topping off the system, these types of mechanical valves are somewhat unreliable. Instead, we have installed an automatic top off unit that uses redundant optical sensors to detect changes in the water level and a small electromechanical pump (Figs. 2 and 4h). Many different systems are available on the market, and we chose to use the ATK system manufactured by Neptune Systems (Morgan Hill, CA). This system operates in a standalone fashion and has redundant optical sensors and other smart features to prevent accidental overfilling of seawater. Instructions for setting up the pump are provided by the manufacturer and described in Additional file 1, SOP, Section 33: Automatic Sea Water Top-Off System. The sensors are held in place by powerful magnets. Depending on the rate of salt loss, this unit only runs once every 3 to 5 days. Seawater is stored in a 5-gal plastic bucket (Figs. 2 and 4i). This reservoir typically supplies enough seawater for at least 2 weeks. Because this unit would run during a feeding cycle when the water level in the sump temporarily drops, we have put the ATK on a timer so that power is only supplied once a day for 30 min during a filtering cycle. An additional optical sensor (OS-1-M, Neptune Systems, Morgan Hill, CA) is also used to monitor the level of seawater in the reservoir bucket (Fig. 4i). This sensor is also held in place with a small magnet and plugs directly into the ATK microcontroller (port number 4). When the water gets too low, an alarm is sounded and the pump will not run. However, the alarm can only be heard during the narrow 30-min window when the unit is actually powered, and the level of seawater in the top-off bucket should be monitored by the user. The seawater is pumped directly to the back corner of the sump, just behind the slotted drain diverter (Figs. 2 and 4j). Note that there are some simple steps one can take to help limit salt creep, which seems to be mainly related to areas with splashing seawater. For example, one can lengthen the plastic tubing that supplies seawater to each tank. If the ends are located below the water surface, there will be less splashing and less salt creep will be found around the tank lids and plugs. The disadvantage of this is that one is not then able to readily observe the rate of water flow to each tank.
Maintaining the proper temperature
It is very important to maintain a constant temperature that is optimal for rearing a particular species. It is generally easier and more cost-effective to maintain a low room temperature and regulate water temperature using a heater. C. atrasolea snails are warm water snails found in the southern waters of Florida, USA. While they can withstand a fairly wide range of temperatures, we maintain these snails at 27°C. There are two temperature sensors located within the sensor side loop. One is associated with the pH probe and the other with the conductivity probe (Figs. 2 and 4c). Temperature regulation is mainly accomplished using a titanium heater located on the floor of the sump (Figs. 2 and 3e). Titanium is rather impervious to the effects of seawater. Other components of the aquatic system also generate heat. These include the main water pump, the UV light, and, to a much lesser extent, the friction encountered by the flow of water through the system. On the other hand, cooling can occur via the large open surface area of the water in the system and exposed surfaces of the tanks and plumbing. Cooling also takes place via evaporation, and this will be related to the temperature differences and the relative humidity in the room. Depending on the conditions, a chiller may also be necessary to lower the water temperature, especially if the aquatic system cannot be housed in an air-conditioned room or there is any possibility that the room temperatures will climb above 22-23°C, or for maintaining temperate species that require much lower water temperatures. Iwaki can incorporate a chiller in the aquatic rack system where the titanium cooling coils would be installed inside the sump. This situation would be ideal, as the Walchem 900 controller can be used to regulate both the heater and the chiller. On the other hand, the presence of the cooling coils may interfere with the placement of other equipment in the sump, such as the (See figure on previous page.) Fig. 4 a-o Overview of the Walchem 900 controller, main sensors, dosing pumps, and the external chiller. a Walchem 900 controller and touch pad interface. b View inside the Walchem controller showing many electrical connections to the various sensors and dosing pumps, etc. c View of the sensor side loop. Water for the side loop is supplied by the red plastic tubing and passed to the external chiller by the white plastic tubing. d Example showing some of the information provided by the system, which can be viewed online. e View of the RODI water and pH/ calcium dosing pumps and their reservoir, which are situated to the right of the rack system. f Close up view of the RODI water and pH/calcium dosing pumps, which are mounted on the wall. g Example of salt creep on one of the drain troughs. h View of the automatic seawater top off (ATO) unit. i View inside the seawater reservoir for the ATO unit showing the small submerged pump and optical water level sensor. j Location of the ATO unit supply line that directs seawater to the back right corner of the sump, just behind the slotted drain diverter. The tubing is secured with a pair of zip ties. Note evidence of salt creep. k View of the external chiller. Water for the chiller is supplied via the sensor side loop. The cold return line is covered with foam insulation. l Close-up view showing the custom fittings and right angle push connectors for the chiller's water lines (see Additional file 3E). m View of the small window located in the sump, through which one can readily asses the water level. The Nylon mesh bags containing crushed coral can be seen inside the sump. The square magnet that secures the optical water level sensors for the ATO unit is also visible. The dual optical sensors are located inside the sump. n View of the flow meter and various connections to the sump. The food line is seen entering the sump through a small hole drilled in the PVC plastic lid that covers the left compartment. o View of the Echopod ultrasonic water level sensor and other connections to the sump. av., anti-siphon valve; bi, bioreactor return line; bp, bypass valve; cc, mesh bags containing crushed coral; cd, conductivity sensor; ch, chiller; cr, chiller return line; cs, chiller supply line; dp, dosing pumps; fl, feeding line; fm, flow meter; ft., float switch; mb, Nylon mesh basket; os, optical water level sensor; ot, outlet timer switch; pH, pH probe; pHo, pH dosing pump outlet; pHp, pH dosing pump; pm, ATO seawater dosing pump; pv priming valves; re, reservoir; ROo, RODI dosing pump outlet; ROp, RODI water dosing pump; sd, salt deposits; sw, sump window; SWo; seawater dosing pump outlet; tb, tubing from ATO unit; ts, touch screen; us, ultrasonic water level sensor. Other labels are the same as those used in Figs. 1 and 3 protein skimmer. An external titanium chiller entails less expense and is the option we chose (e.g., Artica Titanium Chiller, DBA-075, JBJ Aquarium, Inglewood, CA, see Figs. 2, 4k). Depending on the model, one may have to provide pressurized water to the chiller, which can be accomplished by running a water line from the sensor side loop. We simply hooked the chiller to the water that is being expelled from the sensor side loop using existing connections and some extra 3/8″ plastic tubing (Figs. 2 and 4c, k, l).
With this arrangement, one must note that there are some important concerns that must be addressed. In our case, the external chiller is present to serve only in an emergency when the room temperature gets too warm. This arrangement has been fully tested and works very well for this purpose. On the other hand, we do not know how this external chiller would do operating for longer durations in hot environments. The external chiller has its own thermostat, separate from the circuit used to control the heater. Therefore, the temperature set points must be adjusted so that the heater and chiller do not end up fighting one another. The main system heater temperature control is set to go on at 26.75°C and off at 27.25°C, which is around 79-80°F. There are two temperature sensors in the system: one for the conductivity sensor and another for the pH probe, and either one can be set to control the heater. To avoid activating the heater, and vice versa, the chiller is set to turn on only when the temperature reaches 82°F (27.78°C) and will go off at 81°F (27.22°C). Note that this setting is stored permanently in a memory should the chiller lose power. Users must follow the manufacturer's instructions to calibrate the chiller temperature sensor. To use the chiller with the 3/8″ tubing supplying the sensor side loop, custom threaded pipe fittings had to be machined to replace the barbed hose elbows supplied by Artica (see Fig. 4l and Additional file 3E). They are machined from solid PVC plastic, drilled, and tapped for ¼″ right angle polypropylene compression fittings (McMaster Carr, Elmhurst, IL) to receive the 3/8″-diameter tubing from the sensor side loop and return the chilled water to the sump (Figs. 2 and 4 k, l, n). These new PVC fittings use the same rubber gaskets and hose compression nuts supplied by Artica.
Maintaining the proper pH
pH is monitored by a probe in the sensor side loop (Figs. 2 and 4c). Normal seawater pH ranges from 7.5 to 8.4. We maintain the seawater at 8.3. Buffers in the artificial sea salts do a good job maintaining this pH. In addition, we placed two Nylon mesh bags containing crushed shell and coral debris in the right sump compartment to help buffer the seawater (Figs. 2 and 4m). These also provide additional refugia for bacteria and a source of calcium for snail shell deposition. On a few occasions after we initially set up the system, we saw the pH drop by 0.1 unit. When this happened, we added 5 g of Marine Buffer (Seachem, Madison, GA) per 40 gal of seawater to help elevate the pH by 0.1 unit. So far, pH has been maintained at a fairly constant level (8.3). The Iwaki aquatic rack system is equipped with a second reservoir and diaphragm pump for pH adjustments or to add calcium to the system (Fig. 4e, f). Typically the stock solutions that can be added to buffer the pH (e.g., Kalkwasser and Na ++ bicarbonate) are fairly concentrated. Fearing potential problems, we have not used this feature. In the future, we may use this equipment to supplement Ca ++ levels in the system on a weekly timed basis, which we now perform manually. Particularly, for animals that secrete calcareous materials, calcium levels, pH, and KH (general water hardness) should be measured regularly (weekly) and adjusted as necessary (see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 11: Water Quality).
Monitoring water flow
A simple electromagnetic float valve monitors the presence of water flow through the sensor side loop (Figs. 2 and 4c). A separate flow meter also monitors the actual flow rate through the entire system (Figs. 2 and 4n). If these sensors detect reduced flow, an alarm would be sent, and the main water pump will be turned off. Likewise, the sump has an ultrasonic water level sensor to detect for low water or flooding conditions (Figs. 2 and 4 o, Flowline DL10-01 Ecopod, Los Alamitos, CA). If the sump water level falls below a certain level, the main water pump will be shut off.
Automated feeding
Crepidula snails are filter feeders that mainly eat suspended phytoplankton. As such, they presumably have nearly continuous access to food in the wild. However, it is not practical to manually feed animals repeatedly throughout the day. To reduce the workload and supply regular feedings, we have incorporated an automated feeding system (Fig. 5a, b). In a recirculating system, it is not possible to supply food continuously, as the filters must also run to remove organic waste materials. We balance these requirements by switching the water flow between the filtration loop and a bypass feeding loop (see below). Fortunately, the design and fabrication of robotic systems for the systemic delivery of liquid foods are much easier to accomplish compared to the delivery of solid foods to individual tanks. What makes this approach viable is the availability of commercial preparations of phytoplankton and other liquid foods that can be kept in the refrigerator at 4°C for several months. While one can grow live algae, commercial preparations of preserved algae, such as Phytofeast and Shellfish Diet 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12). a Front view of the feeding system and mini-refrigerator. b View inside the mini-refrigerator showing the equipment used to deliver the food. c Top view showing the feeding system microcontroller, 120-V AC outlet relay box, air pump, and peristaltic pump controller. The power cords for the stir plate and air pump are plugged into the relay box, and the two outlets are switched on and off separately by the microcontroller. d Close-up view of the peristaltic pump and associated Luer lock fittings that make up the food pump (see also Additional files 13,14). Green and blue arrows show the directions of food and air flow, respectively. e The 1-l glass food reservoir sits on the stir plate. A non-contact, capacitance sensor monitors the level of liquid food inside the bottle (see Additional file 3F-H). The height of the bracket holding this sensor is adjustable to set where the alarm will trip (e.g., low food level). The bracket slides on a metal post that is screwed into a threaded hole located on the base of the stir plate. f View of the IR sensor that detects the presence and absence of food in the Teflon feeding line (see Additional files 9, 10,11,12). g View of the DC motor controller for the protein skimmer and a small microcontroller unit that regulates power to the skimmer (see Additional files 15,16,17,18). h High magnification view of the Tunze DC motor control board showing the points where 30-gauge wire connections are made to the microcontroller (see Additional file 15). The small diode is removed and used to build the microcontroller. i View of the motorized bypass valve located behind the mechanical and bio-filters. Yellow arrows show two possible routes of water flow from the main water pump, below. The motorized bypass valve can direct water either to the right and through the various filters or to the left and through the bypass loop (during feeding). aa, articulated arm; al, air line; ap, air pump; bv, motorized main bypass valve; cs, capacitance sensor; dc, dc motor controller; dd, distal diode pad; di, diode; fr, mini-fridge; gnd, ground connection; ir, IR food sensor; lf, Luer lock fittings; mc, microcontroller; ob, outlet relay box; pc, peristaltic pump controller; pd, proximal diode pad; pp, peristaltic pump; pt, phytoplankton; rt, reservoir tubing; st, stir plate; ta, Teflon tubing adapter; yc, Y connector; +5vdc, + 5-V supply connection. Other labels are the same as those used in Figs. 1, 3, and 4 (Reef Nutrition, Campbell, CA), offer great convenience. Their suspended, liquid form makes it possible to deliver precise doses of food to the aquatic system.
The feeding station consists of a small beverage cooler housing the food reservoir, a stir plate, a peristaltic pump, and Luer lock fittings needed to pump the food (Fig. 5b). This equipment is controlled by an external customized microcontroller, which is mounted to the top of the refrigerator, together with a remote relay box and a custom peristaltic pump controller (Fig. 5c). Associated sensors monitor the food supply and food delivery. Details regarding the construction and programming of these microcontrollers and peripheral components are provided in Additional file 1 (SOP, Section 34: Feeding System), 2, 3F-H, and 4-14. This microcontroller communicates directly with the Walchem 900 controller during feeding cycles to activate the bypass valve and cut power to the protein skimmer. For very precise and reliable pumping of this algae, we chose to use a small peristaltic pump (Fig. 5d). This peristaltic pump is mounted in an aluminum box and uses a precision stepper motor to ensure precise delivery of smaller, consistent volumes. The peristaltic pump is controlled by a second custom microcontroller unit which can be programmed using its own front panel interface for a set speed (rpms) and a number of steps (volume) (Fig. 5c, Additional file 1, SOP, Section 34: Feeding System, 2, 13-14). An input from the feeding system microcontroller triggers a single pumping cycle. The peristaltic pump can withstand the low temperatures of the refrigerator in which it and the food are housed. The commercial food stock (e.g., Phytofeast, Reef Nutrition, Campbell, CA) needs to be maintained at a recommended temperature of 4°C to prevent it from spoiling. This food can be kept at even colder temperatures closer to 0°C without fear of freezing. To keep the phytoplankton fully suspended in the reservoir (a one liter Pyrex bottle, no. 1395, Corning, Germany), a magnetic stir plate (Corning, Tewksbury, MA) and Teflon-coated stir bar are used (Fig. 5e). The stir plate is plugged into a remote relay outlet box, which is switched on and off by the feeding microcontroller (Fig. 5c, and Additional files 4,5). This microcontroller activates the stir plate for 30 s once every hour and is timed to occur 5 min before food is pumped to the sump. The outlet silicone tubing is fitted with a barbed hose connection and a single Luer lock Y connector (Fig. 5d, and see below). The food is then passed to the aquatic system through 1/8″ OD Teflon tubing. A special flangeless compression fitting is used to attach the 1/8″ Teflon tubing to the Luer lock Y connector (HPLC waste line adapter, CPLabSafety, San Francisco, CA, Fig. 5d). This tubing is directed to the left sump compartment through a hole drilled in the top of the small removable PVC sump cover located directly above the aquatic system's main water pump intake (Figs. 2 and 4 n). To purge the Teflon feeding line and ensure full delivery of the food, a small aquarium air pump is used, which is activated automatically by the feeding system's microcontroller after the food is pumped into the tubing (Fig. 5c, d). The air passes to the Luer lock Y connector through a one-way check valve (Qosina, Ronkonkoma, NY; Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, Fig. 5d). The check valve prevents food from passing to the airline. Like the stir plate, this air pump is plugged into the remote relay outlet box (Fig. 5c). The feeding system is controlled by an Arduino microcontroller equipped with an ethernet shield for internet access. An illuminated LCD display and color-changing LEDs on the power switch communicate the time, feeding mode, and each step that takes place during food delivery (Fig. 5c). Sensors monitor the food levels (a non-contact capacitance sensor, Fig. 5e, Additional files 3F-H, 4,5,6,7,8) in the reservoir and successful food delivery through the feeding tube (IR detector, Fig. 5f, Additional files 9, 10, 11, 12) and alert the user of any problems that may occur via text messages or emails. This feeding system is very reliable, and we have had no problems with the delivery of the food (see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 34: Feeding System).
During each cycle, feeding is permitted for 24 min, and water is then redirected back to the filters for 1 h: 36 min. The volume of food and the feeding schedule can be adjusted, as needed within the program. Given a flow rate of around 33 lpm, with a system volume of 45 gal, it should take 5-6 min for the water to be exchanged throughout the system. Indeed, spectrophotometric measurements show that it takes about 5 min for the food to become evenly distributed within a system that contains 45 gal. This level of food is maintained for the remaining duration of feeding, and once the filters are reactivated, the level drops over the next 30 min until the food is essentially removed from the system, having been consumed, and/or trapped by the filters. These parameters (e.g., food concentration, length of feeding cycle) will need to be adjusted according to the size and number of animals in the system.
As mentioned above, the protein skimmer is critical for the removal of excess, uneaten food, and other organic materials, which otherwise add nitrogen to the system. However, to ensure that food is not removed during feeding, the skimmer is turned off automatically. To accomplish this, we designed a small enclosed microprocessor control circuit to interrupt the normal signal provided by the DC motor controller (Fig. 5g). The interface consists of an optocopler and a small ATTiny85 microcontroller. The parts list, circuit diagram (.fzz Fritzing diagram), program, and .stl files for 3D printing the plastic enclosure are included in Additional files 2, 15, 16, 17, 18, respectively. Figure 5h shows the points where connections are made to the Tunze DC motor controller PC board using a 30-gauge insulated wire that go the ATTiny85 controller (Fig. 5g, Additional file 15). Power to the skimmer motor is automatically restored when the feeding cycle ends.
As the food can get trapped by the various filters, we have incorporated a bypass loop which is activated during feeding (Figs. 2 and 5i). A motorized valve redirects water flow away from the filtration loop through a separate line. This water is prevented from returning backwards through the filters by a one-way check valve (Figs. 2 and 3l). When activated, the bypass valve allows water containing food to recirculate only through the small holding tanks and the sump, where the food is added. If the UV lamp is used, the water that circulates during feeding will be exposed to the UV light, as that lamp must continue to be cooled during use. Otherwise, the plastic housing would melt, water would leak, and the lamp would fail. UV lamp life is significantly shortened if it is turned on and off repeatedly, so it should be left on at all times or not used at all (see below). The effects of this UV irradiation on the food are unknown, and as mentioned above, we have not used the UV lamp equipped with our system.
Determining the correct amount of food to add, number of doses, and time intervals requires one to monitor the health, growth, and fecundity of the animals, as well as the effectiveness of the biological filtration. For Crepidula snails, feeding can be assessed by the active formation of mucus food strings which are swallowed by the animals [30]. Another way to monitor the effectiveness of feeding is by looking at the quantity and type of fecal pellets produced by the animals. For Crepidula atrasolea, direct visualization of fecal material inside the digestive tract (intestines located under the translucent shell) and the accumulation of fecal pellets on the right side of the shell indicates feeding. The color and quantity of these pellets can also be used as an indicator (Pers. Obs., JQH). We have noticed that when animals have less food, this material tends to spend a longer time in the digestive tract. There are also fewer pellets, which may be smaller in size or thinner and ropy, and these tend to be brown or olive in color. When animals receive more food, it tends to spend less time in the digestive tract-the pellets are more numerous, larger, and dark green in color, just like the algal food. These observations suggest that animals digest the available food more thoroughly at lower phytoplankton concentrations, but we have not tested this empirically. In conditions of excess food, poor-quality food, or high levels of inorganic sediment, non-ingested food in the form of pseudofeces collects at the anterior margin of the shell [30][31][32]. Close observation of feeding in C. fornicata shows that the gill is highly efficient at collecting particulate matter, and feeding is continuous via a mucous string formed at the distal ends of the gill filaments [33]. Pseudofeces are produced at a low rate, which includes rejection of the mucous strand [33]. As food concentration increases, the production of pseudofeces increases. Direct quantification of feeding in a related species, Crepipatella peruviana (=Crepidula fecunda), showed that feeding is continuous and optimal in this species at 1.4 × 10 5 cells/ml [32]. Above this concentration, rejection rates and the formation of pseudofeces increase dramatically [30,32]. However, at lower concentrations, very little food is rejected, and continuous feeding appears to be more efficient. While direct particle measurements and gill morphology do not support particle selection capabilities in C. fornicata [33][34][35], there is evidence of selection for size and quality of microalgae in C. peruviana [31]. We have observed another indicator of health and nourishment related to the size of the foot, which appears to shrink in malnourished animals. One can also monitor the growth directly by measuring the size of the shells and looking at the deposition of new growth rings. Other investigators have also tracked shell thickness, dry body weight, etc. to track animal health and productivity [36]. In addition, one can monitor the brood sizes produced by mature females. Healthy, wellfed animals tend to be larger, producing more eggs and larger broods [37]. After some trial and error, we have found that 3.0 ml of diluted food (diluted to 75% concentration with sterile dH 2 O, 2.24 × 10 9 cells/ml), delivered every 2 h, is sufficient to rear snails in this system (using a 45-gal system volume). Direct cell counts measured food in the system at 4.6 × 10 4 cells/ml shortly after food has been injected into the sump and mixed and 1.5 × 10 4 cells/ml immediately before food is added, which represents the point of lowest food concentration. Over the course of the day, animals are fed at least 5.5 × 10 5 cells/ml. In comparison, we and other users feeding in static systems typically feed animals once per day, at much higher concentrations ranging from 3.86 × 10 6 cells/ml [38] to 1.5 × 10 5 cells/ml for juveniles [39]. In our previous static feeding arrangement [9], we fed adults 7.5 × 10 6 cells/ml (10-20 full-size females and assorted smaller animals). Juveniles in small Petri dishes are fed 2 × 10 6 cells/ml daily prior to transfer to the aquarium system. Feeding in C. peruviana has been tested across a range of food concentrations from 1.5 × 10 4 to 2 × 10 5 cells/ml [32]. While these experiments were not used to measure growth rates, the highest value had a chlorophyll-a concentration 2.5 times that reported in the natural habitat during spring algal blooms [32]. Time to sex change may also provide an index of animal health, with increased food availability corresponding to increased growth rates and earlier completion of the sexual transition to female [40]. Mérot and Collin [40] tested a range of food concentrations from 2.4 × 10 6 to 1.5 × 10 8 cells/ml in Crepidula cf. marginalis and Crepidula incurva, which was delivered over the course of the day to limit potential food rejection at higher concentrations. Food concentration did not affect the size at which animals became female in either species, but low food concentrations increased the length of the transitional period in C. marginalis, while there was a delayed onset of sex change with no alteration in the length of the transitional period in C. incurva [40]. We are currently measuring the shell deposition rates, time to first brood formation, and brood size for C. atrasolea in this system (these data will be presented in a future publication, Lesoway, Perry, and Henry, In Preparation).
The amount of food added ensures an ample concentration will be circulating through the system during the feeding cycles. Of course, given the large volume of the system, much of the food is ultimately not consumed, especially when there are fewer animals housed in it. One can maintain a very large number of animals in a single aquatic rack system, and the upper carrying limit is yet to be determined. We currently use one half of the available tank space and estimate the total snail population at 2000 individuals. As the water volume and/or the number of animals increases, more food may be needed to support their growth and reproductive output. As animals grow larger and become more numerous, one has to make corresponding adjustments in terms of the volume of food that is added during feedings. Likewise, given their tremendous reproductive capacity, one will ultimately need to remove some animals from the system to ensure that the carrying capacity is not exceeded.
Note that the stock commercial foods are very concentrated and rather viscous. The high density of the food provided by the manufacturer helps to keep it in suspension, which prolongs its lifespan. However, to make it easier to deliver, the food is diluted to 75% concentration with sterile RODI water (3 parts food to 1 part sterile dH 2 O). The stir plate and Teflon-coated stir bar automatically resuspend the food (once every hour and 5 min prior to feeding, Fig. 5e). With the volume and intervals of food being delivered in our system, a 1-l food reservoir holds enough food to last 28 days. One must be very careful not to contaminate the food. The food and all parts of the feeding system are contained within the small refrigerator (at 4°C), see Fig. 5a, b, with the exception of the exposed portion of the Teflon feeding line that leads to the sump (Fig. 5f). The air pump helps to purge the line of food, but a small amount of food will remain in the tubing. The feeding line should be kept as short as possible, and elevating the feeding system above the sump allows gravity to help clear the Teflon feeding line. It is advisable to clean and sanitize parts of the feeding system on a regular basis. Possible sources of contamination could include air from the air pump, the exposed open termination of the feeding line located in the sump compartment, and the small amount of the food that sits in the Teflon line at room temperature between each feeding, which could allow bacteria to grow over time. We have so far not found contamination to be an issue. One could install a small HEPA filter on the air pump's intake, if necessary.
Keeping track of animals
One challenge with rearing large numbers of animals is to keep track of them. In addition to labeling tanks and tubes (Fig. 1d), one can also label the shells of larger mature animals (females) with small micro-QR or Datamatrix codes. In a future paper, we will describe special tools and a useful relational database we developed to record the system parameters and to follow individual snails and their offspring (Lesoway, Perry, and Henry, In Preparation). The modular nature of an aquatic rack system makes it easy to separate animals and their lines.
Servicing the system
Instructions for servicing the system are included in the SOP (see Additional file 1, SOP). All parts of the system are modular and easily disassembled for cleaning, repairs, or replacement. Only a few basic tools are needed to service the system, which are also described in the SOP (see Figure S1 in Additional file 1, SOP, Section 2: Tools for Servicing the System). These include thin silicone rubber grip pads (similar to those used to open stubborn jars in the kitchen), which are handy for loosening and tightening the PVC unions. Likewise, a small filter wrench (Channellock part no. 209) is useful for stuck PVC unions. A large and a small housing spanner wrenche are needed for loosening and tightening the filter bowls (Pentair parts 150296-75 and 150295-75), respectively. Two 12″ adjustable wrenches are required for loosening and tightening various plastic pipe fittings. A specialized valve adjustment tool is needed for adjusting the tension on the large ball valves. In addition, an IR non-contact thermometer is also useful for monitoring the temperature of the main water pump housing.
Parts of the feeding system need to be cleaned and sanitized using sterile water and 70% ethanol on a regular basis to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria. In addition, one needs to periodically remove any accumulated debris and algae that will grow in the aquatic system. Parts should be cleaned mechanically and rinsed with fresh water only.
Under no circumstances should one use detergents, bleach, or other cleaners to clean parts of the system. These agents are extremely toxic to marine invertebrates. Users should also be sure to cleanse their hands thoroughly with fresh water and avoid using soap. Users should also not use lotion or wear perfume, etc., which can be transferred to the seawater and poison the system. Some parts of the system are "consumable" and will need regular replacement, including the mechanical filter media, the UV bulb, and possibly the quartz sleeve. This is all described in Additional file 1, SOP. The main circulating pump may also need replacement. Run time and problems associated with cavitation and resulting shockwaves can lead to wear and tear on the motor and pump impeller (sonic sensors could be installed to automatically detect cavitation), which is also affected by the level of dissolved gasses (e.g., oxygen), but this noisy condition is readily detected by the human ear (see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 21: Pump Impeller Cavitation).
Potential problems
Certain problems are inherent to any marine aquarium system, which are discussed in many useful references, and these will not be described here [5,6]. No system can be completely hands-free, though this one is near to that point. The system can run for days or weeks at a time, with little or no human intervention. However, one must still monitor the system parameters (which can be accomplished remotely) and water quality, and refill the reservoirs and top off the food, as needed. In an automated system with this level of complication, there is always the possibility of some failures, and someone needs to be on standby in case there is a problem that needs to be addressed. Generally, users will be alerted to most problems via the automated push notifications. While many issues will not turn out to be catastrophic, some failures could lead to the death of the animals. For example, unregulated temperature control, resulting from a sensor error or a bad relay, could lead to low or high temperatures that may be fatal for the animals. Likewise, a problem with the dosing pumps could fail to deliver the proper amount of RODI water, which could lead to dangerously high or low salinity levels. Failures in the feeding system could affect the delivery of food, which could starve the animals or deliver too much food. The latter could lead to the buildup of toxic levels of ammonia, nitrites, or nitrates that could harm the animals. One must be prepared for these and other problems and be ready to correct them. For example, if the main pump fails, one must be ready with a backup to replace it quickly. It is prudent to stock replacement parts for just such emergencies. We try to keep extra filters, plumbing fittings, syringe pump fittings, and other parts on hand, along with the proper tools needed to install them. For most problems, users would ultimately be alerted by text messages and emails to allow enough time to fix them.
It should be noted that this system does not incorporate any sensors to automatically monitor the levels of ammonia, nitrites, or nitrates. Users are required to monitor these on a regular basis using commercial test kits (see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 11: Monitoring Water Quality).
The plastic parts used in this system are very durable and well-made and designed for a long lifespan. For the sump and drain troughs, all plastic seams are glued and thermo-welded. Leaks could form in the system, and most likely, these would occur between threaded parts, such as the PVC unions, various valves, and other parts in the plumbing system that could become loose or crack over time. It is wise to inspect for any small leaks. In the event of a substantial leak, this would eventually be detected by the ultrasonic water level sensor located in the sump, which will shut down the system. Small or large leaks can also be detected by installing various audible water leak detectors on the floor beneath the aquatic rack system.
Inconsistency of system sensor readings and their calibration
One should never rely only on the system's internal sensor readings. Some sensor readings will drift over time and need periodic recalibration. This is very important, as incorrect readings will lead to inappropriate adjustments of various water quality parameters (e.g., conductivity, temperature, and pH). The temperature sensors seem to be reliable and fairly consistent, and the system maintains conductivity within ± 2 mS, but measurements obtained for conductivity and pH tend to drift over time. Extreme changes can be lethal. These sensor readings need to be verified and sensors re-calibrated regularly. We generally check water quality parameters (e.g., pH, salinity, nitrogen, Ca ++ , KH) on a weekly basis (see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 11: Monitoring Water Quality). Based on our own external measurements, we calibrate the pH and conductivity sensors every 3-4 months. To do this, one must have fresh calibration solutions, as well as an independent set of instruments to check the temperature, pH, and conductivity (see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 15: Servicing the Sensors).
Other issues can affect sensor readings. For instance, the temperature will affect both the conductivity and the pH readings. In general, the temperature sensors, float switch, and paddle wheel flow meter are fairly dependable, though it is possible for the float and paddle wheel to get stuck. In addition, readings for the sensors in the sensor loop will fluctuate dramatically if the water flow changes or is shut off. Both the pH and conductivity probe have built-in temperature probes for selfcompensation. However, once the flow of water is interrupted to the sensor loop, the temperatures will begin to change. This will impact the pH and conductivity readings, but those probes also rely on running water to make accurate measurements. An independent set of instruments is needed to verify sensor readings. We use a standard glass lab thermometer or a certified digital thermometer to verify the water temperature (see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 16: Double Checking the Sensors). Salinity can be determined by one of several methods. One method is to measure the specific gravity. This can be accomplished using a hydrometer or a refractometer. A calibrated plastic or glass hydrometer is not as useful, as one has to remove water to make the measurements, and a floating hydrometer needs to be used in a rather deep container like a graduated cylinder. A refractometer is very useful as only one drop of seawater is needed for each measurement. These can be obtained fairly cheaply. One should be aware, however, that the density of water will change with temperature. These instruments are calibrated to work within a certain range of temperatures or may have some built-in temperature compensation. Likewise, a portable conductivity sensor is convenient to take direct measurements within the aquatic rack system. Conductivity meters need to be calibrated for each use with a standard calibration solution of known conductivity. Unfortunately, these solutions have a limited lifespan. We use an inexpensive meter made by Hanna (see Figure S1 in Additional file 1, SOP, Section 16: Double Checking the Sensors), which has built-in temperature compensation and can be set to read in different units, such as millisiemens (1 mS is the reciprocal of 1 ohm), ppt, or units of specific gravity (note that pure water has a specific gravity of 1.000). Again, one should note that conductivity and density change with temperature (e.g., the density of seawater (about 35 mS) changes from 1.028 g/cm 3 at 3.98°C to 1.025 g/cm 3 at 20°C to 1.023 g/cm 3 at a temperature of 80°F; 27°C = 80.6°F). Likewise, we use a simple digital pH meter to validate the pH readings (see Figure S1 in Additional file 1, SOP, Section 16: Double Checking the Sensors).
Room for improvements
While this system works very well and has reduced our labor significantly, there is still room for improvement. As discussed above, some of the main issues we have encountered are related to evaporation and salt creep. In the future, better seals on various lids, etc., would limit these issues. Tight tolerances for better fitting lids, and the use of silicone gaskets, etc., could make this possible. The system could also be designed with shallower drain troughs, placing the ends of the tank drain tubes closer to the bottoms of these troughs. This would help reduce splashing and salt creep.
The system takes up a fair amount of floor space (Fig. 1a). It might be possible to reduce this footprint by integrating some of these components within the aquatic rack system itself (perhaps by installing these on the right side or on the bottom deck of the rack).
Presently, the aquatic rack system and the feeding system have separate microcontrollers, with their own realtime clocks, and those should be carefully synchronized so that all events are carefully coordinated. Though the microcontrollers communicate with one another, a more complete integration of these systems, perhaps using a single microcontroller or at least a single shared clock, would be preferable. Likewise, the ATK automatic seawater top off system is a separate unit, and its activity could also be tied to those of the other systems.
Currently, we rely on fluorescent room lighting, which is on a timer for 12 h of "daylight" (7 am to 7 pm) followed by 12 h of darkness. One could incorporate built-in LED lighting and provide the necessary wavelengths, depending on what animals are being reared in the system (e.g., corals). Algal growth is unavoidable in marine aquaria. Though algal growth is not necessarily a problem, one should try to limit it. Some parts definitely benefit from blocking out the light in areas that are prone to algal growth, or in areas that should be free of algal growth, such as in the sump and the canister filters. Dark covers should be fashioned for the filter bowls, as described above (Fig. 3h). Periodically, tanks may need to be cleaned to remove excessive algal growth. In our case, the freshly hatched juvenile snails are positively phototactic, and some tend to climb above the waterline. These snails eventually perish through desiccation and the lack of food. Having light directed from below or the inclusion of darker lids on the tanks could help increase the survival of the snails.
The protein skimmer plays a key role in removing organic material and uneaten algae. This aquatic system could benefit from a more efficient/larger protein skimmer; however, the sump would have to be redesigned to accommodate such a skimmer.
For more precise regulation of the temperature, it would be best to integrate the chiller directly into the aquatic rack system, as mentioned above, and to use the Walchem 900 controller to regulate both the heater and chiller. The external chiller does have some internal protection against freezing, which would otherwise block water flow, but additional protection using the aquatic rack system's flow sensor could be implemented to disconnect power to the chiller should the water flow be interrupted. This would help mitigate potential problems with freezing water. There is an additional unused solid state relay ("R8") available in the Walchem 900 controller that could be used for this purpose with some additional circuitry (see Additional file 1, SOP, Section 14: External Chiller System).
Conclusions
For the first time, we describe an automated aquatic system for laboratory culture of filter-feeding marine invertebrates. While our goal was to build a system to rear Crepidula snails for laboratory research, the equipment and aquaculture techniques should be of broad interest for laboratory cultures of other marine organisms, such as bivalves, crustaceans, sponges, polychaetes (e.g., feather duster worms), and corals. This system takes care of monitoring and adjusting essential water quality parameters and automatically feeds the animals. The total cost of this system was around $32,000 USD, which included freight, installation, training, and the chiller and all other parts needed to fabricate the feeding system. Some components may be unnecessary, and removing them would reduce the overall expense (such as the UV light, sump mechanical float valve, and pH dosing pump). While the cost of this system may seem high, it is not exorbitant when one considers the annual, recurring cost of labor needed to maintain standard aquarium systems to rear larger numbers of animals. For a new faculty member just starting their lab, this expense is rather small compared to other pieces of lab equipment. The required husbandry to maintain good animal health is fundamental to research, but this can be timeconsuming. Recognizing that no aquarium system is truly hands-off, this system significantly reduces time spent on animal care, increasing researcher availability for more productive pursuits inside and outside the laboratory.
|
Why is Lord of the Rings so popular in fantasy literature?
Lord of the Rings is a very popular post-war book in fantasy literature in the English language. It chronicles the quest of a group of adventurers to destroy powerful magical artifacts called the Rings of Power. A major theme of the work is the destruction of power-hungry regimes, and defeating powerful enemies to restore freedom. This theme closely mirrors public discourse in the English-speaking world, which was heavily shaped by the events of WW2 and the Cold War. Central to Lord of the Rings is the challenge of overcoming the forces of evil and darkness, and gray areas between good and evil are a common theme in the book. Many popular fantasy novels followed this example, and many authors drew inspiration from the book. ------
I know Tolkien fought in World War 1, but how did that shape his writings?
Tolkien was strongly influenced by the events of World War 1. He realized that war was a terrible evil that endangers entire nations and destroys innocent lives, and he portrayed this experience through the character of Aragorn in LotR. Several of Aragorn’s famous speeches confront the depressing reality of war, including his closing speech in the film version of the book. Tolkien drew inspiration for his characters from people he knew in The Fellowship of the Ring, and they too share his war-time experiences in that work. For Tolkien, the experience of war is a central theme in his works, as they include the ‘heroic’ warrior characters and the ‘heroic’ struggle between good and evil. ------
|
User blog comment:TheEpicmanLives12/The tracker news!!/@comment-2051666-20101017211027
@Sonic767 Correct. Please put this:
Copyright to Flippers, administrator of the ToonTown Wiki.
|
FIX #66 #64 #54 #30 #31 #72 #29 #62 - context access - kedro 16.5 - hook auto registration
closes #66 #64 #54 #30 #31 #72 #29 #62
Description
This PR intend to fix mlflow configs related issues. This indirectly made it easier to upgrade the kedro dependency to 0.16.5 and enable hook's auto-registration, modulo some tests fixing.
Development notes
Some important changes :
kedro-mlflow can now access to project context properties. That decouple the plugin from the template.
We used this access to change get_mlflow_config signature, the test have been updated accordignately.
mlflow init no longer touch the run.py
I instantiate an MlflowHook objects, as .kedro.yml and setuptools entrypoint declared hooks take hook object (not class)
I add a .kedro.yml file, src folder and run.py file to the kedro project fixture for tests running in kedro 0.16.5
For more details, see changes.
Checklist
[x] Read the contributing guidelines
[x] Open this PR as a 'Draft Pull Request' if it is work-in-progress
[ ] Update the documentation to reflect the code changes
[x] Add a description of this change and add your name to the list of supporting contributions in the CHANGELOG.md file. Please respect Keep a Changelog guidelines.
[x] Add tests to cover your changes
Notice
[x] I acknowledge and agree that, by checking this box and clicking "Submit Pull Request":
I submit this contribution under the Apache 2.0 license and represent that I am entitled to do so on behalf of myself, my employer, or relevant third parties, as applicable.
I certify that (a) this contribution is my original creation and / or (b) to the extent it is not my original creation, I am authorised to submit this contribution on behalf of the original creator(s) or their licensees.
I certify that the use of this contribution as authorised by the Apache 2.0 license does not violate the intellectual property rights of anyone else.
Codecov Report
Merging #86 into develop will decrease coverage by 1.25%.
The diff coverage is 91.78%.
@@ Coverage Diff @@
## develop #86 +/- ##
===========================================
- Coverage 96.83% 95.57% -1.26%
===========================================
Files 32 26 -6
Lines 1199 1152 -47
===========================================
- Hits 1161 1101 -60
- Misses 38 51 +13
Impacted Files
Coverage Δ
setup.py
0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
tests/dummy_run.py
0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
tests/framework/cli/test_cli.py
100.00% <ø> (ø)
kedro_mlflow/framework/cli/cli.py
100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
kedro_mlflow/framework/context/mlflow_context.py
100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
kedro_mlflow/framework/hooks/node_hook.py
100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
kedro_mlflow/framework/hooks/pipeline_hook.py
98.79% <100.00%> (+0.07%)
:arrow_up:
tests/conftest.py
100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
tests/framework/context/test_mlflow_context.py
100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
tests/framework/hooks/test_node_hook.py
97.95% <100.00%> (+0.52%)
:arrow_up:
... and 10 more
Continue to review full report at Codecov.
Legend - Click here to learn more
Δ = absolute <relative> (impact), ø = not affected, ? = missing data
Powered by Codecov. Last update 4c0b6a7...d691b96. Read the comment docs.
Close this issue which has been merged as #91 and #94
|
Daedra Heart (Skyrim)
Characteristics
Locations
Recurring
* Enthir, at the College of Winterhold, usually has two and restocks every two days.
* Jorrvaskr. In the room where Kodlak is found, on or near a plate on the desk.
* Counts as stolen unless the Companions' questline has been completed.
* A second Daedra heart may sometimes be pickpocketed from Kodlak.
* Hall of the Vigilant. On the table at the far end of the main room.
* Respawns at the start of each month.
* Counts as stolen.
* No longer accessible if is installed as the hall will be burned to the ground.
* Babette, in the Dark Brotherhood sanctuary, usually has 1-2 Daedra hearts.
Random and recurring
* May also have one in their personal inventory, which may be pickpocketed.
* Any apothecary's satchel in the game may contain one, though very rare.
* Dead Dremora usually drop one.
* Drelas' Cottage, one may sometimes be found in the containers.
* One may be found on a dead alchemist in a random encounter.
* Vigilants of Stendarr may drop one. (rare)
* Hall of the Vigilant (North-West of Dragonsreach) On the table where the mace is located.
* Loot one from the Hagravens at Bard's Leap Summit. (rare)
* Skeevers drop one. (very rare)
Limited
One-time only.
* In the unmarked Daedric Relic quest. If Velehk Sain is killed, he will drop a heart.
* There is also a chance that Reyda's remains contain a Daedra heart.
* At the heart of Shalidor's Maze, one can be found on the Dremora Valkynaz, once killed.
* Fulgunthur, during the quest, Forbidden Legend, one can be found on the corpse of Daynas Valen.
Quests
Restore Health
* Ash Hopper Jelly
* Blisterwort
* Blue Dartwing*
* Blue Mountain Flower
* Butterfly Wing*
* Charred Skeever Hide
* Eye of Sabre Cat*
* Felsaad Tern Feathers
* Imp Stool
* Rock Warbler Egg
* Swamp Fungal Pod
* Wheat*
Damage Stamina Regen
* Creep Cluster
* Frost Mirriam
* Giant's Toe
* Histcarp
* Juniper Berries
* Large Antlers
* Silverside Perch
* Skeever Tail
* Wheat *
* Yellow Mountain Flower
Damage Magicka
* Butterfly Wing *
* Chaurus Eggs
* Eye of Sabre Cat *
* Glow Dust
* Hagraven Feathers
* Hanging Moss
* Human Heart
* Jarrin Root
* Luna Moth Wing
* Namira's Rot*
* Nordic Barnacle
* Trama Root
Fear
* Blue Dartwing *
* Cyrodilic Spadetail
* Gleamblossom
* Namira's Rot *
* Netch Jelly
* Poison Bloom
* Powdered Mammoth Tusk
* multiple effects, may be affected by the perk Purity.
Appearances
Daedraherz (Skyrim) Corazón de Daedra (Skyrim) Cuori di daedra Сердце даэдра (Skyrim)
|
# Argon
argon is a client for [schulerzbistum.de](https://www.schulerzbistum.de) and improves the user experience by simplifying the user interface while maintaining all functionality. This client only maintains pupil accessible functions due to a lack of access of admin functions for development purposes. If you want a version accessing your own webweaver instance take a look at the development notes or [contact me](https://sinclair.gq/pages/contact.html).
## Development notes
The backend logic (data processing etc.) is in the `main.ts` (typescript) while all of the page specific logic (interaction related) (javascript) is in the `src/specific/{name}.js` files.
To get documentation on your available endpoints and services for the jsonrpc API by webweaver visit `https://HOST/wws/559185.php` (e.g. `https://www.schulerzbistum.de/wws/559185.php`).
The interface is for several reasons (mainly the actual userspace) written in German. This will be changed with mutltilang (eng and de) support in `v.0.1.4`.
After installing packages with `npm` remeber to run `rebuild`. The script for Linux/ MacOS differs from the windows script due to the different kinds of execution targets.
To change the used instance edit the url (const) in the main.ts to fit your domain (scheme: `https://HOST/jsonrpc.php` e.g. <https://www.schulerzbistum.de/jsonrpc.php>)
### How to setup a development environment
You will need to clone the application with git or download the zip and unpack it.
To get the base dependencies execute `npm install` in the `argon` root folder. You will most likely need a global installation of `tsc` (`npm install -g tsc`) to compile the typescript dependencies and other files. The same may apply (depending on your npm installation) for electron-forge-cli (`npm install -g electron-forge-cli`). Remeber to rebuild!
You can execute following scripts (`npm run-script <script>`):
- `start`: `tsc && electron-forge start` For running the application
- `clean`: `rm -rf out dist` cleanup of old compiled files and packages
- `clean-start`: `rm -rf out dist && tsc && electron-forge start` combine `clean` and `start`
- `package`: `electron-forge package` package the application
- `make`: `tsc && electron-forge make` make the application executable (deb ...) may invoke package if not done before
- `publish`: `electron-forge publish` not yet implemented
- `lint`: `eslint --ext .ts .` lint the project and see how I screwed up
- `rebuild-linux`: `./node_modules/.bin/electron-rebuild` rebuild dependencies for *nix based systems
- `rebuild-windows`: `.\node_modules\.bin\electron-rebuild.cmd` rebuild dependencies for windows based systems
For an optimial enviroment I recommend using an IDE like Visual Studio Code or Atom. You will also have a better time with the appropiate extensions (Typescript, npm ...) for your editor.
### How to build a package
At the moment only `.deb` packages are supported and implemented the `package.json`. You should be able to build `.rpm` packages and all supported [makers from electron-forge]() (including MacOSX, that broken thing from Microsoft and other linux distros).
At least `.rpm` will be supported in the future and MacOSX support is planned for `v.0.1.3`.
_Why is Windows not supported?_
There's no reason to not support it besides the missing resources. To actually package/ compile a package for Windows it is _required_ to run the packaging on windows. I won't do that. If you are running a windows system and are willing to package and test it, do it! But don't expect me to support it in the near future (maybe `v.0.1.8`). MacOSX has the same problem _but_ I may be able to get usable access to it _and_ it's linux based.
## Roadmap
### v.0.1.4
- English interface support
- Light and Dark theme
- enhanced accessibility support
### v0.1.3
- support for `.rpm` and `MacOSX`
- stable packages (fully tested)
### v0.1.2
- [ ] background process for messages and e-mails with notifications
- [ ] improved UX/ UI (unspecified)
- [ ] full basic functionality for pupils
- [ ] optimizing of typescript with interfaces
- [ ] upgrade to newer package versions
- [ ] Universal AppImage Release
### v0.1.1 [Ongoing]
- [X] ~~*login*~~
- [X] ~~*main menu*~~
- [X] ~~*icon (fas fa-dragon)*~~
- [X] ~~*get e-mails and send them*~~
- [ ] manage tasks
- [ ] Stable `.deb` release
## Attributions
I don't own any of the below mentioned libraries. These are regulated under their own respective Licenses. For all libraries installed with npm the same applies.
[Bootstrap toggle](https://gitbrent.github.io/bootstrap4-toggle/) original designed and built by Min Hur for The New York Times Company | Updated by Brent Ely | Available on GitHub | Licensed MIT
[Bootstrap Select](https://developer.snapappointments.com/bootstrap-select/) maintained by SnapAppointments, caseyjhol, and the community.
[Bootstrap 4](https://getbootstrap.com/)
[Free Material Design Bootstrap](https://mdbootstrap.com/) with it's respective addons.
[Free Fontawesome](https://fontawesome.com/)
[Datatables](https://datatables.net/) designed and created by [SpryMedia Ltd.](https://sprymedia.co.uk/) and addons provided by several sources.
The globally used font is Titillium Web designed by Multiple Designers and available under the [Open Font License](https://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=OFL).
Menu sidebar design inspired by [Start Bootstrap - Simple Sidebar](https://github.com/BlackrockDigital/startbootstrap-simple-sidebar) from BlackrockDigital.
## WIP
- [ ] Mail Client - 85%
- [ ] notes - 90%
- [ ] address book - 50%
- [ ] file client - 10%
- [ ] test request client - 60%
- [X] ~~*replace axios posts with helper*~~
|
Have ShowUI work on NPUs
Given the increasing prevalence of NPUs for Windows AI computers. Could ShowUI be modified to use those instead of CUDA?
@khairm Thanks for comments, I am not sure as I am not familiar with NPU.
But I have found a post about how to run huggingface LLM on NPU: https://huggingface.co/blog/bconsolvo/llava-gemma-2b-aipc-npu.
As our model is also integrated into huggingface codebase.
I think you can try to refer this :)
Hi,
The repo specifies that CUDA is a requirement... Which I believe is NVIDIA only
A Neural Processing Unit (NPU) is a specialized computer chip that's designed to speed up artificial intelligence (AI) tasks, such as those involving.
New Intel, AMD and Qualcomm processors now have these alongside the usual CPUs and GPUs.
|
Colombia: Twitter Solidarity with Victims of Rainy Season · Global Voices
Julián Ortega Martínez
Colombian Twitter users have joined to support the victims of this year's heavy rainy season, which has affected at least 1.5 million people. Twitteratón [es] started on December 8 as an event in Medellín [es] to collect donations for the victims, prompting similar events in other cities like Bogotá (12/ 11), Barranquilla [es] (12/11), Pasto [es] (12/12), and Cali [es] (12/19 [es]). A virtual auction [es] of works by illustrators, photographers, and artists is also on the works.
|
List of passenger airlines
EasyJet A319, Airport Amsterdam Schiphol.
This is a list of airlines in operation that offer regular (usually scheduled) service to paying passengers from the general public. This list includes some airlines that offer charter service on a regular basis between fixed destinations. It also includes some airlines in the process of formation planning to embark upon their maiden voyage soon.
Defunct airlines are listed instead at list of defunct airlines.
List of airlines includes all airlines, including cargo, charter, and corporate carriers not listed here.
Contents
1 List of passenger airlines
1.1 Africa
1.2 Asia
1.3 Australasia and the Pacific
1.4 The Caribbean and Central America
1.5 Europe
1.6 Middle East
1.7 North America
1.8 South America
2 See also
3 External links
List of airlines
Africa
Contents: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Algeria
Angola
TAAG Boeing 737-700
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
TACV Boeing 757-200
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Egyptair Airbus A330-200
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
See the section titled "Côte d'Ivoire" above.
Kenya
Kenya Airways Boeing 777-200
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
LAM Embraer E-190
Namibia
Nigeria
Virgin Nigeria (actually Air Nigeria) Airbus A330-200
Réunion
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South African Airways Airbus A340-600
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Nouvelais Airbus A321
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Asia
Contents: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
For countries in the Middle East, refer to the section below.
Afghanistan
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Biman Bangladesh Airlines Boeing 777-300ER
Bhutan
Brunei
A Royal Brunei Airlines Boeing 787 Dreamliner departing Kota Kinabalu.
Cambodia
China, People's Republic of
China Southern Airlines Airbus A380
Xiamen Airlines' Boeing 757 landing
Air China Boeing 747-8
Hong Kong
Cathay Pacific Boeing 747-400
Macau
Air Macau Airbus A321-100
China, Republic of
East Timor
India
Air India Boeing 747-400
Jet Airways Airbus A330-200
Indonesia
Garuda Indonesia Boeing 737 NG with new livery at Adisucipto International Airport
Lion Air Boeing 737-900
Japan
JAL Boeing 747-400
ANA Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner
Kazakhstan
Air Astana Boeing 757-200
North Korea
South Korea
A Korean Air Airbus A380 taking off from Hamburg Airport in 2011
An Asiana Airlines Airbus A380 at Osaka-Kansai International Airport, Japan. (2015)
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Malaysia
A Malaysian Airlines Airbus A380 at Kuala Lumpur Airport
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
PIA Boeing 747-300
A former Shaheen Air Boeing 737-200.
Philippines
Philippine Airlines Airbus A330-300
Singapore
Singapore Airlines Airbus A380-800 at Zurich Airport in 2010.
Singapore Airlines Concorde at Heathrow in 1979
SilkAir Airbus A320 at Davao International Airport, Philippines.
Sri Lanka
SriLankan Airlines Airbus A330-200
Taiwan
See the section China, Republic of above.
Tajikistan
Thailand
Thai Airbus A380
Timor Leste
See the section above.
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Australasia and the Pacific
Contents: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
American Samoa
Australia
Qantas Airbus A380
JetStar's First Boeing 787
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Air Tahiti Nui Airbus A340-300
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Air New Zealand Boeing 777-200ER
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
The Caribbean and Central America
Contents: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba
Bahamas
Belize
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Costa Rica
Cuba
Cubana Tu-204
Curaçao
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Guadeloupe
Air Caraibes Airbus A330-200
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Air Jamaica Airbus A340
Jamaica
Montserrat
Nicaragua
Panama
Copa Airlines Embraer E-195
Puerto Rico
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Sint Maarten
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States Virgin Islands
Europe
Contents: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
For Danish territories with home rule, see Faroe Islands and Greenland.
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Finland
A Finnair Airbus A350-900, Finnair was the third airline to operate the aircraft.
France
An Air France Airbus A380 landing at Washington Dulles International Airport
For DOMs/TOMs, see the sections for French Guiana, French Polynesia, Guadeloupe, New Caledonia, Réunion, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.
Georgia
Germany
An Airbus A380 operated by Lufthansa
German Wings Airbus A319-100
Greece
Olympic Air's Bombardier Dash 8-Q400 landing at Corfu International Airport (September 2014)
Greenland
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland, Republic of
Italy
Alitalia Airbus A321
Latvia
Luxembourg
Macedonia, Republic of
Malta
Air Malta Airbus A319-100 in their current livery
Moldova
Monaco
Netherlands
KLM Boeing 747-400
A since-retired ArkeFly Boeing 767 at Schiphol Airport, Netherlands in 2011
Norway
Poland
A LOT Polish Airlines Embraer 170 in LOT's 2010s livery
Portugal
TAP Portugal Airbus A330-200
Romania
Russia
Aeroflot's Tupolev Tu-154
S7 Airlines Airbus A320-200
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Swiftair MD-83
Sweden
Switzerland
SWISS Airbus A330-300 in the new livery
PrivatAir Boeing 737-800
Turkey
Turkish Airlines Boeing 777-300ER with the new logo taxiing at LAX
Ukraine
Ukraine International Airlines Boeing 737-800
United Kingdom
British Airways' first Airbus A380, accompanied by the Red Arrows at 2013 Royal International Air Tattoo
Virgin Air Atlantic Boeing 747-400 in livery in 2014
Middle East
Contents: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Bahrain
Iran
An Iran Aseman Boeing 727 at an airport in Tehran, Iran. (2007)
Iran Air Boeing 747
Iraq
An Iraqi Airways Boeing 747-400 in the new livery landing at Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia. (2014)
Israel
Jordan
Royal Jordanian Airbus A321-200
Kuwait
Kuwait Airways Boeing 777
Lebanon
A Middle East Airlines Airbus A330-200 on short final to London Heathrow Airport in 2009
Oman
Qatar
Qatar Airways Airbus A380-800.
Saudi Arabia
A Flynas Airbus A320-200 at Dubai International Airport in 2014.
Guyana airways
Syria
United Arab Emirates
Emirates Airbus A380
Etihad's first Airbus A380 taking off from London-Heathrow Airport.
An Air Arabia Airbus A320-200 approaching Toulouse–Blagnac Airport (2012)
A Flydubai Boeing 737-800; this aircraft was involved in an accident in March 2016.
Yemen
North America
Contents: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Canada
Air Canada Boeing 767-300
Air Transat Airbus A330-342 (C-GKTS) in old livery in Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport
Greenland
Mexico
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
United States
Contents: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
American Airlines Boeing 777
An Alaska Airlines Bombardier Dash 8
FedEx Express Airbus A300F4-622R landing at Cologne Bonn Airport
United Airlines Boeing 777
South America
Contents: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Argentina
Aerolíneas Argentinas Boeing 747-200
Bolivia
Brazil
TAM Airbus A330-200
Azul Embraer E-195
Chile
Colombia
AeroRepública Embraer E-190
Ecuador
French Guiana
Falkland Islands
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
PLUNA Bombardier CRJ900
Venezuela
See also
External links
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/3/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.
|
Jessica Meuse
Jessica Rose Meuse (born October 19, 1990), also known as Jess Meuse, is an American singer-songwriter from Slapout, Alabama. After spending several years as an unsigned musician, she finished in fourth place on the thirteenth season of American Idol. Her debut album, What's So Hard About Bein' a Man, was self-released in 2011, three years before she gained national exposure on reality television. While competing on American Idol, she became the first person in the history of the series to perform an original song during the finals. Her second album, Halfhearted, was released on August 3, 2018, through Warrior Records.
Early life and education
Meuse was born in Round Rock, Texas, on October 19, 1990, to Charles Edward and Sheila Arlene (Strobel) Meuse. Her mother's government job led to the family moving several times when Meuse was a child. As a way to be more outgoing as a pre-teen, she recorded CDs and gave them to friends. While living in Zephyrhills, Florida in 2002, she attended St. Anthony Catholic School in nearby San Antonio, Florida. It was there, at the school's talent show, that she acknowledges performing publicly for the first time. When she was in the seventh grade, she moved to Slapout, Alabama, where she joined the Montgomery Youth Orchestra, eventually becoming principal second violin. She also played shows of her own at various festivals, fundraisers, schools, and public events. In addition to the violin, she plays both guitar and piano.
She attended Auburn University at Montgomery, where she majored in liberal arts.
Musical influences
Meuse states she is, "influenced by virtually every genre of music." More specifically though, she has called her style "a blend of southern rock with alternative and rock n’ roll." Mary Colurso of AL.com has described it as "rock...infused with country and metal." Meuse's musical influences include Coldplay, Miranda Lambert, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Stevie Nicks, Death Cab for Cutie, Bruno Mars, and Shinedown.
Career beginnings and What's So Hard About Bein' a Man (2008–2014)
Meuse began writing music at age eighteen. Her first song was called "What's So Hard About Bein' a Man". She went on to self-release a CD by the same name in 2011 and had already written around sixty original songs by the time of her American Idol audition.
In October 2010, Meuse won the Stars of Alabama Artist Showcase, a statewide music competition that was judged by professionals from Montgomery, Atlanta and Nashville. In October 2013, Meuse was featured by the Alabama Media Group in the Birmingham Sessions, an online showcase for musicians around the Birmingham, Alabama area. She auditioned for The Voice before her American Idol run, but did not pass the initial blind audition.
American Idol (2014)
While participating as a musical act in Vans Warped Tour, Meuse was encouraged by friends to audition for the thirteenth season of American Idol in Atlanta, Georgia. She performed an original song called "Blue-Eyed Lie" and was accepted by all three judges. For her final Hollywood week performance, Meuse chose another original song called "Done." The judges were initially undecided between putting Meuse or Jesse Roach through to the top 30. To decide, the judges had Meuse and Roach do an impromptu sing-off. Meuse's performance of "Simple Man" (by Lynyrd Skynyrd) advanced her to the Top 30.
All of the contestants reprised their audition songs for top 8-week, giving Meuse the opportunity to sing "Blue Eyed Lie" again. This made her the first contestant in the history of American Idol to sing an original song during the finals. For top 4-week, Meuse was originally going to sing another original song, called "The Hell You Put Me Through" – all of the contestants were going to sing originals for one of their performances that week. However, the producers changed their minds late in the week and gave the contestants a short amount of time to choose a replacement from a very limited list of songs. Meuse chose Pinks's "So What."
Meuse's fan base is known as "The Meuse Mafia." She has jokingly referred to her experience on the show as being like the Hunger Games, and in one episode, she braided her hair in the same style as Katniss Everdeen. Several reviewers and journalists felt that Meuse was unfairly treated by the show, such as Annie Barrett, who wrote for TVLine that the judges were "just blatantly not rooting for her at all. Lyndsey Parker of Yahoo! Music concurred, writing that "it seemed like the judges and producers were doing their best" to get Meuse eliminated from the competition. Parker further wrote that Meuse received "harsh critique" for praise-worthy performances, even as the judges overlooked significant flaws in other contestants. BuddyTV writer Jeff Dodge opined that Meuse was being held to an unfair "double standard." Writing for TV Guide, Liz Raftery assessed fan opinion as being "frustrat[ed]" with the judges, over their poor treatment of Meuse.
Meuse was never among the "Bottom 3", until top 7-week, when the "Bottom 2" was composed of her and the eliminated contestant, Dexter Roberts. The following week, Meuse was again in the "Bottom 2", but C.J. Harris was eliminated. There was no bottom 2 for top 5-week. The contestants were offered a choice – if they agreed unanimously, that week's results would be discarded and all five of them would move on to perform again. Two of them would then be eliminated the following week. Although Meuse voted in favor of this idea, the vote was not unanimous, and Sam Woolf was eliminated. Meuse herself was eliminated the following week. She came in fourth place and reprised "Blue Eyed Lie" as her exit song.
"Blue-Eyed Lie"
During her time on American Idol, Meuse was known for her original song "Blue-Eyed Lie". She had already gained positive attention for the song in Alabama a year earlier after performing it for an artist showcase held by the Alabama Media Group. At that time, Mary Colurso of AL.com commented on the song, calling it "confident and gritty". "Blue-Eyed Lie" was further lauded by the press after Meuse performed it on American Idol. Jennifer Still of Digital Spy wrote that the song "absolutely rocks – literally and figuratively. It sounds like a song you could hear on the radio tomorrow", Lyndsey Parker of Yahoo! Music called Meuse's performance of the song "stellar", and Brian Mansfield of USA Today praised the song's "'60s garage-rock" sound. Michael Slezak of TVLine, who praised the song for its gritty vocals and "stinging lyrics", went on to rank Meuse's live performance of "Blue-Eyed Lie" as one of the thirty greatest moments in the history of American Idol.
Post-Idol and Halfhearted (2014–present)
Meuse returned to the American Idol stage for the season 13 finale, where she performed with Jennifer Nettles. She then performed in the American Idol summer tour, which began on June 24, 2014, and went through August 23. Following the tour, Meuse went back to performing shows mostly in Alabama and Georgia, although she also played occasionally in California and Tennessee. In early 2015, she told The Hollywood Reporter that she had intentions of moving to Los Angeles. Her debut single, "Done," was released independently on April 21, 2015, and her second single, "Rio Grande", was released on January 5, 2016.
Although Meuse expressed on Twitter in late 2016 that she considered Los Angeles to be her "second home", she continued to reside primarily in Slapout until the end of that year, when she moved to Houston, Texas for a position with the Lone Survivor Foundation. Around that same time, she announced that she had an EP in production. Within a few months, the EP had been expanded into a full album. Titled Halfhearted, it was released through Warrior Records on August 3, 2018, as Meuse's first post-Idol album. All of the songs on Halfhearted were written by Meuse. The album reached the iTunes Top Ten Country Albums.
Four songs from Halfhearted were released as singles leading up to the album's release: "Love Her Better" on June 1; "High" on June 15; "California Dream" on June 29; and "Thank God It Didn't Work" on July 13. "Thank God It Didn't Work" was released to country radio, and Taste of Country praised the song, calling it, "a full-throated vocal showcase that demands your attention." Meuse departed from Warrior Records in 2019. Among the tracks on Halfhearted is "Without You", a duet between Meuse and Bo Bice. In June 2020, Fred Bronson of Billboard praised "Without You" as an "overlooked gem".
On April 15, 2020, Meuse premiered the song "Because You Love Me" as part of a virtual concert for Bethesda Lutheran Communities. She wrote the song for the organization and released it as a non-album single on September 18, 2020. A music video for the song was released later that month. A year later, Meuse spoke with Southwest News Media about the song, saying, "It can be about someone who loves somebody, about someone taking care of somebody; about the effect someone with different abilities has on their caretaker, or their family; it can be any kind of love; or it can be spiritual. For me, it’s my spirituality. A lot of times that’s what gets me through hardships and difficult times; when I am at the bottom, struggling."
Personal life
Meuse has called herself a "very spiritual person" and has said that she is driven by her faith. She has over eight tattoos and designed at least seven of them herself. She has two on her right arm – one of a phoenix and one of a dove surrounded by three stars. She has said that these represent spiritual rebirth and the Holy Trinity. On her left arm, she has a tattoo of the word "Faith". After she and Jena Irene Asciutto participated in American Idol's thirteenth season together, they got matching tattoos of the Roman numeral XIII.
Meuse loves animals and has many pets that were rescued from shelters, as well as several that she found abandoned.
Meuse's mother, Sheila, worked as the assistant director of the Central Alabama Veterans Health Care System, where in 2014, she became a whistleblower exposing mismanagement in the VA. Her efforts, and the VA's subsequent retaliation against her, have been detailed by the ''Montgomery Advertiser and NPR.
|
Enable Block:
Power generation hit; plant may be restarted after 72 hours
The Indian official added that the two countries are yet to decide on several important aspects like terms of credit, which the EDF will give to the NPCIL, and the techno-commercial aspect, that in
The first unit of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNP) was shut down in June 2015 for refuelling for the first time after generating about 6,875 million units of electricity, the government to
CHENNAI: Anti-nuclear activists are gearing up for yet another legal battle with the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) granting ‘first pour of concrete’ (FPC) to units three and four in the Kud
The proposed Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority Bill is seen as a crucial step in strengthening the functional independence of the country’s atomic regulator and give it the necessary statutory ba
Left parties allege due procedure was not followed; vow to oppose it
National-level organisations, including NAPM, join hands against the project
Says the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board has violated its own norms on ‘plant siting’
The first 1,000-MWe reactor of Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project that commenced commercial power generation on October 22, 2013 has earned a profit of Rs.
Unit II of Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant was scheduled to criticality by Monday night and reconnected to the southern grid by Tuesday evening.
Pages
|
In crossing some varieties there often arises the difficulty of finding both stigmas and anthers ready for breeding at the same time. Ripe pollen may be kept in dry, air-tight paper bags for a week or more, but the fresher the pollen the more vitality it has. A peony may be forced by plant ing it in a frame, keeping from frost all Winter, and in the early Spring placing under sash. Forc ing in a greenhouse may also be employed.
The equipment for cross-breeding should in clude a strong magnifying glass, a pair of fine long-handled scissors, a scalpel or a camel's-hair brush and a small receptacle for holding the pol len. Some hybridisers use a jeweller's eyeglass.
Single and semi-double varieties of peonies produce seeds most freely. Full double varieties seldom bear any seeds. In cross-breeding peonies, those two varieties which present most nearly the desired characteristics should be chosen, for in cross-breeding between varieties lies the means of strengthening a type and producing variations. Breeding between individual flowers on the same plant generally produces nothing of value.
|
Printing control method and apparatus
ABSTRACT
When registration of favorite is designated in a group printer driver capable of comprehensively controlling a plurality of member printer drivers, a name input window is presented. When the name of the favorite is input, DEVMODE information is acquired from each member printer driver in the present member printer configuration (e.g., printers A, B, and C). These pieces of DEVMODE information are registered in one-to-one correspondence with printer IDs. If the registered favorite is designated, the registered DEVMODE information is transferred to each registered member printer driver to restore the set state. This provides a mechanism capable of efficient printing setting for a plurality of printer drivers.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a printing control apparatus and method of performing printing control for a document to be printed, a program for performing computer-executable printing data processing, and a storage medium storing a computer-readable program.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Recently, network apparatuses are generally used, and many personal computers (PCs) and printers are connected to networks. In this network environment, a print job control system which processes one print job by using a plurality of printers can be constructed. As this print jobcontrol system, a distributed printing system, color-monochrome distributed printing system, broadcast printing system, error-based print job redirecting printing system, and the like are known.
The distributed printing system is a print job control system in which,to shorten the printing time of a document having a large number of pages or a document from which a large number of copies are to be made,a print job of the document is once spooled and distributed page by page or copy by copy to a plurality of printers and output by these printers.
The color-monochrome distributed printing system is a print job control system in which, to reduce the printing cost and shorten the printing time of a document having both color pages and monochrome pages in the network environment as described above, the color pages are distributed to and output by color printers, and the monochrome pages are distributed to and output by monochrome printers.
The broadcast printing system is a print job control system in which, inthe network environment as described above, one document is transmitted to and printed by a plurality of printers at the same time by one printing instruction.
The error-based print job redirecting printing system is a print jobcontrol system in which, if an error occurs in a printer to which a document is transmitted in the network environment as described above,the print job is automatically switched to another printer and printed.
To facilitate setting of individual printers in any of the print jobcontrol systems as described above, a method has been proposed by whichthe print job control system itself is set by transmitting a printing instruction not to a plurality of printers connected to the system butto one virtual printer driver (group printer driver) as a group of these printers.
On the other hand, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-222159 has proposed a function by which, in the user interface of a general printerdriver for a single printer, different setting items are collectively registered, and an operator selects this registered setting to set aplurality of setting items at once.
Unfortunately, when printing such as distributed printing, broadcast printing, or print job redirecting printing is performed by using aplurality of printers in the print job control system, the details ofeach printer driver for actually outputting data cannot be set by thegroup printer driver in some cases. In cases like this, individual printer drivers (member printer drivers) must be separately set. This requires a cumbersome operation of individually setting these memberprinter drivers whenever a change is made.
Also, the detailed setting as described above is held by each individual member printer driver, so the contents are updated whenever a change is made. Therefore, even when an operator wants to temporarily change the setting, the changed setting is saved, and the operator must reset the setting when executing next printing.
Furthermore, only the setting of the group printer driver can be registered even with the use of the function “favorite” described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-222159. Accordingly, the aforementioned detailed settings of the member printer drivers must be individually set.
In the conventional mechanism as described above, composite settinginformation collectively indicating a plurality of printing settings,e.g., the paper size and printing resolution, set via a plurality of setting sheets, is saved via a predetermined printer driver UI. When aplurality of printer drivers are to be set for printing in this mechanism, it is necessary to open each member printer driver to select the composite setting information saved in the printer driver. This forces a user to perform a very cumbersome operation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention has been made in consideration of the above situation, and has as its object to provide a mechanism which can realize efficient printing setting for a plurality of printer drivers.
According to the present invention, the foregoing object is attained by providing a printing control method using a virtual printer capable of comprehensively controlling a plurality of printer drivers, comprising the registration step of registering printing setting information set in all or some of the plurality of printer drivers, as reusable compositeprinting setting information.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the foregoing object is attained by providing a printing control method comprising:the recognition step of recognizing composite printing settinginformation selected from a list in which a plurality of pieces of composite printing setting information indicating setting information for a plurality of printer drivers are registered; and the setting step of setting, for a plurality of member printer drivers, contents based onthe selected composite printing setting information recognized in the recognition step.
In still another aspect of the present invention, the foregoing objectis attained by providing a printing control method using a virtualprinter capable of comprehensively controlling a plurality of printerdrivers, comprising: the acquisition step of acquiring a plurality of printing setting data structures which are provided by an OS and inwhich pieces of printing setting information of the plurality of printerdrivers are set; and the registration step of registering the pluralityof acquired printing setting data structures as printing settinginformation of the virtual printer.
In still another aspect of the present invention, the foregoing objectis attained by providing a printing control method using a virtualprinter capable of comprehensively controlling a plurality of printerdrivers, comprising: the recognition step of recognizing compositeprinting setting information selected from a list in which a pluralityof pieces of composite printing setting information indicating aplurality of pieces of setting information of the virtual printer are set; and the setting control step of performing control, on the basis ofthe selected composite printing setting information recognized in the recognition step, so as to read out a plurality of pieces of settinginformation of the plurality of printer drivers and set the plurality of readout setting information for respective corresponding printerdrivers.
In still another aspect of the present invention, the foregoing objectis attained by providing a printing control apparatus having a virtualprinter capable of comprehensively controlling a plurality of printerdrivers, comprising registering means for registering printing settinginformation set in all or some of the plurality of printer drivers, as reusable composite printing setting information.
In still another aspect of the present invention, the foregoing objectis attained by providing a printing control apparatus comprising:recognizing means for recognizing composite printing setting information selected from a list in which a plurality composite printing settinginformation indicating setting information for a plurality of printerdrivers are registered; and setting means for setting, for a pluralityof member printer drivers, contents based on the selected compositeprinting setting information recognized by the recognizing means.
In still another aspect of the present invention, the foregoing objectis attained by providing a printing control apparatus using a virtualprinter capable of comprehensively controlling a plurality of printerdrivers, comprising: acquiring means for acquiring a plurality of printing setting data structures which are provided by an OS and inwhich pieces of printing setting information of the plurality of printerdrivers are set; and registering means for registering the plurality of acquired printing setting data structures as printing settinginformation of the virtual printer.
In still another aspect of the present invention, the foregoing objectis attained by providing a printing control apparatus having a virtualprinter capable of comprehensively controlling a plurality of printerdrivers, comprising: recognizing means for recognizing compositeprinting setting information selected from a list in which a pluralityof pieces of composite printing setting information indicating aplurality of pieces of setting information of the virtual printer are set; and setting control means for performing control, on the basis ofthe selected composite printing setting information recognized by the recognizing means, so as to read out a plurality of pieces of settinginformation of the plurality of printer drivers and set the plurality of readout setting information for respective corresponding printerdrivers.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters designate thesame or similar parts throughout the figures thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and,together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram for explaining the configuration of an image processing system to which the present invention is applicable;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram for explaining the arrangement of an information processing apparatus of an embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a view showing an example of a memory map in a RAM 202 shownin FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a view showing an example of a memory map in an FD 204 shownin FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a view showing the FD 204 inserted into an FD drive 203 shownin FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram for explaining a print control module configuration of the information processing apparatus of the embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram for explaining the print control module configuration of the information processing apparatus of the embodiment;
FIG. 8 is a view showing an example of the configuration of a general-purpose printing file of the embodiment;
FIG. 9 is a flow chart showing the process control flow of the userinterface of a group printer driver of the embodiment;
FIG. 10 is a flow chart showing the process control flow when a UI display process is performed by the group printer driver of the embodiment;
FIG. 11 is a flow chart showing the process control flow of checking whether the setting changed when the UI display process is performed bythe group printer driver of the embodiment is valid;
FIG. 12 is a view showing an example of warning display of the embodiment;
FIG. 13 is a view showing an example of the user interface of the embodiment;
FIG. 14 is a view showing an example of the user interface of the embodiment;
FIG. 15 is a view showing the way the group printer driver is set in the embodiment;
FIG. 16 is a view showing an example of the user interface of the groupprinter driver when the contents shown in FIG. 15 are set;
FIG. 17 is a flow chart showing the control flow of a print job controlprogram according to the second embodiment;
FIG. 18 is a flow chart showing the control flow of the print jobcontrol program according to the second embodiment;
FIG. 19 is a flow chart showing the control flow of the print jobcontrol program according to the second embodiment;
FIG. 20 is a flow chart for explaining a favorite registration process according to the embodiment; and
FIG. 21 is a view showing an example of the favorite data configuration generated by the process shown in FIG. 20.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail in accordance with the accompanying drawings.
First Embodiment
FIG. 1 is a block diagram for explaining the configuration of an information processing system to which the present invention is applicable. In this system, one or a plurality of client computers are connected.
Referring to FIG. 1, reference numerals 102, 103, and 104 denote information processing apparatuses (to be referred to as client computers hereinafter) as clients. These client computers 102, 103, and104 are connected to a network 106 by a network cable such as Ethernet(registered trademark), and can execute various programs such as application programs. Each client has a printer driver capable of converting printing data into a printer language corresponding to the printer. Note that this system supports a plurality of printer drivers.That is, a plurality of printers can be registered in the system, and member printer drivers can be those provided by a plurality of manufacturers.
Reference numeral 101 denotes an information processing apparatus (to be referred to as a print server hereinafter) as a server of thisembodiment. This print server 101 is connected to the network 106 by the network cable to store files to be used in the network 106 and monitor the use state of the network 106. The print server 101 manages aplurality of printers connected to the network 106.
Note that the client computers 102 to 104 and print server 101 are general information processing apparatuses, and printing control programs for performing different control operations are stored in an executable manner in each client computer and the print server. The print server 101 can also have the function as a client at the sametime.
The print server 101 of this embodiment further has the following functions. That is, the print server 101 (1) stores and prints out print jobs containing printing data and output from the client computers 102,103, and 104; (2) receives job information not containing printing data from the client computers 102, 103, and 104, manages the printing order of these client computers 102, 103, and 104, and notifies permission of transmission of a print job containing printing data to a client whose turn has come; and (3) acquires various kinds of information such as the status and print jobs of a network printer 105, and notifies the client computers 102, 103, and 104 of the acquired information.
Reference numeral 105 denotes a network printer as a printing controller which is connected to the network 106 via a network interface (not shown). This network printer 105 receives across the network 106 a print job containing printing data and transmitted from a client computer,analyzes the print job and converts it into dot images page by page, and prints the images page by page. The network 106 connects the client computers 102, 103, and 104, server 101, network printer 105, and the like.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram for explaining the arrangement of the information processing apparatus of this embodiment. The client computers 102, 103, and 104 are information processing apparatuses and each have the arrangement shown in FIG. 2. Also, the print server 101has a hardware configuration similar to or equivalent to the arrangement shown in FIG. 2. In the following description, therefore, FIG. 2 will be explained as a block diagram which explains the configurations of both the client and server.
Referring to FIG. 2, reference numeral 200 denotes a CPU as a control means of the information processing apparatus. This CPU 200 executes,e.g., an application program, printer driver program, OS, and network printer control program of this embodiment stored in a hard disk (HD)205. The CPU 200 also temporarily stores information necessary to execute programs, files, and the like in a RAM 202.
A ROM 201 as a storage means stores programs such as a basic I/O program and various data such as font data and template data used in document processing. The RAM 202 as a temporary storage means functions as, e.g.,a main memory and work area of the CPU 200.
Reference numeral 203 denotes a floppy (registered trademark) disk (FD)drive as a storage medium reading means. As shown in FIG. 5 (to be described later), a program and the like stored in an FD 204 as a storage medium can be loaded into this computer system via the FD drive203. Note that the storage medium need not be an FD but can be any of,e.g., a CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, PC card, DVD, IC memory card, MO, and memory stick. The floppy disk 204 is a storage medium storing acomputer-readable program.
Reference numeral 205 denotes a hard disk (HD) which is an external storage means and functions as a large-capacity memory. This HD 205stores an application program, printer driver program, OS, network printer control program, related program, and the like. A spooler as as pooling means is also stored in this HD 205. The spooling means is a client spooler in each client and a server spooler in the print server.In the print server, a table for storing job information received fromthe clients and performing sequence control is also stored in this external storage means.
Reference numeral 206 denotes a keyboard as an instruction input means.From a user to each client computer, or from an operator or manager tothe print server, a command such as a device control command is input by this keyboard 206. A display 207 as a display means displays a command input from the keyboard 206, the status of the printer, and the like. Asystem bus 208 allows data to flow in computers as the clients and printserver. Reference numeral 209 denotes an interface as an input/output means via which the information processing apparatus exchanges data with an external apparatus. This interface 209 is, e.g., a network interface,and connects the network 106 and the system bus 208.
FIG. 3 is a view showing an example of a memory map in the RAM 202 shownin FIG. 2. This is a memory map when the network printer control program is loaded into the RAM 202 from the FD 204 and made executable. In thisembodiment, the network printer control program and related data are loaded from the FD 204 directly into the RAM 202. However, whenever the network printer control program is operated, this network printer control program can be loaded from the HD 205, in which the controlprogram is installed, into the RAM 202.
Also, the medium storing this network printer control program can be aCD-ROM, CD-R, PC card, DVD, or IC memory card, as well as an FD.Furthermore, this network printer control program can be stored in the ROM 201 to form part of the memory map and directly executed by the CPU200. Alternatively, software which implements functions equal to those of the apparatuses described above can be used as a substitute for the hardware.
The network printer control program will be simply called a printing control program in some cases. In each client, this printing controlprogram includes programs for designating a change of the printing destination of a print job and a change of the printing order. In the print server, the printing control program includes programs for performing print job sequence control and notifying the end of a print job and a printing destination change request.
The printing control program of this embodiment for performing the above control can be divided into a module to be installed in each client anda module to be installed in the print server. One printing controlprogram can also function as a program for a client or as a program forthe print server, in accordance with the environment in which it is executed. Alternatively, it is also possible to install, in a single computer, both a module having the functions as a client and a module having the functions as the print server, and simultaneously or time-division ally operate these modules in parallel in a pseudo manner.
Referring to FIG. 3, a basic I/O program 301 has, e.g., an IPL (Initial Program Loading) function of loading the OS from the HD 205 into the RAM202 and starting the operation of the OS, when this control apparatus is powered on. An operating system (OS) 302 and a network printer controlprogram 303 are stored in areas secured on the RAM 202. Related data 304is stored in an area secured on the RAM 202. Furthermore, a work area305 is used by the CPU 200 as a temporary data storage area and the like when the CPU 200 executes this printer control program.
FIG. 4 is a view showing an example of a memory map in the FD 204 shownin FIG. 2. Referring to FIG. 4, reference numeral 401 denotes volume information indicating the information of data; 402, directory information; 403, a network printer control program as the printing control program explained in this embodiment; and 404, related data ofthe network printer control program 403. This network printer controlprogram 403 is formed on the basis of flow charts explained in thisembodiment, and has the same configuration for both a client and the server in this embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a view showing the FD 204 inserted into the FD driver 203shown in FIG. 2. The same reference numerals as in FIG. 2 denote thesame parts in FIG. 5. As described above with reference to FIG. 4, the network printer control program explained in this embodiment and related data are stored in the FD 204.
The print job control system of this embodiment which performs a printing process such as distributed, broadcast, or print job redirecting printing by using a plurality of printers will be described below. In this embodiment, a plurality of printers are virtually bound as one printer called a group printer (virtual printer), and the individual bound printers are called member printers. Also,corresponding printer drivers are called a group printer driver and member printer driver. A member printer driver is software which generates PDL data interpretable by a printer, and a member printer hasa predetermined port corresponding to the printer driver software.
FIG. 6 is a view showing the way a print job issued by a general application such as Microsoft Word (trademark) is processed in the print job control system in a client-server model of this system. In FIG. 6, a client computer 600 (corresponding to 102 to 104 in FIG. 1) is a machine in which the client module of the print job control system of thisembodiment operates. Also, a print server 610 corresponds to 101 in FIG.1.
Generally, when printing is designated, the application program generates a series of drawing commands (GDI functions), and these drawing commands (DDI functions) converted via the OS are transferred tothe printer driver. On the basis of the input drawing commands from theOS, the printer driver generates a printer control language (PDL)interpretable by the printer. This printer control language is transferred as a print job (to be also referred to as print job data hereinafter) bound by JL (Job Language) to a print spooler (e.g.,WindowsSpooler) provided by the OS. This print spooler follows the procedure in which the print job data is transferred to a port monitor selected by the user and transmitted to the printing device.
In contrast, in this embodiment the user designates printing by designating a print job control system port monitor 621 (to be abbreviated as a job control port monitor hereinafter) beforehand. An application program 601 receives the printing instruction and generate sa series of drawing commands. A group printer driver 603 receives the drawing commands and generates a general-purpose printing file (to be described later). The group printer driver 603 transmits this general-purpose printing file as print job data to the job control port monitor 621, but not to a port monitor which transmits print job data toa printing device. In addition, the job control port monitor 621transmits the print job data to a print job control system print service622 (to be abbreviated as a job control print service hereinafter), but not to a printing device 650. The job control print server 622 perform sprint job control (to be described later) for the received print job data. Note that the print job data received by the job control print service 622 is not an actual print job but the general-purpose printing file as described above. As will be described later, a final print job is generated by control performed later.
A print job control system print manager 623 (to be abbreviated as a jobcontrol print manager hereinafter) is a program for providing a userinterface (UI) by which the user checks the status of a print job in the job control print service 622 and operates the print job. The jobcontrol print manager 623 exchanges information and instructions withthe job control print service 622 via the interface (API) of the software of this job control print service 622.
In the print server 610, a print job control system server 630 (to be abbreviated as a job control server hereinafter) performs centralized control (scheduling) for timings at which the job control print services622 on the individual clients 600 transmit print job data to the printing devices 650. A print job control system management console 633(to be abbreviated as a job control management console hereinafter) can monitor the whole print job control system by exchanging information and instructions with the job control server 630 via the API which the software of this job control server 630 accesses.
Also, the job control server 630 uses a device information control module 631 to communicate with each printing device 650, thereby acquiring information pertaining to a print job and the operating state of the printing device or operating the printing device. The acquired information can be transferred to the job control print service 622 ofthe client 600.
Printing from the group printer driver 603 in this embodiment will be explained below. The group printer driver 603 converts a series of drawing commands generated by the application program into a general-purpose printing file which has an intermediate format independent of the type of printing device. The format of this general-purpose printing file will be described later.
As described previously, this general-purpose printing file is transmitted from the spooler 604 to the job control port monitor 621 (a)and to the job control print service 622 (b). In accordance with the type of job control to be performed for this print job, the job control print service 622 generates a drawing command on the basis of the general-purpose printing file (c). The PDL driver 602 converts this drawing command into a PDL file interpretable by the printing device650. Referring to FIG. 6, the job control print service 622 performs jobcontrol which divides this print job into two jobs. The two member jobs generated are indicated by two arrows (c). The PDL file generated by thePDL driver 602 is transferred from the spooler 604 to the job control port monitor 621 (d) and to the job control print service 622 again (e).In accordance with instructions from the job control server 630, the jobcontrol print service 622 transmits the PDL print job data to the printing device 650 (f).
In accordance with instructions of a printing designating document (a printing designating field to be described later with reference to FIG.8, also called a job ticket) in the general-purpose printing file, the job control print service 622 logically divides one general-purpose printing file into a plurality of print jobs and transmits them to different printing devices, or retransmits once transmitted print job data to another printing device. (c), (d), (e), and (f) in FIG. 6indicate paths of print job data in this case.
On the other hand, when application software forms a general-purpose printing file and directly supplies this general-purpose printing file as a print job, the way of transfer of information to the group printerdriver 603 and the contents of processing in the group printer driver603 are different from a general application.
As described above, to transfer drawing information to the group printerdriver 603, a general application calls the GDI function of Windows OS(Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp., U.S.A.) as in the case of a common printer driver, and the group printer driver 603generates a general-purpose printing file accordingly. In contrast, an application which directly forms a general-purpose printing file already has a general-purpose printing file and supplies this general-purpose printing file to the group printer driver 603. The group printer driver603 rewrites, if necessary, the internal printing designating document of the general-purpose printing file on the basis of a preset printing method, and transfers the file to the spooler 604.
FIG. 8 shows an example of the configuration of the general-purpose printing file. This general-purpose printing file used in thisembodiment has a printing designating field 8-a and a document datafield 8-b. The printing designating field 8-a describes document information and printing designation. The document data field 8-b converts document data of the application into general-form data, and has a data format independent of a printer language.
The printing designating field 8-a includes a header field, page information field, printing style designating field, output method designating field, group printer driver setting information field, thenumber of member printers (the number of member printer drivers), memberprinter driver names, and member printer driver setting information field. These fields will be explained below.
The “header field” stores information such as version identification ofthe file and file information. The “page information field” stores information such as the number of pages of document data in the document data field 8-b, and the size of each page. The “printing style designating field” stores information concerning the output style suchas the range of pages to be printed, the number of copies, document data page layout information (N-UP or bookbinding printing), and staple designation or punch designation. The “output method designating field”stores information such as distributed printing, color-monochrome distributed printing, print job redirecting printing, and broadcast printing as output methods. The “group printer driver settinginformation field” stores printing setting information of the UI of thegroup printer driver (to be described later). The “number of memberprinters” stores the number of member printer drivers related by thegroup printer driver. The “member printer driver names” (identification information for identifying member printer drivers) stores the printerdriver names of member printers. The “member printer driver settinginformation field” stores, e.g., DEVMODE information as printing settinginformation of the driver UI of a member printer driver. The “memberprinter driver names” and the “member printer driver setting information field” have storage areas corresponding to the number of member printers stored in the “number of member printers” described above.
To generate a general-purpose printing file, the group printer driver603 explained with reference to FIG. 6 records the setting on the GUI provided by the group printer driver into the printing designating field8-a. In addition, the group printer driver 603 converts data received from the application 603 by GDI into general-purpose data and records as document data in the document data field 8-b of this general-purpose printing file.
Note that the printing designating field 8-a and document data field 8-bof this general-purpose printing file can also be different files. Inthis case, the printing designating field exists as a printing designating document file, and the document data field exists as a document data file. These files can also be processed as a single file in the form of an archive.
The relationship between Print System provided by Windows and a print job in the print job control system and the contents of processing willbe described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 7.
Referring to FIG. 7, a print job control system 700 indicates the range of a print job control system across a physical machine in which control programs of the server and client operate. Output ports 711A and 711Bmanaged by the server are related to proxy output ports 712A and 712B ofthe job control print service 622 of the client, and all proxy output ports of clients related to one port are collectively managed. In thisembodiment, actual print job data is held in the proxy output port 712of each client. The job control server 630 does not transmit print job data itself, but only instructs the job control print service 622 to transmit a print job. In accordance with the instruction, the jobcontrol print service 622 of the client transmits print job data to the device 650.
Processing when the print job control system 700 performs value-added printing such as print job redirecting printing, distributed printing,or broadcast printing will be explained.
As described previously, when the print job control system 700 performs value-added printing such as print job redirecting printing, distributed printing, or broadcast printing, the user or the application 601 must issue a print job to a printer to which the group printer driver 603 is allocated. The job control print service 622 receives the job data processed by the group printer driver 603, as a general-purpose printing file, via the job control port monitor 621 and a logic port 710. Upon receiving this job, the job control print service 622 issues, via ade-spooler 701, a job (member job) to another printer to which the PDLdriver 602 is allocated, and causes this printer to print the job.
That is, the de-spooler 701 interprets the printing designating field8-a of the general-purpose printing file explained with reference to FIG. 8, converts document data in the document data field 8-b into theGDI of Windows, instructs each printer driver to perform printing, and issues a print job. For example, when designation of 2-UP is recorded inthe printing style designating field, the de-spooler 701 lays out document data of two pages on a sheet of paper in a reduced scale. In distributed printing or broadcast printing, the de-spooler 701 issues jobs to a plurality of member printer drivers described in the printing designating field 8-a, in accordance with the setting of the printing.In print job redirecting printing, when the substitute conditions are met the de-spooler 701 issues a member job in accordance with previous setting in the case of automatic substitution or with a user's operation in the case of manual substitution.
When the de-spooler 701 is to issue a job to each member printer driver,DEVMODE (data describing driver setting information and the like) ofeach member printer driver must be formed as a printing instruction tothe member printer driver. This DEVMODE is generated by properly reflecting the contents described in the printing designating field 8-aon DEVMODE of each member printer driver.
The job control print service 622 of the client receives PDL data ofeach member job, rendered by the PDL driver 602, via the job control port monitor 621, and notifies the server of information concerning the received job. In addition, the job control print service 622 temporarily holds the job data in the proxy output ports 712A and 712B. After that,the job control print service 622 receives a transmission instruction from the job control server 630 and transmits the held print job to the printing device 650.
Control of the group printer driver for the print job control system inthis embodiment of the present invention will be described below.
FIG. 15 is a view showing the way the group printer driver is set inthis embodiment. More specifically, FIG. 15 shows the way the groupprinter driver is set when the print job control system is installed, orthe way the setting of the group printer driver is changed in accordance with user' instructions.
As shown in FIG. 15, combinations of printer drivers A, B, and C,various set values for the individual member printer drivers, and,although not shown, output methods designated via the user interface displayed upon installation are stored as default values. Examples ofthe output methods are normal printing which causes a single normal specific printer to print data, and distributed printing, broadcast printing, color-monochrome distributed printing, and print job redirecting printing explained above.
FIG. 16 shows an example of the user interface of the group printerdriver when the contents as shown in FIG. 15 are set. Referring to FIG.16, ratio distribution is designated as an output method. In 1601,printers A, B, and C are set as member printer drivers forming the groupprinter driver. Reference numeral 1602 denotes an operation button for designating addition/deletion of a member printer driver. For example,when this button 1602 is clicked while the printer A is selected as shown in FIG. 16, this printer A is deleted from the configuration ofthe member printer driver by this control program.
FIG. 9 is a flow chart showing the control flow of a group printerdriver UI display process according to this embodiment. Processing in each step of this flow chart shown in FIG. 9 is implemented by a CPU(Central Processing Unit) of the information processing apparatus described above by loading a control program stored in a predetermined storage medium such as a ROM or FD or in a hard disk (HD), and executing processing based on the loaded program.
In step S901, if an application requests UI display via Windows System,the CPU uses the print job control system API to acquire member printer names usable by the group printer driver. The member printer driver names acquired in step S901 are a plurality of member printer drivers stored in the print job control system (group printer driver) when this processing in step S901 is executed. A method of acquiring a pluralityof member printer drivers stored is not limited to the method using the member printer driver names. That is, any member printer driver identification information with which each member printer driver can be identified is applicable to the present invention.
In step S902, the member printer configuration (member printer identification information) which the group printer driver holds as default data is compared with the member printer names acquired in stepS901. This processing in step S902 is equivalent to comparing the memberprinter driver configuration (member printer driver identification information) which the group printer driver holds as default data with member printer drivers stored as the entities of programs in the information processing apparatus. For example, when the group printerdriver holds the three member printer driver names, i.e., the memberprinter drivers A, B, and C, as default values as shown in FIGS. 15 and16, the processing in step S902 checks whether the entities of control programs of these member printer drivers A, B, and C are actually stored in a usable form in the information processing apparatus.
If the result of the comparison in step S902 indicates that any of these member printers is unusable in the print job control system, i.e., if itis determined that the entity of a member printer driver which the groupprinter driver holds as identification information is not stored in ausable form in the print job control system, the flow advances to stepS903 to display a warning message as shown in FIG. 12. This display shown in FIG. 12 is obtained by displaying, on the display unit via theOS, the contents based on display information for displaying the userinterface included in the print control program (including the groupprinter driver) of this embodiment. Other display contents in thisembodiment are obtained by the same mechanism.
In step S904, the member printer driver found to be unusable is deleted from the present member printer driver configuration, and the process is continued.
After that, in step S905 the group printer driver UI is displayed.
FIG. 10 is a flow chart showing a detailed operation of the UI display process (step S905) in FIG. 9. Note that processing in each step of this flow chart shown in FIG. 10 is implemented by the CPU (Central Processing Unit) of the information processing apparatus described above by loading a control program stored in a predetermined storage medium such as a ROM or FD or in a hard disk (HD), and executing processing based on the loaded program.
This processing shown in FIG. 10 will be explained with reference to FIG. 13 as an example of an actual user interface.
First, in step S1001, a combo box list displayed as indicated by 1301 in FIG. 13 is designated by a user's operation, and the CPU checks whether“favorite” other than currently selected “favorite” is selected. In practice, before this UI is displayed, list information is generated which allows a plurality of registered “favorites” to be displayed inthe form of a list from which the user can select any one of these favorites. When a click signal corresponding to the button 1301 shown in FIG. 13 is input, a list of one or a plurality of currently registered favorites is displayed, and the user can select a desired one of these favorites. In step S1001, the CPU checks whether another favorite is newly selected from the list. In this specification, “favorite” is composite printing setting information which registers printing settinginformation for a plurality of member printers.
If determining in step S1001 that the selection of favorite is changed,in step S1002 the CPU checks the setting by this “favorite” selection change. Details of step S1002 will be described later.
In step S1003, the CPU checks whether to permit the change made in stepS1002. If YES in step S1003, in step S1004 the CPU changes control ofall sheets in accordance with the new setting and also changes the setting of all member printers to the setting held in “favorite”. If NOin step S1003, the CPU does not change the setting and returns the flow to step S1001.
On the other hand, if determining in step S1001 that the selection of“favorite” is not changed, the flow advances to step S1005. In stepS1005, the CPU checks whether clicking of a “favorite addition button”as indicated by 1302 shown in FIG. 13 is input in accordance with an operator's instruction.
If determining in step S1005 that the addition button is clicked, instep S1006 the CPU performs a series of processes of registering favorite in accordance with the present setting. Set values registered(saved) as favorite setting in this present setting are set values of various items set via the user interface (“page setting” sheet) as shownin FIG. 13, combinations of member printer drivers set via the userinterface (“output setting” sheet) as shown in FIG. 16 (in thisembodiment, member printers can be added and deleted by operating a“printer add/delete” button 1602 on the output setting sheet), and setvalues set via different user interfaces displayed when, e.g., “finish”,“paper feed”, and “printing quality” sheets are selected.
In the favorite registration process, printing setting information including not only printing setting information set via the groupprinter driver UI but also printing setting information set via the individual UIs of different member printer drivers is registered with aname. This name may be input by the user or determined from the date/time or the setting contents. In this favorite registration, databased on the data structure of DEVMODE (containing both common setting items and extended setting items to be described later with reference to FIG. 15) is saved (copied). In this embodiment, as will be described later with reference to FIG. 21, DEVMODE of the group printer driver andDEVMODE of each member printer driver are collectively saved.
FIG. 20 is a flow chart for explaining the favorite registration process according to this embodiment. When the button 1302 shown in FIG. 13 is clicked, in step S2001 a registration window (not shown) is displayed and the user is prompted to enter the name of favorite. When the name is entered, the flow advances to step S2002 to acquire member printers registered as the present group printer. For example, if the memberprinters A, B, and C are registered as explained with reference to FIG.16, these printers A, B, and C are acquired in this step. At the sametime, DEVMODE of the group printer is acquired and added to the favorite data. In steps S2003 and S2004, DEV MODEs of the member printers acquired in step S2002 are acquired in turn and additionally stored as information of this favorite in one-to-one correspondence with information for identifying the member printers.
FIG. 21 is a view showing an example of the data configuration of favorite generated by the process shown in FIG. 20. DEVMODE information is registered for the group printer and each member printer. DEVMODE ofthe group printer driver contains the setting of the print job control system, e.g., designation of a printing method such as distributed,print job redirecting, or broadcast printing, and a list of memberprinters, in addition to the set contents of the common setting items.When favorite is selected, therefore, the common setting items set bythe group printer driver and the printing method are restored, and the registered DEVMODE information is transferred to the member printers A,B, and C (step S1004) and set for these member printers. Consequently,the state registered in the favorite is completely restored. The relationship between the configuration in FIG. 21 and the configuration in FIG. 15 is that the printer drivers A 1501 to C 1503 correspond to printer IDs and the set contents of the individual setting items correspond to DEVMODE information.
In steps S1001 to S1007, the configuration of member printers forming the group printer is registered for each “favorite”. When a desired favorite is selected, printing set information recorded in this favorite is reflected on member printers registered in the favorite. For example,even when the group printer is currently operating by using the printerdrivers A, B, and D as printer drivers, if the configuration of memberprinters of a newly selected favorite are A, B, and C, the memberprinter configuration is changed to A, B, and C at the time this favorite is selected. However, the member printer configuration need notbe registered in “favorite”. When this is the case, the printing settinginformation registered in favorite is reflected on member printerdrivers usable at that time or on a member printer configuration set by another operation at that time. For example, if the group printer is currently operating by using the printer drivers A, B, and D as printerdrivers, the printing setting information registered in the favorite is reflected on the printer drivers in this member configuration.
Subsequently, in step S1007, the CPU changes the display of “favorite”in 1301 such that the newly registered one is selectable, and returns the flow to step S1001.
If determining in step S1005 that the addition button 1302 is not clicked, the CPU checks in step S1008 whether the setting (e.g., the paper size) other than “favorite” is changed by a user's instruction. If determining in step S1008 that the setting is changed, the CPU checks instep S1009 whether the operation is to change the configuration, e.g.,add or delete a member printer. If determining in step S1009 that the operation is to change the member printer driver configuration, the CPU checks in step S1010 whether the setting is possible and proceeds the flow to step S1011.
In step S1011, the CPU determines whether the configuration of memberprinter drivers can be changed. This determination process corresponds to the process in step S1002 explained in FIG. 11. That is, the CPU checks whether the individual member printer drivers in the changed member printer driver configuration are stored in a form by which thisprint job control program can actually use these printers. For example,if only the entities (including the printer driver names and control programs) of printer drivers corresponding to the names of the memberprinter drivers A, B, and C as shown in FIG. 15 are stored in a form by which this print job control program can use these entities, addition ofa new member printer driver D is not permitted although simple deletion of a member printer driver is permitted.
If determining in step S1011 that the change is possible, the flow proceeds to step S1012.
If determining in step S1009 that the operation relates to a setting change other than a change in the member printer driver configuration(if NO in step S1009), the flow directly advances to step S1012 to change the designated setting. For example, the CPU changes the setting of any item shown in FIG. 15.
As a result of the processing in step S1012, the set contents of“favorite” currently being selected are made different from the actual setting. To clearly indicate this, therefore, the UI display is changed(step S1013). More specifically, the color is changed from black to another color, or the icons are changed. FIG. 14 shows an example of the changed display. That is, if “1 page/sheet” is changed to “2pages/sheet” as indicated by page layout 1402, the contents of the combobox list 1301 shown in FIG. 13 are changed as indicated by 1401. Also,if it is determined that the setting is thus changed, it is possible to prompt the user to newly register “favorite” including the changed setting.
The above determination is repeated until the user closes the dialogue,i.e., designates termination of the setting (step S1014).
Details of the process of checking whether the setting change is possible (step S1002) will be explained below with reference to a flowchart in FIG. 11. Note that processing in each step of this flow chart shown in FIG. 11 is implemented by the CPU (Central Processing Unit) ofthe information processing apparatus described above by loading a control program stored in a predetermined storage medium such as a ROM or FD or in a hard disk (HD), and executing processing based on the loaded program.
First, in step S1101, the CPU acquires member printer driver names usable by the group printer driver by using the print job control system API. In step S1102, the CPU compares one or a plurality of memberprinter driver names acquired in step S1101 with the configuration(identification information of a plurality of member printer drivers) of member printers held by the group printer driver in accordance with“favorite”.
For example, if the configuration of member printer drivers corresponding to a newly selected “favorite” includes the printerdrivers A and B as explained in FIG. 15, and if the entities of these member printer drivers as shown in FIG. 15 are registered in a usable form, the result of determination in step S1102 is YES. On the otherhand, if the member printer driver configuration corresponding to the newly selected “favorite” includes the printer driver D, and if thisprinter driver D is not installed or registered in a form by which thisprint job control program can use the printer, the result of determination in step S1102 is NO.
If the result of comparison in step S1102 shows that any one of the member printers cannot be used by the printer job control system, instep S1104 the CPU displays the warning message as shown in FIG. 12. Inthis case, the CPU does not permit the change of the member printerdriver configuration (step S1105). On the other hand, if all the memberprinters designated by the new member printer configuration are usable,in step S1103 the CPU permits the change of the member printer configuration and terminates the series of processes.
Note that in step S1105 described above, the change of the memberprinter configuration is not permitted. However, as a modification of step S1105, it is also possible to delete an unusable member printer from the present member printer configuration and then permit the change of this member printer configuration. This makes it possible to realize a printing setting environment meeting a user's desire more favorably.
With the above arrangement, detailed settings of member printer drivers can be registered as favorite. Also, when this favorite is selected, the settings of all member printers used by the group printer driver can be restored by a single operation.
Furthermore, favorite is registered by saving or copying data based onthe data structure of DEVMODE. Therefore, even the setting of a memberprinter driver whose extended setting items are unknown can be restored only by transferring DEVMODE saved in this member printer driver.
Second Embodiment
In the second embodiment, the setting of the group printer driver via the user interface explained in the first embodiment will be described in more detail below.
FIGS. 17 to 19 are flow charts showing the control flows of this print job control program. Note that processing in each step of this flowcharts shown in FIGS. 17 to 19 is implemented by a CPU (Central Processing Unit) of the information processing apparatus described above by loading a control program stored in a predetermined storage medium such as a ROM or FD or in a hard disk (HD), and executing processing based on the loaded program.
First, in step S1701, the CPU receives a group printer driver UI display request via the OS. In step S1702, the CPU uses the print job control system API to inquire the IDs (e.g., the names) of member printerdrivers constructing the group printer driver, thereby acquiring the IDs of all member printer drivers constructing the group printer. In stepS1703, the CPU acquires the capabilities of the individual memberprinter drivers in accordance with the IDs of these member printerdrivers acquired in step S1702. More specifically, in step S1703, the CPU checks whether each of all the member printer drivers constructing the group printer is a “driver capable of function control” from whichthe group printer driver can acquire driver functions up to a portion ofthe extended region of driver setting information, and which can perform driver UI control, or a “driver incapable of function control” which isa driver other than the former driver, thereby obtaining information concerning the capability of function control. For example, the capability of function control can be determined by checking a response to a predetermined inquiry (e.g., API call).
In step S1704, the CPU checks the configuration of the member printers in accordance with the function control capability information obtained in step S1703. If the group is made up of only “drivers capable of function control”, the flow advances to step S1705 (proceeds to processing in FIG. 18); if not, the flow advances to step S1706(proceeds to processing in FIG. 19).
Common setting items and extended setting items are as shown in FIG. 15.The data format of the common setting items is a common data format regardless of providers. The data format (data meaning) of each extended setting item changes from one provider to another; some data formats canbe loaded but cannot be recognized.
FIG. 18 is a flow representing the details of step S1705. In step S1801,the CPU performs function conflict processing by inquiring of each member printer driver about capabilities pertaining to individual common setting items, and, on the basis of the result of the processing,selects items to be displayed by the group printer driver UI. The function conflict processing is as follows. The presence/absence of each setting item is checked for each member printer driver as an object ofthe group printer. If all the member printer drivers as objects have a certain function, the group printer driver UI handles this function as asettable item. If even one member printer driver does not have a given function, the corresponding item is handled as a non-settable item.
In step S1802, the CPU performs the function conflict processing shownin step S1801 for extended setting items of each member printer driver.In step S1803, on the basis of the results of conflict processing executed in steps S1801 and S1802, the CPU displays the group printerdriver UI (e.g., the UI as shown in FIG. 13 or 14), and sets individual items in accordance with user's instructions.
For a function which is found by the above conflict processing not to exist in some member printers, UI control by which the item is grayedout or is not displayed at all is performed so that the item cannot beset on the UI. No such UI control is performed for functions present in all the member printers. In this step, it is also possible to perform UIcontrol to prevent conflict between setting items, if the user designates a functionally impossible combination, e.g., “bookbindingprinting” and punch or staple.
In step S1804, the CPU checks whether a member printer driver is designated in order to set details of a setting item not present on thegroup printer driver UI by opening the UI of the member printer. Amember printer driver to be designated is one of the member printers forming the group printer driver and is selected from the list of memberprinter drivers shown in FIG. 16 in accordance with input via a pointing device such as a mouse.
If it is determined in step S1804 that a member printer driver isselected, the flow advances to step S1805. In step S1805, the memberprinter driver UI designated in step S1804 is displayed, and detailed setting is performed via this UI.
For example, if a printer driver C shown in FIG. 16 is selected, amember printer driver UI unique to this printer driver C is displayed.If “watermark” is set to “present”, “watermark” of the printer driver Cis set to “present” as indicated by 1505 in FIG. 15.
This is equivalent to processing performed when only this printer driverC has a watermark function.
If registration of favorite is designated (YES in step S1005) while thestate in which “watermark” is set to “present” in the printer driver Cis held without being changed, the printing setting information individually set on the member printer driver UI is also saved(registered) as part of the composite printing setting information ofthe favorite. The printing setting information of each item set on thegroup printer driver UI is, of course, also saved (registered) as the composite printing setting information.
When the member printer driver UI is opened, items settable by the groupprinter driver can also be set. Therefore, if the same function is seton the two UIs, the processing is doubled. To prevent this inconvenience, the following UI control is performed to control the display.
(A) If the member printer is a “driver capable of function control”,items competing with setting items on the group printer driver UI aregrayed out or are not displayed at all by UI control, so that these items cannot be set on the member printer driver UI.(B) If the member printer is a “driver incapable of function control”,each common setting item is displayed on the UI in accordance with the contents set by the member printer driver. If this item is changed onthe member printer driver UI after the UI display, in the step of closing the driver UI the information of the setting item set by thegroup printer driver is overwritten with the common setting item of the corresponding member printer driver, thereby inhibiting the setting change on the member printer UI.
In performing the overwriting process, a warning indicating that the setting change on the member printer UI is invalid can be displayed.
Note that in step S1805, UI control (A) described above is performed because all member printers as objects are “drivers capable of function control”.
When the processing in step S1805 is completed, the flow proceeds to step S1707 in FIG. 17.
FIG. 19 is a flow chart showing the details of step S1706. The flow proceeds to step S1706 only when the member printer driver configuration is different from step S1705, i.e., when the member printer driver configuration includes both “drivers capable of function control” and“drivers incapable of function control”, or includes only “drivers incapable of function control”. In these cases, items settable by thegroup printer driver UI are limited to common setting items whose printing setting information can be read and written in common.
In step S1901, similar to step S1801 in FIG. 18, the CPU inquires ofeach member printer driver about capabilities concerning the individual common setting items, performs function conflict processing, and, on the basis of the result of the processing, selects items to be displayed onthe group printer driver UI. In step S1902, on the basis of the result of the UI conflict processing performed in step S1901, the CPU displays the group printer driver UI as shown in FIG. 13 or 14. In this step, the CPU performs control such that items found to have no functions by the conflict processing and the extended setting items are grayed out or arenot displayed at all, as non-settable items, so as not to be set on thegroup printer driver UI.
To set those extended setting items and setting items unique to each member printer, which cannot be set in step S1902, the UI of each memberprinter must be used. In step S1903, therefore, to open the UI of each member printer, the CPU checks whether a member printer to be set is designated on the group printer driver UI. If the member printer is designated, the flow advances to step S1904, and the CPU opens the member printer driver UI designated in step S1903, thereby enabling detailed setting by the user.
For example, assume that the printer driver C shown in FIG. 16 isselected (equivalent to step S1903), the member printer driver UI unique to this printer driver C is displayed, and “watermark” is set to“present”. In this case, “watermark” of the printer driver C is set to“present” as indicated by 1505 in FIG. 15.
This processing is performed when, for example, the providers of the printer drivers A, B, and C are different, the data formats (data meanings) of the extended setting items are different, and the printerdriver C has the watermark function.
If registration of favorite is designated (YES in step S1005) while thestate in which “watermark” is set to “present” in the printer driver Cis held without being changed, the printing setting information individually set on the member printer driver UI is also saved(registered) as part of the set state of the favorite. The printingsetting information of each item set on the group printer driver UI is,of course, also saved (registered) as the printing setting information of the favorite.
After step S1904, the flow proceeds to step S1707 in FIG. 17.
In the flow charts shown in FIGS. 17 to 19 and the flow chart shown in FIG. 10 explained above, item information set via the user interface unique to a member printer driver is also saved (registered) as part ofthe printing setting information of favorite. Therefore, when this favorite is selected later and set for a plurality of member printerdrivers at once (e.g., S1004), printing setting information (e.g.,“watermark” described above) individually set via the user interface ofa member printer driver is also restored to the member printer driver asan object of the individual setting. Accordingly, a user interface readily usable by a user can be provided.
In each embodiment as described above, when the set contents of aplurality of member printer drivers are collectively set via the groupprinter driver UI, this printing setting information can be saved as composite printing setting (favorite). Also, a user can reuse the saved composite printing setting. Therefore, even when performing printing by using a plurality of member printer drivers, the user need not open theUIs of the individual member printer drivers to separately reset the set contents a number of times.
Additionally, the held setting unique to a member printer driver can be registered in a composite setting list as part of the composite printingsetting information. Furthermore, a plurality of different pieces of composite printing setting information can be registered and selected from a list. This mechanism further improves the ease of use for users.
The present invention can be applied to a system constituted by aplurality of devices (e.g., a host computer, interface, reader, and printer) or to an apparatus (e.g., a copying machine or facsimile apparatus) comprising a single device.
Further, the object of the present invention can also be achieved by supplying a storage medium storing program codes of software for implementing the functions of the above embodiments to a system or apparatus, and reading out and executing the program codes stored in the storage medium by a computer (or a CPU or MPU) of the system or apparatus.
In this case, the program codes read out from the storage medium implement the functions of the present invention, and the storage medium storing these program codes constitutes the invention.
As this storage medium for supplying the program codes, it is possible to use, e.g., a floppy disk, hard disk, optical disk, magnetoopticaldisk, CD-ROM, CD-R, magnetic tape, nonvolatile memory card, and ROM.
Furthermore, besides the functions of the above embodiments are implemented by executing the readout program codes by the computer, the present invention includes a case where an OS (Operating System) or the like running on the computer performs part or the whole of actual processing in accordance with designations by the program codes and thereby implements the functions of the above embodiments.
Furthermore, the present invention also includes a case where the program codes read out from the storage medium are written in a memory of a function extension board inserted into the computer or of a function extension unit connected to the computer, and, in accordance with designations by the program codes, a CPU or the like of the function extension board or function extension unit performs part or the whole of actual processing and thereby implements the functions of the above embodiments.
As has been explained above, the present invention can provide a mechanism capable of realizing efficient printing setting for aplurality of printer drivers.
As many apparently widely different embodiments of the present invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, it isto be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments thereof except as defined in the claims.
1. An information processing method of an information processing apparatus having a virtual printer capable of comprehensively controlling a plurality of member printers based on a print command to perform a predetermined output method, said information processing method comprising: an instructing step of instructing to add or delete amember printer to be comprehensively controlled by the virtual printer;a first setting control step of setting common print setting information to the virtual printer and individually setting individual printingsetting information to each of the plurality of the member printers; a registration step of registering via a user interface of the virtualprinter, the common printing setting information which is set in the virtual printer, a combination of information of the plurality of memberprinters, and individual printing setting information which is set in each of the plurality of member printers, in the virtual printer as one reusable composite printing setting information; a display controlling step of displaying in the user interface of the virtual printer aplurality of composite printing setting information that have been registered by repeating several times said registration step, such that any one of composite printing setting information can be selected; a selection step of selecting, via the user interface of the virtualprinter, any one of composite printing setting information from theplurality of composite printing setting information; a second setting control step of automatically setting to the virtual printer driver the common printing setting information and automatically setting to each ofthe plurality of member printers included in the combination of information the individual printing setting information corresponding tothe member printer, in response to a selection of the composite printingsetting information in said selection step; and a generating step of generating the plurality of jobs by comprehensively controlling theplurality of member printers to which the common printing settinginformation and the individual printing setting information is individually set by the second setting control step.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the composite printing setting information includes settings set via a user interface of the virtual printer, which collectively sets the plurality of member printers, and a name is associated with the composite printing setting information.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the composite printing settinginformation includes information for enabling to generate DEVMODEinformation of each of the plurality of member printers.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the DEVMODE information includes both common setting items and extended setting items.
5. The method accordingto claim 1, further comprising a list generation step of generating information for displaying a plurality of pieces of composite printingsetting information as a list from which a user can select any of theplurality of pieces of composite printing setting information.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the composite printing settinginformation includes a setting from output methods using the pluralityof member printers, and the output methods include distributed printing and broadcast printing, or distributed printing and print job redirecting printing.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said registration step includes reflecting a change of combination of memberprinters which results from an instruction indicating addition or deletion of a member printer, to composite printing setting information,and registering the composite printing setting information.
8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: a determination step of determining whether each of a plurality of member printers corresponding to the composite printing setting information selected in said selection step is usable; and a warning display control step of performing control such that a warning is displayed, if it is determined in said determination step that any of the plurality of member printers is unusable.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the settings set to each of the plurality of member printers include a setting which is different from settings set to others of the member printers.
10. An information processing apparatus having a virtual printer capable of comprehensively controlling a plurality of member printers based on a print command to perform a predetermined output method, said information processing apparatus comprising: an instructing unit configured to instruct adding or deleting a member printer to be comprehensively controlled by the virtual printer; a first setting control unit configured to set common printing setting information to the virtualprinter and to set individual printing setting information to each ofthe plurality of the member printers; a registration unit configured to register via a user interface of the virtual printer, the common printing setting information which is set in the virtual printer, a combination of information of the plurality of member printers, and individual printing setting information which is set in each of theplurality of member printers, in the virtual printer as one reusable composite printing setting information; a display controlling unit configured to display in the user interface of the virtual printer aplurality of composite printing setting information that have been registered by repeating several times said registration step, such that any one of composite printing setting information can be selected; a selection unit configured to select, via the user interface of the virtual printer, any one of composite printing setting information fromthe plurality of composite printing setting information; a second setting control unit configured to automatically set to the virtualprinter driver the common printing setting information and automatically set to each of the plurality of member printers included in the combination of information, the individual printing setting information corresponding to the member printer, in response to a selection of the composite printing setting information in said selection unit; and a generating unit configured to generate the plurality of jobs by comprehensively controlling the plurality of member printers to whichthe common printing setting information and the individual printingsetting information is individually set by the second setting control unit.
11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the compositeprinting setting information includes settings set via a user interface of the virtual printer, which collectively sets the plurality of memberprinters, and a name is associated with the composite printing settinginformation.
12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the composite printing setting information includes information for enabling to generate DEVMODE information of each of the plurality of memberprinters.
13. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the DEVMODEinformation includes both common setting items and extended setting items.
14. The apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising alist generation unit configured to generate information for displaying aplurality of pieces of composite printing setting information as a list from which a user can select any of the plurality of pieces of compositeprinting setting information.
15. The apparatus according to claim 10,wherein the composite printing setting information includes a setting from output method using the plurality of member printers, and the output methods include distributed printing and broadcast printing, or distributed printing and print job redirecting printing.
16. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said registration unit reflect sa change of combination of member printers which results from an instruction indicating addition or deletion of a member printer, to composite printing setting information, and registers the compositeprinting setting information.
17. The apparatus according to claim 10,further comprising: a determination unit configured to determine whether each of a plurality of member printers corresponding to the compositeprinting setting information selected by said selection unit is usable;and a warning display control unit configured to perform control suchthat a warning is displayed, if said determination unit determines that any of the plurality of member printers is unusable.
18. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the settings set to each of the pluralityof member printers includes a setting which is different from settings set to others of the member printers.
19. A computer-executable program stored on a computer-readable storage medium allowing a computer to execute an information processing method of an information processing apparatus having a virtual printer capable of comprehensively controlling a plurality of member printers based on a print command to perform a predetermined output method, said information processing method comprising: an instructing step of instructing to add or delete amember printer to be comprehensively controlled by the virtual printer;a first setting control step of setting common print setting information to the virtual printer and individually setting individual printingsetting information to each of the plurality of the member printers; a registration step of registering via a user interface of the virtualprinter, the common printing setting information which is set in the virtual printer, a combination of information of the plurality of memberprinters, and individual printing setting information which is set in each of the plurality of member printers, in the virtual printer as one reusable composite printing setting information; a display controlling step of displaying in the user interface of the virtual printer aplurality of composite printing setting information that have been registered by repeating several times said registration step, such that any one of composite printing setting information can be selected; a selection step of selecting, via the user interface of the virtualprinter, any one of composite printing setting information from theplurality of composite printing setting information; a second setting control step of automatically setting to the virtual printer driver the common printing setting information and automatically setting to each ofthe plurality of member printers included in the combination of information the individual printing setting information corresponding tothe member printer, in response to a selection of the composite printingsetting information in said selection step; and a generating step of generating the plurality of jobs by comprehensively controlling theplurality of member printers to which the common printing settinginformation and the individual printing setting information is individually set by the second setting control step.
20. Thecomputer-executable program stored on a computer-readable storage mediumaccording to claim 19, wherein the composite printing settinginformation includes settings set via a user interface of the virtualprinter, which collectively sets the plurality of member printers, and aname is associated with the composite printing setting information. 21.The computer-executable program stored on a computer-readable storage medium according to claim 19, wherein the composite printing settinginformation includes information for enabling to generate DEVMODEinformation of each of the plurality of member printers.
22. Thecomputer-executable program stored on a computer-readable storage mediumaccording to claim 21, wherein the DEVMODE information includes both common setting items and extended setting items.
23. Thecomputer-executable program stored on a computer-readable storage mediumaccording to claim 19, wherein the information processing method further comprises a list generation step of generating information for displaying a plurality of pieces of composite printing settinginformation as a list from which a user can select any of the pluralityof pieces of composite printing setting information.
24. Thecomputer-executable program stored on a computer-readable storage mediumaccording to claim 19, wherein the composite printing settinginformation includes a setting of output method using the plurality of member printers, and the output method includes distributed printing and broadcast printing, or distributed printing and print job redirecting printing.
25. The computer-executable program stored on acomputer-readable storage medium according to claim 19, wherein said registration step includes reflecting a change of combination of memberprinters which results from an instruction indicating addition or deletion of a member printer, to composite printing setting information,and registering the composite printing setting information.
26. Thecomputer-executable program stored on a computer-readable storage mediumaccording to claim 19, wherein the information processing method further comprises: a determination step of determining whether each of aplurality of member printers corresponding to the composite printingsetting information selected in said selection step is usable; and a warning display control step of performing control such that a warning is displayed, if it is determined in said determination step that any ofthe plurality of member printers is unusable.
27. Thecomputer-executable program stored on a computer-readable storage mediumaccording to claim 19, wherein the settings set to each of the pluralityof member printers include a setting which is different from settings set to others of the member printers.
|
<!-- Do not edit this file. It is automatically generated by API Documenter. -->
[Home](./index.md) > [@issue-tracker/types](./types.md) > [IBaseComment](./types.ibasecomment.md)
## IBaseComment interface
Comment belonging to a task
<b>Signature:</b>
```typescript
export interface IBaseComment
```
## Properties
| Property | Type | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [author](./types.ibasecomment.author.md) | unknown | |
| [content](./types.ibasecomment.content.md) | string | |
|
[Economic Indicators May, 2016]
[Page Number 28]
BANK CREDIT AT ALL COMMERCIAL BANKS
Text and graphics unavailable.
See the corresponding PDF file.
|
in the time of Haeold had made themselves masters of Caerleon, Caerwent, Chepstow, and Monmouth ; and the Norman Barons appear to have retained these places, from whence, by a series of raids, they at length mastered the whole country, which at that period was known as Gwent. It was not till the reign of Henkt II that the line of petty princes who had ruled over Gwent became extinct, — say some 60 years before the date I have just quoted as that in which the first mention occurs of the Castle of Caldicot.
The Humphrey de Bohun, to whom the Castle then belonged, was the fifth Earl of that line, and went by the sobriquet of the Good Earl of Hereford. He died in 1275, and was buried before the high altar in the priory of Llanthony.
The fifth descendant of this good Earl of Hereford, also a Humphrey de Bohun, died in 1373, leaving two daughters, of whom the elder married Thomas de Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, and the younger Henky de Bolingbroke, who afterwards became King Henry the Fourth.
sion of Caldicot Castle.
The Duke's inordhiate ambition got him into trouble, which ended in his being murdered. As Froissart says in his "Chronicle," "When he had dined, and was about^to have washed his hands, there came into his chamber four men, and cast suddenly a towel about the Duke's neck, and drew so sore that he fell to the earth, and so they strangled him, and closed his eyes." This was in 1397, in the time of Richard the Second, who is believed to have been at the bottom of the affair.
treason.
He left one son, who died without issue ; and his daughter became co-heiress of^the de Bohun estates. She married Edmund Earl of Stafford, and ancestor of the celebrated, but unfortunate, Henry Duke of Buckingham. This Eai-1 Stafford was killed at the battle of Shrewsbux-y, and died seized of Caldicot Castle.
|
import { render, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
import React from 'react'
import { WebviewIntentProvider } from 'cozy-intent'
import InAppBrowser from './InAppBrowser'
describe('InAppBrowser', () => {
it('should call fetchSessionCode and showInAppBrowser', async () => {
const url = 'https://test.url'
const intentCall = jest.fn()
const webviewService = {
call: intentCall
}
intentCall
.mockResolvedValueOnce('sessioncode')
.mockResolvedValueOnce({ type: 'dismiss' })
render(
<WebviewIntentProvider webviewService={webviewService}>
<InAppBrowser url={url} />
</WebviewIntentProvider>
)
await waitFor(() => expect(webviewService.call).toHaveBeenCalled())
expect(webviewService.call).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, 'fetchSessionCode')
expect(webviewService.call).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(2, 'showInAppBrowser', {
url: url + '/?session_code=sessioncode'
})
})
it('should call onClose when user closes the inAppBrowser in app', async () => {
const url = 'https://test.url'
const intentCall = jest.fn()
const webviewService = {
call: intentCall
}
const onClose = jest.fn()
intentCall.mockResolvedValue({ type: 'cancel' })
render(
<WebviewIntentProvider webviewService={webviewService}>
<InAppBrowser url={url} onClose={onClose} />
</WebviewIntentProvider>
)
await waitFor(() => expect(onClose).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1))
expect(onClose).toHaveBeenCalledWith()
})
it('should call closeInAppBrowser when the component is unmounted', async () => {
const url = 'https://test.url'
const intentCall = jest.fn()
const webviewService = {
call: intentCall
}
intentCall.mockResolvedValue({ type: 'dismiss' })
const { unmount } = render(
<WebviewIntentProvider webviewService={webviewService}>
<InAppBrowser url={url} />
</WebviewIntentProvider>
)
unmount()
expect(webviewService.call).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(2, 'closeInAppBrowser')
})
it('should work with custom intents api', async () => {
const url = 'https://test.url'
const intentsApi = {
fetchSessionCode: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue('custom_api_session_code'),
showInAppBrowser: jest.fn(),
closeInAppBrowser: jest.fn(),
tokenParamName: 'custom_token_name'
}
const { unmount } = render(
<InAppBrowser url={url} intentsApi={intentsApi} />
)
await waitFor(() => expect(intentsApi.showInAppBrowser).toHaveBeenCalled())
unmount()
await waitFor(() => expect(intentsApi.closeInAppBrowser).toHaveBeenCalled())
expect(intentsApi.fetchSessionCode).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
expect(intentsApi.showInAppBrowser).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
1,
'https://test.url/?custom_token_name=custom_api_session_code'
)
})
})
|
All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Genetically engineered cotton varieties that express *Bacillus thuringiensis* (*Bt*) toxins are used to manage lepidopteran pests throughout the world. Over the past two decades, *Bt* toxins have become a cornerstone of integrated pest management in cotton and have, in turn, driven a reduction in the prevalence of target pests and the use of insecticides to manage them, while increasing beneficial invertebrate abundance in the crop \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Despite the success of *Bt* cotton against primary lepidopteran pests, ongoing secondary pest infestations continue to require substantial insecticide inputs, often reducing these important benefits \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>To address part of this secondary pest gap, Bayer Crop Science has developed a novel Cry51Aa2.834\_16 *Bt* toxin expressed in cotton to target both hemipteran and thysanopteran pests<EMAIL_ADDRESS>In the U.S. Cotton Belt, the Cry51Aa2.834\_16 *Bt* toxin (hereafter referred to as MON 88702) will be the first commercially available *Bt* toxin to control tarnished plant bugs (*Lygus lineolaris* Palisot de Beauvois; *L*. *hesperus* Knight) and thrips (*Frankliniella fusca* Hinds; *F*. *occidentalis* Pergande<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Although MON 88702 cotton has documented efficacy against hemipteran and thysanopteran pests, both immature and adult stages feed on the cotton plant, which creates several opportunities for resistance selection during the pest life cycle. Moreover, because both insect groups have multiple generations in the cotton crop throughout the season<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>new questions arise about the long-term strategy to mitigate resistance development after commercial deployment of MON 88702. Opportunities for selection during multiple life stages over time is a characteristic that further complicates effective resistance management strategies and will require a more refined understanding of these pests' interaction with MON 88702 cotton and associated refuge habitats in the landscape.
In the eastern U.S., tobacco thrips (*Frankliniella fusca*) are an important early season pest of seedling cotton that causes direct damage to expanding leaf tissue, loss of apical dominance, reduced root growth, and, in cases of severe infestation, plant death<EMAIL_ADDRESS>To minimize seedling damage, cotton growers use a combination of at-plant neonicotinoid applications (e.g. seed treatments, in-furrow sprays) and foliar acephate applications to limit *F*. *fusca* infestations and injury<EMAIL_ADDRESS>In the future, MON 88702 could be an effective replacement for these at-plant and foliar insecticide applications<EMAIL_ADDRESS>However, the mechanism of MON 88702 activity creates added challenges to resistance management in the field. Specifically, recent studies have shown that MON 88702 acts by a non-lethal antixenosis leading to suppressed oviposition that results in fewer *F*. *fusca* larvae developing on MON 88702 cotton \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Similar non-lethal suppression of oviposition by adult *F*. *fusca* in conjunction with acute larval toxicity have been documented for neonicotinoid seed treated (NST) cotton \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The importance of non-lethal behavioral effects of both these toxins on adult *F*. *fusca* led to a specific question: how will these antixenotic effects affect *F*. *fusca* larval establishment and potential for resistance selection when adults are exposed to combinations of treated (i.e., MON 88702 cotton and NST crops) and untreated host plants that are more representative of many cotton agroecosystems?
The overarching goal of the study was to characterize *F*. *fusca* larval infestations developing on MON 88702 cotton, MON 88702 + NST, NST cotton and soybean, and untreated cotton and soybean when adult *F*. *fusca* were allowed to choose among them in a common garden experimental design that allowed insects to choose among differing host types. We hypothesized that treated hosts (i.e., MON 88702 cotton, NST cotton, and NST soybean) would have reduced larval establishment when adult female *F*. *fusca* were provided alternative untreated refuge host plants in the same common garden. We also measured larval establishment on individual host plant treatments under no-choice conditions. Outcomes of this study highlight the importance of understanding behavioral avoidance of insecticidal toxins by highly mobile pests that directly feed on crops during the adult stage. Our results provide preliminary evidence that strategic decisions to reduce NST use in key alternate host crops could benefit the long-term durability of MON 88702 in cotton production systems.
Materials and methods {#sec002}
Plants and insecticidal treatments {#sec003}
Treatments were partitioned by plant type (soybean, non-*Bt* cotton, MON88702) and NST insecticide (NST, no NST) combinations designed to document the oviposition choices of adult *F*. *fusca* female thrips under choice and no-choice conditions ([Table 1](#pone.0239910.t001){ref-type="table"}). Soybean was included because it is widely grown throughout the U.S. Cotton Belt and is an important host of *F*. *fusca*. Like cotton, soybean is also commonly grown using NST seed \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>In both no-choice and choice experiments, we used a standardized infestation level of 3 adult female *F*. *fusca* per seedling; this density is commonly observed on seedling cotton under moderate to high thrips pressure in the eastern U.S. Cotton Belt.
::: {#pone.0239910.t001 .table-wrap}
###### Details on plant types and insecticidal evaluated in choice and no-choice experiments.
Plant type Cultivar *Bt* toxin Seed treatment
------------ ----------- ------------------ --------------------------------
Cotton MON 88702 Cry51Aa2.834\_16 0.375 mg imidacloprid seed^-1^
Cotton MON 88702 Cry51Aa2.834\_16 \-
Cotton DP 393 \- \-
Soybean AG 4831 \- 0.18 mg imidacloprid seed^-1^
Soybean AG 4831 \- \-
We used a near-isoline (Deltapine^®^ 393) cotton variety to enable the most direct comparison possible between *Bt* and non-*Bt* cotton cultivars. DP 393 (hereafter referred to as non-*Bt* cotton) was provided by Bayer Crop Science for the purposes of comparison to MON 88702 in this study. NST-treated MON 88702 was treated with 0.375 mg imidacloprid per seed (Gaucho^®^ 600FS, 600 g imidacloprid L^-1^, Bayer Crop Science, Research Triangle Park, NC USA). NST-treated non-*Bt* cotton was not included in this study. Although NST-treated cotton varieties that do not express the MON 88702 trait will be common during the initial deployment, our overarching question involved the relative value of untreated, non-*Bt* cotton and soybean as a refuge. To understand the relative importance of NST-treated and untreated soybean as a *F*. *fusca* host, we selected a common soybean cultivar in North Carolina, Asgrow 4831 (Bayer Crop Science, St. Louis, MO USA). Neonicotinoid-treated AG 4831 soybean seeds received 0.18 mg imidacloprid per seed (Acceleron^®^ IX-409, 600 g imidacloprid L^-1^, Bayer Crop Science, St. Louis, MO USA). The amount of imidacloprid per seed for both cotton and soybean was based on two common insecticide rates for commercial crop production in our region.
No-choice experiment {#sec004}
To document baseline reproductive suitability of host plants and treatments, we estimated larval infestations per seedling that developed on each plant type and insecticidal toxin combination in a greenhouse experiment following release of adult female *F*. *fusca* under no-choice conditions ([Table 1](#pone.0239910.t001){ref-type="table"}). To do this, 25 ten-day-old seedlings of each treatment were grown in individual 15.2 cm-diameter clay pots that contained commercial potting mixture (Fafard 4P Mix, Sungro Horticulture, Agawam, MA, USA). Pots were completely randomized across two greenhouse benches. Each pot was equipped with a thrips-proof enclosure constructed of a modified 2 L beverage bottle equipped with 100 μm thrips-proof nylon monofilament mesh vents to allow for airflow (NMO100, Midwest Filter, St. Charles, IL, USA). Individual seedlings received water through an automated system delivering ca. 63.5 mL of water per pot over a 3-minute interval every 6 h (ca. 250 mL day^-1^). This maintained adequate soil moisture without leaching of insecticide through the pot. Greenhouse conditions were maintained at 32°C under natural lighting for ten days before infestation. Under these conditions, cotton seedlings developed to the emergence of the first true leaf, and soybeans to the emergence of the first trifoliate.
Individual seedlings were moved to a controlled environment of 23.5°C under constant light and infested with three adult female *F*. *fusca* obtained from a neonicotinoid-susceptible, laboratory-reared colony maintained on white cabbage (*Brassica oleracea* L.). To maximize reproductive potential, insects were selected ca. 2 days after becoming adults. After ten days, seedlings were harvested and washed through a series of soil sieves to collect larval thrips using the methods of Rummel and Arnold<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Briefly, harvested seedling samples were first washed over a 500 μm sieve to separate immature thrips from plant matter and large debris, followed by a 150 μm sieve, which collected the thrips larvae. Thrips were then rinsed from the fine sieve with 70% ethanol into 20 mL scintillation vials. *Frankliniella fusca* larvae were counted using a stereomicroscope.
Choice experiments {#sec005}
All seedlings for *F*. *fusca* choice experiments were germinated and maintained in square 16-cell Styrofoam float trays designed for growing seedlings in hydroponic float systems. Trays were constructed by cutting commercial 8 x 16-cell float trays (128-cell CGP Float Tray, Carolina Greenhouses, Kinston, NC, USA) into 4 x 4-cell square blocks using a heated cutting knife. Cells were 16 cm^2^ and contained commercial potting mixture ([Table 1](#pone.0239910.t001){ref-type="table"}, Fafard 4P Mix, Sungro Horticulture, Agawam, MA, USA). Each 16-cell float tray was planted with a single treatment prior to placement in a deep water-culture, raft system on a greenhouse table. Individual trays floated so that the soil passively imbibed water. Greenhouse conditions were maintained at 32°C under natural lighting for ten days before starting choice experiments. Under these conditions, cotton seedlings had developed to the emergence of the first true leaf, and soybeans to the emergence of the first trifoliate, when placed in experimental arenas.
To understand the effect of treatments on combined effects of adult *F*. *fusca* host selection and larval establishment, we conducted four temporal replicates of a choice experiment. Each temporal replicate included eight independent large cage replications that contained two seedling trays from each treatment ([Table 1](#pone.0239910.t001){ref-type="table"}). Choice cages were 160 x 90 cm (width x height) open-bottomed cylinders constructed of 100 μm thrips-proof nylon monofilament mesh (NMO100, Midwest Filter, St. Charles, IL, USA). A single, vertical zipper closure was sewn along one edge to allow access to the cage interior. Each cage had six equally spaced loops sewn along the circumference, which were used to hang each screen cage on a circular PVC frame. Cage bottoms were sealed using adhesive tape to prevent insect escape. The center point of each cage interior was determined and two concentric rings (60 & 120 cm diameter) were marked. Using this design, trays were located at a radius of either 30 or 60 cm from the central *F*. *fusca* release point. Along each ring circumference, five locations were marked at equal 72° intervals. The marks between the interior and exterior rings were offset by 36°, allowing for a clear line-of-sight from each of the ten seedling tray locations to the central insect release point of the cage.
Seedling trays of each treatment were randomly assigned to locations on each concentric ring, ensuring one replicate of each treatment was placed at 30 and 60 cm from the central thrips release point (one treatment by distance replicate in each cage). Neonicotinoid susceptible, adult female *F*. *fusca* were aspirated into 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes in groups of 96 individuals. Five tubes of insects were released from a Styrofoam tube rack placed at the center point of each cage (N = 480 individuals per cage or approximately 3 adults per seedling). Insects were allowed to infest plants for 10 d under controlled conditions of 23.5°C with constant, uniform, overhead lighting. In total, the eight cage replicates per temporal replicate, and four temporal replicates, generated 32 replicates for each unique treatment by concentric ring combination.
At the end of the infestation period, seedlings were destructively harvested by clipping the hypocotyl flush with the soil. The total number of seedlings in each tray was recorded and harvested seedlings were placed into 260 mL plastic jars (\#128070TSPP, Mold-Rite Plastics, Plattsburgh, NY, USA) containing 150 mL water and 250 μL liquid detergent. The median seedling count per tray was 15 across all four choice experiment replications (13 first quartile, 16 third quartile). Larvae were washed as described in the no-choice experimental methods above. The total number of larvae were divided by the total number of seedlings in each individual treatment tray to calculate the average number of thrips larvae per seedling (average larvae per treatment by release distance).
Statistical analysis {#sec006}
Generalized linear mixed models were used to test for differences in *F*. *fusca* larval establishment among treatments using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS Version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). The response variable was the average count of *F*. *fusca* larvae per seedling, which was log(x+1) transformed to meet assumptions of normality. The no-choice model tested a fixed effect of treatment using one-way ANOVA. For choice experiments, the analysis tested categorical fixed effects of treatment and a continuous effect for distance, along with their interaction using a two-way ANOVA. The choice experiment mixed model included temporal replication and cage nested within temporal replication as random effects. For both the choice and no-choice experiments, Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) tests were used to compare least squares means among treatments at a significance level of α = 0.05. All summary statistics and figures were generated in R (R-Core, Version 3.4.3).
No-choice experiment {#sec008}
*Frankliniella fusca* larval establishment was significantly different among host plant treatments (*F*~4,120~ = 39.2; *P* \< 0.001). Treatment means separation tests indicated *F*. *fusca* infestations were highest on untreated soybean ([Fig 1](#pone.0239910.g001){ref-type="fig"}). In this experiment, 10.1-fold more *F*. *fusca* larvae were recovered from untreated than NST-soybean ([Table 2](#pone.0239910.t002){ref-type="table"}). Moreover, *F*. *fusca* larval establishment between untreated soybean and MON 88702 with or without NST were significantly different ([Fig 1](#pone.0239910.g001){ref-type="fig"} and [Table 2](#pone.0239910.t002){ref-type="table"}). In contrast, a 0.2-fold difference in larval establishment was observed between untreated and neonicotinoid treated MON 88702 cotton ([Table 2](#pone.0239910.t002){ref-type="table"}). These differences highlight clear effects of insecticidal toxins on thrips larval establishment. Comparison of untreated MON 88702 and NST soybean were not statistically different and only resulted in a small difference in average larval establishment ([Fig 1](#pone.0239910.g001){ref-type="fig"} and [Table 2](#pone.0239910.t002){ref-type="table"}). NST soybean, NST MON 88702 and untreated MON 88702 resulted in the largest suppression of *F*. *fusca* larval establishment relative to untreated soybean ([Fig 1](#pone.0239910.g001){ref-type="fig"}), under no-choice conditions.
::: {#pone.0239910.g001 .fig}
###### Effect of plant type and treatment on *Frankliniella fusca* larval establishment per seedling under no-choice conditions.
Each treatment group consisted of 25 individual seedling replicates. Treatments with different letters above bars differed significantly from each other (Tukey's HSD tests, *P* ≤ 0.05).
::: {#pone.0239910.t002 .table-wrap}
###### Pairwise fold differences in *F*. *fusca* larval counts among treatments in no-choice and choice experiments.
Group One Group Two Choice fold difference[^a^](#t002fn001){ref-type="table-fn"} Choice fold difference rank[^b^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} No-choice fold difference No-choice fold difference rank
--------------- ----------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------------
Soybean MON 88702 + NST 5.9 1 7.8 2
DP393 MON 88702 + NST 4.6 2 1 6
Soybean soybean + NST 2.9 3 10.1 1
MON 88702 MON 88702 + NST 2.5 4 0.2 8
DP393 Soybean + NST 2.1 5 1.6 5
MON 88702 Soybean + NST 1 6 0.5 8
Soybean MON 88702 0.9 7 6.4 3
Soybean + NST MON 88702 + NST 0.8 8 -0.2 10
DP393 MON 88702 0.6 9 0.7 7
Soybean DP393 0.2 10 3.3 4
^a^Fold Difference = (group~1~---group~2~)/group~2~.
^b^Pairwise differences have been ordered from largest to smallest differences in choice experiments.
Choice experiments {#sec009}
In this study, we documented a strong effect of plant treatment on larval establishment in common garden cages (F~4,229~ = 22.49; *P* \< 0.001). Treatments that did not include MON 88702 or a neonicotinoid had the greatest average larval establishment ([Fig 2](#pone.0239910.g002){ref-type="fig"}). Select treatment comparisons revealed considerable differences in average larval establishment between NST-treated plants and their untreated comparison ([Table 2](#pone.0239910.t002){ref-type="table"}). Similar levels of larval establishment were observed between soybean and non-*Bt* cotton in the absence of insecticidal components. The same pattern was observed between NST-treated MON 88702 cotton and NST-treated soybean, with infestations on non-treated MON 88702 cotton being intermediate ([Fig 2](#pone.0239910.g002){ref-type="fig"}). Fold-change values highlight the large differences among main effect treatments ([Table 2](#pone.0239910.t002){ref-type="table"}).
::: {#pone.0239910.g002 .fig}
###### Average *Frankliniella fusca* larvae per treatment across all four temporal replicates of the common-garden experiment in which adults were allowed to oviposit freely across treatments.
Treatments with different letters above bars differed significantly from each other (Tukey's HSD tests, *P* ≤ 0.05).
Using our ring design, we determined that host plant proximity to the initial release point affected adult *F*. *fusca* reproductive host decisions and subsequent larval establishment. The negative effect of distance from the central release point was highly significant (*F*~1,229~ = 41.6; *P* \< 0.001), as was the treatment by distance interaction (*F*~4,229~ = 5.6; *P* \< 0.001). Host plant selection was more discriminating close to the central release point, as indicated by greater differences in larval numbers among treatments at 30 than at 60 cm from the release point ([Fig 3](#pone.0239910.g003){ref-type="fig"}). Interestingly, the effect of distance on *F*. *fusca* larval establishment was minimal between two NST-containing treatments, which caused this significant interaction ([Fig 3](#pone.0239910.g003){ref-type="fig"}).
::: {#pone.0239910.g003 .fig}
###### Average larval *Frankliniella fusca* per seedling from each treatment by distance from release point.
Distance from release point is a continuous variable. Means and error bars have been jittered to improve the visualization of treatment comparison within and between concentric rings.
Both MON 88702 cotton and neonicotinoid seed treatments have strong antixenotic effects on adult *F*. *fusca* resulting in large reductions in oviposition and larval establishment on cotton, even in the presence of alternative host plants. While MON 88702 alters feeding behavior and reduces oviposition of adults, it has minimal impacts on adult and larval survival \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Both imidacloprid and thiamethoxam applied as seed treatments also have minimal impact on survival of adult *F*. *fusca* and dramatically reduce oviposition on treated cotton seedlings; however, they also cause moderate to high levels of larval mortality \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Because NST's are used on ca. 87% of the soybean and 90% of cotton acreage \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>in the region and MON 88702 has the potential to replace a significant portion of this use in cotton, this study was undertaken to examine how the presence of MON 88702 cotton and soybean with and without NSTs in a landscape might alter *F*. *fusca* infestation distributions.
Our results show an effect of MON 88702 combined with imidacloprid seed treatment on the larval populations developing on seedlings in both choice and non-choice experiments, but the number of significant differences among treatments was greater when adults were allowed to select plants on which to oviposit. In the no-choice experiment, larval infestations on soybean (no NST) were greater than those on non-*Bt* cotton (no NST) ([Table 2](#pone.0239910.t002){ref-type="table"}). Differences between non-treated soybean and MON 88702 with and without NST and the soybean + NST treatments were of even greater magnitude but differences among these latter three treatments were small and not significant ([Fig 1](#pone.0239910.g001){ref-type="fig"} and [Table 2](#pone.0239910.t002){ref-type="table"}).
In our common garden experiment, thrips larval density decreased with distance from the adult release point. The magnitude of differences among the soybean, non-*Bt* cotton, and MON 88702 treatments without NST were greater close to the adult release point. In contrast, larval densities on MON 88702 and soybean treatments with NST were consistently low and similar at both distances ([Fig 3](#pone.0239910.g003){ref-type="fig"}), likely reflecting both the strong antixenotic effects of imidacloprid seed treatments on adult *F*. *fusca* and effects on larval mortality \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Larval infestations on soybean and non-*Bt* cotton both in the absence of NST, did not differ significantly, and the infestation on soybean in the absence of NST was only 0.9-fold greater than that on MON 88702 without NST. Although larval infestations on both MON 88702 + NST and soybean + NST were both lower than the soybean and MON 88702 treatments in the absence of NST, the magnitude of the difference between these pairwise comparisons were similar ([Table 2](#pone.0239910.t002){ref-type="table"}). Thus, NST treatments reduced the size of the larval infestation that developed on both MON 88702 and soybean seedlings but not the magnitude of the relative difference in infestation size between MON 88702 cotton and soybean ([Table 2](#pone.0239910.t002){ref-type="table"}).
In cotton production landscapes, fields of both NST-treated MON 88702 cotton and NST-treated soybean will likely co-occur following the commercialization of MON 88702. Other possible scenarios include: presence of fields planted to NST-treated MON 88702 and non-treated soybean, a choice in our experiment that resulted in a larval infestation that was 5.9 fold greater on the non-treated soybean than on the NST-treated MON 88702 seedlings; and presence of NST-treated soybean and non-treated MON 88702, which in our choice experiment resulted in larval infestations on NST-treated soybean that were 1.0-fold lower than on MON 88702 seedlings ([Table 2](#pone.0239910.t002){ref-type="table"}). These differences suggest that the pest's interaction with different combinations of crops and insecticidal treatments may drive meaningful variation in the development of *F*. *fusca* populations across the agricultural landscape that have the potential to influence emergence of resistance to MON 88702. However, the effects we report need to be validated at the scale of commercial fields nested within a mosaic of other crops in the cotton production system.
Potential implications for MON 88702 resistance management {#sec011}
To address resistance development, the MON 88702 resistance management plan will likely depend on natural (unstructured) refuge given the history of refuge design for GE cotton<EMAIL_ADDRESS>In practice, unstructured refuges are non-toxic habitat patches in the surrounding landscape that generate susceptible individuals to mate with resistant individuals that have developed in the *Bt* crop \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Abundant alternate crop or natural host plants in the landscape are often a predictable source of susceptible pest individuals in the southeastern U.S<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>However, treatment of refuges with insecticides is one confounding factor that can reduce the overall viability of these host patches for pest reproduction<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The negative impact of widespread insecticide-treatment of alternate host crops could be amplified in intensive agricultural production systems that have limited non-crop plant hosts available. In lepidopteran systems, researchers have shown that insecticide treatment of non-*Bt* crop refuge can undermine its overall productivity, thereby reducing the efficacy of the structured refuge system as a whole in delaying resistance onset<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>In the case of MON 88702 cotton, the designated refuge would include soybean, and the effects of ongoing NST in soybean use would negatively impact refuge viability. The value of NSTs in soybean production is unclear; a series of studies has documented little or no benefit of NST use in protecting soybean from yield losses<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>In the absence of a yield cost, reduction in NST use on soybean would not only reduce grower inputs and potential environmental impacts of the soybean system itself but also increase the effective refuge area for MON 88702; thereby providing similar benefits in the cotton system as well.
At the landscape scale, numerous studies have demonstrated that the spatiotemporal structure of these toxic and non-toxic patches can play an important role in the rate of resistance development over time \[[<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Although neonicotinoids and MON 88702 have very different modes of action against *F*. *fusca*, the intensity of cotton and alternate crop production in the U.S. Cotton Belt could provide insight into the potential for MON 88702 resistance development in the region. We know that selection for neonicotinoid resistance in *F*. *fusca* was driven in part by widespread NST use in both cotton and soybean, two key host plants for this pest<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>The importance of this cross-crop resistance selection between NST cotton and NST soybean was not entirely clear until the emergence of neonicotinoid resistance throughout the region<EMAIL_ADDRESS>In contrast to the *F*. *fusca* neonicotinoid resistance situation, the absence of thrips-active *Bt* toxins in soybean may provide an important constituent of an unstructured refuge for MON 88702 susceptible thrips. However, the widespread use of NSTs in soybean may effectively reduce the role of soybean as an abundant refuge patch and compromise the functional value of unstructured crop refuges for MON 88702 cotton.
Supporting information {#sec012}
###### NoChoice dataset.
Click here for additional data file.
###### Common garden dataset.
Click here for additional data file.
We thank Carol Berger, Nick Bivona, Ishika Kumbhakar, Amanda Lytle, Sawyer Perez, and Lindsey Tolhurst for maintaining thrips colonies and sample processing. We thank Rang Li and Minyoung Suh at the NC State Wilson College of Textiles for assistance designing and manufacturing choice cages. We thank Bayer Crop Science for providing cotton seed and support of portions of this research.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following potential competing interests: AH and GK received support from Bayer Crop Science in the form of crop seed and initial funding to generate information for this study. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare.
|
welcome back to eccentric nature and today I'm going to take you on an amazing tour of the Prague city gardens it's a city botanical gardens and as well as a bit of the city itself so this is gonna be a fun little video today before we get started please make sure you hit that subscribe button click that bell and go ahead and hit that like button as well okay the Prague city gardens is massive it's about 50 hectares which is a hundred thousand square meters wow it's basically it's not just a botanical garden it also has several other features as a zoo attached there's a vineyard attached to it as well I mean so many features are attached to this it's just amazing I had to like you know get some photos of the herbs are at the top the lavender the time they had but that's probably not what you're mostly interested in you know just seeing little photos of herbs it's not as exciting when you've got lots of beautiful flowers around though this white sage is mighty nice I do like it myself whoo there we go flowers oh yeah look at that pizzazz for you so yeah there's lots of different flowers lots of wonderful displays it's a really well-taken care of area given the size of everything and I it's really impressive how well some of it's taken care of me some of it looks like a good British garden where they kind of just throw everything in there and let it just bloom like crazy but other places are very well taken care of like this the Japanese Zen garden area is amazing as all these bonsai plants up on their own little stands like this and it has a little Zen garden area with the sand and everything but lots of these wonderful bonsais everywhere it's I mean it's just wonderful it's a very popular area this really nice well put together path there's the Zen garden I was talking about yeah it's a big area and in itself and pumpkins hey I actually had a little pumpkin festival going on when we were there and they had all these little crates and collections of pumpkins hanging out there all different kinds you know pumpkin mania yeah lots of fun Gord I mean there's nothing else I can say about it is just a variety of pumpkins like these and then they had a little mini greenhouse but it wasn't very nice so well let's just skip this let's go over and hang out in a hammock which is what we did they had these hammocks out there we hang up watch the view for a little bit before moving on to these weird things these sculptures they have a lot of different weird sculptures around this town we're gonna get into that later yeah hey who's your new friend there nice giraffe you got or whatever that is I don't understand them but who fly my friend fly yes be free I'll just have a little fun with slow motion camera this also they had this weird little structure here not much to look at it fun from the inside but there's mainly there so you can really admire the view which is you know the impressive part boom and then teepees so many non sequit is in this place why are teepees here I don't know but they have bees I love bees bees are great I can take bees any time of the day so did lots of flowers around here that had they were well populated by my be friends I do love them wasn't exactly the season to see lots of wonderful flowers here but they did have plenty that were out and these rows here were very impressive like I said this is one of these areas that's really well taken care of all along this well constructed path very beautiful and they also had a little desert area as well I mean that's how big this place is there is displays for almost everything and they had a greenhouse set up for this specifically with all of the different succulents and cacti it's a yeah very nice little area for especially my friends who love the succulents or go gaga over this I'm sure very cool displays I don't have much else to say about it but it's like some of these ones really cool I really like this one then outside there a little pond area with some little tadpoles in it show me the tadpoles little things are they cute moving around in the air hello little tadpoles and then we took a walk down to go see the Fata Morgana greenhouse whoo this place is amazing I can't wait for you to see it wait what what do you mean it's closed yeah unfortunately it was locked down for repairs while we're there so sad but anyways here's more flowers oh okay I want you to prepare yourself because Prague while being a very beautiful city is also a very bizarre city with its artwork like this one very famous piece but very odd very very odd artwork all like this these sculptures what is it yes I mean I don't understand a lot that that there this this one of Sigmund Freud hanging up this you know this head of Sigmund Freud as well or I'm sure this is Franz Kafka here but this was really cool this is why my favorite sculpture I mean this is a very famous one it continually turns around like this his head spinning around in different forms very cool I mean but yeah Prague is odd that way and that's part of the reason I love it it's got all of these bizarre sculptures are next to really beautiful traditional ones like these big beautiful traditional castles and churches and obelisks hey those two okay now here we go the Prague astronomical clock tower is the third oldest astronomical clock in the world they actually did a complete replica of it in Seoul Korea now the really interesting fact about this one is there's a legend that says that the brains behind the creation of it Hannas Carolinum I hope that's right was blinded by the old town counselors with a hot poker because they did this out of fear that he would recreate the clock in another city well very brutal and very unnecessary because they did it anyways somebody still recreated it see don't be mean people be nice to each other there's lots of wonderful things around the city that lots of old ancient architecture there's even big tall bears but we also found some interesting garden areas around this old ancient church here as well this little abbey essentially and then the grand there's more bizarre artwork as well on the main strip here they had these various sculptures set up so it is it's a city of modern art that's very bizarre and next to these old buildings which are very beautiful and interesting and it's hard to say just how cool that is you know it's from my mind I loved how you have the old with the new and how Prague is this wonderful mishmash of all that it's just so unique and interesting in that respect and when I go travel I love finding these unique and interesting things you know I don't like going to the big famous places like this the Charles Bridge has some nice sculptures but it's also incredibly busy I am lots of people are on that bridge all the time I like going around and finding the more unique what parts and odd parts you know like that that's not gonna keep me up at night or anything but there's a little bit windy while we're there to hang on Rachel we'll make it yeah yeah it was very windy that day Carol Zeeman he was an old director from Prague and he created all these interesting instruments and really he was kind of a pioneer with a lot of special effects and that he created a lot of things that were practical effects that were used for a long time that really helps spur people's minds to make him create new things that are really interesting but some fun photos of us enjoying some of his tricks that he used for his films but things like this are what make Prague just so interesting to go visit and check out there's there's just so many wonderful classical pieces surrounded by weird artwork and then you have things like this where there's a hard wrecked cafe with a beautiful artwork right on top of it I mean that's Prague that is Prague in a microcosm right there it's this wonderful mismatch of old and new and that's why I love it and then there's amazing hot chocolate there as well I'm a big drinking chocolate fan and man they had some good ones here oh yeah chocolate coffee you guys rock so many good ones and then on top of it all you got the Prague Castle which is the largest castle in the world the castle is a hundred and thirty meters wide and it's over seventy thousand square meters of land that's 18 acres and it dates all the way back to the 9th century it's huge so I mean I can't say enough about Prague and its gardens it's got so much wonderful artwork and the gardens were amazing as well the ones that we found and all the buildings were incredible you know it's turned into a bit of a tourist trap but it's still an amazing beautiful city if you get a chance to visit there I mean they have like 1.8 million people and they had like six million visitors there on average so yeah they get a little bit overwhelmed with the tourists so that's my tour baby I hope you guys have a wonderful day we'll catch you next time make sure you subscribe hit the like button really appreciate it it means a lot to my channel until next time you guys have a wonderful day
|
//
// Copyright (C) 2015-2019 Virgil Security Inc.
//
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// (1) Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//
// (2) Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
// the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
//
// (3) Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
// WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
// DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
// INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
// (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
// SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
// HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
// STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
// IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
// POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Lead Maintainer: Virgil Security Inc. <[email protected]>
//
import Foundation
import VirgilSDK
/// Class for saving Sessions and One-time keys to the filesystem
/// NOTE: This class is not thread-safe
internal class FileSystem {
private let fileManager = FileManager()
private let identity: String
internal init(identity: String) {
self.identity = identity
}
private func createRatchetSuppDir() throws -> URL {
var dirUrl = try self.fileManager.url(for: .applicationSupportDirectory,
in: .userDomainMask,
appropriateFor: nil,
create: true)
dirUrl.appendPathComponent("VIRGIL-RATCHET")
dirUrl.appendPathComponent("\(self.identity)")
do {
try self.fileManager.createDirectory(at: dirUrl, withIntermediateDirectories: true, attributes: nil)
Log.debug("Created \(dirUrl.absoluteString) folder")
}
catch {
Log.error("Error creating \(dirUrl.absoluteString) folder")
throw error
}
var values = URLResourceValues()
values.isExcludedFromBackup = true
try dirUrl.setResourceValues(values)
return dirUrl
}
private func writeFile(url: URL, data: Data) throws {
#if os(OSX)
let options: Data.WritingOptions = [.atomic]
#else
let options: Data.WritingOptions = [
.completeFileProtection /* Is accessing in background needed? */,
.atomic
]
#endif
try data.write(to: url, options: options)
}
private func readFile(url: URL) -> Data {
return (try? Data(contentsOf: url)) ?? Data()
}
}
// One-time keys
extension FileSystem {
private func createOneTimeKeysUrl() throws -> URL {
var url = try self.createRatchetSuppDir()
url.appendPathComponent("OTK")
return url
}
internal func deleteOneTimeKeysFile() throws {
Log.debug("deleteOneTimeKeysFile")
let url = try self.createOneTimeKeysUrl()
try self.fileManager.removeItem(at: url)
}
internal func writeOneTimeKeysFile(data: Data) throws {
Log.debug("createOneTimeKeysFile")
let url = try self.createOneTimeKeysUrl()
try self.writeFile(url: url, data: data)
}
internal func readOneTimeKeysFile() throws -> Data {
Log.debug("readOneTimeKeysFile")
let url = try self.createOneTimeKeysUrl()
return self.readFile(url: url)
}
internal func resetOneTimeKeys() throws {
try self.deleteOneTimeKeysFile()
}
}
// Sessions
extension FileSystem {
private func createSessionUrl() throws -> URL {
var dirUrl = try self.createRatchetSuppDir()
dirUrl.appendPathComponent("SESSION")
return dirUrl
}
private func deleteSessionDir() throws {
let dirUrl = try self.createSessionUrl()
do {
try self.fileManager.removeItem(at: dirUrl)
Log.debug("Deleted \(dirUrl.absoluteString) folder")
}
catch {
Log.debug("Nothing to delete at \(dirUrl.absoluteString)")
throw error
}
}
private func createSessionDir() throws -> URL {
let dirUrl = try self.createSessionUrl()
do {
try self.fileManager.createDirectory(at: dirUrl, withIntermediateDirectories: true, attributes: nil)
Log.debug("Created \(dirUrl.absoluteString) folder")
}
catch {
Log.debug("Error creating \(dirUrl.absoluteString) folder")
throw error
}
return dirUrl
}
private func createSessionUrl(identity: String) throws -> URL {
var url = try self.createSessionDir()
url.appendPathComponent(identity)
return url
}
internal func readSession(identity: String) throws -> Data {
Log.debug("readSession with \(identity)")
let url = try self.createSessionUrl(identity: identity)
return self.readFile(url: url)
}
internal func writeSessionFile(identity: String, data: Data) throws {
Log.debug("writeSessionFile \(identity)")
let url = try self.createSessionUrl(identity: identity)
try self.writeFile(url: url, data: data)
}
internal func deleteSessionFile(identity: String) throws {
Log.debug("deleteSessionFile \(identity)")
let url = try self.createSessionUrl(identity: identity)
try self.fileManager.removeItem(at: url)
}
internal func resetSessions() throws {
try self.deleteSessionDir()
}
}
|
Talk:Marjorie Matthews
Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 August 2020 and 10 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mtverber. Peer reviewers: Cbohns2.
Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:26, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
question...
Was Matthews the first female bishop, or something? Geo Swan (talk) 03:05, 21 January 2009 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 2 external links on Marjorie Matthews. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://archive.is/20120714144621/http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=5855 to http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=5855
* Added archive https://archive.is/20120708113430/http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1244 to http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1244
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 04:46, 3 June 2017 (UTC)
|
Adding GeoJSON layer using variable in OpenLayers?
When I use url reference of open layers and give a path from a local directory, then it correctly shows the layer on the map, but want to add through constant variable (comming) because I am getting it as a global Appolo client variable and I have used both ways, from URL and features method, but still unable to show the layer on the map using comming variable.
import { useState, useRef, useEffect } from 'react';
import React from 'react';
import Index from './sidebar';
import Map from 'ol/Map.js';
import View from 'ol/View.js';
import OSM from 'ol/source/OSM.js';
import TileLayer from 'ol/layer/Tile.js';
import { fromLonLat } from 'ol/proj.js';
import XYZ from 'ol/source/XYZ.js';
import { Vector as VectorLayer } from 'ol/layer';
import { Vector as VectorSource } from 'ol/source';
import { GeoJSON } from 'ol/format';
import { useReactiveVar } from '@apollo/client';
import { Files } from '../lib/appolo client/cache'; '''
const Home = () => {
var comming = useReactiveVar(Files)
if (comming) {
console.log("Features are : ", comming)
}
const mapRef = useRef(null);
useEffect(() => {
if (!mapRef.current) return;
const map = new Map({
layers: [
new TileLayer({
visible: 'false',
type: 'base',
source: new OSM()
}),
],
view: new View({
center: fromLonLat([35.7915, 78.7811]),
zoom: 5,
}),
target: mapRef.current,
});
// const vectorSource = new VectorSource({
// // url: '/Data/sample.geojson',
// url: comming,
// format: new GeoJSON()
// });
// console.log("Vactorr Source is : ", vectorSource)
// // Create a vector layer and add it to the map
// const vectorLayer = new VectorLayer({
// source: vectorSource,
// visible: true
// });
// const addLayerFromGeoJSON = (comming) => {
if (comming) {
const vectorSource = new VectorSource({
features: (new GeoJSON()).readFeatures(comming, {
}),
});
// Create a vector layer and add it to the map
const vectorLayer = new VectorLayer({
source: vectorSource,
visible: true,
});
map.addLayer(vectorLayer);
}
}, [comming]);
return (
<div>
<div>
<Index />
</div>
<div className='ml-[446px]' ref={mapRef} style={{ width: 'calc(100%-446px)', height: '100vh' }} />
</div>
)
}
export default Home
here is my console.log comming variable result:
Features are : {
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "Point",
"coordinates": [
102.0,
0.5
]
},
"properties": {
"prop0": "value0"
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "LineString",
"coordinates": [
[
102.0,
0.0
],
[
103.0,
1.0
],
[
104.0,
0.0
],
[
105.0,
1.0
]
]
},
"properties": {
"prop0": "value0",
"prop1": 0.0
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "Polygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
100.0,
0.0
],
[
101.0,
0.0
],
[
101.0,
1.0
],
[
100.0,
1.0
],
[
100.0,
0.0
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"prop0": "value0",
"prop1": {
"this": "that"
}
}
}
]
}
If you use readFeatures you must specify dataProjection (EPSG:4326) and featureProjection (the view projection) options. Otherwise to use the variable as a url you must make it a data url 'data:,' + encodeURIComponent(comming) for a string or 'data:,' + encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(comming)) for an object variable.
Thanks for reply mike:
But it still does not show my data, I have applied both ways, either from readFeatures and by using URL:
see below:
`const vectorSource = new VectorSource({
features: (new GeoJSON()).readFeatures(comming, {
dataProjection: 'EPSG:4326',
featureProjection: 'EPSG:3857'
}),
});`
and
const vectorSource = new VectorSource({ // url: '/Data/sample.geojson', url: 'data:,' + encodeURIComponent(comming), format: new GeoJSON() });
|
## Running locally
To debug locally with DDC:
```bash
$ pub get
$ pub run build_runner serve
```
To debug locally with Dart2JS, unminified:
```bash
$ pub get
$ pub run build_runner serve --config=debug
```
To debug locally with Dart2JS, minified:
```bash
$ pub get
$ pub run build_runner serve --config=release
```
## Building a binary
```bash
$ pub get
$ pub run build_runner build --config=release -o build
```
|
No. 15,519.
Sinclair Refining Company v. Shakespeare et al.
(175 P. [2d] 389)
Decided December 9, 1946.
Mr. Roger B. Jones, Mr. W. W. Platt, for plaintiff in error.
Mr. Merle M. Marshall, for defendants in error.
En Banc.
Mr. Justice Stone
delivered the opinion of the court.
Plaintiff in error, as tenant, occupied certain premises owned by defendants in error, herein designated as landlord, or plaintiffs, under written lease for a term of five years at a, rental of fifty dollars per month. Prior to the expiration of the term of the lease an extension agreement was executed by the parties whereunder the tenant held possession for a further term of five years at the same rental. Thirty-three days prior to the expiration of the extended term the tenant wrote the landlord, allegedly as required by> order of a government agency, announcing its intention to remove all the equipment on the premises after thirty days and offering the landlord the privilege of purchasing the same within that time. The latter promptly replied, asking for a list of the equipment and the sale price, to which request the tenant made no answer. The tenant paid rent through the full term of its extended lease and thereafter continued in possession! through a subtenant for a further period of three months. A few days after the end of the second month of tenant’s holding over, the landlord wrote the tenant advising that since it had failed to deliver up possession or remove its subtenant or its property, the landlord elected to treat it as a holdover tenant for a term of five years and requested payment of three months’ rental as then due. In response to this letter, tenant’s attorney wrote denying that holding over was intended, denying the right to extend for a term of five years, and claiming that his client held as a tenant at will. To this answer the landlord replied, declaring election to stand on the notice in the prior letter and to hold the tenant “liable for all rentals due under the terms.of the lease.” During the fourth month the tenant vacated said premises, gave notice of election to terminate any tenancy at the end of that month, and later tendered rental for the four months’ period.
By the complaint and supplemental complaint filed after one year from the date of expiration of the lease, landlord sought to recover rental for one year as then due, alleging that defendant continued and remained in the possession of the leased premises whereby it elected to continue its tenancy for another term, upon the same terms and at the same rent payable as under the former agreement. The trial court awarded judgment to landlord for one year’s rental in the sum of $600.00, and further entered a declaratory judgment that the defendant was a hold-over tenant for another term of five years by election of the plaintiffs; holding, “that when such election was made a new term, with the same duration, the same rent, the same covenants and conditions, arose by operation of law.”
We need consider only two of the grounds upon which reversal is here sought:
First, that the court erred in determining that by holding over defendant became a tenant for a further term of five years, for the reason that a tenant holding over after the expiration of a lease for a year or more with the assent of the landlord becomes á tenant for an additional term of one year, but no longer.
Second, that! by the attempt of the landlord to hold the tenant to a five-year term instead of a one-year term, landlord never assented to a holding over by the tenant for any new term recognized by law,/ and the holding over consequently created a tenancy at will or from month to month which was terminated by defendant upon its vacation of the premises and serving of notice of termination at the end of four months so that, as urged,, the judgment should not exceed $200.00.1
As to the first contention, the rule was long ago stated by.our court in Hurd v. Whitsett, 4 Colo. 77, 82: “And where a tenant for a year or for years holds over after the expiration of his term,] with the assent of his landlord,¡j the holding is implied to be from year to year. But where the term is for a shorter period than a year, according to the.current of authorities, both English.and American, the holding over is implied to be for a like term, * * In that case the original lease was for one year only, but the rule was correctly stated as to leases for a longer term as seems to be almost universally declared both in the textbooks and opinions. Conway v. Starkweather, 1 Den. (N.Y.) 113; Weber v. Powers, 213 Ill. 370, 72 N.E. 1070; 68 L.R.A. 610; Thiebaud v. First Nat. Bank, 42 Ind. 212; Brown v. Kayser, 60 Wis. 1, 18 N.W. 523, Case Note 25 L.R.A. (N.S.) 855.
As to the second contention, it is urged: (a) That the court erred in adjudging tenancy for any term greater than from month to month, for the reason that it was-[not within the issue formed by the pleadings.'| Assuming that the complaint is technically deficient in failing to allege the election and consent of the landlord to hold the tenant as under a continuing lease,’ rather than as a trespasser, such failure cannot now avail for the reason that the stipulation of facts upon which the case was tried embraces that issue; the complaint was not challenged in the trial court for such deficiency; that had it been so ’ challenged; opportunity to amend doubtless would have been afforded,;and under our rule 15(b) R.C.P. Colo., the issue must now be treated in all respects as if it had been raised in the pleadings.
It is urged, (b) that the rent paid is the criterion of the term of the tenancy created by holding over, and that the rent period reserved under the lease was a monthly rental. While there are cases so holding, the majority rule is that, where the lease is for a definite term of one year or more, the holding over constitutes a tenancy from year to year, j It is only in the absence of express agreement as to the term of the lease that the reservation of rent and its payment at stated periods becomes a criterion by which to determine the duration of the term./ In this jurisdiction the majority rule has been followed. Zippar v. Reppy, 15 Colo. 260, 25 Pac. 164; Hallett v. Barnett, 51 Colo. 434, 118 Pac. 972; Annotations 108 A.L.R. 1464.
It is urged, (c) that a tenancy from year to year did not result, for the reason that landlord did not at any time, after the holding over,[accept the tenant other than for a period of five years,/and that the tenant has never admitted that its term as a tenant holding over was for a period greater than that of a tenant at will or tenant from month to month. The fallacy of that argument is the apparent assumption that the term of the lease upon holding over results from agreement of the parties, when in fact it results in default of agreement, by operation of law. Upon such holding over by the tenant, the landlord may, at his election, hold the tenant as a trespasser or as a continuing tenant. If he holds him as a trespasser, the landlord is entitled to damages for the wrongful holding over, Í not on the basis of the rental provided by the prior lease, but on. the basis of the damage accruing to him by the wrongful holding over'.' If he holds him as a tenant, the law, not the intent of the landlord, determines the length of the tenancy. “The holding over rests, not upon the former lease, but upon a new contract which the law implies to be for the" same time)) and upon the same terms with the lease under which the premises were held the preceding year.” Sears v. Smith, 3 Colo. 287. The question involved is not whether the landlord was informed as to his legal rights and attempted to hold the tenant for the term to which he was legally entitled, but, rather, did the landlord intend to hold the tenant as a trespasser, or as a tenant for a further term?! It is not required that the landlord recognize the extent of the new term. , Whenever a landlord by tacit acquiescence or positive act evidences his election that his tenant holds over as a continuing tenant, the term results' by implication of law. Whether there is such election is a question of fact. In the instant case, the trial court found that the defendant was a hold-over tenant by election of the plaintiffs. The correspondence plainly supports that conclusion. While the tenant was still in possession holding oyer, the landlord specifically declared the election to treat it as a hold-over tenant for a term of five years. Upon the tenant’s denial of right so to hold, the landlord again declared his election to stand on the notice and hold the tenant “liable for all rentals due under the terms of the lease.” Such election having been made, both parties were bound to the term established by law.
In Leonard v. Spicer Mfg. Co., 103 N.J.L. 391, 139 Atl. 15, 55 A.L.R. 284, urged as controlling here,j the two-year lease contained an option to the tenant to renew for a further period of three years upon giving notice to the landlord as therein provided. After the tenant had held over a part month and the landlord had written about contemplated improvements, the tenant replied saying it had held over by a mistake as to the time of expiration of the lease and that the premises had been vacated, enclosing check for one month’s rent and tendering the keys. These the landlord rejected, claiming that holding over amounted to an exercise of the option of renewal. Under this state of facts, it was considered that the landlord’s consent was only to the exercise of the three-year option and that] there was no evidence of a general consent to continued occupancy ’¡to support a tenancy from year to year. In the instant case, s the trial court found that there had been such general consent.:
Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed, except as to the declaratory portion thereof adjudging that defendant is a hold-over tenant of plaintiffs for another term of five years, and the cause is remanded with instructions to modify such adjudication in accordance with this opinion.
Mr. Justice Luxford did not participate.
|
package meew0.ap.te;
import cpw.mods.fml.relauncher.Side;
import cpw.mods.fml.relauncher.SideOnly;
import meew0.ap.item.ItemAdvancedPotion;
import net.minecraft.block.Block;
import net.minecraft.entity.player.EntityPlayer;
import net.minecraft.inventory.IInventory;
import net.minecraft.item.ItemStack;
import net.minecraft.nbt.NBTTagCompound;
import net.minecraft.network.NetworkManager;
import net.minecraft.network.Packet;
import net.minecraft.network.play.server.S35PacketUpdateTileEntity;
import net.minecraft.stats.AchievementList;
import net.minecraft.tileentity.TileEntity;
import net.minecraft.util.AxisAlignedBB;
/**
* Created by meew0 on 30.04.14.
*/
public class TileEntityAdvancedBeacon extends TileEntity implements IInventory {
public ItemStack potionStack;
public int levels;
public boolean active = false;
@SideOnly(Side.CLIENT)
private long randomThing1;
@SideOnly(Side.CLIENT)
private float randomThing2;
public TileEntityAdvancedBeacon() {
potionStack = null;
}
@SideOnly(Side.CLIENT)
public float getRandomThing() // I have absolutely no idea what this method returns exactly, but the beacon beam
// renderer needs it so it's in here anyway.
{
if (!active) {
return 0.f;
} else {
int i = (int) (this.worldObj.getTotalWorldTime() - this.randomThing1);
this.randomThing1 = this.worldObj.getTotalWorldTime();
if (i > 1) {
this.randomThing2 -= (float) i / 40.0F;
if (this.randomThing2 < 0.0F) {
this.randomThing2 = 0.0F;
}
}
this.randomThing2 += 0.025F;
if (this.randomThing2 > 1.0F) {
this.randomThing2 = 1.0F;
}
return this.randomThing2;
}
}
@Override
public void readFromNBT(NBTTagCompound nbt) {
super.readFromNBT(nbt);
potionStack = ItemStack.loadItemStackFromNBT(nbt.getCompoundTag("PotionStack"));
levels = nbt.getInteger("Levels");
}
@Override
public void writeToNBT(NBTTagCompound nbt) {
super.writeToNBT(nbt);
if (potionStack != null) {
NBTTagCompound tag = new NBTTagCompound();
potionStack.writeToNBT(tag);
nbt.setTag("PotionStack", tag);
}
nbt.setInteger("Levels", levels);
}
@Override
public int getSizeInventory() {
return 1;
}
@Override
public ItemStack getStackInSlot(int par1) {
return (par1 != 0) ? null : potionStack;
}
@Override
public ItemStack decrStackSize(int par1, int par2) {
if (par1 == 0 && this.potionStack != null) {
if (par2 >= this.potionStack.stackSize) {
ItemStack itemstack = this.potionStack;
this.potionStack = null;
return itemstack;
} else {
this.potionStack.stackSize -= par2;
return new ItemStack(this.potionStack.getItem(), par2, this.potionStack.getItemDamage());
}
} else return null;
}
@Override
public ItemStack getStackInSlotOnClosing(int par1) {
return null;
}
@Override
public void setInventorySlotContents(int par1, ItemStack par2ItemStack) {
if (par1 == 0) potionStack = par2ItemStack;
}
@Override
public String getInventoryName() {
return "container.advancedBeacon";
}
@Override
public boolean hasCustomInventoryName() {
return false;
}
@Override
public int getInventoryStackLimit() {
return 0;
}
@Override
public boolean isUseableByPlayer(EntityPlayer var1) {
return false;
}
@Override
public void openInventory() {
}
@Override
public void closeInventory() {
}
@Override
public boolean isItemValidForSlot(int par1, ItemStack par2ItemStack) {
return par1 == 0 && par2ItemStack.getItem() instanceof ItemAdvancedPotion;
}
@Override
public void updateEntity() {
if (worldObj.getTotalWorldTime() % 80l == 0l) {
update();
}
}
public void update() {
this.updateBlock();
this.applyEffects();
}
public void updateBlock() {
int i = this.levels;
if (!this.worldObj.canBlockSeeTheSky(this.xCoord, this.yCoord + 1, this.zCoord)) {
active = false;
levels = 0;
} else {
active = true;
levels = 0;
for (int j = 1; j <= 4; this.levels = j++) {
int k = this.yCoord - j;
if (k < 0) {
break;
}
boolean flag = true;
for (int l = this.xCoord - j; l <= this.xCoord + j && flag; ++l) {
for (int i1 = this.zCoord - j; i1 <= this.zCoord + j; ++i1) {
Block block = this.worldObj.getBlock(l, k, i1);
if (!block.isBeaconBase(this.worldObj, l, k, i1, xCoord, yCoord, zCoord)) {
flag = false;
break;
}
}
}
if (!flag) {
break;
}
}
if (this.levels == 0) {
active = false;
}
}
if (!this.worldObj.isRemote && this.levels == 4 && i < this.levels) {
// trigger beacon achievement
for (Object player : worldObj.getEntitiesWithinAABB(EntityPlayer.class,
AxisAlignedBB.getBoundingBox((double) this.xCoord, (double) this.yCoord,
(double) this.zCoord, (double) this.xCoord, (double) (this.yCoord - 4),
(double) this.zCoord).expand(10.0D, 5.0D, 10.0D)
)) {
EntityPlayer entityplayer = (EntityPlayer) player;
entityplayer.triggerAchievement(AchievementList.field_150965_K);
}
}
}
public void applyEffects() {
if (this.active && this.levels > 0 && !this.worldObj.isRemote && potionStack != null) {
double range = (double) (this.levels * 10 + 10);
AxisAlignedBB axisalignedbb = AxisAlignedBB.getBoundingBox((double) this.xCoord, (double) this.yCoord,
(double) this.zCoord, (double) (this.xCoord + 1), (double) (this.yCoord + 1),
(double) (this.zCoord + 1)).expand(range, range, range);
axisalignedbb.maxY = (double) this.worldObj.getHeight();
for (Object player : worldObj.getEntitiesWithinAABB(EntityPlayer.class, axisalignedbb)) {
ItemAdvancedPotion.applyPotion(potionStack, worldObj,
(EntityPlayer) player);
}
}
}
@Override
public Packet getDescriptionPacket() {
NBTTagCompound tag = new NBTTagCompound();
writeToNBT(tag);
return new S35PacketUpdateTileEntity(xCoord, yCoord, zCoord, 1, tag);
}
@Override
public void onDataPacket(NetworkManager net, S35PacketUpdateTileEntity pkt) {
readFromNBT(pkt.func_148857_g());
/*if (worldObj.isRemote) {
// rerender the block please
worldObj.markBlockForUpdate(xCoord, yCoord, zCoord);
}*/
}
@Override
public double getMaxRenderDistanceSquared() {
return 65536.d;
}
@Override
public AxisAlignedBB getRenderBoundingBox() {
return TileEntity.INFINITE_EXTENT_AABB;
}
}
|
ISPN-13992: Document cache rebalancing metrics
Jira: https://issues.redhat.com/browse/ISPN-13992
Looks like you forgot to add the adoc to the commit.
Thanks, @wburns . I'm working with Josè through a Google doc to get content defined. I'll then create the PR.
Hi @jabolina .
Would you be OK to review this PR?
I migrated the content from our Google Doc to this PR.
Hi @dvagnero .
Would you be OK to review this PR?
@dfitzmau It seems that you removed the proc_displaying-metrics-st-operation.adoc file. Can you check please?
@dfitzmau It seems that you removed the proc_displaying-metrics-st-operation.adoc file. Can you check please?
I renamed the file to proc_exporting_metrics_state_transfer.adoc, so the file should have a better name.
@dfitzmau It seems that you removed the proc_displaying-metrics-st-operation.adoc file. Can you check please?
I renamed the file to proc_exporting_metrics_state_transfer.adoc, so the file should have a better name.
Now there are too many files. Pls check again
@dfitzmau It seems that you removed the proc_displaying-metrics-st-operation.adoc file. Can you check please?
I renamed the file to proc_exporting_metrics_state_transfer.adoc, so the file should have a better name.
Now there are too many files. Pls check again
I've no idea where these files came from. Any suggestions for removing them?
@dfitzmau It seems that you removed the proc_displaying-metrics-st-operation.adoc file. Can you check please?
I renamed the file to proc_exporting_metrics_state_transfer.adoc, so the file should have a better name.
Now there are too many files. Pls check again
I've no idea where these files came from. Any suggestions for removing them?
git reset HEAD^
Then you need to add the files and commit again
Hi @dvagnero and @jabolina . YOu both OK to mark this PR for approval?
Closing Jira and moving to https://github.com/infinispan/infinispan/pull/10268
|
Is there something that can automatically align the equals sign (=) characters in text files?
We need to align the = character in our terraform files against the longest variable name. Is there any tool that can do this automatically?
For example
thomas = "train"
harrypotter = "wizard"
roger = "rabbit"
...would become...
thomas = "train"
harrypotter = "wizard"
roger = "rabbit"
Bonus points: I use PyCharm primarily, so if it were a plugin for PyCharm I would be overjoyed.
Just install the "Terraform and HCL"-Plugin from Jetbrains. It also supports syntax highglighting and much more features.
After you've installed it, open your file and press "Ctrl+Alt+L" to reformat your code.
Maybe check the "Align properties" settings in Settings->Editor->Code Style->Terraform Config and there in the last tab at the right called "Other" (see screenshot). It has to be "On equals", but that is the default setting.
How do you get this plugin to align all logical blocks the same? As far as I can see, it only aligns each logical block separately.
@James I don't think the plugin can do that. The formatting is applied to blocks seperately, not equally over the whole file. Your original question didn't imply this to be a requested feature, but if you like that to happen, then Smart align might be the better solution for you :)
Thanks, and apologies for the omission. I don't suppose I might be able to ask if you know how I would add smart aline to the precommit config, could I?
Smart Align is a PyCharm plugin which does exactly that. Just,
Windows & Linux
Click into the file
Ctrl + a
Alt + ⇧ + -
Mac
Click into the file
⌘ + a
⌥ + ⇧ + -
Done
As usual - Unix shell utilities to the rescue! Specifically, column:
$ column -t
thomas = "train"
harrypotter = "wizard"
roger = "rabbit"
thomas = "train"
harrypotter = "wizard"
roger = "rabbit"
And it works on files as well, of course:
$ cat my_file.txt
thomas = "train"
harrypotter = "wizard"
roger = "rabbit"
$ column -t my_file.txt
thomas = "train"
harrypotter = "wizard"
roger = "rabbit"
Nice and simple! Your answer may benefit from adding an example showing how to process input from a file. Either way, upvoted!
@RockPaperLz-MaskitorCasket: I thought that was obvious, but ok.
Yep, it's obvious for those of us who know how easy it is. :)
|
CALTON v. LOUISIANA POWER & LIGHT CO.
No. 7769.
Court of Appeal of Louisiana. Second Circuit.
Jan. 30, 1952.
Rehearing Denied March 3, 1952.
Campbell & Campbell, Minden, Dimick & Hamilton, Shreveport, for appellant.
Theus, Grisham, Davis & Leigh, Monroe, for appellee.
GLADNEY, Judge.
From a judgment rejecting plaintiff’s demand this appeal is prosecuted. Suit was brought by the mother of George Sterling for damages arising from his accidental death by electrocution on February 14, 1949. At the time of the accident Sterling was employed as a helper upon a machine known as a log loader belonging to Pace Brothers Lumber Company, Inc., which company operated a sawmill about four miles north of Minden on what is known as Dorcheat Highway. There was erected upon the log loader a boom which contacted defendant’s high voltage electric line when the driver of the loader was attempting to take the machine under the line. Sterling, after dismounting from the loader, touched the charged machine, thus bringing into his body enough electricity to cause his death.
There is no serious dispute as to any of the material facts. Near the scene of the accident a gravel road takes off from the Dorcheat Road running northeasterly into the property of the sawmill company. Defendant’s electric line, charged with 13,800 volts between wires and 8,000 volts to ground, crosses the sawmill property near its south edge. The line is what is described as a three-phase grounded circuit, consisting of three conductors or wires which carry electricity, and a fourth wire which is a neutral or ground wire, the purpose of which is to ground the circuit, but which does not carry electricity. In order to furnish lights for the sawmill, some years ago the defendant company constructed a small line which was adequate for such purpose. Later when the mill constructed a planing mill, a high voltage line was required in order to supply this demand. The line so constructed crosses the road, referred to as the mill road, and on which the accident occurred, at a sharp angle. At the time of the accident, the first span coming off the blacktop or Dorcheat Road was 482.5 feet in length, that is to say there was this distance between the first and second poles. On the Dorcheat Road the wires took off from a 40' pole set 6' into the ground, the wires being strung on an 8' cross arm, set approximately 4' from the top of the pole. The effect of this was to place defendant’s electric line approximately 30' from the ground, when measured near the pole. The next pole to the east was a 35' pole set 5%' in the ground with the wire strung on a cross arm located 6" from the top of the pole, causing the elevation of the wires at that end of the span to be 29' above the ground. The grayel or mill road crosses under this span approximately in the middle. Defendant’s line at the point of crossing and the place where the accident occurred was at the time of the accident slightly more than 23' above the ground. .
The log loader upon which the deceased was employed and which was involved in this accident, consisted of the metal frame of a Chevrolet truck, with a boom hinged on the back end, which could be raised or lowered by means of a Ford motor fastened to the framework of the truck behind the driver. The'boom on this'loader was 19' 10%" in length and was hinged to an “eye-beam frame” 42" from the ground, and at the timé of the accident was being carried in its normal operating position, which was at an angle of about seventy-five degrees or eighty degrees. When extended straight up in the air the overall height of the boom from the ground would be 23' 6%"; at an angle of eighty degrees the tip of the boom would be 3%" lower; and at an angle of seventy-five degrees it would be 6.7 inches lower than in the vertical position. It would, therefore, appear that Shis log loader as it was being carried at the time of the accident, could not safely pass under the line at this point, and due to any uneveness of the road it could be expected to make contact with the line.
On the morning of the accident the log loader had been carried out into the woods and when the accident took place it was being returned to the lumber yard. When the log loader left the yard in the morning the boom was lowered in order to pass under the line. The boom was lowered by means of a motor on the truck, operated by the driver, which operation is preceded by the removal of a pin which holds the pipe on which the cable supporting the boom is wrapped. When lowered on its outward trip, George Sterling took out the pin which held the pipe. On the return trip to the mill Mr. Bailiff, the driver, undertook to drive the log loader under the line without lowering the boom. As Bailiff approached the line George Sterling who was riding on the body of the motor, declared he was not going to ride under the wire. As the loader reached- a point under the wire and a distance of six or eight inches from the wire, according to the testimony of most, if not all, of plaintiff’s witnesses, the loader was brought to a stop. At this point George Sterling jumped 'off the loader and took two or three steps towards the rear end of the loader. A. L. Burkhalter testified he "holloed for him not to go around the back and he fell in or was sucked in or something to the sprocket”. Bailiff, after bringing the truck to a stop, jumped off on the left side of the truck and walked around to the other side where he saw the body of George Sterling jammed against the loader with his chin right up against the sprocket. Bailiff then got back into the truck and backed it away so as to free the body from its contact with the machine. Sterling was still breathing but by the time he was taken into town he was dead.
George Sterling had never been married and had lived with his.mother all of his life. It was shown that he contributed substantially to her maintenance and support, although at the time of her son’s death she was married to Amos Calton.
Several acts of negligence are charged to defendant as the basis of appellant’s suit. For discussion we have grouped the alleged acts of negligence into two main charges: The first is that defendant owned and operated a heavily loaded power line negligently strung and maintained upon poles at an excessive distance apart, and that by reason of such excessive distance between the two poles, the wires sagged so much as to greatly interfere with and endanger those engaged in traveling along the above referred to gravel road, or working about the mill yard. The second allegation of negligence deals with the failure of defendant to properly insulate the wires in question or to place them at a sufficient height to protect the users of log loaders in and about the mill yard. It is alleged officials of the electric company knew sawmills used booms and derricks extending many feet into the air, and that with such knowledge the company should have either raised said lines to a safe height or insulated the wires in order to provide adequate protection to the general public.
In our domestic and industrial progress electricity has played an important part, and its distribution has in recent years carried electric service to remote areas, and we are now as a general rule better informed as to its highly dangerous aspects than in former years. No one can question . that a high voltage electric power line is a subtle, invisible, and highly dangerous force and that by reason of this characteristic the very highest degree of care to avoid injury is required of those who make use of such a dangerous agency in their business. The degree of care to be exacted has been variously described and defined by courts and text writers. Acceptable language which seemingly is in strict accord with the jurisprudence of our state is to be found in 18 American Jurisprudence, pp. 443, 446, par. 48: “While the measure of duty resting upon electric companies in order to exonerate them from liability for negligence is expressed by the courts in forms varying from reasonable or ordinary care and diligence to a close approximation to the view that they are insurers, yet the generally accepted rule in such cases, as in determining liability for negligent injuries generally, is that such companies are bound to use reasonable care in the construction and maintenance of their lines and apparatus— that is, such care as a reasonable man would use under the circumstances — and will be responsible for any conduct falling short of this standard. The degree of care which will satisfy this requirement varies, of course, with the danger which will be incurred by negligence and must be commensurate with the danger involved. According to numerous decisions; where the wires maintained by a company are designed to carry a strong and powerful current of electricity, so that persons coming in contact with them are certain to be seriously injured, if not killed, the law imposes upon the company the duty of exercising the utmost care and prudence consistent with the practical operation of its plant to prevent such injury; * * * The law is complied with when the company provides such a protection as will safely guard against any contingency that is reasonably to be anticipated. The company is not legally bound to safeguard against occurrences that cannot be reasonably expected or contemplated.”
See also; Potts v. Shreveport Belt Ry. Co., 110 La. 1, 34 So. 103; Hebert v. Lake Charles Ice, Light & Waterworks Company, Ltd., 111 La. 522, 35 So. 731, 64 L.R.A. 101; Babin v. Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans, 2 La.App. 517; Ledet v. Lockport Light & Power Co. Inc., 15 La.App. 426, 132 So. 272; Mays v. Southwestern Gas & Electric Co., 174 La. 368, 140 So. 826; Hughes v. Southwestern Gas & Electric Co., 175 La. 336, 143 So. 281; Younse v. Southern Advance Bag & Paper Co., Inc., La.App., 159 So. 611; Freibert v. Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans, La.App., 159 So. 767; Bynum v. City of Monroe, La.App., 171 So. 116; Webb v. Louisiana Power & Light Co., La.App., 199 So. 451; Scott v. Claiborne Electric Cooperative, La.App., 13 So.2d 524; McMullen v. McClunney, La.App., 23 So.2d 658; Short v. Central Louisiana Electric Co., La.App., 36 So.2d 658; Coulon v. City of Alexandria, La.App., 44 So.2d 171.
The evidence in this case does not raise a question of defendant’s wires being out of place. They were exactly as constructed by defendant company and were 23' above the ground and not insulated at the place of the accident. Naturally, the question occurs as to what should be the proper height of such dangerous wires as to reasonably safeguard traffic which has a right to be in the proximity of such wires. We are informed that the State of Louisiana has not by statute regulated the distance that could be declared legally safe, and in the absence of such statutory . regulation the court should establish that standard of elevation which, under reasonable circumstances, could be expected to remove danger and provide safety for the public.
This court has on several occasions accepted recommendations of the National Bureau of Standards of the United States Department of Commerce. An official of the defendant company, Mr. Hugh Balfour, a graduate engineer, testified the subject line was constructed in accordance with all recognized standards of electrical construction, particularly those recommended by the National Bureau of Standards of the United States Depártmen.t of Commerce. He testified that the basic recommended clearance of an electric line of this voltage above a road of this type, is 20' for a span length of 250', which clearance is increased by one tenth of a foot for every foot of span length over 250'. Thus, the regulation required a clearance of only 22.32 feet in this instance. With an actual clearance of 23', defendant’s line was actually 8” above the recommended standard.
In Webb v. Louisiana Power & Light Co., 199 So. 451, 453, this court held:
“The Bureau of Standards of the United States Department of Commerce, as is disclosed by the evidence adduced in the instant case, provides safety rules for the installation and maintenance of electrical supply and communication lines. These rules permit the employment of uninsulated wires, such as are involved herein; but require that they have a minimum vertical clearance above the ground of 15 feet where they cross over spaces or ways accessible to pedestrians only. As before shown, defendant’s line affords a vertical clearance above ground of more than 24 feet, or 9 feet in excess of the stated minimum; hence there was no violation by defendant of the Federal government’s safety requirements.
“It appears to us that defendant fulfilled all legal duties imposed on it. Although the wires in question were not insulated, there was a compliance with the other alternative, namely, the placing of them beyond the danger line of contact with human beings. While engaged in the ordinary course of their affairs, pedestrians would experience no harm from them. Defendant could not have reasonably anticipated that decedent would withdraw from the ground connected well pipe of a length, here more than 30 feet, that would make contact with the transmission line. On the contrary, it could have reasonably expected that in the event of the pulling of the pipe from the well, a disassembling of it, joint by joint, would be the course pursued.”
See also: Welsh v. Gulf States Utilities Co., La.App., 32 So.2d 723, and Coulon v. City of Alexandria, La.App., 44 So.2d 171.
A short time after the tragic death of George Sterling defendant erected an additional pole 45' in height at or near the road where the accident happened, thus raising the electric wire some several feet higher. We are of the opinion that defendant’s wires were not unduly low as required by fair standards for the purpose of giving adequate protection under the circumstances brought into play in this case. We, therefore, do not construe the act of defendant in erecting an additional pole an admission of negligence. Whether- or not other circumstances, as testified by witnesses for the defendant, prompted the erection of the pole is of no matter. Surely, it is a responsibility of the electric company to meet the degree of care toward the public as may reasonably be necessary. There must be, however, some limit to burdens upon construction. Without some limitations the furnishing of electricity would become most impracticable, if not impossible. It is with reason, therefore, that the furnishing of electricity and the operation and maintenance of high voltage lines do not make the electric company an insurer against all accidents which may occur through its operations.
The courts of this state have adopted the view that insulation of overhead wires is not required under all circumstances and that a failure to provide insulation of such wires may not be negligence. Boudreaux v. Louisiana Power & Light Co., 16 La.App. 664, 135 So. 90; Bourgoyne v. Louisiana Public Utilities Company, La.App., 150 So. 68, reh.ref. 152 So. 150; Higginbotham v. Louisiana Power & Light Co., La.App., 198 So. 402, reinstated La.App., 2 So.2d 234; Welsh v. Gulf States Utility Company, La.App., 32 So.2d 726.
Thus, in Boudreaux v. Louisiana Power & Light Co., 135 So. 90, 91, the Orleans Court of Appeal -had this to say: “The record establishes the fact that the best modern practice does not require insulation of high-tension wires suspended as this one was, about 30 feet from the ground, nor is there any appropriate legislation requiring insulation. It does not appear that any custom or law required the posting of notices of the dangerous nature of the overhead wires and, moreover, the several members of the crew operating the crane were familiar with the danger involved. Consequently, notices and warning signs would have made no difference. It also appears that the power lines of defendant in the vicinity of the accident were constructed in accordance with the requirements of the United States Bureau of Standards. There is, therefore, no proof of any negligence on the part of the defendant * *
We note that in a number of cases where failure to insulate was held negligence a city ordinance was involved, as for instance in Haight v. New Orleans Public Service Co., 2 La.App. 405, and Clements v. Louisiana Electric Light Co., 44 La.Ann. 692, 11 So. 51, 16 L.R.A. 43.
We think that the authorities above referred to are appropriate and have application to the facts presented in this case, and it seems clear to us that appellant has failed to demonstrate any negligence arising from the construction, operation or maintenance of the power lines above referred to. In the trial court our learned brother held Sterling’s death by electrocution due to his negligence, giving the following excellent reasons therefor:
“The deceased, himself, according to the record in these cases, knew about the danger and had said that he would not ride the truck under these wires with the boom up, and, my opinion is that, at the time he was electrocuted, he was in the act of picking up the iron pin under the sprocket wheel to lower the boom, believing that the boom was not then in contact with the wires overhead. No other reasonable conclusion can be reached, unless he accidentally came in contact with the truck when Smith warned him and he turned to look back, as Smith says he did. He could have accidently contacted the truck, as he turned, but I doubt this. He apparently was not running away from the truck, but along side it. Mr. Bailiff, driver of the truck, and operator of the loader, looked back and he testified that the boom was six to eight inches away from the wires, but there were four wires on the cross arm and the boom may have been in contact with one of these wires that he did not see. Jim Smith, who was looking at the deceased and who called to him to warn him, does not know how he came in contact with the truck. He said it looked like he was drawn into it and counsel for plaintiffs urges that the electricity attracted his body into the truck, but the evidence offered by experts tends to disprove this theory and shows that the electricity could not jump more than a fraction of an inch, disproving the theory that the deceased was drawn into the truck; and another theory of plaintiffs is that the electricity jumped six to eight inches from the wire to the boom of the loader.
“Considering all of the evidence and the entire record in these cases, it appears to me that the deceased was guilty of negligence himself. He knew the dangerous character of these wires and he should have made certain that the boom was not in contact with any of the wires before approaching the truck, after he jumped off and was in a place of safety and was warned by Smith, and, also by his mother, who witnessed his electrocution from a short distance.
“Plaintiff cites Potts versus Shreveport Belt Ry. Co., supra, 110 La. 1, 34 So. 103, on the question of contributory negligence. This case holds that ‘where a person is employed in the presence of a known danger, to constitute contributory negligence, it must be shown that he voluntarily and unnecessarily exposed himself to the danger.’
“In the present case, my opinion is that the record supports the conclusion that deceased did just that.”
Defendant earnestly contends that the exception of no cause or right of action filed on its behalf should be sustained. This exception was referred to the merits by the trial judge, but defendant by way of answer to the appeal has reasserted its validity in this court. We do not think the exception should be sustained. Though there may be serious doubt as to whether in this case a cause of action existed, we are nonetheless confronted with allegations under which evidence could be admitted and that could form the basis for holding the defendant guilty of actionable negligence.
The effect of this judgment is that we do not find that plaintiff has shown actionable negligence in connection with the unfortunate accident which occurred. We likewise agree with the District Judge that because of the known danger and unheeded warnings, the act of George Sterling in leaving a place of safety for one of danger constituted negligence on his part.
This case was consolidated for trial with a similar suit brought by Joe Buddie Sterling, the father of the deceased. The conclusions we have arrived at herein are equally applicable thereto.
The judgment appealed from is affirmed at appellant’s cost.
McINNIS, J., is recused.
|
Talk:Summer 2017 Event/@comment-26390809-20170909034425/@comment-25096087-20170909053300
5th time do you mean through 5 events? I hope this wasn't my Mythzuho syndrome again (´・ω・`)
Wish you get can her in this 2 days, now I'm in restock state so I'll just give you all the luck
Btw congrats on clearing the event!
Admiral Zero-A1 aw, let's just hope she come back next event, Fall should be mild in salt..
|
Masonic Temple (Fairbanks, Alaska)
The Masonic Temple was a historic two-story wooden building at 809 1st Avenue, near the Chena River in Fairbanks, Alaska. It was built in 1906, expanded in 1908, and further altered in 1913 and 1916. Its architecture was "eclectic Renaissance Revival", a style that had been popular in the "lower 48" United States in the 1880s and 1890s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
The building was originally constructed for the Tanana Commercial Company in 1906. The fire that destroyed much of the city that same year did not affect it, as the fire stopped about one block away.
In 1908, the Tanana Lodge No. 3, a Masonic group that had started as a club in 1904 and received a charter in 1908, purchased the building. The Masons added an extension in the rear for lodge rooms and a main hall in 1908. The building was raised in 1913 and a new facade was added in 1916. The Masons no longer meet in the building.
President Warren G. Harding gave a speech from the steps of the Masonic Temple during his visit to Alaska in 1923.
The roof of the vacant building collapsed on March 17, 2018, and the rest of the building was demolished the next day. It was delisted from the National Register in August 2018.
|
Framée-class destroyer
The Framée class consisted of four destroyers built for the French Navy at the beginning of the 20th century. One ship was sunk in a collision shortly after completion, but the others served during the First World War. One ship was sunk in a collision with a British cargo ship in 1916, but the others survived the war to be discarded in 1920–1921.
Design and description
The Framées had an overall length of 58.2 m, a beam of 6.31 m, and a maximum draft of 3.03 m. They displaced 319 t at deep load. The two triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft, produced a total of 4200 - 5200 ihp, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers which exhausted through four funnels. The ships had a designed speed of 26 kn, but they reached 25.88 - 27.07 kn during their sea trials. The ships carried up to 97 LT of coal to give them a range of 2055 nmi at 10 kn. Their complement consisted of four officers and forty-four enlisted men.
The Framée-class ships were armed with a single 65 mm gun forward of the bridge and six 47 mm Hotchkiss guns, three on each broadside. They were fitted with two single 381 mm torpedo tubes, one between the funnels and the other on the stern. Two reload torpedoes were also carried.
|
Template:DidYouKnow
Please follow these instructions when adding new trivia:
* 4) Edit the Archive to include the new entries, and ensure that the old entries are present.
* ...that Amazandar, the City of Gems, was the capital of Anauria and known for its gem mines?
* ...that the Tribe of the Elk of Icewind Dale was decimated in the Battle of Icewind Dale?
* ...that the remove fear spell gave a being courage in the face of supernatural terror?
|
package Coursework.Objects;
import Coursework.Enums.TypeOfFiction;
import Coursework.Extensions.BooleanWorker;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.time.LocalDate;
/*****************************************************
Project Name: B00714027 CW3
File Name: Fiction
Created by: Melissa Brennan
Student No: B00714027
Comments: Subclass of Superclass Book
******************************************************/
public class Fiction extends Book implements Serializable {
// Instance Variables
private TypeOfFiction genre;
// Constructors
public Fiction() { this(null, null, null); }
public Fiction(String title, String author, TypeOfFiction genre) { this(title, author, genre, false, null, null); }
public Fiction(String title, String author, TypeOfFiction genre, boolean outOnLoan, String loanHolder, LocalDate dateOfLoan) {
super(title, author, outOnLoan, loanHolder, dateOfLoan);
this.genre = genre;
}
// Instance Getters
public TypeOfFiction getGenre() { return this.genre; }
// Instance Setters
public void setGenre(TypeOfFiction genre) { this.genre = genre; }
// Override Methods
@Override
public String toString() {
return "[FICTION]\nBook ID: " + super.getId() + "\nBook Title: " + super.getTitle() + "\nBook Author: " + super.getAuthor() +
"\nOn Loan? " + BooleanWorker.toYesNo(super.isOutOnLoan()) + "\nLoan Holder: " + super.getLoanHolder() + "\nDate of Loan: " + super.getDateOfLoan() +
"\nBook Genre: " + genre.toString();
}
}
|
User:SparklessPlug
Hi it's Spark less Plug here. I love association football, basketball and Arsenal. I own the account Saxster01.
Pages made or significantly improved
* 2019 Austrian Cup final
* 2020 Austrian Cup final
* 2008–09 Borussia Mönchengladbach season
* Amario Cozier-Duberry
* Arthur Okonkwo
* List of foreign Canadian Premier League players
* Luka Marić (footballer, born 2002)
* Mihail Gherasimencov
* Paul Kiedl
Pictures added
* Nayef Aguerd
* Rayan Aït-Nouri
* Sander Berge
* Hugo Bueno
* Nathan Collins
* Matheus Cunha
* Leander Dendoncker
* Evan Ferguson
* Tote Gomes
* Metehan Güçlü
* Rohan Ince
* Otar Kiteishvili
* André Lenz
* Kekuta Manneh
* Luka Marić
* Dieumerci Ndongala
* Arthur Okonkwo
* Facundo Pellistri
* Daniel Podence
* Marco Reus
* Kye Rowles
* Mbwana Samatta
* Nico Schlotterbeck
* Jack Stephens
* T.J. Tahid
* Adama Traoré
* Hamed Traorè
* Auston Trusty
* Reuell Walters
* Danny Welbeck
* Neco Williams
* Ainhoa Vicente
Edits
* My first edit
* My 50th edit
* My 100th edit
* My 500th edit
* My 1000th edit
|
How to determine unique years within date range?
I'm trying to determine in what years clients make use of healthcare. The data:
Clientnumber Date start Date end
1 01-03-2017 31-10-2017
1 01-02-2018 07-08-2018
1 01-11-2018 01-03-2019
1 25-03-2019 01-07-2020
For this one client I want to know in what unique years he/she is registered. Thus, the result should be:
2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and additonally a count of unique years: 4.
Is there a way to do this in either Excel or R?
Thanks in advance.
Have you tried using the YEAR function?
In R, we can get the data in long format, convert to Date and extract year. For each client we can create a comma-separated value of unique Year and count number of distinct Year.
library(dplyr)
df %>%
tidyr::pivot_longer(cols = -Clientnumber) %>%
mutate(value = as.Date(value, "%d-%m-%Y"),
Year = format(value, "%Y")) %>%
group_by(Clientnumber) %>%
summarise(Un_year = toString(unique(Year)),
count = n_distinct(Year))
# Clientnumber Un_year count
# <int> <chr> <int>
#1 1 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 4
One dplyr and purrr option could be:
df %>%
group_by(Clientnumber) %>%
summarise(Years = map_chr(list(c(Date_start, Date_end)),
~ toString(unique(substr(., 7, 10)))))
Clientnumber Years
<int> <chr>
1 1 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
If you want also the count, with the addition of stringr:
df %>%
group_by(Clientnumber) %>%
summarise(Years = map_chr(list(c(Date_start, Date_end)),
~ toString(unique(substr(., 7, 10)))),
n = str_count(Years, ",")+1)
Clientnumber Years n
<int> <chr> <dbl>
1 1 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 4
If the situation is slightly more complicated, meaning you want all years between the first and the last one, even if they are not present in data:
df %>%
group_by(Clientnumber) %>%
summarise(Years = map_chr(list(c(Date_start, Date_end)),
~ toString(reduce(range(as.numeric(substr(., 7, 10))), `:`))),
n = str_count(Years, ",")+1)
|
User talk:Barrence~mediawikiwiki
Testing Page out to see how to Navigate in wkik.dai.com
Your account will be renamed
Hello,
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:22, 18 March 2015 (UTC)
|
const rule = require("../rules/no-unused-imports");
RuleTester = require("eslint").RuleTester;
const ruleTester = new RuleTester({ parserOptions: { ecmaVersion: 2015, sourceType: "module", } });
ruleTester.run("no-unused-imports", rule, {
valid: [
{
code: `
import x from "package";
import { a, b } from "./utils";
import y from "package";
const c = a() + b + x() + y();
`,
}
],
invalid: [
{
code: `
import x from "package";
import { a, b } from "./utils";
import y from "package";
const c = b(x, y);
`,
errors: ["'a' is defined but never used."],
output: `
import x from "package";
import { b } from "./utils";
import y from "package";
const c = b(x, y);
`
},
{
code: `
import { a, b } from "./utils";
import y from "package";
/**
* this is a jsdoc!
*/
const c = a(y);
`,
errors: ["'b' is defined but never used."],
output: `
import { a } from "./utils";
import y from "package";
/**
* this is a jsdoc!
*/
const c = a(y);
`
},
{
code: `
import { a } from "./utils";
import y from "package";
const c = 4;
console.log(y);
`,
errors: ["'a' is defined but never used."],
output: `
import y from "package";
const c = 4;
console.log(y);
`
},
{
code: `
import y from "package";
import { a } from "./utils";
/**
* c is the number 4
*/
const c = 4;
console.log(y);
`,
errors: ["'a' is defined but never used."],
output: `
import y from "package";
/**
* c is the number 4
*/
const c = 4;
console.log(y);
`
}
]
});
|
System for a game of courtly intrigue
I'm considering running a game, in which characters take on a role of courtiers in a sovereign ruler's court. The idea is that these courtiers all serve as spies, diplomats, enforcers etc. to some factions, domestic or foreign, to further their causes through intrigue and conspiracy. The PCs would not (initially) be orchestrators of any major plots, but instead given short-term goals to accomplish by their masters.
To keep the group coherent, I would like to give them two sets of goals - major one, that is the same for the whole group, and a minor one, specific to each player. The minor goals would be divergent, but not mutually exclusive. An example would be to have a major goal: "Make sure Joe Traitor survives the trial he faces" and minor ones given to each player"Make sure he leaves the country", "Make sure he is acquitted of all charges" and "Make sure he escapes his arrest". While they potentially could be all achieved, it would be much more complicated than just achieving the major one.
I'm currently considering Fate Core as the system to run it, but that's somewhat ill suited to include mystery elements, if needed. I would like to be recommended a system that could support my idea with solid mechanics.
A perfect system would:
have a mechanic to handle intrigue and influence of PCs
be simple and light on dice rolling
handle combat (duels, small skirmishes, assassinations) and mystery
be possible to run in a Low Fantasy, Dark Fantasy or Gaslamp Fantasy settings
support cloak and dagger moods of treachery, several-layer conspiracies and political struggle
reward players for successful scheming more than a head-first approach
I see that the question attracted some bad answers, so I'd like to clarify.
I am not looking for a system as in "a mechanic to handle social conflict". I'm looking for a whole game that includes such a mechanic.
The mechanic (or tool, or methodology) has to support me in keeping track about who schemes what and what is going to happen. If every NPC has a plot of his own, keeping track of what happens in the end is very complicated very quickly without a way to do it.
Several layers of conspiracies would be a facility to have, well, exactly that. So the players plot to have Marshal Mutton assassinated, but that's just a part of a plot to have the Household Guard issue less patrols, which in turn is an element of a scheme to allow smuggling of Crazy Herb into the capital, which is needed to throw the city into turmoil, a part of the machinations by Baron Blaggard to swoop in and save the day. And that allows Scheming Steve to bang Baron's wife.
Let me recommend Polaris, which is a very odd game but potentially just what you're looking for. It's also potentially not at all what you're looking for, because Polaris is weird, but nothing ventured nothing gained eh?
By default in Polaris, you are knights under the command of a king who has begun to go mad. As a last resort, you have formed a kind of secret coalition among some of your fellows to try and secure the civilization you all love. You are also doomed to fail. I suspect changing the fluff so that you're spies in the house of a foreign king will not change the core system too much. (Though you don't have to- there are other remnants, and probably dukes or the like you could spy on. Also, I suspect that the Knight's relationship with their king is adversarial enough to work for what you want.) If you do not want to end in tragedy, that's a bit harder.
Has a mechanic to handle intrigue and influence of PCs
I'm not entirely sure of your meaning. If you want something like D&D 3.5's Attitude, Polaris doesn't exactly have this. If something more like Fate's aspects would do, Polaris almost gets there. Protagonists have themes and aspects and even cosmos that can relate to people, but you never really attach numbers to the question of how much an NPC likes you.
However, if you're comfortable with not having numbers attached to relationships, Polaris's mechanics transition smoothly from duels with blades to duels with words. I particularly like the negotiation aspects, as there's a sort of four way tug of war between the protagonist, the NPC, and the guides. It works really well, though it takes a few readings to be comfortable with it.
On the other hand, given the way that each protagonist has different guides (I'm controlling Urist McProtagonist as his Heart, but Urist's Mistaken is a different player and controls all the antagonists in his scenes, and Urist's Full Moon is a third player and they control about half the NPCs while the other half is controlled by the fourth player, called the New Moon) interplayer influence is fascinating, and by breaking up the DMing role like this you often wind up with very NPC focused challenges.
Simple and light on dice rolling
Polaris is not diceless, but it comes very close.
Whether it counts as simple is up for debate. The entire rulebook is about sixty pages, half of which is fluff. The core system involves the use of key phrases, like "But only if" or "And so it was" that have specific meanings in the context of the game. For example, "And so it was" begins and ends scenes, "But only if" is a negotiation with another player, allowing what they said to be true if they accept the addition you're making. Polaris is honestly fairly simple, but tends to confuse experienced RPG grognards because it doesn't really use any of the standard mechanics of these games. (There's no real hit point equivalent, there are no dice, there is no DM...)
Handle combat and mystery
Combat is easy. Polaris can do swordfights, though as you may have gathered they won't play like anything you'd see in D&D. (Even though they might look a lot alike in-universe.)
By mystery, do you mean that the player is unaware of something and trying to find out, or the character is unaware of something and trying to find out? The latter is easily accomplished, and will probably run smoother than most mysteries you've played through. (The wonderful scene setting rules are perhaps the least noticed genius of this game.) The former could theoretically be done, but would probably require some fast and clever play on the part of one of the guides.
Low Fantasy, Dark Fantasy or Gaslamp Fantasy settings
The main setting for Polaris is dark fantasy. The game is subtitled "Chivalric Tragedy at the Utmost North" and invariably ends badly for all concerned. The end of the world is coming, the end of an age of beauty and light and majesty, and demons and dawn both rise to end the world as we know it.
Mechanically, I can confirm the system works perfectly as low fantasy, though be very sure that all players are on the same page as to what is appropriate. If deviations occur during play, roll with it- whoever's Guide it falls under at the moment has say. My playgroup ran a Lies of Locke Lemora-inspired Polaris game, and it worked wonderfully. (Bug lived! Sweet, sweet victory!)
No idea on Gaslamp Fantasy. My instinct is that it might work, but gaslamp might also trend too optimistic for the tragedies that Polaris produces.
Cloak and dagger, several-layer conspiracies
Read the section on Mysteries again for the distinction between player and character, and how Polaris handles that.
The mechanics do not prevent cloak and dagger; There's no equivalent to a sneak attack, but it will usually help in negotiations. Run as close to default as you can, the game starts out with on conspiracy (the Knights against the King) and will almost certainly have a conspiracy within a conspiracy before it ends (as one or more of the Knights turn against each other.) Add to that demons of the heart and soul, which are invisible, can possess people, easily penetrate your fortifications, and work for the downfall of all you hold dear (did I mention some can destroy your memories of love just for shits and giggles?) and you have a recipe for some pretty solid paranoia.
Reward players for successful scheming
By clever play and skilled negotiation, the things you want to happen will be brought about. By collusion, appeasement, and outright bribery of your Mistaken, you can greatly extend the lifespan of your character. Does that count? No?
How about this; experience is checked when you act in sympathy with the demons, in hatred of a person, or in despair or apathy towards the people as a whole. In other words, by fundamentally betraying your team, you get XP. (Of course, if you get too much XP then you completely betray your team and stop being called a protagonist. You can still play the character in scenes though.)
TL;DR
I don't know if this is the best fit for what you want. It's a weird game, and requires a kind of solemnity of play that isn't what everyone's looking for. But it's a great game, and if you want a courtly feel I can't recommend anything better. It fits most of your criteria, though often in unusual ways. Give it a look.
There is a P&P system for Game of Thrones. You might want to look into that. More intriguing and backstabing than that isn't possible I guess.
https://greenronin.com/sifrp/
There is a quickstart PDF as well, if you want to see if it may fit your needs.
I haven't played it myself, but my Gamemaster has told me a little bit about it.
The intrigue part is very high in this game. Be aware, that you need to play a lot of NPC's, which may even talk to one another in front of the PC's. What would intrigues be without a large audience?
I don't know how the rolling is in the system. But the other points should all be fullfilled. It's supposed to be played similar to the books/TV show. So all your sneaky/evil characters have a higher chance of success than your honorably heroes.
Have you used the system? If so, can you please give a little information about how it meets the individual criteria specified in the question?
Added some experience from my gamemaster
@Thanathan thanks for the answer, I think I'll take a look. It's a shame you don't have firsthand playing experience.
|
ফিদা
Etymology
. Cognate with 🇨🇬.
Adjective
* 1) devoted, infatuated
Noun
* 1) devotion, self-sacrifice
|
User:KINMUNE/chatlog/20180530
* 01:19:16: KINMUNE: Hello there, Tigerphun!
* 01:19:21: Tigerphun: Hello
* 06:18:03: KINMUNE: Hello there, Chmahanama!
* 06:18:34: Chmahanama: hi how r u
* 06:46:33: RenzXVI: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFhFZZvUO_M
* 06:46:35: KINMUNE: What Do You Hear? Forget Yanny vs. Laurel. Try Mommy vs. Daddy!
* 06:47:39: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: mommy vs daddy
* 06:47:45: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: hmm
* 06:47:54: The Beautiful Princess Ashley: mommy
* 06:48:31: The Beautiful Princess Ashley: i hate how hot it currently is
* 06:48:38: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: i'm gonna leave that blank lol
* 06:49:07: RenzXVI: It's 33C right now just because it rained.
* 06:49:20: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: i love the heat it was raining soo much in Reno
* 06:49:49: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: i think we got to lower 80s
* 06:50:12: The Beautiful Princess Ashley: 80 degrees? that's 20 degrees below boiling point
* 06:51:44: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: lower 100s or upper 90s is normal where i leave
* 06:51:58: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: live*
* 06:54:04: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: searfing the web on xb1 sucks dont try it
* 06:55:51: The Beautiful Princess Ashley: hi
* 06:56:09: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: *surfing* wow horrible English
* 06:56:38: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: man i cant spell
* 06:56:52: RenzXVI: Hi Woody
* 06:57:18: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: greeting RenzXVI
* 06:59:09: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: wat time is it for yall
* 06:59:24: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: its like 1150 for me
* 06:59:35: RenzXVI: 3pm
* 06:59:43: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: nvm midnight nite
* 07:00:01: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: 3 pm
* 07:00:14: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: hmm
* 07:00:54: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: ya i'm literally barely hangin i gotta give in to sleep
* 07:01:17: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: nite and g'afternoon to ya
* 07:01:27: The Beautiful Princess Ashley: 9 am
* 07:02:02: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: wow i take it u guys arent in USA
* 07:02:18: The Beautiful Princess Ashley: you are correct
* 07:02:37: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: i'd be depressed if i wasnt
* 07:02:49: The Beautiful Princess Ashley: no you wouldn't
* 07:03:12: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: ur right i'm too tired
* 07:04:15: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: KINMUNE what is my name?
* 07:04:36: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: nvm lol
* 07:08:03: The Wood Elf Dragonborn: nite yall
* 08:54:59: Milliewhite40: Morning
* 08:55:08: Milliewhite40: !insultme
* 10:43:00: Nekyn Alb: Hi!
* 13:41:11: Milliewhite40: Hi
* 15:35:20: The Beautiful Princess Ashley: i hate it when the weather is noisy
* 15:42:43: Nekyn Alb: Yeah, the sun is very loud here
* 18:45:34: KINMUNE: Hello there, Flightmare!
* 19:06:24: High Goddess Venus-Afrodite-Finelia: ello o/ :3
* 19:09:50: Nekyn Alb: Hi
* 19:57:48: RenzXVI: Watching the new Tomb Raider now.
* 19:58:00: RenzXVI: I hope this doesn't annoy me.
* 20:10:16: RenzXVI: ....And she loses the fight. Should I rage quit now? XD
* 20:20:36: RenzXVI: She's the biggest loser on earth. Might as well have made her a fat dork. XD
* 20:23:44: The Beautiful Princess Ashley: never cared for tomb raider
* 20:23:58: RenzXVI: I played some of the games when I was a kid.
* 20:24:03: RenzXVI: Maybe 1-3
* 20:36:37: RenzXVI: Asia is fun https://i.imgur.com/UTweOd1.png
* 20:41:31: RenzXVI: Yeah, exactly.
* 21:23:01: Flightmare: Movie is heavily based on the new prequel trilogy game series.
* 21:23:16: Flightmare: Following young Lara in her journey on becoming the Tomb Raider.
* 21:23:28: Flightmare: I saw the movie and it's fairly close to the game.
* 21:23:50: Flightmare: Same location in Japan, similar backstory, slightly different daddy issue.
* 21:24:10: Flightmare: And prequel Lara is more ass than tits.
* 21:25:12: High Goddess Venus-Afrodite-Finelia: lol
* 21:47:40: Flightmare: Somewhere towards 3/4 of the first game I lost interest.
* 21:48:25: RenzXVI: lol
* 21:58:45: KINMUNE: Kalmah - Palo (Full Album 2018)
* 22:00:22: Flightmare: Oh there is one, awesome.
* 22:00:32: Flightmare: I've grown into Kalmah
* 23:08:48: High Goddess Venus-Afrodite-Finelia: meow :3
* 23:16:43: KINMUNE: Hello there, RenzXVI!
|
Talk:'A' is for A-l-i-v-e/@comment-6331056-20130505085533
I hate how we have to wait longer for PLL than other shows like The Big Bang Theory because look
The Big Bang Theory: 6 months
PLL: 6 months and a half !!!!!
Not a big diffrence but still....
|
Lunar eclipse (disambiguation)
A lunar eclipse occurs whenever the moon passes behind the earth such that the earth blocks the suns rays from striking the moon.
Lunar Eclipse may also refer to:
* Lunar Eclipse (album), an album by David Bryan from the band Bon Jovi
* Lunar Eclipse (film), a 1999 Chinese film
* "Lunar Eclipse" (Moonlighting), a series finale of Moonlighting
|
We study discontinuous percolation transitions (PT) in the diffusion-limited
cluster aggregation model of the sol-gel transition as an example of real
physical systems, in which the number of aggregation events is regarded as the
number of bonds occupied in the system. When particles are Brownian, in which
cluster velocity depends on cluster size as $v_s \sim s^{\eta}$ with
$\eta=-0.5$, a larger cluster has less probability to collide with other
clusters because of its smaller mobility. Thus, the cluster is effectively more
suppressed in growth of its size. Then the giant cluster size increases
drastically by merging those suppressed clusters near the percolation
threshold, exhibiting a discontinuous PT. We also study the tricritical
behavior by controlling the parameter $\eta$, and the tricritical point is
determined by introducing an asymmetric Smoluchowski equation.
|
Jefferson City, Tennessee: Energy Resources
From Open Energy Information
<metadesc> Jefferson City, Tennessee: energy resources, incentives, companies, news, and more. </metadesc>
Jefferson City is a city in Jefferson County, Tennessee. It falls under Tennessee's 1st congressional district and Tennessee's 3rd congressional district.[1][2]
References[edit]
1. US Census Bureau Incorporated place and minor civil division population dataset (All States, all geography)
2. US Census Bureau Congressional Districts by Places.
|
toggle the ruler by hotkey
Hi, thanks for sharing this awesome package.
I'd like to request a feature if possible. I don't want to see rulerz all the time. Only when I want to check if my code is lining up.
I'd really appreciate if rulerz added a function that can be activated by hotkey.
Here's an example
'atom-text-editor':
'ctrl-q': 'toggle-quotes:toggle'
'ctrl-r': 'rulerz:2000'
'ctrl-shift-r': 'rulerz:0'
Where the number provided to rulerz is a timeout in milliseconds. So if I provide a 2 second timeout, then the ruler will disappear after 2 seconds, if I provide zero then it toggles on or off, permanently.
If it's difficult accept an unknown number of milliseconds as a parameter, then options for 1-9 seconds would be a great plan B, like this: 'ctrl-r': 'rulerz:2' meaning 2 seconds, 'ctrl-r': 'rulerz:3' meaning 3 seconds, etc.
Hi @lope. Thanks for using Rulerz, I'm glad you find it useful. I don't have much time to add new features to the plugin, but if you're passionate about adding a toggle feature (I suspect many other people would use this as well) I'd be happy to work with you on that.
|
package martin.mogrid.submission.task.filesharing.protocol.message;
import martin.mogrid.common.network.LocalHost;
import martin.mogrid.common.resource.ResourceIdentifier;
import martin.mogrid.p2pdl.api.RequestIdentifier;
public class P2PRequestFile extends P2PFileSharingMessage {
/**
* Comment for <code>serialVersionUID</code>
*/
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
private String reqIPAddress;
private ResourceIdentifier resID;
//CONSTRUTOR
public P2PRequestFile(ResourceIdentifier request, RequestIdentifier reqID) {
super(reqID);
this.reqIPAddress = LocalHost.getLocalHostAddress();
this.resID = request;
}
//LEITURA
public String getRequesterIPAddress() {
return reqIPAddress;
}
public ResourceIdentifier getResourceIdentifier() {
return resID;
}
//ATRIBUICAO
public void setRequeterIPAddress(String devIPAddress) {
this.reqIPAddress = devIPAddress;
}
public void setResourceIdentifier(ResourceIdentifier request) {
this.resID = request;
}
//IMPRESSAO
public String toString() {
String messageStr = "[P2PRequestFile]" + "\nIP Address: " + reqIPAddress
+ "\nRequest: " + resID + super.toString();
return messageStr;
}
}
|
recursive travelling salesman like calculation in go
I have a function that is somewhat similar to the traveling salesman problem that I am trying to make recursive. I think it is working but I am having some trouble getting the appending to work correctly on large datasets. Here is what I have...main should be written to be recursive so I can call a variable number of recursions...https://play.golang.org/p/Lz8arHybFr
package main
type Foo struct {
StartPoint string
EndPoint string
distance int
}
func (f *Foo) Connects(endFoo *Foo) bool {
return f.EndPoint == endFoo.StartPoint
}
func (f *Foo) Completes(endFoo *Foo) bool {
return f.StartPoint == endFoo.EndPoint
}
var fl = []*Foo{
// many foo in here
}
func main() {
completeList := [][]*Foo{}
for _, first := range fl {
for _, second := range fl {
if second.Connects(first) {
if second.Completes(first) {
l := []*Foo{
first, second,
}
completeList = append(completeList, l)
}
//if the connection is made, but not complete, keep going
for _, third := range fl {
if third.Connects(second) {
if first.Completes(third) {
l := []*Foo{
first, second, third,
}
completeList = append(completeList, l)
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
Large dataset is not working because of memory constraints?? Because otherwise it sounds like you've got it working.
not because of memory, I want to write something recursive so I can call the number of recursions....with the posted code, it is hard coded
Oh.. Sorry I misread the post. I get it
I came up with 2 recursions, please, check it on your data:
(I suppose you're going to make this parallel, so this will be easier with 2 recursions, just as a go rec2(...))
func main() {
rec(0,0)
}
func rec(a, b int) {
if a >= len(fl) || b >= len(fl) || a == b {
return
}
aa, bb := fl[a], fl[b]
if !aa.Connects(bb) {
rec(a, b+1)
return
}
l := []*Foo{
aa, bb,
}
completeList = append(completeList, l)
rec2(0, a, b)
}
func rec2(c, a, b int) {
if c >= len(fl) || a == c || b == c {
return
}
cc, aa, bb := fl[c], fl[a], fl[b]
if cc.Connects(bb) && aa.Completes(cc) {
l := []*Foo{
aa, bb, cc,
}
completeList = append(completeList, l)
}
rec2(c+1, a, b)
}
|
User talk:<IP_ADDRESS>
Welcome
Hi, welcome to. Thanks for your edit to the Melee Weapons page.
All of these links are a great way to start exploring Wikia.
Happy editing, BertH (help forum | blog) 05:33, August 14, 2016 (UTC)
|
How to delete a class instance based on if an instance variable returns true?
I have made a fake CRUD-based bank account manager that can create new accounts and also destroy them using the terminal. Just to make clear, this is not a Rails application. I've made a 'fake' MVC structure in vanilla Ruby to understand the basic concept.
I'm having difficulty trying to delete a class instance when the 'destroy' criteria has been satisfied. In this case, if a user wants to destroy a bank account, they need to specify the bank account number of the class instance. I'm not sure if my Ruby method is just incorrectly trying to handle the deletion or if what I am doing is not possible.
Here is method so far:
def delete(account_number)
@accounts.each_with_index do |account, index|
account.include?(account_number) ? account.delete_at(index) : "No account found"
end
end
Here is the error message I am being presented:
`block in delete': undefined method `include?' for #<Account:0x00007fe82c8926c0 @name="test", @account_number="12345", @sort_code="040004", @balance="1234.5"> (NoMethodError)
Essentially, my end goal is for my method to scan the class instance, match @account_number with the account_number passed in the terminal and delete the instance completely. I've been able to do this using 'index' i.e. "delete the 1st in the list" (index + 1) but want to try a more advanced way.
N.B: @accounts is an instance variable set as an array to store the instances.
Why not account = Account.find_by(account_number: account_number) account.delete if account.present?
Ah, I probably left an important part out. The @accounts is an instance variable set as an array in which these instances are being stored. How would I go about using your solution to delete once find_by works?
Maybe start with account = @accounts.find { |a| a.account_number == account_number } to find the account.
...and then, if account.nil? => false, @accounts.delete(account).
As a rule of thumb: don't alter a collection while traversing it.
BTW, if "account number" is your primary key / identifier, you might want to use a hash instead of an array and just use @accounts.delete(account_number). See Hash#delete
I would use Array#delete_if when I want to delete an account with a certain name for an array of accounts.
def delete(account_number)
@accounts.delete_if { |account| account.number == account_number }
end
If there is no matching account found then this method keeps the @accounds array unchanged.
|
package irvine.oeis.a284;
import irvine.factor.factor.Jaguar;
import irvine.math.z.Z;
import irvine.math.z.Integers;
import irvine.oeis.AbstractSequence;
/**
* A284150 Sum_{d|n, d==1 or 4 mod 5} d.
* @author Georg Fischer
*/
public class A284150 extends AbstractSequence {
private int mN;
private final int[] mResidues;
private final int mModulus;
/** Construct the sequence. */
public A284150() {
this(1, 5, 1, 4);
}
/**
* Generic constructor with parameters
* @param offset first index
* @param modulus modulus for sequence
* @param residues list of residues
*/
public A284150(final int offset, final int modulus, final int... residues) {
super(offset);
mN = offset - 1;
mModulus = modulus;
mResidues = new int[residues.length];
for (int i = 0; i < residues.length; ++i) {
mResidues[i] = residues[i];
}
}
@Override
public Z next() {
Z sum = Z.ZERO;
for (final Z d : Jaguar.factor(++mN).divisors()) {
final int dmod = d.intValue() % mModulus;
for (int i = 0; i < mResidues.length; ++i) {
if (dmod == mResidues[i]) {
sum = sum.add(d);
}
}
}
return sum;
}
}
|
package com.roncoo.education.course.service.api.biz;
import cn.hutool.core.util.ObjectUtil;
import com.roncoo.education.common.cache.CacheRedis;
import com.roncoo.education.common.core.base.Result;
import com.roncoo.education.common.core.enums.ResourceTypeEnum;
import com.roncoo.education.common.core.tools.Constants;
import com.roncoo.education.common.service.BaseBiz;
import com.roncoo.education.course.dao.ResourceDao;
import com.roncoo.education.course.dao.UserStudyDao;
import com.roncoo.education.course.dao.impl.mapper.entity.Resource;
import com.roncoo.education.course.dao.impl.mapper.entity.UserStudy;
import com.roncoo.education.course.service.auth.req.AuthUserStudyReq;
import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import javax.validation.constraints.NotNull;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
* API-课程用户学习日志
*
* @author wujing
*/
@Component
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class ApiUserStudyBiz extends BaseBiz {
@NotNull
private final UserStudyDao dao;
@NotNull
private final ResourceDao resourceDao;
@NotNull
private final CacheRedis cacheRedis;
public Result<String> study(AuthUserStudyReq req) {
// 资源信息
Resource resource = getByResource(req);
if (ObjectUtil.isEmpty(resource)) {
Result.error("resourceId不正确");
}
req.setResourceType(resource.getResourceType());
if (ResourceTypeEnum.AUDIO.getCode().equals(resource.getResourceType()) || ResourceTypeEnum.VIDEO.getCode().equals(resource.getResourceType())) {
// 音视频处理
if (new BigDecimal(resource.getVideoLength()).subtract(req.getCurrentDuration()).intValue() < 1) {
// 学习完成
return completeStudy(req);
}
// 没观看完成，进度存入redis，如没看完，定时任务处理
req.setTotalDuration(new BigDecimal(resource.getVideoLength()));
} else if (ResourceTypeEnum.DOC.getCode().equals(resource.getResourceType())) {
// 文档类型处理
if (req.getCurrentPage().compareTo(resource.getDocPage()) >= 0) {
// 学习完成
return completeStudy(req);
}
// 没学习完成，进度存入redis，如没学习完，定时任务处理
req.setTotalPage(resource.getDocPage());
}
cacheRedis.set(Constants.RedisPre.PROGRESS + req.getStudyId(), req, 1, TimeUnit.DAYS);
return Result.success("学习中");
}
private Result<String> completeStudy(AuthUserStudyReq req) {
UserStudy userStudy = getUserStudy(req);
if (ObjectUtil.isEmpty(userStudy)) {
return Result.error("studyId不正确");
}
userStudy.setProgress(BigDecimal.valueOf(100));
// 更新观看记录
dao.updateById(userStudy);
// 清空缓存
cacheRedis.delete(Constants.RedisPre.USER_STUDY + req.getStudyId());
cacheRedis.delete(Constants.RedisPre.PROGRESS + req.getStudyId());
return Result.success("OK");
}
private Resource getByResource(AuthUserStudyReq req) {
Resource resource = cacheRedis.getByJson(Constants.RedisPre.RESOURCE + req.getResourceId(), Resource.class);
if (ObjectUtil.isEmpty(resource)) {
resource = resourceDao.getById(req.getResourceId());
cacheRedis.set(Constants.RedisPre.RESOURCE + req.getResourceId(), resource, 1, TimeUnit.HOURS);
}
return resource;
}
private UserStudy getUserStudy(AuthUserStudyReq req) {
UserStudy userStudy = cacheRedis.getByJson(Constants.RedisPre.USER_STUDY + req.getStudyId(), UserStudy.class);
if (ObjectUtil.isEmpty(userStudy)) {
userStudy = dao.getById(req.getStudyId());
cacheRedis.set(Constants.RedisPre.USER_STUDY + req.getStudyId(), userStudy, 1, TimeUnit.HOURS);
}
return userStudy;
}
}
|
const Duplex = require('stream').Duplex
const duplex = new Duplex()
duplex._read = function () {
this._readNum = this._readNum || 0
if (this._readNum > 1) {
this.push(null)
} else {
this.push('' + (this._readNum++))
}
}
duplex._write = (buf, enc, next) => {
process.stdout.write('_write ' + buf.toString() + '\n')
next()
}
duplex.on('data', data => console.log('on data: ', data.toString()))
duplex.write('a')
duplex.write('b')
duplex.end()
|
and entertainment in a special aspect aboul what he would like to do nor of nature; they have treated their sub- does he send indefinite eulogies of all jects well, and, we are sure, the read- the glories of nature and of nothing
ness. Mr sees things. lie ascertains
er will be gratified and instructed. The Guide to Nature is a magazine of wide range of sympathy for nature in education and recreation. If you have a holiday and spend it in study ing or only in admiring nature, and really do something worth doing from either point of view, or if you diligent ly use microtome and microscope for a decade on some one class of objects, then you are included within our cen tral idea.
The test is — what did you see or do that will be helpful, entertaining or inspiring to others, or that will tend to influence others to follow in your footsteps? The Guide to Nature
The Guide to Nature which show
more faithful and efficient interest in nature than those from Dr. R. Menger of San Antonio, Texas. Unlike some other correspondents, he does not get provoked if we are obliged to return now and then an account of obser vations for which we cannot find room. Instead of argument and "Stop my subscription," he sends something next time that is so good that we must find room for it at once.
San Antonio, Texas.
facts. He does not get discouraged He is just the kind of faithful worker we commend to other workers. See his article, "Peculiar Metamorphosis of the Tobacco Beetle," on page 94 of this number.
To the Editor:
I see in the April number of The Guide to Nature some observations of natural freaks among our feathered
mind me of my own experience.
Until a year ago, our community had only a small number of blackbirds; but last soring a large flock made its summer home in this vicinity. Hereto-
|
EWE Unforgiven 2012
The show took place on July 12th 2012 live in Consol Enegry Center in Philly PA.
Results
Stone Cold Steve Austin Def The Rock in Stretcher Match
Chris Jericho (C) Def Big Show for the IC Championship
John Cena Def Randy Orton
Dolph Ziggler and Drew Mcintyre (C) Def DX EWE Tag Team Championships
Cm Punk (C) Def Mark Henry Pro Wrestling United Championship
Shawn Micheals Def Jeff Hardy (C) EWE World Championship
Edge (C) Def Undertaker EWE Championship
|
// <script>
//register events
$(document).ready(function () {
loadAllPosts();
loadAllPages();
$("#page-layout").change(function () {
if ($("#page-layout").val() == 1) {
$("#column1").css("display", "block");
$("#column2").css("display", "none");
$("#column3").css("display", "none");
} else if ($("#page-layout").val() == 2) {
$("#column1").css("display", "block");
$("#column2").css("display", "block");
$("#column3").css("display", "none");
} else if ($("#page-layout").val() == 3) {
$("#column1").css("display", "block");
$("#column2").css("display", "block");
$("#column3").css("display", "block");
}
});
$(".clear-button").click(function () {
event.preventDefault();
clearPost();
});
$(".clear-page-button").click(function () {
event.preventDefault();
clearPage();
});
$(".nav-pills a").click(function () {
event.preventDefault();
$(this).tab('show');
});
$("#new-post-button").click(function (event) {
event.preventDefault();
addPost();
});
$("#new-static-page-button").click(function (event) {
event.preventDefault();
addPage();
});
$("#new-preview-button").click(function (event) {
event.preventDefault();
});
$("#new-save-button").click(function (event) {
event.preventDefault();
savePost();
});
$("#extract-tags-button").click(function (event) {
event.preventDefault();
alert("Just write something to the screen!");
});
$("#edit-tags-button").click(function (event) {
event.preventDefault();
alert("Just write something to the screen!");
});
$("#post-edit-modal").on('show.bs.modal', function (event) {
var element = $(event.relatedTarget); // Hey, go find the thing that made this event happen
var postId = element.data('post-id'); // found the a tag, now get the data-post-id value
fillEditModal(postId);
});
$("#post-preview-modal").on('show.bs.modal', function (event) {
var element = $(event.relatedTarget); // Hey, go find the thing that made this event happen
var postId = element.data('post-id'); // found the a tag, now get the data-post-id value
fillPreviewModal(postId);
});
$("#tag-preview-modal").on('show.bs.modal', function (event) {
var element = $(event.relatedTarget);
tagPreviewModal();
});
$("#tag-edit-modal").on('show.bs.modal', function (event) {
displayNothing();
});
$("#delete").click(function (event) {
deletePost();
});
});
//functions
function clearPost() {
$('#new-post-form input').val("");
tinymce.get('new-post-content').setContent("");
}
function clearPage() {
$('#new-static-page-form input').val("");
tinymce.get('new-page-content1').setContent("");
tinymce.get('new-page-content2').setContent("");
tinymce.get('new-page-content3').setContent("");
}
function fillAllPostTable(data, status) {
clearAllPostTable();
$.each(data, function (index, post) {
$('#allPosts').append($('<tr>').attr({'id': (post.status === 10 ? 'pendingDelete' : ' ')})
.append($('<td>').append($('<a>')
.attr({
'data-post-id': post.id,
'data-toggle': 'modal',
'data-target': '#post-preview-modal'
})
.text(post.title)
))
.append($('<td>').text(post.author))
.append($('<td>').text(post.datePosted))
.append($('<td>').append($('<a>')
//<a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#post-edit-modal" data-post-id="0">Edit</a
.attr({
'data-toggle': 'modal',
'data-target': '#post-edit-modal',
'data-post-id': post.id
})
.text('Edit')
))
.append($('<td>').append($('<a>')
.attr({
'onClick': (post.status === 10 ? '' : 'deletePost(' + post.id + ')')
})
.text(post.status === 10 ? 'Pending' : 'Delete')
))
);
});
}
function fillAllPageTable(data, status) {
clearAllPageTable();
if (document.getElementById("allPagesAdmin")) {
$.each(data, function (index, page) {
$('#allPagesAdmin').append($('<tr>').attr({'id': (page.status === 10 ? 'pendingDelete' : ' ')})
.append($('<td>').text(page.title))
.append($('<td>')
.append($('<a>').attr({
'onClick': 'deletePage(' + page.id + ')'
}).text((page.status === 10 ? 'Really Delete' : 'Delete'))))
.append($('<td>')
.append($('<a>').attr({
'onClick': ('editPage(' + page.id + ')')
}).text('Edit'))))
});
} else if (document.getElementById("allPagesEmployee")) {
$.each(data, function (index, page) {
$('#allPagesEmployee').append($('<tr>').attr({'id': (page.status === 10 ? 'pendingDelete' : ' ')})
.append($('<td>').text(page.title))
.append($('<td>')
.append($('<a>').attr({
'onClick': (page.status === 10 ? '' : 'deletePage(' + page.id + ')')
}).text((page.status === 10 ? 'Flagged For Deletion' : 'Flag For Deletion'))))
.append($('<td>')
.append($('<a>').attr({
'onClick': ('editPage(' + page.id + ')')
}).text('Edit'))))
});
}
}
function loadAllPosts() {
$.ajax({
url: "posts"
}).done(function (data) {
fillAllPostTable(data, status);
});
}
function loadAllPages() {
$.ajax({
url: "pages"
}).done(function (data) {
fillAllPageTable(data, status);
});
}
function clearAllPostTable() {
$('#allPosts').empty();
}
function clearAllPageTable() {
$('#allPagesAdmin').empty();
$('#allPagesEmployee').empty();
}
function addPost() {
var postTitle = $("#post-title").val();
var postDate = $("#post-date").val();
var postContent = tinymce.get('new-post-content').getContent();
$.ajax({
url: 'blog',
type: 'POST',
headers: {
'Accept': 'application/json',
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
},
'dataType': 'json',
data: JSON.stringify({
title: postTitle,
datePosted: postDate,
content: postContent,
status: -1
})
}).done(function (data) { //success is deprecated, were supposed to use done now
alert("success!");
clearPost();
loadAllPosts();
});
}
function addPage() {
var pageTitle = $("#page-title").val();
var pageLayout = $("#page-layout").val();
var pageContent1 = tinymce.get('new-page-content1').getContent();
var pageContent2 = tinymce.get('new-page-content2').getContent();
var pageContent3 = tinymce.get('new-page-content3').getContent();
$.ajax({
url: 'staticpage',
type: 'POST',
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
},
data: JSON.stringify({
title: pageTitle,
content1: pageContent1,
content2: pageContent2,
content3: pageContent3,
status: 15,
layout: pageLayout
})
}).done(function (data) {
clearPage();
loadAllPages();
alert("success!");
});
}
function savePost() {
var postTitle = $("#post-title").val();
var postDate = $("#post-date").val();
var postContent = tinymce.get('new-post-content').getContent();
$.ajax({
url: 'blog',
type: 'POST',
headers: {
'Accept': 'application/json',
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
},
'dataType': 'json',
data: JSON.stringify({
title: postTitle,
datePosted: postDate,
content: postContent,
status: 9
})
}).done(function (data) { //success is deprecated, were supposed to use done now
alert("success!");
loadAllPosts();
});
}
function editPost() {
var postTitle = $("#edit-post-title").val();
var postDate = $("#edit-post-date").val();
var postContent = tinymce.get('edit-post-content').getContent();
var postId = $("#edit-post-id").val();
var postAuthor = $("#edit-post-author").val();
var postStatus = $("#edit-post-status").val();
$.ajax({
url: '/LVL2/edit/' + postId,
type: 'POST',
headers: {
'Accept': 'application/json',
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
},
'dataType': 'json',
data: JSON.stringify({
title: postTitle,
datePosted: postDate,
content: postContent,
author: postAuthor,
status: postStatus,
id: postId
})
}).done(function (data) { //success is deprecated, were supposed to use done now
alert("success!");
});
}
function deletePost(postId) {
$.ajax({
url: 'blog/' + postId,
type: 'DELETE'
}).done(function (data) { //success is deprecated, were supposed to use done now
alert("success!");
loadAllPosts();
});
}
function deletePage(pageId) {
$.ajax({
url: 'staticpage/' + pageId,
type: 'DELETE'
}).done(function (data) { //success is deprecated, were supposed to use done now
alert("success!");
loadAllPages();
});
}
function fillEditModal(postId) {
$.ajax({
type: 'GET',
url: 'post/' + postId,
headers: {
'Accept': 'application/json'
}
}).done(function (post) {
$('#post-edit-modal .modal-title').text(post.title);
$('#edit-post-author').text(post.author + " - " + post.datePosted);
$('#edit-post-id').val(post.id);
$('#edit-post-status').val(post.status);
$('#edit-post-title').val(post.title);
$('#edit-post-date').val(post.datePosted);
tinyMCE.activeEditor.setContent(post.content);
});
}
function fillPreviewModal(postId) {
$.ajax({
type: 'GET',
url: 'post/' + postId,
headers: {
'Accept': 'application/json'
}
}).done(function (post) {
$('#preview-post-content').html(post.content);
$('#preview-post-author').text(post.author + " - " + post.datePosted);
$('#preview-post-title').text(post.title);
});
}
function tagPreviewModal() {
var postContent = tinymce.get('new-post-content').getContent();
var hashArray = (postContent.match(/#(\w+)/g));
$('#extractedTags').text(hashArray);
}
|
"Mummy's Little Princess" (Nature)
- Death of Andy. -This chapter acts as a sort of "Mid-season finale" for the second series / book.
* Andy is the third main character to die.
|
Student loans and credit score
A friend of mine hasn't been paying his student loans off in years now and obviously his credit has suffered. This friend is convinced that if he waits out 7 years of the loan it is taken off his credit history, as far as I know he never filed for personal bankruptcy. I'm wondering how valid this is? Hoping to help my friend out as credit is everything now a days.
Thank you in advance.
Note ceasing to appear on your credit report (and score) is not the same thing as ceasing to be collectible; the answers seem to focus on the second, but your Q appears to be the first. Compare https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/30962/declare-bankruptcy-or-just-wait-seven-years
As JoeTaxpayer rightly points out, student loan debt is not dischargeable in bankruptcy (except for cases of extreme hardship) so that's out of the question.
The process your friend seems to think will work involves the statute of limitations which limits the time a creditor has to attempt collection of a debt. The general strategy (for lack of a better word) is to ignore the debt completely (what could go wrong) until that statute of limitations passes and the creditor is "time barred" from attempting collection. Once the debt is no longer collectible and has been written off you play the waiting game for the record to fall off your credit report.
There's no statute of limitations applicable to student loans so this process doesn't work.
Additionally, this process is difficult to pull off anyway as there are a number of ways that responding to a collection attempt on the debt will reset the timer on the statute of limitations.
This was along the lines of what I was thinking he was trying thanks for the confirmation...some people man
Deliberate refusal to pay off a debt taken in good faith is precisely one of the issues that credit histories were created for.
3 things (that I know of) can get rid of student loan debt. Paying it off, getting a job that offers to make the payments, or dying.
Student loans are one of the few things that bankruptcy does not wipe out.
I don’t know who convinced him, but he is mistaken.
For Federal (not private) student loans: not included in bankruptcy (normally), but death or total disability, or if 20 or 25 years of 'income based' payments aren't sufficient the remainder is forgiven, and less if you work for specified employers: 10 years 'public service' for government or certain nonprofits, 5 years as a teacher at a 'low-income' school.
|
Lazypurple Servers
Tired of your lame, old community servers?
Looking for something a little extra in your gaming life?
Want an escape from your average, competitive to casual playstyle?
We have:
- Free commands to use; (player models, minecraft blocks, item abuse, and more!)
- Friendly, casual community to talk to and hang around with;
- Dedicated mods that are actually good at their job and don't ban you unfairly; (Take that, Skial)
- LGBTQ+ Rights;
- A random hobo we found on the street
Server IPs:
Silly Server 1: <IP_ADDRESS>:27015
Silly Server 2: <IP_ADDRESS>:27016
Silly Server 3: <IP_ADDRESS>:27022
Pub Server: <IP_ADDRESS>:27017
EU Pub Server: <IP_ADDRESS>:27015
Special Gamemode Server: <IP_ADDRESS>:27018
MvM Server 1: <IP_ADDRESS>:27019
MvM Server 2: <IP_ADDRESS>:27020
What are you waiting for?! Experience some of the best unengaging gameplay in all of TF2 to date!
Official Website: https://lazypurple.com
|
accessible but abstracts give the following conclusions. ' 'Sand offers no resistance to the extraction of the phosphoric of super phosphate by water. Addition of orthoclase produces no effect. Calcium carbonate combines quickly with soluble phosphoric acid. Iron and aluminum hydroxides are also active in retain ing phosphoric acid. The compounds formed with iron and aluminum are more stable towards salt solutions than tri-calcium phosphate. Sodium chloride solutions (i per cent and 2 per cent) dissolve less phosphoric acid from superphosphate than pure water. In the presence of calcium carbonate and hydroxi des of iron and alumium the salt solutions dissolve more than pure water. ' '
The action of carbon dioxide on tri-calcium phosphate alone and in the presence of ferric hydroxide was studied by Geogievice 1 . Tri-calcium phosphate suspended in water was decomposed by carbon dioxide, but the reaction was far from being complete. When ferric hydroxide was also present decomposition took place, but the phosphoric acid immediately combined with the iron. Under some conditions the whole of the phosphoric acid was with drawn from the calcium salt. These results confirm the observa tions of many previous workers, namely, that all of the phosphoric acid in calcium phosphate when applied to the soil finally becomes converted to phosphate of iron.
Some interesting facts regarding the assimilation of phos phoric acid by crops were obtained by Deherain 2 on the experi mental plots at Grignon. He noticed that the sum of the phos phoric acid in drainage and crops in ten years, was not equal to the phosphoric acid not extracted by acetic acid. He con cluded that the calcium phosphate was changed to iron and aluminum phosphates after a time. A soil was mixed with tri calcium phosphate and placed in a seltzogene. After a few days no phosphoric acid was dissolved by water charged with carbon dioxide, although tri-calcium phosphate is soluble in this mix ture. He does not state whether the soil contained lime. Ferric and aluminum phosphates were assimilated by oats but not by wheat.
|
Adding Instituto Nuevos Aires (INA)
Website: https://ina.edu.ar/
Address: Galván 3256, Cdad. Autónoma de Buenos Aires
Tech career: https://ina.edu.ar/tecnicaturas/diseno-y-programacion-web/
INA is the High-Level education of: https://nuevosaires.edu.ar/
We've been using this domain in the past
@capellopablo First stage of verification passed, official domain for Instituto Nuevos Aires is ina.edu.ar as far as I verified. This is just an informational note. Pull request is still in the review. I appreciate your patience while waiting for the final decision.
Sure! Thanks
@capellopablo Regrettably, I must close the request without merging because this organization is a training center, not a college or university. Please ensure that you are familiar with this repository rules located at the bottom of this page.
Please apply for an appropriate licensing option (which may also be free) at https://www.jetbrains.com/community/education/#courses.
Thank you for your understanding!
Hey @philipto Sure! I undestard that. Sorry, but that's wrong
I don't know why you think it's a training center, but it's not. It's a college that has all levels: Kindergarten, primary, High School and tertiary. It's a career endorsed by the Ministry of Education of the Argentine Republic. I myself have developed the career plan and have presented it to the Ministry of Education.
In fact, in Argentina, in order to have a .edu domain, you must be a formal educational institution. Training centers are not granted .edu.ar domains.
https://riu.edu.ar/dominios-edu-ar
I would appreciate it if you would review the application because, honestly, the evaluation is not correct.
@philipto Could you take a look at my last comment, please?
|
async function getUser(id) {
const response = await fetch("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users");
const responseJson = await response.json();
const userReturn = responseJson.filter(user => user.id === id)[0];
return userReturn;
}
export default getUser;
|
Warner Bros. Pictures Animation
Warner Bros. Pictures Animation (WBPA), formerly known as Warner Animation Group (WAG), is an American animation studio that serves as the animated feature film label of Warner Bros.' theatrical film production and distribution division, Warner Bros. Pictures. Established on January 7, 2013, by Jeff Robinov, the studio is the successor to the dissolved 2D traditional hand-drawn animation studio Warner Bros. Feature Animation, which shut down in 2004, and is also a sister to the regular Warner Bros. Animation studio.
Its first film, The Lego Movie, was released on February 7, 2014, and its most recent film was DC League of Super-Pets on July 29, 2022; their upcoming slate of films includes The Cat in the Hat on March 6, 2026, Thing One and Thing Two in 2026, Bad Fairies on July 23, 2027, Margie Claus on November 5, 2027, Oh, the Places You'll Go! in 2027, and Toto on an unspecified release date. Films produced by WBPA have grossed a total of $2 billion at the box office.
History
On January 7, 2013, Jeff Robinov (then head of the studio's motion picture division) founded a screenplay development department, nicknamed a "think tank" for developing theatrical animated films, known as the Warner Animation Group. The group includes John Requa, Glenn Ficarra, Nicholas Stoller, Jared Stern, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller. Warner Bros. created the group with the hope that the box office reception of their films will be competitive with other animation studios' releases.
On February 7, 2014, Warner Animation Group released their first film, The Lego Movie, a film animated by Animal Logic, which also provided the animation for both spin-offs. It was met with critical praise and proved to be a box-office success. Due to the movie's success, a media franchise was created, with two spin-offs, The Lego Batman Movie and The Lego Ninjago Movie (both 2017), and a sequel, The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019). While The Lego Batman Movie proved to be successful at the box office, The Lego Ninjago Movie and The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part were both unable to recoup its budget, with Ninjago being the first film from the Warner Animation Group to be a box-office flop.
WAG's second film, Storks, was released September 23, 2016. It received mixed reviews from critics. On December 14, 2017, Warner Bros. announced Allison Abbate had been named Executive Vice President, and Chris Leahy has been named Senior Vice President.
Smallfoot, released September 28, 2018, received mostly positive reviews from critics and became a box office success. In October 2019, Locksmith Animation formed a multi-year production deal with Warner Bros. Pictures and Warner Animation Group, which will distribute Locksmith's films.
An animated reboot of the Scooby-Doo film series titled Scoob! was initially set for a theatrical release on May 15, 2020, but then it was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 21, 2020, it was announced that it would instead go to video on demand in response to the pandemic. It received mixed reviews from critics.
A live-action/animated film based on Tom & Jerry was released internationally on February 11, 2021, and on February 26 in the United States in theaters and HBO Max simultaneously and also debuted the company's new logo to match with the design of the new shield logo that Warner Bros. debuted back in November 2019, and like the main WB logo, which was debuted that year with Locked Down, it is made by Devastudios, using Terragen for the sky and clouds, along with the studio's blueprints from the Warner Bros. Studio Facilities and the available photography and videography from the Warner Bros. Studio Tour Hollywood and Google Maps, all in order to reconstruct it in CGI. It received generally negative reviews from critics, and is the first film from the company to have met so.
Space Jam: A New Legacy, starring LeBron James, was released on July 16, 2021, and was the first film from Warner Animation Group to incorporate traditional animation. It also received generally negative reviews from critics and is the second film from the company to have met so after Tom & Jerry, due to the film being heavy on product placement of the studio's intellectual properties.
An animated film based on the Legion of Super-Pets titled DC League of Super-Pets was released on July 29, 2022. It received generally positive reviews from critics.
A Christmas-themed spin-off prequel titled Scoob! Holiday Haunt, taking place in the gang's youth, with the actors who portrayed their younger selves reprising, was set for release in 2022 on HBO Max, but was cancelled following the merger of WarnerMedia and Discovery, Inc. to form Warner Bros. Discovery in April 2022 by CEO David Zaslav on August 2, 2022, citing cost-cutting measures and a refocus on theatrical films rather than creating projects for streaming. Following the merger, it was announced in August that Allison Abbate would be leaving the studio.
On February 9, 2023, it was reported that former DreamWorks Animation chief creative officer Bill Damaschke was in talks to lead the studio. On May 5, 2023, it was confirmed in a Warner Bros. Discovery earnings call by Zaslav that Damaschke had been hired, and was hard at work with Warner Bros. Pictures Group co-CEOs Michael De Luca and Pamela Abdy on developing a new slate of films. On June 9, 2023, Damaschke announced the rebranding of the division into Warner Bros. Pictures Animation and stated that they planned to follow the creative lead of Abdy and De Luca.
Upcoming releases
The studio was developing a live-action/animation hybrid film titled Coyote vs. Acme, directed by Dave Green and produced by Chris DeFaria and James Gunn, which was due to be released on July 21, 2023. However, that release date was taken by Barbie, with Coyote vs. Acme remaining undated. However, the film was cancelled on November 9, 2023, the studio citing a tax write-off; a similar fate befell the Scoob! prequel Scoob! Holiday Haunt the previous year. This decision, which was not known to the crew until it was completed, was met with backlash, citing that the film had received positive test screenings and interested buyers. However, following extensive backlash, the company reversed their decisions, allowing the filmmakers to shop the film to interested distributors. However, in February 2024, due to being unable to find a distributor, Warner Bros. Discovery was reportedly considering canceling and deleting the film for good, though discussions to release it were reportedly still ongoing. On March 10, 2024, writer of the film, Samy Burch has said that conversations ongoing to release the film.
A musical feature adaptation of Michael Morpurgo's children's book Toto: The Dog-Gone Amazing Story Of The Wizard Of Oz began animation production in February 2021. It is being directed by Alex Timbers, from a screenplay by John August, and produced by Derek Frey. It was originally scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on February 2, 2024. On April 5, 2023, it was taken off the release schedule with Alto Knights taking over its original release date.
Warner Bros. Pictures Animation is also collaborating with Dr. Seuss Enterprises to produce musical films based on a series of children's books of Dr. Seuss properties, including film adaptations of both The Cat in the Hat and Oh, the Places You'll Go!. The firm is also developing a spin-off film of The Cat in the Hat with the focus on Thing One and Thing Two, with collaboration with J. J. Abrams' production company Bad Robot Productions.
There are also plans to develop a DC League of Super-Pets franchise following the film's critical and commercial success.
The second Hanna-Barbera based film titled Meet the Flintstones, an origin movie based on The Flintstones is in early development. It will be written by Aaron Horvath and Michael Jelenic, who both previously directed Illumination's The Super Mario Bros. Movie.
A photorealistic animated feature film adaptation of the Animal Planet series Meerkat Manor was announced to be in development in April 2024, with Seth Green and Tracy Falco set to produce the film, and series creator Caroline Hawkins and Clare Birks from Oxford Scientific Films to serve as executive producers.
A Christmas film titled Margie Claus is scheduled to be released on November 5, 2027, with Melissa McCarthy starring and producing under her On the Day Productions company alongside Ben Falcone and Pilar Flynn, and Falcone and Damon Jones writing the script. The project was previously set up as a live-action feature at New Line Cinema.
Production
Similar to Paramount Animation and Sony Pictures Animation, Warner Bros. Pictures Animation outsources their computer-animated films' production to other studios such as Animal Logic (The Lego Movie franchise, DC League of Super-Pets and Toto), Sony Pictures Imageworks (Storks and Smallfoot), Reel FX Creative Studios (Scoob!), Framestore (Tom & Jerry) and Industrial Light & Magic (Space Jam: A New Legacy). However, Space Jam: A New Legacy did also include hand-drawn animation, which is done in-house and also outsourced from Company 3 Animation, and Tonic DNA.
The budgets for their films tend to range from $60–80 million. Their most expensive films to date are The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part ($99 million), Scoob! ($90 million), Space Jam: A New Legacy ($150 million), and DC League of Super-Pets ($90 million).
The screenplay department is reportedly somewhat similar to Pixar Animation Studios' "brain trust" in terms of how its members consult with one another and give feedback on each other's projects. The group is nicknamed the "think tank".
Filmography
* Combines live-action with animation.
|
User:Ollerus/Sandbox 1
* Shared Draft 4
Urban Legends
* A Very Valuable ORANGE (とても価値のあるオレンジ) - Toaru Kagaku no Railgun SS2 Chapter 1
* Uranium Ornament (ウランの置物) - Toaru Kagaku no Railgun SS2
* The necklace of Death (死のネックレス) - Toaru Kagaku no Railgun SS2
Toaru Majutsu no Indekkuchu
Simple Character Introduction
Chapters
* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
* Chapter 3
Toaru Majutsu no Indekkuchu Sono Ni
Simple Character Introduction
Chapters
* Chapter 4
* Chapter 5
* Chapter 6
Toaru Majutsu no Index VS Durarara!! Special Collaboration
* Translation Source: User blog:OH&S/Toaru Majutsu no Index VS Durarara!! Special Collaboration
Publisher's Summary
10 Year Anniversary Commemoration: "Confrontation" Work
Toaru Majutsu no Index VS Durarara!!
Kamachi Kazuma X Narita Ryohgo
This is a story of distortion.
A story of twisted distortion.
They were never supposed to intersect.
The world that opened, the time that closed.
As long as the answer leads to peace, there's no choice but to jump in.
With two worlds created, they head towards the never-ending distortion―――.
Introduction by Narita Ryohgo
Academy City Chapter
Toaru Majutsu no Index VS Durarara!! Academy City Chapter by Kamachi Kazuma
When the two's fists cross, the story begins.
What is the identity of the threat that attacks Academy City!?
Starring:
"Imagine Breaker" Kamijou Touma
"Ikebukuro's Strongest Man" Heiwajima Shizuo
Ikebukuro Chapter
Toaru Majutsu no Index VS Durarara!! Ikebukuro Chapter by Narita Ryohgo
The conspiracy of Izaya who wriggles in the darkness.
The Accelerator that landed in Ikebukuro.
This is a story of distorted space-time.
Starring:
Orihaya Izaya: Well, just like with Shizu-chan it doesn't seem to be all there is this time.
Accelerator: So what? Who are you and where did you come from?
Chapter List
* Academy City
* Ikebukuro
|
'use strict'
const fs = require('fs');
const url = require('url');
const path = require('path');
const source = require('./source');
const fileExtension = /.(css|js|png|jpg|gif|svg)/
class App {
constructor(urlSource) {
this.urlSource = urlSource;
}
routing(request, response) {
let pathName = url.parse(request.url).pathname;
if (request.method == 'GET') {
if (request.url.match(fileExtension)) {
source.sendAsset(pathName, request, response);
} else if (request.url.match(/api.[a-z]/)) {
source.sendJSON(this.urlSource, pathName, response);
} else {
if (pathName === '/') {
source.sendHome(response);
} else {
// TODO : response 404 page
}
}
}
}
};
module.exports = App;
|
<?php
namespace Blogger\UserBundle\Controller;
use Blogger\UserBundle\Entity\User;
use Blogger\UserBundle\Entity\UserSecurity;
use Blogger\UserBundle\Form\Model\ResetPassword;
use Blogger\UserBundle\Form\Model\ResetPasswordType;
use Blogger\UserBundle\Form\UserType;
use DateTime;
use Doctrine\ORM\NoResultException;
use Swift_Message;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\UserInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Validator\Exception\ConstraintDefinitionException;
class SecurityController extends Controller {
const BOOLEAN = 0;
const USER_OBJECT = 1;
const SECURTIY_USER_OBJECT = 2;
public function resetPasswordAction($using = "email") {
$resetPwd = new ResetPassword();
$form = $this->createForm(new ResetPasswordType(), $resetPwd);
$form->remove('resetcode');
$form->handleRequest($this->getRequest());
if ($form->isValid()) {
$user = null;
$email = $form->get("email")->getData();
$user = $this->isEmailExist($email, self::USER_OBJECT);
if ($user instanceof UserInterface) {
$this->generateUniqueCode($user);
$this->sendConfirmationCode($user);
} else {
if ($user === FALSE) {
$this->get('session')->getFlashBag()->add('flashError', $email . " is not registred.");
}
}
return $this->redirect($this->generateUrl("BloggerUserBundle_reset_password_email_link", array("tech" => "code")));
}
return $this->render("BloggerUserBundle:Security:resetPassword.html.twig", array("form" => $form->createView()));
}
public function confirmResetCodeAction($tech) {
$resetPwd = new ResetPassword();
$form = $this->createForm(new ResetPasswordType(), $resetPwd);
$form->remove("email");
$form->handleRequest($this->getRequest());
if ($form->isValid()) {
$user = null;
$code = $form->get("resetcode")->getData();
$user = $this->isResetCodeExist($code, self::USER_OBJECT);
if ($user instanceof UserInterface) {
return $this->redirect($this->generateUrl("BloggerUserBundle_reset_newpassword", array("id" => $user->getId(), "resetcode" => $code)));
} else {
if ($user === FALSE) {
$this->get('session')->getFlashBag()->add('flashError', "Enterd code is not valid or used.");
}
}
}
return $this->render("BloggerUserBundle:Security:confirmResetCode.html.twig", array("form" => $form->createView()));
}
public function newPasswordAction($id, $resetcode) {
$em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
$user = $em->getRepository("BloggerUserBundle:User")->find($id);
if ($user instanceof UserInterface && $this->isResetCodeExist($resetcode)) {
$chgPwd = new User();
$form = $this->createForm(new UserType(), $chgPwd);
$form->remove('username');
$form->remove('firstname');
$form->remove('middlename');
$form->remove('lastname');
$form->remove('sex');
$form->remove('birthdate');
$form->remove('email');
$form->remove('salt');
$form->remove('roles');
$form->remove('isActive');
$form->remove('image');
$form->add('Reset Password', 'submit');
$form->handleRequest($this->getRequest());
$factory = $this->get('security.encoder_factory'); // get use encoder factory
$encoder = $factory->getEncoder($chgPwd);
if ($form->isSubmitted()) {
$user->getSecurity()->setIsLastCodeUsed(TRUE);
$em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
$pasword = $encoder->encodePassword($chgPwd->getPassword(), $user->getSalt());
$user->setPassword($pasword);
$em->persist($user->getSecurity());
$em->persist($user);
$em->flush();
$this->get("session")->getFlashBag()->add("loginSuccess", "Your Password is changed , SingIn to countinue !!");
return $this->redirect($this->generateUrl("login"));
}
}
$this->get("session")->getFlashBag()->add("flashInfo", "Please !! Enter a new password.");
return $this->render("BloggerUserBundle:Security:newPassword.html.twig", array("form" => $form->createView()));
}
/**
* @todo confirmed email implimentation not complete
*
* @param type $email
* @return boolean "return TRUE if email id is registerd else return FALSE"
*/
protected function isEmailExist($email, $return_type = self::BOOLEAN, $confirmed = false) {
$em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
try {
$user = $em->getRepository("BloggerUserBundle:User")->createQueryBuilder("u")->where("u.email= :email")->setParameter("email", $email)->getQuery()->getSingleResult();
} catch (NoResultException $e) {
return FALSE;
}
if ($user instanceof UserInterface) {
if ($return_type === self::USER_OBJECT) {
return $user;
}
return TRUE;
}
return FALSE;
}
/**
* @todo confirmed email implimentation not complete
*
* @param type $email
* @return boolean "return TRUE if email id is registerd else return FALSE"
*/
protected function isResetCodeExist($code, $return_type = self::BOOLEAN, $confirmed = false) {
$em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
$userSecurity = NULL;
try {
$userSecurity = $em->getRepository("BloggerUserBundle:UserSecurity")->createQueryBuilder("u")->where("u.resetCode= :resetcode and u.isLastCodeUsed= :used")->setParameter("resetcode", $code)->setParameter("used", FALSE)->getQuery()->getSingleResult();
} catch (NoResultException $e) {
return FALSE;
}
if ($userSecurity->getUser() instanceof UserInterface && $userSecurity instanceof UserSecurity) {
if ($return_type === self::USER_OBJECT) {
return $userSecurity->getUser();
} elseif ($return_type === self::SECURTIY_USER_OBJECT) {
return $userSecurity;
}
return TRUE;
}
return FALSE;
}
/**
*
* @param type $username
* @return boolean "return TRUE if username is registerd else return FALSE"
*/
protected function isUserNameExist($username, $return_type = self::BOOLEAN) {
$em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
$user = $em->getRepository("BloggerUserBundle:User")->findBy(array("username" => $username));
if ($user) {
if ($return_type === self::USER_OBJECT) {
return $user;
}
return TRUE;
}
return FALSE;
}
/**
* @todo IsLastCodeUsed funcationality not implemented.
*/
protected function generateUniqueCode(UserInterface $user) {
$em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
if ($user instanceof UserInterface) {
$code = md5(time() . $user->getId() . $user->getUsername());
if ($user->getSecurity()) {
$userSecurity = $user->getSecurity();
} else {
$userSecurity = new UserSecurity();
}
$this->isLastGeneratedCodeUsed($userSecurity);
$userSecurity->setUser($user);
$userSecurity->setGenerationDate(new DateTime());
$userSecurity->setResetCode($code);
$em->persist($userSecurity);
$em->flush();
return $userSecurity;
}
return NULL;
}
protected function sendConfirmationCode(UserInterface $user) {
if ($user instanceof UserInterface) {
$message = Swift_Message::newInstance()
->setSubject('Password Resetcode.')
->setTo($user->getEmail())
->setBody($this->renderView('BloggerUserBundle:Security:passwordResetEmailTemplate.html.twig', array('user' => $user)), "text/html");
$this->get('mailer')->send($message);
$this->get('session')->getFlashBag()->add('flashSuccess', 'Your reset code was successfully sent to' . $user->getEmail() . ".");
}
}
protected function isLastGeneratedCodeUsed(UserSecurity $security) {
// $em= $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
if (!$security instanceof UserSecurity) {
throw new ConstraintDefinitionException("Argument must be object of UserSecurity !");
}
if ($security->getIsLastCodeUsed() === TRUE) {
$security->setIsLastCodeUsed(FALSE);
}
}
}
|
Deploy using Capistrano - is only run for servers matching
Im trying to deploy my application using Capistrano, but I get this error message:
`deploy:setup' is only run for servers matching {:except=>{:no_release=>true}}, but no servers matched
When running this command:
bundle exec cap deploy:setup
Here is my deploy.rb file.
set :application, "example.com"
set :repository, "[email protected]:username/repo.git"
set :use_sudo, false
set :scm, :git
set :web, application
set :app, application
set :db, application
set :branch, "master"
set :user, "webmaster"
set :deploy_to, "/opt/www/#{application}"
set :deploy_via, :remote_cache
set :domain, application
set :port, 2222
set :bundler_cmd, "bundle install --deployment --without=development,test"
ssh_options[:paranoid] = false
namespace :deploy do
task :start do ; end
task :stop do ; end
task :restart_stalker do
run "cd #{deploy_to}/current && thor stalker:kill && stalker:init"
end
task :restart, :roles => :app, :except => { :no_release => true } do
run "cd #{deploy_to}/current && touch tmp/restart.txt"
end
after "bundler_cmd", "deploy:restart_stalker"
end
I'm using Rails 3.
You need to define some roles. E.g.:
role :app, 'myapphostname'
role :web, 'mywebhostname'
It seems you used "set" instead of "role", but you should confirm this before making the change.
Most people are probably using multistage with capistrano so you wouldnt put your roles in the deploy.rb, so if you have added environment specific roles in config/deploy/#env_name.rb then make sure to add these in your config/deploy.rb
set :stages, %w(#env_name1, #env_name2...)
require 'capistrano/ext/multistage'
and make sure the capistrano-ext gem is installed.
Seems that you've already set up your server with bundle exec cap deploy:setup.
If that's the case you should now run bundle exec cap deploy.
I'm going to leave an answer here that helped me that when none of the suggested answers here or elsewhere could help me - I spent days researching this issue before I found a fix.
Make sure that if using multistage that the environment specific config files (e.g. config/deploy/environment.rb) are the only files in the config/deploy directory. I had an environment, dev that I was unable to deploy too, turned out there somehow was a complete empty config/deploy/dev file that was getting loaded instead of my config/deploy/dev.rb file, causing every deployment to that environment fail with the posted error.
|
Error while connecting to IBM DB2 with Tableau Desktop?
I'm trying to connect to a IBM DB2(v10.5) database with Tableau Desktop v10. When i enter the credentials and try to login, it shows the below error:
[Microsoft][ODBC Driver Manager] Data source name not found and no default driver specified
The DB2 database is available in a Linux machine(rhel 6.5).What are the prerequisites and odbc drivers i need to install to resolve this issue.
You need to download and install the IBM DB2 driver from Tableau's website at https://www.tableau.com/support/drivers.
Tableau's online help includes a page for setting up a connection to DB2. I am abbreviating them here.
Start Tableau and under Connect, select IBM DB2. For a complete list of data connections, select More under To a Server. Then do the following:
Enter the name of the server that hosts the database and the name of the database that you want to connect to.
Enter your user name and password.
If Tableau can't make the connection, verify that your credentials are correct. If you still can't connect, your computer is having trouble locating the server. Contact your network administrator or database administrator. -
Select Sign In.
On the data source page, do the following:
(Optional) Select the default data source name at the top of the page, and then enter a unique data source name for use in Tableau. For example, use a data source naming convention that helps other users of the data source figure out which data source to connect to.
From the Schema drop-down list, select a schema or use the text box to search for a schema by name.
Under Table, select a table or use the text box to search for a table by name.
Drag a table to the canvas, and then select the sheet tab to start your analysis.
Thanks! I did that.
|
THE RIVER FISHERIES OF THE ATLANTIC STATES. FLORIDA TO LONG ISLAND SOUND BY MARSHALL McDONALD; MASSACHUSETIS AND NEW HAMPSHIRE, BY W. A. WILCOX AND FREDERICK W. TRUE; MAINE, BY C. G. ATKINS. 1._THB RIVERS OF EASTERN FLORIDA, GEORGIA, AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 1. Saint John’s River, Florida. 2. Saint Mary’s River.
Soe ann
3. Altamaha River. . The Edisto River. 4. The Satillas. ‘is . The Santee River. 5. The Ogeechee River. \ 10. The Peedee, Sampit, Black, and Wacamah Rivers. 2—THE RIVERS AND SOUNDS OF NORTH CAROLINA. 1. The Cape Fear River. 4. Fisheries of Pamlico Sound. 2. The Neuse River. 5. Albemarle Sound and its tributaries. 3. The Pamlico and Tar Rivers. 3.—THE FISHERIES OF CHESAPEAKE BAY AND ITS TRIBUTARIES. 1. General Review. : 5. The Potomac River. 2. The James River. 6. The Susquehanna River. 3. York River and its tributaries. 7. Minor tributaries of Chesapeake Bay. 4. The Rappahannock River. 4.—_THE FISHERIES OF THE DELAWARE RIVER. History and present condition of the fisheries. 5.—THE FISHERIES OF THE HUDSON RIVER. The shad, sturgeon, and herring fisheries of the Hudson River. 6.—THE CONNECTICUT AND HOUSATONIC RIVERS AND MINOR FRIBUTARIES OF LONG ISLAND SOUND.
7.—RIVERS OF MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1. The Taunton and Cole’s Rivers. 4. The Merrimac River. 2. Buzzard’s Bay and its tributaries. 5. The Exeter River, New Hampshire, 3. The alewife fisheries of Cape Cod. : 8—THE RIVER FISHERIES OF MAINE. 1. Geographical and climatic relations. 4. Descriptive and historical notes om local fisheries. 2, Characteristics of the rivers. 5. Laws relating to the river fisheries. 3. Natural and economic history of the river fishes. 611
|
// Store frame for motion functions
var previousFrame = null;
var paused = false;
var pauseOnGesture = false;
// Setup Leap loop with frame callback function
var controllerOptions = {};
// to use HMD mode:
// controllerOptions.optimizeHMD = true;
Leap.loop(controllerOptions, function(frame) {
if (paused) {
return; // Skip this update
}
// Display Frame object data
var frameOutput = document.getElementById("frameData");
var frameString = "Frame ID: " + frame.id + "<br />"
+ "Timestamp: " + frame.timestamp + " µs<br />"
+ "Hands: " + frame.hands.length + "<br />"
+ "Fingers: " + frame.fingers.length + "<br />";
frameOutput.innerHTML = "<div style='width:300px; float:left; padding:5px'>" + frameString + "</div>";
// Display Hand object data
var handOutput = document.getElementById("handData");
var handString = "";
if (frame.hands.length > 0) {
for (var i = 0; i < frame.hands.length; i++) {
var hand = frame.hands[i];
handString += "<div style='width:300px; float:left; padding:5px'>";
handString += "Hand ID: " + hand.id + "<br />";
handString += "Type: " + hand.type + " hand" + "<br />";
handString += "Direction: " + vectorToString(hand.direction, 2) + "<br />";
handString += "Palm position: " + vectorToString(hand.palmPosition) + " mm<br />";
handString += "Grab strength: " + hand.grabStrength + "<br />";
handString += "Pinch strength: " + hand.pinchStrength + "<br />";
handString += "Confidence: " + hand.confidence + "<br />";
handString += "Arm direction: " + vectorToString(hand.arm.direction()) + "<br />";
handString += "Arm center: " + vectorToString(hand.arm.center()) + "<br />";
handString += "Arm up vector: " + vectorToString(hand.arm.basis[1]) + "<br />";
// IDs of pointables associated with this hand
if (hand.pointables.length > 0) {
var fingerIds = [];
for (var j = 0; j < hand.pointables.length; j++) {
var pointable = hand.pointables[j];
fingerIds.push(pointable.id);
}
if (fingerIds.length > 0) {
handString += "Fingers IDs: " + fingerIds.join(", ") + "<br />";
}
}
handString += "</div>";
}
}
else {
handString += "No hands";
}
handOutput.innerHTML = handString;
// Display Pointable (finger) object data
var pointableOutput = document.getElementById("pointableData");
var pointableString = "";
if (frame.pointables.length > 0) {
var fingerTypeMap = ["Thumb", "Index finger", "Middle finger", "Ring finger", "Pinky finger"];
var boneTypeMap = ["Metacarpal", "Proximal phalanx", "Intermediate phalanx", "Distal phalanx"];
for (var i = 0; i < frame.pointables.length; i++) {
var pointable = frame.pointables[i];
pointableString += "<div style='width:250px; float:left; padding:5px'>";
{
pointableString += "Pointable ID: " + pointable.id + "<br />";
pointableString += "Type: " + fingerTypeMap[pointable.type] + "<br />";
pointableString += "Belongs to hand with ID: " + pointable.handId + "<br />";
pointableString += "Classified as a finger<br />";
pointableString += "Length: " + pointable.length.toFixed(1) + " mm<br />";
pointableString += "Width: " + pointable.width.toFixed(1) + " mm<br />";
pointableString += "Direction: " + vectorToString(pointable.direction, 2) + "<br />";
pointableString += "Extended?: " + pointable.extended + "<br />";
pointable.bones.forEach( function(bone){
pointableString += boneTypeMap[bone.type] + " bone <br />";
pointableString += "Center: " + vectorToString(bone.center()) + "<br />";
pointableString += "Direction: " + vectorToString(bone.direction()) + "<br />";
pointableString += "Up vector: " + vectorToString(bone.basis[1]) + "<br />";
});
pointableString += "Tip position: " + vectorToString(pointable.tipPosition) + " mm<br />";
pointableString += "</div>";
}
}
}
else {
pointableString += "<div>No pointables</div>";
}
pointableOutput.innerHTML = pointableString;
// Display Gesture object data
var gestureOutput = document.getElementById("gestureData");
var gestureString = "";
if (frame.gestures.length > 0) {
if (pauseOnGesture) {
togglePause();
}
for (var i = 0; i < frame.gestures.length; i++) {
var gesture = frame.gestures[i];
gestureString += "Gesture ID: " + gesture.id + ", "
+ "type: " + gesture.type + ", "
+ "state: " + gesture.state + ", "
+ "hand IDs: " + gesture.handIds.join(", ") + ", "
+ "pointable IDs: " + gesture.pointableIds.join(", ") + ", "
+ "duration: " + gesture.duration + " µs, ";
switch (gesture.type) {
case "circle":
gestureString += "center: " + vectorToString(gesture.center) + " mm, "
+ "normal: " + vectorToString(gesture.normal, 2) + ", "
+ "radius: " + gesture.radius.toFixed(1) + " mm, "
+ "progress: " + gesture.progress.toFixed(2) + " rotations";
break;
case "swipe":
gestureString += "start position: " + vectorToString(gesture.startPosition) + " mm, "
+ "current position: " + vectorToString(gesture.position) + " mm, "
+ "direction: " + vectorToString(gesture.direction, 1) + ", "
+ "speed: " + gesture.speed.toFixed(1) + " mm/s";
break;
case "screenTap":
case "keyTap":
gestureString += "position: " + vectorToString(gesture.position) + " mm";
break;
default:
gestureString += "unkown gesture type";
}
gestureString += "<br />";
}
}
else {
gestureString += "No gestures";
}
gestureOutput.innerHTML = gestureString;
// Store frame for motion functions
previousFrame = frame;
})
function vectorToString(vector, digits) {
if (typeof digits === "undefined") {
digits = 1;
}
return "(" + vector[0].toFixed(digits) + ", "
+ vector[1].toFixed(digits) + ", "
+ vector[2].toFixed(digits) + ")";
}
function togglePause() {
paused = !paused;
if (paused) {
document.getElementById("pause").innerText = "Resume";
} else {
document.getElementById("pause").innerText = "Pause";
}
}
function pauseForGestures() {
if (document.getElementById("pauseOnGesture").checked) {
pauseOnGesture = true;
} else {
pauseOnGesture = false;
}
}
function vectorToString(vector, digits) {
if (typeof digits === "undefined") {
digits = 1;
}
return "(" + vector[0].toFixed(digits) + ", "
+ vector[1].toFixed(digits) + ", "
+ vector[2].toFixed(digits) + ")";
}
function togglePause() {
paused = !paused;
if (paused) {
document.getElementById("pause").innerText = "Resume";
} else {
document.getElementById("pause").innerText = "Pause";
}
}
function addBlocks(){
}
|
Toby Patrick CRAIG v. STATE of Arkansas
CA CR 98-187
983 S.W.2d 440
Court of Appeals of Arkansas
Opinion delivered December 16, 1998
Honey & Honey, P.A., by: Charles L. Honey, for appellant.
Winston Bryant, Att’y Gen., by: Brad Neuman, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.
Per Curiam.
The appellant was convicted of first-degree murder and filed an appeal. After the record on appeal was lodged, appellant asserted that the transcript of the proceedings did not accurately reflect the trial judge’s ruling on his motion to dismiss at trial. Appellant filed a motion for a writ of certiorari to complete the record, identifying the portion of the transcript he alleged to be inaccurate and attaching several affidavits to support his allegation. We granted this motion and, on June 17, 1998, remanded the matter to the trial court with directions to settle the record. On receipt of our order, the trial judge reviewed the transcript, listened to the recording from which the transcript was made, and found that the transcript of the proceedings was accurate. This finding was incorporated in an order settling the record dated July 20, 1998.
Appellant filed a second motion for writ of certiorari to complete the record on October 15, 1998. In it, he again asserts that the transcription of the record was inaccurate and requests that the matter be remanded for the record to be settled. As grounds for his motion, appellant asserts that the trial court’s order settling the record was contrary to the affidavits filed by appellant, and argues that a hearing was necessary in order to “really”settle the record. We deny this motion for the reasons set out below.
The appellant has not alleged that the transcript of the record omits the trial judge’s ruling on his motion to dismiss; instead, appellant asserts that the record as transcribed misstates that ruling. Rule 6(e) of the Arkansas Rules of Appellate Procedure — Civil provides that:
Correction or Modification of the Record. If any difference arises as to whether the record truly discloses what occurred in the trial court, the difference shall be submitted to and settled by that court and the record made to conform to the truth. If anything material to either party is omitted from the record by error or accident or is misstated therein, the parties by stipulation, or the trial court, either before or after the record is transmitted to the appellate court, or the appellate court on proper suggestion, or on its own initiative, may direct that the omission or misstatement shall be corrected, and if necessary, that a supplemental record be certified and transmitted. All other questions as to form and content of the record shall be presented to the appellate court.
Rule 6(e) does not expressly require that a hearing be held in order to settle the record. Although there are undoubtedly cases where a hearing would be helpful, and perhaps necessary, to determine whether the transcription of the record contains a misstatement of what transpired below, appellant in the case at bar never requested a hearing in his initial motion. To the contrary, appellant’s initial motion requested only that “the Court Reporter should be ordered to review and correct those errors in the transcript.” We granted the relief requested and, in the absence of any allegation of bias or wrongdoing on the part of the trial judge, we see no significance in the fact that on remand the transcript was reviewed by the trial judge rather than the court reporter. Appellant having been afforded the relief he requested in his initial motion for writ of certiorari to complete the record, the present motion is denied.
Motion denied.
Bird, Arey, Neal, Griffen, and Roaf, JJ., dissent.
Sam Bird, Judge,
dissenting. I respectfully dissent from the action of this court in denying appellant’s second motion for writ of certiorari to complete the record.
A recitation of background information is necessary for an understanding of the reason for my dissent. The record before us reveals that appellant has perfected an appeal from Nevada County Circuit Court where he was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to a term of forty years in the Arkansas Department of Correction. After the record on appeal was lodged, appellant’s counsel detected what he apparently perceived to be an inconsistency between the transcript of the proceedings and his personal recollection of a statement made by the trial judge in ruling on appellant’s motion to dismiss. Consequently, appellant’s attorney filed in this court a motion for writ of certiorari to complete the record. In his motion, appellant quoted the portion of the transcript that he believed to be inaccurate and requested a writ of this court requiring the court reporter to review and correct the record. Attached to the motion were several affidavits of persons, one of whom is a newspaper reporter, who state that they attended appellant’s trial and that they agree with counsel for appellant that the transcript is inaccurate.
After considering appellant’s motion, on June 17, 1998, we ordered that the matter be remanded to the trial court to settle the record. Without notice to anyone, and without a hearing, the trial judge apparently took it upon himself to listen to the court reporter’s official recording of the disputed part of the record and compare it with the transcript. The trial court thereafter entered an order that provided, in pertinent part, as follows:
. . . This court has reviewed the transcript and the recorded version from which the transcript was made. The Court finds that the Court Reporter has, in fact, correctly recited ... the exact ruling of this Court recited in open court ....
... In this instance, the part of the record sought to be corrected by appellant, is not a statement that was incorrectly transcribed by the Court Reporter. Instead, it is a statement that was made by the Court and this statement is verified as to correctness by the recorded portion of the record.
As a result of the entry of this order by the trial court, appellant filed his second motion for writ of certiorari to complete the record. It is this second motion that has been denied by a majority of this court and that is the subject of my dissent.
In his second motion, appellant alleges that in settling the record pursuant to this court’s June 17, 1998, order, the trial court did not conduct a hearing to consider any testimony, and that his order was contrary to the only evidence before the court, namely, the affidavits that were attached to appellant’s first motion. He alleges that in order to settle the record it was necessary for the court to conduct a hearing so that additional witnesses could be called and additional evidence considered.
Obviously the nature of the proceedings necessary to settle a record in the trial court will vary from case to case, depending upon the nature of the dispute about the record. While I do not agree with appellant’s contention that, in settling the record, it is necessary for the court to permit appellant to call witnesses and present additional testimony, I believe it was at least necessary in this instance for the court to convene the parties and their attorneys in open court, after notice, and conduct an on-the-record hearing of the proceedings and steps taken relative to the setdement of the record. To suggest that the trial judge, in carrying out this court’s directive to “settle the record,” should be permitted to do so in the privacy of his office without notice to or the presence of others interested in the matter is foreign to any notion of due process, especially where the dispute over the content of the record relates to what the judge himself said or did not say.
The case of Butler v. State, 261 Ark. 369, 549 S.W.2d 65 (1977), involved the setdement of the record in a criminal case where the reporter’s tape recording of the testimony had been destroyed by fire before it was transcribed. At a hearing conducted by the court to settle the record, the defendant’s attorney was present, but the judge refused the defendant’s request that he be allowed to be present in person. In remanding the case, the supreme court said that the defendant was “constitutionally entitled to be personally present at every substantive step of the proceedings. Hence he should have been present when the record was settled, for he might have remembered some error or omission that no one else noticed.” The trial court was directed to give the defendant an opportunity to examine the court reporter’s transcript of the testimony and to personally present to the court any objections he might have.
More recendy, in Akins v. State, 328 Ark. 676, 945 S.W.2d 362 (1997), when the trial court was unable to comply with the supreme court’s deadline to supplement the record because one of the tapes was missing, the case was remanded to the trial court with instructions to the court reporter to search through the tapes in storage until the missing tape was discovered, failing which, the trial court was directed to “conduct a hearing to attempt to settle the record on this issue.”
I wish to emphasize that, by taking this position, I am not suggesting that I do not accept as totally accurate the statements contained in the trial judge’s order to the effect that he has reviewed the transcript and the recording from which the transcript was made, and that he has determined that the record constitutes an accurate transcription of the tape recording. However, in my opinion, matters such as this, involving disputes over what was said by the judge, should be examined on the record, in an open courtroom with the interested parties present, rather than in the seclusion of the judge’s chambers with no one present but the judge.
The majority states that Rule 6(e) of Arkansas Rules of Appellate Procedure — Civil does not expressly require that a hearing be held in order to settle the record, and asserts, as a reason for its denial of appellant’s present motion, that appellant did not request a hearing in his initial motion. However, the majority does acknowledge that there may be some cases where a hearing would be helpful or necessary. In granting appellant’s first motion to settle the record, we obviously recognized the need for action in the trial court to resolve a dispute about the accuracy of the record. I submit that a dispute about the accuracy of the record that relates to what the judge said or did not say presents a case in which a hearing is necessary, and that appellant should not have been required or expected to specifically request a hearing to settle the dispute. No one would have expected the judge to resolve that issue sua sponte, without giving the parties an opportunity to at least compare the disputed record to the court reporter’s official tape recording of the proceeding.
It has long been the law in this state that so-called “off-the-record” proceedings are not permissible. Armer v. State, 326 Ark. 7, 929 S.W.2d 705 (1996); Dumond v. State, 294 Ark. 379, 743 S.W.2d 779 (1988); Ward v. State, 293 Ark. 88, 733 S.W.2d 728 (1987); Glick v. State, 286 Ark. 133, 689 S.W.2d 559 (1985); Fountain v. State, 269 Ark. 454, 601 S.W.2d 862 (1980). I see no distinction between the off-the-record proceedings that were condemned by the supreme court in the above-referenced cases and the off-the-record proceeding conducted by the judge in the case at bar. As the supreme court said in Farley v. Jester, 257 Ark. 686, 520 S.W.2d 200 (1975), “Court proceedings must not only be fair and impartial — they must also appear to be fair and impartial.”
For the foregoing reasons, I would grant appellant’s second motion for certiorari to complete the record and remand this matter to the trial court with instructions to conduct an on-the-record hearing. At the hearing, the parties and their attorneys should be permitted to listen to the court reporter’s tape recording of the disputed portion of the transcript and compare it to the reporter’s transcript. Then, after considering the arguments of counsel relating to the issue, the court should enter an appropriate order settling the record to be transmitted to this court for consideration on appeal.
I am authorized to report that Judges Arey, Neal, Griffen, and Roaf join in this dissent.
There is, in addition, no indication that appellant requested the trial judge to conduct a hearing after we granted his initial motion and the case was remanded.
|
// Copyright 2021 Juan Ismael Vasquez <[email protected]>.
// All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by
// a MIT style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package cexio
import (
"encoding/json"
"log"
)
// Request represents the request data
type Request struct {
Method string
Parameters []string
Data map[string]interface{}
}
// URL returns the Request URL
func (req *Request) URL() string {
u := CexURL + req.Method + "/"
len := len(req.Parameters)
for i, e := range req.Parameters {
u = u + e
if i+1 < len {
u = u + "/"
}
}
return u
}
// IsPrivate return true if the Request is a private resource
func (req *Request) IsPrivate() bool {
switch req.Method {
case
MethodBalance,
MethodOpenOrders,
MethodActiveOrdersStatus,
MethodArchivedOrders,
MethodCancelOrder,
MethodCancelOrders,
MethodPlaceOrder,
MethodGetOrder,
MethodGetOrderTransactions,
MethodGetAddress,
MethodGetMyFee,
MethodCancelReplaceOrder,
MethodOpenPosition,
MethodOpenPositions,
MethodGetPosition,
MethodClosePosition,
MethodArchivedPositions,
MethodGetMarginalFee:
return true
default:
return false
}
}
// IsPost return true if the Request is a HTTP Post message
func (req *Request) IsPost() bool {
if req.IsPrivate() {
return true
}
switch req.Method {
case
MethodConvert,
MethodChart:
return true
default:
return false
}
}
// API storages the api authentication keys
type API struct {
Username string
APIKey string
APISecret string
}
// Payload returns the message POST to the API
func (api *API) Payload(r Request) map[string]interface{} {
result := make(map[string]interface{})
for key, value := range r.Data {
result[key] = value
}
if r.IsPrivate() && api.HasKeys() {
signature, nonce := api.Signature()
result["key"] = api.APIKey
result["signature"] = signature
result["nonce"] = nonce
}
return result
}
// HasKeys returns true if the API Keys are defined
func (api *API) HasKeys() bool {
return (hasText(api.APIKey) &&
hasText(api.APISecret) &&
hasText(api.Username))
}
// Signature generates the authentication signature
func (api *API) Signature() (string, string) {
nonce := nonce()
message := nonce + api.Username + api.APIKey
signature := toHmac256(message, api.APISecret)
return signature, nonce
}
// Do executes the CEX.IO api
func (api *API) Do(r Request) ([]byte, error) {
if !r.IsPost() {
return getMethod(r.URL())
}
bodyJSON, err := json.Marshal(api.Payload(r))
if err != nil {
log.Printf(errorDecodingResponse, err)
return nil, err
}
return postMethod(r.URL(), bodyJSON)
}
|
Typical meal costs on Norwegian Air Shuttle long-haul flights
What are typical costs for meal service on Norwegian Air Shuttle on US-Europe flights?
Meals are described here, but no pricing.
Quite expensive, by the looks of it, at least on "Lowfare"
This page shows GBP 25 per person and 3-4 GBP for non-alcoholic drinks.
I guess to be sure you can create an account and try to order.
|
Extracting actual values from a predicted plot in R
Using Time series forecasting , I tried to predict the sales of a particular item.I have got the required predicted plot . I want to extract the exact value from the plot. i.e I have the values from 2011-2016.Using time series forecasting I predicted the values for 2016-2020, but it's in the form of a plot.How to extract the predicted values from the plot?
Welcome to Stack Overflow! Please read the info about how to ask a good question and how to give a reproducible example. This will make it much easier for others to help you.
Say you have prediction<-predict(model,...)
then the values should be accessible through
prediction$values
or post a screen of str(your_object) and it will be clear from there.
Thanks for you response. > acf(diff(log(sales)))
pacf(diff(log(sales)))
fit <- arima(log(sales),c(0, 1, 1),seasonal = list(order = c(0, 1, 1), period = 12))
pred <- predict(fit,n.ahead = 10*12)
ts.plot(sales,2.718^pred$pred,log = "y", lty = c(1,3))
pred$values
NULL
This is the code I used. After pred$values , I am getting the output as NULL.
Was it helpful? Could you please mark my answer as accepted then, please? Thanks
Then what you're looking or is in pred$pred.
It will pop out:
`
> p$pred
Time Series:
Start = 101
End = 110
Frequency = 1
[1] -0.7636109 -0.7636109 -0.7636109 -0.7636109 -0.7636109 -0.7636109 -0.7636109 -0.7636109
[9] -0.7636109 -0.7636109
as.vector(p$pred)
[1] -0.7636109 -0.7636109 -0.7636109 -0.7636109 -0.7636109 -0.7636109 -0.7636109 -0.7636109
[9] -0.7636109 -0.7636109' `
Thanks Jan. Your answer was immensely helpful.
Happy to help. Good luck:)
|
#!/bin/sh
if ! [ -f /proc/mdstat ]; then
echo "No /proc/mdstat file. No MD RAID support in kernel?"
exit 2
fi
# Lines containing raid status
status_lines="$(egrep '\[[[:digit:]]+/[[:digit:]]+\]' /proc/mdstat)"
if ! echo "$status_lines" | fgrep -q /; then
echo "Couldn't find any status lines in /proc/mdstat. No MD RAID configured?"
exit 2
fi
# Counts of active vs configured drives in arrays. One per line.
# Eg OK (all are active): 2|2
# Eg Failed (one is MIA): 1|2
raid_counts="$(
echo "$status_lines" | \
sed -r 's/.*\[([[:digit:]]+)\/([[:digit:]]+).*\]/\1|\2/'
)"
# Status is OK only if all drives are active in all arrays
md_status=Unknown
for counts in $raid_counts; do
active="$(echo "$counts" | sed 's/|.*//')"
configured="$(echo "$counts" | sed 's/.*|//')"
if [ -n "$active" ] && [ "$active" -eq "$configured" ]; then
md_status=OK
else
md_status=Degraded
break
fi
done
# Report status string and code
echo "MD RAID status is $md_status"
if [ "$md_status" == OK ]; then
exit 0
else
exit 2
fi
|
package com.jhtsoft.bean;
import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
/**
* @ClassName: PageBean
* @Describe: TODO
* @Author: houyingwei
* @Date: 2019/4/9
**/
public class PageBean {
private int curpage = 1;
private int pagesize = 10;
private int totalpage;
private int totalNum;
private int nextpage;
private int sorttype;
private int isnewcomp = 1;
private String opertype;
private String sortfeild = "id";
public PageBean() {
}
public PageBean(JSONObject pageparam) {
if (pageparam.containsKey("pagesize")) {
this.pagesize = pageparam.getInteger("pagesize").intValue();
}
if (pageparam.containsKey("currentpage")) {
this.curpage = pageparam.getInteger("currentpage").intValue();
}
if (pageparam.containsKey("isnewcomp")) {
this.isnewcomp = pageparam.getInteger("isnewcomp").intValue();
}
if (pageparam.containsKey("sortparam")) {
this.sortfeild = pageparam.getString("sortparam");
}
if (pageparam.containsKey("sorttype")) {
this.sorttype = pageparam.getInteger("sorttype").intValue();
}
}
public void updatePage() {
this.totalpage = this.totalNum / this.pagesize + (this.totalNum % this.pagesize == 0 ? 0 : 1);
if (this.curpage > this.totalpage && this.isnewcomp == 1) {
this.curpage = this.totalpage;
}
this.setNextpage();
if (this.opertype != null) {
String var1 = this.opertype;
byte var2 = -1;
switch(var1.hashCode()) {
case 111267:
if (var1.equals("pre")) {
var2 = 0;
}
break;
case 3377907:
if (var1.equals("next")) {
var2 = 1;
}
break;
case 97436022:
if (var1.equals("final")) {
var2 = 3;
}
break;
case 97440432:
if (var1.equals("first")) {
var2 = 2;
}
}
switch(var2) {
case 0:
if (this.curpage > 1) {
--this.curpage;
}
break;
case 1:
this.curpage = this.nextpage;
break;
case 2:
this.curpage = 1;
break;
case 3:
this.curpage = this.totalpage;
}
}
this.setNextpage();
}
public int getCurpage() {
return this.curpage;
}
public void setCurpage(int curpage) {
this.curpage = curpage;
}
public int getPagesize() {
return this.pagesize;
}
public void setPagesize(int pagesize) {
this.pagesize = pagesize;
}
public String getOpertype() {
return this.opertype;
}
public void setOpertype(String opertype) {
this.opertype = opertype;
}
public int getTotalpage() {
return this.totalpage;
}
public void setTotalpage(int totalpage) {
this.totalpage = totalpage;
}
public int getTotalNum() {
return this.totalNum;
}
public void setTotalNum(int totalNum) {
this.totalNum = totalNum;
}
public int getNextpage() {
return this.nextpage;
}
public void setNextpage() {
if (this.totalpage > this.curpage) {
this.nextpage = this.curpage + 1;
} else {
this.nextpage = this.curpage;
}
}
public String getSortfeild() {
return this.sortfeild;
}
public void setSortfeild(String sortfeild) {
this.sortfeild = sortfeild;
}
public int getSorttype() {
return this.sorttype;
}
public void setSorttype(int sorttype) {
this.sorttype = sorttype;
}
public int getIsnewcomp() {
return this.isnewcomp;
}
public void setIsnewcomp(int isnewcomp) {
this.isnewcomp = isnewcomp;
}
public String toString() {
return "PageBean [curpage=" + this.curpage + ", pagesize=" + this.pagesize + ", totalpage=" + this.totalpage + ", totalNum=" + this.totalNum + ", nextpage=" + this.nextpage + ", sorttype=" + this.sorttype + ", isnewcomp=" + this.isnewcomp + ", opertype=" + this.opertype + ", sortfeild=" + this.sortfeild + "]";
}
}
|
Stately plants growing partly submerged in water or in marshy places. Leaves 2 to 8" long, erect, flat, grasslike, % to 1" wide. Inflorescence a stout, dark brown, cylindrical spike, usually constricted in the middle and terminating the shining, green, strong, rather slender stems rising one to two feet above the water. Grows in bunches forming islets in marshes and soft bottomed ponds, and along margins of marshy-bottomed lakes and water courses. Derives its common name from the imaginary resemblance of the inflorescence to a cat's tail. The leaves are eaten by cattle.
Plants growing in mud along margins of creeks and lakes, and often filling ditches and mud holes. Leaves only basal. Blades erect, 1 — 4" long, ovate, with more than one vein at base. Flowers white, in circles about the stem of the simple or branched flower stalk. Petals three, white, wilting soon after being gathered. Stamens ten to twelve. Fruit a round head of tiny flattened achenes. Roots fibrous. Blossoms from April to late fall.
Plants with white flowers in circles of three, large flat, erect leaf-blades terminating long triangular stems, and rooted in mud in middle of brooks and ditches, and in shallow water on margins of creeks and lakes. Flowers about % " across, white with yellow or green centers, in whorls of 3 at short intervals along the upper part of the smooth, porous, somewhat stout flower stems. Petals 3, withering quickly. Stamens many, with stout, hairy filaments, and forming a rounded mass of yellow in
|
# len() and repr()
l = []
print len(l)
l.append(1)
print len(l)
print len("hello world")
print repr("hello 2")
print repr(1)
print repr
print repr(repr)
print str
print len
print str(str)
class C(object):
def __init__(self, n):
self.n = n
def __len__(self):
return self.n
print len(C(1))
try:
print len(1)
except TypeError, e:
print e
try:
print len(C("hello world"))
except TypeError, e:
print e
|
UNITED STATES v. WUERSTLE.
(District Court, W. D. New York.
June 11, 1926.)
I. Intoxicating liquors <§=>248 — Affidavit to purchase of colored distilled spirits in soft drink saloon held sufficient shewing of probable cause for issuance of search, warrant (National Prohibition Act, tit. 2, § I [Comp. St. Ann. § IOI38'/2]).
Affidavit that deponent purchased two drinks of colored distilled spirits, which he ordered from bartender in soft drink saloon, held sufficient showing of prohable cause for issuance of search warrant, in view of definition of intoxicating liquor embodied in National Prohibition Act, tit. 2, § 1 (Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1923, § 16138%).
2. Criminal law <§=>224, 234.
Defendant, charged with violation of National Prohibition Act (Comp. St. Ann. § 10138% et seq.) held, under Act Aug. 18, 1894, § 1 (Comp. St. Ann. § 1678), entitled to hearing before commissioner, with right to examine person on whose affidavit search warrant was issued.
Michael Wuerstle is charged with violation of National Prohibition Act. On motion to suppress evidence.
Motion denied in part, with order for rehearing before commissioner.
Richard H. Templeton, U. S. Atty., of Buffalo, N. Y. (Percy R. Smith, Asst. U. S. Atty., of Buffalo, N. Y., of counsel), for the United States.
Anthony Johnson, of Dunkirk, N. Y., for defendant.
HAZEL, District Judge.
1. The affidavit upon which the search warrant was issued sufficiently stated probable cause for its issuance. It was a sale of colored, distilled spirits, and presumably was intoxicating liquor within the definition embodied in section 1, tit. 2, of the National Prohibition Act (Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1923, § 10138%), where intoxicating liquor is specifically referred to by name and the words, “and in addition thereto any spirituous, vinous, malt, or fermented liquor * * * and by whatever name called,” etc. Although the averment that deponent purchased two drinks of colored, distilled spirits was a conclusion, yet the language following, embodying a statement of fact, that deponent ordered said liquor from a bartender, and that part of the liquor was on the person of the defendant, and that the place was a so-called soft drink place or saloon, permits an inference upon the character of the beverage sold. Lewinsohn v. U. S. (C. C. A.) 278 F. 421. In that ease, it is true, affiant asked for whisky and received whisky, but a drink of colored, distilled spirits is ordinarily recognized as a whisky beverage. In Giles v. U. S. (C. C. A.) 284 F. 208, the affidavit averred an illegal purchase and sale of intoxicating liquor in a drug store, which I conceive to be essentially different from an allegation alleging a sale of liquor from a bartender who had obtained the liquor, or part of it, from the pocket of the proprietor of the soft drink room or saloon. It was not necessary that he should have tasted or smelled the liquor, or that he heard it designated as whisky, since, as heretofofe stated, colored, distilled spirits commonly comes within that classification.
2. Defendant should have been taken before the commissioner. Chapter 301, § 1, of the Act of August 18, 1894 (Comp. St. § 1678). He should have been taken before the commissioner at Dunkirk, and he was entitled to a hearing before such commissioner; and, moreover, defendant had the right to examine the person upon whose affidavit tho search warrant was issued. I think the search warrant was rightly executed by one Dodd, a federal prohibition agent, assisted by another person, but, as no evidence was adduced that the beer found was intoxicating, the charge of possession should be dismissed. A further hearing, however, may he had, as requested by the government, before the commissioner at Dunkirk, the place where defendant is located, as to the sale of the distilled spirits.
Other points urged for vacating the search warrant have been examined, and are deemed insufficient grounds for doing so.
An order for rehearing as herein indicated is granted.
|
Added environment based shortcuts in symfony2 plugin
I've been using the "dev" and "prod" aliases for a while.
They've proven to be really useful when you type in commands based on symfony environment.
Credit for this tip goes to @hhamon
The only downside I see is that the names of these aliases might not be specific enough.
cc @andrewtch
Wow, guys, me no expert here, although I wrote the original version of this plugin (if I recall it correctly XD)
Well, to be serios, the only advice would be to follow original sfsomething notation and use, for example, sfdev and sfprod aliases as dev and prod aliases are way too generic.
That might be better now :)
Merged. Care to submit a README with the list of aliases like in this example? :wink:
@mcornella Thanks! I'll add the README asap.
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.